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Author | Noor Fathima Warsia | Wednesday, Jul 28,2004 8:25 AM
The leader in the news category has seen patches when upcoming news channels claimed its resources, especially on the personnel front. But things are changing for Aaj Tak. Not only is the channel adding more to its people resources but there are changes lined up in its content as well, which will make their mark in September.
Says QW Naqvi, News Director, Aaj Tak, "There is always a need to re-look at the way you disseminate news." He further adds, "Aaj Tak came in the scenario when there was no model for a Hindi news channel. In that sense, we have shaped this genre and the style in which Hindi news is broadcast. We have always worked on initiatives that put us above others but now we have designed programmes that will strengthen brand Aaj Tak in the coming months."
Sharing more on the reasons behind the properties that are planned on the channel, he says, "We are working on showcasing our news bulletin in a different way. The reason is again the need to reinvent. Apart from this, we will be launching branded programmes."
The main aim of these programmes is to promote brand Aaj Tak. The property-title would lay emphasis on the usage of 'Aaj Tak'. Naqvi explains that currently there are no such properties on Aaj Tak and that for a news channel, especially in an environment where there is a substantial number of players, it is necessary to establish properties like these.
Another area, where Naqvi believes that the Hindi news genre itself needs work is the business segment, "There really isn't very user-friendly Hindi business news programming. We are looking at changing this and in accordance, we will be launching some business programming."
While the channel is planning such initiatives, there is substantial aid coming its way from the current workforce that is witnessing additions. Interestingly, most who have come back to the channel are old timers. Top in the list is Deepak Chaurasia, who rejoins as Political Editor in early August. The others include JP Deewan, Rahul Chaudhari, Prasoon Vajpayee and Kartike Sharma. Sources inform that the channel is as well in talks with various other professionals, currently with competing channels to soon join Aaj Tak.
And, what about the position left vacated by Milind Khandekar after he departed for STAR News, quitting responsibilities of the western region? "We have a very capable and competitive head in Shishir Joshi, who is in any case, looking after the Mumbai area. He will now be given the additional responsibility of this region," replies Naqvi.
He re-emphasises the point that Aaj Tak has always tried to present programming that is differentiated. Says he, "I would call Aaj Tak a religion and when people leave it, they miss it. That's why we are seeing our people coming back."
While Naqvi refrained from shedding more light on the people who are coming back, industry sources inform that soon there will be many more additions in the Aaj Tak team at various levels and job functions.
Programming HeadRadio Mango


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Nehad Fattah recently joined Healing Across the Divides as the West Bank Representative. In this interview we talk to her about life as a Palestinian-American in the West Bank, her views on the region, and why she supports sustainable initiatives for Palestinian health.
HD: You have quite an interesting background—tell us about it.
I was born in Brazil's capital city, Brasilia, to Palestinian parents. I lived there until I was two years old. We then moved to the United States and settled in San Francisco, California. I have three sisters and one brother. I was educated in the US. I received both a BS and Master's degree in counseling psychology from San Francisco State University. After graduation I came for a visit to Palestine for the first time and that's when I met my husband. Soon after marriage I had my first son, Thaer, then a year later I had my second son Rami. Jude the youngest boy was born six years later.
HD: How is it being a Palestinian-American living in the West Bank?
It's quite an experience to say the least. I've been living here for 16 years now, so I do feel like I belong. But that definitely was not the case when I first moved here. Back then I always felt like an outsider, I didn't understand how things worked—and they work verydifferently than in the US. At first, I have to admit, everyone seemed somewhat backwards.
But once I really got to know the people where I live, and wasn't just a temporary guest here—both in their eyes and mine—I realized just how kind so many people around me were, and that I had arrived with my own prejudices which I had to chip away at. I realized that I had to get over my feelings of being privileged, and I learned that we are all equal no matter where you live or what type of passport you hold.
HD: Picking up and leaving California for the West Bank is quite a change. What made you move?
My husband, who is also Palestinian, wanted to live here and raise our family here, and I agreed to move. Frankly, I was tired of living in the US. I was tired of everyone just working for the dollar to buy a bigger car or house. I was feeling very empty there.
I don't feel like that here at all, there is a real sense of community here and I like that. I do however really miss my parents and sisters and brother. It pains me to be so far away, but the sacrifice is worth it because my children are happy here and this is home to them.
HD: How has that been—raising your children in Palestine?
It's been great raising our children here. Don't get me wrong, living under occupation sucks and it's hard for me to have to see them being raised under such discrimination, but I feel it's good for them to learn what the world is like.
My kids have the best of both worlds actually, we visit my family who still live in San Francisco almost every year—I actually see them as more American than Palestinian. They're fluent in both Arabic and English and that makes me so proud.
They attend a very good Quaker school in the area—I've often wondered whether we could even afford such a school in the US.
HD: How does the conflict affect them, and you?
It affects us when the roads are closed and our daily routine is broken. We are then reminded of the occupation. It pains us to hear about the death of young people. It's hard for me at times because I never thought I would need to teach or explain these things to my children. I never grew up with these things. I didn't really understood the occupation until I started to live here.
HD: Do you think they will choose to stay in the Middle East once they're older?
No, I don't think so. They have a real strong connection to the US but at the same time, they may be forced to leave Palestine because of economics. There is already discussion of them going to college in the US.
HD: And what would you like to see for them in the future?
Too be happy and to fulfill their dreams.
HD: What do you think can realistically be achieved in your lifetime—or theirs—in the region?
Sadly, I don't believe I will see any real changes during my life time–at least nothing concrete on a larger scale. There is too much at stake in order to solve this issue for both the Palestinian government and the Israelis. This conflict is being waged at the expense of the people living here—and many on both sides are also benefiting from this status quo. However, I do strongly believe that it is critical to continue to lay the groundwork work for a more just society for the future of Palestine. This is why I continue to my efforts to empower Palestinians–so that my children and grandchildren will enjoy the fruits of these labors.
HD: Having lived in both the US and Palestine, can you tell us about the differences you've experienced in accessing healthcare—both good and bad—especially as a mother?
As for access to healthcare, most Palestinians including women have access. Now, what type of access—that depends on your wealth. Obviously people who have money, even in Palestine, can get the best care, though that might mean going into Israel for that care. For the underprivileged, getting good care is difficult.
The public health care system is overwhelmed and under staffed and most doctors are educated abroad but don't end up completing a residence. This makes me think they lack the necessary experience to diagnose and care for patients, especially women. Poor women don't necessary listen to their pains, they may be worried about the cost of seeing an doctor so they avoid it all together. This is sad because we live in a time and age where early detection of any disease means that it can often be cured or at least managed.
HD: What made you want to work with an organization like Healing Across the Divides?
I think the work HD is doing is great. I have worked with many donors and I like how HD is looking to fund projects that are sustainable. Sustainable projects are rare here. Many NGOs' have just wanted to receive funds to pay salaries and I think they too have lost sight of what donors should be doing here—which is to help build their capacity and to provide sustainable projects that will help the community.
HD: What would you most like to see changed in the Palestinian health system—especially for women—in the West Bank?
I would like to see better care for patients, both poor and rich, women and men.
HD: There has been some criticism that NGOs from abroad cause the Palestinian community to be dependent on outside support. What are your thoughts about this?
