text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 29, 2011
|Filing date
|Feb 11, 2004
|Priority date
|Feb 11, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David P. Gurney, Anthony R. Schooler, Zhuan Ye, Richard DiColli
|Original Assignee
|General Instrument Corporation
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|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (19), Referenced by (2), Classifications (13), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present method and system relate to data transfer in a communications system. More particularly, the present method and system provide for improved burst acquisition in a digital receiver.
In radio frequency (RF) transmission, multiple bursts of data may be transmitted over a common transmission medium between a plurality of simultaneous users. For practical purposes, a burst of data is equivalent to a packet of data. Each user's transmission may or may not interfere with that of the other users, depending on the transmission protocol that is utilized. A requirement of an effective RF receiver is that the device both successfully demodulate legitimate bursts of data and correctly discard received bursts that contain excessive noise or interference. Bursts containing only noise or interference should also be rejected. Moreover, the receiver should achieve accurate time synchronization for legitimate bursts of information.
Burst or packet data acquisition in digital receivers is often unreliable and expensive to perform, primarily due to the amount of noise and interference that often accompanies a data signal. Burst detection "falses" and "misses" lead to lower data communications throughput and increased packet error rates. A "false" is defined as an event where the digital receiver incorrectly classifies the received signal as a valid data burst when it is not valid, and a "miss" is defined as an event where the digital receiver undesirably misses (or fails to detect) a valid received data burst.
In many communications systems, traditional burst detection methods typically exclusively utilize either a lower modulation order detection (e.g., biphase shift keying or BPSK), or a higher modulation order detection (e.g., quadrature phase shift keying or QPSK) for burst sync word detection. However, using either a lower modulation order (e.g., BPSK) or a higher modulation order (e.g., QPSK) sync word detection method in an attempt to optimize both the miss and false rate performance of the receiver has inherent drawbacks. Typically, one parameter (e.g., the miss rate) must be optimized or improved at the expense of the other parameter (e.g., the false rate). Many traditional receivers also rely on detected signal energy to detect bursts, which is also highly susceptible to noise and interference problems, further negatively impacting packet or bit error rate (PER or BER), and falsing rate performance.
Therefore, a need exists for a high performance and relatively inexpensive method for reducing both the falsing and the miss rates that often contribute to the decreased data throughput and unreliability of communication in traditional digital receivers.
A method for improving burst acquisition in a receiver includes receiving a signal, and performing a sync word search on the signal, wherein the sync word search includes performing a hybrid synchronization technique, the hybrid synchronization technique including both a lower order modulation (e.g., BPSK) detection and correlation process and a higher order modulation (e.g., QPSK) detection and correlation process.
The accompanying drawings illustrate various embodiments of the present method and system and are a part of the specification. Together with the following description, the drawings demonstrate and explain the principles of the present method and system. The illustrated embodiments are examples of the present method and system and do not limit the scope thereof.
Throughout the drawings, identical reference numbers designate similar but not necessarily identical elements.
The present specification describes a method and a system for improving burst acquisition in a digital receiver. More specifically, the present method and system filters a received signal, qualifies the signal energy, qualifies the signal carrier to interference ratio, and then performs a hybrid sync word search. The hybrid sync word search of the present method and system combines the best performance characteristics of both a lower order demodulation (e.g., differentially detected BPSK modulation) and a higher order demodulation (e.g., coherently detected QPSK modulation) to simultaneously achieve both excellent falsing and miss rate performance. For the purposes of this discussion, a lower order modulation is any modulation that utilizes a smaller signaling alphabet (e.g., fewer constellation points) than a higher order modulation (with a relatively larger signaling alphabet). Most digital communications systems utilize a sync word, or preamble data sequence to aid received signal acquisition. In many of these communications systems, the sync word portion of the data packet is of lower order modulation (e.g., BPSK), and the rest of the data in the packet utilizes a higher order modulation (e.g., QPSK). Other examples of lower and higher order modulation types include (respectively), but are not limited to: BPSK and 16-QAM; BPSK and 64-QAM; QPSK and 16-QAM; QPSK and 64-QAM. Further details of the present method and system will be described hereafter.
In the present specification and in the appended claims, the terms "burst" and "packet" are used interchangeably without any loss of generality. Burst acquisition typically involves the steps of detecting a potential received burst (termed "burst detection") and then validating a received burst. Burst validation is typically performed through burst data demodulation, detection, and a sync word correlation processes. The generic term "demodulation" is often used to lump the data recovery (or detection) and correlation stages together.
Additionally, the term "DBPSK" or "differentially detected biphase shift keying" is meant to be understood broadly, both here and in the appended claims as a digital frequency modulation technique used for sending data over a coaxial cable network or other channel (e.g., wireless communications channels). When compared to other modulation techniques such as QPSK, DBPSK is somewhat less efficient but also less susceptible to noise. Due to the reduced susceptibility to noise of BPSK detection (primarily due to increased decision regions in the slicer, as is known to those skilled in the art), these types of detectors exhibit excellent miss rate performance compared to QPSK detectors (as further described below). Note that DBPSK can also be coherently detected and differentially decoded with no loss of generality. Even coherent BPSK modulation can be differentially decoded as long as the expected data sequence is known. The methods used in the present method and apparatus utilize differential BPSK detection to lower implementation complexity at a slight decrease in performance, though coherent BPSK detectors could be employed to improve performance at a higher implementation cost.
Similarly, the term "CQPSK" or "coherently detected quadrature phase shift keying" is meant to be understood as a digital frequency modulation technique used for sending data over coaxial cable networks. QPSK is fairly resistant to noise and exhibits excellent false rate performance when compared to BPSK. The methods of the described invention utilize coherently detected QPSK modulation techniques, which has a significant performance advantage over differentially detected QPSK modulation techniques. Note that differential detection of differentially encoded QPSK signals could be utilized to lower implementation complexity, at the expense of detector performance, as is known to those skilled in the art.
The term modem "miss rate" is meant to be understood as a frequency of failing to identify a valid packet data transmission by a demodulator. These types of errors are typically caused by data or symbol errors (due to noise or interference) in the sync word portion of the data transmission. Traditionally, missing packets is highly undesirable in a communications system, since it causes the system to initiate a data re-transmission, which requires re-use of limited communications resources. Low miss rates are very desirable in communications modems since they effectively increase the data throughput of the system.
The term "falsing rate" is meant to be understood broadly both here and in the appended claims as referring to a frequency of misidentification of an invalid received signal, such that it is incorrectly classified as a valid received burst. Both noise and interference sources can cause the falsing rate of a modem to increase. Traditionally, falsing in communications modems is highly undesirable, since it consumes limited processing resources that are typically used for demodulating valid bursts, and requires the invalid burst to be detected by other means (e.g., error detection means).
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present method and system for improving burst acquisition in a digital receiver. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present method may be practiced without these specific details. Reference in the specification to "one embodiment" or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. The appearance of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.
Modem false rate and miss performance is critical to good overall receiver (100;
Not only may falses cause mis-alignments, they can also simultaneously induce misses, since while the receiver (100;
Similarly, as stated above, a miss occurs when a demodulator (120;
As shown in
The hybrid sync word detection process in one exemplary embodiment of the present method and apparatus involves performing a DBPSK correlation on the received signal (step 450). If a valid sync word is not found through DBPSK detection and correlation (NO, step 460), the process begins again with a new received signal on the next (potentially) detected burst. If, however, a valid sync word is found (YES, step 460), a second sync word detection and correlation process is performed on the received signal utilizing CQPSK demodulation (step 470). If the CQPSK correlation results in a sync word being found (YES, step 480), the DBPSK correlation results are overridden or superseded, and the CQPSK correlator results are used to synchronize the received data burst (step 495). If, however, the CQPSK correlation does not result in the sync word being found (NO, step 480), the receiver (100;
Burst acquisition in each active demodulator channel of the receiver (100;
Burst Detection
As shown in the exemplary embodiment of
If the received signal exceeds the designated signal energy threshold values (YES, step 420), a CIR test is performed on the received signal (step 430). According to one exemplary embodiment, a CIR or a signal, noise, and distortion (SINAD) estimate is performed (step 430) continuously for each demodulator channel. Similar to the continuous signal energy estimate described above, programmable thresholds are utilized with hysteresis to detect noisy signals. According to one exemplary embodiment, any signal with a 4 -point phase constellation (QPSK or sine wave tone, since they are identical) will be detected as a potential burst. The signal, noise, and distortion (SINAD) estimate is typically computed in a higher order filter (with frequency offset compensation) (not shown) and corresponds roughly to the QPSK signal's CIR. When this measurement passes a threshold, a signal flag is set (YES, step 440), and if burst energy is also present, a burst is said to have been detected. The CIR thresholds should typically be set to the minimum expected system operating CIR or SINAD ratio. The rest of the hybrid sync algorithm (steps 450-495) is described in detail in the "Sync Word Searching" section below.
As shown in
