text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 21, 1987
|Filing date
|Sep 2, 1986
|Priority date
|May 31, 1978
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Haydn V. Purdy, Ronald C. McIntosh
|Original Assignee
|Purdy Haydn V, Mcintosh Ronald C
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (18), Classifications (15), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a continuation of co-pending application Ser. No. 563,535 filed on Dec. 20, 1983 now abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 436,202, filed Oct. 22, 1982 and now abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 189,962, filed Jan 21, 1980 and now abandoned.
This invention relates generally to the reproduction of character images, either as visible images on an incrementing plotter, such as a cathode ray tube, or as a permanent record, such as on film. The requirement to reproduce character images, whether from a master character or from a new character design, is a particular problem with typesetting equipment. Although the present invention is particularly appropriate to typesetting apparatus, and will be described in detail hereinafter with reference to this particular application, it has application in its broader aspects to other fields of activity. The method of recreating character images in accordance with the present invention can be used in any situation where one wishes to reproduce a character outline or a solid character image, and will therefore find application in the fields of video display units, television, radar, etc.
Several machines are available which can reproduce typed characters in digitised form, based upon the scanning of a fine rectangular grid structure. In one known method, i.e. a skeletal method, of digitally expressing an image outline, the images are imposed upon an orthogonal grid of appropriate resolution and one notes where the outline exactly coincides with X and Y intersections. These positions are labelled as coordinate pairs in terms of counted elements, either from another pair of coordinates or from a datum point, such as a corner. The procedure can be visual, by physically counting the elemental lines drawn on the grid; it may be manual, by hand-tracing a stylus connected to an orthogonal measuring system; or it can be semi-automatic, by scanning the image in raster fashion, the end point of each slice being first located and then adjacent ones connected so as to constitute a linear edge-exploring sequence. In any mode of operation of this known method the process requires that it is only the relevant grid-coincident skeletal positions which need to be plotted, regardless of their separation.
In an alternative known method, which produces a total description record, a total sequence of adjacent intersections is noted, each one being as close as possible to the outline. One does not then need to establish absolute coordinates for each intersection, because a record of vector information between intersections will suffice.
However, regardless of the type of descriptive record which is made, digital drawing machines based upon these known methods typically trace out an image in orthogonal steps of equal size, acquiring extra interpolation instructions internally where necessary. Although a tracing based upon the step vector method may be acceptable for some purposes, it is a fact that orthogonal tracing steps at any resolution are still noticeable to a greater or lesser extent. With this total description record method one therefore has no alternative but to use a very fine grid. This is because any linking formula is handicapped by the fact that only a very tiny proportion of the grid intersections will fall exactly upon the outline, and even these few will not be specially identifiable. All the non-coinciding points will be up to half of an elemental distance in error. This type of record therefore suffers from excessive, randomly erroneous information, which prevents true restoration of the original image.
The skeletal method referred to above also has shortcomings. When reproducing an outline from more widely separated data points, the linking formula becomes complex. Purely predictive calculation is time-consuming and frequently ambiguous. It is possible for a nicely calculated, smoothed path linking several accurate data points still not to match the outline of the artist's design. This is particularly so where the designer has included a slight discontinuity of curve, which although it is barely perceptible in isolation, is a visible feature of the completed character. Any such subtlety which fails to coincide with the grid may therefore not be recorded at all.
Known typesetting machines based upon the use of these methods are not able to exploit the subtlety of traditional typography over its full design range in all its various sizes. In the known machines, re-sizing is usually accomplished by discarding information and also the available resolution. The known machines are also relatively inflexible. Although slanting and stretching of characters is possible, this often causes perceptible design distortion which has meant that it has not been possible to reproduce the original type face faithfully throughout the whole range of point sizes.
The present invention is based upon an appreciation of the following design factors:
1. The "outline" of a character defines most of the visible identity of a character, and defects are less tolerable upon the outline than within the outline;
2. A striped or dotted image, in any resolution, is improved when enclosed within a continuous line;
3. In any type face, the elements of the character must be thicker in the smaller sizes and their aspect ratio has to be widened;
4. When dealing with type faces, ascenders and descenders must all be re-proportioned within the image in the smaller point sizes.
It is an object of the present invention therefore to provide apparatus for and a method of reproducing character images so that the recreated image has a smoothly continuous outline, and not, as is conventional, an outline made up from a discontinuous assembly of adjacent stripes or dots.
It is another object of the invention to effect character reproduction by constructing and manipulating an extravagantly resolved outline, usually with subsequent automatic infilling of the outline.
The essence of the present invention lies in the way in which the extravagantly described outline of a character is constructed and manipulated. The desired sequential outline is achieved by selecting randomly addressable sections (hereinafter referred to as links) of a predetermined curve, and then re-orientating the links to the correct orientation for successive links to join perfectly into the desired sequential outline.
In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method of reproducing a character image as a visible image which comprises:
(a) storing sections of a predetermined curve as a series of vector step instructions in a randomly addressable memory;
(b) selecting appropriate ones of said stored curve sections to match the parameters of the outline of the character to be reproduced;
(c) orientating the individual selected sections to produce a modified sequence of step instructions; and,
(d) using the modified step instructions to control an incrementing plotter to trace a finely resolved sequential character outline.
Also in accordance with the present invention there is provided apparatus for reproducing a character image as a visible image, the apparatus comprising a randomly addressable memory holding a sequential record of vector steps representative of incremental sections along the length of a predetermined curve, means to address the memory to generate a series of vector step instructions matched to the outline of the character to be reproduced, rotator means arranged to orientate the individual steps and produce a modified sequence of step instructions according to the desired re-orientation, and an incrementing plotter driven by said modified step instructions to trace a finely resolved sequential character outline.
By picking out extremely small sections of an appropriate predetermined curve, and re-orientating these links as necessary, one can create an infinite number of characters from just the one curve. The curve thus acts as an electronic template, enabling one to build up characters according to any desired design. As will be described later, the curve is preferably a spiral stored electronically as 16,384 individual steps, and the re-orientation or rotation process which is carried out on the selected links enables any one selected link to be placed in any of 4096 possible orientations. A complete set of links, processed by the electronic template and the rotator, is quite sufficient for any incrementing plotter, whether a cathode ray tube or a mechanical plotter, accurately to recreate the outline. All the links will be perfectly joined, each one starting where the preceding link terminates.
The present invention provides extra control of the image in ways which have previously been impossible in either real light or electronic typesetters, so as to keep it faithful to the best original designs throughout the size range.
The "recipe" for a character consists of a small set of curve links or sections, typically 35 links. The data information relevant to any such link includes its length, its angle, its starting point, and whether the link has to be reflected, reversed or invisible, as will be explained in more detail later. Coordinates are not generated after the first, as they are cumulative.
The image can be displayed as designed, i.e. based upon the data input information to the template, or one can add, subtract or modify elements of the character on the fly.
Although the character image reproduced from the processing of the data input by the electronic template and the rotator will produce a finely resolved sequential outline from the joined selected sections of the predetermined curve, for typographical purposes the image needs to be processed further. Other preferred features of the invention relate to such further processing of the image.
For typographical purposes it is necessary to fill in the outline, although this subsequent infilling does not need to be so elaborate as the outline and it can be achieved by the use of a striping beam which is typically fatter than the outlining spot if one is using a cathode ray tube. Preferably, the infilling circuit provides for the infilling beam to jump instantly over the white sections within each stripe. Between jumps, it writes at a constant speed.
According to a further preferred feature of the invention, provision is made for smoothing the curve which results from the rotator in order to eliminate tiny but "busy" excursions about the true curve.
According to another preferred feature of the invention, different elements of a character can be weighted in order to thicken certain vertical and/or horizontal elements of a character. This is particularly necessary in the case of small point sizes of type because small point sizes need more "body" so that the general character of any particular type face is identifiable throughout, even at small point sizes.
According to another preferred feature of the invention, provision is made for zone compression of a character; in other words, certain zones of a character, such as the ascenders and descenders in small point sizes of type, may need to be lengthened or reduced in order to compensate for certain optical effects.
According to yet another preferred feature of the invention, one ran trace a secondary outline of the character just inside the main outline, as a refined means of bridging from the fine outline to the relatively coarse infill constituent of the image.
These and other features of the invention will now be described in more detail in the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention. Although, as mentiored above, the present invention is applicable to recreating the outline of a character in any field of activity where an image is produced by an incrementing plotter, the invention is hereinafter described with particular reference to a calligraphic typesetter. The calligraphic typesetter is particularly well adapted to take advantage of the great flexibility and control of the image which is achievable with the character reproduction procedures of the present invention.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a representation of a curve usable as an clectronic template for the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block schematic diagram illustrating the basic parts of the character reproduction system of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of the electronic template of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of the rotator of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the addition of various preferred features to the system of FIG. 2;
FIG. 6 is a schematic circuit diagram of the curve smoother;
FIG. 7 is a schematic circuit diagram of the zone compression unit;
FIG. 8 is a schematic circuit diagram of the weighting unit;
FIGS. 9(a)-9(e) illustrate zone compression and weighting applied to a character; and,
FIG. 10 is a schematic circuit diagram of the sidestep (secondary outline) unit.