The occupation has made Palestine become donor dependent, there is no room for any type of economic growth. The PA can't build factories to employ people, they too are dependent on Israel, waiting for Palestinian tax money to be transferred from Israel back to Palestine each month. So yes, in way I see this as the case. Some donors are enabling the occupation because if their aid money didn't come, the Israelis would feel the economic effects of the occupation, which might bring some change on the ground, including the collapse of the PA. But on the other hand without the aid and with the collapse of the PA then the suffering of the people would be even greater.
HD: Is there anything problematic for you in the West Bank about working with an organization that also works with Israeli Jews?
No. I've worked with both peoples in the past.
HD: Do you think that being a woman is an advantage or a disadvantage as the HD representative in the West Bank, which is primarily a traditional patriarchal society?
It's very common for women to work in Palestine. Israel being so close and westernized has actually progressed women a bit. Education is very important in the region and with highly educated women, work is more available to them. I see it as an advantage.
HD: Do you think there is any room or possibility for more cooperation between the groups in Israel or is it just too tense right now?
I really don't know, but the situation currently would make it almost impossible. There are people here who worry about organizations like HD trying to "normalize" relations between Palestinians and Israelis. I know people are not ready for that now.
HD: Is there something you are especially excited about with regard to your new position?
I am excited to work with an organization that is looking for sustainability. I am also excited to be able to use my years experiences and expertise to help fund organizations in need.
To connect with Nehad directly to learn more about her and our work in the West Bank, or to propose a project you feel warrants our support, write to: firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Practical advice on what can be done to scale your social networking website membership base from small to mid-size, maintain activity, attract organic traffic, and accelerate growth. The second step is usually just as steep as the first, if not steeper. Paradoxically, we often take it in stride. Getting past your initial 0 to 1000 members phase is a rare achievement—the
Boonex Market has grown to include over 3000 listings. Many of them are excellent extensions, templates, languages or service offerings, supported and regularly updated. At the same time we have accumulated a number of "sub-par" listings that haven't been attended to by their authors for years. Moreover, due to several market updates we still have some listings that use pictures with
The Rocket.Chat developers included support for Dolphin Pro authentication to the core package of Rocket.Chat, effectively making it possible for Dolphin users to update to newer version of Rocket.Chat without waiting for Chat+ integration update. More details in this pull discussion at GitHub. This is not a full integration yet, but once the first step is made there's no going back. Good
Lean, efficient, concise. These are the words for 2017. Less talk, more walk. We have a lot to do... - Release Dolphin v10 - Release UNA v9
Today you would have noticed the new 7.3.3 update notification in your DolphinPro admin panels. It is an important and urgent update addressing a few security issues and bugs. 7.3.3 has no impact on the platform core, so all your modules, settings and modifications compatible with 7.3.2 will not be affected.
This is bugs and security fixes update. It's strongly recommended to update DolphinPro sites as soon as possible. All Boonex hosting/plan subscribers are elgitible for free update service, so please contact us via firstname.lastname@example.com to arrange it.
The upcoming 7.3.2 is a follow-up update with security improvements; Google Search module rewritten for the new API; new alerts (message sent in Shoutbox and Simple Messenger, Greeting sent, Album add/edit/delete, Video/Photo/Sound/File edit) and a number of minor fixes and enhancements. As of this Beta there are 54 total changes in total.
This is a security update. We strongly recommend everyone to update their DolphinPro sites immediately. We will be able to disclose more details about the specific patched vulnerabilities in about 2 weeks upon individual request.
You may have noticed that your Boonex Account dashboard now has a fancy new "Loyalty Reward" progress bar that shows percentage or, if you're lucky, says "Congrats!". That is the new system which we added in order to say "Thank You!" for the money you pay us. :) The reward is always a free Permanent License. Once you reach 100%, you can
Your site logo is the first thing that people see; it's the look of your community site, and it is supposed to reflect what you do. And still, all too often we see Dolphin sites with either poorly integrated or poorly designed logos. I am not even talking about the choice of style or meaning. I am talking about image quality,
DolphinPro is currently at version 7.3. It may seem like not that far from 7, but, in reality, our "second-digit" updates always include hundreds of improvements. Some people find this versioning confusing, and don't think much about upgrading from, say, 7.1 to 7.3. This is about to change. Starting from the next major release, we will be numbering them according to
The recently introduced Facebook Reactions are here to stay. It's a good thing. Quite simply they let users express they emotj-ions in a more granular, contextual way. The idea of categorised "likes" had been offered a few times for Dolphin, but has never been mainstream enough to justify development for thousands of Dolphin-based sites. Now, however, it will quickly become a
This week we came up with a relatively small site update, mostly catering for the introduction of the new Chat+. Some details have been added to the Features page and the Pricing page has been re-designed. Notably, the price of Premium+ subscriptions went up from $89 to $99 per month, but all existing subscribers will keep paying the old price. Another small
The new DolphinPro is officially released. Once again we've adopted a real dolphin and used its name as a codename for the new version - Scooter. Scooter is one of the best releases we have ever made. Here is why...
Today we hoped to release the final version, but thanks to contributions from "toxalot", community feedback and somewhat "last-moment" improvements in Chat+ integration we decided to take a conservative approach and release an RC first.
Thanks to increased contributions and testing feedback from the community members we've been able to further improve the upcoming 7.3 package, and today we announce the Beta 2. It is possible to upgrade from Beta 1 to Beta 2. We will also support upgrade from Beta 2 onwards.
DolphinPro 7.3 Beta is available for download. We are about a month ahead of the planned schedule. In the last few months we managed to re-arrange our support and development, so that we can now deliver better technical support and version updates in-line with the development roadmap. Yeah! What's New in DolphinPro 7.3 DolphinPro 7.3 is the first version that leverages "social
Boonex added subscriptions for licenses and license+hosting plans a few months ago. Already subscriptions make up more than half of our business and growing. Our own impression so far is quite simple - subscriptions are better for us and for clients. First, initial spent is never too high, and people that are "just trying" can either just for a free
The 2015 was turbulent, but very productive. We released DolphinPro 7.2, introduced subscriptions with hosting, significantly improved customer support, finally "birthed" the first full Trident package, updated Boonex, moved repos to GitHub, launched Dolphin Connect, became PayPal Partners and progressed with DolphinPro 7.3 development enough to feel confident about delivering it on time (1st of March 2016 or earlier). Great, challenging,
Sometimes one social network is not enough. Say, you already have a site for yoga teachers of Canada and plan to open another one for Australia. Then, maybe UK, SA, Russia, China and US. You can launch new sites quickly with DolphinPro, sure, but now you can also create something like "Yoga Teachers Connect" - a centralised sign-on server that
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This is a "service" version update with 42 fixes and 11 enhancements. Since 7.2 has introduced so many significant changes a service update is coming out hot on its heels to address any issues that may have been missed in 7.2.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Checkbox option adds value to totalAsked by stephie6 on April 17, 2015 at 02:40 PM
when customers make a checkmark in the the text box for "avec changement" or "sans changement" the price appears autmatically. is it possible?
Please provide more details on the desired result. Will it have a calculation associated? If so how is it performed?
But you can add a Form calculation and then add calculation values to the checkbox field so that it retrieves a value upon selection. You can test it here:
Let us know if we can assist you further.
with this form (when client select a quantity the other choices are frozed)) i want what you did with this form. Yes it need a calculation at the end.
