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Marines Move Forward with Unmanned Systems. PG. 6
Marine Corps Commandant Praises Spirit of Innovation. PG. 2
100 Years of Marine Corps Aviation About this section: This special advertising section was produced by The Washington Post Custom Content department and did not involve The Washington Post news or editorial staff. This section was prepared by Marcy Gessel, a freelance editor, hired by The Washington Post Custom Content department, with the help of the Marine Corps Aviation Association and the US Marine Corps. For more information, please contact: Marc H. Rosenberg, Manager, Corporate and Public Policy advertising, at 202-334-7634. How are we doing? For questions, comments and suggestions regarding this section, please send an email to email@example.com.
After 100 Years, Marine Corps Aviation Continues to Provide Support to Ground Troops By Lt. Gen. Terry G. Robling Marine Corps Deputy Commandant for Aviation On Jan. 11, 2012, the first Marine Corps F-35B Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter aircraft taxied to the line at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. It was guided to a stop by Gunnery Sgt. Matthew Smith, who put into words to the Eglin base newspaper what all of us felt at that moment: "It's just a success to see the aircraft here; (its arrival) has been a success for the Marine Corps." With the arrival of that evolutionary aircraft, the first in a line of 420 Joint Strike Fighters that we will integrate into the force, we have come full circle nearly a century since our first aviator took flight. In May 1912, First Lieutenant Alfred A. Cunningham became the first Marine assigned to duties with aviation. On Aug. 20 of that year he became naval aviator number five and Marine Corps aviator number one, beginning Marine Corps aviation's legacy. He led our fledgling force in World War I in France and was our first officer in charge of aviation. Marine aviators then took us through the 1920s and 1930s by fighting in places like Haiti, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. In World War II, Marine aviators flew from ships at sea in support of Marines in heavy, daily fighting in places with names that ring down through history: Peleliu, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima and Okinawa among them. Just five years later, many of those same Marine aviators were flying in support of the fighting in Korea, honing our close air support tactics and developing new helicopter assault support tactics that changed the speed of maneuver warfare. We know some of those names, those of famous jet pilot aviators like Ted Williams and John Glenn and Don "The Great Santini" Conroy. Others were lost in combat, or are lost to history, but the efforts of these pilots to develop and perfect the then-evolving ideas of close air support and of vertical envelopment made us a stronger, more-capable force.
Airpower has become predominant, both as a deterrent to war, and—in the eventuality of war—as the devastating force to destroy an enemy's potential and fatally undermine his will to wage war.
General Omar Bradley, U.S. Army
During the Vietnam War, Marine aviators cycled overhead 24 hours a day in fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft while supporting Marines across the theater of operations, places which we now study: Hue City, Khe Sanh, the mountains of northern I Corps. In Iraq, Marine aviation leapfrogged forward alongside ground forces on the push to Baghdad and beyond. And today, our aviators are engaged supporting the nearly 100,000 Marine and coalition forces in Afghanistan. We are ever mindful of the strength and flexibility of the air-ground team. During the dark days in Korea in 1950, one Marine remarked, "During the long reaches of the night and in the snowstorms, many a Marine prayed for the coming
First Lt. Alfred A. Cunningham, the first Marine aviator, sits at the controls of a Curtiss float plane stationed at the Navy's Aviation Camp at Annapolis, Md., in the fall of 1912. Painting by Colonel Horace Avery Chenoweth, USMCR. Acrylic on Masonite, 1979. (Art Collection, National Museum of the Marine Corps, Triangle, Va.)
portfolio of capabilities and penchant for adapting that are needed to be successful in any campaign."
of day or clearing weather, when he knew he would again hear the welcome roar of your planes." More than 50 years later, an Army Special Forces soldier in Afghanistan related the same feelings when he said, "The only nights that we slept well during the invasion were the nights we heard your Harriers flying overhead."
To meet our national commitments, we will be
America's expeditionary force in readiness—a balanced air-ground-logistics team; • A force that is forward-deployed and forwardengaged…ready to respond to today's crisis, with today's force—today; • A responsive and scalable force that enables and participates in joint and combined operations—and operates independent of local infrastructure; and • A middleweight force, light enough to get there quickly, but heavy enough to carry the day upon arrival. Congress recently passed a budget law that requires the Department of Defense to find more than $450 billion in savings over 10 years, including more than $286 billion over the next five years alone. Our Marine Corps faces tough challenges to meet these savings goals while preserving the core tenets of the National Security Strategy. The Marine Corps has identified a total of $6.2 billion in efficiencies between fiscal years 2012 and 2016. These savings were obtained by realigning supporting
The Marine Corps Today "I tell you what, for like three weeks, it felt like nothing but a continuous faucet, a continuous fire hose of airplanes. I never knew a time in November when I had troops in contact when I didn't get an airplane within about a minute." - Major John Payne, Battalion Air Officer, Fallujah February 5, 2005 Our national leadership has directed that our Marine Corps shall
• • • •
Be at the "tip of the spear" when the U.S. military confronts a range of irregular and hybrid conflicts; Maintain a "maritime soul" as we reshape our Corps; Find "the right balance between preserving what is unique and valuable while making changes needed to win the wars we are in and likely to face"; and Maintain "…the Marines' greatest strengths: a broad
"Father of Marine Helicopter Aviation" Took Mission of Close Air Support to the Front short takeoff and landing technology with the Harrier jump jet. "Keith McCutcheon was one of the Marines' greatest aviation thinkers. McCutcheon's greater contributions to Marine Aviation didn't come from his abilities in the cockpit, but rather from his abilities as a tactician and strategic thinker. He saw in Marine aircraft an opportunity to develop the most effective air support the world had ever seen," said Benjamin Kristy, aviation curator for the National Museum of the Marine Corps. When he was young, McCutcheon was interested in cars and planes and
sought out a career as a military pilot, said James Ginther, an archivist at Gray Research Center of Marine Corps University at Quantico, who wrote his PhD dissertation on McCutcheon. During the Great Depression, McCutcheon earned a degree at Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) in industrial engineering and later he earned a master's degree in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. McCutcheon used his training in making systems work efficiently to improve the way pilots in the air communicated with troops
(Photo courtesy USMC)
He was neither an ace nor a conventional aviation hero, but Gen. Keith B. McCutcheon represented the spirit of innovation and the commitment to supporting ground troops that exemplify Marine Corps aviation. Born just three years after Alfred Cunningham trained as a pilot, McCutcheon served in the Marine Corps in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. An early helicopter advocate, he has been called "the father of Marine helicopter aviation." He pioneered new and better ways for Marine aviators to provide close air support to troops and helped pave the way for the Marine Corps to adopt vertical/
on the ground. McCutcheon wasn't the first to assign actual pilots to infantry units, but he was the first to give pilots on the ground direct communication with the pilot in the air, without sending individual requests through
A Military Force without helicopters in the future will be obsolete.
Lt. Col. Keith B. McCutcheon, 1951
the chain of command first. "What he did was allowed the intervening levels of command to monitor what was happening and to change things if necessary, while enabling that observer with
the ground forces and the best view of the situation to talk to the planes overhead," Ginther said. This sped up the system and allowed it to respond in a more flexible manner. In the early days, military aviators took off to support troops in combat with a fixed target selected, said Major Fred H. Allison, USMC (retired), aviation historian with the Marine Corps History Division. Using real pilots on the ground talking directly to pilots with common training enabled troops close to the targets to provide much clearer direction and more effective control for the air
100 Years of Marine Corps Aviation Historic Bonds, Soaring Innovation Represent Marine Corps Aviation's First Hundred Years By Gen. James F. Amos Commandant of the Marine Corps and USMC aviator For 100 years, Marine aviation has been characterized by a spirit of innovation—challenging the art of the possible— while remaining loyal to its fundamental reason for being: to support the Marines on the ground. In May 1912, First Lt. Alfred A. Cunningham reported for aviation training and Marine Aviation was born. As Marine Aviator number one, he always envisioned aviation as a supporting arm for ground troops, but it is unlikely that he and other early aviation pioneers could begin to imagine the tactical and technological achievements Marine aviation would make over the next century. Despite the risk, the discouragements, naysayers and frustrations, Cunningham, like many others, dedicated many years to improving the art and science of flying. Since those first days, all Marines
who have served in our aviation units have shared a common bond, one born of adventure, raw courage, a desire to push the limits and a commitment to supporting their brothers-in-arms on the ground. This spirit of innovation inspired the Marine Corps to achieve what some had only imagined. Where many saw the nascent airplane as an amusing contraption or man's hubris, the first naval and Marine aviators saw opportunity. Marine aviators helped pioneer submarine hunting as well as early air-to-air and air-toground combat during World War I. During the Banana Wars, Marines serving in Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic and Haiti took the first steps toward what we now call close air support. Twenty years of development in tactical, fixed–wing, naval aviation forced a complete paradigm shift in the naval surface tactics that endured from Trafalgar to Jutland, as the early lessons of World War II highlighted the necessity of
air superiority in future naval and amphibious campaigns. While propellers gave way to jet engines following World War II, Marine aviators quickly recognized the tactical potential of helicopters and soon created a doctrine of amphibious vertical envelopment. Marines embraced this new assault capability and the subsequent development of purpose-built amphibious assault ships, beginning with the construction of the USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2) in 1959. Marine aviation later took advantage of previous British aircraft design work that sought a hybridization of the most useful characteristics of fixed and rotor wing aircraft, bringing the vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) AV-8 Harrier into service in the early 1970s. This revolution in aircraft technology began a decades-long journey for Marine aviation that has seen the development and introduction of the remarkable MV-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft, and will soon be followed by the
For nearly 100 years, Marine Aviation has demonstrated the adaptability, agility and unique ethos that come with the title 'Marine.' Supporting our ground and logistics brothers and sisters, Marine Aviation has forged a lasting legacy of professionalism, innovation and transformation. The centennial of Marine Aviation provides us a unique opportunity to reflect on this legacy of success as we turn our eyes to the future.
General James F. Amos, 35th Commandant of the Marine Corps (Photo courtesy USMC)
revolutionary F-35B Lightning II, the world's only fifth generation supersonic short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) strike fighter.
Our nation's forwarddeployed and forwardengaged expeditionary naval forces have reassured our allies, prevailed over our
Marine Corps Aviation Association Invites Public to Celebrate with Marine Aviators The Marine Corps Aviation Association (MCAA) is a non-profit 501(c) 19 veterans' organization. Although first chartered in 1972, its genesis dates back to World War I with the First Marine Aviation Force Veterans. As a result, sharing the legacy and heritage of Marine aviation and bringing aviation Marines together, both active duty and retired, is at the core of our mission. MCAA promotes and recognizes professional excellence in Marine aviation, supports the fraternal bond of its membership, preserves Marine aviation heritage and safeguards the future of Marine aviation through awards programs, events and publications. MCAA has 73 corporate members. A large part of our membership comes from the aerospace industry. Through our corporate membership and generous donations, we support numerous awards, scholarship programs, The Wounded Warrior Program and Semper Fi Fund. MCAA
also supports aviation memorials and aircraft museum restorations. The pinnacle of events for our organization is the annual presentation of 28 individual and unit awards to our deserving young Marines—the best of the best! These awards are presented at the annual MCAA Awards Banquet. This year's event will be held May 16-19 at the Gaylord National Harbor Hotel and Convention Center in Oxon Hill, Md. On May 16, the public is invited to a wreath laying ceremony at the Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial) in Arlington at 4:30 p.m. The ceremony will be followed by an aerial review of 12-16 aircraft. Marine Corps jets will close the aerial review with a Missing Man formation. We encourage you to witness this event, depicting the sacrifices and contributions of 100 years of "Boots in the Air." Additionally, please visit the Gaylord, where our industry partners will
have spectacular centennial exhibits on display. The hours will be 3-9 p.m. on May 17 and 18. On May 19 the hours will be 9 a.m.-1 p.m. and 5-7 p.m. The celebration of 100 years of Marine Corps aviation also will be the theme of this year's Joint Service Air Show at Andrews Air Force Base. The public will be able to view the AV-8B Harrier II and MV22 Osprey in action, along with many other active and historic aircraft. The event will be free of charge, 8 a.m.5 p.m. May 19 and 20. Parking is available at FedEx Field and at the Branch Avenue Metro Station, with shuttle buses running to the base until 1 p.m. For more information, see jsoh.org Please visit our website for updates: flymcaa.org
