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Hollywood Red Carpet Tribute
Nicole Richie graces the cover of October's Vogue Italia which has a Hollywood red carpet theme shot by renowned fashion photographer Steven Meisel. Last month Mr. Meisel shocked us with his sexy War on Terror-themed fashion spread, but this month is all about glitz and glamor. Inside is Mandy Moore, Paris Hilton, Naomi Campbell, Carmen Electra and many more.
The issue also includes Amber Valetta, Ryan Seacrest, Lance Bass, Rebecca Romijn, Lydia Hearst, Angie Harmon, Kevin Zeigers, Gabriel Aubrey, Carolyn Murphy and K-Fed and Kathy Griffin. Yes, we said K-Fed & Kathy Griffin. Who knew they would be included in the company of the rest of these folks? Lots more beautiful shots from the red carpet, so


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Tim's favorite books » Share book reviews and ratings with Tim, and even join a book club on Goodreads.
Air your grievances
Submitted by tim ribaric on Thu, 12/06/2012 - 13:27
My presentation material from the Brock Library Faculty Outreach Working Group Fall 2012 Workshop series.
Submitted by tim ribaric on Wed, 10/31/2012 - 12:13
#AccessYUL happened just a few weeks ago and I'm a better person for attending. Secondly I'd also like to conjecture that Access is the best Unconference you'll encounter. It is, without a doubt, the premier Canadian Library technology conference every put together. Lots of reasons pile up but what gets to me is that it is volunteer run and there is huge community of respect between the organizers and the undoubtedly serial attendees. I'm guessing I'll become a Deadhead Access fan now.
Submitted by tim ribaric on Mon, 10/01/2012 - 13:53
Submitted by tim ribaric on Tue, 07/31/2012 - 14:29
I got my Raspberry Pi! Now what?!
Submitted by tim ribaric on Tue, 07/24/2012 - 16:29
I needed to show paper copies of journal holdings in SFX windows. Clicking twice in the SFX intermediate window is ok. Showing the holdings in the menu itself is good. Showing the holdings by querying the catalogue live is even better. Setting it up in 10 minutes even more better. This is the lazy solution but I'll present it here anyway.

subset: commoncrawl


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- Steering Committee
The STH Steering Committee is a core group that oversees the STH Coalition and serves the governance function for the group.
- Workstreams
Workstreams are the heartbeat of the STH Coalition. They serve as platforms for coordination, collaboration, action, and accountability.
- Secretariat
Children Without Worms (CWW) is the Secretariat for the STH Coalition. CWW manages and coordinates operations for the STH Coalition.


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Question: a Describe the incontestable clause in a life insurance policy
a. Describe the incontestable clause in a life insurance policy.
b. What is the purpose of the incontestable clause?
View Solution:
b. What is the purpose of the incontestable clause?
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsA participating ordinary life policy in the amount of $10,000 is sold to an individual, age 35. The following cost data are given:Annual premium ............... $230Total dividends for 20 years ........... $1613Cash value ...Explain the basic defect in the traditional net cost method for determining the cost of life insurance.Briefly explain the Linton Yield as a method for determining the rate of return on the saving component of a cash-value policy.Mario, age 65, purchased an immediate annuity for $120,000 that pays a lifetime monthly income of $1000. The annuity has no refund feature. Based on the IRS actuarial table, Mario has a life expectancy of 20 years. If Mario ...What is an IRA rollover?
Post your question


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the website.
This step is elective but will dramatically raise your chances of getting interest from other over 40s members on the site. Tell people about yourself, your interests and upload any nice photos of yourself.
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Found someone who ticks all the boxes? Send a message to them or just a wink and await their reply. With a little luck you'll be on your way to finding that special someone for you.
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Sortation system
January 1, 2008
Capable of sorting 150 cartons/min., TGW-Ermanco's Turbo sortation system provides throughput that normally requires sliding shoe sorters. The system's features include a high-rate diverter; turbo induction that minimizes gap on-the-fly with each belt powered by its own VFD; and an aligner that positions cartons for two-way diverting while maintaining gap and rate.
TGW-Ermanco Inc.; 231-798-4547;
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|Page (1) of 1 - 05/31/12
|email article
|print page
Police: 'Hero' saved lives in Seattle shootingsPolice: 'Hero' saved lives in Seattle cafe shootings by throwing stools at gunman
Page: 1
Related Keywords:Seattle Shootings,
Source:Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.. All Rights Reserved


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Why wet wipes are ruining UK beaches and coastal waters
NewsMarine Industry NewsThursday 19 March 2015
Cleansing wet wipes are causing havoc on beaches and in coastal waters of the UK it has been revealed this week.
Sailors, surfers, and anyone who enjoys our coastal waters for recreation will be disappointed to learn that the number of wet wipes washing up on UK beaches increased by more than 50% last year, according to the Marine Conservation Society.
The organization is urging people to stop flushing them down their toilets as they do not fully bio-degrade. As part of the MCS's wider beach clean campaign boat owners and fishermen are also being educated to manage their waste better while at sea.
The charity is calling for a national marine litter action plan to address the main sources of rubbish in the UK's seas, from the public, fishing, shipping and sewage-related debris.
Huge rise in wet wipes washed up on UK beaches
The results of Marine Conservation Society's (MCS) annual beach cleanup, just released, found the number of wet wipes more than doubled between 2013 and 2014. To the horror of coastal boaters and watersports fans, it was found that on average 35 of the non-biodegradable cleaning cloths were found for every kilometre of beach. This is up from 23 of the little square cloths per kilometre in 2013.
MCS beachwatch officer Charlotte Coombes said the UK's sewers were not built to cope with wet wipes - which have also been causing a problem elsewhere in the world.
''When flushed they don't disintegrate like toilet paper, and they typically contain plastic so once they reach the sea, they last for a very long time. That's when we find sewage-related debris, including wet wipes, on the beach,'' she said.
Measures to tackle the problem could include a national deposit scheme to pay people for returning drinks bottles and cans and better recycling or disposal facilities for fishermen.
Which beaches in the UK have the most rubbish?
According to the Marine Conservation Society's Great British Beach Clean Report:
• In Wales, two and a half times more litter was collected per kilometre of beach than the national average, an increase of 46% on 2013 to its highest level in 21 years of the annual survey.
• England saw the density of rubbish rise by 10% to new highs.
• Beaches in the South West had the highest amounts of rubbish in England
• Litter levels dropped on both the east and west coasts of northern England.
• There was an 8% fall in rubbish per kilometre of beach surveyed in Scotland.
• Litter levels appear to be declining in Northern Ireland.
The accumulation of wet wipes could be partly due to the severe rainfall during the 2013-14 winter. Choked sewers may have flooded more rubbish (including wet wipes) than usual into rivers, which ended up on beaches.
Coombes said there was a long-term increase in the number of cloths ending up in the environment and on beaches in particular.
Coombes said: "This move towards convenience, the move towards items to use once and throw away, it's much easier for people to do that. What we are doing is not just using a lot more resources we are creating a lot more litter that can end up in the environment."
Wet wipes are notorious for their impact on sewer systems, but the impact on the coastal ecosystems is also a concern.
You can get involved with local beachcleans all year round.
Check out www.mcsuk.org/beachwatch for more details.


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"If there's a message, it's that the unlovable and unattractive parts of ourselves should be embraced. The only real currency between people is what happens when they're not cool. And I hope people feel OK about not being cool."
Related quotes
"I was a personality before I became a person. I am simple, complex, generous, selfish, unattractive, beautiful, lazy and driven."
"The financial condition when the new board was elected was very unattractive. We were surprised to find that major bank loans were necessary to fund 'ongoing operations', and that the United States Olympic Committee was basically in debt."
"If you need to get someone drunk in order to have sex with you, you must be a pretty unattractive and inexperienced person. Drunk is not sexy. If you think it is, consider that you may have a serious problem."
"That would lead to a rise in bond yields and in turn start to make equities look unattractive. If that happens on Wall Street, it's going to happen here in the UK, it's going to happen in Europe, and everywhere else."