In that case you can add a form calculation widget:
Add calculation values to the checkbox or radio button fields:
These values will not be seen but will be used in the calculation field.
Now you just need to add the checkbox field to the calculation field:
You can clone the demo form to inspect it further:
Let us know if we can assist you further.
Can i clone your part and add it to my form?
JotForm Support
Unfortunately it is not possible to clone fields with conditions and calculations from one form to other. You can follow instructions provided by my colleague to make calculation inside of your form.
It is possible only to clone fields without conditions by using Field Manager.
More about how to perform calculation in the form you can find in this article:
You can clone mentioned form http://form.jotformpro.com/form/51066045906958? to see how calculation are set inside of the form.
Hope this will help.
Yes i know and i am not able to do it correctly i think... it's not working like your colleague. Here is my form below, can you help me with this part ?
In order for us to help you achieve the desired results please let us know which fields are you trying to update.
Is it the repeat with/out modifications? What are the associated values? Which fields are they going to update?
We'll wait for more details to proceed.
In this form below
This part below
JotForm Support
It is not possible to pass filed values to drop down field. Instead of drop down field you can add calculation widget and than pass values from check box field to calculation field.
You need to add Calculation values to check box field.
These values will not be seen but will be used in the calculation field.
Now you just need to add the checkbox field to the calculation field:
Also you can rename the label of calculation widget.
Here is clone of your form that I have change.
Hope this will help.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 15, 2009
|Filing date
|Aug 6, 2007
|Priority date
|Aug 6, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Nikolay Suslov
|Original Assignee
|Plasma Surgical Investments, Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (100), Non-Patent Citations (29), Referenced by (29), Classifications (11), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to plasma generating devices, and more particularly to plasma generating devices and methods for producing pulsed plasma for applications requiring pure plasma.
Plasma generating devices play an important role in many areas. For example, plasma is used in displays, such as television sets and computer monitors, spectrography, in spraying applications such as coating, and in medicine.
It is well known in the art that plasma can be effectively used in the medical field for cutting, coagulation, and vaporization of tissues. For best results, the generated plasma has to have precise characteristics, such as velocity, temperature, energy density, etc. Preferably, plasma used for medical applications has to be pure. In other words, it should contain only particles of the ionized plasma generating gas and no other particles, such as materials separated from various parts of the plasma-generating device during operation.
Recently, attempts have been made to use plasma for tissue treatment and particularly skin treatment. Plasma may have different effects when it comes in contact with a skin surface depending on, among others, the temperature increase that it produces on the surface of the skin. For example, increasing the temperature by approximately 35�-38� C. has a wrinkle reducing effect. Increasing the temperature by approximately 70� C. removes the epidermis layer, which may be useful in plastic surgery. It has been recognized that a continuous plasma flow, suitable for cutting, coagulating, and evaporation of tissues, is not suitable for other types of tissue treatment in general, and for skin treatment in particular. Instead, to avoid undesired skin damage that would result from using continuous plasma flow, pulsed plasma is used. Two types of device that may be used for this purpose are presently known in the art.
The device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,629,974 is an example of the first type. In devices of this type, plasma is generated by passing plasma generating gas, such as nitrogen, through an alternating electric field. The alternating electric field creates a rapid motion of the free electrons in the gas. The rapidly moving electrons strike out other electrons from the gas atoms, forming what is known as an electron avalanche, which in turn creates a corona discharge. By applying the electric field in pulses, pulsed corona discharge is generated. Among the advantages of this method for generating pulsed corona discharge is (1) the absence of impurities in the flow and (2) short start times that enable generation of a truly pulsed flow. For the purposes of this disclosure, a truly pulsed flow refers to a flow that completely ceases during the off period of the pulse.
A drawback of devices and methods of the first type is that the generated corona discharge has a fixed maximum temperature of approximately 2000� C. The corona discharge formed in the device never becomes a high temperature plasma. To achieve the energy of 1-4 Joules required for modifying collagen during skin treatment by a device of this type, the rate of plasma generating gas flow has to be relatively high. For example, using argon in such a device requires a flow of approximately 20 liters/min to achieve the required energy. That flow rate is impracticable for skin treatment. When nitrogen is used for generating plasma, the required energy can be achieved with a flow rate of only about 5 liters/min, but even this rate will create discomfort for a patient. Accordingly, the applications of devices of the first type are limited by the nature of the electrical discharge process that is capable of producing a corona discharge.
Devices of the second type generate plasma by heating the flow of plasma generating gas passing through a plasma channel by an electric arc that is established between a cathode and an anode that forms the plasma channel. An example of a device of the second type is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,475,215. According to the disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 6,475,215, as the plasma generating gas, preferably argon, traverses the plasma channel, a pulsed DC voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode. A predetermined constant bias voltage may or may not be added to the pulsed DC voltage. During a voltage pulse, the number of free electrons in the plasma generating gas increases, resulting in a decrease in the resistance of the plasma and an exponential increase of the electric current flowing through the plasma. During the off period, the number of free electrons in the plasma generating gas decreases, resulting in an increase in resistance of the plasma and an exponential decrease in the current flowing through the plasma. Although the current is relatively low during the off period, it never completely ceases. This low current, referred to as the standby current, is undesirable because a truly pulsed plasma flow is not generated. During the off period a continuous low-power plasma flow is maintained. In essence, the device does not generate pulsed plasma, but rather a continuous plasma flow with power spikes, called pulses, thus simulating pulsed plasma. Because the off-period is substantially longer than a pulse, the device outputs a significant amount of energy during the off period and, therefore, it cannot be utilized effectively for applications that require a truly pulsed plasma flow. For example, if the device is used for skin treatment, it may have to be removed from the skin surface after each pulse, so that the skin is not exposed to the low power plasma during the off period. This impairs the usability of the device.
Dropping the current flow through the plasma to zero between pulses and restarting the device for each pulse of plasma is not practicable when using the device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,475,215. Restarting the device for each pulse would result in the rapid destruction of the cathode, as a result of passing a high current through the cathode without ensuring that cathode arc attachment is well controlled.
The inability of the device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,475,215, and other devices of this type presently known in the art, to generate a truly pulsed plasma flow that can be safely used on a patient is due to the structure of the device. It takes a few milliseconds to reach a plasma flow phase after the off period. During these few milliseconds the plasma properties are not easily controlled, and therefore it cannot be used on a patient. Additionally, when devices of this type startup there is some erosion of electrodes due to sputtering. This erosion results in separated electrode materials flowing in the plasma. When a continuous plasma flow is used, the startup impurities are a relatively minor drawback, because the startup, and the impurities associated with it, occur only once per treatment. It is therefore possible to wait a few seconds after the startup for the electrode materials to exit the device before beginning actual treatment. However, waiting for impurities to exit the device when using a pulsed plasma flow is impractical, because the next pulse of plasma would have to be generated before the waiting period is over.
When the plasma flow has been previously created it takes just a few microseconds to increase or decrease the current in the plasma flow. Additionally, because there is no startup, impurities do not enter the plasma flow, and there is no stress on the cathode. However, sustaining even a low electrical current through the plasma continuously renders the device suboptimal for some applications that require a truly pulsed plasma flow, as discussed above.