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enemies and demonstrated the truth in the early observation of then Maj. Alfred A. Cunningham when, in September 1920, he stated, "the only excuse for aviation in any service is its usefulness in assisting the troops on the ground to successfully carry out their missions." The unbreakable bond between Marines on the ground and in the air has been proven repeatedly, from the dark days of the Korean War where Marine aircraft helped keep Communist forces at bay, to Vietnam and now to the modern battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan. There, Marine aviation is still continually in the fight every day, safeguarding and supporting our ground forces who continue to press the advantage against America's enemies. These recent successes stand as evidence that we have learned and applied the lessons of the past and carry out our missions with the same spirit of innovation and focus that has long served as the hallmark of Marine aviation.
An F-35B Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter lands aboard the USS Wasp. The F-35B currently being tested is the first supersonic short takeoff and vertical landing strike fighter. (Photo courtesy Lockheed Martin)
strikes. Also, aircraft could greatly reduce the risk of hitting the wrong targets close to where troops were fighting, Allison said. The defining moment for this technique occurred during World War II, as Gen. Douglas MacArthur planned his return to the Philippines, Kristy said. Then a 29-year-old operations officer, Lt. Col. McCutcheon organized training for Army infantry and Marine pilots and gunners, preparing them to conduct close air support using the new direct communication procedures. "It worked flawlessly," Kristy said. "The left flank of MacArthur's troops was covered entirely by Marine aircraft." After World War II, McCutcheon switched his focus to helicopters, even though vertical aviation was not respected. "Some pilots didn't consider rotary wing aviation real flying and saw transitioning to the helicopter program as a career setback," Ginther said. McCutcheon was one of the early commanders of the Marines' first helicopter squadron, Marine Helicopter Squadron One (HMX-1). After this assignment, he took command of Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 161 (HMR-161) at the end of 1951, just a few months after it had conducted the first helicopter airlifts of supplies and troops
into a combat area, in a remote mountainous section of Korea. The squadron demonstrated that troops and equipment could be inserted into and evacuated from areas that could not be reached by jeep, ship or fixed-wing aircraft. "Today, helicopters are fundamental to the way we fight, to the way we deliver troops to any part of the battlefield," Allison said. "You no longer need smooth terrain to land. You can keep the enemy off balance to where you're going to show up next." In Korea, helicopter squadrons continued to improve these techniques helping to develop a new assault concept, called vertical envelopment. "Although in the military there's never one man doing this, he was a lead thinker and worked these policies and these ideas," Allison said. Vertical envelopment was a response to the introduction of nuclear weapons at the end of World War II. The threat that nuclear weapons posed to an amphibious force made D-Day- or Iwo Jimastyle amphibious landings too risky. McCutcheon and others recognized that the helicopter could be used to deliver Marines quickly to tactically advantageous positions ashore while also allowing the supporting naval ships to
be dispersed away from the beach, Kristy said. "It was a technique that became standard in Vietnam. The helicopter was the key to this kind of assault," Ginther said. After the Korean War, McCutcheon employed his practical experience and technical background as he met with helicopter manufacturers, pushing them to develop aircraft capable of carrying greater payloads and of operating in extreme environments without breaking down, Ginther said. After serving in Vietnam, McCutcheon returned to the United States as the Marine's deputy chief of staff (air) and helped persuade Congress to purchase the Harrier. A second-generation variant of the first vertical/short takeoff and landing aircraft still flies for the Marines. McCutcheon died of cancer in 1971 at age 55. Ginther, who pored through boxes of the general's personal papers while researching his dissertation, said McCutcheon was a prolific writer who skillfully promoted his ideas and advocated for Marine aviation. "He had a great passion for the Marine Corps and a great passion for aviation technology and he fused those to leave a great legacy to Marine Corps aviation," Ginther said.
We're proud to join the U.S. Marine Corps in celebrating the Marine Aviation Centennial. We salute all who've served on the ground, at sea, in the air and in space to make Marine aviation all that it is.
100 Years of Marine Corps Aviation Marine Corps Aviation Is Forward-Deployed, Moving Forward One hundred years ago, Alfred A. Cunningham, our first Marine Corps aviator, said that Marine Corps aviation exists to "assist the troops on the ground to successfully carry out their missions." Marine aviation's number one priority now is the same as it was then: to support the ground force in winning our nation's wars. We know that we must be prepared to operate across the range of military operations, and we will do this with systems and capabilities that maintain and strengthen our fundamental expeditionary character. Our role as naval expeditionary forces is to be "most ready when the nation is least ready," and this is due to the foresight of the 82nd Congress, which insisted upon forces forwarddeployed and ready to respond to crises before they became large contingencies. In 1952, that Congress determined that the Navy-Marine Corps team was the force of choice to perform this role. As that force of choice, Marines have responded from the sea in more than 110 interactions and contingencies in the last 20 years. The world is changing rapidly, but what America expects from its Navy-Marine Corps team has not changed. What we expect from ourselves also has not changed: immediate, decisive action on and from the world's oceans. Our Marine Corps deploying forces go to sea as integrated Marine Air-Ground Task Forces, or "MAGTFs." These agile and responsive forces stay afloat and ready. For example, last year we took a 1,200-man infantry battalion off of the 26th Marine Expeditionary Unit, which was operating at sea, and sent them ashore in Afghanistan to join the more than 20,000 Marines supporting the multinational effort in Operation Enduring Freedom. In the past two years Marines have fought in Afghanistan; fed refugees in Pakistan and evacuated over 10,000 people from the floods in that country; executed counter-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden; put Marines and sailors ashore in Japan and led the joint and interagency task force helping out after the earthquake and tsunami; and conducted theater security cooperation operations from the Black Sea to Africa. All of these operations were enabled by Marine Corps aviation. Last spring, the Marines returned to the shores of Tripoli. As the Arab Spring accelerated and the situation in Libya escalated, 26th MEU ships pulled into port, onloaded a Marine rifle battalion to replace the one which was ashore in Afghanistan, and then put back to sea offshore of North Africa, ready to respond should the need arise. And that need soon arose: Marine Corps AV-8B Harriers flew the first combat missions from aboard amphibious ships in the Mediterranean as part of NATO's Operation Odyssey Dawn supporting rebel forces. Sea-based Marine aviation also rescued a downed U.S. Air Force pilot, flying a rescue package of MV-22B Ospreys and CH-53E helicopters from the USS Kearsarge into Libya in the middle of the night to bring that pilot back to American ground.
command and control.
Programs and Potential Emerging and evolving weapons systems and platforms are not ends in themselves; they are capabilities for building the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) of the future. Marine Corps aviation continues to send new and upgraded aircraft into the fleet. The performance of the MV-22 Osprey and of the Yankee and Zulu model H-1s—just to name three of our new airframe types—are shining examples of enhanced capabilities we now bring to the MAGTF. The F-35B Joint Strike Fighter STOVL variant is ahead of its test schedule, and we will start delivery of those aircraft into an operational squadron this year. The future of our heavy lift assault support, the CH-53K, has already garnered acquisition excellence awards and is on track for initial operational capability in 2019. Our unmanned aircraft systems are in high demand, and we are adding new capabilities to that family of vehicles. Finally we continue to improve those enablers that make us truly expeditionary: our logistics, aviation ground support, and
Afghanistan Task Force 58's 400mile amphibious operation from the Arabian Sea to Camp Rhino during the opening hours of Operation Enduring Freedom changed the way we think about ship-to-objective maneuver, operational maneuver from the sea and power projection ashore. Our middleweight, expeditionary force has been in the fight for 10 years in Afghanistan, where they continue to make great strides. Marines are taking the fight to the Taliban and al-Qaeda while preparing our Afghan partners to step up and take our places as we begin our withdrawal this year. Marine aviation has been a critical enabler in our relentless pursuit of the enemy and in executing our population-centric counterinsurgency strategy, by providing fixed wing and rotary wing aviation attack capability and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) across a distributed battlefield; employing from expeditionary airfields; enabling maneuver; and minimizing our exposure to improvised explosive devices (IEDs) through assault support. Our aviation assets continue to provide close air support and assault support, and are helping move Afghan troops, supplies and equipment to help rebuild the country. Ultimately, the ability of the Afghan government to provide security and deliver goods and services is what will win the people over and give legitimacy to their
establishment functions to warfighting functions and restructuring several critical warfighting programs to better utilize those funds to support the current and future fight. Throughout all of these cost saving initiatives we remain steadfast in our commitment to maintain combat readiness, always keeping those Marines in the fight as our first priority, and remaining "most ready when the nation is least ready."
Marines and sailors from India Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, make their way to an MV-22 Osprey at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center in Twentynine Palms, Calif. (USMC photo by Sgt. Mark Fayloga)
To enable this strategic forward presence, all of Marine Corps aviation is expeditionary. The equipment we use and the tactics we employ are focused on conducting operations in the littorals and beyond in harsh environments. The Marine Corps has made significant advances in aviation technologies that support our mission set and make us a more agile and responsive seaborne force. The Marine Corps pioneered the battlefield use of the helicopter, and now is doing the same with tilt-rotor technology. The MV-22B Osprey is the next step in the evolution of rotary lift and is now at the forefront of assault support capability. The Osprey completed three deployments to Iraq, is on its fourth deployment to Afghanistan, and is on its fourth aboard U.S. Navy ships as part of the deployed Navy-Marine Corps team. In the same way the Osprey revolutionizes assault support, the Joint Strike Fighter will revolutionize tactical air support of ground forces. The Marine Corps continues to use our rugged, proven helicopters and jets at sea and ashore, and we are breaking new ground with our family of unmanned aircraft systems. All of this is tied together by a deployable command and control
government—and it will have come with significant support from the MAGTF. As we draw down our forces, Afghan police will adopt a traditional "protect and serve" role in the town centers. The Afghan army will move to outlying military bases to replace our Marines and soldiers while we focus on advising Afghan forces and battling insurgents in more remote areas. The Commandant plans to draw down from the roughly 18,000 Marines we had in that country at the end of 2011 to a much smaller force by the end of 2012. You can be sure that Marine aviation will, as always, provide both the punch of offensive air support and the tactical mobility of assault support to keep our MAGTFs robust. The Pacific: Japan and the MAGTF in Australia As we withdraw from Afghanistan, we are simultaneously turning our attention back to our amphibious roots to—as our Assistant Commandant has put it—"maintain our maritime soul." As we do this, we will also increase our readiness and our forward presence, both ashore and afloat, in the Pacific. President Barack Obama and Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced on Nov. 16, 2011, that Australia will welcome the deployment of U.S. Marines to Darwin and Northern Australia for approximately six months at a time. During the deployment, those Marines will conduct exercises in the Northern Territory and train on a rotational basis with the Australian Defense Force. The initial
deployment will consist of a small liaison element and a company of 250 U.S. Marines. The intent in the coming years is to establish a rotational presence of up to 2,500 Marines: the Australia Rotational MAGTF. This MAGTF will be part of that forward presence in the Pacific theater. As we build our presence in Australia, we will also continue to build on our alliance with Japan. The Defense Policy Review Initiative (DPRI) was directed in 2002 by the Security Consultative Committee, consisting of the U.S. Secretary of State, U.S. Secretary of Defense, Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs and Japanese Minister of Defense. It is an ongoing, comprehensive review of bilateral roles, missions and capabilities to strengthen the U.S.-Japan alliance. This will ensure relevancy in future strategic environments and has yielded a roadmap to America's Pacific realignment. The Marine Corps is a substantial component of America's Pacific force posture. As we deploy aviation assets across the large expanse of the United States Pacific Command (PACOM) area of operations, we bring enhanced capabilities that effectively "shrink" the areas of responsibility (AOR) due to the increased range and speed of our MV-22s, improve our operational agility afforded by the F-35B and improve connectivity to joint, allied and coalition assets. Marine aviation's overriding objective is to ensure that Marines in the Pacific are given the resources required to maintain MAGTF core competencies and remain
