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Good Afternoon
I'm looking for an Untangle Expert. The product is really neat, and at this point we have it 95% of where we need it.
For redundancy, we set up four untangle boxes between our two sites LanA and LanB:
• LanA we have
- o Untangle LanA-FW-1 (VPN client)
- o Untangle LanA-FW-2 (VPN server)
• LanB we have
- o Untangle LanB-FW-1 (VPN server)
- o Untangle LanB-FW-2 (VPN client)
Ideally, we want to establish two site-to-site VPNs between each of the Lans
- Untangle LanA-FW-1 to Untangle LanB-FW-1 - VPN1
- Untangle LanA-FW-2 to Untangle LanB-FW-2 - VPN2
At this point, we are able to get that one site-to-site VPN working at a time.
When the second site-to-site VPN link is established bad things happen.
When VPN1 is defined, We set up our VPN clients to come into LanA via LanA-FW2.
1. If the VPN2 is then defined, then VPN clients CANNOT able to access LanB resources
The following is a tracert from a VPN Client to 10.2.2.3 when VPN2 is defined::
tracert 10.2.2.3
Tracing route to [10.2.24.3]
over a maximum of 30 hops:
1 26 ms 27 ms 26 ms 10.1.11.1
2 * * * Request timed out.
3 * * * Request timed out.
4 * * * Request timed out.
5 * * * Request timed out.
6 * * * Request timed out.
7 * * * Request timed out.
8 * * * Request timed out.
9 * * * Request timed out.
10 * * * Request timed out.
11 * * * Request timed out.
12 * * * Request timed out.
13 * * * Request timed out.
2. If the VPN2 is NOT defined, then VPN clients CAN access LanB resources
Ideally we want to have VPN-2 AND the VPN clients having the ability to access the LanA resources. Has anyone done this before?
Please see the diagrams for more information.
4 Replies
Jul 25, 2011 at 5:09 UTC
here is the desired configuration. Untangle support hasn't been much help getting here but it seems like it should work.
Jul 26, 2011 at 8:22 UTC
Do you have any kind of failover routing employed? If you don't it will never work because effectively you have two network connections and unless you route them properly the traffic will go all over the place. I don't know if WAN failover or WAN balancer will work in this situation but either way you need to properly route the traffic. If you are only trying to use one line and use the second if the first goes down then set static routes on one box to point to the other. If the primary line goes down then you just set the routes to the other box. Not instant but should only take a few minutes. If you want it instant then you will need another bit of kit. Either a router or a managed switch. You can then setup the routes between the untangle boxes (via VLAN's) with a weight on them so it will use the lowest weight all the time unless it is unavailable. As soon as that happens it will switch to the higher weight automatically. If you are trying to load balance and use both lines at the same time I think you will need another bit if kit again unless as I said earlier the WAN balancer and failover will work with VPN.
Why are you using 4 Untangle boxes instead of 2 and adding more NIC's? If you droped to 2 boxes then you could probably do something with the base Linux OS even if Untangle itself cant do it. Or is it simply you want reduntand lines and boxes?
Jul 26, 2011 at 9:34 UTC
The design requirements do not require instatanous. We set up two boxes at each site in case one fails. We are not load balancing the two VPN routes. We are using VPN-1 only as our main connection. VPN-2 is just a backup using slower but more reliable T1 connections.
The question is more a routing question specific to the untangle boxes. Can I do what i want to do?
This is not for internet redundancy (we have each ISP -- 2 at each site) plugged into the untagle boxes. It's not reflected in the diagram)
Jul 26, 2011 at 10:56 UTC
then just setup static routes on the backup boxes to point to the primary box. No traffic will go over the backup line then and it should all work fine. When the primarly line goes down simply put the static routes on the original box and remove them on the secondary.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


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DIY clamp removal bid stopped by garda
A bid to beat the clampers was foiled by a passing garda in Dublin city centre who stopped an attempt to remove a clamp from a car.
An attempt had apparently been made to remove a Dublin City clamp from a car parked on a street in the north inner city.
The chain had been loosened and the car's hub cap removed in an apparent bid to interfere with the clamp
A couple at the scene were spoken to by an officer from a passing patrol car who then waited while the clampers were called.

subset: commoncrawl


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Spoonerism in new classic advertising
For the introduction of their caramel kisses, Ferrero won't place their bets on 15 or 30 second tv ads. A 5 second tvc should do.
Ferrero Kisses have long made a name for themselves. Here's what some genius figured. More attention for less (content) works wonders with consumers struggling with information overload. 30 seconds of product explanation or a memorable fun line presented in 5 second slots, you do the math.
The launch of their 5 second tv campaign got my attention and had me laugh out loud. Hit the button for many more one liners rhyming on caramel. Some German language knowledge required.


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Ruby Ruse, Murshidabad silk
Product Code: MUR1119
Rs 2,700 Rs 3,100
Ruby Ruse is a stylish pure silk saree from Murshidabad. Dark borders, colourful yellow and white striped motifs define the charm in this red silk saree. Pair this soft and light-weight saree with a red silk blouse for a vibrant look.