Difficulties in generating a truly pulsed plasma flow by the means of heating the plasma generating gas with an electric arc are primarily due to the nature of processes occurring on the electrodes. In general, and for medical applications especially, it is critical to ensure operation free from the erosion of the anode and the cathode when the current rapidly increases. During the rapid current increase the temperature of the cathode may be low and not easily controlled during subsequent repetitions of the pulse. When generating an electric arc between the cathode and the anode, the area of attachment of the arc to the cathode strongly depends on the initial temperature of the cathode. When the cathode is cold, then the area of attachment is relatively small. After several pulses the temperature of the cathode increases, so that during the period of a rapid current increase the area of attachment expands over the entire surface area of the cathode and even the cathode holder. Under these circumstances the electric potential of the cathode begins to fluctuate and the cathode erosion begins. Furthermore, if the area of attachment of the electric arc reaches the cathode holder it begins to melt thus introducing undesirable impurities into the plasma flow.
A similar situation occurs on the surface of the anode. When the current in the arc increases rapidly, the plasma flow does not have sufficient time to reach a high temperature. As a result, the concentration of plasma close to the anode surface is low. This leads to a drop in the electric potential of the anode and its fluctuation which causes intensive erosion of the cathode. Fluctuations in the electric potentials of the cathode and anode lead to an unstable and not easily controlled energy of the pulsed plasma flow.
For the cathode to function properly it is necessary to control the exact location and the size of the area of attachment of the electric arc to the cathode surface during the periods of rapid current increase in each pulse of plasma. For the proper function of the anode it is necessary to establish the flow of the heated plasma at the surface of the anode during the rapid current increase as well as during the operational period of the pulse.
Generating truly pulsed plasma, especially for medical applications, poses several additional problems. First, as mentioned above, plasma has to be pure, free from any electrode materials or other impurities. Second, properties of the generated pulse of plasma have to be controlled. Initially, by controlling the duration, voltage and current of the pulse the energy transferred by the pulse can be controlled. For some applications, such as skin treatment, merely controlling the energy transferred in the pulse is not enough; the energy and temperature have to be distributed substantially uniformly over the treated area.
Accordingly, presently there is a need for a device that overcomes the limitations of the currently known devices by generating truly pulsed plasma with minimal amounts of impurities, and by substantially uniformly distributing energy transferred in each pulse over the treated area. Additionally, there may be applications where the device optionally needs to be capable of supplying ozone to the treated surface and removing fluids and other extraneous matters from the treated surface.
The pulsed plasma device of the invention as shown in the drawings comprises a cathode assembly which includes one or more cathodes affixed in a cathode holder, an anode, and two or more intermediate electrodes. The anode and the intermediate electrodes form a plasma channel. The intermediate electrode closest to the cathodes also forms a plasma chamber around the cathode ends closest to the anode. The plasma channel comprises three portions: a heating portion, an expansion portion, and an anode portion. The expansion portion has two or more expansion sections. The diameter of each successive section of the expansion portion increases toward the anode. The anode portion has a diameter that is greater than the diameter of the expansion portion closest to the anode. The cathode holder prevents displacement of the cathodes, preferably keeping them parallel to the axis of the device thus preventing their angular displacement.
An extension nozzle is affixed at the anode end of the device. The extension nozzle forms an extension channel connected to the plasma channel. A tubular insulator element covers a longitudinal portion of the inside surface of the extension channel. Additionally, in some embodiments, the extension nozzle has one or more oxygen carrying gas inlets.
During operation truly pulsed plasma is generated by the device. For each pulse, the plasma passes through three stages: a spark discharge, a glow discharge, and an arc discharge. In an exemplary embodiment, the spark discharge is created by applying a high frequency, high amplitude voltage wave between the cathodes and the anode. After the spark discharge is created between the cathodes and the anode, a preferably transient voltage is applied between the cathodes and the anode and a current is passed through the cathodes, the plasma generating gas, and the anode, which results in generation of the glow discharge. At the end of the glow discharge, when the cathode ends become sufficiently heated, the voltage between the cathodes and the anode drops down marking the beginning of the cathode thermionic electron emission and the beginning of the arc discharge phase. Once the arc discharge phase begins the plasma is attached to all cathodes in the assembly. The current is lowered to decrease the area of plasma attachment to a single cathode. Then after the lowered current is maintained for a period of time, the current is increased to the operational level. After the predetermined duration of the pulse, both the voltage and the current are set to zero for the duration off period. This process is repeated for every pulse.
For medical applications, it is critical that there be no impurities in the plasma. Sputtering from the surface of the cathode holder is eliminated by utilizing a cathode assembly with multiple cathodes and generating pulsed plasma having a controlled area of plasma attachment.
During operation, the plasma flow exiting the anode has an essentially parabolic temperature and energy density distribution. The extension nozzle transforms the temperature and energy distribution to a more uniform distribution that is more suitable for contact with a patient. The thermal insulator located in the extension channel is made of a non-metal material with a low thermal conductivity. When the plasma flows through this thermal insulator, the colder layers of plasma are heated without transferring heat to the elements forming the channel.
Additionally, in embodiments having inlet passages to the nozzle, while the plasma flow traverses the extension channel, it sucks oxygen carrying gas, such as air, into the flow. Under the influence of the high temperature of plasma in the extension channel and the radiation emanating from the plasma channel, ozone is formed in the extension channel. Molecules of ozone, which may have beneficial effects, exit the device together with the plasma and come in contact with the treated skin.
In one embodiment, a device for generating pulses of plasma comprising: an anode; a cathode assembly comprising (i) one or more cathodes, and (ii) a cathode holder; a plasma channel, extending longitudinally between said cathode and through said anode, and having an outlet opening at the anode end, a part of said plasma channel being formed by two or more intermediate electrodes electrically insulated from each other and the anode, the plasma channel comprising a heating portion closest to the cathode, an anode portion, and an expansion portion between the heating portion and the anode portion, the expansion portion having two or more sections with diameters of the sections increasing toward the anode, wherein the minimum number of sections of the heating portion depends on the ratio of the diameter of the plasma channel in the anode portion and the diameter of the plasma channel in the heating portion; a plasma chamber formed by one of the intermediate electrodes, the plasma chamber connected to the cathode end of the plasma channel; and an extension nozzle forming an extension channel connected to the anode end of the plasma channel is disclosed.
Also, a method of treating tissue with pulses of plasma comprising: for each pulse, generating a plasma flow; expanding the plasma flow to a predetermined cross-section; modifying the distribution of thermal energy of the expanded plasma flow so the distribution is substantially uniform in the cross-section; applying the plasma flow to the treated skin; and ceasing the plasma flow is disclosed.