Before describing the apparatus and method of the present invention in detail, it is necessary to understand how the information which is needed for the recreation of the image is derived from the electronic template. A master curve is chosen from which every character can be created. An appropriate typographic curve is a two-convolution spiral, as shown in FIG. 1. The curve takes the form of a continuous smooth spiral starting approximately as a straight line but curving with ever-increasing velocity and terminating where it matches the tightest curvature encountered in typographic design. The curve is recorded electronically in a programmed read only memory (PROM) and is recorded in 16,384 steps. The memory is for example a 16K�2 bit, 10 MHz ROM. The 16,384 steps are available, on addressing the memory, as a rapid sequence of 4-vector (NES & W) very small step instructions. Any section, i.e. link, can be generated left-handed or right-handed. This reflection facility is achieved by transposition of East and West. Moreover, any section or link can be generated with increasing or decreasing curvature, in order to make the geometric curve proceed more steeply or less steeply. Curve reversal is required whenever the outline has to proceed with decreasing curvature instead of increasing curvature. An invisible link joins image parts separated by a white area.
The shallow end of the curve is virtually straight, but by selecting curve address "zero" the template record is by-passed and the sequence sticks on the first instruction, so as to cause an infinite sequence of steps along one axis only, i.e. North, without, as in all other cases, following the true course of the spiral.
The master curve is preferably chosen to conform to an unambiguous mathematical function which is applicable throughout its entire length. By choosing a curve based upon a mathematical function it is also easier to carry out the process of outline matching by computer methods.
As will be described in detail hereinafter, the curve template is used in conjunction with a rotator which will re-orientate a straight line or curve section in any of 4096 orientations. With the capability for any link to be reflected, i.e. to be left-handed, and for any link to be reversed, i.e. when the outline has to proceed with decreasing curvature instead of increasing curvature, there are therefore 16K variations of the 16K steps available, all at the full speed.
The "recipe" for any character, i.e. the data used as the input for recreating the outline of the character, consists of a small set of links selected from the curve shown in FIG. 1. A character would typically be described in terms of about 35 links or curve sections stored as words each of for example 40 bits. The description of each such link includes its length, its angle, its starting point on the curve, and also whether it has to be reflected, reversed or invisible (white). The first word for a character is a function describing the width of the character, the number of words in the set, etc.
FIG. 2 is a block schematic diagram of the heart of the character reproduction system of the present invention. The part of the system which comprises the electronic template is indicated within a broken line 10 in FIG. 2 and is shown in more detail in FIG. 3. The circuitry which makes up the rotator 12 and curve tilt circuit 14 shown in FIG. 2 is shown in more detail in FIG. 4.
Referring to FIGS. 2 to 4, there is shown a curve PROM 16 which consists of a 16K�2 bit word PROM, the content of which is a sequential record of NESW steps, i.e. vector steps, around the curve shown in FIG. 1. In other words, the master template curve stored in the curve PROM 16 is a long sequence of NESW instructions which together describe a finely resolved curve in a fixed orientation. The data input to the reproduction system is fed in on line 18 through a latch 20 which permits the passage of all data for the execution of one link only. The data input on line 18 may be in the form of information retrieved from a punched paper tape carrying bit information which represents the parameters of the individual links which make up the character whose outline is to be recreated. At the input side of the latch 20 is a font store 21 which carries reserve alphabets, for example on a floppy disc. Justified text is presented to the font store from conventional equipment, such as magnetic or punched tape. The selection of characters from the font store is controlled by an associated computer.
The curve PROM 16 is provided with a preloadable up-down addressing counter 22. The counter 22 is a 14-stage counter, and preloading the counter determines a starting position along the curve. A "length" counter 24 is connected to the counter 22 in tandem, counter 24 being a 12-stage down-only counter. The counter 24 is preloadable and determines the length of the link. On preloading, it immediately counts down and stops at zero. Because of its tandem connection with counter 22, it determines the number of addresses that are read from the curve PROM 16. A clock 26 determines the speed at which the length counter 24 runs down. The clock 26 also acts as a general system clock. The data from the single link latch 20 is fed to the up/down counter 22 over line 28, and the data input to the length counter 24 is fed over line 30.
The starting position is established by preloading the addressing counter 22, whereupon a tracing sequence is generated by applying the system clock 26 to either the up or the down input of counter 22. Since the curve is essentially a spiral, an up count will produce a decreasing curve, and a down count will result in an increasing one, from wherever it starts. Additionally, there are three single bit latches. One of these, which includes a flip-flop 32 (FIG. 3), makes the addressing counter 22 proceed either up or down, thus providing for reversal of the link, effectively making the generated curve proceed more steeply or less steeply. A second single bit latch is indicated at 34 in FIG. 3 and is effectively a switch which transposes the East and West output wires from the PROM 16, thus "reflecting" the curve. The third latch is associated with the infill circuit shown at 78 in FIG. 5 and functions to make a link invisible. These three latches are indicated jointly in FIG. 2 by the block 36. The bit information to effect reflection is shown as passing to the output of the curve PROM 16 over line 38, and the bit information to effect reversal of the curve is shown as passing to the input side of the addressing counter 22 over line 40. As will be seen from FIG. 3, the inputs to the master curve template are:
1. Length of required link (12 bit)
2. Starting point (10 bit)
3. Direction (2 bit)
4. System clock.
By preloading the appropriate bits into the template module, together with a suitable clock to operate its counters, a clearly defined section of the curve will emerge as a two bit output on line 42. The output is a two-wire encoded sequence representing North, South, East, West discrete vector steps of fixed unit length. As will be seen from FIG. 3, the master curve template provides another output on line 44 representing the curve address and for use in tracing a secondary outline inside the primary outline, as will be described later in conjunction with FIG. 10.
However, the clearly defined sections of curve which emerge from the curve PROM 16 on line 42 will each have a fixed orientation, i.e. the orientation in which those sections of the curve were originally drawn. In general, and certainly in the case of typography, the curve sections or links need to be re-orientated in order to match outlines. For this, a different set of NSEW instructions has to be created. This re-orientation is achieved using the original grid structure and is implemented "on the fly". The re-orientation is effected by the rotator 12 under the control of data input on line 46 from curve tilt circuit 14 which latches the angle of the link for the duration of the link and which itself receives data input on line 48 via the input latch 20. The versatility of the master curve is grcatly enhanced by this rotation, accomplished on the fly.
With particular reference to FIG. 4, the N, S, E and W direction instructions from the curve memory 16 on line 42 are cross-coupled, so that each one drives a specific second one on the other axis. Both these outputs are digitally attenuated to a certain proportion of their maximum value. These proportions are fixed, and applied for the duration of the linking process; they are the sine and cosine ratios relating to the angle of re-orientation. The rotator comprises sine and cosine PROMS 52S and 52C which store sine and cosine values in binary form and which thus constitute a sine/cosine ROM look-up table. The input side of the sine and cosine PROMS is connected to line 46 which carries the angle data relevant to each link. The sine and cosine PROMs simultaneously receive from line 46 in respect of each link a 10-bit number representing an angle between 0� and 89�. The sine and cosine PROMs provide as an output an appropriate pair of 11-bit ratios, each representing a binary fraction less than 1, except for the special case of 0�, where the cosine PROM outputs a special "12th" bit, all other bits being low.
The two most significant bits of the 12-bit angle address are not applied to the PROMs, but serve to add 0, 1, 2 or 3 to the encoded N S E W step instructions. This addition to the code changes the North directly into East, South or West respectively, and the East, South and West are similarly transposed according to whether 0, 1, 2 or 3 is added. The addition of these bits from the angle address to the incoming encoded signals on line 42 is effected in an adder 50. The tilting angle is measured clockwise, and 12 binary bits represent a full rotation.
The principle on which the rotator is based is that for each input step, in any direction, two smaller steps are generated, at right-angles to one another. The size of these two generated steps is determined by the two 11-bit numbers extracted from the respective sine/cosine PROMs.
Only four possible step instructions are presented to the rotator. These are N, E, S or W. Each step initiates one or other of the functions listed below;
1. North: add cosine to East and add sine to North
2. East: add sine to East and subtract cosine from North
3. South: subtract cosine from East and subtract sine from North
4. West: subtract sine from East and add cosine to North.
The output from the sine/cosine PROMs is fed to a selector 54 which selects between the outputs from the sine and cosine PROMs and has a connection to one output from the adder 50. The outputs from the selector 54 are taken to add/subtract circuits 56 which add or subtract the sine and cosine values in accordance with the table given above. Connected to the output side of circuits 56 are adders 58 connected to a pair of 12-bit latches or accumulators 60. The 12 bits of the latch 60 define 4096 possible orientations, one of which must be included in each link instruction. The accumulators 60 to which the 11-bit ratios are added in parallel hold a total of only one step, and no carry or borrow output is provided. If the curve section is not to be rotated, the angle of tilt will be 0� and the PROMs 52S, 52C will indicate (in 12 and 11-bit binary) 1 and 0 respectively. Thus, despite the obligatory two-axis operation, one axis will constantly overflow in exact synchronism with the input, while the other will accumulate zeroes and thus do nothing. These signals are substituted for the original input steps and constitute the output of the unit (in 12 and 11-bit binary).
In summary therefore, the rotator accepts any sequence of four-vector instructions, and by consulting the high resolution sine and cosine tables stored in the PROMs, plus some concurrent and simultaneous calculations, creates a new 4-bit NSEW output of vector steps which describes the sequence in a new orientation. The rotator thus generates a modified set of single step increments appropriate to the desired orientation of each link.