Typically, successful burst detection (or the detection of a potential valid received burst) indicates a coarse search window that a sync word search algorithm needs to examine. For instance, burst detection may indicate that a received burst begins within N symbols of the detected location (when both the signal energy and signal quality exceeded programmable thresholds). Typically, burst detection is only accurate to within some number of symbols (e.g., N=2-40), so sync word detection and correlation means must be utilized to find the exact location of the sync word and subsequent burst (or frame) timing. The sync word correlator is responsible for searching the entire search window for a valid sync word. If a valid sync word is not found, the burst detection means is thought to have incorrectly indicated a potential burst. If the system sync word is found, the rest of the data packet or payload is demodulated with the symbol timing as determined by the sync word location, as is known in the art.
While the exemplary embodiments illustrated above mention a number of default thresholds that may be incorporated into the exemplary method illustrated in
Finally, note that according to one exemplary embodiment, the burst detection flags indicating appropriate signal energy and CIR values must remain valid for a minimum programmable time period. According to one exemplary embodiment, the minimum programmable time period is set around 200 symbols for a 242 symbol burst, and is referenced to the start of the burst. By indicating the detection of a burst after the above-mentioned conditions are met for a minimum time period, further, false burst detects which are caused by spurious transitions of the detectors during poor channel conditions (e.g., impulse noise, tone bursts, etc.) are eliminated.
When a burst is detected by the demodulator (120;
Moreover, a unique_word_timeout sync word search parameter or a "search window" may be included according to one exemplary embodiment. The unique_word_timeout sync word search parameter controls how far (forward in time in symbols) from the above-mentioned burst_start point that the sync word is searched out. According to one exemplary embodiment, the search window is set to around 5 times the sync word length in symbols, though if the sync word is not found in that window and the burst detector is still triggered after the demodulation process, another sync word search will begin (unique_word_timeout) forward in time from the previous search. According to this exemplary embodiment, all sync word searches stop once the first sync word location is found. While the exemplary embodiment illustrated above is described as having a particular search window size, any size search window may be incorporated into the present method and apparatus. Moreover, the search window illustrated above is a parameter that is programmable (within limits) via the unique_word_timeout register value (typically specified in symbols).
Sync Word Searching
Once the burst detection conditions are met (YES, step 440), a packet of data is demodulated (along with additional symbols accounting for timing uncertainty as described above), and hybrid correlation techniques are applied to the data signal (steps 450-495). According to one exemplary embodiment illustrated in
When a burst is detected and remains valid for the specified time period (YES, step 440) as described above, the demodulator (120;
During the sync or unique word search, one overall goal is to align the sync search window as late as possible in order to reduce the chances of falsing during sync word searches, as further described theoretically below. Accordingly, the first stage of the hybrid sync word search involves performing a differential (frequency corrected) BPSK sync word search (step 450) on the received signal (since the unique word is actually a BPSK symbol stream). Note, however, that these techniques can also be applied to systems where only part of the sync word contains lower order modulation. The DBPSK sync word search is first performed (step 450) on the received signal since the DBPSK detector requires low processing complexity and has excellent sensitivity, which reduces the miss rate, as shown theoretically below. In fact, a DBPSK detector has approximately a 1.5-2 dB sensitivity performance improvement over a coherent QPSK detector, which typically corresponds to 1-2 orders of magnitude in BER reduction at 14.5 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR). The increase in sensitivity is due to the fact that binary symbol decision regions are utilized instead of quaternary decision regions. Thus, according to one exemplary embodiment, a differential BPSK detector is chosen due to its low implementation complexity and good performance when compared to a coherent BPSK detector which would be more difficult to train on QPSK data modulation.
However, one drawback of the BPSK sync word detection (step 450) is its relatively poor falsing rate, even when set to a perfect match of the sync word, due primarily to the short unique word sequence (of 13 DBPSK symbols after differential decoding in the DVS178 system example). This perfect sync word match scenario sets an upper bound on the raw BPSK falsing performance (per symbol) for random noise inputs as shown in Equation 1 below:
Pr[DBPSK false]=2−L=1.22�10−4, where L=DBPSK sync word length (1)
Note that this and subsequent analysis assume that bit decisions are independent (i.e., uncorrelated) from symbol to symbol. Due primarily to the short sync word, the DBPSK sync word must match perfectly to pass the BPSK portion of the sync word search process in the demodulator (120;
Related to the falsing rate calculation above, the expected miss rates for the differential BPSK correlator can be found for varying (programmable) unique_word threshold levels. Under typical operation, the DBPSK correlator's threshold is set as a perfect match (which also lowers its falsing rate). A miss is traditionally encountered when a bit error occurs in the sync word bitstream correlation (though it can also occur if burst detection is not operating correctly and fails to properly detect a burst). This analysis considers only the effects of errors in the sync word, and is a function of the SNR (BER) on the channel, in addition to programmable threshold values.
The miss rate for one example of a differential BPSK sync word detector is straightforward due to the perfect match being required, and is equal to the probability of one or more bit errors in the sync word as shown in Equation 2:
Pr[DBPSK miss|BER DBPSK]=1−(1−BER DBPSK)L (2)
Note that the BER for the DBPSK detector is roughly two orders of magnitude (˜2 dB) lower than that of a differentially coherent QPSK detector, illustrated below, at the signal to noise levels of interest (˜14.5 dB SNR for the DVS178 system), and already takes into account differential decoding effects, such that only L symbols (and not L+1 symbols) need to be considered in the computation. Thus, while the fully coherent QPSK detector may have a BER of 3�10−6 for 14.5 dB SNRs, the DBPSK detector's error rate will be around 6�10−8, resulting in a much lower miss rate (even for a required perfect BPSK sync word match). Also note that according to one exemplary embodiment, the unique_word control register may set the BPSK unique_word threshold to a 9/3 (variable part/fixed part) match, which would improve its miss rate performance in poor channel conditions.
As shown above, the basic DBPSK correlator's falsing performance is relatively poor while the raw falsing performance of the QPSK correlator, shown below, is fairly good. However, the BPSK correlator does provide a very significant miss rate (i.e., sync word detection) performance benefit, so it is still utilized in the present hybrid burst acquisition method.
If during the DBPSK correlation (step 450), the DBPSK correlator fails to find the sync word at all (NO, step 460), no other enhancements are possible and the QPSK correlator would not likely find the sync word. It is possible to perform the QPSK correlation step anyway though, and utilize its results, if any. Consequently, the process begins again by filtering another received signal (step 400). Normally, the filtering and burst detection process is a continual process.
If, however, the DBPSK correlator does find the sync word (YES, step 460) during the DBPSK correlation (step 450), an additional QPSK sync word verification stage is normally performed (step 470) on the received signal to compensate for the relatively poor falsing performance of the DBPSK correlator.
Similar to the DBPSK detector, the coherent QPSK detector used to perform the CQPSK correlation (step 470) will have a false rate based on the sync word length for random noise. According to one exemplary embodiment, coherent sync word decoding is utilized rather than differential decoding because differential decoding could mask phase rotations mid-sync word for lower matching thresholds, and hinder falsing performance. Therefore, all four possible rotations of the sync word are coherently searched out. Also, the QPSK correlator includes a fixed portion in one embodiment (that includes the key phase transition at the end of the unique word, which is the only thing that distinguishes the sync word from a bursted sine wave for the DVS 178 system), and a variable portion for the remainder of the sync word. According to one exemplary embodiment, the fixed portion of the sync word correlation (programmable to be either the last 3 or 4 symbols of the unique word) should match exactly, while the rest of the variable portion should match at least n out of m bits (where n=unique_word_threshold and m=28−(6 or 8)). Given this information, one can calculate the raw expected miss and false rates for the QPSK correlator at the typical operating points (without the benefit of squelch).
The miss rates of the QPSK correlator depend on the SNR (BER levels), and the falsing rates depend on the sync word length and programmable unique word threshold levels. Note that the coherent QPSK BER is typically � of the reported (DQPSK) BER from the demodulator (120;
For coherent QPSK correlations on a K-bit sync word and typical t/f (variable and fixed part UW thresholds) programmable settings, the following falsing rates can be computed according to Equation 3 below:
Note that (*) in the above equation is a basic combinatorial operation, which accounts for the fact that some variable number of bits (=K−f−t=28−f−t) do not have to match the sync word to pass the threshold (and thereby cause a false detect).
Thus, for a 21 variable part QPSK UW threshold with a fixed part of 6-bits (programmed as 21/0 in the unique_word control register):
Pr[QPSK false|21/6]=3.43�10−7 (per symbol) (4)
And for a 22 variable QPSK threshold with a fixed part of 6-bits (programmed as 22/0):
Pr[QPSK false|22/6]=1.49�10−8 (per symbol) (5)
While these probabilities may seem low, they are encountered every symbol period when the demodulator is actively searching for the sync word (after a burst has been detected).
Related to the falsing rate calculations above, the expected miss rate for the coherent QPSK correlator can be found for varying (programmable) unique_word threshold levels. The QPSK correlator's threshold is programmable and typically set to a 22 or 21 match value (i.e., a perfect match or a match with one or no bit errors). A miss is traditionally encountered when a bit error occurs in the sync word correlation (though it can also occur if burst detection is not operating properly). As above, this analysis considers only the effects of errors in the sync word, and is a function of the SNR (BER) on the channel, in addition to programmable threshold values.
For a given set of QPSK unique_word thresholds, and using expected coherent QPSK BER rates, the miss rate for a K-bit sync word can be computed in parts (due to the fixed and variable correlation parts) as follows:
Recall again that (*) is a combinatorial operation, the coherent QPSK BER is about � of the differentially decoded coherently detected QPSK BER (especially for low error rates), and that t/f are the programmable variable QPSK UW threshold and fixed part correlation lengths, respectively. Note that the above equation is dominated by the fixed part correlation probability (the leftmost term in brackets) when the variable threshold is set to less than maximum, as expected. Also note that all of the miss rate equations are proportional to the expected bit error rate, which can vary somewhat.
