text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 14, 2004
|Filing date
|May 31, 2000
|Priority date
|May 31, 2000
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Anthony Imperato, David Reagan Rice, Shan Yueh
|Original Assignee
|Lucent Technologies Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (7), Classifications (17), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to signaling for enhanced 911 systems, and more specifically, to testing such signaling over digital loop carrier arrangements.
2. Description of the Related Art
Enhanced 911 (E911) service refers to establishing communication between customer telephones and the nearest Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), which is an answering location for 911 calls originating in a given geographic area.
The operation of this E911 service will now be described with reference to the prior art E911 system 100 shown in FIG. 1. All communication paths in this system 100 are conventional two-wire paths, which use a "tip" wire and a "ring" wire to define a loop (also known as a channel) used for communication. In this system, one of the customer telephones 110 goes "off-hook" to report an emergency by dialing 911. In response to the dialed digits, the associated Private Branch Exchange (PBX) 120 senses this off-hook condition, which is a low resistance tip-to-ring path. The PBX 120 is typically large, with many telephones 110 widely dispersed, to merit the deployment of a dedicated analog E911 trunk 155. Such an E911 trunk is typically dedicated solely for E911 service, and is configured for outward (i.e., PBX-originated) communication. After sensing the off-hook condition, the PBX 120 seizes the trunk 155 (i.e., wires between the PBX 120 and the local central office (CO) 160) by closing the loop defined by the tip/ring pair of wires in the trunk 155. A trunk seizure condition in E911 signaling is defined as a call state initiated by the PBX 120 in response to a customer telephone 110 in which the CO 160 prepares to receive signals.
After the CO 160 acknowledges seizure of the trunk 155 by reversing the battery polarity applied to the trunk 155, the PBX 120 sends two separate data messages: one identifying the E911 switch (170) to handle the call during the emergency, and the second identifying the telephone 110. An E911 switch 170 may be a central office switch which has been programmed to handle E911 signaling and switching. As used herein, the term "E911 switch" refers to either the above-described E911 CO simulator, or a dedicated E911 switching unit. When the E911 switch 170 receives the messages identifying the closest PSAP 130 and the calling telephone 110, the E911 switch 170 makes a connection to the closest PSAP 130. In some implementations a separate box 150 interfaces the PBX 120 to the trunk 155, to provide E911 compatibility to a legacy PBX. The data messages between the PBX 120 and the CO 160 are sent using a multi-frequency (MF) protocol, which uses pairs of tones with frequencies contained within the voice bandwidth of the respective channel units (not shown, but defined as those units which control communication along one or more communication channels) in and between the PBX 120 and CO 160. Thus, the DC signaling characteristics of the channel units operating the PBX/CO link are used only for supervision in initiating the E911 call and in terminating it.
The above-described E911 service, where the PBX 120 seizes the trunk 155 by closing the loop and the CO 160 terminates the trunk 155 by applying reverse battery polarity to acknowledge, is used on a conventional analog trunk 155. Such signaling between the PBX 120 and CO 160 is generically termed "loop reverse battery" (LRB) signaling. This E911 interface at the PBX end is specified by an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard, ANSI T1.411-1995, "Interface between Carriers and Customer Installation—Analog Voicegrade Enhanced 911 Switched Access Using Network-Provided Reverse-Battery Signaling."
Recently, so-called digital loop carrier (DLC) systems have been developed and implemented, where a larger number of channels may be implemented on fewer wires than in a conventional analog network. DLC channel units accomplish this greater channel density by time division multiplexing digital data for a number of channels onto two pairs of wires. For example, 24 communication channels may be implemented on two wire pairs in a DLC system, whereas the two wires only provide one channel in an analog implementation.
As shown in FIG. 2, DLC channel units 210, 220 are typically located in a central office terminal (COT) 250 in the CO 160, and in a remote terminal (RT) 200 near the PBX 120 to coordinate signaling therebetween. DLC trunks 230 and 240 are able to be seized only by an originating channel unit 210, so in a seizure sense, the trunks arc unidirectional. However, once communication has been established between the CO and PBX, two-way traffic occurs over the DLC trunk. RT 200 includes an originating channel unit 210 connected to DLC trunk 230, which is terminated by terminating channel unit 220 in COT 250. Originating channel unit 210 in the RT 200 seizes the trunk 230 when a PBX originated call occurs. Similarly, DLC trunk 240 is seized by channel unit 210 in the COT 250
Telcordia (previously named Bellcore) has published three standards for DLC systems that specify signaling arrangements between a central office (CO) and a Private Branch Exchange (PBX) for direct-inward-dialing (DID) service (i.e., calls originating from the central office) using the loop reverse battery (LRB) signaling protocol. These standards are termed TR-08, TR-57, and GR-303. TR-08 and GR-303 cover "integrated" DLC systems (i.e., a digital facility terminated directly by a digital interface of a switch used to connect one channel to another in the central office). TR-57 specifies requirements for a "universal" DLC that uses a central office terminal (COT) 250 to convert the digital signal from the DLC 230 to an analog signal which is sensed by an analog switch 260 in the CO. In conventional DID service, the CO 160 seizes the DLC trunk 240, and the PBX 120 acknowledges such seizure via a RT 200 which contains a DLC channel unit 220. A trunk seizure condition conventional DID service is defined as a call state initiated by the CO in which the PBX prepares to receive incoming signals.
Where the telephone company employs a universal DLC system to assist in connecting the CO switch and the PBX over the loop pair, the channel units of the DLC system at the remote terminal (RT) location present the same interface to the PBX as do the channel units of a conventional analog CO. Similarly, the COT channel units present the same interface to the switch in the CO as do the channel units of a conventional analog PBX. As mentioned above, the DLC systems in use today seize the trunk at the CO to implement DID. However, E911 service mandates seizing the trunk at the PBX, and such trunk seizure is not specified by any of the existing TR-08. TR-57, or GR-303 digital loop carrier standards.
Accordingly, a manner of implementing enhanced 911 service on digital loop carrier systems is needed. Further, the above-described conventional analog enhanced 911 systems are difficult to test prior to deployment, and, once they are deployed, each channel must be tested individually. Thus, a method of testing enhanced 911 service on digital loop carrier systems prior to deployment is also needed.
The present invention provides a method and system for rapidly and automatically testing E911 systems using digital loop carrier trunks in a laboratory prior to deployment. A testbed running a testing program evaluates the functionality of a digital loop carrier trunk, a channel unit pair, and an E911 switch by measuring a delay and duration of an acknowledgement pulse from the E911 switch in response to an off-hook condition at a simulated PBX. The testbed and testing program also evaluate the functionality of the E911 switch and a simulated PSAP by measuring a delay and duration of a ring signal from the E911 switch in response to an emergency signal sent by the simulated PBX. Once connection between the simulated PBX and the simulated PSAP has been established, the end-to-end signal loss is also measured.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. Where feasible, the same reference numerals will be used to label similar elements.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate one embodiment of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a Prior Art enhanced 911 system utilizing analog telephone infrastructure.
FIG. 2 illustrates a Prior Art digital loop carrier system for inward and outward dialing.
FIG. 3 illustrates a partial enhanced 911 system according to an embodiment of the invention using a universal digital loop carrier arrangement.
FIG. 4 illustrates a testing setup for enhanced 911 systems employing a universal DLC.
FIG. 5 illustrates a signaling flow for a method of testing using the testing setup of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 illustrates another testing setup for enhanced 911 systems employing universal DLC.
In one embodiment of the invention, channel units having LRB signaling capability are used to implement the E911 service outlined above over a DLC, thus applying the substantial efficiency of the digital carrier system to these E911 circuits.
FIG. 3 shows a portion of an E911 system from PBX 120 through the connected remote terminal 200, which is connected to an E911 DLC trunk 330, which is in turn connected to the local CO 160. This embodiment of the invention places a "dial pulse originate" (DPO) type channel unit 310 at the RT 200. A DPO channel unit is typically connected to a terminal (in this case, the PBX) where the trunk seizure occurs. Similarly, a corresponding "dial pulse terminate" (DPT) type channel unit 320 is placed at the COT 250 located in the local central office 160. A DPT channel unit is typically connected to a terminal (in this case, the CO) which terminates the seized trunk and acknowledges the seizure. This DPO/DPT channel unit pair properly detects the PBX 120 conditions (e.g., an off-hook, closed loop electrical state) at the RT 200 and repeats them at the CO 160 for the E911 switch 170 to sense. The DPO/DPT pair also repeats the CO switch 160 conditions (e.g., a reverse battery polarity, trunk seizure acknowledge state) at the RT 200 for the PBX 120 to sense. In this manner, the universal DLC implementation shown in FIG. 3 appears transparent to the PBX 120 and the switch 170. Conventional loop closure and reverse battery signaling may be used by the PBX 120 and the switch 170 regardless of the presence of the channel units 310, 320 and the E911 DLC trunk 330.
It should be noted that the prior art T1.411 E911 standard does not specify use of DPT-type channel units for use with a central office switch. Nor does the standard specify a DLC trunk between the CO and the PBX. The E911 standard merely specifies the signaling order and convention required to implement the enhanced 911 functionality. Thus, it is standards-compliant for the channel units used by the DLC system to be any type that can repeat battery polarity changes and loop closure changes. This first embodiment of enhanced 911 signaling in universal DLC systems shown in FIG. 3 extends to the use of other channel units pairs other than the implementation (i.e., DPO/DPT channel units) described above, provided the channel units can repeat battery polarity changes and loop closure changes in LRB signaling. The digital signaling used to implement the above-described E911 service on a universal DLC will now be described.