system, while our logistics from sea to shore enable our expeditionary character. President Theodore Roosevelt, in his second inaugural message to Congress in 1902, stated, "A good Navy is not a provocation to war. It is the surest guaranty of peace." More than a century later, Roosevelt's quote still serves as fine advice. The nation has demanded our ready expeditionary NavyMarine Corps aviation force for the past 100 years, and will continue to demand that force into the future. We are always prepared, ready to assist in a humanitarian mission or full-scale combat, and everything in between. These are turbulent times, and a strong naval service is vitally important to the health and security of our nation. Your Navy-Marine Corps partnership is strong, and will remain strong as we look forward to the next century of success. Adapted from "Marine Aviators: A Century of Service" by Marine Aircraft Wing PA, 2nd MAW, with assistance from Benjamin Kristy, aviation curator for the National Museum of the Marine Corps
postured to meet combatant commander requirements. The Marine Corps is committed to current plans to maintain a forward presence in the Pacific region that is geographically distributed, operationally resilient and politically sustainable. As discussions continue, we will keep our force in readiness in the Western Pacific and work with our allies and partners to preserve peace and ensure regional stability. The Next One Hundred Years Our Marine Corps aviation legacy is rich with names: places like Guadalcanal and Iwo Jima; Chosin and Inchon; Khe Sanh and Da Nang; Kuwait City and Basrah; Bosnia and Kosovo. Our current generation of aviation professionals stands up well against that history. They have written into our legacy new names from other parts of the world, such as Fallujah and Marjah and Sangin, that show the enduring strength of our air-ground team. We are, indeed, no better friend and no worse enemy, and as guarantors of peace it is incumbent upon us to keep our edge sharp and ready. The Centennial of Marine Corps Aviation The Smithsonian's Air and Space Museum on the National Mall is featuring the United States Marine Corps and our aviation heritage, in a feature exhibition running through January 2013. In a series of paintings, our tradition and our heritage are on display, and the layout of that room is instructive. The paintings are laid out chronologically, celebrating
Lt. Gen. Terry G. Robling (Photo courtesy USMC)
our successes beginning with 1912 and arcing counterclockwise in a circle up to the present day at the same spot in the room. At the exhibit entranceway, a visitor can stand in one place and see who we are in one snapshot. The cloth wings and biplanes of the Allied Expeditionary Force planes of World War I start on the right. They lead to the Cactus Air Force and the Chosin Reservoir and the relief of besieged Marines at Khe Sanh in the distance. The aircraft get bigger and faster and sleeker as the paintings illustrate Desert Storm and then arc back, to complete the circle at the entrance of the room with our F/A-18 Hornets and Ospreys in Iraq and Afghanistan today. World War II aces Joe Foss and Marion Carl and Marine aviation pioneer Gen. Roy Geiger would be proud of the young men and women of today's force. It is poignant for those of us in uniform to pause in our day-to-day operations and reflect on the legacy those warriors left for us. We know the deep and abiding legacy which we must honor and which we must live up to. We will do that, as we prepare for the next war in any clime and place.
100 Years of Marine Corps Aviation
Twenty-Five Significant Dates in USMC Aviation History
1910 1. May 22, 1912 1st Lieutenant Alfred A. Cunningham reports for flight training at the Navy's flight school at Annapolis, Md. Marks the birth of Marine aviation. Right: Lt. Alfred A. Cunningham floats in a Curtiss hydroaeroplane in 1914. Cunningham was Naval Aviator No. 5 and the first Marine aviator. (Photo courtesy of USMC.)
2. Oct. 14, 1918 Marine pilots in France fly the first all-Marine combat mission. 4. Jan. 6-8, 1928 1st Lt. Christian F. Schilt flies multiple casualty evacuations flights from a hacked-out jungle airfield in Nicaragua, an effort for which he received the Medal of Honor. Below: First Lt. Christian Schilt, 1925. (Photo courtesy U.S. Naval Historical Center.)
6. Feb. 13, 1943 Marine Fighting Squadron 124 introduces the iconic Marine fighter/bomber, the Chance-Vought F4U Corsair, to combat. 8. Feb. 1-4, 1945 Marine Air Groups 24 and 32 provide superior close air support for U.S. Army columns driving toward Manila using pioneering air command and control procedures developed by Lt. Col. Keith B. McCutcheon. Left: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver in the Philippines, 1945. (Photo courtesy USMC.)
1920 3. July 16, 1927 In any early display of effective close air support, Marine aviators flying De Havilland DH-4 aircraft strafe enemy Sandinista forces encircling Marines on the ground at Ocotal, Nicaragua.
5. august-nOveMber 1942 Battle of Guadalcanal. Marine fighter and dive bombing squadrons play an essential role in Marine Corps success at this pivotal World War II battle. Right: Two Grumman F4F Wildcats arrive at Guadalcanal. (Photo courtesy of USMC.)
7. Jan. 3, 1944 Maj. Gregory "Pappy" Boyington, commanding officer of Marine Fighting Squadron 214, the "Black Sheep," shoots down his 28th Japanese aircraft, making him the recognized Marine top ace. Ironically, Boyington was shot down himself in the same engagement. Right: Major Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (center) is greeted by old squadron mates of VMF-214 upon his release from Prisoner of War camp and return to the United States. (Photo courtesy USMC.)
10. Dec. 1, 1947 Marine Helicopter Squadron One (HMX-1) is commissioned. It would eventually become "Marine One," the designated Presidential transport helicopter squadron.
9. Feb. 19, 1945 Marine carrier-based squadrons fly air support for Marine amphibious landing at Iwo Jima. 11. July 7, 1950 First combat deployment of a dedicated Marine air-ground team as 1st Provisional Marine Brigade sails for Korean War combat. Aviation element includes helicopters marking first Marine use of helicopters for combat. 12. nOveMber-DeceMber 1950 Battle of Chosin Reservoir. First Marine Aircraft Wing provides essential air support for embattled Marines fighting out of a Chinese trap in horrific winter conditions.
14. Feb. 20, 1962 Marine Lt. Col. John H. Glenn, Jr. becomes the first American to orbit the earth, as he pilots the Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7. Left: Marine pilot John Glenn in his F4U at Majuro, Marshall Islands, in 1944. (USMC photo by Bob Rocker.) 16. June 1, 1965 Six VMA–225 A–4s launch from the short airfield for tactical support (SATS) airstrip at Chu Lai, South Vietnam, for a combat strike. This action marks the Marines' first combat use of this type of expeditionary airfield. 18. april 16, 1971 Marine Attack Squadron 513 takes delivery of Marine Corps' first AV-8A Harrier aircraft, thus introducing a vertical/short take off and vertical landing capability to Marine tactical aviation. Left: A Marine AV-8A Harrier prepares to land. (Photo courtesy USMC.)
19. Feb. 17, 1977 Marines accept delivery of their first EA-6B Prowler electronic warfare aircraft, thereby introducing a new era and new capabilities in tactical airborne electronic warfare. 21. Jan. 17, 1991 Operation Desert Storm begins. The 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing provides essential combat aviation support for the coalition's liberation of Kuwait. 23. nOv. 8, 2004 Battle for Fallujah begins. Marine aviation command and control orchestrates continuous close air support in tight urban combat for Marines and soldiers while minimizing collateral damage. Left: An F/A-18 Hornet flies over Iraq, where Hornets are among the umbrella of aircraft providing close air support to troops in Operation Iraqi Freedom. (USMC photo by Lt. Col. Arthur Behnke.)
25. March 22, 2011 Marines of Reinforced Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 266, flying MV-22 Ospreys, rescue downed U.S. Air Force pilots in Libya, while other squadron aircraft provide air support and humanitarian aid. Left: MV-22 Osprey participates in mission to Libya, 2011. (USMC photo by Lance Cpl. Santiago G. Colon Jr.)
13. sept. 21, 1951 Marine Helicopter Transport Squadron 161 makes first combat vertical assault as it inserts infantry Marines into combat positions during the battle of the Punchbowl in the Korean War. Right: A Sikorsky H-19 unloads troops. (Photo courtesy USMC.)
15. april 9, 1962 Helicopters of Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 362 flying from U.S. Navy amphibious ships land at Soc Tran, South Vietnam, for Operation Shufly. Marks beginning of Marine Corps participation in the Vietnam War. Right: Lt. Col. Archie Clapp led HMM-362 during Operation Shufly, pioneering many of the tactics and techniques used by squadrons that followed. Shufly helicopters moved troops, inserted quick-reaction forces, evacuated casualties, and performed other tasks supporting ground units. (Photo courtesy Gray Research Center.)
17. January-March 1968 Battle of Khe Sanh. Marines of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing provide essential air support in all varieties to embattled and cut-off Marines in this epic Vietnam War battle.
1990 20. June 1, 1978 Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron 1 (MAWTS-1) is commissioned, with standardized tactics and techniques for integration of aviation into ground combat operations.
22. nOv. 25, 2001 Marine helicopters and KC-130 Hercules transport aircraft insert Marines into Afghanistan at Camp Rhino from amphibious ships 400 miles away, marking the first sizeable commitment of ground combat forces in Operation Enduring Freedom. Right: From Vietnam to Afghanistan, KC-130 Hercules transport aircraft such as this one have completed a variety of tasks, from refueling both fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft to delivering troops, armored personnel carriers and more worldwide. (Photo courtesy USMC.) 24. Oct. 13, 2007 First combat mission of the revolutionary MV-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft is made by Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 263.
100 Years of Marine Corps Aviation Marines Moving Rapidly Forward with Unmanned Systems Marine Expeditionary Force UAS At the MEF level, the RQ-7B Shadow replaced the aging RQ-2B Pioneer as a bridge to a more persistent UAS with size, weight and power to employ sophisticated electronic warfare, communications and weapon payloads. The Shadow system consists of four air vehicles, two ground control stations, a launcher and support equipment. The air vehicle uses a combined electronic optical and infrared payload and has six hours of endurance with ranges up to 80 miles. The RQ-7B Shadow has undergone significant improvements since entering the inventory in 2007. The resulting system has increased endurance, expanded command and control, and greater ability to affect the flight through direct communication with supported ground forces. To continue to meet the warfighter demand, a series of additional RQ-7B Shadow improvements are scheduled for the next two years. These enhancements include expanding the communications relay to operate in UHF frequencies, employing a wide focal plane array camera to provide high resolution imagery over a broader area than now possible, and developing a weapons capability to reduce the time between locating a target and releasing a weapon. Cargo UAS In November 2011, the Marine Corps deployed two Lockheed Martin-Kaman KMAX Cargo UAS to Afghanistan, replacing the traditional UAS focus on reconnaissance with a transportation mission that can reduce the risk to Marines of casualties from improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Initial results were promising, with more than 112,000 lbs. of cargo moved to combat outposts in the first three months. In the tradition of Marine Corps innovation and agility, Cargo UAS operations are evolving to include the ability to deliver supplies autonomously to a pre-determined waypoint. Cpl. Joshua A. Legnosky, an unmanned aerial vehicle technician, pushes an RQ-7B Shadow unmanned aerial vehicle to the launching area on Camp Dwyer, Afghanistan. (USMC photo by Cpl. Samantha H. Arrington)
Aviation Expeditionary Enablers Branch, USMC For the past quarter century, the Marine Corps has used Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) to support Marine Air Ground Task Force operations. Early successes with remotely piloted vehicles during Operation Desert Storm, operations in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Operation Iraqi Freedom underscored the value of these key battlefield enablers, but it was not until the extended conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan that the Marines emphasized UAS capacity and capability to meet an everincreasing demand. Similar to the advent of manned aviation a century ago, unmanned systems began as simple reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition platforms serving in support roles to more sophisticated fire and maneuver. However, over the last five years, technological advancements have enabled the UAS to provide more significant and meaningful combat capabilities and make greater contributions to field operations. Some compare the growth in the UAS community to changing tires on a car traveling at 70 mph. Innovation is so rapid that improvements are measured in months rather than the years typical with other acquisition programs. In 2007, the Marine Corps employed two Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadrons (VMU) comprised of 194 Marines with a fiveplane RQ-2B Pioneer unmanned system. In 2008, the VMUs transitioned to the RQ-7B Shadow UAS resulting in a 12-plane squadron organized into three detachments. A third VMU squadron was added to address one of the lowest deploymentto-dwell (home time) ratios of 1 to .83. By 2010, a fourth VMU (a reserve squadron) was established and VMU manpower was increased by 30 percent to prepare for future programs.