Using the above equations, and a nominal operating differentially decoded coherently detected QPSK BER of around 6�10−6 at a 14.5 dB SNR (for worst case input levels of −10 dBmV in one embodiment of the DVS178 system), one can compute the following miss rates for the two correlators.
Pr[DBPSK miss|BER DBPSK=6�10−8]=7.8�10−7 (7)
Pr[CQPSK miss|BER CBPSK=3�10−6 t/f=21/6]=1.8�10−5 (8)
Pr[CQPSK miss|BER CBPSK=3�10−6 t/f=22/6]=8.4�10−5 (9)
Thus, the miss rate performance of the DBPSK detector is much better than the CQPSK detector, due primarily to its vastly decreased BER (improved sensitivity), and also in part due to the shorter sync word length. Note that all of these miss rates will improve slightly with higher received signal levels, since the effects of the analog RF and digital noise floors (around ˜−32 dBmV levels in one example) are less pronounced for stronger signals. In any case, higher miss rate specifications may be reached by including BPSK sync word detection (step 450).
The final sync word found check occurs when the DBPSK correlator result is checked against the CQPSK correlator result (step 480). If the QPSK correlator result match the DBPSK correlator result (YES, step 480), those matching results are utilized (step 495). If the QPSK correlator's results are different, the DBPSK detector results are overridden and the CQPSK correlator results are used (step 495). In this manner, the QPSK correlator will "correct" the DBPSK correlator's results when it falses a vast majority of the time (assuming that the burst detection stage is operating well), since it searches the entire search window (even beyond where the DBPSK search ended). If the QPSK correlator misses or otherwise fails to find the sync word (NO, step 480), the more sensitive DBPSK correlator's result will be utilized (step 490), resulting in a lower likelihood of a packet miss. In this manner, the best operating characteristics (detection sensitivity and falsing rates) are obtained by the combined hybrid sync correlation method.
The method illustrated in
Since DBPSK correlation is performed first (step 450), followed by the CQPSK correlation verification stage (step 470), the QPSK correlation stage will correct (i.e., over-ride) a vast majority of the DBPSK correlator falses (as long as burst detection is operating satisfactorily and there is a sync word present in the search window). According to one exemplary embodiment, the only cases where the QPSK search (step 470) will not correct a DBPSK false are when it misses, or the burst detector falsed on noise or other interference, since the demodulator is committed to utilizing the DBPSK results in order to obtain good miss rate performance. Essentially, there are two primary cases where the hybrid sync word correlation method breaks down, both involving falsing: one where the DBPSK correlator falses and the QPSK detector misses (failing to correct the BPSK false, resulting in an overall false detect), and a second one where the DBPSK detector finds the correct sync word location (or falses) and the QPSK detector falses on noise thereby incorrectly modifying the sync word location. Under typical operation, the correlators will search 20-30 symbols of pre-burst noise before finding the sync word. The first case can be computed as follows over the typical 30-symbol search window (for 22/6 CQPSK thresholds in the above example):
Pr[CQPSK miss|DBPSK false]=Pr[DBPSK false]*30*Pr[CQPSK miss]=3.1�10−7 (10)
Thus, the CQPSK detector will correct DBPSK falses in a vast majority of cases (even without the benefit of the squelching function). Note that the miss rate performance benefit of the DBPSK detector is not seen for these cases.
The probability of the second case is essentially the same as the probability of the CQPSK detector falsing over the noise before the burst, regardless of whether the DBPSK detector found sync or falsed. A similar 30 symbol search scenario results in a probability of CQPSK falsing of (for 22/6 UW thresholds and no squelching):
Pr[CQPSK false |30 symbols searched]=Pr[CQPSK false]*30=4.5�10−7 (11)
which is equivalent to about one event every 2.2M packets.
In addition to the hybrid correlation techniques illustrated above, the squelching function (step 645) can be utilized to further reduce overall falsing and mis-alignment rates experienced by the correlators. The squelching function (step 645) provides additional information to the correlators by classifying each sample as likely to be a noise sample or a signal sample. This is especially useful for the DBPSK correlator, though it can also be of benefit to the QPSK correlator (by lowering the mis-alignment probability even more). The addition of performing the squelching function to the present method should lower all of the falsing probabilities significantly (by an order of magnitude or more for most cases), including those where a mis-alignment induces a miss. The performance of the squelching function (step 645) will be described in detail below.
During performance of the squelching function (step 645), a squelch estimator classifies each phase sample as likely being noise or signal. This information is utilized in the correlation stages of the receiver (100;
Performance of the squelching function (step 645) mutes noise samples in the BPSK/QPSK correlation stages of demodulation thereby reducing falsing. For normalized Gaussian input noise with a given variance (or noise power σ2=1 for each channel), the absolute summing of the channels (|I|+|Q|) will result in a new random variable with the following probability density function (pdf):
The probability density function illustrated in Equation 12 is normalized for unit variance noise signals, and can be integrated from the chosen squelch threshold value (divided by the square root of the actual noise variance or noise power) to infinity in order to obtain the probability that the absolute sum (|I|+|Q|) will cross the programmed squelch threshold value:
Note that this probability is a function of the baseband input noise power (σ2), which is also estimated by the signal energy estimator (and scaled down by 32 in one embodiment). Thus, a single probability can be obtained for each (noise) symbol passing squelch thresholds in the subsequent correlation processes. This can be combined with a binomial distribution to compute the probability that n out of m symbol samples pass squelch thresholds, and is a direct multiplier to the falsing probabilities given above (since the squelch decisions are independent of the signal phase). The final probability of passing overall squelch match thresholds (pns) during the correlation process (and hence utilizing the phase correlation result) is based on the above individual sample squelch probability and programmed squelch match threshold (smt) values [again using combinatorials (*) and assuming a binomial distribution with independent trials]:
Therefore, the value (1.0-pns) represents the probability that the squelch function will be activated forcing the demodulator to ignore the phase correlation results (even if they match), since the symbol sequence was deemed to be based on noise samples. Thus, this value will directly modify (i.e., multiply) the falsing probability for each of the detectors as long as the processes are independent. Note the squelch match thresholds can be set very high to help avoid falsing on even strong noise cases. This property could be utilized to dynamically adapt the squelch match thresholds in the receiver based on the estimated signal energy of the burst (since all of the required quantities are available by the time of the demodulation correlation stage). Also note that the performance of the squelching function (step 645) can improve receiver (100;
Once the squelch function is performed (step 645), a DBPSK correlation is performed (step 650). If a DBPSK sync is found (YES, step 660), a CQPSK correlation is also performed (step 670). Moreover, in contrast to the method illustrated in
In conclusion, the present method and system for obtaining improved burst acquisition in a digital receiver uses the beneficial aspects of both a QPSK burst correlator and a BPSK burst correlator to effectively reduce both falses and misses occurring in a demodulator. A multi-step burst detection process is also preferably employed first as part of the overall burst acquisition process. All of the above-mentioned enhancements to the correlators may be made with low implementation cost architectures resulting in minimal cost increase in the production of the overall receiver. Moreover, the present methods and system do not significantly increase the current drain experienced by the receiver. Additionally, the present exemplary methods and systems may be performed on either fixed or variable payload burst packets.
The preceding description has been presented only to illustrate and describe the present method and system. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present method and system to any precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The above burst acquisition processes can be equally applied to non-bursted communications systems, such as those systems employing Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) techniques.
The foregoing embodiments were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles of the method and system as well as some practical applications. The preceding description enables others skilled in the art to utilize the method and system in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the method and system be defined by the following claims.
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|Dec 12, 2002
|Bo-Hong Seo
|Apparatus and method for processing data using COPSK of wireless communication system
|Sep 30, 2002
|May 20, 2004
|Sathiaseelan Sandaralingam
|Receiver to determine modulation type
|Oct 20, 2003
|Apr 21, 2005
|Stewart Kenneth A.
|Method for modulation detection
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 1, 2012
|Mar 12, 2013
|Renesas Electronics Corporation
|Data communication device, air pressure monitoring system using thereof, and data communication method
|Jun 1, 2012
|Sep 27, 2012
|Renesas Electronics Corporation
|Data communication device, air pressure monitoring system using thereof, and data communication method
|U.S. Classification
|375/324, 375/340, 375/343
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 11, 2004
Owner name: GENERAL INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION, PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GURNEY, DAVID P.;SCHOOLER, ANTHONY R.;YE, ZHUAN;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:014986/0982;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040205 TO 20040211
Owner name: GENERAL INSTRUMENT CORPORATION,PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GURNEY, DAVID P.;SCHOOLER, ANTHONY R.;YE, ZHUAN;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040205 TO 20040211;REEL/FRAME:014986/0982
Owner name: GENERAL INSTRUMENT CORPORATION, PENNSYLVANIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:GURNEY, DAVID P.;SCHOOLER, ANTHONY R.;YE, ZHUAN;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20040205 TO 20040211;REEL/FRAME:014986/0982
|Jul 2, 2013
Owner name: GENERAL INSTRUMENT HOLDINGS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL INSTRUMENT CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:030725/0476
Effective date: 20130415
Owner name: MOTOROLA MOBILITY LLC, ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL INSTRUMENT HOLDINGS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:030725/0642
Effective date: 20130528
|Jul 9, 2013
Owner name: GENERAL INSTRUMENT HOLDINGS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL INSTRUMENT CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:030764/0575
Effective date: 20130415
Owner name: MOTOROLA MOBILITY LLC, ILLINOIS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL INSTRUMENT HOLDINGS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:030866/0113
Effective date: 20130528
|Aug 25, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 19, 2014
Owner name: GOOGLE TECHNOLOGY HOLDINGS LLC, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MOTOROLA MOBILITY LLC;REEL/FRAME:034293/0138
Effective date: 20141028