In a typical DLC system, there are either two signaling channels per circuit, denoted by A and B, or more commonly, four signaling channels denoted by A, B, C, and D. These channels are carried over the digital loop carrier link by periodically using for signaling some of the bits that are otherwise used for the transmission of the voiceband traffic. This process is conventionally referred to as "robbed-bit signaling." The DPO/DPT signaling for implementing enhanced 911 service in universal DLC configurations is given in Table 1 below and summarized as follows. The signaling codes are ABCD=0000 for the RT 200 to transmit toward the switch 170 that the PBX 120 is in an idle, loop open condition, and ABCD=1111 to denote loop closure at the PBX 120. In the opposite (i.e., CO to RT) direction, ABCD=0XXX tells the RT 200 that the switch 170 wants the RT 200 to apply normal battery in the idle condition. Here, "X" denotes a digital "don't care" state, meaning that X can be either a 1 or a 0. ABCD=1XXX tells the RT 200 to reverse its battery polarity to signal that the switch 170 is ready to receive data addressing.
At the originating RT 200 with DPO-type channel units 310, the signals transmitted to the COT 250 in response to a sensed metallic condition at the PBX 120 are given in the top half of Table 1. The metallic conditions applied to the PBX 120 in response to signals received from the COT 250 are given in the lower half of the following Table 1.
Conditions at Originating RT
Metallic condition
Transmitted signal,
Idle, loop open
Trunk seizure, loop closed
Received signal, ABCD =
Metallic condition applied
Idle, normal battery
Acknowledge, reverse
Note: X denotes either 1 or 0.
At the terminating COT 250 with DPT-type channel units 320, metallic conditions applied to the switch 170 in response to signals received from the RT 200 are given in the top half of Table 2. The signals transmitted to the RT 200 in response to a sensed metallic condition at the switch 170 are given in the lower half of the following Table 2.
Conditions at Terminating COT
Received signal, ABCD =
Metallic condition applied
Idle, loop open
Seizure, loop closed
Metallic condition detected
Transmitted signal,
Idle, normal battery
Acknowledge, reverse
Note: X denotes either 1 or 0.
The signaling illustrated in Tables 1 and 2 above applies equally to a universal DLC system that uses only two signaling channels, A and B. The signaling codes for an A, B system are the same as for an A, B, C, D system except for the omission of the C and D states.
In an alternative embodiment, a loop start current feed channel unit 340 (not shown) may be substituted for DPO channel unit 310, and a loop start current sink channel unit 350 (not shown) may be substituted for DPT channel unit 320 in FIG. 3. Such a loop start current feed/sink pair would use loop start signaling, as is known to those skilled in the art. Where a pair of channel units with loop start signaling (e.g., 340, 350) is used, a different signaling table would apply, because the ABCD states would differ for idle and seizure states (i.e., some other states than 0000 and 1111). However, the responses of the channel unit pair, connected by the digital carrier, to the actions of the PBX and CO would be the same as those of the DPO/DPT channel unit pair using LRB signaling as given by the Tables 1 and 2 above.
Accordingly, the above-described embodiment of the invention enables enhanced 911 service in universal DLC systems by placing a DPO or loop start current feed channel unit at the remote terminal on the PBX side of the DLC. A method and system for testing the above-described E911 DLC system will now be discussed.
In the design of digital loop carrier systems, often it is desirable to test and validate the functionality of such systems prior to deployment in the field. The development of DLC-based methods of providing E911 service involves testing to verify that the method being developed produces the desired E911 functionality, and that the tested equipment is functioning correctly. Such testing is typically performed in a laboratory environment. In addition to the above-described E911 system employing DLC, the following testing configurations and protocols constitute another embodiment of the invention.
A testing setup for enhanced 911 systems employing universal DLC is shown in FIG. 4. In this figure, the DLC system remains the same from the remote terminal to the switch as that illustrated in FIG. 3. Accordingly, reference numerals used in FIG. 3 will be repeated. The DPO and DPT channel units 310 and 320 are connected via an INA DS1 digital loop carrier circuit 330. The E911 switch 170 includes a CO1 interface 171 connected to the DPT 320 in the COT 250. The E911 switch 170 also includes a CO2 interface 172 for connection to, for example, a PSAP.
As shown in FIG. 4, a multi-function testbed 400 simulates both a PBX and a PSAP. One example of a suitable piece of equipment for use as testbed 400 is the s765 Signaling and Transmission test system manufactured by Schlumberger Ltd. It should be appreciated that, for example, an s765 Signaling and Transmission test system includes generic input and output ports and waveform capture and digitizing capability, but these must be specifically configured to function as a PBX and PSAP via by a testing program, or script, resident within the testbed 400. The testbed 400 as configured by the resident testing program includes an RT1 interface 410 which simulates a PBX and which is connected to the RT DPO channel unit 310. The testbed 400 as configured by the resident testing program also includes an RT2 interface 420 which simulates a PSAP and which is connected to the E911 switch's CO2 interface 172.
FIG. 5 shows the signaling flow among the RT1 interface 410, DPO channel unit 310, DPT channel unit 320, CO1 interface 171, CO2 interface 172, and RT2 interface 420 for testing the E911 setup shown in FIG. 4. The following testing method is implemented by a program, or script, resident within the testbed 400. Both of the simulated PBX (RT1 interface 410) and PSAP (RT2 interface 420) are initialized to be in an on-hook state (not shown). This is accomplished by having the testbed 400 apply 25.6K Ohm resistors across both tip-ring pairs of the RT1 interface 410 and RT2 interface 420. Then in step 501, the testbed 400 simulates the PBX going into an off-hook state by removing the 25.6 k Ohm resistor from the tip-ring pair of the RT1 interface 410, and instead applying a 430 Ohm resistor across the tip-ring pair. At this point the RT1 interface 410 awaits the arrival of an acknowledgement signal (also known as a "wink pulse") from the E911 switch 170. In step 502, the DPO channel unit 310 detects the off-hook state of the RT1 interface 410, and signals the DPT channel unit 320 of the off-hook condition via ABCD robbed-bit signaling. In step 503, the DPT channel unit 320, upon receiving the off-hook signal from the DPO channel unit 310, applies an off-hook state towards the E911 switch's CO1 interface 171. In step 504, upon detecting the off-hook state of the DPT channel unit 320, the CO1 interface provides an acknowledgement, or wink, signal to the DPT channel unit 320. In steps 505 and 506, this wink signal is successively propagated to the DPO channel unit 310 and to the RT1 interface 410 of the testbed 400.
As noted above, after simulating an off-hook state in step 501, the testbed 400 measures both the delay in receiving, and the duration of, the wink pulse from the E911 switch 170. This process is accomplished by capturing the waveform across the tip-ring pair of the RT1 interface 410 with a digitizer (not shown) in the testbed 400. The testing program is designed to search the captured digitized waveform and determine the delay from the time of the off-hook condition at the RT1 interface 410, as well as the duration of the wink pulse from the simulated E911 switch's CO1 interface 171. If either the wink pulse delay or the duration of the wink pulse is not within specifications, specifically if the delay >4 seconds or the wink duration is outside of a range from 100 ms to 350 ms, then the program will end testing and output a failure message. If the wink pulse is within acceptable parameters, the testbed 400 continues testing.
In step 507, the testbed 400 sends an emergency code (e.g., 911, 11 or 1) to the E911 switch's CO1 interface 171. In this particular testing set-up, the E911 switch 170 is provisioned to pass the call from the PBX to the simulated PSAP (i.e., RT2 interface 420) upon detection of the emergency signal, by sending an alerting signal to the PSAP (RT2) interface. This process is described in greater detail below in steps 509-512. Once the E911 switch's CO1 interface has received the emergency signal, in step 508 it will apply a reverse loop current feed (RLCF) condition towards the RT1 interface 410 to indicate an off-hook condition.
In step 509, after receiving the emergency signal, the CO1 interface 171 provides a signal path to the CO2 interface 172. In step 510, the CO2 interface 172 sends a ring signal to the RT2 interface 420 of the testbed 400.
Similar to the wink signal measurement described above, the testbed 400 measures both the delay in receiving, and the duration of, the ring signal at the RT2 interface 420 from the E911 switch 170. This process is accomplished by capturing the waveform across the tip-ring pair of the RT2 interface 420 with a digitizer (not shown) in the testbed 400. The testing program is designed to search the captured and digitized ring signal and determine the delay from the time the RT1 interface 410 goes off-hook, as well as the duration of the ring signal from the simulated E911 switch's CO2 interface 172. Alternately, the delay could be measured from the time the ring signal is transmitted from the E911 switch, or from the time the emergency signal is sent in step 507. If either the ring signal delay or the duration of the ring signal is too long, for example ring delay >2.4 seconds or ring duration >2.5 seconds, then the program will end testing and output a failure message. If the ring signal is received at the RT2 interface 420 and is within acceptable parameters, the testbed 400 continues testing.
In step 511, at the RT2 interface 420 changes to an off-hook state, thereby completing a path between that interface and the RT1 interface 410, the simulated PBX and PSAP locations. In order to effect an off-hook condition, the testbed 400 removes the 25.6K Ohm resistor from the tip-ring pair at the RT2 interface 420, and applies a 430 Ohm resistor across the tip-ring pair to simulate the PSAP going off-hook. The E911 switch's CO2 interface 172 detects this off-hook condition, and stops sending the ring signal to the RT2 interface.