Referring to
Cathode insulator 11 surrounds longitudinal portions of cathode 5 a, 5 b, 5 c. Cathode insulator 11 extends from the surface of the cathode holder 74 closest to the anode on one end to a point part way along the cathodes. Cathode insulator 11 is made of a material that provides both thermal and electrical insulation of cathode 5 a, 5 b, 5 c. Electrical conductor 7 is used to supply electric potential to cathodes 5 a, 5 b, 5 c. Cathodes 5 a, 5 b, 5 c are electrically connected and always have the same electric potential. Insulator element 8 surrounds conductor 7 and a portion of cathode holder 6 as shown in
In the preferred embodiment the cathode assembly may be the one shown in
In an alternative embodiment, a cathode assembly with a single cathode may be used, but such an embodiment is limited to certain applications that require a limited number of pulses. Cleaning of substrate surfaces with plasma pulses in microchip manufacturing is one such application. The embodiment of the device with the cathode assembly with a single cathode is suited to generate at most 300-500 pulses. After about 500 pulses, the temperature in the entire cathode body increases. This leads to an expansion of the area of contact between the plasma and the cathode surface when the arc is started. As a result, the plasma comes in contact with the cathode holder. Once the cathode holder begins to melt, it damages the cathode at the point where the cathode and the cathode holder are connected, creating an imperfection in that spot on the cathode. Once the imperfection is created the electric arc tends to attach to that imperfection, instead of the tip of the cathode, which disrupts the normal process of pulsed plasma generation and results in operational instability of the device. After the device cools down to room temperature, it is capable of generating another train of 300-500 pulses. Therefore, this alternative embodiment may be used for applications that require a limited number of pulses not exceeding approximately 500. The maximum number of pulses may be increased, but only insignificantly, by increasing the length of the cathode, thereby distancing the end of the cathode closest to the anode from the cathode holder.
Alternatively, to overcome the problem of operational instability of the embodiments of the device using a single cathode after a few hundred pulses, the cathode may be "trained" in the continuous plasma mode before switching to the pulsed plasma. Cathode training refers to the operation of the device in the continuous plasma mode, passing a high DC current through the cathode. Because initially, due to the geometry of the cathode and, in some embodiments the geometry of the plasma chamber, the electric arc attaches to the tip of the cathode, passing DC current through the tip of the cathode for a sufficiently long time creates a surface imperfection right at the tip of the cathode. After the cathode has been "trained," when the device is switched to the pulsed plasma mode, the electric arc attaches to the imperfection at the tip of the cathode that was created by the "training."
During operation, the plasma generating gas flows from console 100 to device 200. The plasma generating gas enters the device through passage 72. After the plasma generating gas passes cathode insulator 11, it passes through a plasma channel 62. This direction is referred to as the direction of the plasma flow. In the embodiments comprising a plasma chamber, the plasma generating gas passes plasma chamber 26 before it enters plasma channel 62. Plasma channel 62 is formed by anode 1 and two or more intermediate electrodes. The end of the plasma channel furthest from the cathodes is referred to as the anode end of the plasma channel; similarly the end of the plasma channel furthest from the anode is referred to as the cathode end of the plasma channel. Plasma channel 62 has an outlet at the anode end. In the embodiment shown in
If device 200 is subject to size constraints, such as for key hole surgeries, a plasma chamber may be used.
In the preferred embodiment, heating portion 84 is formed by two to five intermediate electrodes. In alternative embodiments, heating portion 84 may be formed by a single intermediate electrode or by six or more intermediate electrodes. The diameter of heating portion 84, dhp, is preferably in the range of 0.5-1.5 mm. The length of each electrode forming heating portion 84, le
The number of sections in expansion portion 82 depends on the diameter of the heating portion 84 and the diameter of anode portion 83, and is governed by the following relationship:
Ns is a number of sections in the expansion portion of the plasma channel,
dA is the diameter of the anode portion of the plasma channel in millimeters,
dhp is a diameter of the heating portion of the plasma channel in millimeters, and
c, for this and other equations, is a constant in the rage between 0.2-0.6 mm, preferably 0.4 mm. Although c may be chosen to be less than 0.2, as will be shown below, choosing such value of c results in an impracticable length of device 200.
For the purposes of this disclosure, the sections of expansion portion 82 are counted from cathodes 5 a, 5 b, 5 c toward the anode 1. So that section 86 is section no. 1; section 88 is section no. 2; section 90 is section no. 3, etc. If a particular embodiment has more than three sections they are counted in this manner as well. The dimensions of the sections of expansion portion 82 are preferably governed by the following relationships:
dn is preferably dn-1+c,
ln is preferably between dn and 2�dn, where
n is the section number of a given section,
dn is the diameter of the nth section, and
ln is the length of the nth section.
For determining the diameter of section no. 1, section 86 in
The dimensions of anode portion 83 are preferably governed by the following relationships:
dA is preferably dz+c,
lA is preferably between 2�dA and 5�dA, where
dA is a diameter of the anode portion,
lA is a length of the anode portion, and
z is the number of expansion section of expansion portion 82 closest to the anode. In
In the preferred embodiment, cross-sections of the plasma channel transverse to the longitudinal direction of the plasma channel are circles. In other embodiments, however, cross-sections may have a different geometric shape.
In some embodiments of the device, each section of the expansion portion is formed by a separate intermediate electrode. In other embodiments of the device, a single intermediate electrode may form portions of two or more adjacent sections. In yet some other embodiments, some intermediate electrodes may form a portion of a section, or an entire section, of the expansion portion, and other intermediate electrodes may form only portions of two or more adjacent sections. In the embodiment shown in
Device 200 includes an extension nozzle. For example, turning back to
The computations of dimensions of different elements in the preferred embodiment of the device are illustrated by the following example. Assume the heating portion has a diameter of 1.0 mm and a length of 1.5 mm (which are governed largely by the flow rate of the plasma generating gas) and the desired diameter of the plasma flow exiting the device from the outlet of extension channel 55 is 4.8 mm. The diameter of the extension channel would be 4.8 mm and its length may be set to any length in the range of 2-3 times its diameter, for example 14.0 mm. The diameter of the extension channel should be 1.0-1.3 times the diameter of the anode portion of the plasma channel, and is preferably between 6 mm and 12 mm. In this example, if the diameter of the extension channel is 1.2 times the diameter of the anode portion of the plasma channel, the diameter of the anode would be 4.0 mm. The length of the anode portion may be any length between 2 times its diameter and 5 times its diameter. In this example, when the length of the anode is set to 3 times its diameter, the length would be 12.0 mm. The expansion portion expands the diameter of the plasma channel from the diameter of heating portion 84, which in this example is 1.0 mm, to the diameter of the anode portion of the plasma channel, which is 4.0 mm. Accordingly, in this example the expansion portion expands the diameter of the plasma channel by 3.0 mm. This expansion may be accomplished in a number of ways. For example, diameters of each section of the expansion portion may increase by the maximum c of 0.6 mm. In this case, the number of sections in the expansion portion, Ns is 4. The diameters of these sections are as follows: 1.6 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.8 mm, and 3.4 mm. The lengths of the sections may be set to any values between one and two times the diameter. Accordingly, the length of the sections may be: 2.0 mm, 3.0 mm, 4.0 mm, and 5.0 mm, respectively. If the diameter increase of each section is chosen to be less than 0.6 mm, then more sections in the expansion portion are needed.
Alternatively, c may be set to the preferred value of 0.4 mm. In this case, the number of sections in the expansion portion, Ns, is 7. The diameters of these sections are as follows: 1.4 mm, 1.8 mm, 2.2 mm, 2.6 mm, 3.0 mm, 3.4 mm, and 3.8 mm. The lengths of the sections may be 3.5 mm, 4.5 mm, 5.5 mm, 6.5 mm, 7.5 mm, 8.5 mm, and 9.5 mm, respectively. Note that in this example, the expansion between the expansion section closest to the anode and the anode is only 0.2 mm, as opposed to 0.4 mm. This does not impair the functionality of the device.