Squad Level UAS At the lowest tactical level, squad leaders employ the RQ-11B Raven, which includes a color electro-optical sensor for day and infrared sensor for night. At just 4.5 pounds, the hand-launched Raven fits into a backpack and contains three air vehicles, a ground control station, spare parts and payloads providing 60 to 90 minutes of reconnaissance within a sixmile radius. The Marine Corps has invested in more than 450 systems to support infantry, reconnaissance, artillery, logistics, and wing support units. Battalion/Regiment UAS In 2004, at the request of the Marine Expeditionary Force Commander, a small company in Bingen, Wash., demonstrated a UAS designed for the albacore fishing fleet that could be used to support combat operations in Al Anbar province in Iraq. Since then, the Marine Corps has used the Scan Eagle UAS in Iraq and Afghanistan and on Marine Expeditionary Unit/ Amphibious Readiness Group ships to provide unprecedented situational awareness. Scan Eagle has a range of 60 miles and flight endurance of 13 hours, limited only by the need to change the electronic optical or infrared payload. The Scan Eagle meets the need for a small, lightweight expeditionary UAS capable of launch and recovery from austere locations ashore and L-Class ships afloat. In July 2010, a 28-month engineering, manufacturing, and development contract was awarded to Boeing/Insitu's RQ-21A Integrator. The combined electro-optical infrared sensor, automated information system, communications relay, and 25-pound payload is launched by a catapult and recovered by a unique wing capture system that "hooks" a vertical wire. The RQ-21A is scheduled for delivery next year.
Lance Cpl. Anthony Nolley-Crosson, an intelligence clerk, prepares to launch an RQ-11B Raven unmanned aircraft system. (USMC photo by Cpl. Reece E. Lodder)
Future UAS The strength of the Marine's unmanned systems will continue to be in performing the dull, dirty, and dangerous war fighting missions. Some missions such as routine resupply, surveillance and target acquisition are well-suited for autonomous technology, but operations such as troop transport would require overcoming cultural hurdles to convince passengers that a pilot is not required. In short, these unmanned systems will be integrated into a larger war fighting force, without simply replacing manned aircraft with unmanned ones. If manned aviation progress over the first 100 years of Marine Corps history is any indication, the next century promises untold advances for unmanned systems.
PRoFilES FRoM MARinE CoRPS AviAtion HiStoRy Gen. thomas H. Miller, Jr. Thomas H. Miller, Jr., is known as "father of the Harrier" because of his devotion to that and other short takeoff and vertical landing aircraft. In 1968, he became the first American to fly the AV-8A jump jet and soon became its leading advocate. Born in 1923 in San Antonio, Tex., Miller enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve in June 1942. He became an aviation cadet, attended flight training at the Naval Air Station, Corpus Christi, Tex., and earned his wings in March 1943. During World War II, he transferred to the Marine Corps and served in the Pacific with VMO-155 (later VMF-155). Miller also participated in combat operations in Korea and served as Chief of Staff, III Marine Amphibious Force, during the Vietnam conflict. A test pilot, Miller set a world speed record in 1960 in the F4H-1 Phantom II, for which he received the Distinguished Flying Cross. At the end of his career with the Marines, Gen. Miller served as deputy chief of staff for aviation from 1975 until he retired in 1979. Miller first became involved with the Harrier when, as a colonel, he and Lt. Col. Bud Baker were assigned to evaluate the British-made aircraft in 1968. Miller was impressed, and during the subsequent acquisition battles, he emphasized the AV-8A Harrier's ability to carry out the
(Photo courtesy USMC)
same mission as the A-4 Skyhawk. Extensive inquiry and testing, budget battles, and slow production hampered the arrival of the Marine Corps' vertical/short take-off and landing aircraft. After Marine officials were convinced of the Harrier's capabilities, the Department of Defense funded the Hawker Siddeley AV-8A in a special amendment to the budget plan for Fiscal Year 1970. The first AV-8A Harrier, manufactured by McDonnell Douglas in the United States, was delivered in 1971. Adapted from 100 Years of Marine Corps Aviation: An Illustrated History by Roxanne Kaufman
Gen. Roy S. Geiger The Marine Corps was a third career for Roy Geiger, but once he found his place, he made an indelible mark on it. Gen. Roy S. Geiger was born on Jan. 25, 1885, in Middleburg, Fla. He completed Florida State Normal School in 1904, earned his teaching certificate the following year, and briefly worked as a junior high principal. Then he returned to college and graduated from Stetson University in 1907 with a law degree. Upon passing the bar exam, he opened a law practice. Quickly disillusioned with the legal profession, Geiger enlisted in the Marine Corps. On Nov. 2, 1907, he departed for basic training at Naval Station Norfolk, Va. After attending Marine Officers' School he served with the Marine detachments aboard the USS Wisconsin and USS Delaware. Geiger then served in Nicaragua and China, and it was those experiences that he would carry into the air, envisioning how to improve air-ground integration. Of the first five Marine aviators, Geiger undoubtedly had the greatest influence on the advancement of Marine aviation. When he enlisted in the Corps, military airplanes were an immature technology and untested as a weapon of war. By the end of his career, he witnessed the beginning of the jet age. Geiger embraced technological advancements and
(Photo courtesy USMC)
formulated innovative ways to apply them to the Marine Corps' mission. Early in Geiger's career, Alfred Cunningham made this recommendation of Geiger to Col. John A. Lejeune: "Having canvassed all of those who appear to be suitable for aviation, in order of desirability, I would place Geiger No. 1 on the list." Geiger served twice as the head of the Marine's aviation activities. In 1931-1935, he was the officer in charge for aviation. In 1943, he served as director of Marine Corps aviation before being called back to active duty in World War II. In 1945, Geiger became the first Marine to command a field army. When Lt. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner, commanding general of the Tenth Army, died in action in Okinawa, Geiger assumed command and led the Tenth Army to the successful conclusion of World War II's final campaign. Adapted from 100 Years of Marine Corps Aviation: An Illustrated History by Roxanne Kaufman
Charles Bolden, Jr. Retired Marine Corps Maj. Gen. Charles Frank Bolden, Jr., began his duties as the 12th Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on July 17, 2009. As Administrator, he leads the NASA team and manages its resources to advance the agency's missions and goals. Bolden's confirmation marked the beginning of his second stint with the nation's space agency. His 34-year career with the Marine Corps included 14 years as a member of NASA's Astronaut Office. After joining the office in 1980, he traveled to orbit four times aboard the space shuttle between 1986 and 1994, commanding two of the missions. His flights included deployment of the Hubble Space Telescope and the first joint U.S.-Russian shuttle mission, which featured a cosmonaut as a member of his crew. Bolden was born Aug. 19, 1946, in Columbia, S.C., and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy. After completing flight training, Bolden flew more than 100 combat missions in North and South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, while stationed in Namphong, Thailand, from 1972-1973. Bolden earned a master of science degree in systems management from the University of Southern California in 1977 and then trained at the Naval Test Pilot School
(NASA photo by Bill Ingalls)
at Patuxent River, Md. While working at the Naval Air Test Center's Systems Engineering and Strike Aircraft Test Directorates, he tested a variety of ground attack aircraft until his selection as an astronaut candidate in 1980. Next month, Bolden's mission will be as the speaker for the 2012 John H. Glenn Lecture in Space History at the National Air and Space Museum. Bolden will reflect on his career as a Marine aviator, a Space Shuttle pilot and commander, and his leadership of America's space agency. The lecture will be held June 27 at 8 p.m. For more information and to reserve overflow tickets (the hall is full) see nasm.si.edu.
100 Years of Marine Corps Aviation MarIne CorpS LogIStICS tHen and noW
Lance Cpl. Andrew Donnelley, a team leader with Kilo Company, 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marine Regiment, launches an RQ-11B Raven unmanned aircraft system. (USMC photo by Cpl. Reece E. Lodder)
For More InForMatIon Marine aviation Centennial Week flymcaa.org Sponsored by the Marine Corps Aviation Association. May 14-20, at the Gaylord National Harbor Conference Center, Oxon Hill, Md. Registration required for most events. aerial review and Wreath Laying Ceremony Wednesday, May 16, Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima), Arlington, Va., 4:30 p.m. Joint Service air Show May 19 and 20, Andrews Air Force Base, 8 a.m.-5 p.m. The annual air show will feature 100 years of Marine Corps aviation. The public will be able to view the AV-8B Harrier II and MV22 Osprey in action, along with many other active and historic aircraft. The event will be free of charge. Parking is available at FedEx Field and at the Branch Avenue Metro Station, with shuttle buses running to the base until 1 p.m. For more information, see jsoh.org
A Piasecki HRP-1 helicopter, known as the "Flying Banana," transports a load during a training exercise more than 60 years ago. (Photo courtesy of Maj. John M. Elliott)
national Museum of the Marine Corps, triangle, Va. usmcmuseum.com May 12, Aviation Family Day, noon to 3 p.m. May 26, Curators Chat, 1 p.m. Aviation Curator Benjamin Kristy discusses Marine Corps Aviation national air and Space Museum, national Mall nasm.si.edu The permanent collections here and at the Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Va., feature artifacts from Marine Corps Aviation. A special exhibition at the National Mall museum called "Fly Marines! The Centennial of Marine Corps Aviation: 19122012," consists of 91 works of art selected from the Marine Corps Art Program. The exhibition continues until January 2013. 100 Years of Marine aviation: an Illustrated History By Roxanne Kaufman The book is available via the Government Printing Office at www.gpo.gov for $115. It also is available as a free download in pdf format from the Marine Aviation Centennial website at marines.mil/unit/aviation/ centennial
In 2011, a CH-53E Super Stallion transports a Canadian Forces CH-47 Chinook during a tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel mission in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan. (USMC photo by Sgt. Thomas W. Dowd)
proFILeS FroM MarIne CorpS aVIatIon HIStorY 1st Lt. alfred a. Cunningham, Marine aviator number one Alfred A. Cunningham was born on March 8, 1882, in Atlanta, Ga.. At 16, he joined the 2nd Georgia Infantry Volunteers and deployed to Cuba for service in the Spanish American War. Despite Cunningham's youth and inexperience, his commanding officer praised him for being intelligent, eager to learn, and wellrespected by his peers. After the war, he sold real estate in Atlanta for the next 10 years. On Jan. 16, 1909, he entered the Marine Corps and received a commission as a second lieutenant. After graduating from the Marine Officers' School, he served the Marine detachments of the USS New Jersey and USS North Dakota. Upon promotion to first lieutenant, he commanded the Marine detachment on the USS Lancaster. In 1911, he reported to the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Pa. Drawing from his sales background, Cunningham quickly aligned himself with influential Aero Club of America members and began promoting the idea of Marine aviation. To advance his cause, he acquired an airplane and received permission to use a small area of the Navy Yard as his base of operations. His loud and underpowered plane never flew, but it gave him hands-on experience and an understanding of mechanical issues that would benefit him in the years to come. Evidently, Cunningham's efforts paid off, because he was detailed to aviation the following year. After earning his wings, 1st Lt. Cunningham was assigned the Navy's Wright B-1. Within a year of his first flight on Oct. 4, 1912, he logged more than 200 flights (many were only five to 10 minutes in duration) in the B-1. Often he had to cannibalize other aircraft to keep it serviceable. A few times, he appealed to Capt. Washington Chambers, U.S. Navy, for better equipment. Eventually, his equipment problem took care of itself when a storm hit Annapolis, damaging the B-1 beyond repair. During his career with the Marines, Cunningham continued as a leader and advocate for aviation. Cunningham received orders in February 1917 to organize the Aviation Company for the Advanced Base Force, at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. Designated as the commander of this unit, Cunningham soon emerged as de facto director of Marine Corps aviation. He recruited volunteers to become pilots and embarked on a campaign to define a mission for land-based marine air. After participating with British and French aviation missions in Europe, he presented a plan to use American marine aircraft to operate against submarines off the Belgian coast and against submarine bases at Zeebrugge, Ostend, and Bruges.
" 1st Lt. Alfred Cunningham. (Photo courtesy USMC)
The Northern Bombing Group arrived at Brest on July 30, 1918. The Marines were sent to the fields at Oye, Le Fresne, and St. Pol, France; and at Hoondschoote, Ghietelles, Varsennaire and Knesselaere, Belgium. Despite shortages of planes, spare parts and tools, the marines participated in 43 raids with British and French units, as well as 14 independent raids, and shot down eight enemy aircraft. Planes of the group also dropped 52,000 pounds of bombs, and supplied 2,650 pounds of food in five food-dropping missions to encircled French troops. For his service in organizing and training the first marine aviation force, Cunningham was awarded the Navy Cross. After World War I, Cunningham became officer-in-charge of Marine Corps aviation and continued until December 1920. Cunningham served in a variety of capacities until he retired in ill health in 1935. Adapted from 100 Years of Marine Corps Aviation: An Illustrated History by Roxanne Kaufman and the Naval History and Heritage Command
We are the 9-1-1 force for the greater Helmand Province. Anyone who needed something lifted or a tactical insert, they gave us a call. I'm definitely proud of our Marines. We took Marines from two different coasts, brought them together, deployed during the height of the fighting season and never missed a beat.
Lt. Col. alison J. thompson, commanding officer of Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 464, the first woman to command a Marine squadron in afghanistan. (USMC photo by Cpl. Brian Adam Jones)
© 2012 Lockheed Martin Corporation
THEIRS REALLY TOOK OFF. It all started in a garage, with the backing of a local taxi cab owner. Allan and Malcolm Lockheed. Two brothers who fell in love with aviation and didn't mind getting their hands dirty. Little did they know, as their Model G swooped over the waters of San Francisco Bay, that one day the company that bore their name would help man touch down on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility. Or that their stars would cross with that of a barnstormer named Glenn L. Martin. Their story is our story. One of many you'll find at: www.lockheedmartin.com/100years
Published on May 2, 2012
100 Years of Marine Corps Aviation