In step 512, the testbed 400 verifies the quality of the path between the RT1 and RT2 interfaces 410 and 420 by sending a predefined caller's emergency service identification (CESID) pattern (KP+digits+ST) with the following MF signal duration: KP=90 ms; other digits=58 ms; ST=53 ms; and interdigits=58 ms, first from the RT1 interface 410 to the RT2 interface 420. KP stands for key pulse signal, and it is the first signal in an MF outpulsing format. ST stands for start signal, and it is the last signal in the MF outpulsing format. The "other digits" are the multi-frequency tones representing the numbers 0,1, etc. The interdigit time is defined as the sum of the MF signal's fall time, signal-off time, and its rise time. The testbed 400 measures the received CESID pattern at the RT2 interface. If the received CESID pattern is within the following specified range: KP≧55 ms; other digits≧30 ms; ST≧30 ms; and interdigits≧25 ms, the test continues. Otherwise, the test fails. Then the testbed 400 reverses the direction of the transmission signal from the RT2 interface 420 to the RT1 interface 410, and again measures the loss through the system. This is accomplished by using a waveform generator to generate the MF or 1004 Hz tone and apply it as the stimulus to the RT1 interface or RT2 interface, respectively. On the receiving end the testbed 400 uses a digitizer to capture the transmitted tone. The testing program then performs an analysis on the digitized waveform to determine that it is of the correct frequency and power levels. The success of this final testing step will ensure the capability of the tested DLC arrangement and the E911 switch, to support transmission of location data from the PBX to the PSAP.
The above-described testing system and method provides a new capability to test E911 systems in the laboratory prior to deployment. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications are possible. For example, FIG. 6 shows an alternate testing arrangement, where the E911 switch 170 is not a separate device, but rather is simulated within the testbed 400. Of course, such simulation within the testbed 400 would entail additional functionality implemented by the testing program resident in the testbed.
Further, it will be appreciated that many channel unit pairs and DLC trunks may be rapidly tested in an automated manner by the above-described method and system. The DLC channels may be tested in parallel if the testbed 400 has a sufficient number of inputs and digitizers, or the channels may be tested serially.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the enclosure and method of manufacturing of the present invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided that they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
|Cited Patent
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|Publication date
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|Nicollet Technologies, Inc.
|Hand-held telephone line signaling test instrument
|Dec 10, 1990
|Nov 12, 1991
|Nec Corporation
|Subscriber call simulator capable of testing new services of a telephone switching system
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|Nov 26, 1996
|Rockwell International Corporation
|Device for monitoring a switch
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|Aug 3, 1999
|Interactive Quality Services, Inc.
|System and method for testing a telecommunications apparatus
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|Sep 14, 1999
|Southwestern Bell Telephone Company
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|Nov 20, 2001
|Tollgrade Communications, Inc.
|Remote telephony testing device
|May 26, 2000
|Dec 4, 2001
|Matthew Stephen Mobley
|E911 backup system for emergency 911 call answering systems
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 14, 2004
|Sep 2, 2008
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for testing emergency response service in a telephony environment
|Aug 29, 2003
|Oct 7, 2008
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for measuring health and performance of a messaging system
|Nov 21, 2007
|Apr 5, 2011
|Verizon Corporate Services Group Inc.
|System and method for evaluating accuracy of an automatic location identification system
|Mar 19, 2009
|Mar 13, 2012
|Schurman David B
|System and method for testing emergency dispatch systems
|Apr 12, 2007
|Oct 16, 2008
|Eric Baldridge
|Telecommunications systems and methods for wireless e-911 call testing
|Nov 21, 2007
|Feb 19, 2009
|Verizon Corporate Services Group Inc.
|System and method for evaluating accuracy of an automatic location identification system
|Aug 19, 2005
|Sep 28, 2006
|Cingular Wireless Ii Llc
|Testing for mobile device locator systems, such as for e911
|U.S. Classification
|379/29.02, 379/1.01, 379/26.01, 379/22, 379/29.01, 379/22.04, 379/22.01
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 31, 2000
Owner name: LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC., NEW JERSEY
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|Sep 12, 2000
Owner name: LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES INC., NEW JERSEY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:IMPERATO, ANTHONY;RICE, DAVID R.;YUEH, SHAN;REEL/FRAME:011079/0845;SIGNING DATES FROM 20000710 TO 20000713
|Mar 10, 2008
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Owner name: CREDIT SUISSE AG, NEW YORK
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|Mar 7, 2016
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text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Troops Need Help! 3 Killed by Suicide Bomber
Our Troops Need Your Help!
Our troops need help now!
The War on Terror is not winding down, but heating up! As temperatures rise into the hundreds, we're seeing Taliban fighters coming out of their caves by the hundreds, attacking all over the country and often targeting civilians.
July 23, 2013
Ghazni, Afghanistan – A suicide bomber rode a donkey Tuesday into an Afghan and NATO military convoy, killing three Western soldiers and their Afghan interpreter, officials said.NATO's International Security Assistance Force confirmed three casualties in a bombing in eastern Afghanistan but gave no details.
Afghan authorities said the attack happened in Wardak province, a hotbed of the Taliban insurgency just south of the capital Kabul.
Ataullah Khogyani, a spokesman for the provincial administration, told AFP that a suicide bomber riding a donkey blew himself up and killed three NATO soldiers and their Afghan interpreter.
Four Afghan soldiers who were also in the convoy in Sayedabad district were wounded.
Along with roadside bombings, suicide attacks — often carried out by multiple insurgents storming buildings and government facilities in big cities — are the group's main tactic.
Today is a reminder of what our troops are facing every day. Our enemies attack without any concern for the lives they ruin. Whether it's American troops or innocent children, the Taliban don't care. Their only objective is to cause misery and confusion. Only our troops stand in their way!
We can't forget about our troops, what they face, or who they are fighting every day to make Afghanistan safe for the people who live there. As the temperatures rise in the Summer, so do the attacks by Taliban forces on our troops. The summer is known as the "fighting season" in Afghanistan, meaning that terrorists who retreat to small villages and lay low during the winter will return to the battlefield.
This is the most dangerous time for our troops in Afghanistan and they need your support! A note from home and care packages full of goodies are the perfect thing to keep morale high during this difficult time. Don't forget about our troops fighting on the front lines.
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Fine art of copying
Sir Indian television has not only run out of imaginative steam, but also seems to have left all sense of professional ethics by the wayside (Jeena faces California copy suit, Nov 25). One can understand that the makers of Jeena Isi ka Naam Hai took the concept from elsewhere, but what is the harm in acknowledging it if they did so' After all, the hit Kaun Banega Crorepati was also copied from the successful British show, Who Wants to be a Millionaire' And the producers of KBC made no bones about their show being licensed. Besides, mere copying is no guarantee of success take the fate of the numerous quiz shows which followed KBC. There are also several shows that have done well on foreign television that have proved flops in India, take Kamzor Kari Kaun', based on The Weakest Link. Is it then the licence fees that came in the way in this case' Imitation may be the best form of flattery, but not if it means that the originator of the idea loses out on royalties as a result.
Yours faithfully, M. Sen, Calcutta
Hikes all around
Sir The West Bengal governments decision to increase fees in medical colleges is justified for more reasons than one. The education of a single doctor costs the taxpayer Rs 1.5 lakh. Besides, it is not as though students will be footing the entire bill for their education the government is merely reducing the subsidy, not eliminating it. And it is time the government increased the fees, since it has not done so for more than 50 years. Surely, the monthly hostel expenses of Rs 500 is much less than what one would spend living at home.
But the principle of making students pay for their education should not mean that admissions to medical colleges should be opened to all those who can pay for it, regardless of merit. Besides, most medical students would rather settle abroad; very few even think of practising in villages. Why then should the government waste taxpayers money on medical students' I have two suggestions on improving matters. One, at the time of admission, medical students should be given the option of signing a bond pledging to practise a minimum of 5 years in the villages. The education of all those who chose to sign may be subsidized. Two, doctors who emigrate without serving at least 10 years in India should be made to pay back to the government what it spent on their education.
As for the lawyers who are protesting against the hike in court fees, they are merely couching their concern at the loss in business as public interest. Do lawyers protest when the courts go on a two month-long holiday' Whose interest is harmed if people think twice about filing a petition that may not get a verdict in years, if not decades' What public interest do the lawyers serve by striking'
Yours faithfully, Ankan Ghosh, Calcutta
Sir Professionals like doctors and lawyers in West Bengal continue to suffer from a hangover from Nehruvian socialism, though they may otherwise be in favour of opening up the economy. They enjoy the good things in life the fancy home appliances and designer clothes that liberalization has increased access to, but go berserk when their pecuniary interests are threatened. Nothing else can explain why lawyers stopped work to protest the hike in court fees, and why doctors protested against the tuition fee hike in state medical colleges (Doctors join student protest, Nov 22).
It would have been a different matter if these communities had been responsive to social causes. Instead, in the common mans perception, lawyers and doctors are not exactly the paragons of virtue.