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|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Hope, Matthew" <Matthew.H...@capitalone.com>
|RE: DBCP: Closed connections
|Fri, 25 Apr 2003 17:44:08 GMT
Errrrm thanks but that was what I intended it to do :¬) I was demonstrating that closing Statement also closed result set thus closing the cursor (since I'm also using oracle I'm intruged as to whether or not the problem Chris Forbis noted is reproducible).. Sorry - I should be consistent in my reply below the quote but outlook makes this a pain. Matt -----Original Message----- From: Nelson, Laird [mailto:email@example.com] Sent: 25 April 2003 18:41 To: 'Jakarta Commons Users List' Subject: RE: DBCP: Closed connections > -----Original Message----- > From: Hope, Matthew [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com] > The following code can run 10,000 iterations no problems. [snip] > Rem out the close of Statement and it bails on the 199th > attempt with too > many open cursors... Looks like you aren't closing your result sets. Here's a snippet of your code: ResultSet r = > s.executeQuery("select "+ i +" > from dual"); > r.next(); > r.getInt(1); > store[i-1] = r; --prevent any gc side > effects You don't have an r.close() after the r.getInt(1). When you do a statement.close(), it will close any open ResultSets for you, but if you "rem" that line out, as you put it, then the ResultSets that would otherwise be closed are left dangling. Hope that helps. Cheers, Laird --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com ************************************************************************** The information transmitted herewith is sensitive information intended only for use by the individual or entity to which it is addressed. If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any review, retransmission, dissemination, distribution, copying or other use of, or taking of any action in reliance upon this information is strictly prohibited. If you have received this communication in error, please contact the sender and delete the material from your computer.
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Balanced graph partitioning in the streaming setting is a key problem to enable scalable and efficient computations on massive graph data such as web graphs, knowledge graphs, and graphs arising in the context of online social networks. Two families of heuristics for graph partitioning in the streaming setting are in wide use: place the newly arrived vertex… (More)
- Jean-Yves Le Boudec, Milan Vojnovic
- Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of…
- 2005
We define "random trip", a generic mobility model for independent mobiles that contains as special cases: the random waypoint on convex or non convex domains, random walk with reflection or wrapping, city section, space graph and other models. We use Palm calculus to study the model and give a necessary and sufficient condition for a stationary regime to… (More)
— We examine the fundamental properties that determine the basic performance metrics for op-portunistic communications. We first consider the distribution of inter-contact times between mobile devices. Using a diverse set of measured mobility traces, we find as an invariant property that there is a characteristic time, order of half a day, beyond which the… (More)
- Laurent Massoulié, Milan Vojnovic
- IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking
- 2005
Motivated by the study of peer-to-peer file swarming systems à la BitTorrent, we introduce a probabilistic model of <i>coupon replication systems</i>. These systems consist of users, aiming to complete a collection of distinct coupons. Users are characterised by their current collection of coupons, and leave the system once they complete their coupon… (More)
- Moez Draief, Milan Vojnovic
- SIAM J. Control and Optimization
- 2010
We consider the convergence time for solving the binary consensus problem using the interval consensus algorithm proposed by Bénézit, Thiran and Vetterli (2009). In the binary consensus problem, each node initially holds one of two states and the goal for each node is to correctly decide which one of these two states was initially held by a majority of… (More)
- Thomas Karagiannis, Jean-Yves Le Boudec, Milan Vojnovic
- IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
- 2007
We examine the fundamental properties that determine the basic performance metrics for opportunistic communications. We first consider the distribution of inter-contact times between mobile devices. Using a diverse set of measured mobility traces, we find as an invariant property that there is a characteristic time, order of half a day, beyond which the… (More)
- Santashil PalChaudhuri, Jean-Yves Le Boudec, Milan Vojnovic
- 38th Annual Simulation Symposium
- 2005
The random trip model was recently proposed as a generic mobility model that contains many particular mobility models, including the widely-known random waypoint and random walks, and accommodates more realistic scenarios. The probability distribution of the movement of a mobile in all these models typically varies with time and converges to a "steady… (More)
- Milan Vojnovic, Jean-Yves Le Boudec, Catherine Boutremans
- 2000
—Consider a network with an arbitrary topology and arbitrary communication delays, in which congestion control is based on additive–increase and multiplicative– decrease. We show that the source rates tend to be distributed in order to maximize an objective function called F h A (" F h A fairness "). We derive this result under the assumption of rate… (More)
- Milan Vojnovic, Jean-Yves Le Boudec
- IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking
- 2002
We consider unicast equation-based rate control, where a source estimates the loss event ratio $p$, and, primarily at loss events, adjusts its send rate to $f(p)$. Function $f$ is assumed to represent the loss-throughput relation that TCP would experience. When no loss occurs, the rate may also be increased according to some additional mechanism. We assume… (More)
- Eitan Altman, Dhiman Barman, Bruno Tuffin, Milan Vojnovic
- Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2006. 25TH IEEE…
- 2006
— We consider a simple model of parallel TCP connections defined as follows. There are N connections competing for a bottleneck of fixed capacity. Each connection is assumed to increase its send rate linearly in time in absence of congestion indication and otherwise decreases its rate to a fraction β of the current send rate. Whenever aggregate send rate of… (More)


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SmartPA are thrilled to announce that our co-founder Sarra Bejaoui will be appearing on ITV Good Morning Britain on Friday 24th June
Sarra has been invited by Lorraine Kelly, as a leading business woman, to appear on the EU Referendum results show and give her opinion on the outcome.
SmartPA have over 120 Partners, as well as numerous clients, across the UK and Europe so the outcome of the vote is of great importance to our business. The majority of SmartPA Franchises are female owned, so what matters to them, matters to us. Issues such free trade, equal rights, access to childcare and the ability to work from home are paramount.
In turn, this is essential to the successful delivery of SmartPA's world-class services to businesses around the world. Through expert business and back office support, our Partners guarantee their clients increased productivity and efficiency whilst remaining flexible.
Tune into Good Morning Britain between 6.00am and 9.25am on Friday 24th May to catch Sarra on screen, giving SmartPA's verdict on the EU Referendum results and what it means for our business.Tags: franchise, itv, smartpa


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|Clarks ORIGINALS-Clarks originals
Classic, real, unique, unprecedented and innovative form. Though the shoes become popular over time. Shoes were not to follow suit in vogue in the era changing'll, but always has been adjusted to the spirit of the age is "Clarks originals". Which, even during its debut "I like weird shoes! "And the design was laughing. The sub-brand souls stuck to making shoes always cherished the original founder of the backbone of the Clarks said.
[Synonymous with the Clarks! Desert boots with crepe sole is in stock now!!]
• Desert boots is a great classic casual style!
Settle down and over the years he definitely is a simple color, so!
-Anywhere style in a clean silhouette, focused on various shorts.
[Search term] Clarks original desert desert boots Weaver Wallaby Natalie desert Trek natalie
|JP Post EMS
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|Credit Card
|We accept credit and debit cards.
The following credit and debit cards can be used:
•American Express
|We accept PayPal. After receiving the order confirmation e-mail, please proceed with the PayPal payment.
*Please note that if payment through PayPal is not confirmed by the date indicated in the e-mail, your order will be automatically cancelled.
|The "Payment Amount" is calculated as below. "Payment Amount" = Product price total + shipping fee Upon confirming your order, we will send you a link to make a payment via Alipay's secure payment page. You must finish the payment process before the deadline to complete your order. Please check the payment process from the link here. PC: https://global.rakuten.com/en/help/payment/alipay_pc.html Mobile/Smartphone: https://global.rakuten.com/en/help/payment/alipay_mobile.html
|Bank Transfer
|We accept Bank transfers. After receiving the order confirmation e-mail, please transfer your payment to the bank account specified in the e-mail.
*All payments are made in Japanese Yen. Please check with your bank for applicable exchange rates.
*If payment by bank transfer is not confirmed within the date indicated in the e-mail, your order will be automatically cancelled.
Start Date:01/08/2017 00:00 JST
End Date:31/10/2017 23:59 JST
This product cannot be shipped to United States from the store.
Please contact the store for further information.