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Serena kho
Get it now! Yep. This is absolutely worth it, especially when Luxola has an offer for this brand. I was lucky enough to get this when they had a discount for all their premium brands. It is absolutely worth it! And since it is nearly Christmas, this would make an incredible Christmas gift for your friends.
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Peifang teo
Great eyeline, average mascaras
Most of my rating would go to the eyeliner. It has a slanted tapered applicator that allows you to define your eye line from thin to thick lines pretty easily. It adheres to skin easily and evenly, definitely my type of eyeliner to give a very strong and bold effect. Highly recommended for eyeliner junkies and will purchase the full size. As for the mascaras, there are just average. Not the bristle type, but plastic cactus like wand. It doesnt produce much vavavoom effect when used alone on its own, but still ok when I use it to fan out my lashes after my usual mascara. Will not purchase the mascara
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
This is the place for viewpoints from the practitioners of the Cayman insurance industry. Some are light-hearted and some are serious, but all are thought-provoking. Sign up for our newsletter so that you never miss a post.
The end of this May (2016) witnessed the retirement of Nicholas John Leighton, one of the leading personalities of the Cayman captive management industry and Managing Director of Atlas Insurance Management since 2006. He began his insurance management career in Guernsey with Willis prior to his first spell in the Cayman Islands in the early 1990's before returning to Guernsey with Aon becoming Director of "White Rock" the world's first rent-a-captive to convert to a cell captive structure. Re...More ++
By: Kay Carter, Senior Associate, Solomon Harris and JS DeJager, Senior Vice President CSI International Canada – the behemoth country to the north, frozen for half the year – and the Cayman Islands – the tiny speck of an island sizzling in the Caribbean sunshine – might seem unlikely bedfellows, but the synergies of a great relationship are all present. In 2012 when the governments of Canada and the Cayman Islands signed a tax information exchange agreement (TIEA) that formalised the proc...More ++
Conor Jennings, managing director of Captiva Managers The 2008 financial crisis was a harsh reminder to many investors of the instability of global financial markets and the risks associated with owning stocks and shares. High net worth individuals (HNWIs) appreciated – perhaps for the first time – the true value of owning valuable collectables with no correlation to the financial markets. This has encouraged a surge of interest in the acquisition and collection of fine art, classic cars, ...More ++
By Larry Walters, Aon The mark of a mature and successful captive is the "stand alone" nature of its operation, both regarding the exposure that it underwrites, and its ability to spread risk through reinsurance. This article illustrates two distinctly different ways that a captive might address these objectives. Reinsurance Relationships Two captive insurance companies were domiciled in the Cayman Islands – Integrity Insurance Company and Haphazard Insurance Company*. These captives were ...More ++
By: James Rawcliffe FCA, Vice-President – Sagicor Insurance Managers Ltd. You are at the beginning of the captive formation journey and a key decision upcoming is your choice of insurance manager. The Manager represents a key relationship with you on the captive team of service providers, who you will rely on in several ways, the key two being the interface between you and the Cayman regulator, and to assist you to ensure the overall governance of your captive remains on course, akin to the ...More ++
By Rob Leadbetter, USA Risk "The world as we have created it is a process of our thinking, it cannot be changed without changing our thinking". Albert Einstein Albert Einstein may have been suggesting that with the determination with which people, and particularly groups of people, hold on to their precious thoughts and opinions, it often takes someone or event of great significance to shake an ingrained philosophy. This has been and remains the challenge of the Cayman Islands financial s...More ++
The infamous and reformed 'Wolf of Wall Street' Jordan Belfort will be the keynote speaker at the 2013 Cayman Captive Forum. Some may consider Belfort an interesting choice - he is the epitome of a 'bad character' and has done all of the things that in the Cayman Islands we stand most strongly against. But, Jordon's story is a bit different and ultimately, it has a happy ending and a message. Jordan Belfort's story is a wild ride of his $1 million per week earnings, the extravagant lifesty...More ++
Clearly Better for Business, Cayman Island is Open for Reinsurance The initiative to develop reinsurance business in the Cayman Islands recently took a big step forward November 1, 2012 when the Cayman Islands New Insurance Law came into effect along with its supporting Regulations on December 20th 2012 thus paving the way for separate categories for Insurance Linked Securities as class C licensees and Commercial Reinsurers as class D licensees. These two classes of now have separate sect...More ++
by Rob Leadbetter, USA Risk Where does the time go, it has already been six months since I have taken over the chairpersonship of IMAC and it seems like only last week Clayton was talking me into the position! I must say it has been a whirlwind introduction to the inner workings of the entire IMAC Executive, sitting on just one committee over the years didn't quite give me the appreciation for all that goes on! That being said I believe it has also been a very productive six months and the...More ++
By Denise Gower, Fountainhead Some people never tire of watching the same old TV re-runs. Personally, I love Harry Potter movies and I confess to having watched each of them scores of times. There is just something mind-numbingly comforting about the familiarity of these wonderful fairy tales of witches and wizards and the search for truth, that I just can't resist them when I am tired and need a mental break. I think the same must be true for those who keep trying to re-run the story about...More ++
by James Rawcliffe, Sagicor I read with interest an article dated October 12, 2012 in Hedgeweek in which the Bermuda Insurance Regulator was discussing Bermuda's increasing rise as a centre of the global special purpose insurer and insurance linked security business. This was considered here in Cayman not worthy of a formal response, as it would give credence to Bermuda's claim. Instead the vehicle of the Cayman monthly blog is an appropriate means of poking back at such nonsense. In the bor...More ++
By James Rawcliffe, Sagicor It is interesting to observe the positions taken by the two leading offshore captive domiciles – the "old world" Bermuda and its keen rival "new world" Cayman Islands when considering the merits or otherwise of Solvency II. There is Bermuda keen to embrace Solvency II equivalency with the veiled hint that Cayman is somewhat recalcitrant in taking its time to consider Solvency II's relevancy to the captive insurance model. It is understandable that Solvency II feat...More ++
With only four months until the 25th Cayman Captive Forum is underway, the Insurance Managers Association of Cayman (IMAC) have been busy planning what is to be another impressive lineup of speakers. Known for being the world's largest captive insurance con...Read More ++