Yours sincerely, Tapan Pal, Batanagar
Sir Medical students must realize that a fee of Rs 12 a month is as good as nothing and that Rs 1,000, the new fees the government has fixed, is really not all that much. Besides, one does not much value things that come free. This is probably why the standard of medical education has gone down in the state. Medical education in the West is very expensive but students can make use of loans which they pay back when they start earning. When rich countries do not subsidize higher education, why expect a poor country like India to do so' As for poor students who wish to get medical education, the government should arrange for soft loans. After all, these students will start earning handsomely after they become doctors and would be able to pay back the loans. In fact, the necessity to pay back the loan would make the students study harder.
Yours faithfully, Govind Das Dujari, Calcutta
Sir The decision of the West Bengal state government to charge for fire services is amazing (Foot the bill to battle the blaze, Nov 18). If citizens have to pay the government for essential or emergency services in addition to numerous other taxes, why should they not look forward to getting such services from the specialized agencies in the private sector instead of going for the lacklustre services of the government sector'
Perhaps a time will come when citizens will have to pay the police in advance before using their services during emergencies. But even with the hiked charges, what is the guarantee that the government will provide the required services' None, going by the governments apathy towards maintaining roads for which it collects road tax from vehicle owners. How long will the authorities shy away from their responsibilities '
Yours faithfully, P.J. Koshy, Calcutta
Sir Medical science was one way for the youth from the poor sections of society to improve their future. Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee should understand that the present fee hike will not harm the well-heeled, but the chances of a poor young man becoming a doctor will dim. This will not only further accentuate economic differences in society, but also lead to the neglect of those who have the ability but not the means.
Yours faithfully Anurag Jaiswal, Calcutta
Sir How can there be money for some things and not for others (Slow to change, Nov 22). Teachers salaries are delayed by two weeks because there are apparently, some other urgent payments. Shouldnt the government have some reserves' Review of college fees, court fees, hospital charges may be new ways to garner income. But it seems the government wants to kill the hen and gather all the golden eggs at once.
Yours faithfully, Shiv Shanker Almal, Calcutta
Sir The proposal to increase the rent of government flats by 25 per cent will prove too much of a burden on lower middle class tenants of these apartments (Rents of govt flats raised by 25 per cent, Nov 23). Private landlords increase rent by 10 per cent once in 3 years. How can the government ask for a 25 per cent hike' The left stands to lose much of its popularity with this move.
Yours faithfully, T.R. Anand, Calcutta


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The University of Akron Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center (BRIC) is a center dedicated to the advancement of innovation inspired by nature. Together with our regional partners, we are building an internationally recognized center for biomimicry research, design, teaching and training.
The work of BRIC is to align the creative ideas of scientists, engineers, artists, and entrepreneurs to catalyze invention. By partnering our existing biomimetic research expertise with the Great Lakes Biomimicry (GLBio) business leaders, the BRIC paradigm lays the foundation for sustainable economic and educational innovation powered by nature-inspired technologies.
BRIC News
Faculty Search
The University of Akron has recently established a Biomimicry Research and Innovation Center with collaborations in arts, science, and engineering.
The University of Akron invites applications for two open-rank faculty appointments to begin in Fall 2016. Each position will have appointments in two departments, determined by their research and teaching interests.
The two hires in 2016 will be in the areas of: (1.) Comparative Biomechanics and (2.) Soft Materials. Candidates who are interested in working in interdisciplinary research, across different departments, and across multiple disciplines including arts, science, and engineering are encouraged to apply.
These two hires will also have an opportunity to define and shape new positions in the area of biomimicry.


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What a beautiful cabin high in the mountains with a spectacular view. Sandra was easy to communicate with and had answers to any questions. We would stay there again!David2016-11-26T00:00:00Z
The cabin has spectacular views you can enjoy from almost every room and from the large deck. Cozy cabin with two fairly good size baths, which are not always common in cabins; the upstairs bath even has skylights. Loved the fireplace in the dining room; I could see sitting at the table enjoying a meal with the fire roaring on a colder day then we had during our stay. The host was responsive to my questions, and even left the outside and kitchen lights on for us when I let her know we'd be arriving after dark. Great location to both Ellijay and Blue Ridge, quiet, small neighborhood, felt private and safe.Lisa2016-10-10T00:00:00Z
We had a fantastic experience spending the weekend at the Misty Mountain Retreat! Sandra was an excellent, communicative host, and gave us lots of helpful suggestions of places to eat and things to do. The cabin was fully-stocked with towels, toiletries, kitchen supplies, and everything we needed. We were able to go on several hikes within an hour or so of the cabin, and enjoyed going into downtown Blue Ridge and Elijay for meals. The cabin is highly recommended!Lauren-Kelly2016-11-06T00:00:00Z
We enjoyed every part of our stay at Misty Mountain Retreat. The view was incredible and we spent the majority of our weekend on the porch! Sandra was incredibly helpful and responsive and the cabin is even better than described! We will be back the next time we come to the mountains!Tatum2016-10-16T00:00:00Z
Sandra went above and beyond to make sure everything went smoothly for us, from offering to leave the lights on if we had a night arrival to making sure everything was going smoothly for us throughout our trip. The cabin was adorable with the most incredible view. The pictures don't do it justice. We made so many great memories and can't wait to plan our next trip to come back!Chelsea2016-10-23T00:00:00Z
This was our second stay and it was no less then expected after our first visit. The leaves had dropped this time of year, and it was nice to see the scenery of the mountains with a different perspective (winter) this time. We were also able to build a fire in the dining room fireplace, and get the true cabin experience. The contact person for the property always communicates in a timely fashion, and follows-up to be sure the client is satisfied, which is much appreciated.Lisa2016-12-18T00:00:00Z
Really beautiful cabin and views. It is exactly as it's advertised but even better. Host was very communicative and helpful. The experience was fantastic all-around. Again, the cabin and views are gorgeous.Ty2016-10-02T00:00:00Z
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
Ande is such a sweet lady! My boyfriend and myself stay two nights in the cozy little apartment upstairs & loved it! It was perfect for our visit to the area & was conveniently located in-between the two towns we wanted to explore. Everything was so lovely and I would definitely come back to visit the Sage Suite again !Alyssa2016-07-07T00:00:00Z
Ande gave us great directions to their place and made sure to meet us there. She made us feel extremely welcome and showed us around. The suite was lovely and the calm serenity of the wilderness was a welcome treat. We had everything we needed and more. The suite is located near Blue Ridge and Ellijay and there are a ton of shops, sights, hikes, and activities a short drive away. Thanks so much for a great stay!Christopher2016-10-02T00:00:00Z
My stay at the Sage suite was very serene and relaxing. As a stressed out Mom, this place was absolutely perfect for a quiet retreat where I could enjoy the beautiful surroundings and still go eat or look around in close by Blue Ridge or Ellijay. The suite was very clean, comfortable and everything I needed was supplied. Ande goes above and beyond with generous hospitality. She even prepared a beautiful vase of fresh flowers and picked some yummy cherry tomatoes from her garden for me. Ande also invited me to join her for a walk and a yoga class, which was divine! At the same time, Ande respected my privacy and left me alone to relax. I felt very safe, comfortable and at home at the Sage suite. I feel like a made a new friend too! I will definitely be back for another visit.Laura 2016-07-12T00:00:00Z
Ande and Jim welcomed me with open arms for the two months that I stayed at the Sage Suite. They were both gracious & kind hosts. Mr. B! is their constant canine companion with a sweet spirit. Digital Nomads/remote workers... I had everything I needed with a strong, fast (~50Mbps) internet connection. I was able to work on my laptop from the balcony as well as under the gentle sway of the willow trees by the pond. Ande was very accommodating and went out of her way to help make my work-cation an absolute pleasure. I had privacy and the serenity of nature at my front door. From the view of the balcony were two beautiful willow trees hugging the pond ...just as you see in the picture..coupled with this was the gentle sound of a waterfall leading to the pond. Everyday was like waking up to a peaceful zen experience, a shangri-la. The surrounding landscape of wild flowers and herbs has been lovingly nurtured by Ande. At night, the dark skies light up with the milky way. If you venture out, you'll find local wineries and make sure to try the apple fritters at Mercer's Apple orchard. Lots of hiking in the surrounding areas(don't miss the west side of Benton-Mackay trail off of 515) and if you're lucky Ande might take you on a stroll through the wildflowers. Bring some carrots/apples to feed the horses along your walk. Yes, it's really all that good. No, this is not too good to be true. I miss it already!lori2016-05-01T00:00:00Z
The Sage Suite was my first experience with Airbnb and boy did Ande set the bar way high! Ande made us feel comfortable from the onset of our communications. The pictures really do this studio no justice. It's so welcoming, relaxing, and well....comfy! It's really a quiet, peaceful retreat for anyone seeking tranquility. I would and will, HIGHLY recommend this location to my family & friends. We had a difficult time leaving....lol. Thanks again for your warm-hearted and down to earth presence Mrs. Ande!!!Thomasine2015-11-22T00:00:00Z
This was an amazing trip! We felt right at home from the start!! Ande met us outside & showed us around the little apartment. She's so sweet! Like family from the start! I should have warned my boyfriend of the driveways of mountain homes - his little sports car was a little rough on the gravel but we were fine! The bed is a little short - luckily I'm a short person, but someone who is tall might be uncomfortable. It's a great little apartment above the car port. Keep in mind there are outdoor stairs to get to the apartment but it's not bad at all! Gorgeous little lake/pond by the house. I loved this place! And I look forward to seeing Ande again when my family & I will be in the area next month!Leah2015-10-31T00:00:00Z
I loved staying at Ande & Jim's place! I couldn't have asked for a better host! They went above and beyond to make sure I was taken care of! I sprained my ankle while I was staying with them and they took care of me like I was one of their own! I will definitely stay with them again!Kathy2017-04-21T00:00:00Z