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Defining the surfaces in ANSYS 12.1
I have a little problem with ANSYS workbench 12.1. I am new to this program. I was using Gambit before. I want to define the surfaces as velocity_inlet, outlet, symmetry, and etc. This was easy in Gambit but I can't figure out how to do it in ANSYS workbench. Could anyone enlighten me ??
Named Selections
Ah, I keep getting reminded to make a short movie about this... Perhaps I will tomorrow afternoon. it is a good Friday afternoon task if I can get some critical things out of the way first.
The secret is "Named Selections"...
I have posted about this a bunch of times, so just search for that phrase.
Thanks a lot ! :-)
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 15:13.

subset: commoncrawl


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Singer. Songwriter. Entertainer.
Darlette Gayle recently was asked to sing at the BET Honors Award show taping, where she sung before Whitney Houston, Queen Latifah, Trey Songz, Neyo and other celebrities at the Warner Theater in Washington, DC on January 16, 2010. Darlette sang a snippet of Beyonce's Deja Vu and everyone loved her rendition of the song!
Along with all of Darlette Gayle's other accomplishments she released her single titled "Got Me Crazy" produced by one of Phantomboyz own Larry Summerville who is a part of a production team signed to Warner Chappelle Music Group and and in 2009 she released "I Know U Want It" that she co-wrote, which reached #1 on Jammin 95.5 FM's top 25 hot spins list for six consecutive weeks! Darlette Gayle also produced her first ever music video for her hit song "So Good 2 U" from her debut CD titled "Whyte Chocolate"!