A complete set of links as processed by the master curve template and the rotator is sufficient for any incrementing plotter, either mechanical or cathode ray tube, accurately to recreate the character outline. The rotated link stepping instructions can be used to control a cathode ray tube display, so that its steered beam traces out a character outline. All the links will be perfectly joined, each one starting where another finishes, but for typographical purposes the image has to be processed further.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram which illustrates certain additional processing steps which may be carried out. A brief description will first be given of the block diagram shown in FIG. 5, followed by a more detailed description of certain ones of the individual process steps. The output signal from the rotator 12 is fed to a smoothing circuit 62 which translates the 4-vector steps to 8-vector steps. Connected to the output of the smoothing circuit 62 is a weighting circuit 64 which adds weight to small point sizes of type by adding predetermined "flats" to horizontal and/or vertical elements of the character outline. Typically, small point sizes need more "body weight", and their vertical and horizontal strokes may need different amounts of thickening.
A zone compression circuit 66 is connected between the smoothing circuit 62 and the weighting circuit 64. If the image has to be displayed in a small point size, certain optical effects need to be compensated. One such effect calls for a reduction in the length of both the ascenders and the descenders, sometimes differentially. The zone compression circuit digitally modifies the image both above an adjustable X-height and/or below a base line.
The output from the weighting circuit 64 is taken both to a horizontal addressing circuit 68 and to a vertical addressing circuit 70. The horizontal addressing circuit 68 provides serial or parallel input addressing circuits for a horizontal digital-to-analogue converter 72, and the vertical addressing circuit 70 comprises serial or parallel input addressing circuits for a vertical digital-to-analogue converter 74. The converters 72 and 74 effect digital-to-analogue conversion of the horizontal and vertical deflection signals respectively. The addressing circuits 68 and 70 also receive input from a sidestep circuit 76. This provides a secondary outline just inside the primary outline of the character in order to close gaps left between the fine primary outline and the relatively coarse infill pattern. The addressing circuits 68 and 70 also receive input from an infill circuit 78. Normally, an image outline will need to be filled in for display. The infill circuit 78 therefore stores and redistributes data for a coarse pattern of vertical stripes to fill in the character which has already been outlined
Connected to the horizontal and vertical digital-to-analogue converters 72 and 74 respectively are horizontal and vertical sizing circuits 80 and 82 respectively. The horizontal sizing circuit 80 is preloaded to give a required point size and horizontal anamorphising, and the vertical sizing circuit 82 is similarly preloaded to give the required point size and vertical anamorphising. By means of these circuits, both axes are subject to a final and independent degree of stretching. The size of the image is digitally attenuated, separately for each axis, which means that the aspect ratio can be altered to compensate for the weighting of a character or for the effects produced by the zone compression circuit 66. The circuits can also be used merely to stretch a character aesthetically in the smaller point sizes in order to improve their optical quality.
The output from the horizontal converter 72 is fed to a horizontal summing amplifier 84, and, similarly, the output from the vertical converter 74 is fed to a vertical summing amplifier 86. The respective outputs from these amplifiers 84,86 are fed to separate horizontal and vertical scan drivers 88 and 90 respectively for a cathode ray tube 92. Associated with the cathode ray tube 92 is a spot brightness circuit 94. This circuit combines the pulses which provide the cathode ray tube bright-up to the necessary exposure level. Brightness compensation for the tube is provided because the image point size is electrically attenuated, and the system clock remains constant for any point size. Preferably, the spot brightness control takes the form of pulse width modulation of the bright-up signal. Alternatively, one can provide for a 1 to 1.4 fixed ratio brightness change, in order to accommodate the two step lengths, i.e. "on axis" and "diagonal". The output from the circuit 94 is fed to a converter 96 which converts digital signals to bright-up level; its output is fed to the tube 92.
Also associated with the cathode ray tube 92 is a spot size circuit 98. This circuit enables one to achieve two spot sizes for the tracing beam by defocussing the beam. This is accomplished by modulation of the focus electrode, accompanied by a matching increase in the beam current. In this way one can achieve a fine spot for the outline tracing, and a coarse spot for the infill pattern. The output from the spot size circuit 98 is fed through a converter 100 which converts the digital signals to the focus voltage.
Associated with the cathode ray tube, for phototypesetting purposes, is a lens and film combination so that the CRT display can be projected on to film to provide a permanent record. A lens 102 is positioned in front of the CRT 92. Both the lens and the film are arranged to be displaceable in fine increments. For this purpose a lens stepping motor 104 and a film stepping motor 106 are provided, both being driven from a common power source 108. The motors 104 and 106 are preferably 400 step per revolution stepping motors. The film drive is by means of a rubber roller 110 which is driven directly from the film motor shaft. Each step is arranged to feed the film by a small incremental amount. The lens traverse is also a direct drive mechanism via a ball-screw 112 connected to the stepping motor 104. In addition to the mechanical stepping motion, the displayed image on the film can be displaced electronically to provide finer incremental displacement. This is achieved by means of a film servo 114 which is loaded with a film shift signal to supplement the coarse shift of the stepping motor 106 by effecting small image movements. The output from the film servo 114 is fed through the vertical summing amplifier 86 to the vertical scan driver 90 of the CRT.
Similarly, although the basic displacement of successive characters is accomplished by means of the lens 102 which is made to traverse the film incrementally by a distance appropriate to the width of the characters, and which pauses during the link exposing process, a similar electronic fine adjustment is provided by means of a lens servo 116 which is loaded with a lens movement signal to supplement the coarse shift of the lens stepping motor 104 by effecting small image movements. The output from the lens servo 116 is fed through the horizontal summing amplifier 84 to the horizontal scan driver 88 for the CRT.
Certain of the individual processing circuits referred to briefly above in connection with FIG. 5 will now be described in more detail.
Curve smoothing
The basic template curve is recorded as a long sequence of 4-vector instructions. The rotation of this sequence in the rotator introduces redundant swings as the arithmetic tries to keep the tilted version on course. This is because the curve, as recorded, is full of sharp angles. This is what the rotator has to work on however, hence the redundant activity. Diagonal steps are permitted from this moment on, and such steps as the rotator does generate deviate less than one step from true. The simultaneous processing of the image in the rotator creates tiny but "busy" excursions about the true curve and it is these excursions which the curve smoother eliminates. A suitable curve smoothing circuit is shown in FIG. 6. The positive logic signals from the rotator 12 are indicated as a four-wire input A, B, C, D. These are fed to a first PROM 118 which has a "D"-type latch 120 associated with it. The output from the first PROM 118 is fed to a second PROM 122 which similarly has a latch 124 associated with it. At the output side of the second PROM 122 are respective N E S W NANO gates 126.
The action of the first PROM 118 is to recognise and eliminate redundant excursions, whilst the second PROM 122 ensures that the final curve, whether rotated or not, is generated in the more desirable 8-rotated vector mode. In other words, the second PROM 122 takes out detracting diagonals, whereas the first PROM 118 puts improving diagonals back. Both PROMs are addressed similarly, that is to say the full address is made up of half current information and half "looked-up" data derived from a successive pair of inputs. Four of each PROM's 8 inputs are automatically entered from its own outputs, and represent an element of a preceding step. Two steps are therefore always considered simultaneously. The first PROM 118 is a little more full, because it also translates the A, B, C, D outputs from the rotator into the simpler N S E W conditions. The first PROM 118 removes the opposing vector components of adjacent step instructions. These are present because the rotator tilts a stepped curve which straddles the desired one. The second PROM 122 removes every right-angled step, whether grid-oriented or diagonal to it. The instructions leaving the second PROM 122 are therefore smoother, i.e. they more tightly straddle the desired curve, than those stored originally in the template, whether they are rotated or not.
The curve smoothing circuit operates according to the following table:
______________________________________A: step North or South C: step East or West--A: no step --C: no stepB: North unless dis- D: East unless dis- abled abled--B: South by --A -- D: West by --C______________________________________
The North and South outputs from the curve smoothing circuit on line 128 are fed to the zone compression circuit 66, and the East and West outputs on line 130 are taken directly to the weighting circuit 64.
Zone Compression
The zone compression circuit is shown in FIG. 7. The purpose of the zone compression circuit is to compress vertically certain zones of the image outline, e.g. above a predefined X-height and also below the baseline. The effect which is most desirable will differ from typeface to typeface, and does not need to be applied linearly throughout the point sizes. In essence, the zone compression circuit accomplishes the vertical compression by monitoring the vertical digital-to-analogue addressing accumulator, detecting when the X-height and baseline levels are being overtaken, and removing some of the incoming serial inputs appropriately.
The incoming North/South data on line 128 from the smoothing circuit is fed to a digital adder unit 132. A first digital comparator 134 receives data relating to the baseline on line 138, and a second digital comparator 136 receives information relating to the X-height on line 140. The digital comparators indicate when the (vertical D to A) addressing accumulator is below the baseline or above an adjustable X-height, and enable the adder unit 132 accordingly. The other part of the zone compression circuit is similar to that used in the rotator, comprising a selector 142, an add/subtract circuit 144, an adder 146 and an accumulator 148. Data relevant to the amount or percentage of compression is supplied on line 150 for a first zone A and on line 152 for a second zone C. In a manner similar to the technique used in the rotator, a selectable 11-bit binary fraction (less than 1) is added or subtracted to or from the accumulator which overflows at 1 and underflows at 0. The input signals, whilst within a particular zone, are thus attenuated by the preset fraction, the overflow or underflow being substituted for the step instruction. The output from the accumulator 148 is fed back into a gate circuit which also takes the input data from line 128, producing a modified NS output on line 154 which is fed to the weighting circuit 64.