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I have had a casual (but exclusive) relationship for 6 months. I have developed feelings for the guy who specifically told me in the beginning that he did not want to be in a relationship.
I feel as though we are in a relationship just without the label. We don't act "casual" and we see each other very regularly and do couple type things. I have gotten to know his friends and family over this time as well and that may have added to my attachment.
However I have a feeling in the pit of my stomach that he doesn't have the same feelings I do.
I do believe he genuinely cares for me but not enough to commit at a time in his life when he doesn't want to be tied down.
I previously broke things off and he got really angry at first and then begged me to come back. I fell for it but he hasn't committed to me in the way he said he would.
This time I want to know should I bother telling him how I feel because wouldn't he have already committed if he felt the same? or can I get away with just cutting off contact so he doesn't have the chance to manipulate my feelings? (And also so I don't have to deal with the rejection). Is it unfair to ghost him?
Most Helpful Guy
He was needy still wanted casual sex because of the single fact that he got angry when you tried to communicate with him that you don't want to continue this kind of relationship. A guy who has his shits together will not bother being rejected for no sex. You should communicate once again with him, and then cut all the contact if you truly feels that your feelings has already got into between two of you00|00|0
Most Helpful Girl
friends with benefits relationships are super tricky. Its all the benefits nad affections, without actually being responsible for someone elses feelings. And thats what we are all afriad of feelings. FEELINGS ruin everything.
In your case, you need to put your foot down. Either he commits or you bounce thats it. No more excuses, no more making you feel a certain way. Either we are together or we not. And if he immediately can not give you what you want. RUN. do not walk. You deserve better.00|00|0


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Since I inherited my father's collection of Heavy Metal last autumn, I've been working my way through the magazines, scanning 12 pages of each and posting them, one a day. While I have been enjoying the primary content, I've also been paying attention to the ephemera: advertising and editorials. The advertising, in particular, is a great snapshot of the time period and provides incredible insight into what various advertisers thought of the demographic of Heavy Metal (not necessarily what the demographic actually was).
I just finished reading the 32nd issue (November of 1979) and I noticed that it was the last issue put together by the original editors, Sean Kelly and Valerie Marchant. Ted White, the successful editor of Amazing Stories and Fantastic--two magazines dedicated to publishing cutting edge science fiction and fantasy stories--became the new editor, taking the magazine in a slightly different direction. This change in editorial guidance made a perfect point to stop and look back on the first two and three-quarters years of the magazine.
In addition to these artists, this first period featured the works of Jacque Tardi, Claude "Alias" Lacroix, Philippe "Caza" Cazamayou, Dominique He, Sergio Macedo and Chantal Montellier, Enki Bilal, Jean-Pierre Dionnet, Jean-Claude Forest, Jean-Michel Nicollet, Jean-Claude Mézières and François Schuiten.
American (and English-speaking) creators that appeared during this era included Vaughn Bode, Richard Corben, Paul Kirchner, Angus McKie, Howard Chaykin (referred to as "Howie Chaykin in the 2nd anniversary editorial), Rick Veitch, John Totleben, Todd Klein, Larry Elmore, Jim Starlin, Archie Goodwin, Len Wein, Gray Morrow, Trina Robbins, Karl Kofoed, Charles Vess, Dan O'Bannon and Michael William Kaluta. In addition to the comic strips, there were adaptations of stories by Harlan Ellison, Roger Zelazny, Michael Moorcock, Alfred Bester and Theodore Sturgeon.
By issue 5, all of Moebius's Arzack material had been exhausted and he was well into his new serial, The Airtight Garage of Jerry Cornelius. Richard Corben wrapped up Den by issue 13 and started an Arabian Nights story with collaborator Jan Strnad (with whom he is still working). Philippe Druillet's color work started appearing in issue 11, with some spectacular images that overshadowed his black and white work--which reached a peak in issue 9, an oversized issue containing the entirety of his epic "Vuzz," the first time Heavy Metal had run a whole story of such length in one issue.
In addition to the primary content, there were features on various films that Heavy Metal felt were worthy of support. Dawn of the Dead got some attention and Alien got several issues of promotion, including concept artwork that included Moebius designs and an illustrated adaptation by Walt Simonson and Archie Goodwin. These features for Alien bled over into ads for merchandise, including a baseball cap from the Nostromo--the ship that Alien takes place on.
Advertising was very important to the look and feel of Heavy Metal during this period. Heavy Metal ran ads for collections of stories that they had serialized in the infancy of the magazine and several of the features that were being serialized were backed up against ads for that same content in collected edition--often touted as limited edition collector's items. The second issue actually contains an ad claiming that the first issue is a collector's item and the claim grows as the magazine gains traction, establishing the legend of the magazine and something that everyone wants to be reading.
By November of 1979, Heavy Metal was selling in excess of 200,000 issues a month. Naturally, this attracted advertisers that wanted to get their products in front of its readers. Towards the beginning, this took the form of stereo equipment and liquor ads. Later, bands like Queen, Styx, Devo, Ted Nugent, Molly Hatchett, The Cars and even previously unreleased material by Jimi Hendrix showed up. There were also ads for art books, posters, science fiction book clubs, Starlog magazine and even an underground comics publication that featured Sergio Aragones, Joe Kubert and Dick Giordano (among others).
Despite the tagline that "[Heavy Metal] is better than being stoned"--pulled from the letter column--and numerous drug references, Heavy Metal did not see actual drug paraphernalia advertisements until February of 1979, when Bambu rolling papers took out a full-page ad, complete with cut-out mail-order coupon. Club papers followed up the next month and subsequent months saw multi-cultural models telling readers about the awesomeness of JOB rolling papers.
Heavy Metal during this period is best known for incredible visuals presented in new and interesting ways that don't really hold together as coherent stories. It would be nice to chalk that up to a translation error, but the truth is that just as many English-speakers presented stories that rely heavily on dream logic as the Europeans did. There are some great stories that do hold up and some very pointed problems with the overlap between sexuality and violence.
One of the main themes that runs through the entire oeuvre of the stories as presented is the apocalypse motif. Many of the stories are about life after the collapse or end with the world being destroyed--contextually, these were written during the height of the Cold War, when mutually assured destruction was a common concern.
The other major theme of this period is women (often queens) who walk around with their breasts hanging out--which suggests that most of these stories occur in warmer climates where commonplace nudity is actually helpful. The worst offender by far is not Richard Corben (although he does feature a woman wearing a modesty hood so we can't see her hair, but is otherwise naked), but Grey Morrow's "Orion".
I'm looking forward to reading the next phase of Heavy Metal, the year that Ted White was the editor. One of the things that I'm going to be watching for is how the publication changed with the leadership. At this point, I can saw definitively that collectors who want the pure, uncut viewpoint of the original editorial team could do a lot worse than hunting for these issues from the seventies. There's a lot of weird stuff in there, but more than enough material to make the search worthwhile.
To find Heavy Metal Magazine stuff from Amazon, you can use this link.