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About the Book
AUTUMN WINTER 2014 accessory collection LOOK BOOK
For wholesale customers the collection will be onsale until the end of January 2014 with in store deliveries from early March.
Features & Details
- Category Business
Small Square, 7×7 in, 18×18 cm
72 Pages
- Publish Date Dec 19, 2013
- Language English
- Tags collezione alessandro, autumn winter, accessories
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E-newsletter overview
Our school's e-newsletter delivers the latest news directly to your inbox. Periodic mailings will keep you informed of the latest events affecting our school, our children and our community.
Use the sign-up form below to start receiving e-newsletter issues. Sign-up for more school and district e-newsletters via the school news page.
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Older issues (pre 2015-16) are available to view in PDF format via Google Drive.


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I'm only 21, but I started medical school already. The thing is, people have told me that girls shy away from doctors because they believe that they won't have time for them. I have a hard time countering this argument because, believe me, I've been so inundated with work already that it's been consuming all my time and energy. Still, I do have outside interests; I love music and movies and books, I like to play and watch sports and I still make time for those things. So I'd like to believe that I would be able to make time and that I'm an interesting person.
Most Helpful Girl
You sound like a pretty smart guy - and it's great to believe you can make time to date a girl.. But have a relationship with one while going to medical school would be a challenge for the reasons you stated. You simply will not have a lot of time! But that doesn't mean you can't DATE! If you meet a girl you really like - you just tell her.. "Look, I like you so much but school is going to take a lot of my time Not that I can't make time for you - but it may be hard. If you can accept that - great. If not, then we need to part ways now before we get too involved".. Then let her make the decision. The standard "joke" is that a Dr is on call 24 hrs a day - 7 days a week and it does present a challenge. BUT if you are with the right girl .. who loves you.. ANYTHING is possible -- I trust that your mature attitude will help you find a compromise. Good luck with school!11|00|0


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Porch With a Purpose II
Well it's been along time since I posted the first "Porch With A Purpose." I
My love for country comes from being raised on a farm. My hobby is primitive painting which has always ended up as gifts. This winter will be the first time to do a craft show. I love the ideas and hints that everyone is so willing to share. You learn so much from this great site.
My favorite areas are decorating with accessories and working in my flowerbeds.


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As we continue our Dealing With Pain and Loss – Part 4: Facing Our Limitations emphasis we turn today to APPLICATION. As always, we have already been applying what we've been learning through the week. Today, take some time to review each of the Bible passages we have read this week as well as my personal consideration of dealing with limitations from yesterday and consider this question: What did I not see the first time through these passages that can help me face my own limitations more victoriously? If that seems like a strange question to you, remember as Jesus' followers we are ultimate winners, regardless of our limitations at any time. Choose one of the truths you didn't notice before and commit to living it out in the power of the Holy Spirit today.
Heavenly Father, Thank You for Your faithfulness to us. Fill me with Your Holy Spirit that I may live boldly in Your truth and life. This I pray in Jesus' name. Amen.
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Anarchapulco is the world's first and largest international anarcho-capitalist (ancap) conference. Held yearly in Acapulco, ancaps from around the world gravitate to mexico for three days of speeches, presentations, panels, debates, musical acts, parties and networking with the intention of creating a freer world and 7 billion governments on earth.
I went to Anarchapulco to see if what Jeff Berwick said about Acapulco was true. Besides an epic event, I found beautiful weather, unparalleled views, what appeared to be a safe city full of friendly people, affordable prices and an escape from much of the oppressiveness of the State in the US.
— Mark Edge, Free Talk Live —
Anarchapulco has one of the most interesting groups of people one could ever hope to meet at a conference.
— Roger Ver, bitcoin.com —
Anarchapulco was a truly life changing experience. As someone who dreams of one day being free, this conference was like getting to live this freedom among people who shared my values. Whether you're looking for a place to build incredible friendships or exceptional contacts for your business, Anarchapulco has all of it and more.
— Lauren Rumpler, LaurenRumpler.com —
The best conference I have ever been to.
— Luke Rudkowski, We Are Change —
Anarchapulco is a blast. There's nothing more that needs to be said.
— Julia Tourianski, Brave the World —
Anarchapulco was remarkable, because it was filled with very passionate and successful entrepreneurs and activists. People creating change through technology, enterprise and media.
— Juan S. Galt, disruptek.info —
Anarcho-entrepreneurs, creators and thinkers of all stripes meeting in person to present ideas, discuss business, network, party and participate in some fun workshops! So many great free people in one physical space creates a real magic. Purchasing the 2015 ticket was hands-down the best investment I made that year, and 2016 is shaping up to be 10 times as epic. Go!
— Travis Boyd, Hyperborean.io —


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Recipe Of The Week: Gluten-Free Apple & Almond Cake
This Nigella almond and apple cake is one of our go-to gluten-free bakes. Try the recipe for yourself and let us know how you got on by following us on Instagram, Twitter or Facebook!
- 3 tart eating apples
- 1 tablespoon lemon juice
- 2 teaspoons caster sugar
- 1 splash of vegetable oil to grease tin
- 8 large eggs
- 325 grams ground almonds
- 275 grams caster sugar
- 1 tablespoon lemon juice
- 50 grams flaked almonds
- 1 teaspoon icing sugar
- Peel, core and chop the apples roughly. Put them in a saucepan with the lemon juice and sugar and bring the pan to a bubble over a medium heat. Cover the pan and cook over a low heat for about 10 minutes or until you can mash the apple to a rough puree with a wooden spoon or fork. (You should have about 285g / 1 generous cup of puree.) Leave to cool.
- Preheat the oven to Gas mark 4/180ºC/350ºF; oil a 25cm / 10 inch springform tin with almond or a flavourless vegetable oil and line the bottom with baking parchment.
- Put the cooled puree in the processor with the eggs, ground almonds, caster sugar and 1 tablespoon - or generous squeeze - of lemon juice and blitz to a puree. Pour and scrape, with a rubber spatula for ease, into the prepared tin, sprinkle the flaked almonds on top, and bake for 45 minutes. It's worth checking after 35 minutes, as ovens do vary, and you might well find its cooked earlier - or indeed you may need to give a few minutes longer.
- Put on a wire rack to cool slightly, then spring open. This cake is best served slightly warm, though still good cold.
- As you bring it to the table, push a teaspoon of icing sugar through a fine sieve to give a light dusting.


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- Yes,61% (45)
- No39% (29)
Guys can not vote on this poll
Most Helpful Girl
I think its unattractive if anyone gets a spray tan...11|00|0
I think its unattractive if anyone gets a spray tan...
Not a fan of the spray tan.
As long as you don't look orange it's ok.
I don't like how they look, I can spot them a mile away. Plus I have a soft spot for pale people so i'm biased lol
no it's not unattractive but its not like a pro either lol its just something they do
I'd rather him just be natural. Not a fan of tanning in general, let alone spray tan.
lol I don't know it comes to mind I think they GAAAAAY
a natural tan is best.. not spray on
what? 58 percent said yes? how can a tan boy look unattractive/wtf
Well I'm for gender equality, so whatever girls can do, guys can do. Vice versa
yeah I prefer the natural skin. I know two guys who are spray tanned and they're both gay, I don't want to so sound judgmental lol but that's what spray tans remind me of, gays.
I kinda find it hot. Because it's a bold move for guys especially and most guys don't. So I find it hot.
I'm sorry but fake tans look so bad on white people unless they are naturally tan
I'm going to open a fake tanning business and make money off these white folks
You cannot undo this action. The opinion owner is going to be notified and earn 7 XPER points.


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While you keep feeling invincible in your fabulous 40s, slight hormonal changes are still occurring and might shift your body composition. That's why many female gym-goers consider fitness supplements for women after 40 as a possibility to address to those changes before they actually become problems.
Once you reach the middle age, it becomes obvious your training program, as well as supplementing your fitness diet, need to be modified to deal with the forthcoming effects of aging. However, it's important to understand you can look and feel great at any age if you're ready to take good care of your body. Here are the top supplements to improve your performance at the gym.
#1 Protein
While the body of an adult woman begins to lose about half a pound of muscle tissue each year starting from the age of 30, an average female may end up in losing about 5-7 pounds of metabolism-revving tissue till her middle age. That's why protein is one of the most crucial fitness supplements for women after 40. It helps boost protein synthesis and compensates for muscle loss. It's generally recommended to take 10-15 grams of protein 30 minutes before training and consume 20-30 grams immediately after it.
#2 Creatine
Several scientific studies have proved that the human body's ability to absorb creatine actually increases as people get older. In other words, creatine supplementation may be more beneficial in females who are at their 40s than in those with a mean age of 30. The effect of creatine is better muscle contractions during your training and consequently – faster recovery and increased fat burning.
#3 Calcium
Depletion of bone density by as much as almost 20% is another concern for middle-aged women. That's why calcium is among the top must-have fitness supplements for females after 40. To provide good bone health at this age, it's also vital to take adequate amounts of vitamin D, as well as restrict certain proteins, such as casein and whey, for example. The acidic nature of these proteins is known to reduce the mineral density of bone structure making it weaker and more prone to damages.
#4 Magnesium
Since the key function of this element is to regulate bloodstream, it's especially important for women 40-plus to reduce the risk of high blood pressure and deliver more nutrients to muscle tissues. According to a study published in 'Journal of Exercise Physiology', individuals who had a higher level of this supplement experienced better muscle growth and recovery due to the increased levels of female hormone and enhanced protein synthesis. An average daily intake recommendation for women 40 and up is 320 mg.
Many trainees in their middle age and beyond believe it's too late to start intensive exercising or thinking of a serious workout goal. However, the majority of fitness experts who are regularly working with females of this age prove the opposite by choosing proper fitness programs and selecting the right fitness supplements for women after 40.