It is further possible to have a different expansion between different pairs of sections of the expansion portion. For example, the expansion from the heating portion to the first section may be 0.4 mm, and the expansion between other expansion sections and the anode may be 0.5 mm.
The above discussion presumes that the intermediate electrodes, the anode, and the extension nozzle are annular, thus making the portions and sections of the plasma channel and the extension channel cylindrical. As mentioned above, in some embodiments other geometry of the device may be used. In those embodiments, the diameter of the cross section transverse to the longitudinal direction of the plasma channel, which, for the purposes of this disclosure is the largest distance between any two points of a shape, remains the critical dimension for purposes of the foregoing calculations.
As mentioned above, when plasma is used to perform medical procedures, extraneous matter, that may attenuate the effect of the plasma, may be created. For example, during a medical procedure, particles or pieces may separate from the treated tissue, and then interfere with, or even interrupt, the plasma flow to the target area of the treated tissue. Also, during certain medical procedures bodily fluids, such as blood, lymph, etc. may enter onto the surface of the treated area. Those fluids may also interfere with the effectiveness of plasma. Some embodiments of the device include a suction module for removing such extraneous matter from the treated surface during medical procedures.
In the preferred embodiment the device generates truly pulsed plasma. After each plasma pulse, during the off period, the flow of plasma completely ceases until the next pulse. Between the pulses, during the off period, the electric current does not flow between the cathode and the anode and no plasma is generated.
Console 100 has one or more electronic circuits for controlling the current through the plasma channel and applying the voltage between the cathode and the anode. These circuits are used for generation of each plasma pulse. As a brief overview, the process of plasma generation includes three phases: a spark discharge, a glow discharge, and an arc discharge. During the arc discharge phase, an electric arc of a predetermined current that is established between one of the cathodes and the anode, heats the plasma generating gas flowing in plasma channel 62 and forms plasma. Generation of each plasma pulse requires the plasma generating gas to go through all three phases. Prior to generation of a pulse, the resistance of the plasma generating gas is close to infinity. A small number of free electrons are present in the plasma generating gas due to ionization of atoms by cosmic rays. The plasma formation process is controlled by (1) applying the voltage applied between the cathode and the anode as shown in
The method of operating the device depends on the structure of the cathode assembly and may be modified depending on the configuration of the device and a particular application for which it is used. In the preferred embodiment of the device having a cathode assembly comprising multiple cathodes, a method of operation specifically adapted for the cathode assembly shown in
Thereafter the resistance of the plasma generating gas drops and the glow discharge phase begins. During the glow discharge phase, positively charged ions, formed as a result of ionization, are attracted to the cathode under the influence of the electric field created by the voltage between cathodes 5 a, 5 b, 5 c and anode 1. As cathodes 5 a, 5 b, 5 c are being bombarded with ions, the temperature of the cathode ends closest to anode 1 increases. Once the temperature increases to the temperature of thermionic electron emission, the arc discharge phase begins. As mentioned above, the surface area and volume of plasma chamber 26 provide a large number of ions, which shortens the time of the glow discharge phase.
Once the arc discharge begins, the plasma is attached to all cathodes in the assembly. The current passing through the plasma is then dropped, causing the area of attachment to decrease to almost the minimum area of attachment capable of sustaining the arc discharge. This minimal area is referred to as the spot attachment area. Because the area of plasma attachment is small, the attachment occurs only at a single cathode. Therefore, the current required to sustain the arc discharge, which is proportional to the cathodes diameter, is relatively low. After the current has been reduced and kept at the level for a period of time, it is increased rapidly to the operational level of a pulse. The area of attachment of plasma increases insignificantly, and only a single cathode continues to emit electrons for the rest of the pulse. Decreasing the area of plasma attachment, and then maintaining the small area, so that only a single cathode emits electrons from a controlled area is critical to the operation of the device.
As mentioned above, in different embodiments, variations of this method of operation may be used. For example, in the alternative embodiment with a single cathode, the area of attachment may only be controlled with the length of the cathode and tapering of the cathode end or cathode training. In those embodiments, the current is increased to the operational level as soon as the arc discharge phase is reached.
The geometry of elements in the disclosed embodiments and the shape and synchronization of the voltage and current pulses ensure that the cathodes (or the cathode, depending on the embodiment) are not subjected to the stress of high current being passed through it when there is no thermionic electron emission sufficient to support the current. That in turn ensures that the device may be started thousands or even tens of thousands times with the same cathode assembly.
The relationships governing the dimensions of different sections in the expansion portion allow the plasma to expand rapidly, during the operational period of the pulse, which is critical for generating a pulse of plasma with required characteristics. It has been experimentally found that a single increase in the diameter of the plasma channel by more than 0.6 mm results in incomplete plasma flow expansion, or even no expansion at all, during the operational period of the pulse. In other words, if the diameter of an nth section of the expansion portion is increased by more than 0.6 mm compared to the diameter of the (n−1)th section, the plasma flow does not expand to the diameter of the nth section, and the plasma flow is restricted to a particular cross-section that is smaller than the cross section of the nth section while it traverses the remaining downstream portion of the plasma channel and the extension channel.
Another problem presented by a single diameter increase of more than 0.6 mm is the potential for the formation of an electric arc between the plasma flow and a wall of the anode, if the plasma flow is separated from the wall. This is also shown in
Increasing the diameter of the plasma channel by less than 0.2 mm results in neither impurities nor insufficient expansion of plasma. However, expansion of less than 0.2 mm is also undesirable. In particular, a device with expansions of less than 0.2 mm would require a greater number of expansion sections. Each expansion section has its minimal length requirements, so having a greater number of expansion sections means having a longer and less convenient device. Additionally, aside from mere inconvenience, an increased number of expansion sections requires more energy and therefore greater power for heating the plasma flow that traverses a plasma channel the length of which is increased due to the increased number of the expansion sections. Accordingly, although the device would function properly even with increases of section diameters of less than 0.2 mm, it is preferable that each expansion is within the range of 0.2-0.6 mm.
As the plasma expands in expansion portion 82, some of its properties change. During the operational period of the pulse, the heating portion is characterized by a power density in the range of 0.3-5 kW/mm3, as shown in
The expansion portion is characterized by a power density of less than 0.3 kW/mm3. The average temperature of the plasma in the expansion portion preferably remains in the range of 8-18� kK. The electric field in the expansion portion of the plasma channel is preferably within a range of 1-5 V/mm.
After the plasma flow expands in expansion portion of the plasma channel 82, it reaches extension nozzle 15. Extension nozzle 15 has a dual effect on plasma flow: first it changes the temperature and energy distribution of the plasma flow to make it suitable for a particular application, such as tissue treatment and second, it may create ozone and nitric oxide in the plasma flow.