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The Squidgy Wriggler soft plastic fishing lure is one of the all-time Australian favourites when it comes to plastic fishing. In fact Squidgy don't think they have made a better lure than the magic Squidgy Wriggler. The Squidgy Wriggler is a curly tailed grub style plastic and is considered a top finesse lure with its deadly tail action.
The Squidgy Wriggler 120mm size soft plastic fishing lure is ideal for working estuaries for species such as Flathead, Trevally and Estuary Perch and has even accounted for some impressive Mulloway! The Squidgy Wriggler soft plastic fishing lure is also a great freshwater lure for Bass and other Perch species and in the Tropics almost anything with a tail will climb all over the Wriggler!
There are 5 soft plastic lures in a packet of Squidgy Wrigglers and they are 120mm in length. By buying multiple weight range jig heads the Squidgy Wriggler can be used to work the shallows to the deep. The recommended hook size is size 1/0 or 2/0. The Squidgy Wriggler is going to blow your mind with its incredible results, grab some today you won't be disappointed!
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A heartless woman who convinced her two sisters to sell their babies after they gave birth has been paraded by the police.
Gift Etim Ikono (M) convinced her sisters to sell their babies for money
Police in Calabar, Cross River State has paraded a 26-year-old lady, Gift Etim Ikono who allegedly convinced her two sisters, Esther Etim Ikono and Florence Victor Ikono to sell their babies to an unknown persons.
According to Vanguard, Gift, who resides at 8th Mile, Calabar, was arrested on June 28 for allegedly selling two children belonging to Esther and Florence, her sisters.
It was gathered that Gift harboured Esther and Florence in her apartment while they were pregnant, and sold their babies at birth. According to Mr. Jimoh Obeh, Cross River State Commissioner of Police, "the two girls got pregnant and when they gave birth, the babies were sold out by the suspect (Gift) to unknown buyers."
The principal suspect, along with her sisters, according to the Police Commissioner, would soon appear in court after investigations are completed.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
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I am unable to set my form background as transparentAsked by amr372 on May 15, 2015 at 12:51 PM
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Please add the code at the bottom of all the other code that you have in that field.


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Does your bar have an amazing cocktail list? An outstanding selection of cognac, gin or rum? Whiskies from around the world? Here's your chance to shout about it with Imbibe's new competition
We know that you're proud of your drinks list. You've spent hours working on it: finding just the right products for your customers and developing a killer selection of cocktails that makes you stand out from the crowd.
Well, now's the time to get some recognition for all your hard work, with Imbibe's Drinks List of the Year in association with Maxxium, a competition that seeks to reward the very best drinks lists from bars across the UK.
Previous winners include renowned bars such as Dandelyan, the Connaught Bar, The Smuggler's Cove and the Library Bar at the Lanesborough.
Whether you're a small neighbourhood bar, a smart city cocktail bar, a whisky specialist, an iconic hotel bar, a gin emporium or a restaurant bar, we want to find out just how good your drinks list is.
Ready to send in your list? Click through to access the entry form – or read on to find out more about how the competition works.
Drinks List of the Year
We're inviting bars to send us a copy of their drinks list, along with a short description of their venue. What type of bar is your list for? What are your customers like? How has the list been developed? Does it change regularly with seasonal specials? How do you train your staff to work with your list?
You'll need to select a category to enter and explain how your list fits into that category. Why is it better than other bars? What's special about it?
The categories to choose from are:
Avant-Garde Cocktail List of the Year
A list that features a strong selection of bespoke recipes, displaying great creativity and originality.
Classic Cocktail List of the Year
A list that focuses on classic recipes, or classics with a twist; maybe you have a great selection of Martinis?
Themed List of the Year
Could be a Mexican bar featuring tequila and mezcal, an Asian bar with saké and Japanese whiskey, a tiki bar or a Prohibition bar.
Cognac List of the Year
A list that covers a range of styles from a selection of producers (both big brands and boutique labels), presented in a way that encourages customers to experiment or offers education.
Gin List of the Year
Could be an exhaustive list of gins from around the world or a tailored selection of small-batch labels, complemented by a great selection of gin cocktails.
Rum List of the Year
Are you a tiki bar that prides itself on its long list of rums or a Caribbean bar turning out killer rum punches? If your rum selection is worth exploring, this is the category for you.
Whisk(e)y List of the Year
Could be a pub that specialises in Scotch, a hotel bar with a selection of international drams or a cocktail bar focusing on classic whisky mixes.
How to enter
For each entry you'll need to fill in the entry form, upload a PDF of your drinks list and write a testimonial explaining why the list is suited to your venue, who your customers are and how the list has been developed. Your testimonial should be no longer than 400 words.
The same bar can be entered in up to two categories from the following list:
– Avant-Garde Cocktail List of the Year
– Classic Cocktail List of the Year
– Themed List of the Year
– Cognac List of the Year
– Gin List of the Year
– Rum List of the Year
– Whisk(e)y List of the Year
You can also choose to post us a copy of your menu to Imbibe – Drinks List of the Year, Imbibe, Reed Exhibitions, Gateway House, 28 The Quadrant, Richmond TW9 1DN.
The judging
The Imbibe team will then carry out the initial phase of judging, to decide on a shortlist of eight bars for each category. We will be looking at the design and layout of each list, its content and overall quality and judging how well the list suits the venue. We'll be awarding marks for accuracy, clarity, ease of navigation, creativity, the quality and range of drinks, relevance to market and value for money.
The shortlist will be announced in the September/October issue of Imbibe, ready for the second phase of judging by an independent panel of experts. Based on their decisions, the three finalists in each category will be announced in the November/December issue.
Each finalist bar will receive a surprise visit at some point during the week of final judging, to determine how well its drink list translates into a drinking experience for customers. We'll be judging how well staff know the list and whether the drinks live up to our high expectations.
All of the finalists will then be invited to a glittering awards ceremony in central London, hosted by Imbibe and Maxxium, where the winners will be announced – including our overall Drinks List of the Year. This discretionary award will be given to the one bar that has impressed the judges most; the bar with an exceptional list that stands out from all of the other finalists.
So if you think that your list is good enough to take you all the way to the winner's podium, what are you waiting for? Enter Drinks List of the Year now!
On the list with MIXXIT
MIXXIT is the gold-standard training programme from Maxxium UK and a natural partner for Drinks List of the Year. The MIXXIT team currently provides masterclasses and educational programmes for bartenders across the UK at every level of experience, from entry-level to accomplished drinks industry professionals.
The MIXXIT team will be offering free advice, education and training to all venues that enter Drinks List of the Year. So if you don't make the shortlist this year, the MIXXIT trainers will help you to improve your offer, ready to enter the competition in 2018. All you have to do is get involved!Submit your entry to Drinks List of the Year 2017 today