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Scene Pictures
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Bearded Chris Bines looks through the warehouse door to catch a sight of clean-shaven JJ Knight rubbing his bulge in his jeans. JJ whips out his cock and Chris moves in to wrap his lips around it to give him a blowjob. JJ pushes Chris up on all fours to taste his masculine hole before fucking him from behind, and then flipping him over to fuck the stud on his back.


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Funny Quotes About Introverts
So true one I called a mate hooked up with my hubby slag!
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Introvert Cat. If I had a dollar for all the times someone asked me
Monday, July 1, 2013
Dr_ Phil Expressions
Energy vampires, though, are people – or perhaps situations that
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After Bali we had another two days at sea as the ship set course for our first Australian port of call – Darwin.
The sea days were pretty quiet again – though we were both excited to finally get our passports back ahead of immigration into Australia. All the passengers were actually going through immigration on board the ship so that we didn't have to do it in port when we docked, meaning that we actually 'entered Australia' somewhere in the middle the ocean. We expected this to be quite momentous, as it was the moment that our Australian visas officially started. Surely at the very least it would be worth a comment from the Australian official, a handshake perhaps? An official G'day? Imagine our disappointment after we queued for ten minutes, only to have a British (BRITISH!) guy uninterestedly scan and stamp our passports and sent us on our way. So underwhelming.
Other highlights of our days at sea included:
- Playing scrabble with Yvonne, one of our dinner table companions who magnificently thrashed me with a seven letter word including a 'q' (quarters!)
- Having drinks in Russell and Jill's suite with Russell, Jill, Darrell and Sue and then going to a VERY unnecessary dinner considering how many canapés we had just eaten…
- Following through on our earlier threat and actually booking another cruise! To the Pacific Islands in January for what is allegedly some of the world's best snorkeling. I am already excited.
- Watching a 'classic' cruise entertainment show – a singer called Monique Montez, who did some great covers which we (or at least I) enjoyed much more than expected! I love me a good Adele cover.
So on the morning of Hallowe'en we finally arrived into Darwin port. In a feat of early morning enthusiasm that no one saw coming, Jimi and I went up on deck at 6am to watch the sun rise as we were coming into Darwin.
Obviously after that we then went back to bed, then got up late, got to breakfast late and then got to the theatre late where we were supposed to be meeting for our excursion – in fact so late that there was just one lone Royal Caribbean staff member still there! Fortunately we hadn't missed the trip and were hurried straight downstairs to Deck 2 to disembark.
We took our first official steps onto Australian soil (!) before heading for our coach which was taking us to the Adelaide River. Darwin, in the Northern Territory, is quite a small city so we'd opted to go on a Jumping Crocodile River Cruise about an hour away.
We drove through some sparse countryside to reach the river – we spotted some wild bison and lots of wetlands birds before we arrived at the small dock. There were about fifty of us on the trip, and we were loaded upstairs and downstairs on a small river boat – Jimi and I had a position on the top deck in the middle. The boat then set off down the river, which was quite murky and brown – definitely not water you would easily spot a crocodile in! (Top tip – our guide told us never to swim in any water in Australia that you can't see the bottom of, which seems like sound life advice!) Luckily, despite their supreme camouflaging skills, our guides were experts and we saw three huge crocodiles on the trip – two of which we fed (and made 'jump' for the food) from the boat. The male crocodile was about 4m long to give a sense of scale! We also saw some huge birds of prey which we fed scraps to from the boat.
Jimi got some good video footage (though I am clearly appalling at framing a shot, which had 90% sky and a small view of crocodile in the bottom corner…) and we both returned feeling very certain that we would never be swimming in the Northern Territory.
We stopped briefly at a Wetland Centre (a classic school trip type place) on the way back to Darwin before being dropped at the port. It was really hot out – about 33 degrees and Jimi insisted on doing a handstand on the tarmac next to the 'Welcome to Darwin' sign (because we are 'down under', and Australia is upside down, LOLZ) which may have not been the best idea for the palms of his hands…
Once recovered, we strolled to the Smith Street Mall – the main shopping streets and not an actual indoor mall as we had imagined – and visited a Woolworths supermarket and then some phone shops to sort Australian sim cards out for our phones. I then had the bright idea of calling home and couldn't understand why no one would answer… until I realized it was 5.15am in England. Oops. I suspect this will not be my first time-difference issue. In my defense though the time had gone forward 1.5 hours the day before which was as ludicrous as it sounds. I had no idea what time it was anywhere!
We stopped to write a couple of postcards before strolling back to the boat, and sitting out on Deck 4 to film the sail-out from the harbour. That evening, once the sun had gone down we dressed for dinner and though we neglected to bother with costumes went up to the Hallowe'en pool party afterwards to dance under the stars with lots of other people who had taken it all very seriously!
We two days at sea to follow, before we would be arriving in the Great Barrier Reef for two days of snorkelling…


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Woodhead sparks revolt;FE Focus
SWEEPING powers proposed for chief inspector of schools Chris Woodhead in the post-16 White Paper were dropped after Government advisers threatened to rebel.
College leaders believe that Mr Woodhead and his team will reverse gains made by colleges on more rigorous accreditation, self-evaluation and quality assurance they say the sector needs, and has been developing. The appointment of the Office for Standards in Education as college overseer, provoked unprecedented hostility from college leaders and staff organisations.
A senior official at the Further Education Funding Council told The TES:
"There was a huge negative reaction to the inspection proposals from college principals, as soon as the announcement was made. The rest of the White Paper was reasonably well received."
Their concern stems from the limited powers that the Department for Education and Employment has over the autonomous inspectorate - an autonomy jealously guarded by Mr Woodhead.
Mr Woodhead's post-16 powers were to be considerably greater - taking over the role of the Training Standards Council - until top industrialists lobbied Tony Blair.
Nick Reilly, chair of the council and of Vauxhall Motors, and Bob Reid, former British Rail boss and the FEFC Quality Council chair, opposed Mr Woodhead's appointment.
Both serve on Permanent Secretary Michael Bichard's education and employment advisory group. A senior source close to ministers said: "If you have OFSTED doing the lot, you can say goodbye to any industrial involvement."
The role of the TSC was saved after Mr Reilly lobbied the Prime Minister directly. It will check industry standards as part of the inspectorate under the adult committee of the proposed Learning and Skills Council for England, a pound;5 billion super-quango to replace the FEFC and training and enterprise councils.
Mr Woodhead will be restricted to inspecting full-time courses for 16 to 19-year-olds. All adult and part-time courses will come under another wing of the inspectorate.
But many FE leaders remain suspicious and one said: "The lack of DFEE influence over him seems to be a fundamental problem."
David Melville, FEFC chief executive, this week confirmed the level of hostility expressed to Mr Woodhead's appointment. But he urged against over-reacting.
There have already been joint OFSTEDFEFC inspections, he said. Top-level talks between Jim Donaldson, FEFC chief inspector, and Mr Woodhead were underway and both organisations were due to have meetings to thrash-out the implications of the White Paper within a few weeks.
Professor Melville said: "There has to be a new model for OFSTEd to work with and one that fits with post-16 needs.
"There are contradictions to be ironed out. The role of the college inspector is very supportive - following-through post-inspection action plans."
In his annual lecture in 1996, Mr Woodhead quoted an FEFC report which said that inspectors investigating American community colleges found "mounting criticism of accreditation and self-review arrangements" because they were "increasingly seen to lack rigour and to be failing to assure quality and standards."
He warned against arguments in favour of a greater reliance on institutional self-review. "We must recognise that inspection evidence does not show us many schools that are identifying and facing up to real weaknesses in a rigorous and honest way," he said.


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Category Archives: Uncategorized
Hi to All Residents~~
As you know, with all this rain, we are having a problem with the saturated ground.
We are asking EVERYONE to park in their driveway or roadway. DO NOT park on the grass.
Thank you for your attention to this matter,
Jerry Muench
Betty Muench passed away…
Dear Park Residents,
Elizabeth (Betty) Muench passed away at Shell Pointe Village on December 12th at the age of 97. She co-founded Periwinkle Park with her husband Albert fifty years ago. A family memorial service is planned for later next month.
Dick and Jerry
Yearly lot rent fees for 2015
The yearly lot rent fees as of 2015 are….
mobile homes – $8000/year
park models – $7000/year
house numbers
Hi to All!
The Sanibel Fire Department has asked that all houses in the Park have their numbers clearly displayed. This is very important when there is an emergency. When you arrive for the season, please be sure to check your unit.
Welcome back to all who are here! We are looking forward to another great season and are happy to see familiar faces~
Thanks so much for your help in this matter!
Dick, Jerry, David, Jodi, Evelyn, Anita & Debbie
Coffee Group
Dear Park Residents,
Good news! Charles Lasata is back in town and the coffee group can start up again in the pavilion at 7am. You can tell your fish stories, discuss world news, and sports again. All proceeds go to the Children's Education Center.
Kiwanis books
There are still Kiwanis Books available through the office! This wonderful bargain book is good until Dec. 19, 2015. The donation price is $35.00 and lots of restaurants are represented this year.
So, if you're looking for a nice meal at a great price you can contact us at the office or Jerry Edelman at firstname.lastname@example.com to get your book.
Thanks so much!