What a wonderful place! Quiet, quaint, clean and the best sanctuary ever. You will not be disappointed!Ellen2017-05-15T00:00:00Z
埃利傑(Ellijay), 喬治亞州, 美國
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
Beautiful cabin. Gives you the rustic feel with a modern touch. Kitchen well stocked with appliances and cookware. Deck space is absolutely phenomenal with a picturesque view of the mountains. Cabin is just minutes away from restaurants and shops.Erica2017-05-07T00:00:00Z
My husband and I and our two friends absolutely loved our stay at the cabin. It was very peaceful and relaxing. We loved using the hot tub and having the fire pit right next to it. This is a great cabin for anyone wanting separate entrances like couples or some friends since the second room has its own entrance on the second level with its own bathroom. The outdoor deck spaces are awesome for hanging out with plenty of seating, two grills, and even a TV outside! The kitchen was also huge with a big island in the middle which provided plenty of space for everyone to gather around and cook. We also brought our dog which was so nice and she loved it! We had a great couples trip and would definitely stay here again.Natalie2017-04-26T00:00:00Z
Beautiful cabin with fantastic views! We loved relaxing on the decks and sitting in the hot tub by the fire pit. Very well furnished with an awesome, well stocked kitchen. Susie was super fast with her responses to any questions we had. We would highly recommend Susie's cabin to anyone wanting a relaxing, comfortable stay. We are looking forward to visiting again in the future.Melissa2017-05-21T00:00:00Z
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
the property is exactly like the pics/video. perfect place for a quiet vacation. communication was great. property is very clean and has a wonderful feeling as soo as you walk in. cant wait to stay here again!William2017-04-29T00:00:00Z
Beautiful location with absolutely fantastic view of the mountains. I would definitely stay here again.Dana2017-04-17T00:00:00Z
the place was perfect! literally had everything a person could need. communication was smooth the entire time. peaceful place with a beautiful view. great property! until next timeWilliam2017-05-19T00:00:00Z
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
The house was very cute and well stocked. We really enjoyed our stay.Nikki2017-04-03T00:00:00Z
Sweet and cute cabin with an incredible view but kitchen lacks proper cooking pots, etc. Was dirty and the jacuzzi unusable. Fireplace was great.casandra2017-03-24T00:00:00Z
It's a charming cabin with a great fireplace and hot tub!Esther2016-12-20T00:00:00Z
It was a nice cabin, a little small but all we needed (mom dad and son). Kitchen was nice and big and hot tub fun, grill falling apart a bit but we still managed to use it a couple of nightsChris2017-04-09T00:00:00Z
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
A few days prior to arrival, we got a phone call letting us know that refrigerator had quit and they were trying to get a replacement. When we arrived, we came in to Steve setting up the new fridge they'd purchased. Awesome...really appreciated that! The cabin was super clean. The view was incredible. Ellijay and Blue Ridge were convenient and provided plenty to do after hiking.james2015-08-31T00:00:00Z
LaDonna and Steve Hale described their property perfectly, maintained contact between the time I made the reservation and gave perfect instructions on how to get to their cabin and make it operational. They are amazing hosts and the cabin is fabulous. It made the time with our family special.Vance2015-06-02T00:00:00Z
Yo estaba buscando un lugar especial para llevar a mi novia para un cumpleaños y proponer en realidad para ella. Esta cabina me llamó la atención debido a la gran paisaje y comentarios de otras personas. Todos mis expectativas fueron recibidos por la cabina y LaDonna de Steve. El lugar estaba impecable, tenía un montón de espacio y todas las comodidades que se necesitan. La vista de las montañas era precioso. LaDonna también fue muy servicial en recomendar lugares para visitar y comer y proporcionar cualquier información que necesitaba para el fin de semana especial. Terminé proponer exterior en la hoguera con vistas a las montañas .... y ella dijo que sí! Le recomiendo la cabina y sin duda volveremos de nuevo.Jonathan2015-12-07T00:00:00Z
Great visit. Welcome package waiting on counter when we arrived, and everything was as expected. Nice view, friendly neighbors, and a great get-away for a birthday weekend. Would be a great rental for two couples or a family too. Short drives to Blue Ridge and Ellijay.Jeff2015-12-13T00:00:00Z
We loved our long weekend in your cabin. We enjoyed coffee on the porch, very relaxing. We enjoyed exploring the area, which included our usual stop at Mercier for apples and fried pies. The highlight was the duckie ride down the Nantahala - great fun!. Hated to leave.Jeff2016-09-11T00:00:00Z
Las instrucciones fueron precisas y fáciles de seguir. La casa estaba muy limpia y era incluso mejor de lo descrito.Daniel2015-08-12T00:00:00Z
The hosts met my expectations. Everything was as described and everything was like the pictures. The views were fantastic. The cabin was well furnished and in good condition. Very friendly hosts form pre-booking forward. Would recommend.Bryan 2015-03-15T00:00:00Z
LaDonna and Steve were quick to answer texts and emails with helpful information. Their home was even more beautiful than we imagined. The view is amazing. We loved starting and ending each day gazing at the mountains.Eileen2016-07-26T00:00:00Z
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
We had a wonderful time at Bear Creek Lodge and look forward to returning. Everything was as described.Devin2016-09-05T00:00:00Z
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
埃利傑(Ellijay), 喬治亞州, 美國
I had a wonderful time at the cabin, very clean and well lit outside. Would definitely recommend!Christopher2016-12-18T00:00:00Z
Beautiful view!!! Secluded and private. Thank you!!!Mary2016-11-13T00:00:00Z
Awesome spot! Super quiet, but not far from town. Fantastic communication. Hope to return soon!David2016-12-20T00:00:00Z
Highly recommend. Beautiful home with great views, ideal location close to town of Blue Ridge.Matthew2017-05-14T00:00:00Z
Фантастический отдых! Быстро добраться из Атланты, красивой и уединенной. Карл был очень дружелюбным и полезным.Jordy2016-12-11T00:00:00Z
Я регулярно рента как я путешествую. Обычно я не пишу отзывы, но это место заслуживает его. Тихий, расслабляющий, гостеприимны, идеально подходит для меня. Простой и удобный. Большие полотенца, горячая вода, подушки были впору. Я чувствовал себя комфортно, как только я вышел через дверь. Просто самый приятный опыт аренды я имел в некоторое время. Карл и Паула большие хозяева. Если я работаю в окрестностях я позабочусь я останусь снова. Я могу даже привести семью на выходные дни пребывания в ближайшее время.Mark2017-03-04T00:00:00Z
Красивая кабина, но очень далеко и дорога, ведущая к кабине бездорожья и трудно наклонная.L2016-11-21T00:00:00Z
Karl und Paula sind sehr schnell auf ihre Antwort und sehr hilfreich, die Kabine ist schön und sauber, der Ort ist abgelegen und hat eine sehr schöne Aussicht, wird auf jeden Fall wieder kommen.Rongsheng2016-11-27T00:00:00Z
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
great cabin, exactly as described. We plan to returnSean2016-02-01T00:00:00Z
Squirrelled away was exactly what it was advertised as. Nice and tucked away in the woods with a very nice set-up. The hot tub heater was shot and once we noticed this I gave the office a call. Daniel got a maintenance guy out there within 30 minutes and he got straight to work. Once he figured out that this was not something that would be fixed until later that night, he offered to have us moved to a different cabin with a functioning hot tub and sent me some options. We chose Breezy Mountain View and our stay there was wonderful. Very peaceful, tranquil, spacious, exactly what we wanted. We really appreciated the office and maintenance crew's willingness to work with us and make our stay enjoyable even after the hot tub malfunction. No one is perfect and problems like these arise no matter where you stay. It's how those issues are handled that sets places apart and MLC handled it very well resulting in a great weekend for us.Aaron2016-03-07T00:00:00Z
Perfect rustic home base for a few days. Hiked Long Creek Falls, Fall Branch Falls, and Bear Creek Trail. Hot tub and fire pit were perfect ways to cap off the evenings.Mark2017-02-25T00:00:00Z
The host made us feel very welcome. The property was just like the listing, we were very pleased.Tali2016-02-09T00:00:00Z
This was just what we wanted for a weekend in the mountains. The house was clean and had everything we needed for our stay. When we got there the hot tub wasn't working (one of the highlights of the cabin!) and they sent someone out right away to fix it on a Friday night. We thoroughly enjoyed our experience and would stay again!katie2016-02-29T00:00:00Z
Great cabin! Plenty of room for a family or perfect for a couple! Private and close to the trails, Blue Ridge,etc. We will be back!Ashley2016-10-23T00:00:00Z
It was everything we expected and more!Alex2016-10-02T00:00:00Z
My family and I truly enjoyed our stay. The jacuzzi was very relaxing after a long day of driving. The games came in handy for a night in. It was a cozy place and getting away from the daily hustle of life was a real treat with the peace and quietness that we all enjoyed.Bridget2016-07-31T00:00:00Z
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
埃利傑(Ellijay), 喬治亞州, 美國
Great place to be, the hot tub, view and patio furniture were great for dinner at night or just relaxing. We'd definitely go backJonathan2017-04-09T00:00:00Z
Fantastic stay. So home-y. We had the pleasure of getting an amazing nighttime rain storm that battered the tin roof. So cozy. Very accommodating. We will be coming back!George2017-03-26T00:00:00Z
I loved the place! It was clean and had more than enough appliances to cook throughout my stay. The hot tub was great, it was already on when I arrived and was easy to work.Celeste2017-03-19T00:00:00Z
Blue Ridge, 喬治亞州, 美國
It's important to know that this is a tiny cabin. There is an upstairs but the space is not efficiently used and there is only a half bath upstairs. The full bath downstairs contains a very tiny shower with no water pressure and nowhere to hang a towel that is shared by a tiny washer dryer, toilet and sink. You can barely turn around in the bathroom. The kitchen is very small with little room to prep food but there is a window over sink with lovely view and it is open to rest of downstairs. The bed downstairs is very comfortable but the heating unit is motel-style and very noisy. There is no dresser, luggage rack or place to hang a coat but I think the owners will likely remedy this given this review. The only thing big about this place is the spacious land around it that is beautiful and the TV. Not sure why a gigantic wide screen TV is needed in this tiny cabin that is in need of a romantic fireplace in it's place. The grounds for this property are GORGEOUS! Breathtaking views! Especially the star-filled sky at night. Bring your own can opener and knife set if you're planning to cook. There is no outside fire ring and no fireplace and the stove and oven are tiny as well with just a high top table so don't plan on gourmet meal cooking.Lynn2016-11-22T00:00:00Z
Cherry Log, 喬治亞州, 美國
埃利傑(Ellijay), 喬治亞州, 美國
Cherry Log , 喬治亞州, 美國


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The Fleur d'Or & Acacia Luminous Body Oil sublimes the skin and hair, leaving them delicately fragranced with an enveloping and bright scent, born of the union of mimosa and acacia. Made with mimosa absolute from Grasse and Mediterranean acacia, our formula also provides softens and moisturizes.The Fleur d'Or & Acacia Luminous Body Oil is part of La Collection de Grasse, inspired by the town of Grasse in Provence. Located near the Mediterranean, it became known as the "perfume capital of the world," by combining the cultivation of local flora with the trade of precious Eastern ingredients.