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This unique puzzle has 12 pieces, each one a different shape and color, but the 4 sections are grouped by color family. This creates endless possibilties for an inquisitive toddler who will enjoy taking the puzzle apart and creating new shapes and designs with the pieces. Older children will enjoy putting the pieces back together. This beautiful puzzle makes a wonderful gift and is a toy that can be enjoyed by all ages. The puzzle allows children to experience colors and shapes in a beautiful, natural form. The puzzle comes in a beautiful, flat wooden tray for easy storage. The solid wood pieces are sanded to eliminate any sharp edges. They are hand dipped in child-safe, water-based color stain to give them their vibrant colors.
A Note about Grimm's Colors:
You may notice some color transference on the blocks. This is not considered a defect as the blocks are unlacquered. Grimm's does not use lacquer in order to preserve the natural feel of the wood (which is in line with their aim to design toys according to principles of Waldorf and Montessori education). Unlacquered blocks are also less likely to shift around when being used to construct.
About Grimm's
Grimm's Spiel and Holz Design has been manufacturing high quality, imaginative wooden toys since 1978. Inspired by the educational philosophies of Rudolf Steiner (Waldorf education), these beautiful and unique toys are designed with simple shapes, vibrant, natural colors, and a gentle texture enjoyed by all ages. Grimm's creates a growing range of heirloom quality puzzles, building sets, dolls, stacking towers, baby rattles and more. Parents love Grimm's because this German company makes long-lasting toys that stimulate the imagination and encourage children to discover and develop their own creativity.
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We determined antibodies to the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus in children to assess: the incidence of (H1N1) 2009 infections in the 2009/2010 season in Germany, the proportion of subclinical infections and to compare titers in vaccinated and infected children.
Methodology/Principal Findings
Eight pediatric hospitals distributed over Germany prospectively provided sera from in- or outpatients aged 1 to 17 years from April 1st to July 31st 2010. Vaccination history, recall of infections and sociodemographic factors were ascertained. Antibody titers were measured with a sensitive and specific in-house hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) and compared to age-matched sera collected during 6 months before the onset of the pandemic in Germany. We analyzed 1420 post-pandemic and 300 pre-pandemic sera. Among unvaccinated children aged 1–4 and 5–17 years the prevalence of HI titers (≥1∶10) was 27.1% (95% CI: 23.5–31.3) and 53.5% (95% CI: 50.9–56.2) compared to 1.7% and 5.5%, respectively, for pre-pandemic sera, accounting for a serologically determined incidence of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 during the season 2009/2010 of 25,4% (95% CI : 19.3–30.5) in children aged 1–4 years and 48.0% (95% CI: 42.6–52.0) in 5–17 year old children. Of children with HI titers ≥1∶10, 25.5% (95% CI: 22.5–28.8) reported no history of any infectious disease since June 2009. Among vaccinated children, 92% (95%-CI: 87.0–96.6) of the 5–17 year old but only 47.8% (95%-CI: 33.5–66.5) of the 1–4 year old children exhibited HI titers against influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009.
Serologically determined incidence of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections in children indicates high infection rates with older children (5–17 years) infected twice as often as younger children. In about a quarter of the children with HI titers after the season 2009/2010 subclinical infections must be assumed. Low HI titers in young children after vaccination with the AS03B-adjuvanted split virion vaccine need further scrutiny.
Citation: von Kries R, Weiss S, Falkenhorst G, Wirth S, Kaiser P, Huppertz H-I, et al. (2011) Post-Pandemic Seroprevalence of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Infection (Swine Flu) among Children <18 Years in Germany. PLoS ONE 6(9): e23955. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023955
Editor: Benjamin J. Cowling, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Received: March 18, 2011; Accepted: July 28, 2011; Published: September 7, 2011
Copyright: © 2011 von Kries et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: These authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
In Germany, a total of approximately 223,000 laboratory-confirmed symptomatic cases of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections have been notified from April 1st 2009 until March 31st 2010, accounting for a cumulative incidence of 272 per 100,000. Extrapolation from the 78% of notifications with age information yields an incidence of 468 and 1,110 per 100,000 in age groups 1 to 4 years and 5 to 17 years, respectively. The main wave of the pandemic occurred in weeks 43 to 51 of 2009 (unpublished data, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany).
Vaccination with a monovalent AS03B-adjuvanted H1N1-vaccine (Pandemrix®, GSK Pharma GmbH, Munich, Germany) was offered for persons at risk in Germany as of week 44, 2009. For adults and adolescents ≥14 years, ultimate vaccination coverage has been estimated at ∼8% on the basis of population-wide telephone surveys [1]. Data on vaccination coverage for <14 year old children are not available.
Seroprevalence studies of antibodies against A (H1N1) 2009 performed after the end of the 2009/2010 influenza season allow for a much better estimation of the cumulative incidence of pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 infections than case surveillance data if corrected for vaccination status [2]. Such data also allow to assess the current proportion of individuals with at least partial protection against A (H1N1) 2009. The proportion of subclinical infections can be estimated if a history of symptomatic infections is documented.
Seroprevalence studies in children are of particular interest since children are supposed to be the driving force of the influenza pandemic [2]–[5]. Although several seroprevalence studies of A (H1N1) 2009 antibodies have been published [6] there are few studies which include children [2], [7], [8] and only one also considering vaccination and flu-like disease history as well [7]. No study has compared antibodies against A (H1N1) 2009 after confirmed clinical disease and vaccination with pandemic vaccine in children.
We performed a multi-centre seroprevalence study on children in Germany 1) to assess the incidence of A (H1N1) 2009 infections in the 2009/2010 season, 2) to identify the proportion of subclinical A (H1N1) 2009 infections, and 3) to compare HI antibody titers in vaccinated children and in children after natural infection.
Study population
1555 serum samples and 1511 questionnaires were collected. Fourteen hemolytic sera could not be analyzed and 52 questionnaires were excluded because essential data were missing or children were outside age limits. Merging of the remaining 1541 sera and 1459 questionnaires resulted in 1420 cases, with 373 children (26.3%) 1 to 4 years and 1047 children (73.7%) 5 to 17 years (see table 1). This corresponds to the overall distribution of these age groups in Germany (1–4: 21.2%; 5–17: 78.8%) [9]. The 8 participating hospitals were distributed nationwide.
In the total sample boys and girls were evenly distributed. 84.1% of the children attended school or kindergarten. 70.5% of all children reported a history of one or more infectious disease episodes since June 2009. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 was suspected by a physician in 97 children (6.8%) and was virologically diagnosed in 25 children (1.8%). Vaccination against seasonal influenza in 2009/2010 or in previous years was reported in 15.7% of all children. Vaccination against influenza A (H1N1) 2009 was reported for 101 of the 1420 children (7.1%).
Hemagglutination inhibition test results - unvaccinated children
Pre-pandemic (control) sera.
The pre- and post-pandemic HI titers and the incidence estimates for A (H1N1) 2009 infection based on the difference between post- and pre-pandemic titers are depicted in table 2.
Of the 300 control sera only 2 (1.7%) children <5 years had detectable antibodies in HIT (one child 1∶10 and the second child 1∶40). In the older age group 10 HIT-positive children were detected (5.5%) including one titer of 1∶80 (table 2). To analyze whether these pre-pandemic titers corresponded to high antibody titers against the most recent seasonal influenza A virus (A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)) we tested the sera which were positive for antibodies against the pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 also for antibodies against this seasonal influenza virus. Four of the 12 children exhibiting antibodies against the pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 were negative for antibodies against the seasonal influenza A virus (geometric mean titer 1∶27). By testing additional 96 pre-pandemic sera for antibodies against the seasonal H1N1 virus we found 48.9% positive (geometric mean titer 1∶29) and no association between pandemic and seasonal H1N1 titers (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.068, p-value 0.51).
Post-pandemic sera.
Of 1307 children not vaccinated with Pandemrix®, HI titers of 1∶10 or above were detectable in 607 (46.5%, 95% CI: 44.3–48.8). This percentage was lower for children aged 1 to 4 years (27.1%, 95% CI: 23.5–31.3) and higher for children aged 5 to 17 years (53.5%, 95% CI: 50.9–56.2), p-value<0.0001 (figure 1 and table 2), with no difference between boys and girls.
Post-pandemic children not vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1) 2009 aged 1–17, thereof 347 aged 1–4 and 960 aged 5–17 were tested and in addition 300 pre-pandemic controls and 101 children vaccinated against influenza A (H1N1) 2009. Children aged 1–4 exhibit lower titers compared to children aged 5–17 and all post-pandemic cases. Titers of pre-pandemic children aged 1–17 are distinctly lower. Children vaccinated against A (H1N1) 2009 exhibit higher titers compared to post-pandemic children having been infected with A (H1N1).
Logistic regression revealed a higher probability of detectable HI titers by higher age and an influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection suspected by a physician or diagnosed by virological testing. Except for a lower proportion of children with any detectable HI titers in one center (Berlin) we observed no significant regional variability. School or kindergarten attendance was not associated with HI titers.
More than 40% of the children (13.7%+30.3% = 44.0%; 95%-CI: 39.5–48.9) who had reported no infection since June 2009 had HI titers of ≥1∶10. In contrast all 25 children with virologically proven A (H1N1) 2009 infection exhibited a positive HI titer with 80% ≥1∶40. Of the children with HI titers ≥1∶10 25.5% (95% CI: 22.5–28.8) reported no history of any infectious disease since June 2009 (table 3: (91+41)/(41+95+23+5+91+198+45+20)).
Hemagglutination inhibition test results – vaccinated children and children after laboratory-confirmed influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infection
All 6 children 1 to 4 years old (100%, 95% CI: 61.0–100) with a history of laboratory-confirmed A (H1N1) 2009 infection exhibited HI titers of 1∶80 or above (dashed dark line in figure 2), but only 11 of 23 children in this age group (47.8%, 95% CI: 33.5–66.5) who reported vaccination with Pandemrix® had HI titers ≥1∶10, and 21.7% (95% CI: 12.0–40.4) had HI titers ≥1∶40 (dark line). The differences between HI titers in children aged 1 to 4 years after natural infection and after vaccination were statistically significant (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for difference between two curves, p-value: 0.003). For children aged 5 to 17 years no such statistically significant difference (grey dashed line = natural infection; dotted line = vaccinated) was observed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p-value: 0.752).
Vaccinated children and children with laboratory-confirmed A (H1N1) infection were mutually exclusive. Children vaccinated against the A (H1N1) 2009 virus exhibit lower titers compared to children with laboratory-confirmed A (H1N1) 2009 infection. This can be observed in both age groups with greater difference in younger children.
In addition antibody titers in children vaccinated with Pandemrix® aged 1 to 4 years (dark black line) were significantly lower than in vaccinated children aged 5 to 17 years (grey dotted line) (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p-value: 0.0002). In contrast, after natural infection higher titers were observed in the younger children as compared to the older age group. The numbers, however, are small and the difference was not statistically significant (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p-value: 0.0941).
There appeared to be an inverse association between the geometric mean HI titers against the A (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus and previous vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine. In children vaccinated both with the seasonal and the pandemic vaccine the OR for HI titers ≥1∶40 was 0.68; 95% CI 0.46–1.01) compared to children vaccinated with the pandemic vaccine alone.
Comparison of seroprevalence against influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in pre- and post-pandemic sera indicates that about a quarter of the unvaccinated preschool (1–4 years) and almost half of the unvaccinated school age children (5–17 years) were infected with influenza A (H1N1) 2009 during the pandemic in Germany. A titer of ≥1∶40, usually considered "protective" (i.e. associated with >50% reduction of the risk of contracting influenza) [10], was observed in 23% of preschool and 36% of school age children, taken together vaccinated and unvaccinated (figure 1). A history of pandemic influenza vaccination was reported for ∼7% of participating children, a percentage similar to the existing estimate of ∼8% for persons >14 years in Germany [11]. HI titers ≥1∶40 in as little as 22% of vaccinated children aged 1 to 4 years approximately 4–8 months after vaccination point to a need for further evaluation of the immune response to adjuvanted influenza vaccines in young children although there is a possibility that this is due to chance given that there were only 23 vaccinated children and 6 children with lab-confirmed A (H1N1) 2009 infection <5 years.