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How money speaks more than medalsIf you don't have power in a game you are masters of, the world will walk all over you, notes Shekhar Gupta. IMAGE: Indian players celebrate after they won the Asian Champion Trophy beating Pakistan 3-2 in the final at Kuantan, Malaysia, October 30, 2016. Photograph: Hockey India Unless you are among the many preparing for the UPSC exams, chances are you won't recall when Indian hockey won a genuine medal at the Olympics. Genuine, because we discount the gold in Moscow, 1980, which most hockey ... Rediff.com, 2 months ago
Realtime News
on your WebpageAdd Widget >Get your members hooked!


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March 9, 2007
Stats | Quotes | Notes | Photo Gallery
LAS VEGAS (AP) - Trent Plaisted took one more shot - at himself - after misfiring from the stripe so many times.
Plaisted tied his career-high with 27 points in the 23rd-ranked Cougars' 96-84 win over Wyoming in the Mountain West semifinals Friday night that sent BYU to the conference championship for the first time since 2001.
Plaisted and the Cougars can only imagine how good the sophomore center would be if he could just knock down more free throws.
He didn't offer up any excuses, such as tired legs from back-to-back big games or tournament jitters.
"You know, there's not really much you can attribute it to. I didn't step up and knock 'em down when I needed to," Plaisted said after hitting just 7-of-16 free throws. "I'll do better tomorrow."
He'll get that chance because he hit 10-of-13 shots from the floor and helped the Cougars build a cushion too large for the Cowboys to overcome. BYU advanced to the final Saturday against UNLV (27-6).
The Cougars (25-7) missed 16 foul shots overall, making for a tense final few minutes after building a 25-point first-half lead. The Cowboys kept chipping away at their 19-point halftime deficit until Eric Platt's 3-pointer off the glass pulled Wyoming to 87-80 with 1:05 left.
Suddenly, the Cougars were sweating out all those errant foul shots, the only flaw in an otherwise well-oiled team that is primed for some success in the NCAA tournament.
Lee Cummard, a defensive specialist who scored 21 points, more than double his average, sank two free throws, and Mike Rose sank one of two for a 90-80 lead.
Wyoming (17-15) got 23 points each from Jones and Brandon Ewing, the only sophomore in the school's history to top 1,000 points. Platt scored 13.
Cummard surpassed his scoring average, nine points, in the first five minutes, hitting 3-pointers from both sides, stealing the ball at midcourt for a slam dunk and racing down for another fastbreak basket that gave the Cougars a lightning-quick 17-5 lead.
Three straight baby hooks and a three-point play, all by Plaisted, put the Cowboys in a 29-6 hole and the Cougars took a 54-35 lead into the locker room.
"We knew in the second half it would be a different story," BYU coach Dave Rose said. "Players realize that the season's over if you don't win and it changes the mind-set. I think they came out in the second half with great determination. I think we were real fortunate we played as well as we did in the first half."
Ewing said the Cowboys were determined to extend their season, but BYU's lead was too large.
"That (nearly) 20-point deficit at halftime really hurt us a lot," he said. "If we were able to cut it down to 10 at halftime we probably would have come up with the win."
The Cowboys didn't help themselves out at the line, either, going 15-for-28.
"We've been a good free-throw shooting team all year," Wyoming coach Steve McClain said. "Some nights you're going to have them roll in and out, and we had a few of those tonight."
So did Plaisted, who has a chance to make up for it Saturday.


text: This article, Aphronance, was written by Pikapi. Please do not edit this fiction without the writer's permission. Lavafalls such as these dominate the shores of Aphronance, and are prime example's of the continent's geology. Aphronance is one of the island continents of Hope. It is the only non-colonized region of the planet, due to its highly unstable and active geology. Retrieved from "http://halofanon.wikia.com/wiki/Aphronance?oldid=521187" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Pikapi Loosing Hope


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|"Listen well, all of you!", "Cult of Skaro,"
is nothing more than an insignificant stub.
It is in desperate need of more content.
So says Maleficent:
the Mistress of All Evil.
The Cult of Skaro, named after the Dalek homeworld Skaro, was a secret group of four Daleks made up of three Dalek drones and one Supreme Dalek, The Cult of Skaro appear in 6 Doctor Who episodes called "Army of Ghost", "Doomsday", "Daleks in Manhattan", "Evolution of the Daleks" and the other two episodes called "The Stolen Earth" and "Journey's End", where only Dalek Caan appears since the other three were already dead. Dalek Caan also appears in the 2-part episodes "The End of Time" in Donna Noble's flashbacks.
The Cult of Skaro were assigned the task of furthering the Daleks cause through the development of new and unorthodox ideas and strategies. The leader of the Cult claimed that it was created primarily to further the process of Dalek evolution.
- Dalek Sec (leader)
- Dalek Caan
- Dalek Rabe
- Dalek Thay
| Some or all of the information and/or categories on this page may have come from another site such as the Villains Wikia or TVTropes.org. This may include previous edits that are different than the current version. Changes to this page to provide original content are welcomed and encouraged, but this notice must remain on the page at all times.
To visit this page on the Villains Wikia, click here.


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July 25th, 2014
Mystery of porcelain dolls on doorsteps solved
After porcelain dolls were found on the doorsteps of homes in San Clemente, California, neighbors feared it was a practical joke. Instead, the dolls turned out to be the result of some goodwill from a neighborly churchwoman. NBC's Kristen Dahlgren reports.


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so what is something easy to do to heelp me get over it i have an issue in my past , i didn't do anything but i almost did, im not sayingwhat it is but it makes me think i have rto be alone now even though it hapened in hs, it haunts me.
anyway even this problem aside , im usually anxious depressed, sad, lonely est about a lot of things (mostly being lonely) if no reason at all. i have frieds but we rarely hang out (there far and usually working)
anyway i have tried but i can't seem to get over it.. any advice besides therapy and drugs?
tried telling family but most just get mad at me and tells me to stop, if they care at all... my mom says she doesn't have time for me acting like that.
Most Helpful Girl
Write all the shit down, go to the mountains, somewhere secluded, scream at the top of your lungs and then burn everything you wrote. This does wonders. Thank me later.00|00|0


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A FAMILY of six - including a seven-week-old baby boy - had to flee from their Caia Park home after arsonists torched their car.
The terrifying ordeal was one of two arson attacks in Caia Park in the early hours of yesterday morning.
The two blazes were reported within 10 minutes of each other and involved Vauxhall Astras being torched.
Caia Park community councillor Carrie Harper has warned lives are being put at risk.
"I've lived in Caia all my life and have never seen a crime spate like this,"
she said.
"It's deeply worrying."
North Wales Police yesterday said they were not linking the two fires.
A husband and wife were forced to evacuate their house At Bryn Hafod with their four children – twins aged 12, a six-year-old daughter and baby son – when their Vauxhall, which was parked nearby, was set ablaze.
And at Gwenfro, hero dad-of-two Johnny Taylor had to pour pans of water over the flaming bonnet of his burning Astra. The vehicle was parked just three yards from his home and he was afraid it might explode.
He had bought the car less than a week before.
Mr Taylor, 22, said he was asleep with his partner Samantha Richardson, 21, when she heard a bang outside.
Miss Richardson could see an orange glow from the window and she woke up Mr Taylor.
"I went to take a look and could see flames about 2ft high," said Mr Taylor.
Worried for the safety of his children, Jack, four and one-year-old Rihanna, Mr Taylor went out to douse the fire with saucepans of water.
Miss Richardson filled up the pans from the kitchen and passed them through a window to Mr Taylor.
"I had only bought the car last week," said Mr Taylor.
"I was going to use it so that as a family we can enjoy nice days out. Now I'm going to have to scrap the car. Jack's absolutely devastated about it."
At Bryn Hafod, the mother and father – who asked not to be named – were alerted by one of their children to the fire outside when he heard a car alarm.
The vehicle was close to their home so the mother grabbed the baby and wrapped him in a blanket against the cold of the night before fleeing.
They led their children to safety until the fire was put out by the fire service.
A Fire Service spokesman said firemen used a hose to deal with both incidents and also used a thermal imaging camera at Bryn Hafod.
The attacks were reported between 2.45am and 2.55am.
Cllr Harper said: "We've seen many car arsons across Caia Park over the last 12 months or so. It's a mindless act that's putting lives at risk.
"The primary concern is of course safety, but these ongoing attacks leave the whole community feeling vulnerable and on edge.
"I know residents are very anxious and concerned these attacks are
still ongoing.
"I'd urge everyone to be vigilant and to report anything suspicious to the police."
North Wales Police spokesman Michael McGivern confirmed an investigation is underway but couldn't confirm the incidents were linked.
Anyone with information should contact the police by telephoning 101.


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Bruce Channel
- Overview
- Biography
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Bruce Mcmeans, 28 November 1940, Jacksonville, Texas, USA. Born into a musical family, Channel was actively performing while still in high school. He secured a six-month residency on the prestigious The Louisiana Hayride show, which in turn resulted in a recording contract with Smash Records. In 1962 the singer scored a US chart-topper with the infectious Hey Baby which also achieved gold record status on climbing to number 2 in the UK. Much of the songs appeal, however, was derived from its distinctive harmonica passage, which was played by Delbert McClinton. His plaintive style influenced that of several subsequent releases, including the Beatles Love Me Do, although John Lennon later denied his influence. Channels career floundered over the ensuing years and his releases were confined to low-key labels including Le Cam and Mel-O-Dy. He was signed to Mala in 1968, but although this made no difference to his fortunes in...
- MatchBruce Channel
- 100%Tom Johnston
- 68%Maurice Williams & The Zodiacs
- 50%Mickey & Sylvia
- 46%The Five Satins
- 43%The Ronettes
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- 29%Eric Carmen
- 27%Buddy Holly


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Halloween is around the Corner…
And SewGeekAustin has some great Items for your Supernatural Costumes…
We carry a full line of Fake FBI Credentials, Sam, Dean and Cas which can be ordered here.
We also carry all of Dean Winchester's Jewelry, the rings are low in stock and won't be restocked, so you might wanna get yours now here.
If you are a Pokemon Hunter, we got you also covered with our Game inspired Baseball hats here.
And if you wanna dress up as the most bad ass mercenary in the verse we have a hat that is very cunning… here.
But as always be safe <3


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found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
I am already spayed, up to date with shots, and good with cats.
Dianna, a Salem Calico kitten was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a Calico for sale in Salem, or seeking a Calico kitten from a breeder in Salem.