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Lady Antebellum - Never Alone - Lyrics MP3
This song is for Miles!! Keep on fighting buddy, you're never alone!! Lady Antebellum Never Alone All rights go to the owners!! Please Rate Favorite Comment ...
Lady Antebellum - Never Alone Lyrics MP3
Never Alone - Lady Antebellum (lyrics) MP3
NO COPYRIGHT IFRINGEMENT INTENDED! The audio belongs solely to Lady Antebellum. Enjoy!
Never Alone By Lady Antebellum w Lyrics MP3
QH1008LA 08 Lady Antebellum Never Alone MP3
For more information on how to get 200000+ karaoke tracks, please visit: http://downloadkaraokemusic.weebly.com/
Never Alone - Lady Antebellum (with lyrics on screen) MP3
One of my favorite songs. :)
Lady Antebellum - Never Alone || Lexi Twisselman Cover || MP3
Never Alone Cover by Lexi Twisselman.
Lady Antebellum "Never Alone" Music Video MP3
Jim Brickman's music video for "Never Alone" featuring Lady Antebellum Check out Lady A on iTunes: http://bit.ly/MZdlBD.
Karaoke - Never Alone - Jim Brickman (ft. Lady Antebellum or Sara Evans) MP3
No Copyright Infringement Intended NOTE TO SINGER: This video gives you a two measure intro before you start singing, as opposed to the original song.
Lady Antebellum NEVER ALONE--Adrian Herndon cover MP3
Adrian Herndon (16) performs familiar Lady Antebellum song. This video was a father-daughter project to be used as a personal message to Adrian's older ...
Never Alone Lyrics - Lady Antebellum MP3
I dedicate this song to my inspiration. You're never alone. I'm still with you no matter how far you are to me.
never alone - jim brickman feat lady antebellum MP3
i own nothing. no copyright infringement intended.... enjoy!
Never Alone-Lady Antebellum-Lyrics MP3
Never Alone-Lady Antebellum-Lyrics.
Never Alone by Lady Antebellum Piano Accompaniment / Instrumental Karaoke by ThatOtherCaitlin MP3
Never Alone by Lady Antebellum Piano Accompaniment / Karaoke.
Never alone - Lady Antebellum (lyrics) MP3
I do not own the rights of this song. This video is made for a cause of wishing a happy birthday to special someone. Happy birthday, Denis!
Never Alone - Lady Antebellum Lyrics MP3
i dont own the song and other pictures i post here, other was not made by me.. (except the three pictures..they are special to me).. :)) if you are someone who ...
Never Alone - Lady Antebellum [HQ] With Lyrics! MP3
lyrics: DON'T FORGET TO SUBSCRIBE! :) (feat. Jim Brickman) May the angels protect you Trouble neglect you And heaven accept you when its time to go home ...
Never Alone Lady Antebellum lyrics 10 23 14 MP3
Never alone, never alone...I'll be in every beat of your heart when you face the unknown... My love will follow you stay with you, Mahal you're Never Alone...
Lady Antebellum - Need You Now MP3
Pre-VEVO play count: 29104971 Music video by Lady Antebellum performing Need You Now. (P) (C) 2009 Capitol Records Nashville. All rights reserved.
Need You Now
Lady AntebellumPicture perfect memories, scattered all around the floor Reaching for the phone, 'cause I can't fight it any more And I wonder if I ever cross your m[...]
Lady Antebellum - Compass (Full Song with Lyrics) MP3
LYRICS: Alright Yeah it's been a bumpy road Rollercoasters high and low Fill the tank and drive a car, pedal fast, pedal hard You won't have to go that far You ...


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What Are Boat Shoes?
Boat Shoes are typically canvas or leather shoes with non-marking rubber soles designed to be used on a boat. these Boat shoes are also known as deck shoes and top-sider. Boat shoes are a popular type of casual footwear for men. Cut like a loafer, boat shoes are easy to care for. Due to their unique design and construction they are not just great for boat decks but the prefect footwear for summer months. The traditional boat shoes are made in mid- to dark-brown leather uppers. Today, uppers are available in both canvas and leather in various colors and patterns. The leather uppers are treated to be water repellent and to be stain proof. One of the main characteristic of a Boat shoes is that they are hand-sewn and top-stiched. Boat shoes feature a 360-degree lacing system but are also available in other styles. These shoes have 3 – 4 eyelets and the laces are traditionally made of the same material as the uppers. The boat shoes are not available with conventional laces.
Boat shoe soles have white non-marking rubber soles that help maintain a firm foothold on the slippery decks of the boats. However they are now available in a variety of colors. Most of the boat shoes have a shock absorbing heel cup. Apart from wearing them on a boat, they can also be worn in a number of ways. For a casual wearing they can easily replace sneakers and loafers. Boat shoes were originally meant to be worn without socks, but today it is a matter of debate.
Today, these shoes have become fashionable footwear and are considered to be less formal than dress shoes but more formal than loafers. Majority of the style gurus suggest that loafers should be worn with "office casual" attire such as jeans and button-down shirts, and boat shoes should be worn with sportier ensembles that might include clothing such as khaki shorts and golf shirts or polo shirts.
Most Expensive Sari in The World – A Record set by Chennai Silk
What make a piece of cloth Most expensive? Fabric, Brand nam ...
Indian Traditional Wear: A Glossary to Indian Attire
A major part of any country's culture and people are t ...


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|HeritageQuest Online Level 1
Event Type: Education & Learning
Age Group(s): Adults
Date: 5/15/2017
Start Time: 12:00 PM
End Time: 1:00 PM
Want to trace your family history? Learn tips and tricks on how to find information by exploring the HeritageQuest Online database offered free at the library.Library: West Oaks Branch
#genealogy #gtec
Location: West Oaks - Meeting Room 2
Other Information:
Most classes are free to Orange County district resident cardholders, Fee cardholders, and Orange County Property Owner cardholders. Some classes include a fee to cover the cost of materials. Registration is required. To register, you can do so online, call 407.835.7323 or stop by any of our locations.Presenter: Cody C.
Out of district residents will be charged a non-refundable fee to register for a class. Please check event details for applicable fees. Where they apply, registration fees must be paid prior to class time.To pay for your class please call us at 407.835.7323 or visit any of our locations in person.
A $5 late cancellation fee will be charged unless reservations are cancelled by 11:59 pm the day before the event is scheduled. For more information visit www.ocls.info/cancelfee or call 407.835.7323. In order for us to get accurate statistics of our attendance, please do not cancel your event if the date and time of the event has passed.
Any person requiring special accommodations to participate in a class or program due to a disability may arrange for reasonable accommodations by contacting the location at which the event is held at least seven days prior to the event.
Status: Closed
|Please Note


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California Factual Innocence Petition Lawyers
Locate a Local Criminal Lawyer
What is Actual Innocence?
Actual innocence is a claim to appeal a conviction using new evidence available after a defendant's original trial. However, it's not used in cases where a person was accused of a crime and found innocent or in cases where the charges were dropped. In some states like California, the arrest stays on the person's criminal record. But in California, an person can petition for factual innocence.
What is Factual Innocence?
Factual innocence is a document submitted to the court requesting an arrest and/or conviction be wiped off their criminal record.
Who Can a Factual Innocence Petition Help?
The petition helps individuals who have been:
- Arrested, not charged with a crime.
- Arrested, but the charged was dropped
- Convicted of a drug offense, but completed diversion
- Convicted of a crime and completed probation without any further violations
Is a Factual Innocence Petition the Same Thing as an Expungement?
Yes, an expungement seals a person's criminal conviction like a factual innocence petition. The difference is the petition is typically for people who were arrested and never charged or completed an alternative to the sentence handed down, such as diversion.
How Does the Petition Work?
The petitioner must file a document with the local California arresting police agency. A copy must also be sent to the District Attorney's office. A third copy of the petition is sent to the court approximately two months after the statute of limitation expires on the charge.
Can The Police Department Object?
Yes, the police department has the right to object your petition for factual innocence.
Can I File the Petition if I Was Arrested and Charges are Still Pending?
No. You must wait until the charge or charges are resolved. The charge usually must conclude with a dismissal or not guilty verdict.
Will There Be Any Record of My Petition in Court Documents?
No. The court seals the arrest or conviction, as well as the petition.
Do I Need Help with a Factual Innocence Petition?
Yes, contact a criminal lawyer to determine what you need to do to remove the arrest or conviction.
Consult a Lawyer - Present Your Case Now!
Last Modified: 05-09-2016 11:45 AM PDT
Link to this page


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Integration Wizard not showing any integration optionsAsked by marketingubla on January 08, 2016 at 07:35 AM
We can't use options to integrations with others platforms.
I need integrate my forms with GoogleDrive.
JotForm Support
Thank you for contacting us.
The integration menu seems to be fine here. Could you please re-check this on your side?
If the issue still persists, please provide us with an error message / screenshot from a web browser console (Firefox Web Console). You may also try to access the integration wizard using any other browser.