The first effect of extension nozzle 15 on the plasma flow is changing the temperature and energy distribution of the plasma flow. During the arc discharge phase, the electric arc between the cathode and the anode heats the plasma in plasma channel 62. Only a small fraction of the plasma forms the center of the plasma flow where the temperature is high. The remaining plasma flows along the periphery of the plasma channel at a distance from the electric arc, and therefore has a substantially lower temperature. The plasma flowing along the periphery of the plasma channel cannot be heated to the same temperature as the plasma flowing in the center because the intermediate electrodes and the anode forming the plasma channel are made of metals with a high thermal conductivity. Accordingly, the heat transferred from the plasma flowing in the center to the plasma flowing along the periphery is transferred to the intermediate electrodes and the anode and is not retained by the plasma flowing along the periphery. When the plasma reaches the anode end of plasma channel 62, it has a substantially parabolic temperature distribution as shown in
Such temperature and energy density distribution of the plasma flow is not suitable for some applications, such as skin treatment. When a pulse of plasma flow with such temperature and energy density distribution comes in contact with the skin of a patient, a small area of the skin absorbs most of the energy in the plasma flow pulse, and a much larger area absorbs the remainder of the energy.
The extension nozzle changes the temperature and energy density distribution to a substantially uniform one as illustrated in
As mentioned above, when the plasma exits the anode and enters the extension channel, its temperature and energy density have a parabolic distribution as shown in
The second, optional, effect of the extension nozzle is generating ozone and nitric oxide. In some countries it has been recognized that ozone exhibits properties useful in medicine such as, for example, an antibacterial effect. In other countries, however, the benefits of ozone have not been recognized. It is well known in the art, however, that ozone may be formed from oxygen by electrical discharges, high temperature, and exposure to high energy electromagnetic radiation. When O2 molecules are introduced in the plasma flow, some of them are disassociated into oxygen atoms under the influence of one or more of the above conditions, and then recombine with O2 molecules to form ozone (O3).
In some embodiments, the device generates ozone, while in other embodiments, the device does not generate ozone. Generation of ozone may be controlled in two ways. First, the inlet of oxygen carrying gas may be controlled by reducing the diameter, or even completely eliminating oxygen carrying gas inlets.
Turning to the processes that result in generation of ozone, the plasma flow, after having traversed the plasma channel, enters extension nozzle 15. The temperature of the plasma flow in the extension channel drops preferably to 3-12� kK. During operation, as the plasma flows by oxygen carrying gas inlets 16, it creates a suction effect in those inlets 16, which results in an oxygen carrying gas, such as air, being pulled into extension channel 18. In the extension channel, the fraction of air is preferably in the range of 5-25%, by volume. It is well known that air contains approximately 21% of O2 oxygen by volume, and therefore, the fraction of O2 in the extension channel is preferably in the range of 1-5%, by volume. Some oxygen molecules will disassociate into atoms and then recombine with O2 oxygen molecules, or sometimes with other disassociated oxygen atoms, to form ozone under the influence of two factors: (1) impacts of O2 molecules with electrons that have a relatively high energy and (2) the ultra-violet radiation from the plasma channel due to the emission of plasma generating gas molecules, electrons, and other particles. The formation of the ozone molecules occurs in accordance with the following chemical reactions:
e+O2→O+O31 ;
e+O2→O+O+e; and
where M may be any reacting particle, such as a molecule of a noble gas, for example argon.
Another effect of introducing an oxygen and nitrogen carrying gas into the plasma flow is generation nitric oxide (NO) in extension channel 18. Various therapeutic effects of NO and methods of its generation are well known in the art and are recognized in some countries. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,396,882 discloses systems and methods for producing NO by introducing air into electric arc chamber. Embodiments of the device having an expansion module, likewise, create conditions for producing NO. Introducing a nitrogen and oxygen carrying gas, such as air, into the plasma flow creates optimal conditions for the synthesis of NO in the expansion channel 18. As was mentioned above the temperature of the plasma at the anode outlet is in the range of 3�-12� kK. This temperature is sufficiently high for the following chemical reaction to occur in the plasma flow having air molecules, concurrently with the ozone production:
In some embodiments, the fraction of air, oxygen or both may be varied. For example, in some embodiments, air enriched with oxygen may be supplied to the oxygen carrying gas inlets 16. In other embodiments, air supplied to the oxygen carrying gas inlets 16 may be pressurized, thus resulting in a higher concentration of air in the plasma. In yet some other embodiments the combination of the two above methods may be used.
In addition to outputting plasma, and in some embodiments ozone and nitric oxide, the device also emits light due to the radiation from the high temperature plasma in the heating portion of the plasma channel. It has been discovered and disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pub. No. 2003004556 that a pulsed light having a dominant emissive wavelength from about 300 nm to about 1600 nm, where the duration of pulses range between 1 femtosecond to 100 seconds has various therapeutic effects. Among others, treatment of hair, epidermis, sub-surface blood vessels, and many other organs has been shown beneficial with such pulsed light. U.S. Pub. No. 2003004556 discloses various devices and methods for producing the pulsed light with required characteristics.
As was mentioned above, the temperature of plasma in the heating portion is preferably between 8-18� kK. In this temperature range, the plasma flow emits light having a dominant emissive wavelength from about 400 nm to about 850 nm.
200-350 nm—2%;
350-400 nm—5%;
400-650 nm—62%;
650-750 nm—15%;
750-850 nm—14%; and
850-1400 nm—2%.
Accordingly, device 200 may be used for pulsed light therapy in conjunction with its other uses. Note that the ratio of shorter wavelengths to longer wavelength in the spectrum of the emitted light may be easily changed by adjusting the magnitude of the current passing through the plasma flow during operational periods of pulses. With increased current, approximately the same amount of energy is used for plasma generation, but substantially more energy is used for light emission.
As for treating patients, the device may be used safely and effectively without the need to remove it from the treated tissue after each pulse, as has to be done with some prior art devices. Therefore, pulses of plasma may be generated automatically with relatively high frequency. For each pulse, a new plasma flow is generated by first passing through spark discharge and glow discharge phases, and then heating the plasma generating gas with an electric arc during the arc discharge phase. Once the plasma flow is established, it is expanded in the plasma channel by passing through the sections of the expansion portion, then the anode portion, and then the extension channel. In the extension channel, the thermal and energy density distribution of the plasma flow is modified to be substantially uniform across the cross section of the extension channel, as described above. The expanded plasma flow with the modified thermal energy distribution is safely applied to the patient's skin for the duration of the pulse. At the end of the pulse the plasma flow ceases entirely. This process can be repeated until the desired number of pulses has been delivered. The light radiation which is generated may provide benefits for treating the skin and sub-surface organs, such as dermis and blood vessels, in addition to the benefits resulting from the plasma pulses.
Extraneous matter is removed from the surface of the treated skin. Removal of extraneous matter does not have to be synchronized with pulses and may be a continuous operation. Additionally, ozone may be mixed into the plasma flow applied to the patient's skin for additional beneficial effects. As discussed above, introducing an oxygen carrying gas in the inlets of the extension portion results in formation of ozone molecules in the plasma flow.
Importantly, after a pulse of plasma is applied to the skin, the plasma flow ceases completely until the next pulse. During the off period, plasma is not applied to the patient's skin and the patient is affected only by the harmless flow of a cool plasma generating gas and the vacuum suction of the extraneous matter pump. Accordingly, an operator using the device does not risk errors associated with removal of the device from a patient's skin during the off-period and then attempting to correctly reposition the device to continue treatment. This substantially improves the safety and the duration of the procedure.