text: Washington (ANI): American socialite Kim Kardashian has revealed that shes planning to get her booty insured. In a latest interview, the E! reality star answered a barrage of questions about her famous fanny on camera. She was at the interview with her stepfather Bruce Jenner, and revealed that she has not had butt implants and that she may look into getting her booty insured. Kim also said that she loves the attention her backside gets and feels honoured being compared to her idol, Jennifer Lopez. Its flattering and I mean, the comparison to Jennifer Lopez... shes my idol! Usmagazine.com quoted her, as saying.


text:
hi all.
does anyone know a good lesson for LE or intermediate to help me understand the different ways 'de' is used, i get the possesive but there are many others :)
Thanks so much
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text:
Rimi -- double triangle drop earrings
Love the punch of geometry these earrings add to an on-the-go style!
>Available in gold brass or black triangles.
>Earrings measure just under 1 inch.
Model (1) Photography | Leggy Bird
Model (2) and Styled Photography | Kimberly Murray
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Find more Jewelry or additional Crafts and Love products.


text:
Latest Likes For acp0041
acp0041 2,095 Views
Joined Jun 8, '08. Posts: 14 (50% Liked) Likes: 21
Sep 26 '16
I know this topic has been discussed ad nauseum but wanted to add my story to help those who have a record who are thinking about nursing school or are going to apply for a license. This has been my experience with the Oregon BON so I can't vouch for any other state but I would think they all have similar standards.
I have 4 DUIs in my background at various points in my life. I knew before I even started nursing school that I would have an uphill battle and here are some of the lessons I've learned:
1. You CAN get a license, but you are almost guaranteed a license on probation and participation in the monitoring program. Accept it and be grateful for the opportunity to practice at all.
2. You need to have at least 2 years of continuous, documented sobriety...this means proof of treatment, support groups, random U/As.
3. You have to appear before the board and state your case. This is your opportunity to tell your story...what happened, what you've done to change your life, and how you plan on maintaining your sobriety. Depending on their schedule, it could take up to 3 months from the time you take your NCLEX to actually get a license in hand, so have an employment backup plan.
4. You actually have to change!! You must admit you have a problem and get help...you can't just pretend that you've changed and then go back to living your life the same way...in the end you WILL get caught and all your hard work will go down the drain.
Here's the bottom line...
People make mistakes. People have addiction problems. People can and do change.
Getting your license is in your hands, you just have to put the work into it and accept that you have a harder battle to face than your peers without criminal records. Maybe you don't think its fair because you've changed but that's life...you pay the price for your mistakes but they don't need to define you. Here's my advice to current or future nursing students:
1. If you have ANY DUIs/drug offenses you probably had to go to a treatment program. Make sure to get the paperwork from that facility and let them know you are planning on applying for a license. Most treatment centers have experience working with state boards and understand what paperwork is needed.
2. Contact a treatment facility and sign up for voluntary U/As to provide objective data that you are continuously sober. Your sob story is not going to be enough, remember, we are nurses, we use objective and subjective data to make decisions.
3. Participate in support groups and keep a record of your attendance.
4. Get a sponsor or psychologist who can attest to your progress. Your word means nothing to the board so start gathering respected people who can vouch for your change.
5. Go online to your board of nursing and look for the discipline records...read them...get an idea of how your board of nursing deals with people in this or similar situations. I guarantee you will find someone who's situation is similar to yours if you look hard enough. If they made a mistake during their hearing, learn from it and start building your case now.
6. Be patient, humble, and accepting of your situation. Sometimes I feel like I'm being punished for something that someone else did because I've been in recovery and sober for over 2 years now and that lifestyle seems like a bad dream...but that's just one chapter in the story of my life, it does not define me. And I have a compassion for people with addiction issues that I know some of my cohorts don't have.
7. Contact the board at least a year before you graduate and talk to the background compliance officer and ask "what can I do in the next year to help my case?" They will give you the right advice and it looks good for you to be proactive...remember, they are the same people who decide whether or not you need to go before the board so if they know you are transparent and willing to do what it takes, it looks good for your case. They can also give you an idea of when your case will be heard based on the board meeting schedule.
Last but not least, don't give up. If nursing is what you want to do with your life, then don't let anything or anyone get in your way. I read alot of posts about how "you'll never get a job" and "people with addiction pasts shouldn't be nurses anyway." There are always negative people out there who will try and convince you that you're worthless or damaged because of what you did...but I'm here to tell you that there are places that will hire you (think detox nursing, mental health nursing) that will accept you as you are and in fact will respect you for having gone through the process of recovery. Accept the fact that unless you have close contacts at a local hospital, you may not be able to work there right away...work somewhere else for a few years, get through the monitoring program and then apply for those hospital jobs.
I hope this helps anyone else out there who is going through this. When I first started this journey, all I read on these message threads was negative, negative, negative and I just want to let people know that there is hope and you can achieve your goals if you have the right tools and the determination.
Best of luck to all!!


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text: Hey im Rvbfan and im pissed off you know? Because the fox network couldnt give the funding for te halo movie. But all of you halo fans want to ask questions and get answers from the producers and see when its coming out so if you have questions ill try my best to answer them and if you think i can't just try me okay so post up questions on your comments and ill answer them on this blog alright? so throw them out to me, o and heres a really cool movie


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Ahmedabad, Dec. 2: Sixty and slightly crazed, Abdul Razak has a dream. He wants to become a terrorist.
Having lost six members of his family in the Naroda-Patia riots, Razaks mind is unhinged. He now craves nothing but revenge.
I want to become a terrorist to take revenge and do what they did to my family members, he says between tears and screams.
What haunts him most is the beastly manner in which the rioters killed his six-month-old grandson. I cannot forgive those killers. If I see them, I will kill them. What was the fault of my grandson who they killed so mercilessly' he asks.
His friend, Mohammed Punjabi says Razak has been asking every visitor the same question since he returned to his Naroda-Patia home. For over six months after the riots, he lived at the Shah-e-Alam relief camp.
His well wishers have been helping him pick up the pieces, cajoling him to set up a tea stall and make a fresh start. But Razak couldnt care less. He says he wouldnt be able to rest till he shot dead the rioters who killed his family members in cold blood.
Panjabi and Noorani Masjid Imam Abdul Slam Shamsuddin say the man has suffered so much he has lost his mind. He mumbles all the time, sometimes shouts and sometimes cries. Sometimes he gets so hysterical that he cannot be controlled.
Psychotherapist Shadiq Hussain, who has been counselling riot victims, says Razak is not the only person whose mind has been unhinged. There are at least 35 others who are going the same way. Some weep without end, others talk without end. But none can sleep.
It is election time here, but politicians are steering clear of Naroda-Patia, where over 87 people were killed in the riots that erupted after the Godhra train carnage.
BJP candidate Mayaben Kodnani, accused of leading the mob that attacked Naroda-Patia, cannot bring herself to canvass in this Muslim pocket.
Her Congress counterpart does not have to campaign in this area because social activists are doing his job for him. Hundreds have fanned out to educate the minorities to exercise their right to vote and which party they should vote for.
The minorities are cynical and despairing, but they realise the importance of elections. They also understand the real character of the party they had voted in at the 2000 civic polls.
We decided to support the BJP in the civic polls because it had promised a separate burial ground for us. They did not honour the promise, but converted the whole of Naroda-Patia into a burial ground, says Mohammed Yusuf Ibrahim.
A 43-year-old electrician who lost 19 family members in the riots, Ibrahim says that such was the BJP wave in Naroda-Patia at that time, that all 7,000 people voted saffron.
This time around, priorities have changed. Ibrahim does not know the name of the Congress candidate from Naroda Patia, but he knows that he will vote for him. In all of the riot-ravaged area, there appears to be perfect unanimity on which party the people will vote in.