Weighting circuit
The weighting circuit 64 which is shown in FIG. 8 serves to "embolden" the outline image by adding "flats". In other words, the proportion of black to white within the image may be increased, according to a predefined rule, both vertically and horizontally, in each case by an independent amount. The emboldening is accomplished by detecting the points of reversal on each axis, and inserting an additional short preset sequence of steps along the other axis at such points. In effect, this adds an axial flat to the design. The vertical emboldenment will typically be less than the horizontal, because of traditional typographic design. This emboldening effect is useful when displaying images in small point sizes, in order to conform to optical adjustments previously found to improve legibility.
FIG. 9 shows an example of adding flats, and also of zone compression in the upper zone. In FIG. 9(a) the optimum shape of the particular character is shown, designed for large size reproduction. In FIG. 9(b) the uprights have been made thicker and the bowl made thinner, by a single formula. The small radii have not been coarsened, and flats are inserted only where curves change, from North to South. In FIG. 9(c) more (and smaller) flats have been inserted in order to broaden the outline vertically. The small radii are still retained. It should be noted that use of a bigger drawing spot or pen would have destroyed the small radii and the resolution. In FIG. 9(d), which indicates the zone compression in the upper zone, everything above the X-height has been made shorter. In FIG. 9(e) the width has been evenly anamorphised, including the bowl and the uprights. The image is now a "new design", more suitable for smaller point size reproduction.
Thickening an image naturally changes its outline. It is desirable to accomplish this without sacrificing any of the essential character of the image. This resides partly in the corners and partly in the curves. The insertion of flats in accordance with the preferred feature of the present invention leaves corners and small radii intact, and provides minimal disturbance to curves.
Referring now more specifically to FIG. 8, this shows the input on line 154 from the zone compression circuit 66 and the input on line 130 from the smoothing circuit 62. Data relevant to the desired horizontal flats is fed into the circuit on line 156, and data relevant to the desired vertical flats to be introduced is fed into the circuit on line 158. The horizontal flat data is fed into a counter 160 and the vertical flat data into a counter 162. The gating circuitry is such that the unit senses a "reversal" on either axis, stops further input data, and initiates a small, fixed value "flat" (burst of X or Y steps) to the other axis, to its right. The first N to S reversal adds a West flat; the first S to N reversal adds an East flat; the first W to E reversal adds a South flat; and the first E to W reversal adds a North flat. Outputs pass inputs unmodified, but when inputs are halted by a "reversal" a selected one will pass a short burst of steps programmed to suit each axis.
The gated output on line 164 inhibits the smoothing circuit from providing any further inputs to the weighting circuit while the weighting circuit is adding flats. The output on line 166 is a two-wire North/South output to the vertical address circuit 70. The output on line 168 is a two-wire East/West output to both the horizontal address circuit 68 and the infill circuit 78. The weighting circuit also provides outputs on lines 170 and 172 to the bright-up circuit 94 for the CRT, the output on line 170 constituting an on/off signal and the output on line 172 controlling the bright-up between the two brightness levels which are in a fixed ratio, e.g. 1 to 1.4.
The data record produced by the present invention is outline orientated. This facilitates amendment, and reflects the fact that most of the critical information about a typographical image resides in its outline. Nevertheless, in most circumstances, particularly with typographical images, the image is not complete until it is "filled in". The outline is drawn as a continuous line, as described above. However, the infill is not, and takes the form of a number of discontinuous adjacent and parallel stripes, set out in a raster fashion. The infill is an automatic subsidiary function of the apparatus. Although the outline is finely resolved, the subsequent filling in can incorporate as few or as many stripes as are judged necessary. The striping beam, which is typically fatter than the outlining beam, is in general not turned off during its cycle, because of an ability which it has to "jump" instantly over the white sections within each line scan. Between jumps, it writes at a constant speed. Thus, the infilling of the hollow outline is implemented by drawing a sequence of vertical stripes, whose terminations fall on or just inside the outline of the character. The drawing excursions during this process far exceed the outlining excursion, and in order to reduce the time consumed by exploring white areas with a blanked off trace, the trace is made to "jump over" white areas. This therefore requires that the infill circuit should employ a random access facility.
The infill logic records the boundaries of the outline on a matrix and this is subsequently re-scanned between the stored boundaries in raster fashion. Concurrent with the outlining operation, the orthogonal digital deflection is monitored, and directly addresses the rows and columns of a large random access memory (RAM). A pattern of logical 1's can thus be set up in the RAM, corresponding to the orthogonal excursion of the outline. Immediately the outline is complete, the columns are read sequentially. The infilling RAM preferably consists of 4K�12 bit words. The infilling procedure takes place immediately after the outline tracing, and resembles a TV raster, except that the stripes are vertical. However, the non-image areas are not scanned, but jumped over, because of the random access capability. This reading action is coupled, using the digital-to-analogue converters 72 and 74 to the cathode ray tube driver circuits 88 and 90, so that the raster will appear in synchronism. In the infilling procedure, the trace is first placed at the beginning of a vertical stripe, or stripe segment, and is made to ascend by applying the system clock to a counter until its accumulated contents become equal to the next height in the stored record, at which moment a fresh starting coordinate is presented by the memory and incremented as before, until the stripe is completed and a fresh adjacent one is selected. By concurrently amending the heights by some constant factor, the stripes can be made to fall inside the outline. The drawing of each stripe takes about 50 microseconds.
FIG. 10 shows details of the side-step circuit which produces a secondary outline to be traced just inside the main outline as a means of bridging from fine to coarse constituents of the image. The side-step circuit forces the tracing beam to keep a measured distance from the recorded course and at 90� to its tangent. The side-step keeps unambiguously within the image, because it is so defined that the tracing mechanism always moves so that there is "image" on its right hand.
Connected in tandem with the curve PROM 16 (FIG. 3) is another PROM which has absolute (8 bit) angles associated with the general (not stepped) direction of the curve at that address. The side-step module can establish a constant modification which, when applied to the main instruction sequence, makes a second tracing fall just inside the first one.
The side-step circuit includes an auxiliary PROM, describing the same curve, and organised not as 16K�2 but as two sections 174A and 174B each of 2K�8 bits. Stored in successive addresses is the absolute angle (8 bits) that the master curve makes with the vertical under the control of the master PROM 16, to which the auxiliary PROM 174A, 174B is connected in tandem. The auxiliary PROM 174A, 174B has fewer addresses, so each angle is retained for a few steps. The tilt angle information which comes from the curve tilt circuit 14 (FIG. 2) is fed into the side-step module on line 176 and is added to the angle found in the auxiliary PROM at that address. The combined angle is applied to a pair of sine/cosine PROMs 178. One PROM 178 produces a 4-bit digital output on line 180 which constitutes vertical side-step and which is added to or subtracted from the contents of the main digital-to-analogue addressing counter in the vertical address circuit 70 (FIG. 5), thus displacing its output. The other PROM 178 produces a 4-bit digital output on line 182 which constitutes horizontal side-step and which is added to or subtracted from the contents of the main digital-to-analogue addressing counter in the horizontal address circuit 68 (FIG. 5), thus displacing its output. The side-step circuit also produces single bit outputs on lines 184 and 186 which constitute plus or minus polarity signals for the horizontal and vertical respectively, and which constitute add/subtract instructions to the addressing counters in the horizontal and vertical address circuits 68 and 70. The displacement of the counter outputs creates a fixed distance side-step at a precise right-angle to the original line. A larger drawing spot may be used for the side-step trace in order to improve economy and speed of execution, but without affecting the fineness of the primary outline.
In the foregoing description the invention has been described in terms of its application to a calligraphic typesetter. In normal use, the machine will produce characters from data supplied from the font store under the control of an associated computer which will determine character selection and size. However, the character reproduction system can also be used to produce a master record of a new design of character for entry into the font store for subsequent retrieval. This can be effected by projecting an image of the new design of character on to the screen of the cathode ray tube and then effectively tracing the outline of the new character by adjustment of the master curve template controls and of the rotator. As the outline of the desired character is built up so the data can be written by suitable means to form a record which can be put on to tape, for example, for entry into the font store. In this way one can design totally new characters and provide a permanent reproducible record which the apparatus of the present invention will then reproduce precisely.
Although the invention has been described above in terms of the reproduction of a single character, it is equally applicable to a plurality of characters, such as a line of type.
Additionally, although the CRT has been shown associated with a mechanical shift mechanism for film and lens, this can be dispensed with for certain applications.
Moreover, although the reproduction system of the present invention is primarily designed to recreate a smooth outline which is then filled in, for proofing or less critical work the output which drives the plotter to trace the outline can be dispensed with and just the infill scan is displayed, using the technique described above. For proofing work the solid infill produced at high speed is both adequate and desirable, the outline trace then being brought in for the final display.