The foregoing description of the embodiments of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive nor to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention. Various embodiments and modifications that are suited to a particular use are contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the accompanying claims and their equivalents.
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|Plasma Surgical Investments Ltd.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Aug 6, 2007
Owner name: PLASMA SURGICAL INVESTMENTS LIMITED, VIRGIN ISLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SUSLOV, NIKOLAY;REEL/FRAME:019824/0056
Effective date: 20070730
|Mar 11, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 2, 2017
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text: Late-Breaking Sale: AREA leslie Sep 14, 2007 Home Share Pin It Email Share Email Share Email Sample Sale at AREA AREA Sample Sale Sat., 9/15, 10 am-6 pm; Sun., 9/16, 12-6 pm SF Read our store post here To the rest of the current Sales Calendar Know of a good sale? Send us the tip! Image: Solitaire by Jeremy Piles (not necessarily on sale) Share Email


text:
I've only been with this guy for a little over a month, I'm just wondering.
Most Helpful Guy
I hate this kind of question, totally puts me off. If I'm dating a girl then I'm not going to be dating other women. This question is essentially impossible to answer because it doesn't mean anything. She either trusts me, or she doesn't, by asking this question she basically tells me she doesn't trust me.
What kind of answer would you expect? Marriage? Break up? Just let it be. If you need to explicitly identify the status of your relationship then it means your relationship is trying to pretend to be something it isn't. If you love him and he loves you then that's all you need. Anything else is meaningless trifles.00|00|0
I think she's asking about at what point you have the talk and decide to be official/exclusive... I think most people would agree that just going out with someone a few times doesn't make you an item, and certainly not exclusive. There's gotta be a verbal agreement at some point.
yes thank you @Sara413 , it's not so much that I don't trust him, I just want to know what he wants from it... In the past, I waited too long & got attached to find out a guy didn't want to date me, just wanted to keep acting like a couple but for him (and not me) to be allowed to talk to other people.


text:
$15 $23.99
We have a thing for leather cuffs here at MadeFAIR. While we shy away from boldly printed clothing, jewelry is fair game. This cuff is made in Kenya from a single piece of hand-dyed, supple cow leather.
Combining comfort with a touch of the exotic, the cuff is precision-cut into multiple strips to allow for movement on the wrist and to let skin breath. The cuff is held together by a simple snap button.
About Swahili Modern
Swahili's African network includes individual artisans, export agents and micro-enterprises in the nations of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa, Lesotho, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ghana and South Sudan.
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text:
Brief History-
Peru, once the ancient home of the Inca civilization, lies in western South America, bordering on Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and the Pacific Ocean. Bisected by the towering Andes Mountains. The official national languages are Spanish and Quechua. The population 29.2 million,45% indigenous peoples and about 40% mestizo; the remainder is white and of other ethnicities. There is a sizeable Asian immigrant community in the coastal regions. More than 80% of the population professes Roman Catholicism. The capital of Peru is Lima.
In Peru, the official national languages are Spanish and Quechua, although Aymara is also widely spoken in the mountainous regions. There are a lot of tourists in Peru because of the wonderful places it has. So, some people need to learn different languages like English, French, German etc.
Climate Region-
In general, the climate on the coast is subtropical with very little rainfall. The Andes mountains observe a cool-to-cold climate with rainy summers and very dry winters.
Peru has a climate that varies from tropical in the Amazon jungle region in the east of the country to temperate on the coastline, with areas of arid desert in the west. The land is volatile, subject to earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the devastating effects of El Niño.
Peruvian main courses are enormously varied in flavors and colors reflecting the native heritage, the three main geographical areas and of course the merging of traditional with foreign cooking styles from immigrants. As each region in Peru is distinct in its flora and fauna, each local cuisine adapts to the natural resources available and present foreign influences.
In Peru, there are a variety of food, like ceviche, causa, cuy, lomo saltado and aji de gallina. The corn is very useful in there, and its also very big and delicious. There is a very popular soda called Inca Kola,
"Peru." World Geography: Understanding a Changing World. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.
Machupichu. Digital image. Lost Cities Photos- National Geographic. David Evans, n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2014.
"Peruvian Ceviche." Flickr. Yahoo!, 01 Oct. 2009. Web. 02 Nov. 2014. <https://www.flickr.com/photos/legalwheel/3970198491/>.
"Peru, Flag, Insignia." Zastavki.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2014. <http://www.zastavki.com/eng/World/wallpaper-39684.htm>.


text:
Teletubbies best remix ever.wmv MP3
Here a New remix of our favorite Teletubbies xD ... program use : windows movie maker music copyright : Lil Jon - Snap Yo Fingers Call On Me - Erik Prydz ...
Teletubbies Dance Mix MP3
the Teletubbies dancing to "Prezioso feat. marvin - Survival"
Teletubbie Dubstep Remix (TUBSTEP!) MP3
Teletubbie Dubstep remix. I call it tubstep. From the teletubbie intro song. teletubbies intro song mixed with my dubstep. telletubbie dubstep is good dubstep and ...
Teletubbies Step Dance Remix MP3
This is my first remix video, so maybe this will get a bunch of views and comments.
Teletubbies ANIMATED VIDEO - Follow My Leader Dance Remix MP3
Like and share my Facebook Page https://www.facebook.com/pages/Milton-Teletubbies/257709974353356 Finally I forund the animated music video of the ...
Teletubbies boneless MP3
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Got board.
Surprise! (Teletubbies Dance Remix) MP3
Enjoy! And remember, a like is always appreciated!
Teletubbies Smoke Weed Everyday MP3
https://soundcloud.com/jack-haydon/tato-summer-rollers-mix-free https://soundcloud.com/jack-haydon/tato-summer-rollers-mix-free ...
break dance teletubbies bhangra remix techno MP3
techno remix breakdance teletubbies.
Teletubbies hip hop remix dance MP3
Click this 1:32 to get to the good part. This isnt your ordinary teletubie remix vid.See some of the most wildest teletubie moves never caught on video intil now.
Teletubbies Intro and Theme Song MP3
The only official source for the Teletubbies! Watch the Teletubbies' timeless opening sequence! New Teletubbies videos every week! Subscribe now!
Algunas plantas + Teletubbies dance (mix) MP3
Qué pasaría si al teletubbies dance le ponemos la canción "algunas plantas" (de love of lesbian)??? Pues que tendríamos un The algunas plantas experience.
Teletubbies doing a Bhangra [Punjabi Remix] MP3
Teletubbies doing a Bhangra [Punjabi Remix] LMAO.
Teletubbie Dance REMIX MP3
some hardcore dancing done by the teletubbies. Song: I'm Goin' In - Drake feat. Lil Wayne.
teletubbies dancing dessert MP3
Teletubbies swag dance remix MP3
Dance like a teletubbie.
Teletubbies Dance Tour 2009 Live-Follow My Leader Dance Remix MP3
Teletubbies dancing live in london. A great song of the Teletubbies.
Teletubbies swag dance remix just girly things MP3
Song - Darwin just girly things.
Teletubbies - Say ''Eh-Oh'' (Club Mix) (Remake) MP3
Here's the Club Mix Version of Teletubbies - Say ''Eh-Oh, But in this one I'm using clips from 1997-2001. Hope you like it Credit to Milton Teletubbies for Music, ...