The incidence of A (H1N1) 2009 infections in children and adolescents in Germany was similar to those reported from the UK (after first wave) [2] and New Zealand [7], but somewhat lower than after the second wave in UK [8]. As in these studies, we found a considerably higher incidence of infections in school age compared to preschool children, which also corresponds to the reported age-specific incidence of infections from surveillance data in Germany (unpublished data of the Robert Koch-Institute).
Approximately 25% of children with detectable antibodies against A (H1N1) 2009 reported no history of any infectious disease episode during the pandemic influenza season. Disease history in our study is based on parents' or participants' recollection over a period of several months and may therefore not be fully reliable. It is likely that mild events of disease may not have been recalled which would result in an overestimation of subclinical infections. On the other hand, reported infection episodes may have been unrelated to influenza A (H1N1) 2009, which means the proportion of subclinical A (H1N1) 2009 infections could have been even higher. In the study from New Zealand [7], the proportion of subclinical infections was estimated as 45% (for all ages). Smaller studies among contact persons of confirmed cases found proportions of subclinical infections between 9% and 73% [12]–[14].
In Germany the pandemic vaccine became gradually available starting from the last week of October 2009. While two doses had been recommended initially, the official vaccination recommendation for children (as well as for adults) was changed from a two dose to a single dose regimen as of December 14th 2009 [15]. The vaccine used was an AS03B-adjuvanted split virus vaccine (3.75 µg hemagglutinin) with a half dose recommended for children aged 6 months to 9 years. The lower antibody titers observed in our study in young compared to older children after vaccination are unlikely to be explained by chance. Differential misclassification of the vaccination history against the pandemic influenza virus by the children's age is unlikely. Although we have not ascertained the number of vaccine doses, most children had presumably received one dose only, because by the time the second dose was due (≥3 weeks after the first dose), a second dose was no longer recommended. It remains unclear whether this vaccination regimen is the reason for the lower antibody titers in the young children. Concern regarding a possibly weaker immune response in young children has also been raised for the non-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccines [3], [16]. Available evidence suggests high seroconversion rates in young children after two doses of AS03B-adjuvanted split virus vaccine (UK) [17] and possibly also after one dose (Spain) [18].
Clinical vaccine effectiveness, however, has been demonstrated for one dose of the vaccine in persons ≥14 years and most recently for children as well [19]–[21]. In young children, however, vaccine effectiveness appeared to be lower than in adolescents and the 95% CI was wide [21].
For children who had been vaccinated with a seasonal vaccine in previous years, titers after vaccination with the pandemic vaccine were somewhat, but not significantly lower. A similar finding was recently observed in a vaccine effectiveness study of the AS03 adjuvanted influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine for adults [22], [23].
This seroprevalence study was performed with an optimized in-house hemagglutination inhibition test which gave clear and highly reproducible results and allowed to determine titers of 1∶10 against influenza virus A (H1N1) 2009. We decided not to use a micro neutralization test in addition since the HIT is widely accepted as reference test for detection of subtype-specific influenza antibodies and the inter-assay and inter-laboratory reproducibility and standardization is better for HIT than for micro neutralization ([24], [25] and unpublished own data). Furthermore it has been shown in multiple studies that there is a good overall correlation between the results of the two assays for H1N1 [2], [8], [24].
Instead we optimized the HIT-SOP to reach a high specificity without loosing relevant sensitivity. We found much fewer HIT positive results in the pre-pandemic sera than other studies, where arbitrary cutoffs of 1∶32 or 1∶40 had to be introduced [2], [24], [26], [27], [28]. We detected only 12 of the 300 control sera repeatedly positive for A (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus antibodies and only 2 in the younger age group of 1 to 4 years, while in the study group all children with virologically proven pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 infection exhibited mainly high antibody titers. Additionally, in a subsample of the control and study sera no correlation between antibodies against seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1) and antibodies against A (H1N1) 2009 influenza was found [28]. Therefore a simple cross reactivity at least between the antibodies against these two H1N1 influenza viruses can be excluded [27]. The prevalence of antibodies against seasonal A H3N2 was very low in sera from the study and control group (data not shown).
The external reference serum pool obtained from the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), with a defined titer after multi-laboratory testing as 1∶180, however, absolutely reproducibly yielded a titer of 1∶80 (i.e. practically one twofold dilution lower) in our test. Although the titers determined by our method are slightly lower (one twofold dilution) than determined by other HIT-SOPs, we did not change our method because we had no indication for false negative results and we wanted to minimize false positive results.
In order to allow for a valid estimation of the incidence of A (H1N1) 2009 during the 2009/2010 season we accepted only pre-pandemic sera that were collected within 6 month before onset of the A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic in Germany, thereby assuring that the seasonal influenza virus A experience was as similar as possible in both groups and that the relevance of waning antibody titers was minimized. Within the age groups 1 to 4 and 5 to 17 years the numbers of pre- and post-pandemic sera were collected proportionally by age in order to assure structural homogeneity.
Serum samples from children attending medical care for seroprevalence studies on pandemic influenza, as also used in a recent study from the UK [2], may not be fully representative. A population-based study in children with possibly higher representativity, however, might be fraught with selection bias in case families with a presumed history of influenza A infection were more likely to participate.
In conclusion, serologically determined incidence of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections in children indicates overall high infection rates, with older children (5–17 years) infected twice as often as children between 1 and 4 years. In about a quarter of the children with HI titers after the season 2009/2010 subclinical infections must be assumed. Our study provides the first estimate of post-pandemic population partial immunity in this age group in Germany. The observed low HI titers in young children after vaccination with the AS03B-adjuvanted split virion vaccine need further scrutiny.
Serum and data collection
Eight German pediatric primary care hospitals (Bremen, Berlin, Krefeld, Wuppertal, Erfurt, Würzburg, Mannheim, München) provided sera from April 1st to July 31st 2010 obtained during blood withdrawal for routine laboratory testing from in- or outpatients aged 1 to 17 years. Children with an illness impeding an adequate immune response were excluded, so were children with serious conditions. Eligible children and their parents were informed about the study with age-adapted study descriptions and asked for their written consent. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Bavarian Medical Association.
The following data were collected on a one-page questionnaire filled in by the parents: age and sex of the child, history of infectious disease episodes since June 2009, history of "swine flu" by physician's tentative clinical diagnosis vs. laboratory-confirmed diagnosis, history of pandemic or seasonal influenza vaccination, and kindergarten/school attendance. Questionnaires were sent to the study office in Munich and double-entered into a common data base.
Minimum 400 µl serum samples were sent by cool pack to the virological study laboratory in Ulm for determination of antibody titers. Questionnaires and serum samples were labeled with corresponding anonymous serial numbers. Laboratory staff was not aware of the data collected on the serum donors. Serological results and questionnaire data were linked after the end of the serological testing only.
Pre-pandemic samples
300 control sera for the study were taken from the frozen stored sera bank of the virological institute in Ulm, originally sent for routine virological diagnostic. The sera were selected according to two criteria: 1) the respective blood samples had to be collected between November 2008 and April 2009 and 2) for the age groups 1 to 4 and 5 to 17 years the numbers of pre-pandemic sera were proportionally to the age distribution of sera in the post-pandemic study sample.
Laboratory procedures
For determination of the antibody responses an in-house hemagglutination inhibition test (HIT) was established in Ulm to minimize non-A (H1N1) 2009- specific results [11], [24], [29]. During establishment of the HIT different buffers, protein additions, and erythrocytes from different species in different concentrations and receptor destroying enzymes (RDE) were evaluated [26].
The study and control sera were tested using the optimized HIT standard operation procedure (SOP). To destroy non-specific inhibitors of influenza virus hemagglutination sera were pretreated with RDE (DENKA Seiken CO Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) [26]. RDE was reconstituted with H2O and stored frozen in aliquots (100 µl). Before usage RDE stock solution was diluted 1∶20 in 0.9% NaCl. 50 µl Serum was mixed with 100 µl RDE and incubated 16–18 h at 37°C. After inactivation 30 min at 56°C, 350 µl hepes saline albumine (HSA, 0.14 M NaCl, 0.025 M hepes, 0.001 M CaCl2+1%BSA (before usage), pH 6.2–6.3) was added (1∶10 serum dilution). Two fold serial dilutions (25 µl) of sera were performed using HSA+1% BSA in microtiter plates (round bottom). Influenza-A virus antigens (pandemic A/California/7/2009 (H1N1), seasonal A/Uruguay/716/2007 (H3N2), seasonal A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1), all GlaxoSmithKline, Dresden, Germany) were diluted after HI pre-testing to obtain a solution containing 4 hemagglutinating units (HU). After addition of 25 µl antigen, shaking, and incubation (30 min, room temperature (RT)) 50 µl newborn chicken erythrocytes (Laboratory Dr. Merk&Kollegen, Ochsenhausen, Germany) (0.5% in HSA) were added, plates shaken again, incubated (2 h, RT) and read by 2 independent evaluators using a magnification lens (×10). The titer is defined as the highest serum dilution showing complete inhibition of the agglutination of erythrocytes. A serum control for every serum without addition of antigen and positive (1∶80), low positive (1∶10) and negative (1∶<10) control sera were included for every test. An external reference serum pool was obtained from the Health Protection Agency National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), UK, and used to validate our internal positive control sera. Test results were accepted if the back titration of antigen revealed 4 HU and the control sera yielded correct results. Sera showing non-specific hemagglutination were tested again after absorption (1 h at 4°C) with 50 µl of 40% newborn chicken erythrocyte suspension in HSA. For determination of sensitivity and specificity of our HIT we used the 300 pre-pandemic sera (true negative) and 47 sera available from our diagnostic laboratory at that time including 11 Ulm patients with virologically proven pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 infection and 36 vaccinated co-workers (true positive). Sensitivity was 1.00 and specificity 0.96 for titer ≥1∶10. With 14 hemolytic study sera HI titer could not be determined.
Statistical analysis
Reverse cumulative distribution curves were calculated to compare proportions above different threshold hemagglutination inhibition titers for unvaccinated children (by age groups 1–4 years and 5–17 years and for children with laboratory-confirmed A (H1N1) 2009 infection), for children vaccinated against A (H1N1) 2009 and for controls.
Logistic regression models were used to examine differences in HI titers according to age, sex, region, history of infections since June 2009, vaccination against seasonal influenza and kindergarten/school attendance. Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were used to compare HI titers between different strata of children.
To estimate the incidence of A (H1N1) 2009 infection during the 2009/2010 pandemic in Germany we calculated the difference between the proportion of sera with a HIT titer >1∶10 in pre- and post-pandemic samples. Additional evaluations were done using an arbitrary cut-off of ≥1∶40 titer, generally assumed to indicate protection. Confidence intervals for the difference in proportion of children achieving titers ≥1∶10 and ≥1∶40 pre-and post-pandemic were calculated using the Newcombe-Wilson method [30].
All statistical analyses were done with SAS 9.2 and Excel 2003.
The excellent assistance of Marlies Just, Claudia Ploil, Thomas Schmid and Ingrid Bennett is highly and most thankfully acknowledged.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: RvK S. Weiss GF S. Wirth PK H-IH TT HS A. Streng JL SS TN HG EK A. Sauerbrey JP CWvK SR WH DM TM. Performed the experiments: TM WH DM. Analyzed the data: RvK S. Weiss SR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GF PK H-IH TT HS A. Streng JL SS TN HG EK A. Sauerbrey JP CWvK. Wrote the paper: RvK S. Weiss TM.
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So, I'm always kicking around ideas on what to do with my hair. I'm not sure if I should keep it short (I LOVE it short) or try and grow it out (I LOVE long hair)
x.x and possibly get hair extensions whilst I either 1) Wait to grow my hair out or 2) if I keep it short.
+ I also have very curly/wavy hair. x.x
Opinions ? :D
Most Helpful Girl
extensions cost sooo much money if you get good ones (upwards of 1,000) so if money is no obstacle, I'd go for them, that way you don't have to wait for your hair to grow out. I am a huge fan of any kind of red, currently my hair is red with blue, but I'm letting it grow out I want to finally see my natural color.
(btw, your hair is very cute)
otherwise, grow it out, if you get bored, cut it. for sure do red though. best shade ever :)00|00|0
Imma go for the clip in hair extensions. :D Thanks! :D