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With a stay at Sandals Royal Caribbean & Private Island All Inclusive in Montego Bay (Rose Hall), you'll be minutes from Blue Diamond Shopping Centre and Whitter Village.
This 5-star resort is within close proximity of SuperClubs Ironshore Golf and Country Club and Three Palms Ocean Course.
Enjoy a meal at one of the resort's dining establishments, which include 8 restaurants and a coffee shop/café. From your room, you can also access room service (during limited hours). Relax with a refreshing drink at a beach bar, a poolside bar, or one of 5 bars/lounges.
Make yourself at home in one of the 215 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and iPod docking stations. Rooms have private balconies or patios. LED televisions with cable programming provide entertainment, while complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected. Bathrooms have complimentary toiletries and hair dryers.
Pamper yourself with a visit to the spa, which offers massages, body treatments, and facials. You're sure to appreciate the recreational amenities, which include 7 outdoor swimming pools, a sauna, and a 24-hour fitness center. Additional amenities at this resort include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and gift shops/newsstands.
This resort is all inclusive. Rates include meals and beverages at onsite dining establishments. Charges may be applied for dining at some restaurants, special dinners and dishes, some beverages, and other amenities.
Featured amenities include complimentary wired Internet access, limo/town car service, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Planning an event in Montego Bay? This resort has 717 square feet (65 square meters) of space consisting of a conference center and a meeting room. A roundtrip airport shuttle is provided at no charge.
Enjoy a meal at one of the resort's dining establishments, which include 8 restaurants and a coffee shop/café. From your room, you can also access room service (during limited hours). Relax with a refreshing drink at a beach bar, a poolside bar, or one of 5 bars/lounges.
About the Sandals Royal Caribbean & Private Island All Inclusive
All-Inclusive Details
This resort is all-inclusive. Onsite food and beverages are included in the room price (some restrictions may apply).
Gratuities and taxes
Gratuities and taxes are included.
Food and beverages
- All buffet and à la carte meals, snacks, and beverages included
- 24-hour room service
- In-room minibar (non-alcoholic beverages included)
- Meals and beverages at companion properties
Activities and facilities/equipment
All onsite activities and use of facilities and equipment are included.
Water activities
- Kayaking
- Sailing
- Snorkeling
- Windsurfing
Land activities
- Fitness facilities
- Tennis
- Volleyball
- Aerobics
- Dancing
- Onsite entertainment and activities
- Access to onsite clubs
- Onsite live performances
- Theme parties
Other inclusions
- Roundtrip airport transfers
Not included
- Scuba-diving certification
- Scuba-diving lessons
- Tennis lessons
- Offsite tours
- Transportation to offsite activities
Property Features
Sandals Royal Caribbean & Private Island All Inclusive is an all-inclusive resort. Room rates include meals and beverages at onsite restaurants and bars. Other items and amenities, including taxes and gratuities, and access to recreational activities and entertainment may also be included. Additional charges may apply for meals at some restaurants, special dinners and dishes, certain beverages, and other amenities.
Lie back and work on your tan with relaxing beach amenities like cabanas (surcharge) and umbrellas. At Sandals Royal Caribbean & Private Island All Inclusive you can cool off in one of the 7 outdoor swimming pools and indulge in a pampering afternoon at the full-service spa.
Free breakfast is served. There are 8 restaurants on site, along with a coffee shop/café. You can enjoy a drink at one of the bars, which include 5 bars/lounges, a beach bar, and a swim-up bar. Public spaces have free WiFi and wired Internet. This all-inclusive resort also offers a 24-hour fitness center, a sauna, and a garden. You'll have access to the outdoor pool at a partner property.
- 215 guestrooms or units
- 3 levels
- 9 buildings
- 8 dining venues
- 5 bars or lounges
- 717 sq ft of conference space
- 65 sq m of conference space
- Breakfast available (free)
- Bar on the beach
- Bar by the pool
- Swim-up bar
- Coffee shop
- Cabanas on the beach (surcharge)
- Towels for the beach
- Umbrellas for the beach
- Conference center
- Dry cleaning
- Front desk (24 hours)
- Staff is multilingual
- Car service
- Tour and ticket information
- Concierge
- Wedding services available
- Pool or billiards table
- Terrace
- Garden
- Gift shop
- Beauty salon
- Newspapers in lobby (free)
- Onsite shopping
- Elevator
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired Internet
Room Amenities
Sandals Royal Caribbean & Private Island All Inclusive offers 215 air-conditioned accommodations with iPod docking stations and laptop-compatible safes. Rooms open to balconies or patios. Beds feature premium bedding. Refrigerators and coffee/tea makers are provided. Bathrooms include complimentary toiletries and hair dryers.
Guests can surf the web using the complimentary wireless Internet access. LED televisions come with premium cable channels. Additionally, rooms include complimentary bottled water and irons/ironing boards. Housekeeping is provided daily.
- Private balcony or patio
- IPod dock
- In-room dining (limited hours)
- LED television
- Cable channels
- Premium channels
- Refrigerator
- Coffee maker
- Luxury bedding
- Housekeeping (daily)
- Hair dryer
- Laptop safe
- Toiletries (free)
- Telephone
- Iron and ironing board
- Air conditioning
- Ceiling fan
Cocktail parties are held Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday.
Nearby Things to Do
The majority of recreational activities and facilities described below are included in the room rate for this resort (scroll up to the All-Inclusive Details section for more information).
Arrayed along the beach, Sandals Royal Caribbean Resort & Private Island also has its own private offshore island accessible via dragon-boat shuttle. The island features a secluded beach and an outdoor pool and spa tub. Stone-and-concrete piers divide the resort's main beach into scalloped coves, where the water remains calm in most weather conditions.
Canoes, kayaks, pedal boats, small sailboats, scuba gear, snorkeling gear, and windsurfers are available for guests. Basketball, croquet, horseshoes, shuffleboard, outdoor chess, volleyball, and tennis are additional activities. Both land and water aerobics classes are offered.
The resort's fitness center includes treadmills, stair machines, stationary bikes, elliptical trainers, free weights, and other equipment. Saunas and steam rooms are also available.
The nearest 18-hole championship golf course is Ironshore Golf & Country Club, a five-minute drive away (charges apply).
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or near the resort; fees may apply.
- Kayaking on site
- Golfing nearby
- Ecotours nearby
- Sailing on site
- Scuba diving on site
- Snorkeling on site
- Tennis lessons on site
- Volleyball on site
- Windsurfing on site
- Safari nearby
- Fitness classes on site
- Basketball on site
- Ziplining nearby
- Beach volleyball on site
- Boat tours on site
Spa Services
At the full-service Red Lane® Spa, traditional European treatments are infused with Caribbean flair. Tranquil treatments using natural botanical products include couples massages, body scrubs, lava shell massages, facials, and honey ginger body wraps. Services may be provided in the spa's 6 treatment rooms with ocean and garden views or in an outdoor beachfront treatment area. A spa tub, sauna, and a tropical nail bar round out the full range of pampering spa services available to guests of Sandals Royal Caribbean & Private Island All Inclusive.
- Body wraps
- Facial treatments
- Body scrubs
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Hydrotherapy treatments
- Sauna in spa
- Spa tub in spa
- Massages
- Number of treatment rooms 6
- Outdoor treatment areas
- Couples treatment rooms
- Massages on beach
- Manicures and pedicures
- Body treatments
If you need to make special requests for accessibility needs, please note them at check-out when booking your stay.
- Roll-in shower
- In-room accessibility
Resort Policies
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children 18 and younger are not allowed at this adults-only property. All guests older than 18 are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are not available.
- Cribs (infant beds) are not available.
- No pets allowed
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on property policy.
Resort Name
- Sandals Royal Caribbean All Inclusive
- Sandals Royal Caribbean Inclusive
- Sandals Royal Caribbean Inclusive Resort All
- Sandal Royal Caribbean
- Sandals Royal Caribbean All Inclusive Montego Bay
- Sandals Royal Caribbean Montego Bay
- Sandals Royal Caribbean
- Sandals Royal Caribbean Resort Jamaica
- Sandals Royal Caribbean Hotel Montego Bay
Awards & Affiliations
Catamaran Cruise for 2
Book a 7-night minimum stay in any room or rate category for travel now - December 26, 2018, and receive a complimentary Catamaran Cruise for 2 adults (once per stay).
Applicable for new bookings only. The cruise reservation must be made at the Resort. Cruise is only redeemable at an Island Routes Tour Desk and the tour must be taken during your qualifying stay. Free Catamaran Cruise is based on availability and suitable weather conditions. All excursion changes or cancellations are at the discretion of Island Routes Caribbean Adventures. Free Catamaran cruise is not redeemable for cash towards the balance of any bookings, cannot be used for any applicable tax, service charge, or gratuity, and has no cash value. Blackout dates: December 27-31, 2017; December 27-31, 2018. Other restrictions apply.


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Author | NULL | Monday, Jan 01,1900 7:42 AM
Star Plus plans to reduce the frequency of Kaun Banega Crorepati (KBC) to twice a week from 29. On Mondays KBC will be replaced by new serial called Desh Mein Nika Hoga Chand. According to Star, no decision has been taken on winding up the show. However the channel plans to cease airing KBC Junior in December.
This decision has led to speculations that KBC may be wounded up by December. According to TBWA-Anthem's media controller KBC viewers were increasingly become fickle, making the programme unattractive for advertisers.
The KBC's INTAM figures for September shows that while the cumulative programme viewership for the show is 20.10 lakh, its average programme viewership is only 8.28 lakh. This means that although over 20 lakh viewers float in and out of the show, only over 8 lakh watch it at any given point of time.
Compared to this with Star Plus' successful soap, Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bhau Thi where a whopping 18 lakh audience is constant of the 22.79 lakh which walks in to see the show. With such high levels of surfing during KBC it is no longer an attractive option for advertisers.
Programming HeadRadio Mango


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Bulk Pack - 8" Round Christmas Cake Board - Pack of 25
Product Ref: FRC80
Only £21.39
Please Note: Colour & design may vary.
Give your homemade cakes the beautiful presentation they deserve with this lovely green, white and red cake board. Perfect for Christmas parties and gatherings, this pack of 25, 8" round boards can be used with all cake types.


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Access the complete functionality of OnBoard Mobile from within the Windows-based Microsoft Outlook email client.
Make and manage reservations from without leaving Outlook
Users can quickly make and manage reservations while reading their email
- Use your existing Outlook client to quickly access OnBoard reservation management
- Built-in web interface lowers training and deployment time and costs
- Personalization and multiple languages increase user adoption
- Link-based access reduces deployment and maintenance headaches
OnBoard Mobile for Outlook puts a simple link on the Outlook interface and allows end users to access their reservations and the power of OnBoard from "within" Outlook. The well-known Mobile web interface appears within the Outlook client and keeps the training needed to a minimum and deployment costs to a minimum.