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Giles hurt
When Marcus Giles arrived at PETCO Park on Saturday afternoon, he was quite confident his left thumb was broken. Even though an X-ray taken a few hours later proved negative, he's still not certain there's not something structurally wrong.
Giles suffered the injury while sliding headfirst into second base on a successful stolen base attempt in the first inning of Friday night's 15-12, 11-inning victory. He played the remainder of the game and even contributed a clutch single in the ninth inning. But when he awoke on Saturday, the swelling had increased and he was unable to bend the thumb. He says the discomfort was similar to what he felt when he fractured his left middle finger while sliding headfirst into second base in an April 18 game against the Mets at Shea Stadium. "It feels too much the same as it did in New York in April," Giles said before the X-rays were taken on Saturday. "But we'll see. I could be wrong. I hope I'm wrong." With Giles unavailable on Saturday night, the Braves replaced him with Wilson Betemit at second base and in the leadoff spot. If it's determined that the veteran second baseman will miss significant time, the club could promote Tony Pena from Triple-A Richmond.Well, this sucks. Right as he was heating up, too. Update: According to David O'Brien, x-rays were negative.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
align submit buttonAsked by bubbbab on July 18, 2015 at 08:21 AM
I am hoping to find a way for a form such as this http://form.jotformpro.com/form/51983013959969 to vertically center the submit button with the other two fields. The submit button is a little higher than the input fields.
Thanks in advance for any assistance.
You can use custom CSS to manually reposition the elements on the form. In this case moving the submit button would take the following custom CSS code below. You can modify the amount of pixels used in the code to reach whatever vertical spacing you desire to have.
Here is an example form that I built with the custom CSS injected.
.form-submit-button {
margin-top: 14px;
To inject Custom CSS please refer to the image below and follow these steps. Open your form in the Form Builder. Click on the preferences button. Click on the Form Styles tab and then you can type or paste your custom CSS code into the TextArea labeled "Inject Custom CSS".
Thank you very kindly, Aaron!
You are very welcome! I am glad to help.


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Deutsch: «Redings Abschied». Historiengemälde des 19. Jahrhunderts: Landeshauptmann Alois Reding nimmt im Frühjahr 1798 in Schwyz den Segen seines Vaters entgegen, bevor er als General der Innerschweizer Truppen gegen die Franzosen zieht. Der Blick des Vaters in Richtung Himmel symbolisiert das Gottvertrauen der Innerschweiz, die ihr Schicksal in Gottes Hand legt. Das Bild steht für den Wehrwillen und den Unabhängigkeitswillen der Innerschweiz.
|19th century
|August Weckesser (1821–1899), upload by sidonius 15:50, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
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login with
guess the gender
So i am going to find out what were having friday.... so lets have some fun.
My first baby was a girl.
This is my second
I am going to say boy. That's how I carried with my son.
vote what you think boy or girl
I say girl!
I will say boy to just to even it out! :)
Moms also like
About Brittany Bach
Current: Union Grove, Wisconsin
Birth: May 02
On Moms.com since: Feb 15, 2014
Spook I was a teenager when I first got pregnant I got married after my second I work and take care of my family currently me n my husband are planning our third
All Recent Brittany's Posts


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Haunted Domains game invites you to take the part of Sheila Sullivan, the new manager of the hotel visited by… eccentric supernatural guests. Meet vampires, witches, ghosts, werewolves and more! Sheila's faithful dog Chest and her assistant Igor will help you performs special tasks. The specific clients are very demanding and need particular care: prepare gifts, serve delicious meals, catch their pets and more to keep your ghoulish guests happy.
Visit the Haunted Domains shop to acquire magical upgrades and grisly decorations to please the clients. And don't forget to decorate the Halloween-style garden to increase the scary atmosphere of your domains!
Featuring 50 addicting fast-paced levels, Story and Endless game modes, funny characters and atmospheric locations, Haunted Domains is an thrilling time management game that will provide you with hours of fun!
System Requirements:
System Requirements:
OS: Windows XP/VISTA/7
CPU: 1.4 GHz
RAM: 256 Mb
DirectX: 8.0
Hard Drive: 100 Mb
Full Version Advantages:
* 50 levels in 5 extraordinary locations
* Eccentric ghoulish guests to meet
* Gloomy Halloween setting to enjoy
* Story and Endless modes to choose from
* Magical upgrades and decorations to purchase


text: HMW HMW News Game Schedule Orientation HMW Primary HMW Lower Elementary HMW Upper Elementary HMW Middle School HMW High School HMW Back to St. Stephen's Episcopal School Houston Retrieved from "http://students.wikia.com/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Episcopal_School_Houston/HMW?oldid=5932" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: St. Stephen's Episcopal School Houston Add category Cancel Save


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GREAT '60s INSTRUMENTALS CD
All the tracks featured on this CD are cover versions of the original hits, but that
Raucous Records is the longest establisted 1950s Rock 'n' Roll, Rockabilly and Psychobilly CD, DVD and vinyl specialist on the internet.A world of Rockabilly, Psychobilly, Surf, Swing and 1950s Rock 'n' Roll delivered to your door.
© Raucous Records 2017 All Rights Reserved


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Kickboxing & Yoga Fusion with 6 Unique Formats
ko-ga / the art of mind & body transformation
Level with Koga Kombat Kontact "K3". Three killer 15 min controlled rounds of Koga "K3". 1st round: Upper Body 2nd round: Lower Body 3rd round: Full Body combining Kickboxing, Yoga and signature Koga movements into one amazing fat shredding, muscle toning & de-stressing workout like no other. And if that wasn't enough we finish this kick butt workout with our signature Koga 'Ab-Attack" program. Guaranteed to get you in the best shape of your life! A Martial Arts / MMA facility favorite. Osssssss!
So its weight training that you want? Koga PUMP'd is the one for you. Another incredible format of Koga Fitness combining Kickboxing, Yoga & signature Koga movements cross trained with all forms of weight training ie. Negatives, 21's, Pyramid Sets, Overloads & Supersets. An 8x's Mr. Olympia Ronnie Coleman favorite! There isn't another workout on the planet like Koga PUMP'd...Taking you "Beyond Genetics"
Are you ready for a legit dance fusion fitness workout? The beats will be bangin and the energy will be through the roof with Koga Grooves! This dance fusion workout will combine Kickboxing, Yoga, Koga moves, Hip Hop, Freestyle Dance & Capoeira. You can have two left feet and still enjoy Koga Grooves. Our "Krazy Kogasmic Beats" will have you movin & groovin beyond belief. "This ain't no party...it's a workout"!
here at Koga Fitness, we aspire to be the staple for fitness training, with multiple formats that we're continually building upon to deliver an amazing workout every time. we care about the services we provide for you, the products we recommend to you.
Come unleash your inner athlete with Koga X Train. We're going for the gold with this high intensity speed, strength & agility Koga format. Whether you're a professional athlete or everyday fitness enthusiast, Koga X Train will test your will, endurance and determination. This one is no joke! And by the way...Yes You Can!
Our slow, controlled, flowing & INTENSE format of Koga Fitness fusing Kickboxing, Yoga & signature Koga movements into an amazing mind, body & spirit experience. Becoming a Yoga studio favorite. Performed in a heated setting of 85 degrees but not mandatory. NamastOSS! A must experience for the Hot Yoga practitioner as per Yoga Journal.
Experience how Jon Koga celebrity/pro athlete trainer and creator of the world renowned Koga Workout formats combines Kickboxing, Yoga & signature Koga Workout movements to form the most powerful workout in the fitness industry today.
Koga Enterprises Inc.. All Right Reserved.
Media Inquiries contact us at 631-766-3944 firstname.lastname@example.com


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Author | exchange4media News Service | Monday, Dec 23,2002 7:20 AM
The Tata brand valued at Rs 10,000 crore in 1997-98 — is said to have witnessed a consistent improvement in growth on the parameters of "relevance" and "affinity". This has come to light through an internally commissioned research report by Pathfinders, which has drawn up a brand map for the Tatas, and points at the steady rise in both parameters between December 2000 and July 2002.
The brand is being tracked every six months to estimate its standing on these two criteria and as to how this impacts its valuation. As per the Pathfinder brand map, the Tata brand continues to remain the leading brand in India, with it qualifying close to 65 in terms of affinity and around 90 in terms of relevance, on a scale of 100, as on July 2002.
It has steadily risen from approximately 55 in affinity and around 80 in relevance, on December 2000. According to the findings of the report, growth on these parameters is faster between December 2001-July 2002, as compared to that between June 2001-December 2001. The study was done in comparison to top five corporates in the country, and conducted through a sample of 5,000 people in 13 towns.
According to sources, the idea behind the commissioning of the report was to give the 125-year old Tata brand a young, live and vibrant image amongst the discerning consumer. Even as the Tata brand touches people's lives across a whole gamut of consumers and across the length and breadth of the country, the group is now increasingly targeting the customer in the age group of 15-30 years, in line with its contemporary new technology image.
To achieve this, the Tatas have identified music and sports as the two vehicles which can deliver the required push.
Programming HeadRadio Mango


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Download Der Die Das apk 1.0.2 free for Android smartphone
Posted by a5.ua in Casual | Nov. 1, 2013 | 1 Comments
Apk file size: 12.0 MB
This application is in German only!
This is the classical "Der Die Das" game presented by a5.ua. The main idea is to help you learn genders of German nouns in a fun and competitive way. Almost 6000 nouns are splitted in 10 categories, first 4 go for free, another 6 "open" after the in-app "Upgrade" purchase made. In a free mode application has ads, which are also go out after "Upgrade" purchased.
You can play in one of three modes: fast, long and "relax" mode without time limit.
In time-limited modes points are calculated (depend of a word complicity). Points, high scores as well as another statistics are available for sharing to FaceBook, Twitter and email at the end of a game session.
This is the alpha-version and may contain errors. We kindly ask you to contact us concerning any issues on [email protected]
a5.ua part of our Casual and have average installs from 1000 to 5000. Last Update Nov. 1, 2013. Google play rating is 66.6667. Current verison is 1.0.2. Actual size 12.0 MB.
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Michał Tkacz
Small font on tablets May work better on phone. Some content has to be purchased.