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Trinity Western University is committed to training leaders in professional, academic and mission fields.
This two-year (39 semester hour) graduate academic program is strongly oriented towards linguistic field work. It prepares students to integrate scholarship with service to language communities worldwide, analyzing and describing the linguistic structures of languages and putting previously unwritten languages into writing. Graduates are also prepared to publish research findings in academic journals, pursue ongoing professional development, enter doctoral programs, and integrate their faith with their work. While most graduate linguistics programs emphasize theory, this program emphasizes practical linguistic analysis in the development of language programs in roles such as language revitalization, orthography development, literacy program development, and translation.
The support and involvement of the Canada Institute of Linguistics enhances this degree program, providing one of the finest field oriented programs in North America and a faculty rich in field experience and expertise.
School of Graduate Studies info session
You're invited to the TWU's School of Graduate Studies info session and dinner on March 29 at 4:30 p.m. Come learn about our master's degrees, meet with enrolment advisors, and have dinner on us. After dinner, join us for TWU's Three Minute Thesis competition where you'll see graduate students compete in a friendly but intense contest where they present the complexities of their research in an engaging and
accessible way.
Interested in taking Linguistics (MA) at TWU?
Our graduate programs offer a variety of scholarships, grants, awards, and/or assistantships that provide financial assistance for students registered in full-time graduate studies.
Are you ready to advance your professional or academic career with a graduate degree? Find out what you need to join an innovative community committed to making a positive difference in the world for Christ.
You can experience the benefits of working closely with professors, which can only be achieved because of our small class sizes, commitment to research, and liberal arts curriculum.