It should be noted that an important application for the invisible link, already described, is found in reproduction of characters which are made up from a number of closely spaced segments (separate or overlapping) each describable as a closed loop, a major example being Chinese symbols. Each invisible link may be originated at a common datum point. Each link may then be digitally expanded to provide a separate control means for acceptably distancing the various segments when reproduced in small point sizes, and thus enhancing legibility.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 20, 1860
|Mar 4, 1968
|May 25, 1971
|Harris Intertype Corp
|Apparatus and method for providing graphical configurations by sequentially directing a radiant energy beam to present image positions
|Dec 26, 1967
|Jul 20, 1971
|Sperry Rand Corp
|Crt curved character generator
|Jul 28, 1969
|Jul 4, 1972
|Nat Res Dev
|Apparatus for decoding graphic-display information
|Feb 24, 1970
|May 22, 1973
|Zeta Research
|Digital graphic display apparatus, system and method
|May 16, 1972
|May 7, 1974
|Hughes Aircraft Co
|System for generating orthogonal control signals to produce curvilinear motion
|May 9, 1974
|Dec 30, 1975
|Compugraphic Corp
|Character image generation apparatus and CRT phototypesetting systems
|Sep 24, 1974
|Feb 3, 1976
|Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for generating character patterns
|Sep 29, 1972
|Sep 7, 1976
|Harris-Intertype Corporation
|Apparatus for generating graphical configurations
|May 11, 1973
|Jun 14, 1977
|Rockwell International Corporation
|Character generating method and system
|Dec 7, 1976
|Sep 19, 1978
|Sperry Rand Corporation
|Digital stroke display with vector, circle and character generation capability
|Aug 4, 1977
|Mar 27, 1979
|Smiths Industries, Inc.
|Graphics generator
|May 6, 1970
|Mar 25, 1980
|Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
|Computer typesetting
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 21, 1986
|Mar 7, 1989
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Clipping of fixed character strings in a graphics system
|Aug 29, 1986
|May 23, 1989
|The Toles Group
|Computerized typesetting correction system
|Jan 13, 1989
|Mar 6, 1990
|Nhance Development Corporation
|Method and apparatus for constructing, storing and displaying characters
|Nov 13, 1989
|Aug 20, 1991
|Gilbert John M
|Non-gary scale anti-aliasing method for laser printers
|Mar 31, 1989
|Mar 24, 1992
|Bitstream, Inc.
|Method and apparatus for conversion of outline characters to bitmap characters
|Nov 14, 1990
|Jun 16, 1992
|Lasermaster Corporation
|Line rasterization technique for a non-gray scale anti-aliasing method for laser printers
|Aug 13, 1993
|May 17, 1994
|Tokyo Electric Co., Ltd.
|Apparatus for forming character patterns with line segments
|Jun 4, 1992
|Oct 4, 1994
|Altsys Corporation
|System and method for generating complex calligraphic curves
|May 23, 1994
|Nov 26, 1996
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Character processing apparatus for selectively modifying a font pattern
|Aug 18, 2003
|May 30, 2006
|Dynamic Digital Depth Research Pty Ltd
|Image conversion and encoding techniques
|Aug 18, 2003
|Jun 23, 2009
|Dynamic Digital Depth Research Pty Ltd
|Image conversion and encoding techniques for displaying stereoscopic 3D images
|Jun 5, 2000
|Feb 22, 2011
|Dynamic Digital Depth Research Pty Ltd
|Image conversion and encoding techniques
|Aug 18, 2003
|Feb 19, 2004
|Dynamic Digital Depth Research Pty Ltd
|Image conversion and encoding techniques
|Aug 18, 2003
|Feb 19, 2004
|Dynamic Digital Depth Research Pty Ltd
|Image conversion and encoding techniques
|Aug 27, 1992
|Apr 28, 1994
|Schwille Elektronik Produktion
|Printing of information of self adhesive labels - using computer software that allows printing form and size to be established with defined label field
|Nov 8, 1990
|May 30, 1991
|Lasermaster Corporation
|Non-gray scale anti-aliasing method for laser printers
|Oct 2, 1991
|Apr 16, 1992
|Lasermaster Corporation
|Line rasterization technique for a non-gray scale anti-aliasing method for laser printers
|Oct 2, 1991
|Apr 16, 1992
|Lasermaster Corporation
|Duty cycle technique for a non-gray scale anti-aliasing method for laser printers
|U.S. Classification
|345/468, 345/170, 345/442
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 28, 1995
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 23, 1995
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 3, 1995
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19950726


text:
Shayne is taking his second album Breathless on a UK tour in May 2008.
Shayne has a waxwork at Madame Tussauds in London.
In August 2006, Shayne's manager, Louis Walsh, released a statement saying that Shayne had vocal cord nodules and was going to see a specialist surgeon in Los Angeles but that he was confident Shayne would be back working soon.
In November 2006, Shayne released his autobiography called My Story.
Before the X Factor, Shayne was in a band called Destiny with two of his friends, Tracy Murphy and Tracey Lyle.
Shayne auditioned for Popstars: The Rivals, a talent show to create a boyband and made it to the top 30 contestants.
Shayne's second album Breathless debuted at number 2 in the UK album charts in December 2007.
Shayne has a twin sister named Emma.
Shayne's single No Promises reached number 2 in the UK charts.
Shayne Ward will be heading to the Odyssey Arena in Belfast on Monday 29th January 2007 to celebrate and perform tracks from his new album.
This is his first, official album performance.
Shayne headed to Manchester on Monday, 17th April to launch his debut album on his own turf.
Shayne says it will be easier to just be single, then he wouldn't have to worry too much about all the temptations that come with the territory.
His album has now been officially released. These next few weeks are crucial for his career, as to whether he will be able to make another album or fall into the 'one-hit-wonders' catagory.
He is appearing in Woolworths adverts in the U.K. To help advertise new products and his album.
He had never dyed his hair or worn make-up until the promotion shoot of his album 'No Promises'.
Does not like the reality TV show 'Big Brother'.
He is already looking into the possibilty of another album, but the only way this will happen depends on how well the first album sells.
Each member of Shayne's family was at every live Saturday night X Factor performance cheering him on.
He says that if his music career really does take off, he might consider doing some acting. But for the moment, it's 100% music.
Was shocked when he found out that 'Abi Titmuss' was interested in meeting him!
Shayne soon wants to shake off the X Factor background.
He would prefer it if every time he was mentioned in a magazine - he wasn't introduced as 'X-Factor's Shayne Ward'.
'I'm glad I won the competition and can't thank Louis Walsh more - but I want my talent to be recognised, I want more than just recognition for the show'.
He tries to go on as many holidays as he can - he absolutely loves water parks.
Shayne is still in contact with some of the members from the X Factor - especially with Brenda, who came fourth in the competition.
Shayne is worried about the possibilty of his career slipping into nothing. Like winner of The X Factor 2004 Steve Brookstein.
Currently, Shayne Ward has no tour planed, but he is looking to have one in the near future.
He is good friends with X Factor host Kate Thornton.
His most recent single is called "No Promises" and it is the second track on his album
Shane's first pet was a german shephard, named 'Shep'.
To celebrate his 21st Birthday, he went on stage in front of 8 million TV viewers to sing Richard Marx's Right Here Waiting.
21 years ago Shayne was born two month prematurely. His mum, Philomena Ward, said: "Shayne was given 24 hours to live because he couldn't breathe properly - but he's certainly got powerful lungs on him now."
Shane believes his second talent is dancing. He's self-taught and believes that he could hold his own on most dance floors!
He won 'The X Factor' by 1% over other finalist Andy Abraham.
Shayne Ward was in the 16-24 category. Louis Walsh was his mentor.
His first single [That's My Goal] reached number one as a late christmas release.
He won a $1,000,000 record contract with Sony BMG music.
Shayne won the 2005 edition of 'The X Factor' in which 75,000 people auditioned.
Shayne: It's nice to be called a sex symbol. I guess it boosts my confidence to be told I'm a good-looking guy. But Botox is very big here in LA so maybe I'll have a go at that.
Shayne: (After winning the X Factor) The reason I'm doing all of this is for my mum. She deserves the best, she's brought up seven kids, she can relax now and not be stressed out every Saturday night with whether I'm going or not. She can just relax and think, 'My son's done it for me.'
Shayne: (About his second album) I'd rather give people a taste of my personality instead of banging on about 'my art' or 'my creation'. I listen to music for fun so why wouldn't I make it for the same reason?
Shayne: There's nothing about being famous that worries me. All I've got to do is sing, so that's my main focus.
Shayne: (About winning the X Factor) It's not all about the money. Definitely not. The reason I entered this competition was because I love singing, that's all I wanted to do. It's not all about the money or the fame for me.
Shayne: (About Simon Cowell) He's like Marmite - you either love it or you don't. I love it.
Shayne: I'm going to be around for a long time and I don't think it's a vain thing to say. I have what it takes and the record company knows that.
Shayne: I can't believe I've done it! I've actually got my record contract - this is unreal!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Prep Softball: ACGC, BBE ousted in 5A
MELROSE -- Atwater-Cosmos-Grove City and Belgrade-Brooten-Elrosa were each eliminated from postseason compeition on Tuesday after losing Section 5A games.
Osakis blanked ACGC 5-0, while BBE fell to Maple Lake 4-1.
Osakis 5, ACGC 0
Paige Wilner got the only hit for the Falcons, who ended the season with an 11-9 record.
Jazmin Petersen allowed five runs on eight hits, struck out nine and walked one in the loss.
Osakis 002 012 x -- 5 8 0
HITTING - Atwater-Cosmos-Grove City: Paige Wilner 1-for-3 ... Osakis: Kelsey Proell 2-for-3, 2 rbi; Mercedes Klimek 3-for-3; Kierra Zimmel 1-for-3, 2 rbi
PITCHING (ip-h-r-er-bb-so) -- Atwater-Cosmos-Grove City: Jazmin Petersen (L) 6-8-5-3-1-9 ... Osakis: Sabrina Zimmel (W) 7-1-0-0-4-10
Maple Lake 4, BBE 1
Top seed Maple Lake (22-2) used two home runs to eliminate Belgrade-Brooten-Elrosa (12-9), which scored an unearned run in the top of the seventh.