How to use:- Apply on body and do a soft massage-- Apply on length of hair (dry or wet)
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No 'real' photo of our Ship of the Day today, but since the Stena Antarctica (IMO: 9322827, Port of Registry: George Town, Cayman Islands) is quite unique because there are only a few ice class tankers with the dimensions this vessel has, we will settle with a drawing. The Stena Antarctica is 250 metres long, almost 44 metres wide and has a draught of almost 15 metres. These dimensions give the Aframax-dimensioned tanker a deadweight tonnage of 115,000. She was built this year by Samsung Heavy Industries, Korea, is currently owned by Moon Shipping Servicos e Navegacao Lda and is on a 10 year long timecharter for Progetra, Russia.
The Stena Antarcticais scheduled to arrive this afternoon at the TEAM Terminal, Rotterdam from Primorsk, Russia.
Tuesday, January 30, 2007
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More than the peer pressure, it is the huge parental expectation that is driving some students into a psychological tangle before the examinations. As such, parents need counselling more than their children to reduce the pre-examination stress on students, psychologists and psychiatrists working with a Helpline point out. The word of caution comes ahead of the Class XII Board examinations that get underway throughout the country from March 1.
"Most of the parents expect their children to be in the '90 per cent' category in Board exams or want them to crack the IIT or pre-medical entrance tests, putting massive strain on them. Instead of pinning unrealistic hopes on their wards or pushing them to the limit, parents should rather fortify their morale and create conducive atmosphere at home to reduce examination-induced stress," says Dr Ashok Chacko, the Regional Director of Delhi Mental Health Helpline .
Ahead of the exam season, the Helpline has put in special arrangements like 24x7 service and assistance from counsellors who are better trained to handle the students and parents. The counsellors would also call back the students for follow-up assistance. Besides, it is also sending messages to all the prominent schools in the City to alert about the need for stress-busting sessions.
"The pressure on students is compounded by the fact that they have not only to write the Board examination but to also appear in the career-making tests for the IITs as well as other engineering and medical colleges," he points out.
The Helpline, which was inaugurated by Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit in October last year, is a collaborative effort of the Vandrevala Foundation, Emmanuel Hospital Association (EHA), St. Stephen's Hospital and the Mar Thoma Church. The Vandrevala Foundation already runs a 24x7 helpline in Mumbai. Some amount of stress is inevitable before the Board examinations, but it can be managed by striking a judicious balance between a student's study schedule and stress-releasing activities like exercising or getting adequate rest, according to psychologist Dr Zaki Shah.
"The idea is to break the monotony of continuous study. It is unreasonable to compare your child with others or setting a percentage target for him or her. What is important is that at least one of the parents should be at home and be supportive to the child," he says.
For more details please contact :
Tel no : 011-30882008 / 30882009
E-Mail : email@example.com / email@example.com
Website : www.eha-health.org
Source : Press Release


text: EuropeCroatian prime minister resigns Deputy expected to replace Ivo Sanader, who has announced his retirement from politics. 01 Jul 2009 13:33 GMT Sanader has led the Croatian government since 2003, winning a second term in 2007 [EPA] Croatian media has not yet reported a reason for Sanader's decision, but he faced growing economic troubles, with the country's GDP falling 6.7 per cent in the first quarter - the biggest drop in 10 years. The conservative leader has led the government since 2003, winning a second term in November 2007. Source: Agencies


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Question: College teachers are no more productive today than they were
"College teachers are no more productive today than they were 50 years ago, yet they are paid three times as much today. They are obviously not being paid according to their marginal productivity." Discuss.
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Answer to relevant QuestionsExplain why an output market monopoly will employ more of an input when its price is lower in terms of the substitution and output effects of the lower input price.Discuss the determination of equilibrium input price and employment by a competitive industry. Concerning the equilibrium, firms would prefer to pay less for an input; why don't they? Input owners would prefer to receive a ...Edie chooses to work 90 hours per week when the wage rate is $ 16 per hour. If she is offered time-and-a-half ($ 24 per hour) for "overtime work" (i. e., hours in excess of 90 per week), will she choose to work longer ...Workers in countries such as Sweden and Germany work fewer hours per week, on average, than do workers in the United States. Does this mean that Swedes and Germans are lazier than Americans? Explain how laziness could be ...What do economists mean when they say markets are mutually interdependent? Give an example to support your explanation.
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We were Porschas 5th home when we adopted her in 2010 and we are so happy to say we will also be her last home. She came with special needs and she took a while to settle in, but over 7 years later she is absolutely an integral part of our family. The love she gives us makes your heart swell and she gives the best hugs. We may have given her a home but she has given us so much more. She is inseparable from her best buddy (and mini me) Forrest. She is getting on now, some arthritis and cataracts are beginning to slow her down. She loves being curled up near the fire or when we're not looking will curl herself up on the lounge. She stills greets us every morning and when we get home with a big smile and a wagging tail. We feel very privelidged that Porscha chose us as her forever home.
Success Stories
Below are some stories from people who've adopted a rescue pet from DCH Animal Adoptions.
We rescued Nuggett back in January 2006.
He'd already been in several foster homes and was looking for his forever home when we saw him on the DCH website.
It was love at first site, he just looked so vulnerable and cute.
It took him a few weeks to settle in and particularly start seeking attention, but very soon he become a much loved family member and quite the character.
Cant imagine life without him. Thanks DCH!!!
Scott, Sharon, Wally & of course Nuggett.
We adopted Jasper, a Kelpie x from DCH in 2009 when he was a couple of months old. He had a sister called Lola who was already adopted out.
It was love at first sight, and Jasper has been such a fantastic addition to the family. He is now a big brother to our two young daughters and has learned to be so patient with them, he impresses us every day.
Jasper loves going to the dog park and racing in to the water and catching up with all his doggie friends. We cant believe how lucky we have been with Jasper, we truly hit the jackpot and we hope he feels lucky too. He is one of the family and comes with us everywhere and sleeps in our bed (under the covers of course).
We just celebrated Jasper's 8th birthday and celebrated with a few squeaky toys and a doggy biscuit treat. We cherish every day we have with Jasper and just wish he could live forever (my eyes are leaking now).
Liz, Jono, Eden, Hazel and Jasper
Carl and I are not able to send picture via computer - we are not
that savvy but in 2005 we adopted the beautiful Shandi from you - she was on the 2006 calendar as Miss February. This little dog gave us so much love we will always have a huge place in our hearts for her. She passed away last year peacefully and we hope we can find another doggie sometime soon.
Ally (adopted as Cowgirl) is the friendliest, happiest cat with the loudest purr. She is constantly running after us, just like a dog, and is so much fun and so loving. Brave in all things inside, she is too scared to go outside,even though our other rescue cat Alfie, loves the outdoors. Ally is also friends with our 2 golden retrievers and loves people as much as we love her!
Alfie is a beautiful, sleek, medium haired, and much loved rescue cat. He is a bit precious about any change to his life but is good friends with our 2 golden retrievers and our other rescue cat, Ally (Cowgirl). He also loves rolling in the dirt outside when he is allowed out with the dogs!
We adopted Sage, a cattle cross, at 3 months as the last of a litter fostered from the pound. We had seen her picture in our local paper. She is now nine years old and has such a fantastic personality. She has grown up with our two boys and is so interactive and energetic and interested in what is going on. She loves to 'work' and is always searching for a tennis ball to be thrown. Thanks DCH
My furever owner tells me that he was very very lucky when he found me on the DCH website.