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The Roots of BalkanizationUPA 2010; US$ 39.99
This book describes the historical changes that took place in the Balkan Peninsula after the collapse of the Roman Empire and their impact in Eastern lands. It develops conclusions reached in the author's previous book, Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe, covering 500 B.C.-A.D. 500. more...
Reinstating the OttomansPalgrave Macmillan 2011; US$ 115.00
This book is inspired by recent scholarship that reexamines the dramatic changes affecting heterogeneous societies in late nineteenth century empires. It expands the analysis of transformation beyond conventional methods of studying "failed" empires - the emergence of ethnonationalism, sharpened class and gendered sectarian differences - and restates... more...
Daily Life in the Ottoman EmpireABC-CLIO 2011; US$ 55.00
The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic imperial monarchy that existed for over 600 years. At the height of its power in the 16th and 17th centuries, it encompassed three continents and served as the core of global interactions between the east and the west. And while the Empire was defeated after World War I and dissolved in 1920, the far-reaching effects... more...
Erinnerungskultur in SüdosteuropaDe Gruyter 2011; US$ 224.00
Die Kriege und Umwandlungsprozesse der letzten Jahre in Südosteuropa haben gezeigt, welche gravierende Rolle überkommene Mythen, Legenden und Traditionen in der Region immer noch spielen. Der vorliegende Band der Südosteuropa-Kommission der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen versammelt ausgewählte Fallstudien zum Thema der Erinnerungskultur... more...
Integrating the BalkansI.B.Tauris 2011; US$ 14.95
Emerging from a decade of violent ethnic and inter-state conflict during the 1990s, the countries of the Western Balkans entered a phase of rebuilding and reconciliation. Due to the key role played by the EU in the region's rebuilding efforts, Integrating the Balkans explores this institution's considerable efforts to influence and shape the nature... more...
Yes, I Would...Blue Dome Press 2010; US$ 9.99
Yes, I Would... comprises a series of imaginary letters written to Lady Mary Montagu, whose famous Embassy Letters were written in 1716-1718 during her stay in Turkey as the wife of the English ambassador. The author uses themes dear to Lady Mary, such as culture, art, religion, women and daily life, to reflect on those same topics as encountered during... more...
The Alevis in Turkey and EuropeTaylor and Francis 2012; US$ 54.95
This book examines the development of identity politics amongst the Alevis in Europe and Turkey, which simultaneously provided the movement access to different resources and challenged its unity of action. While some argue that Aleviness is a religious phenomenon, and others claim it is a cultural or a political trend, this book analyzes the various... more...
The JanissariesSaqi 2013; US$ 18.99
From the fifteenth to the sixteenth century, the janissaries were the scourge of Europe. With their martial music, their muskets and their drilled march, it seemed that no one could withstand them. Their loyalty to their corps was infinite as the Ottomans conquered the Balkans as far as the Danube, and Syria, Egypt and Iraq. They set up semi-independent... more...
Muslim Nationalism and the New TurksPrinceton University Press 2014; US$ 26.95 US$ 24.52
Turkey has leapt to international prominence as an economic and political powerhouse under its elected Muslim government, and is looked on by many as a model for other Muslim countries in the wake of the Arab Spring. In this book, Jenny White reveals how Turkish national identity and the meanings of Islam and secularism have undergone radical changes... more...
Anatolian InterfacesOxbow Books 2010; US$ 45.00
The papers in this collection are the product of the conference "Hittites, Greeks and Their Neighbors in Ancient Anatolia: An International Conference on Cross-Cultural Interaction," hosted by Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. They cover an impressive range of issues relating to the complex cultural interactions that took place on Anatolian... more...


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Science & Medicine, Natural SciencesFollow
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Science meets comedy and pop culture on StarTalk Radio! Astrophysicist and Hayden Planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson, his comic co-hosts, guest celebrities and scientists discuss astronomy, physics, and everything else about life in the universe. But wait... there's more! Our new show, StarTalk All-Stars, features a revolving slate of all-star scientists and science educators including Bill Nye the Science Guy, backed up by your favorite comic co-hosts. Catch new episodes of StarTalk Radio on Fridays at 7pm ET, and StarTalk All-Stars on Tuesdays at 7pm ET. Keep Looking Up!
July 21st, 2013
Episode 88 of 372 episodes
Your ideas about rap music may change when Neil deGrasse Tyson and comic co-host Chuck Nice "spit verses" with rapper GZA of the Wu-Tang Clan and hip hop expert Dr. Christopher Emdin.
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Welcome to the Brain Training Podcast, the daily audio workout for your head. In this podcast we have two games for you, each with three rounds which get progressively harder. To enjoy the full experience, relax, and avoid distractions whilst you listen.


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Choose Between Two Options
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Join us on Friday, 13 October 2017 at ABS Europe, Ltd., London for the 8th Annual Symposium and on Saturday, 14 October 2017 is a full day guided tour to Chatham Historic Dockyard in Kent, England
Abstract submissions are now being accepted for the 6th World Maritime Technology Conference which will take place from 4-7 December 2018 at Renaissance Shanghai Zhongshan Park Hotel, Shanghai, China. The conference is hosted by the Shanghai Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.
Abstract Submission: 30 Nov 2017
Manuscript for Review:15 Mar 2018
Final Manuscript due:15 Aug 2018
All authors are invited to submit an abstract in 300-400 words.
Halifax Technical Meeting
Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
Wednesday 21 Jun, 6:30 pm
Speaker: Margaret Nate, Survivability Engineer, Gibbs & Cox, Inc.
Topic: Warship Survivability
Dining out with my wife recently, I noticed something—as I looked around the restaurant I saw other guests with their heads ...


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With a bi-monthly print circulation of 1,300 newspapers and a burgeoning online edition, The Cluster offers student organizations and local businesses a surefire way to target Macon's student population and expand marketing reach.
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If you have anymore questions about our website, please contact our ad manager who will be more than willing to provide assistance.


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Empty Tomb Cookies
Recipe by Debber
Make these on Easter Eve, right before bedtime for the kiddies. Preheat the oven to 300--this is VERY important! Read the corresponding Bible passage while adding the necessary ingredients.
Top Review by WI Cheesehead
I tagged these in Please Review. I had seen this B4 and I love the idea of teaching the Easter story and making cookies at the same time. The only problem I had was that I made them too small (it didn't state the size to drop and I didn't look at the serving size until the next day) and I think that made them not hollow. They were still a little sticky too. It might have been the weather too. We scraped some off to try and the 4 yo kept wanting more! This might be fun for Easter to add food coloring too (although that might kill the "purity" part of the lesson! :))
See Discussion:5 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 cup whole pecans, in a plastic baggie
- 1 teaspoon vinegar
- 3 egg whites
- 1 pinch salt
- 1 cup sugar
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat oven to 300 degrees--you MUST do it now. Also, gather a cooking mallet, kitchen mixer, masking tape and Bible.
- Read John 19:1-3 ~ Jesus was beaten for our sins; beat the nuts with a cooking mallet; set aside.
- Read John 19:28-30 - Jesus drank something like vinegar (gall), sniff the fragrance, dip finger in and taste, too; place the vinegar in a mixing bowl.
- Read John 10:10-11 - Egg whites symbolize Jesus' holy, innocent life; add whites to the bowl with the vinegar.
- Read Luke 23:27 - the bitter tears of the women; taste a few grains, remember your own sins; add the salt to the bowl.
- Read Psalm 34:8 and John 3:16 - Sweet salvation! Taste and see; add to the bowl.
- Crank up the mixer and let it go while you read from Isaiah 1:18 and John 3:1-3; let the mixer go for about 12-15 MINUTES; this needs to be VERY stiff!
- Read Matthew 27:57-60 - Fold the nuts into the egg-sugar mixture; this symbolizes the rocks in the garden.
- Using a scoop or knife & spoon, drop by spoon into mounds (to resemble a rocky tomb); put into the oven and turn it OFF!
- Read Matthew 27:65-66 - The tomb is sealed; use two pieces of tape (5-6 inches long) to "seal" the door edges (symbolically).
- Read John 16:20 & 22 - Consider these passages, then go to bed!
- NEXT MORNING: Read Matthew 28:1-9 - Jesus is risen! Behold--the empty tomb! Unseal the oven door, take out the cookies, break or bite one in half -- it should be hollow inside---empty---just like the Tomb!
- He is risen! He is risen indeed! Hallelujah!


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LONDON (Reuters) - British Airways (ICAG.L) said it had canceled all flights from London's Heathrow and Gatwick airports scheduled before 1700 GMT on Saturday due to a global computer outage.
"We have experienced a major IT system failure that is causing very severe disruption to our flight operations worldwide," the airline said in a statement.
Reporting by Michael Holden; editing by David Clarke


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Diamond-Coated Cutters for Hard Milling
Amerimold 2017: Crystallume will showcase its latest tool lines, including the Demon series for hard milling.
End Mills Laser-Measured for Higher Accuracy
The RobbJack Group's Crystallume division will present enhancements to its Mold Maker line of end mills that are smaller than 1/4" (6 mm) in diameter.
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Central Place Residential Tower Opens for Leasing
April 12, 2017
After nearly three years of construction, Clark has completed the much-anticipated Central Place Residential Tower, redefining the skyline in Arlington, VA. The 31-story mixed-use development offers 377 luxury apartments in Arlington's bustling Rosslyn neighborhood.
Clark worked with design-build partner Beyer Blinder Belle Architects and Planners LLP to deliver the 677,000 square-foot tower, which is wrapped in a dramatic glass façade. Residential units feature high-end finishes, such as stainless steel appliances, Italian-finished cabinets, stone countertops, and upgraded fixtures. The facility also provides residents with several amenities, including a fitness center, and a roof-top terrace on the sixth floor with an outdoor pool and cabanas. The building is anchored by 30,000 square feet of ground level retail space and a 17,000 square-foot public plaza.
"Central Place is an exceptional development not only for its innovative design and amenities, but for its transformative nature of the Rosslyn community," said JBG Principal Andrew VanHorn. "As one of the tallest mixed-use projects in the Washington, DC, area, Central Place will truly elevate the neighborhood and create a sense of community and place to an area that has not experienced anything like this before."
Congratulations to our clients, JBG Companies and the State Teachers Retirement System of Ohio, on this project milestone!