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Listen to free music by William Schuman
Blip.fm is internet radio made social. It's easy to search for, play, and discover free music recommended by real people. Join today to create your own free station.
William Schuman – Symphony No.6
William Schuman
Symphony No.6
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salondelynn Three-Score Set for piano (1943) ∫ William Schuman (August 4, 1910 – February 15, 1992) American composer and music administrator.
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McNair Center for Free Enterprise & Entrepreneurship Introduces Minor
The University of St. Thomas – Cameron School of Business has just announced a Free Enterprise & Entrepreneurship minor, available to students through the McNair Center for Free Enterprise & Entrepreneurship.
The minor is the first ever of its kind offered at the McNair Center. Students can take the first two classes- Foundations of Financial and Managerial Accounting and Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management—which will be later joined by four other courses offered later in the semester to make up the minor.
The minor's curriculum was developed by McNair Center director Dr. Martin Lindenberg. According to Lindenberg, understanding the basic principles of entrepreneurship can help students in any field achieve greater success in their career. In fact, an academic study revealed that those with entrepreneurial experience earn 30 percent higher lifetime earnings that those without.
"The individual characteristics that define entrepreneurs—which is being a self-starter, creative, innovative, taking the initiative, being adaptable, being a problem-solver—those are all highly learnable if you go about doing it the right way," said Lindenberg. "Those kinds of capabilities, attitudes, skills and behaviors will make people successful in whatever they do."
Lindenberg helped to develop the Free Enterprise & Entrepreneurship Program by meeting with leaders and faculty members from academic departments throughout the university, receiving input on what they believed the program needed to ensure student success.
Lindenberg also commented on the importance of an entrepreneurial education, regardless of each student's ultimate career path: "No matter what a student's ultimate pursuit or how many times they change careers, this course will give them a toolkit that they can carry through life and will allow them to be more successful in whatever they do."
First enrollment in the minor program will officially begin in the spring 2017 semester.


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in your area
- Five-door practicality
- Good low-speed response
- High fuel efficiency, low price
- Real-world mileage may be higher
- Mush handling
- Marginal acceleration
- Cutesy color choices
- Dead spot in steering
The 2015 Mitsubishi Mirage smaller than a subcompact and larger than a minicar, but offers five-door hatchback versatility on the cheap–and the best fuel economy you'll find in a non-hybrid car. That comes at a price in performance, though.
The 2015 Mitsubishi Mirage isn't all that rewarding to drive, and Mitsubishi's budget entry got one particularly bad score on a recent IIHS safety test. For budget-conscious buyers, then, the brightly colored Mirage minicar is the perfect case of getting what you pay for. Add $3,000 or more and can you have a considerably better small car, but with slightly lower gas mileage.
But the Mirage does have a couple of things going for it. It's the most fuel-efficient car sold this year that isn't a hybrid or plug-in electric vehicle, and it's low-priced, starting at just $13,000 plus delivery for the base DE model, which includes automatic climate control and a few other features as standard. Most Mirage buyers will likely step up to the ES for an additional $1,200. That's still reasonable against its competitors, which range from two-seat minicars to subcompact hatchbacks.
Oh, and that single Nissan Versa model that's so stripped down that it carries a cheaper base price? It's what's known in the trade as a "unicorn" for its rarity — its sole purpose is to get you in the door so the dealer can sell you a nicer model.
The Mirage is not only one of the two smallest five-door hatchbacks sold in the U.S. It's smaller than a subcompact–but it actually straddles categories: Its size puts it between minicars and subcompacts. It's certainly larger than the Smart ForTwo, Scion iQ, Fiat 500, and even a bit bigger than the five-door Chevrolet Spark. But it's dwarfed by every other subcompact hatchbacks: the Ford Fiesta, Honda Fit, Hyundai Accent, Kia Rio5, Mazda 2, Toyota Yaris, and the biggest boy in the class, the Nissan Versa.
The Mirage name was last seen in North America as a new car way back in 2002. The 2015 Mirage is sold in the U.S. and in Canada (where it competes with not only the Spark but also the Nissan Micra, a five-door minicar not sold in the U.S.).
The 2015 Mirage suffers from a soft suspension with a lot of body roll and tire squeal, along with a dead spot in the center of the electric power steering that can find the car drifting toward the edges of the lane with no feedback to the driver. The very small 14-inch wheels and tires may be at least partially to blame. The ride is smooth and quiet on good roads, but acceleration causes the engine noise to rise substantially--and broken pavements and surfaces are frequently jarring.
The high fuel economy comes at a cost, though. With a 74-horsepower 1.0-liter three-cylinder engine, the Mirage is neither fast nor powerful. Paired with a new continuously variable transmission (CVT), its performance away from stoplights and around town is fine if you work it hard. A five-speed manual transmission is also offered--for $1,000 less--but it reduces the gas mileage to 37 mpg combined. At highway speeds, though, there's very little margin indeed for acceleration or passing, regardless of which transmission you choose.
Looking at the Mirage, about the best you can say is that the design is inoffensive. There's a reason for the bland, characterless front end: aerodynamics, meaning that the rounded nose smooths the little car's path through the air and uses very little fuel to do it. The rest of the car's design is generic small hatchback, perhaps with a hint of last-generation Nissan Versa at the rear.
The materials inside are inexpensive, but Mitsubishi has crafted a straightforward dashboard that doesn't really betray its hard-plastic surfaces. Upholstery is simple black cloth with a subtle purple check (it's not as bad as it sounds). The front seats are comfortable, but the seat cushions are short; the rear seat will fit two adults, but while Mitsubishi calls this a five-passenger car, the rear seat will only fit three if they're exceptionally skinny teens or children.
The Mitsubishi Mirage is offered in just two trim levels: the base DE and the better equipped ES. Mitsubishi says it's targeting first-time buyers and those on very limited budgets.
Beside the standard automatic climate control, all Mirages have power locks, windows, and mirrors; a 60/40 split folding rear seat back (although it doesn't fold flat); and variable intermittent wipers. The AM/FMCD audio system has a USB port, an auxiliary input jack, and there's a 12-volt power outlet in the console. Standard steel wheels are fitted with silver plastic wheel covers.
For $1,200 more, the ES adds alloy wheels, pushbutton start, cruise control, a height adjustment for the driver's seat, leather wrappings for the steering wheel and shift knob, fog lamps, Bluetooth pairing, and audio controls on the steering wheel. It has more chrome and silver trim accents as well. Even a top-of-the-line Mirage won't be much above $15,000, and Mitsubishi offers both trim levels with either transmission.
For trivia fans, the Mitsubishi Mirage is also the first passenger car sold in the U.S. to be built in Thailand. A dedicated factory there can build up to 125,000 Mirages a year for global markets. In the U.S., however, Mitsubishi has modest aspirations for the Mirage: It hopes to sell about 7,000 during 2015. The Mirage will likely do somewhat better in Canada, where small and inexpensive cars take a larger share of the market.
The Car Connection Consumer Review
This is one fantastic car we couldn't be happier. Great on gas which is always a plus I give it an A+ rating
It's a great , small car that has the size and performance of a medium car with excellent fuel consumption.
Love this car.
My first car. great good,on gas , family car.,#happiness
What Were you expecting anyway?
Rented this car from Hertz, could not believe something like this existed in America
Disappointed with overall drive performance; rough ride.
good dependable little car
Used Mitsubishi Mirage1,451 cars
Used Chevrolet Spark7,006 cars
Used Ford Fiesta9,225 cars
Used Toyota Yaris1,418 cars
Used Scion iQ114 cars


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Dylan Hughes
Thank you for visiting the Luanda International School website. On this site you will learn that the school offers the three IB programmes throughout the age range and that these programmes are currently the best available for ensuring a quality, rigorous academic curriculum in an international context. These programmes ensure that our students have the best chance for a smooth transition from one year to another, from one country to another and perhaps most critically, from school to college or university.
You will also read of a school which, even after just a few years of existence, is already adding to an impressive list of facilities; of a school prepared to search the globe for professional, internationally-minded teachers with a proven ability to care, encourage and inspire; of a school dedicated to learning in its broadest sense where students are participating in a range of sporting, cultural and social activities designed to broaden outlooks and garner an appreciation of the world around them. It should also be clear that the school puts the safety and security of its students as its utmost priority but still provides the opportunity for inquiry, experimentation and play in a well- protected but not totally stifling educational environment.
However, even the best designed websites are exactly that – designed, and without visiting or being part of our school you are unlikely to find out all you need to know about us. If you do get the opportunity to visit us here in Angola I hope you will discover two things that set Luanda International School apart and make it just that little bit "special".
Firstly, happy school communities require a strong sense of cooperation and common purpose. Throughout the school there is a refreshing commitment to foster student engagement through hands-on enquiry and a desire to promote academic achievement through understanding not repetition. The common purpose that fosters this has now evolved through a forward-looking board, a very hands-on PTA and a talented and committed teacher body. Secondly, the school has real ambition. This is shown not just by the enormous investment in buildings, programmes and teachers over the past four years but also by a genuine desire of all members of the school community to see the school engage in continuous improvement. Resting on laurels is not an option.
Luanda International School is an exciting school in an exciting country. A curriculum based on understanding, teachers intent on building a rapport with their students, secure well-resourced premises and all within what could well be one of the world's greatest classrooms, Angola.