It took me about a month of hiding behind the water system in the pantry before i could ge the courage to come outside. Since then i have spent every possible minute i can close by my human. I sleep curled up next to his chest and neck to keep him warm every night and like to headbutt his nose to remind him i am there. For fun i like to dribble as soon as my purr kicks in just to see how much i can grosse him out.
I love my furry brothers and sisters but i am way to human like to be their real brother.
The first picture is the one that i found on DCH site and i instantly knew he was to be my cat.
He is my best friend and i was super lucky to get such an amazing little furbuddy. He is a very large cat (not fat he gets sensitive about that!) runs across the wooden floors like a herd of small elephants, isnt the most agile of cats tho he thinks he is and is the most caring pet i have ever had. I thank DCH every day for giving me my best friend and urge others to find a best friend here as well
I adopted my beautiful daisy rose (lilly) in May because I previously lost my beautiful 17 year old cat daisy is a delight she was introduced to ruby my 12 year old cat it took one day for them to love each other they are best friends daisy is so affectionate confident friendly girl she has certainly filled a void that was left from losing my other cat she follows me around every where she is always into so much mischief she recently came runner up in a pet photography completion she is such a charmer she is six months old now she is my angel my perfect baby thank you so much to DCH Animal adoptions for saving her and her sister mias life ( the other little kitten that was found with her which I wish I had have adopted both of them but I couldn't at the time I hope Mia found a good home ) I can't imagine life with out daisy
As promised I'm writing to you with an update! We did change oscars name to Paps because when he walks on the carpet at home his little feet go pap pap pap pap and it's very cute.
He's settled in so well at our home and quickly became good friends with Zagato. They spend time napping together and then spend all night running around playing.
Thankyou for choosing us to be Paps' owners he's really the best ever.
From Stef, James, Zagato and Paps


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"In the US, employees are eligible for 16 paid days off. These are different from sick days and the Sabbatical program."
"Good health insurance contribution from employer with decent amount"
Intel Corporation Salaries by Location
Check out the latest Intel Corporation Jobs & Careers


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Goal.com reflects on the sad demise of Venkatesh Dhanraj that is haunting the world of football as controversy surrounds with the blame being put back on the player's relatives...
In 2004 it was Cristiano Junior, Arun Kumar suffered cardiac arrest after being treated for crack in his foot last year, and in a third incidence of it's kind in Bangalore itself, 28-year-old Venkatesh succumbed to a similar fate.
With no lessons learned, no trained physicians, no ambulance and no proper medical team, it was something waiting to happen. The most unfortunate fact remains that the football authorities themselves reportedly do not want to take the responsibility.
|How far are the paramedics?
We have earlier highlighted how the who's who in England have stepped up after their mistake in dealing with Petr Cech's head injury against Reading, that recently helped save the life of Fabrice Muamba thanks to the availability of a defibrillator.
Clearly, this is not about counting the blessings of others ahead of our own but about that instance when a footballer (Venkatesh D) is robbed of his sense of security while playing the sport that keeps him alive!
Venkatesh's father explained that "there was no medical team present, nor was there a first-aid kit available on the stadium during the match" and the Bangalore Mars player had to be carried since the stretcher didn't look reliable and further taken to the hospital by an auto-rickshaw given the absence of an ambulance.
Further, the General Secretary of the Karnataka Football Association (KFA), Krishna Narayanan claimed it was a rare occasion when a match was held without an ambulance "because there was some drainage work because of which roads were blocked."
You're not the player, Sir | High time the importance of a player's life is realised
So much for a painful recap of taking a chance with life, the KFA President, A.R. Khaleel tried to heap the blame on Venkatesh's relatives, as he told to Goal.com that, "The relatives of the player asked the coach to put him on the field since substitutes do not get the full match fee."
On this highly debatable topic, who takes the final call of a player's condition? Turning to developing the grassroots, any parent would not want their kid to die playing football! And God forbid anything happens to the child, would the parent be blamed of not being around or for encouraging their blood?
All the more, even the All India Football Federation (AIFF) President, Praful Patel states that "if for some reasons, something has gone wrong we will take action," and also believes that to lay the blame on Venkatesh's demise on just the "football management" would be silly.
Joining the dots together, what does all the above imply - that Venkatesh is to blame that he chose to play football, with Patel asking "If India does not get moving in five years when is it going to move." Doesn't the loss of two lives in two years due to lack of medical attention call for a sense of urgency or that the country will progress only if we win the Club World Cup or an U-17 World Cup bid? You have gotta be kidding, right?
Let this not be a morgue | "Prevention is better than cure," if you knew that?
Even if the last breath claimed was that of a Bangalore district league player, it had the world talking about an "unknown" life lost which was a grim reminder of the potential a cardiac arrest poses which could strike any player playing anywhere in the world.
Although this will be a forgotten discussion as time passes by, it will be left for the family of the deceased to mourn for their loss and for the ones rightly responsible to look themselves in the mirror and ask if they are not accountable - not the Rs. 1 lakh compensation! After all first aid comes first.
"What's wrong with the world, mama?" as Black Eyed Peas sing.
At least NOW, do the football officials realise where the priority lies?
How do you stay up to date with football when on the move? With http://m.goal.com – your best source for mobile coverage of the beautiful game


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The actress/model will occupy a 4-page spread in the magazine, featuring photography by Nicholas De Bruin at his L.A. studio. However, as Stroup admits, her talents do not extend to the poker table, confirming that she won't be playing in this Sunday's first monthly Million Dollar Free Roll Final (http://www.playersonly.com/1million/).
"Omigod… I tried playing in one of the games they run all week where you qualify for the Sunday Final," said the self-confessed poker rookie. "I didn't last long. I'll be watching the game on Sunday though – pretty exciting to see someone win $75,000."
PlayersOnly.com will award a total of $1 million over the next ten months with winners of monthly finals each taking away $75,000. Players can win their way to the monthly finals at free rolls held twice a day, at one of three cash satellites with buy-ins as low as $2, or by direct buy-in ($50). There will be special opportunities for Gold Chip players and 25 seats at the final table will be awarded in a unique Deposit Bonus Lottery.


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login | contact us |
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AIDS Thunder Bay is the leading source for confidential HIV / AIDS information and support in Northwestern Ontario.
If you are HIV positive or know someone who is, AIDS Thunder Bay offers you an understanding support network and access to a wide range of health and lifestyle services. We offer on on-site HIV Clinical Care program.
If you are at risk of contracting HIV (especially if you are sexually active or an injection drug user) or know someone who is, AIDS Thunder Bay can offer you the prevention information you may need and provide you with access to free protection. We also have a range of agency publications available.
Hepatitis CAIDS Thunder Bay is home to a Hepatitis C Treatment Clinic with a treatment nurse on-site, psychosocial support, outreach and community coordinator.
We provide information about Hepatitis C, risk factors, and treatment to individuals, community groups and organizations.
We are host to a needle exchange program in partnership with the Thunder Bay District Health Unit Superior Points program.
AIDS Thunder Bay is a non-profit organization offering service without judgement to people at risk of, living with, or affected by HIV and Hepatitis C.
We are open to the public Monday to Friday, 8:30-4:30
September 19th: Annual AIDS Walk for Life.A huge thank you for all the support we received for this year's Scotia Bank AIDS Walk for Life. The weathe [ ... ]
The latest issue of Frontline Newsletter, AIDS Thunder Bay's latest newsletter is now available. Click on Frontline in left menu bar.
Save the date of the Opening Doors HIV/AIDS Counselling Conference which is being held on October 16 and 17 at the Victoria Inn. The theme is " [ ... ]
www.ouragenda.ca Two years in the making, the latest Social Marketing Campaign from the Gay Men's Sexual Health Alliance will be launched this summe [ ... ]
You can find information about our upcoming events on this site.
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If you are concerned about the future of our community and our region, and want to do something about it, AIDS Thunder Bay welcomes both donations and volunteers to our organization. Remember, all donations are TAX DEDUCTIBLE (Registered Charity No.: 10668 9847).
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text:
Canada's Jews Howl Over Less Invasive Census Forms
Expand Messages
- See
for Canada's Jews Howl Over Less Invasive Census Forms
Also in one of the responses to the posting about the above topic someone
added a news story - "In a sharply worded editorial, the Canadian Medical
Association Journal accuses the Tories of putting ideology ahead of
evidence-based decision making and charges the government is taking an
uninformed approach to public policy.
Further down you will see opinions from the other side of the fence. I am
glad to see the religious (at least some) and medical community are
protesting the loss of the census. I agree that the lack of informed
decision-making just doesn't make sense.
Then at
Commissioner Launches Investigation into Decision to Eliminate Long-Form
Questionnaire for 2011 Census
Posted July 14, 2010
Article source Settlement.Org
From a Settlement.org web site:
The Commissioner of Official Languages has launched an investigation into
the Government of Canada's decision to eliminate the long-form questionnaire
from the 2011 census.
The Commissioner is concerned about the possible impact this decision could
have on the vitality of official language communities and on the application
of the Official Languages Act.
According to the Commissioner, "When it comes to making decisions on
offering services in both official languages and to evaluating the size of
official language communities, information about people's mother tongue,
language spoken in the home and knowledge of both official languages are all
used," said Mr. Fraser. "The short-form questionnaire asks only about mother
tongue, which would see some people, especially newcomers, effectively
counted out."