Brittany Negley hit a two-run homer in the second and Ashley Gries a solo homer in the sixth.
Emily Roelike has one off BBE's two hits off Irish starter Ashley Kemperich. Roelike finished with 147 career hits, according to her coach Zach Nelson.
Michelle Sanders took the loss. She gave up six hits and walk three. Raeann Sorenson had the other Jaguars hit.
Maple Lake 030 001 x -- 4 6 1
HITTING -... Belgrade-Brooten-Elrosa: Emily Roelike 1-for-3, Raeann Sorenson 1-for-3 ... Maple Lake: Ashley Gries 2-for-3, solo HR, 2 rbi; Brittany Negley 1-for-3, 2-run HR, 2 rbi
PITCHING (ip-h-r-er-bb-so) -- Belgrade-Brooten-Elrosa: Michelle Sanders (L) 6-6-4-4-3-1... Maple Lake: Ashley Kempenich (W) 7-2-1-0-3-7
Section 6AA
Rocori 13, Minnewaska 3
Rocori got six of their hits in the fifth inning to score nine runs, helped by two Laker errors.
The Lakers (21-2), who saw a 21-game winning streak snapped, will play Paynesville at Eden Valley on Thursday.
Rocori 020 29 -- 13 8 1
Minnewaska 100 20 -- 3 7 6
HITTING - Rocori: Chelsey Stang 2-for-4, 2 rbi; Jordan Hanson 2-for-3, 2 rbi; Kelly Breman 2-for-3, rbi; Kelsey Athmann 1-for-3 ... Minnewaska: Abby Krietlow 1-for-3, rbi; Laura Paulson 1-for-3, rbi; Jordan Stalker 1-for-2, Cassie Jacobs 1-for-2, Brianna Jenks 1-for-3, Alisha Pfeninger 1-for-2, Brooke Falk 1-for-2, rbi
PITCHING (ip-h-r-er-bb-so) -- Rocori: Sadie Pfannen (W) 3Xc-5-3-2-3-2, Stein 1Zc-2-0-0-0-0 ... Minnewaska: Laura Paulson (L) 4-3-7-2-4-2, Alisha Pfeninger 1-5-6-3-0-0


text:
Krista of Whitby said: "I have had several positive experiences with Crawford Contracting. The contractors were professional and showed obvious expertise and pride of craftm...Read more
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text:
The pain of Penrith's doomed 2010 NRL finals campaign is driving form fullback Lachlan Coote's maiden premiership quest with North Queensland.
Nothing, it seemed, could wipe the smile off Coote's face after he again impressed in the Cowboys' 39-0 NRL semi-final romp over Cronulla that booked a grand final qualifier in Melbourne on Saturday night.
Then his last serious crack at the NRL title with Penrith was mentioned.
Coote still smarted from No.2 seed Penrith's straight sets exit five years ago.
And he feared the third placed Cowboys would suffer the same fate after their finals opening 16-12 loss to Brisbane recently.
"That was my first finals win," Coote said after the seven try rout.
"In 2010 we had an outstanding team, finished second and it was devastating taking those two losses (with Penrith).
"I don't want that feeling again.
"I have learned from it. I have let the boys know about it and hopefully we come out on top (against Melbourne)."
Coote has already overcome significant obstacles just to run out in the Cowboys No.1 jersey.
The ex-Panthers fullback arrived in Townsville last year as the man to replace club legend Matt Bowen.
He lasted mere moments on North Queensland debut at the 2014 Auckland Nines before suffering a season-ending knee injury.
By the time he was fully fit, Michael Morgan had made the Cowboys fullback position his own before switching to pivot, opening the door again for Coote.
He has not looked back, providing a welcome foil for playmaker Johnathan Thurston as North Queensland remain in sight of a maiden title in their 20th anniversary season.
No wonder he was keen to soak up the finals mad atmosphere at league heartland Townsville ahead of their grand final qualifier against the Storm.
"That's a tough gig (Melbourne) but we will get this town behind us and hopefully get a win for them," Coote said.
"You have to embrace it. These opportunities don't come around often."


text:
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free printable lesson plans on alphabet to zoology and everything in between
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About Mar
marilisa sachteleben
- Freelance writer, Top 100 Yahoo! Voices, Yahoo! News, Shine, Michigan, Detroit), blogger, teacher, mom of 4, happily married 25 years. Graduated GVSU 1986, psychology/general education and special education. continuing ed up to present. Certified MI teacher. Writing Michigan history mystery, children's Gothic fantasy. Areas of expertise: education, relationships, mental health, nutrition, history, world cultures. Passions: faith, Catholic church, sustainable living, interfaith initiatives, living simply that others might simply live. Working on MA in EI education.


text:
Dr. Matthew Winas DO, FACP Patient Reviews
- Internal Medicine Allentown, PA
Overall Rating
23 Patient Reviews
- Friendly Staff
- Promptness
- Spends Time With Patients
- Bedside Manner
- Fair and Accurate Diagnosis
- Easy Appointments
- Appropriate Followup
- Wait Time 11.9 minutes
Showing 1 - 12 reviews
1.0 of 5
January 4th, 2016
Improper diagnosis
This doctor should NOT be in practice. HE mis diagnosed my husband toooo many times to count. NOW my husbands pancreatitis has become FULL blown. Any other person would SUE this Dr . Plain out and Simple!!!!!!
5.0 of 5
October 8th, 2014
I thought this guy was exceptional. He politely asked questions to assess my health and conducted a thorough examination. He told me what he thought and he told me why he thought so, and he told me what he thought I should do. His advice made sense because he explained himself very clearly.
5.0 of 5
April 29th, 2014
Moms, and Dads Doctor
This is the best Internal Doctor my parent could of had. Very attentive and with a great heart. Very touching with my dad for over ten years til he passed away 4 years ago. He is stil my moms and my sons doctor and i would not change him for nothing. Winas keep up the good work.
5.0 of 5
March 4th, 2013
Best physician I ever had
I have never had a more caring physician. He always spends time with me and listens to me and knows what is wrong and is able to help me. There is nobody who is better than Dr. Winas.
5.0 of 5
July 12th, 2012
Great Doctor
The best doctor I ever had. He changed my life.I was on so much medicines and in bad shape. Now I'm only on two meds and 50% better then better I wnet to him. He did wonders for me.He's my angel.When my other doctor's want to give me pills I ask Dr. Winas first before I take them. Dr. Winas is the only one I trust with my life.
5.0 of 5
April 12th, 2012
Dr. Winas is the top number one doctor in my book!!
Out of all of all of all the doctor I ever had Dr. Winas is the best. I fell Comfortable around him and able to talk about anything to him. I came a long way since I change doctors. Dr. Winas change my life in a big way. He's take the time to listen to you. And he kind and Compassion and unstanding and that you done find in any other doctor.
3.7 of 5
March 14th, 2012
Good doctor, terrible office staff
Dr Winas seems to be a good doctor, very thorough (in the short time that his staff lets him stay with you) and hears what you say. On the other hand, this practice has the worst staff I have ever dealt with. Rude, non-responsive, and inept. Prescriptions don't get called in in a timely manner, appointments are hard to get (I once had to wait 6 weeks for an appt for chest pains), and the phone system is awful. I actually have a second doctor now for when I need immediate appts (sinus infections, etc) and only see Winas for chronic stuff when I can wait.
5.0 of 5
September 12th, 2011
Mr.& Mrs. C.M. Werley
Supper Great Doc. Lets you partner with him in health care decisions with respect to your feelings. God Bless you Dr. Winas
5.0 of 5
July 13th, 2011
simply the best
i don't know what i would do without him
5.0 of 5
June 10th, 2010
Great caring physician.
5.0 of 5
January 15th, 2010
Very knowledgable, thorough and really cares!
5.0 of 5
October 26th, 2009
Simply the Best
Dr. Winas is truly an amazing doctor. I am a nurse practitioner and have a good sense of what quality care is all about. He is caring, compassionate and really listens to you. I have sent many friends and every one of them (mostly nurses and other health care professionals) were extremely impressed with him! His follow-up has been outstanding over the 6 years that I have gone to him.
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I have started seeing this guy for maybe a couple of months now and we aren't "official" yet, but I sent him a message tonight saying..
"So ahh.. I kind of miss your face a little "
His response- "That's cute 😊"
I'm sorry.. Wtf does that mean?
Guys!! 👆🏼👆🏼👆🏼
Most Helpful Guy
We just mean that we appreciate the comment and think you are adorable and sweet for saying that.11|00|0
So how do I respond to this then?
"Cool.. Cute, yeah. " 😂


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Rural poverty and poverty alleviation in Mozambique: what''s missing from the debate?