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I'm just curious. And also, what do most guys consider fat. Because I think girls have a much different definition of fat than a lot of guys. Hell, I don't know just tell me whatchya think.
Most Helpful Guy
don't really care just can't be overboard skinny or overboard obese
because I think a kick ass personality shaves off pounds because there is this girl well last year anyways who was in my 1st period class and she was on the heavy side but she just had a awesome personality and when I thought about it I wouldn't really call her fat or overweight because as I said before her personality shaves off her fat.11|00|0


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Summoners Sky Arena Hack walk-through information for newbies.
This guidebook provides the essential information regarding the game to you along with suggestions /traces and FAQs. Look at our information for the entire set of creatures accessible, dungeon mobs fall areas, Runes information and properties.
Summoners War Sky Arena Hack resembles rather a lot to games like courageous Frontier, having a small number of electricity and fairly similar in-game activities, like PvE Dungeons, Arena fights, gear, fusions, etc. After the first game tutorial grants you using a Hellhound, a faerie as well as a Vagabound, on the other hand, in the event that you continue finishing quests for some time, the wizard will find yourself rewarding you with Garuda creatures, which can be a strong 3 star light kind unit, it is fairly strong and it is free!.
IMPORTANT HINT!. You get a Epikion Priest component as a benefit, do not worry in the event you log into facebook and deliver 50 invites, your fb contacts don't have to really play with the game to get the creature.
Each area has 7 degrees. Althrough there are Hell, Standard, Difficult and 3 difficulty degrees, you can just pick the one that is next you finish the last grade entirely. In addition, you get to find out the entire material fall list for the area.
Some dungeons just become accessible.
Dungeons. These dungeons are only able to be be obtained by finishing dungeons that were other . What is amazing is that creature pieces can be collected by you in the event that you complete all amounts within that area, to summon a device.
Sky Arena
The arena or stadium can be found in the globe map, and simply unlocked after you activate the conversation that contributes to the Stadium opening and finish Garen Woods. Whenever you play in the Stadium, you use 1 stadium invitation, here is where you battle with other gamers, even though the game in fact controls them. Stadium Invitations replenish every half an hour.
The level of stadium points you get is determined by how strong your competition is. In the event that you lose, each of the VP you acquired will go away
Buffing Upwards. You'll get buffs in case you commence winning straight matches in the stadium, this buff can stack as many as 10 times. The buff continues for limited time.
Stadium Rank Benefits. The game rewards players with stadium points developed throughout the week. It's possible for you to win both crystals and creatures that are special
Besides stadium points, in addition, you get glory factors when winning a Stadium match. In the glory store you are able to buy stuff together
Tower. You won't ever really see them protect you, if you are assaulting, because you can just start to see the stadium


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12月 9, 2014 合計視聴数:: 6266 今日: 1
Hotel City Stays Cais do Sodre Apartments Lisbon, Offering a central location in Cais do Sodré, these modern style apartments are a few steps from the train and metro station. City Stays Cais do Sodre Apartments includes free WiFi access. These new units include a fully equipped kitchenette separated from the living room by a wooden frame. The living room features a flat-screen satellite TV and a sofa. Some apartments offer river views. City Stays central location means restaurants, バー, cafés and public transports are just around the corner. Chiado district can be found within 800 メートル, and Bairro Alto is less than a 10-minute walk up the street. Baixa/Chiado Metro Station is a 5-minute walk and offers connections throughout the city. Guests can catch the train at the nearby Cais do Sodré Train Station and take the 20-minute train ride to Cascais and Estoril. Lisbon International Airport is a 28-minute bus ride from the City Stays Apartments. (Hotel City Stays Cais do Sodre Apartments Lisbon hotels booking).


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Arby's Wins Pharrell's Grammy Hat Charity Auction
Good morning! Were you hoping to become the proud owner of Pharrell's now-famous Grammys hat? Are you a fast food chain that specializes in spongy roast beef? If you answered yes to the first question and no to the second, then unfortunately you're out of luck. … More »


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Link: https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6NzF7OvGvsmeWpCOThxOHU2RlU Instruction: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PGWHbDa1-Q Thanks to Bob Bobson for creating this hell hole of a level! Music: Jazz Be Damned by Alexander Brandon - I picked this because... music title explained it all. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOSP50BCgmk Fail: 108 (massive number) I was going to upload FM Day 25... that was until I beated this mother******. This proves one thing: only I can be the one to declare something is impossible. Not even the creator of the level, no. 'Cause my UNDYING DETERMINATION is UNDYING. Get dunked on Bob XD Jokes aside, this has to be the most difficult level to beat without lawnmowers and cheats. It required a lot of perseverance, careful studying, perfect execution and some luck. All the zombies in this level, except Flag Zombie, will always stay at the same place no matter what - remember all of that. Remember where they will be to plan accordingly. Never stop planting Sun-shroom unless it's an emergency. Most of the time I ran out of sun and lost. Other times I lost because of the chickens. Motherf***ing chickens. Be really prepared for them, as Punk Jam Chickens = Disaster. And you'll also lose a lot to flying zombies. Keep most of the Split Pea for them while planting A.K.E.E. Plant 2 columns of A.K.E.E before the final wave - you don't want to have a bad time. Escape Root's luck play some part in this: sometimes you don't want Grapeshot and it gives you Grapeshot; other times when you need Cherry Bomb/Grapeshot, it gives you mines. Nuff said about my luck. Finally, save that one PF for the final wave. Don't waste it for anything else - even two columns of A.K.E.E can't defeat the Baloon Zombies in time. Overall, pouring 108 tries on this one... Oh I can't wait to hear Bob's comment on this one. Hope you guys have enjoyed watching; leave a like and subscribe if you like my videos :) More crazy levels coming soon! DT's out.
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4.8 Update Discussion #2
The world of custom PvZ 2 levels... It's so wide open...
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Turn your Smart phone or tablet PC in to the mouse of your computer to operate it remotely, it is a one click away software Remote Mouse Server enable you to turn your mobile phone or tablet into a set of wireless mouse and keyboard. Control your computer anywhere in your room. It is very simple to download, install, configure and use.
The steps for installation of this freeware for iphone / ipad and android devices have detailed here www.remotemouse.net. Go through it and simply follow the instructon. Turn your smartphone or tablet/ ipad into a remote mouse.
Features of Remote Mouse Server
- Fully simulated functions of wireless mouse and keyboard
- Main mouse functionalities featured, including click, double-click, right-click, scroll and drag
- Both portrait and landscape mode mouse touchpad supported
- iOS default keyboards integration with customized function keys
- Key Combos supported
- Wireless control of your computer anywhere in your room
- Works under WiFi and 3G Network
- Intuitive interface and easy to use
- Compatible with Windows 7, XP, Vista
- Compatible with Mac OSX Lion/Snow leopard/Leopard
Download Remote Mouse Server for Mac OS X 10.5+ Intel/PPCDownload Remote Mouse Server for Windows 7/XP/Vista
Download Remote Mouse Server for iPhone / iPod Touch
Download Remote Mouse Server for iPad
Download Remote Mouse Server for Android