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The company
KPN facilitates personal contacts. Our technology enables the Netherlands to move forward. We do this on the basis of a strong vision, established in our everyday activities for more than a century. You can read below how we achieve this.
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KPN truly believes in technology and in the power of communication. We are KPN. We are the network that enables the Netherlands to move forward – the network that cares for the Netherlands.
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More than 30,000 employees worldwide are dedicated to providing our customers with the best products and services, using the latest technology. Who is where and who does what?
On 10 May 2011, KPN presented its new strategy, the successor to 'Back to growth'. In the coming years until 2015 KPN aims to strengthen, simplify and grow their businesses.
Our history
Our history
KPN has been helping the Netherlands since 1852, by providing the latest technology. From telegraph to 4G: discover the rich history of KPN.


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Has Anybody Used Bc Gluten Free Cake Mix
Baking By LindaF144a Updated 23 Jun 2011 , 9:30pm by coleslawcat
Has anybody used the Betty Crocker Gluten Free Cake Mix? I just saw this and it actually has no chemicals in it. Okay, Xanthum Gum is not a natural ingredient, but necessary for gluten free baking. But it does not have all the other chemicals found in the regular cake mix and no artificial flavoring either. I have gluten intolerant friends and would love to be able to suggest this for them to bake at home versus buying at my shop.
Here is a link with the list of ingredients:
Gave a copy of "The Cake Mix Doctor - Gluten-free" cookbook to a friend, she's been very happy with the doctored gluten-free cake mix cakes. Don't know about the cake mixes without the extras.
Gave a copy of "The Cake Mix Doctor - Gluten-free" cookbook to a friend, she's been very happy with the doctored gluten-free cake mix cakes. Don't know about the cake mixes without the extras.
Does this book use the BC mix as a base? I exclusively bake from scratch, but this particular mix has everything in it that I am putting together myself, so I'm thinking I am just making extra work for myself instead of using the mix. Unless there is a huge price difference, which I have not explored yet.
Yes, the cookbook uses gluten-free cake mix as the base for cakes and cookies. Our small mountain community doesn't offer a lot of variety in shopping, but Wal-Mart does carry the BC gluten-free mixes, so that's why I ordered the book for my friend who's son-in-law and granddaughter were recently diagnosed as gluten sensitive. She says the whole family enjoys the results so they don't have to bake one regular, one gluten-free to make everyone happy.
Amazon has the "look inside" option for this one so you can check it out in more detail.
I've used them and they are decent. I think they are the best GF cake mixes on the market, at least that I've tried. They only make a 1 layer round instead of 2 layer round like the regular cake mixes.


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The Armenian Genocide
By Alec Avery
It happened 100 years ago. 1.5 million people died. Yet the Armenian genocide is still not recognized in many places around the world. Most people have never even heard of it. Many people don't know that Armenia is in the middle East. Some places such as Turkey ban talking about it.
What Caused the Armenian Genocide
The ancient Ottoman empire, what would soon turn into Turkey, was falling, and the last Sultan (ruler/monarch) was overthrown by a group called the Committee of Union and Progress (also called the Young Turks). They had a very strong sense of nationalism that did not include Armenians. According to an Article by Raymond H. Kevorkian, the Young Turks believed that, "On our soil, there should be only one nation and one language." The Armenians were also a rather wealthy group, and the Turkish empire needed resources. After several years of planning, the Young Turks started killing off the Armenians.
Who Caused the Armenian Genocide
The government of the time, the Young Turks, were the ones who set the whole plan in motion. They created a secret group called the Special Organization. Its leader was Behaeddin Shakir, a former doctor. They were the ones in charge of actually killing all the Armenians. The soldiers themselves were usually ex-convicts and murderers, because they had a willingness to kill.
How were the Armenians Killed?
The Turks killed the Armenians systematically, and with precision. The Turkish government first captured and killed a few hundred Armenian intellectuals. Then they started forcing the rest of the Armenians out of their homes to trails, where many would starve to death or die of thirst. Those who weren't brought on these walks were murdered by Turkish groups called "killing squads", who were especially brutal and merciless.
How Did other Countries React to the Armenian Genocide?
The governments of Great Britain, France, and Russia agreed that the acts committed by the Young Turks were crimes against humanity. They tried to get the Ottoman government to punish them, but they had already fled to Germany. The word genocide had not been invented yet, so there was no dispute yet on whether it could be called a genocide. It did not get as much attention as it could have though. Adolf Hitler used it as an excuse to kill off the Jews; He said, "Who speaks today of the extermination of the Armenians?" He was implying that nobody would remember the extermination of a race. He was wrong; by now, 24 governments recognize the Armenian massacres as a genocide
What happened to the Armenians was horrendous. Even though it seems ridiculous that anything like this could ever happen, it did. We have to be aware of what is going on in the world, so that nothing goes unnoticed. We should not let another government commit a genocide. It is not only against basic morals, but it can completely cut off an entire culture.
Bibliography :
"Armenian National Institute." Armenian National Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2015.
"Armenian Genocide." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2015.
"United Human Rights Council." United Human Rights Council. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2015.
"Did the Armenian Genocide Inspire Hitler?: Turkey, Past and Future."Middle East Forum. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.
Dearden, Lizzie. "Armenian 'genocide': What Happened, How Many People Died and Why Is It Still Causing Debate?" The Independent. Independent Digital News and Media, 22 Apr. 2015. Web. 23 Apr. 2015.
Kevorkian, Raymond H. "The Origins and Evolution of the Armenian Genocide." 100 Years Remembering the Past, Redefining the Future Apr. 2015: n. pag. Print.
Image Bibliography
"Armenian Genocide." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 07 May 2015.
"The History Place - Genocide in the 20th Century: Armenians in Turkey: 1915-18." The History Place - Genocide in the 20th Century: Armenians in Turkey: 1915-18. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 May 2015.
"The Forgotten Holocaust: The Armenian Massacre That Inspired Hitler." Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, n.d. Web. 07 May 2015.


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Calcutta: East Bengal defender Arun Malhotra, called to join the SAFF Cup camp following the injury-induced withdrawals of Dipak Mondal and Mahesh Gawli Thursday, is unlikely to join the national probables in a hurry.
Malhotra, dropped from the Asian Games squad after failing a dope test, is with East Bengal in Delhi for the Durand Cup.
As the club is without Mondal and M. Suresh (already in the camp which got underway at SAI Eastern Centre Thursday), it is learnt that East Bengal are reluctant to release Malhotra at the moment.
The club may let him join the camp not before January 6, which will give Malhotra a couple of days to prove his abilities.
National coach Stephen Constantine is known to be a strict disciplinarian and unlikely to tolerate late entrants in the camp. If East Bengal maintain their stand, Constantine may well choose to do away with Malhotra.
I.M. Vijayan, Jo Paul Ancheri, Basudeb Mondal and S. Venkatesh joined the camp Friday.
Still awaited, apart from Malhotra, is Covan Lawrence of Salgaocar and assistant coach Sukhwinder Singh, who is busy with club commitments.
The tournament will be played in Dhaka from January 10-18. India, winners of the last edition of the meet in Goa in 1999, will play Pakistan (January 10), Afghanistan (January 12) and Sri Lanka (January 14) in the group phase.


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Spinach and Dhal Curry
READY IN: 55mins
Recipe by Ricky Henry-Davies
i love spicy food and dhals (lentil curry) and never seem to make the same one twice as i'm always making different versions, this i made last night and it is divine!
Top Review by Mia in Germany
Delicious! My lentils were done in 15 minutes, but everything else went exactly like written. Nice blend of spices. Thanks for sharing!<br/>Made for Spring PAC 2014
See Discussion:5 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 500 g split red lentils
- 1500 ml vegetable stock
- 500 g spinach, chopped
- 1 red onion, chopped
- 3 garlic, crushed
- 3 -4 tablespoons fresh ginger, thinly sliced
- 1 cup chopped tomato
- 1 tablespoon tomato puree
- 1 teaspoon turmeric
- 1 teaspoon garam masala
- 1 teaspoon chili powder
- 1 tablespoon mustard seeds
Directions See How It's Made
- wash lentils in cold water till water runs clear.
- add veg stock and simmer till cooked about 40 mins add more water if dry.
- meanwhile fry in little oil onion and garlic cook 10 mins.
- add ginger and spices cook 3mins.
- add tomatoes and spinach cook 5mins.
- throw into lentils.
- serve with rice and chutneys.


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Kwik Sew 1712, ca. 1987; Overalls have tucks on front pants, front side pockets, side button closure, pocket on bib and back patch pockets. View A: shoulder straps with buckles. View B: shoulder straps with D-rings.
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