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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
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The behind-the-scenes true life story of a groundbreaking producer, Milton Fruchtman, and blacklisted TV director Leo Hurwitz who, overcoming enormous obstacles, set out to capture the testimony of one of the war's most notorious Nazis, Adolf Eichmann, who is accused of executing the 'final solution' and organising the murder of 6 million Jews. This is the extraordinary story of how the trial came to be televised and the team that made it happen.
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Answer: Beginning in February, ElderCare Matters will feature each week one of our 1,100+ elder care experts to answer your questions about their areas of expertise; for example, elder law, financial planning, insurance, senior housing, senior health care, Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security, reverse mortgages, Wills & Trusts, etc.
Please keep your questions short and general in scope so that other families across America can also utilize the answer to your question.
ElderCare Matters appreciates the support shown by the thousands of families each month who rely on us to help them plan for and deal with their issues of aging.
We will continue to strive to make www.eldercarematters.com a better resource to help you with your family's elder care matters.
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Founder & CEO, ElderCare Matters, LLC
If you need answers to your elder care questions, send your questions to us at:
Answers are provided by our ElderCare Matters Partners, some of America's TOP Elder Care Professionals who have years of experience in helping families plan for and deal with a wide range of Elder Care / Senior Care Services.
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ElderCare Matters Articles are useful and up-to-date Elder Care / Senior Care articles that are provided by our ElderCare Matters Partners to help you plan for and deal with your family's elder care matters.
If you help familes plan for or deal with elder care matters, then you owe it to yourself and to families across America to become a professional member of the National ElderCare Matters Alliance and to be listed on the many Elder Care / Senior Care Directories that are sponsored by this National Alliance of Elder Care Professionals.
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text:
The 2008 Lincoln Town Car may lack modern flair, but its safety features and performance are unparalleled.
This year's Lincoln Town Car is the first car in automotive history to receive a five-star crash-test rating in all five categories of testing by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Vehicles are tested for front and side impacts and rollover resistance; the 2008 Lincoln Town Car received perfect scores across the board. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) also gives the 2008 Town Car Lincoln top marks for occupant safety in offset frontal impacts.
In addition to the Lincoln Town Car's standard safety equipment reported on Cars.com (dual-stage front airbags, side-impact airbags, and anti-lock brakes with electronic brake-force distribution), AutoMedia mentions the Ford Motor Company's Personal Safety System, which is "one of the most comprehensive driver and front-seat passenger restraint systems available," incorporating pre-tensioners for the seat belts and energy management retractors. ConsumerGuide reports a rear-obstacle detection system, a tire-pressure monitor, and cornering lights among the standard equipment available for the Lincoln Town Car. This is a good thing, since this source also mentions that "over-the-shoulder visibility [is] hampered by thick roof pillars."
The one troubling omission as reported by Edmunds is the Town Car Lincoln's lack of head curtain airbags all around.


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sorry I finally got this link to work... so I need help since I had kids my body totally changed and my hips seem to me to wide but I don't know lh4.googleusercontent.com/.../body%2B2.jpg
Most Helpful Girl
You are beautiful! Curves are the best. Don't lose weight unless it is for health reasons or something.. you look great.10|10|0
Thank u so much