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ALL ABOUT INSURANCE – A BEGINNER'S GUIDE. Some people would have invested in some type of insurance – medical, life or personal – to ensure that they are fully protected should the need for it arise. But not many are familiar with how insurances really work or why there is a need to get one anyway. So it is important that before deciding to get one, it is prudent to read and gather more information about it. So to get to the point of it all, what is insurance anyway? Largely defined, insurance is a way of diversifying finances of the individual or a large organization in such a way so as to secure them in the event that something terrible befalls them. Expenses incurred for being insured by the specific insurance company are then paid over to them in a monthly or annual setup depending on what the insurer and the agency had agreed on. Insurance is a viable method for protecting one's self and guaranteeing that they would have the budget available to cover the said misfortune, but in the event that the said disaster does not happen, then the money paid to the insuring company cannot be refunded anymore.
News For This Month: Options
In accordance to how it is defined, if an individual would get an insurance either for themselves or for another person, they are, in a way, securing the potential for misfortune of that insured person should any emergency or a specific mishap ever happen. The insurance company provides a way for individuals and businesses to shield themselves from great financial dangers. For individuals who would like to conduct additional research and find more information about insurance, then get it at this website.
The Key Elements of Great Insurance
If a person or a business entity seeks insurance offers from an insurance provider, and come to a mutual agreement, the agreement will be binding, with the insured person becomes the client and the insurance provider acting as the guarantor or insurer for him or her. The most popular and often subscribed-to type of insurance is the life insurance. In general, this works with the insuring agency paying a certain amount just in case the insurer, who have signed up for the protection, ever die before the agreement happens. Also, it is worth knowing a thing or two about this thing that they call in the insurance world, premium. In general, 'premium' is all about the payments made by the insurer for the protection he has enlisted from the insurance agency itself. It can be paid in various ways, from monthly down to an annual basis depending on what the insured party and the insurance agency had agreed upon. Different basis come into play when the premium is determined, this includes the salary level, the age and gender of the insurer, as well as any pre-existing conditions that they might already have, and other significant factors too.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jan 7, 1997
|Filing date
|May 13, 1994
|Priority date
|May 13, 1994
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Nadav Ben-Efraim, Peter T. Liu
|Original Assignee
|Lsi Logic Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (61), Classifications (11), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the art of electronic data transmission, and more specifically to a method and apparatus for convolutional interleaving and de-interleaving of data for correcting bursts of errors in transmitted data.
2. Description of the Related Art
In many applications of communications technology, interleaving is used in combination with encoding for error correction. One technique, which is applicable to some types of burst-error communications channels, is to insert an interleaver between the channel encoder at the transmitting end and the channel. The interleaver redistributes the data bits or symbols being transmitted over the channel so that the symbols are mutually separated by substantially more than the length of a "typical" burst of errors.
Interleaving effectively makes the channel appear like a random-error channel to a decoder at the receiving end. For some high frequency channels, this technique can improve the performance by one to three orders of magnitude.
Improvements in digital communications technology have increased the demands on Forward Error Correction (FEC) techniques. For example, compressed video systems require an extremely low Bit-Error Rate (BER) on the order of 1e-12 (one error per 1012 bits of data). Conventional FEC techniques require high transmitter power and large data overhead to achieve these low BERs. The concatenation and interleaving of several FEC techniques reduces the power and bandwidth expansion required by a single error correction code to obtain the same low error rate.
FIG. 1 illustrates a basic interleaved/concatenated FEC communications system 10, comprising a transmitter 12 and a receiver 14 that are connected by a communications channel 16. The transmitter 12 includes a first or outer encoder 18 that encodes input data using a Reed-Solomon code or other suitable code, and a second or inner encoder 20 that further encodes the data using a Convolutional or Hamming code. The receiver 14 includes an inner decoder 22 and an outer decoder 24 that are conjugate to the encoders 18 and 20 respectively.
The "rate" R of the code is defined as the reciprocal of the bandwidth expansion. For instance an R=1/2 code doubles the bandwidth or data rate in the transmission channel. If two individual codes are used, the overall rate is the product of the two codes.
Another measure of the effectiveness of an error correction technique is the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) that is required to obtain the necessary BER at the output of the outer decoder 24. A low SNR corresponds to a low power requirement for the transmitter 12, and thereby lower cost. The best codes have a high rate R and a low SNR for a given BER.
The inner codes that are selected usually perform well at low SNR (high channel BER). They can easily push the BER from the range of 1e-2 to the range of 1e-4. However, it is difficult for the inner code alone to reach the 1e-12 BER system requirement.
The outer codes, on the other hand, can easily push the BER from 1e-4 to 1e-12, but usually will not work at low SNR. Hence, the concatenated scheme is highly desirable for systems such as Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), and create only a moderate bandwidth expansion.
The above analysis applies only to the assumption that the errors are uncorrelated or randomly distributed. In practical applications, however, the output of the inner decoder 22 tends to be very bursty. This causes the error pattern to be highly correlated and concentrated only in a small portion of the bit stream. Under these conditions, the outer decoder 24 will not perform effectively. In order to alleviate this problem, an interleaving/de-interleaving function is added to the system 10.
As further illustrated in FIG. 2, the system 10 further comprises an interleaver 26 connected between the encoders 18 and 20 and a de-interleaver 28 connected between the decoders 22 and 24. The interleaver 26 reorders a sequence of symbols or data bits in a one-to-one deterministic manner. The de-interleaver 28 restores the reordered sequence to its original ordering.
More specifically, the de-interleaver 28 breaks the bursts of errors from the inner decoder 22 into pieces and spreads the errors into several different outer code words. This eases the burden on the outer decoder 24, which is able to clean up the remaining errors successfully.
The reduction of required power by one-half for the concatenated code can result in a significantly lowered cost in an application such as Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) video systems. The reduction in required power can be manifested in cheaper transmitters and receivers.
A periodic interleaver is an interleaver for which the interleaving permutation is a periodic function of time. Two basic types of periodic interleavers are known in the prior art; block interleavers and convolutional interleavers.
A block interleaver writes symbols into an array by columns, and reads them out by rows. The de-interleaver writes the received symbols by rows, and reads them out by columns, thus, reversing the interleaving operation. The interleaving/de-interleaving permutation is performed on block boundaries.
Assuming a block length (number of columns) of N and an interleave depth (number of rows) of B, the number of memory locations required to implement a block interleaver is 2�N�B, since all of the symbols must be written into memory before they can be read out.
A convolutional Interleaver performs a periodic permutation over a continuous semi-infinite sequence of symbols. This group of interleavers results in an easier synchronization scheme and requires a smaller RAM configuration while achieving the same performance.
A convolutional helical interleaver achieves the same performance as the block interleaver, but requires only half as much memory for implementation. In the interleaver operation, reading is done by rows and writing is done by columns. However, the write location is forced to equal the read location after each N symbols. This configuration enables the memory requirement to be reduced to N�B.
Optimal implementations for convolutional periodic interleavers are proposed in an article entitled "Realization of Optimum Interleavers", by John Ramsey, in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, May 1970, pp. 338-345, and also in an article entitled "Burst-Correcting Codes for the Classic Bursty Channel", by G. David Forney, in IEEE Transactions on Communications Technology, Vol. COM-19, No. 5, October 1971, pp. 772-780.
These solutions, although different, are optimal and reach the minimum bound of required memory and total end to end delay. They both reduce the required memory to about (N�B)/2 at the transmitter and at the receiver, which is half the memory required for a helical interleaver, and about 25% of the memory required for a block interleaver.
Forney's optimal convolutional interleaver configuration is illustrated in FIG. 2. An interleaver 30 at a transmitting end of a communications channel 32 comprises a plurality of shift register segments 34, 36, 38 and 40 having different lengths. A de-interleaver 42 at a receiving end of the channel 32 comprises a plurality of shift register segments 44, 46, 48 and 50 having the same lengths as the segments 40, 38, 36 and 34 of the interleaver 30 respectively.
The length CK (the number of stages in the shift registers) of each segment 34, 36, 38 and 40 is selected in accordance with a parameter M=N/B and a segment number K such that CK =K�M=K�(N/B). There are B segments, for which K is K0 to K.sub.(B-1) respectively.
For the first segment 34, K=0, and the length C=0 (the first segment 34 is a direct connection). For the second segment 36, K=1, and C=M. For the last segment 40, K=B-1, and C=(B-1)�M.
The interleaver 30 further comprises an input switch 52 and an output switch 54, whereas the de-interleaver 42 comprises an input switch 56 and an output switch 58. The interleaver 30 is operated by using the switches 52 and 54 to sequentially select the segments 34, 36, 38 and 40.