- Authors
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press
- Publication Date
- Source
- Legacy
- Keywords
- Disciplines
Rural poverty and poverty alleviation in Mozambique: what's nullmissing from the debate? The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36, 1 (1998), pp. 101–138 Printed in the United Kingdom # 1998 Cambridge University Press Rural poverty and poverty alleviation in Mozambique: what's missing from the debate? Christopher Cramer and Nicola Pontara* i. introduction The peace accord signed in October 1992 and multiparty elections held in October 1994 brought to Mozambique fresh hopes and oppor- tunities. Post-war reconstruction has been underway for some years, through an array of projects ranging from hand-outs for demobilised soldiers to the World Bank supported Roads and Coastal Shipping (ROCS) rehabilitation project running from 1994 to 2000. Although there is political tension between the two main parties and former contestants in the civil war, Frelimo and Renamo, and a combination of rising urban crime and sporadic banditry on roads in rural areas, generally there has been a strong improvement in political stability and physical security for the majority of the population. Economic reforms, broadly typical of World Bank}IMF stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes, have accelerated during the 1990s and have been underwritten by substantial external financial support. The end of war together with deregulating policy reforms and a sweeping privatisation programme have provoked a surge in foreign investor interest in the country. In aggregate terms and in spite of data caveats, the evidence suggests that Mozambique has become one of the fastest growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s. Yet the country continues to be troubled by widespread extreme poverty, particularly in rural areas. Of the estimated 80 per cent of the population that is rurally based, ' two thirds are deemed to be absolutely poor'." The challenge of rural poverty reduction as a policy priority has provoked an increase in work on the characteristic


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What an excellent pack. Truly. I've been backpacking for 35 years and I've never worn a day pack that is as comfortable as this pack. Being 6' tall I've never had a day pack that has fit my torso as well as this pack. It's completely adjustable so the belt can take on the load. I barely know I'm wearing it's so comfortable. Had my SLR, a couple of lens, lunch, and the normal day pack gear which all weighed around 12+ lbs. Again, barely knew I was wearing it. LOVE this pack!
A spacious daypack or light, overnight backpack.
This mid-size, technical daypack offers ready access to your hiking kit via our signature, 3-ZIP design. The SCREE is a versatile pack with an ideal capacity for most of your outdoor adventures. Long days require ample agua, so the SCREE is both hydration compatible as well as offering easy-to-reach water bottle pockets. For smaller essentials you want to keep organized, there's a spacious zip pocket built into the lid as well as on the waist belt.
- 420D Robic nylon fabric and YKK® zippers
- 3-ZIP design for quick, easy access
- Zippered lid pocket to organize essentials
- Water bottle pockets keep hydration handy
- Two rows of daisy chain
- Hydration reservoir compatible
- Double-layered bottom for long-haul durability
- Fully adjustable yoke for customized fit
- Volume: 1953 cu-in (32 L)
- Weight: 3.1 lbs (1.4 kg)
- Dimensions: 26"x14.5"x11" (66x37x28cm)
- Country Of Manufacture: Philippines / Vietnam
- Intended Use: Climbing, Daypack, Hiking
Frequently Asked Questions
We're moving to a kitted system so that we can design and build packs and frames that are optimized for integration based on the function of the product. There are some cool new things in the works. In the meantime, we may be able to accommodate pack only orders based on available inventory - contact MR Customer Service or call 406-585-1428
As much as we would like to be able to offer our military/LE/ firefighter customers a discount on our packs, we have government contracts in these markets that prevent us from doing so.
The only repair that we can offer on Dana Design products is a replacement back foam pad on packs with the ArcFlex body panel design. We can ship the foam to you and you can easily install it yourself without having to send the pack in to be repaired. Replacement back foam pads are $15.00 plus shipping. For any other Dana Design pack repairs, please contact Marmot or try the following reputable gear repair companies:
Marmot Warranty:
(888) 311-2900
Mon - Fri : 7:30am - 5pm (PST)
Boulder Mountain Repair:
2200 Central Ave. Suite F
Boulder, CO80301
(303) 499-3634
Rainy Pass Repair:
4415 Stone Way N.
Seattle, WA98103
(206) 523-8135
We are not set up to perform custom work on individual orders and no, we cannot build a pack for you in a custom color. If your concern is in regards to sizing please give us a call at 406-585-1428.
Also, please know that modifying your Mystery Ranch pack may void the lifetime warranty, so please think first before you start ripping straps off and cutting holes in your pack to make it more aerodynamic for winged flight.
First, start by washing your pack with hot water in the shower. Use a mild detergent like Dawn to get minor dirt and grime out of your pack. Dry the pack out of direct sunlight. DO NOT USE HARSH CHEMICALS TO CLEAN YOUR PACK. If you need to get odors/blood out of your hunting pack, please use Atsko Sport-Wash Laundry Detergent
We always recommend that you size down for the waist belt. If you fall in-between sizes on the yoke, we recommend that you size up.
Mystery Ranch accepts returns for a refund within 60 days of the original purchase date. Items must be returned in brand new, unused condition, and shipping charges are non-refundable. Please give us a call at 406-585-1428, and we can get you set up with a Return Authorization (RA#).
If you are in need of a different size yoke or waist belt, please give us a call at 406-585-1428.
Why did you add production facilities in the Philippines and Vietnam?
MYSTERY RANCH added these facilities because of the increased demand for our product. We needed the additional facilities to build for customers who don't require (Berry Compliant) US production and / or don't want to pay a premium price for products built in the U.S.A. With these additional offshore facilities, we are able to focus our domestic facilities on the Berry Compliant orders.
How do I know if the pack I want is made in the US, PH, or VN?
It will be noted on the product page on our website and you are always welcome to call us and ask if you don't see the "US" or "world" icons that denote production location.
Is the quality of the packs the same?
Yes, absolutely! We carefully select the highest quality materials and ensure that all production facilities adopt our quality standards and techniques to deliver products consistent with the MYSTERY RANCH legacy. Our distributors who have received product from the US, PH, or VN are unable to tell the difference without looking at the label.
How do you ensure consistent quality?
Our factory resources use the protocol defined by our team in our production packages in order to deliver consistent quality gear. Upon introduction of new products, our product engineers visit our factory resources to work with them to develop new styles. As the product goes to production, our QA and QC teams will then visit our US, PH, and VN factories to ensure the finished goods meet our MYSTERY RANCH standards.
For more information please contact MR Customer Service or call 406-585-1428
Reviews (2)
Been backpacking since the '70s and have owned just about every pack out there. The internal frame revolution brought discomfort and awkwardness, but we embraced it because it was "better". I've been through several internal frame packs over the years and hated them all. They either dig into my boney hips and cut off circulation to my legs or they make my shoulders hurt. And they are never convenient to pack.
Along comes Mystery Ranch and I've found the ultimate pack. The harness system distributes weight properly and is easy to adjust for a precise fit. No circulation cutoff, no shoulder pain, just right. And they're bombproof and easy to pack. The revolutionary center zip is truly useful.
I liked my Sphinx so well that I went out and bought a Scree and a Ravine. Done - just refreshed my packs and put all my others on the auction block. My only sadness is that I really can't justify buying any more packs by Mystery Ranch.
This Scree is such a great day pack, I look for reasons to use it. Hiked to the grocery store and filled it with beer and groceries. 20lbs feels like nothing.


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Heavy Duty Seismic Elastomeric Steel Bridge Pot Bearings
|FOB Price:
|US $1-21 / Piece
|Min. Order:
|15 Pieces
|Min. Order
|FOB Price
|15 Pieces
|US $1-21/ Piece
|Tianjin, China
|Production Capacity:
|Payment Terms:
|L/C, T/T, D/P, Western Union
Request a custom order and have something just for you!Send Customized Request
- Model NO.: Standard
- Material: Rubber, Steel
- Maintenance: Free
- Application: Bridge, Railway, Highway
- Color: as Your Required
- Transport Package: Pallet or Wooden Case
- Origin: China
- Usage: Exterior
- Quality: Durable
- Type: Rubber Bridge Pot Bearing
- Customized: Customized
- Trademark: KangQiao
- Specification: SX/DX/GD
- HS Code: 732690900
pot rubber bridge bearing have been designed to be very easy to install, maintenance-free and cost-effective.Bridge Pot Bearings are designed for very high vertical, horizontal and lateral loads and where rotational structural displacements need to be accommodated.
The product has been successfully used in a broad range of applications which include: bridges, viaducts, high rise buildings, stadiums and dams.
Different types of Elastomeric bridge pot bearing:
(a) Twoway moveable bearing has vertical rotation,longitudinal and horizontal gliding
performances and its serial number is SX;
(b) One-way movable bearing
has vertical rotation and one-way gliding performances and its serial number is DX;
(c) Fixed bearing: only has vertical rotation performance and its serial number is GD.
Packaging Details:
plastic bags with pallets, protective material on top and bottom of bearings.
with pallets
Our Service:
1.Pfofessional manufacturing in rubber bridge bearing products.
2.Various of bridge pot bearing.
3.Samples of rubber bridge pot bearing are available.
4.after-sale on time.
5.Competitive price of bridge pot bearing.
Q: Are you trading company or manufacturer ?
A: We are a professional factory for bridge bearings, waterstops and bridge expansion joints. Welcome to visit!
Q: Do you have CE or American certification?
A: Generally we use GB standards which is similar to CE or AASHTO, and the factory can produce as per CE, AASHTO or other international standards, we can also apply CE for clients for different products.
Q: Do you provide samples ? is it free or extra ?
A: Yes, we could offer the sample for free charge but do not pay the cost of freight.
Q: What is your terms of payment ?
A: T/T, Western Union or Paypal for small or trial orders. T/T, L/C for formal orders.


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WARSAW ISSUE 318 Jan 2012
Van Dorsen Talents Warsaw photography
Van Dorsen Talents, founded in 2011, is a full service agency representing talents including photographers, stylists, hair and make-up artists. The company also organises photo and film shoots for major Polish clients.
Recent photo shoots featuring Van Dorsen Talents have appeared in a number of renowned Polish magazines, including Elle, Glamour, Twój Styl, Gala, Viva!, Pani, Cosmopolitan, Fashion and KMag. The agency also recently produced campaigns for Avon, Max Factor, Reebok, Gino Rossi, Ochnik, Kate&Kate and La Mania.