Xenia Stanford
Editor, Chinook, 2008 Winner of the National Genealogical Society Local
Newsletter Award
Email; editor-chinook@...
SIGS Contact: Ukrainian, Métis
Phone: 295-3490; Fax: 274-0564
Alberta Family Histories Society
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Today's rescheduled trains list available 26th September Below is the list of late running or rescheduled or delayed trains details. Passengers need to take note before start journey in the following trains. Start date 26th September 2015. Train No Train
8 January 2015 fully cancelled trains
8 January 2015 fully cancelled trains list available below. Passenger Kind Attention please here bellow is the list of cancelled trains today. All cancelled train start date is 8th January 2015. For daily Cancelled trains details just make any comment


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Aug. 31, 2012
LARAMIE, Wyo. -
BCU-WY stat book | GW-WY stat book | UW Season Stats | Video Highlights
The University of Wyoming Cowgirl volleyball team opened play of the UniWyo Cowgirl Classic on Friday, Aug. 31 with three-set victories over Bethune-Cookman (0-5 overall) and George Washington (0-5 overall). With two victories the Cowgirls are 6-0 overall for the second time in three seasons and also the second time in program history. It is also their second 6-0 start under head coach Carrie Yerty the previous was an 11-0 start in 2010.
"I think 6-0 is a great start," Yerty said. "I do not know of any coach in the country that would not be excited with a 6-0 start. We need to not focus on the record, but focus on who we have left to play and how we can continue to build as a team. It was a great atmosphere in the gym both this afternoon and tonight and it is great to have the kind of fan support we do."
Wyoming vs. George Washington
Wyoming opened the first set of the final match of the day with a 10-1 run, led by three-consecutive service aces by junior libero Becky Stewart. The Cowgirls continued their dominate play running off 10 of the next 15 points to make the score 20-6. An assisted block by Makenzie Bartsch and Callie Miller started a 5-3 run that closed the set for the Cowgirls. The final play of the set was an assisted block by Bridget Shanahan and Reese Plante. Wyoming won in dominating fashion 25-9. Leading UW's scoring in the first set was Plante with four points on three kills and two assisted blocks. Shanahan also added four points on three kills and two block assists.
The second set played much closer with the teams trading the first six points. A Stewart ace opened the door for a 6-2 UW run that made the score 9-5. After trading points and the score 11-7, the Cowgirls scored five of the next six points on a Jodi Purdy kill, Miller and Kirby combined block and Kirby kill. A Colonial kill ended the UW run at 16-9. Back-to-back Kirby kills began another point streak for UW as it scored the next seven points to make the score 22-10. Three-consecutive kills by Katherine Feldman and Purdy won UW the set at 25-12. Kirby and Purdy led the scoring with 5.5 points each on five kills and one block assist. Camille Coffman and Shanahan each chipped in five points. Coffman recorded five kills and Shanahan had four kills and two block assists.
Trying for the three-set sweep the Cowgirls, opened the third set with a Jodi Purdy kill. From that point both teams traded points to a 5-5 tie. Wyoming went on a 7-2 run on Kirby, Miller and Purdy kills along with back-to-back block assists from Kirby and Coffman. Following the UW run the score went 12-7. The Colonials made a run of their own scoring eight of the next 11 points to tie the score at 15. The teams went back-and-forth for the next 12 points and tied the game at 21. A Coffman kill and two GW attack errors gave the Cowgirls a 24-21 lead. George Washington scored two-straight points before Plante shut the door with a kill giving UW the 25-23 victory, and the three-set match sweep.
Leading the Cowgirl scoring in the second match of the night was Kirby with 12 points on 10 kills and four block assists. Purdy scored in double figures in the nightcap with 10.5 points on nine kills, one ace and one block assist. Coffman added eight points on seven kills and two block assists. Libero Stewart set a career-high with four service aces and also recorded a team-high 12 digs. Setters Rachel Keyes and Whitney Smith each had double-figure assists with 22 and 10, respectively.
"I think our team executed excellent tonight," Yerty said. "We really needed to be able to pass tonight because (George Washington) is an excellent serving team. We did a great job in the passing game and were able to get our middle and right sides going. I thought Rachel Keyes was on fire tonight. She served the (George Washington) off the court and ran an excellent offense for us. Erin (Kirby) was jumping out of the gym and hit the ball excellent tonight."
Wyoming vs. Bethune-Cookman
The first set opened with an Kirby kill as the Cowgirls began with a 5-2 run, on Purdy, Plante and Coffman kills. The Wildcats pulled within one at 5-4, before Wyoming scored eight of the next 10 points. With a 13-6 advantage, the Cowgirls reeled off a 12-6 run to close the set. The Cowgirls were helped on their run by five Wildcat errors, two Makenzie Bartsch kills, a Purdy kill and an unassisted Plante kill. Leading the Cowgirls in the first set was Plante with 3.5 points on two kills, one service ace and one block assist. During the set Purdy recorded her 1,000 career dig. She became the sixth player in Cowgirl history to record 1,000 digs and 1,000 kills in a career. She is in sole possession of sixth place on the career digs list with 1,005.
"Jodi has really helped put this program on the map," Yerty said. "She is a tremendous athlete and I am very proud of her accomplishments. It also helps that she has an excellent supporting cast around her to help her be so successful."
The second set was played much closer through the first 20 points. The Cowgirls had a 11-9 lead before beginning a 7-2 run led by a blocks from Purdy and Kirby as well as Coffman and Kirby. With the score 18-11, the Wildcats scored two points to pull within five. Wyoming proved too much, scoring seven of the next nine points to win the set 25-15. Leading Wyoming in the second set was Purdy with 6.5 points on five kills, one ace and one blocking assist. Calli Miller chipped in 6.0 points to the Cowgirl total on six kills. Plante added 5.5 points of her own on four kills, one service ace and one blocking assist. Setter Keyes assisted on 16 UW points during set two.
The Cowgirls began the third set opening up a 10-6 advantage on two Miller kills, a Purdy kill and a Kaitlyn Johnson ace. From that point, Smith, Bartsch, Feldman and Plante each recorded kills to help UW to a 18-11 advantage. Wyoming closed the match with an 8-2 run, closed out by a Plante service ace to win the set 25-13 and the match three sets to none.
On the match, Plante led the Cowgirls in points with 10 on six kills, two aces and four block assists. Miller added 9.5 points to the UW total on eight kills, one ace and one block assist, while recording a .667 hitting percentage. Purdy scored nine points in the match for UW on seven kills, one ace and two block assists. Purdy and Miller added five and eight digs, respectively, along with their offensive numbers. Setters Keyes and Smith added 16 and 12 assists, respectively. Libero Stewart added eight digs and one assist for the match. As a team the Cowgirls recorded a season-best hitting percentage of .371.
"I feel like we could have executed some parts of our game better, but when you defeat a team 75 to 40 in total points you cannot expect much better," Yerty said. "I was happy we were able to work with our lineup and play some younger and less experienced players."
The UniWyo Cowgirl Classic will continue Saturday, Sept. 1 beginning at 9 a.m. The Cowgirls will play the same schedule as Friday with matches at 1:30 p.m. and 7 p.m. against Florida Gulf Coast and UMKC.
Friday's Other Action:
9 a.m. UMKC (3-2 overall) over Bethune-Cookman (0-4 overall, recorded updated following first match), 3-0
11 a.m. Florida Gulf Coast (3-1 overall) over George Washington (0-4 overall, record updated following first match), 3-0
5 p.m. UMKC (4-2 overall) over Florida Gulf Coast (3-2 overall), 3-0


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Sharing the URL link of the formAsked by GFawcett on July 18, 2015 at 11:02 PM
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decay of turbulence intensity
I am doing the transition modelling in CFX, and i got the info on turbulence intensity decay from the inlet to leading edge. I am trying to estimate it, and then I found the equation in CFX manual is not correct? any one have ever tried it? please give me some idea on it? thanks in advance.
The reason I try this is I am doing transition modeling on simple flat plate. I get over-predicted Rex number and I think it may because the turbulence intensity is too low around leading edge area (I checked it, it is about 0.045%). the inlet intensity I st is 10%, So I want to estimate the inlet intensity from prescribed intensity.
another question is as I checked the turbulence intensity from the result and I found the value on inlet boundary is 1% rather 10%, is that all right? Is it supposed to be the initial value 10%
thanks for your any idea!
Re: decay of turbulence intensity
What's the viscosity ratio at your inlet? If it's really high (>100) wallshear can dominate the near-wall flow and cause the turbulence intensity to decay rapidly. If it is high you can try specifying values for intensity (.10 for 10%) and viscosity ratio (should be ~1-10 at the inlet).
Re: decay of turbulence intensity
in my case, intensity is 10%, and viscosity ratio is 10. But my inlet is really far from the leading edge (15 times of length of flat plate). I think that will cause great decay of the inlet intensity. So I want to estimate the inlet intensity using the prescribed value in leading edge area, but I found the equation in CFX manual is not correct, it is not a decay formular but a increment one.
thanks for your reply
Hi, littlelz
I met the same question you have in CFX. I draw several lines from the inlet to leading edge, sometimes the turbulence intensity decay, sometimes it increase. However, in FLUENT,those lines have the same the turbulence intensity distribution from inlet to leading edge.
How did you solve it in the end?
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