To select the segment 34, for example, the switches 52 and 54 are moved to the illustrated positions such that the input of the segment 34 is connected to the input of an encoder such as illustrated at 18 in FIG. 1, and the switch 54 is connected between the output of the segment 34 and the channel 32.
After a segment 34, 36, 38 or 40 is selected, the oldest symbol or data bit in the segment is read out from the right end of the respective shift register, a new symbol is written into the left end of the shift register, and all other symbols are shifted to the right. The switches 52 and 54 are then operated to select the next segment. On the de-interleaver side the reverse operation is performed using the switches 56 and 58, and the original order is restored.
Although providing effective interleaving/de-interleaving operation with reduced memory requirements, Forney's convolutional interleaver configuration as described in the above referenced article suffers from several disadvantages.
1. The shift register configuration requires a disproportionally large area when implemented on a semiconductor chip.
2. The hard-wired architecture constrains the user to a pre-defined set of system parameters.
3. B must divide N. For this reason, some (B,N) pairs are not allowed.
The method described above with reference to FIG. 2 (Forney's optimal convolutional interleaving/de-interleaving solution) cannot be implemented in a compact manner on a semiconductor chip in its shift register configuration.
The present method and apparatus accomplish the heretofore unrealized goal of implementing Forney's method in a compact arrangement. However, the present invention is not so limited, and can be further applied to other interleaving/de-interleaving methods, including the block and helical schemes described above.
Instead of shifting data along paths of varying shift registers delays, the present method leaves the data in its original RAM location, and changes the RAM's read and write addresses. Thus, the functionality is maintained but the overall chip size is significantly reduced.
The present convolutional interleaver/de-interleaver requires only a single random access memory, resulting in a smaller configuration while accomplishing the goals of the prior art shift register methodology.
In a method and apparatus for selective convolutional interleaving or de-interleaving of symbols or data bits, a plurality of segments are defined in random access memory (RAM), with each segment including a different number of locations for storing symbols.
Previously stored symbols are sequentially read out of current locations in the segments respectively, and new symbols are read into the current locations. Next locations in the segments are redesignated as current locations respectively, and the operation is repeated until all of the symbols have been interleaved or de-interleaved.
The first location in each segment is designated by a respective segment pointer. The current and next locations are designated as relative offset pointers from the segment pointers, and these locations are incremented by incrementing the offset pointers.
Interleaving or de-interleaving operation is determined by the direction in which the segments are sequentially selected for the read/write operations.
The present arrangement enables a flexible architecture, in which all of the system parameters are fully programmable as follows.
1. The interleaving depth B can be changed according to the system requirements.
2. The block length N is programmable to any number.
3. A single input signal determines if the apparatus will function as an interleaver on the encoder side, or as a de-interleaver on the decoder side.
4. Special relationships between N and B are not required. The method described in the above referenced article to Ramsey and the helical interleaving scheme constrain the system to relative primeness relations between N and B. In the method described in the above referenced article to Forney, B must divide N. The present method has no such constraints.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description taken with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional concatenated/interleaved data communications system;
FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram illustrating a known convolutional interleaving/de-interleaving method utilizing shift registers;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a convolutional interleaver/de-interleaver embodying the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of convolutional interleaving and de-interleaving using the convolutional interleaver/de-interleaver of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement of memory locations in the convolutional interleaver/de-interleaver;
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a segment offset pointer that is used to designated the memory locations of FIG. 5; and
FIG. 7 is a timing diagram illustrating an exemplary convolutional interleaving operation in accordance with the present method;
A convolutional interleaver/de-interleaver apparatus 60 that is constructed and operates in accordance with a method of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 3. The apparatus 60 comprises a computer 62, which can be a microprocessor or other suitable computing element. It is further within the scope of the invention to embody the computer 62 as dedicated hardwired circuitry.
The apparatus 60 further comprises a random access memory (RAM) 64 including a portion 64a for storing data that is being interleaved or de-interleaved. The memory 64 also stores an operating program and intermediate variables for controlling the operation of the apparatus 60 using the computer 62.
Further illustrated in FIG. 3 is a sequencer logic unit 66 for controlling addressing of the memory 64 and other arithmetic and logical operations under control of the computer 62. Although the unit 66 is illustrated as being a separate element, it is within the scope of the invention to incorporate the functionality of the unit 66 into the computer 62.
The portion 64b of the memory 64 is also divided into a plurality of segments for storing data symbols or bits that are to be interleaved or de-interleaved. Where the apparatus 60 is applied for practicing the interleaving/de-interleaving method described in the above-referenced article to Forney, the segments are defined as having different numbers of locations CK respectively, which are defined by the relation CK =K�.left brkt-top.N/B.right brkt-top..
The term .left brkt-top.N/B.right brkt-top. is the mathematical "ceiling" of the ratio N/B, such that the numerical value of N/B, which does not have to be an integer in accordance with the present invention, is rounded up to the next highest integer value. For example, if N/B=2.3, then .left brkt-top.N/B.right brkt-top.=3.
More specifically, K is a segment number from K0 to K.sub.(B-1), CK is the number of memory locations in the segment K, N is a predetermined block length of the symbols and B is a predetermined interleaving depth. A variable M is defined as M=.left brkt-top.N/B.right brkt-top..
The addresses of first memory locations in the segments are designated by fixed segment pointers PK. The other locations in the segments are designated by variable offset pointers LK, which specify the relative offset from the first locations in the segments. The actual address AK of a particular memory location in a segment having a segment number K is the sum or concatenation of the segment pointer PK and the offset pointer LK, such that AK =PK +LK.
It is further within the scope of the invention to make each segment pointer PK equal to an offset from the first location of a specified area in the memory 64. In such a case, the address of a particular location AK is equal to the concatenation of the address of this first location and PK +LK.
An exemplary memory allocation for the apparatus 60 is illustrated in TABLE 1. It will be assumed that the maximum interleaving depth B is equal to 15, and that the segment pointers PK are stored in memory starting at location address 0.
TABLE 1______________________________________MEMORY ALLOCATION(B = 15)LOCATION CONTENTS______________________________________ 0 Reserved 1 Reserved 2 Segment Pointer 1 (Byte 1) 3 Segment Pointer 1 (Byte 2) 4 Segment Pointer 2 (Byte 1) 5 Segment Pointer 2 (Byte 2) 6 Segment Pointer 3 (Byte 1) 7 Segment Pointer 3 (Byte 2) 8 Segment Pointer 4 (Byte 1) 9 Segment Pointer 4 (Byte 2)10 Segment Pointer 5 (Byte 1)11 Segment Pointer 5 (Byte 2)12 Segment Pointer 6 (Byte 1)13 Segment Pointer 6 (Byte 2)14 Segment Pointer 7 (Byte 1)15 Segment Pointer 7 (Byte 2)16 Segment Pointer 8 (Byte 1)17 Segment Pointer 8 (Byte 2)18 Segment Pointer 9 (Byte 1)19 Segment Pointer 9 (Byte 2)20 Segment Pointer 10 (Byte 1)21 Segment Pointer 10 (Byte 2)22 Segment Pointer 11 (Byte 1)23 Segment Pointer 11 (Byte 2)24 Segment Pointer 12 (Byte 1)25 Segment Pointer 12 (Byte 2)26 Segment Pointer 13 (Byte 1)27 Segment Pointer 13 (Byte 2)28 Segment Pointer 14 (Byte 1)29 Segment Pointer 14 (Byte 2)30 Offset Pointer 131 Offset Pointer 232 Offset Pointer 333 Offset Pointer 434 Offset Pointer 535 Offset Pointer 636 Offset Pointer 737 Offset Pointer 838 Offset Pointer 939 Offset Pointer 1040 Offset Pointer 1141 Offset Pointer 1242 Offset Pointer 1343 Offset Pointer 1444 DATA| |267 DATA______________________________________
As illustrated in TABLE 1, locations 0 and 1 are reserved for use of the operating program. Since B=15 and the first segment is constituted by a direct connection, 14 segment pointers PK are required for an interleaving depth of B=15.
In a typical application, two bytes of data are required to specify each segment pointer PK. For example, the two bytes for segment pointer 1 are stored in locations 2 and 3, the two bytes for segment pointer 2 are stored in locations 4 and 5, and the two bytes for segment pointer 14 are stored in locations 28 and 29 respectively.
Only one byte of data is required for each offset pointer LK. The offset pointers LK are stored in locations 30 through 43 respectively.
Including the reserved locations 0 and 1, a total of 44 memory locations having addresses 0 to 43 are required to store the segment pointers PK and the offset pointers LK. The data to be interleaved or de-interleaved is stored in memory locations 44 to 267.
TABLE 2 illustrates the first address of each segment as specified by the segment pointer PK, the number of locations CK =K�M, and the range of addresses for each segment in the exemplary case of B=15. For example, the segment having the segment number K=4 begins at location 56, and consists of 8 memory locations 56 to 63.
In the illustrated example of the apparatus 60, the interleaving depth B can have any selected value from 1 to 15. In a case in which a value of B smaller than 15 is selected, the segment pointers PK for values of K higher than B-1 are unused.