The company's team and the talents it represents are bursting with creative energy, ensuring clients' expectations are surpassed in every production.
Tag your comment using @productionparadise to share with us!


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Dhanvantri Homa- This Fire Lab can surround you with positive vibrations and shield you against health problems. This Homa is a targeted spiritual therapy and remedy for people experiencing ongoing health issues or those who seek to maintain vital health.
Ganesha Fire Lab- This Fire Lab can remove impediments on your way of success, as well as bring in luck and prosperity for you.
Jupiter is considered to be the teacher of the mankind who governs religion and spiritualism. It has been proven astrologically that Jupiter is the planet of Success. Jupiter is the other term for excellence; he is the teacher, the priest, and the crusader of life. Lord Jupiter represents the higher mind, the vision of truth, optimism, indulgence, wisdom, and desire.
Mars is fiery and passionate planet. If in your chart, Mars is weak or badly placed he will create debts (credit card, medical, mortgage), diseases and relationship problems. A positive Mars gives courage, healing and financial discrimination. Performing Mars Fire Lab helps control its malefic effects for your well-being.
Saturn is the most dreadful planet among all the other planets. While he transits to your zodiac, he makes sure that he puts you through trials and tribulations. Even people, who had been successful all through their life, suffer significantly during their Saturn period. You must know that all his rough attempts are merely to guide you on the perfect path of life.
You may think, dream, imagine, and hope to be a thousand things, but the Sun is what you are! To be your best self in terms of your Sun, cause your energies to work along the path in which they will have maximum help from the planetary vibrations.
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text: LSB Industries, Inc. ("LSB") (NYSE: LXU) today provided an update to its previous announcements and disclosures related to certain ongoing issues at two of its facilities and their impact on 2012 third quarter results. The Company expects to report its results for the third quarter ended September 30, 2012 on or about November 6, 2012. The Pryor Facility has had continual problems with the ammonia conversion process, as well as unplanned downtime at its main ammonia plant, which have caused fluctuating production levels, preventing it from reaching our targeted production rates of approximately 600 tons per day. Total ammonia production during the third quarter was approximately 28,000 tons, or 50% lower than our targeted rate. As a result, the Pryor Facility's 2012 third quarter operating income was approximately $14 million lower than it would have been had ammonia production been at or near target levels, based upon the selling price of ammonia and UAN during the quarter. As previously announced, we plan to replace six small ammonia converters at Pryor with one Kellogg converter. We have received our permit to install the Kellogg converter, the foundation for the converter is complete; and the converter is scheduled to be replaced during the fourth quarter 2012. Once the replacement converter is installed and in full operating mode, we should achieve our targeted production rates at Pryor. The third quarter of 2012 was also adversely affected by lost profits and extra expenses at our El Dorado, Arkansas Facility following the May 15, 2012 explosion which destroyed the Direct Strong Nitric (DSN) acid plant and caused damage of varying degrees throughout the site. The El Dorado Facility has completed repairs to the three other nitric acid plants and most of the repairs to certain other equipment damaged by the explosion. Our insurance policy provides for Business Interruption coverage for certain lost profits and extra expenses which will be recognized as a reduction to cost of sales in the quarter received. We expect to begin receiving insurance recovery payments in the 2012 fourth quarter or shortly thereafter.


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Renew the delicate eye area. Our patented Skin Repair System stimulates collagen synthesis. Caffeine and tiger's herb increase elasticity and firm the skin. Light diffusers soften the appearance of fine lines and dark circles for a luminous glow. Additional features and benefits: • Shorea stenoptera butter, a rich emollient, delivers intense hydration while preventing moisture loss • Scintilla asiatica, tiger's herb, stimulates collagen synthesis and improves skin elasticity • Caffeine helps to reduce under eye puffiness
Free U.S. Shipping. Period. View Our Shipping Policy
Return Policy: This product is non-returnable
Return Policy: View Our Return Policy
Special Shipping Requirements: ORM-D Class
ORM-D classified products such as aerosol sprays, nail polish, perfume and products with high alcohol content may only be shipped by UPS Ground within the Continental US.
Availability: In Stock
|Mon - Thur
|9 - 6 p.m. CT
|9 - 5 p.m. CT
|9 - 3 p.m. CT
|Sun / Holidays


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Swearingen SA-226T, Teterboro, N.J., May 31, 2005–The NTSB blamed the pilot's "improper decision to depart with a known deficiency, which resulted in a loss of control during landing at the destination airport. A factor was the fuel control units' improper flight idle fuel flow rate."
The airplane made a "sudden turn to the right" on the initial takeoff attempt. The pilot aborted, did an engine runup and took off again. The crew reduced power on landing at the destination airport, while the left engine accelerated to 60-percent power. The pilot reported "one engine surging and another engine that seems like I lost control or speed." Regaining control, he landed and the engine surged to 65 percent power with the throttle lever in idle. The airplane immediately turned to the right, the right wing "dropped" 30 degrees and hit the ground. The pilot was seriously injured.
Tests of the fuel control units and fuel pumps revealed the flight idle fuel flow rate was 237 and 312 pounds per hour (pph), for the left and right engines, respectively, higher than the new production specification of 214 pph. According to the manufacturer, flight idle fuel flow affects thrust produced when the power levers are set to the flight idle position and differences in fuel flow can result in asymmetrical thrust.


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Film star Vince Chase navigates the vapid terrain of Los Angeles with a close circle of friends and his trusty agent.
Vince pulls out all the stops for Sophia, and the guys rally to support Eric.
Disponible jusqu'au 1 octobre 2018
Vince continues to woo Sophia; Turtle pitches his investors; Eric turns to Melinda.
Disponible jusqu'au 1 octobre 2018
Vince tries to make amends; Ari fears an ugly divorce; Drama shows his solidarity.
Disponible jusqu'au 1 octobre 2018
Drama tries to get Andrew Dice Clay back on his show; Ari has a meeting with Dana Gordon
Disponible jusqu'au 1 octobre 2018
The guys help Vince with a drug test; Ari gets back at Mrs. Ari by flaunting an old flame.
Disponible jusqu'au 1 octobre 2018
Vince's movie gets a producer's attention; Dice and Drama renegotiate their contracts;.
Disponible jusqu'au 1 octobre 2018
Vince gets help on a movie outline; Eric gets a surprising voicemail from Sloan.
Disponible jusqu'au 1 octobre 2018
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Milwaukee Chamber Theatre's 'Lobby Hero'
Provocative, tightly woven drama about a security guard caught up in murder
Police work has been a major preoccupation for drama of every kind. The job of a security guard, though similar to that of a police officer, isn't often the focus of serious drama. With the stage play Lobby Hero, Kenneth Lonergan casts dramatic light on a security guard. It's a comedic ensemble drama focused largely on the pivotal character of Jeff, an officer who works the front desk of an apartment lobby in Manhattan.
In Milwaukee Chamber Theatre's staging, Chris Klopatek maintains a casually organic intensity as Jeff. He's caught up in the bewildering moral, professional and interpersonal complexity of reporting what he knows about a murder investigation. Di'Monte Henning commands considerable gravitas in the role of Jeff's boss, William, a man preoccupied by a family drama that threatens to compromise his altruistic respect for honesty and integrity. Andrew Edwin Voss delivers a dark edge to the mix as a police officer looking for promotion who runs into some drama with Dawn, a probationary police officer played by a charmingly poised Sara Zientek.
The drama plays out in third-shift restlessness. Security guards and police officers engage in small talk and late night negotiations in the city that never sleeps. New York itself feels quiet and empty in a production that lacks much of the filth, ambient noise and density of human proximity for which Manhattan is infamous. Avoiding the peripheral clutter, director C. Michael Wright allows the power of the drama between four people to weave a crazy web across the stage in a provocative, tightly woven drama about dizzying human convolution of honesty and duty.
Through Dec. 18 at the Broadway Theatre Center's Studio Theatre, 158 N. Broadway. For tickets, visit milwaukeechambertheatre.com.


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My Favorite Add-ons
by org.sunjw.firefox.addon
About this Collection
My favorite add-ons
28 Add-ons in this Collection
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Firebug integrates with Firefox to put a wealth of development tools at your fingertips while you browse. You can edit, debug, and monitor CSS, HTML, and JavaScript live in any web page...
FlashGot Mass Downloader by Giorgio Maone
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Download all the links, movies and audio clips of a page at the maximum speed with a single click, using the most popular, lightweight and reliable external download managers.
Stylish by userstyles.org
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Restyle the web with Stylish, a user styles manager. Stylish lets you easily install themes and skins for Google, Facebook, YouTube, Tumblr, and many, many other sites. You can even customize Firefox and other programs themselves.
Web Developer by chrispederick
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The Web Developer extension adds various web developer tools to the browser.
FT DeepDark by steva
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Status bar widgets and progress indicators for Firefox 4+
gContactSync by Josh Geenen
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http://yslow.org is the official open source website.
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View HTTP headers of a page and while browsing.
Thunderbird Conversations by Jonathan Protzenko
25,480 users
This addon provides a conversation view for Thunderbird, grouping messages together and allowing you to reply "inline" thus providing a more efficient workflow.
The latest version is compatible with Thunderbird 38+ only (see below for details).
AutoProxy by lovelywcm
22,847 users
Are you concerned about your privacy? Or, are you blocked from some websites by a firewall? And, are you arming yourself with a proxy? In that case, AutoProxy is designed for you! A tool to help you use your proxy automatically & efficiently.
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