FIG. 5 and TABLE 3 schematically illustrate a simplified example of the invention, in which the block length N=8, and the interleave depth B=4. M=8/4=2, and B-1=3. The apparatus 60 as illustrated in FIG. 5 comprises B=4 segments, including a segment 70 constituted by a direct connection, and three segments 72, 74 and 76 having two, four and six locations respectively.
TABLE 3______________________________________MEMORY ALLOCATION(B = 4)LOCATION CONTENTS______________________________________0 Reserved 1 Reserved 2 Segment Pointer 1 = 44 (Byte 1) 3 Segment Pointer 1 = 44 (Byte 2) 4 Segment Pointer 2 = 46 (Byte 1) 5 Segment Pointer 2 = 46 (Byte 2) 6 Segment Pointer 3 = 50 (Byte 1) 7 Segment Pointer 3 = 50 (Byte 2) 8 0| || |29 030 Offset Pointer 1 (0-2)31 Offset Pointer 2 (0-4)32 Offset Pointer 3 (0-6)33 0| || |43 044 DATA| || |267 DATA______________________________________
The segment 70 (K=0) is a direct connection, and is not represented in the memory 64. Since fourty four memory locations are used to store the segment pointers PK and the offset pointers LK in portions 64c and 64d of memory 64, the first location of the segment 72 (K=1) is location 44. Since M=N/K=2, the number of locations CK for the segment 72 is equal to 1�M=2. Thus, the segment 72 will consist of two memory locations 44 and 45.
Similarly, the segment 74 consists of 2�M=4 memory locations, starting with location 46. The segment 76 consists of six memory locations starting at location 50. The last location in the segment 76 has the address 55.
The operation of the simplified embodiment of the apparatus 60 in which N=8 and B=4 is illustrated in the flow chart of FIG. 4. FIG. 7 is a chart illustrating how data is read out of and written into the memory 64.
As illustrated in FIG. 4, the first step 100 of the present method is to initialize the configuration. This comprises selecting the values of N and B, calculating the value of M, and calculating the lengths of the segments 70, 72, 74 and 76 based on these parameters.
The initialization phase further comprises designating the memory locations and addresses in the memory 64 corresponding to the segments 70, 72, 74 and 76, calculating the values of the segment pointers PK, and storing these values in the memory 64 as indicated by the allocation scheme of TABLE 3. Depending upon a particular application, these values can be stored in the memory 64 as firmware, can be downloaded from an external unit (not shown), or can be hardwired if the parameters in the particular application will not be changed.
All of the offset pointers LK are set to 0 (step 102). An interleave/de-interleave select signal is then applied to the computer 62. This signal has a first value if an interleave mode operation is to be performed, and a second value if a de-interleave mode operation is to be performed.
If the interleave operation is selected (step 104), K is set to 0 and the sequencer logic unit 66 is set to operate in increment mode. If the de-interleave operation is selected, K is set to B-1 and the sequencer logic unit 62 is set to operate in decrement mode (step 108).
The interleave mode operation will be described with reference to FIG. 7. The segments 70, 72, 74 and 76 in the memory 64 in which the data is stored are sequentially accessed by the sequencer logic unit 66. The segment number K is initially set to 0 (for interleave mode).
In the table of FIG. 7, data that is being written into the memory 64 is not enclosed in parentheses, whereas data that is being read out of the memory 64 is enclosed in parentheses. FIG. 7 illustrates 32 operation cycles, during which time 32 symbols or data bits are processed by the apparatus 60 respectively.
The sequencer logic unit 66 is programmed to recognize that the segment 70 is a direct connection, and will not attempt to load a segment pointer P0 or an offset pointer L0 from the memory 64 during the first operation cycle. Instead, the sequencer logic unit 66 controls the computer 62 such that any data that appears at the input of the apparatus 60 when K=0 will be passed directly through to the output thereof.
The segment number K is incremented to the value of 1 for the second operation cycle. A test is made to determine if all of the segments 70, 72, 74 and 76 have been accessed. This is done by comparing K to B-1 (step 124). If K is greater than B-1, it indicates that all of the segments 70, 72, 74 and 76 have been accessed, and that K should be reset to 0 (step 126). Since in this case K=1, the reset operation is not performed.
The segment pointer P1 and the offset pointer L1 are loaded from the memory 64 (step 110), and the address A1 of the current location in the segment 72 that is to be accessed is calculated as the sum or concatenation thereof. Since L1 =0, the first address A1 is equal to the address of the first location in the segment 72, or 44 (steps 112 and 116).
A test is made to determine if all of the locations in the segment 72 have been accessed. This is done by comparing LK to CK (step 112). If LK is greater than CK, it indicates that all of the locations in the segment 72 have been accessed, and that LK should be reset to 0 (step 114). Since in this case L1 =0, the reset operation is not performed.
During the first four operation cycles, there is no previously stored data in the memory 64, and the computer 62 is programmed to ignore any data that is read out (step 118). However, new data is written into the memory 64 (step 120). During the second operation cycle, the second data bit is written into location 44 of the segment 72.
During the third operation cycle, K is incremented to the value of 2 (step 122), the segment pointer P2 and the offset pointer L2 are loaded from the memory 64 (step 110), and the address A2 of the current location in the segment 74 is calculated as 46+0=46 (step 116). The third data bit is written into the location 46 (step 120). During the fourth operation cycle, K is incremented to the value 3 (step 122) and the fourth data bit is similarly written into the first location 50 of the segment 76 (step 120).
After all of the segments 70, 72, 74 and 76 have been accessed and four data bits have been written therein respectively, the next operation of incrementing K (step 122) produces a value of K=4. Since this is larger than B-1=3, K is reset to zero and all LK are incremented (step 126). This latter operation has the effect of redesignating next locations in all of the segments 70, 72, 74 and 76 as new current locations respectively.
The segment 70 is accessed during the fifth operation cycle. During the sixth operation cycle, since L1 =1, A1 =44+1=45, the sixth data bit is written (step 120) into the second location 45 of the segment 72. The seventh and eighth data bits are written (step 120) into the second locations 47 and 51 of the segments 74 and 76 respectively.
The ninth data bit goes through the direct connection of the segment 70. Since the second data bit was written into the location 44 of the segment 72 during the second operation cycle, it is read out (step 118) during the tenth operation cycle and a tenth data bit is written into the location 44 (step 120). It will be understood that the offset pointer L1 was incremented (step 126) to the value of 2 which is greater than C1 =1, and was reset to zero during the tenth operation cycle to point to the first location 44 in the segment 72.
The operation continues in an essentially similar manner during the remaining operation cycles. As soon as the value of an offset pointer LK is incremented above the number CK of memory locations in the segment K, it is reset to zero.
In accordance with the present invention, path delays for the segments 70, 72, 74 and 76 are inherent in the apparatus 60 that are equivalent to those in the prior art shift register implementation of the convolutional interleaver/de-interleaver as described above. The present delays are implemented by performing the read operation before the write operation for each location in the memory 64.
A particular memory location will be read exactly "segment length" cycles after it was written. Thus, an imaginary delay chain is constructed to replace the shift mechanism. The delay for each segment 70, 72, 74 and 76 is equal to CK �N. Thus, the delay in the segment 70 is 0�4=0 operation cycles, the delay in the segment 72 is 2�4=8 operation cycles, the delay in the segment 74 is 4�4=16 operation cycles and the delay in the segment 76 is 6�4=24 operation cycles.
The de-interleaving operation is essentially similar to the interleaving operation, except that K is initially set to B-1 and then decremented. Due to the inherent delays in the segment access cycles as described above, the timing of the de-interleaving operation will be exactly conjugate to that of the interleaving operation, and the de-interleaving operation will produce an exact replica of the original data.
The present invention provides numerous advantages over the prior art shift register implementation, including the following
1. Reduced size--the present single RAM implementation can be as much as 90% smaller than a prior art shift register based device.
2. Programmability--the present apparatus enables the user to program the desired system parameters. N and B can be changed according to the system specifications.
3. Flexibility--there are no constraints on relations between N and B, with all combinations being supported. All of the fixed offset and segment pointers, that determine the actual interleaving depth and array configuration, are calculated during the initialization phase. This makes the present apparatus 60 a general purpose implementation, which can be easily adapted to different environmental and system applications.
4. Interleaver/De-Interleaver modes--the present implementation allows the user to choose the desired mode of operation. Other configurations require two distinct modules to perform the two operations. The present apparatus can function in both modes, with one selection signal determining the mode of operation.
5. Simplified Synchronization--the present convolutional interleaver/de-interleaver has a synchronization ambiguity of degree B, while the ambiguity is of degree N�B for block de-interleavers. This property enables a much simpler system synchronization scheme, thereby reducing the amount of required circuitry and the system acquisition time.
6. Easy Routing--by using a single RAM instead of conventional shift register arrays, compact packing and routing become possible. Different system parameters can be accommodated by flexible addressing circuitry, and not by numerous wires going back and forth through the design.
7. Reduced Global Control Circuitry--by slightly increasing the size of the RAM array, most of the parameters used by the address calculating circuitry and global control can be stored along with the interleaved data.
This eliminates the overhead related to "address calculation circuitry" by storing all of the address components in the same RAM used for storing the data for interleaving/de-interleaving.
Various modifications will become possible for those skilled in the art after receiving the teachings of the present disclosure without departing from the scope thereof.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 13, 1994
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