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Inventory of bio-based courses at the Dutch BE-Basic Partner Universities
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1 Inventory of bio-based courses at the Dutch BE-Basic Partner Universities By MSc. W.A. Veele Prof. Dr. D.B. Janssen Dr. J. Krooneman
2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction BE-Basic The Bio-based Economy The cascade model Reasons for transition Demand for knowledge Aim of the research Structure of report Methodology Selection of universities, study programs and courses BE-Basic Partner Universities Degree programs Boston Consultancy Group Matrix and Criteria Level of the course Bio-based degree Aspects per course Results Explanation matrix Inventory results Courses Concluding remarks From fossil based to bio-based Importance of low BB courses Matching supply and demand Social Sciences Courses versus research Literature and websites Appendix A Low BB courses Appendix B High BB Courses Appendix C Interviews with SMEs (in Dutch) Respons A Respons B Respons C Respons D Respons E... 36
3 1 Introduction 1.1 BE-Basic The BE-Basic Foundation is an international public-private partnership that develops industrial bio-based solutions to build a sustainable society 1. This research is conducted as part of the BE-Basic program, project 9.2: Education preparing for a Bio-based Society. This report is part of phase one in which an inventory is made of BBE education, including education for bachelors and masters at the Dutch BE- Basic partner universities. This will serve as the basis for phase two in which a rational education program will be developed with the BE-Basic partners. 1.2 The Bio-based Economy De Bio-based Economy (BBE) is An economy in which companies national and international produce non-food applications from green resources or biomass. Non-Food applications such as transportation fuels, chemicals, materials and energy (electricity and heat).the BBE should develop in a responsible and sustainable way (LNV, 2007). Basically, an economy which uses biomass as a resource instead of fossil resources. The term biomass is defined as Non-fossilized and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals and micro-organisms. This shall also include products, by-products, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the non-fossilized and biodegradable organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes. Biomass also includes gases and liquids recovered from the decomposition of non-fossilized and biodegradable organic material. When burned for energy purposes biomass is referred to as biofuel (Commissie van de Europeese Gemeenschappen, 2004). Within the BBE biomass is used within different economic sectors, such as the chemical-, material-, energy-, transport & logistic- and industry sectors. According to the social and economic council of the Netherlands (SER), the BBE does have to comply with clear sustainability requirements so that it will develop in a sustainable way (SER, 2010). One of the requirements is that no competition is allowed between the use of land for food and for non-food applications. Furthermore, it is required that biomass is cultivated in a sustainable way; the cultivation may not take place under poor working conditions and must not pose a threat to biodiversity (SER, 2010) The cascade model In order to obtain the most added value from biomass the cascade model has been introduced (figure 1 2 ). The cascade model also contributes to the environmental and climate objectives (SER, 2010). The most appropriate use and highest added value which can be obtained from biomass can be defined by the composition of the biomass itself. From figure 1 it can be derived that the highest added value from biomass is obtained within the pharmaceutical sector, followed by the use of biomass in food and feed applications. Lower added value is obtained from the use of biomass in the chemical- and energy 1 Website BE-Basic: Retrieved: 05/08/ Website bio-based economy: Retrieved:
4 sectors. Figure 1 also shows that for the highest added value the lowest amount or volume of biomass is required and the other way around. Figure 1.1: Cascade model BBE Reasons for transition There are many reasons to make a transition from an economy and society which is based on fossil resources to a bio-based economy which is based on biomass derived carbon resources. Firstly, fossil resources are becoming scarce due to an increase in the human populations and their demand for food, fuel, energy, chemicals and materials. Secondly, fossil resources are mostly available in politically unstable regions from which one does not want to depend, due to energy security reasons (Asveld et al., 2011; LNV, 2007). Furthermore, using biomass and organic residue streams the amount of greenhouse gas emissions is reduced compared to the use of fossil fuels, provided that the biomass is used in a proper way (Bergsma et al., 2010). It is therefore important to become more independent on fossil resources. The transition from a fossil based economy to a bio-based economy also stimulates the preservation of biodiversity which is good for the global environment. Furthermore, the transition generates employment through the opportunities and development of new and existing businesses in different sectors. 1.4 Demand for knowledge The development of the BBE requires skilled personnel which are able to develop and implement novel processes at a large scale. Such practices require knowledge on sustainable production routes in a complex context of available resources, logistics, policy regulations and incentives, public perceptions, collaboration in a chain of different users, etc. The different business sectors are in need of professionals 3 Website BE-Sustainable: Retrieved:
5 who are able to translate and adapt conventional techniques to techniques applicable for production, processing and use of bio-based materials. Although the Dutch universities are building up knowledge in the bio-based field, it is not clear which bio-based courses are available at these different universities and thus which educated professionals are available for the industry. The knowledge and skills educated at the universities needs to be tailored to the demand of different BBE sectors for trained personnel to enhance the flow of bio-based knowledge to these sectors. This will eventually lead to an increased development of the bio-based economy and society. 1.5 Aim of the research The aim of this research phase was to obtain more insight into the bio-based courses which are available at the Dutch BE-Basic partner universities, in specific The University of Groningen (RuG), the University of Wageningen (WUR), the Technical University of Delft (TU Delft), the VU University of Amsterdam (VU), the University of Amsterdam (UvA), the University of Utrecht (UU), the Radboud University of Nijmegen (RU) and the Technical University of Twente (UT). Therefore the research question answered in this report is: Which bio-based bachelor and master courses are available at the Dutch BE-Basic partner universities? In order to answer this question an inventory was made of the bio-based bachelor and master courses at the Dutch BE-Basic partner universities. Furthermore, a methodology has been developed based on the Boston Consultancy Group matrix to get a better view on the different courses of interest. This research will form the basis for a rational education program which will be developed in phase two this BE-Basic program. 1.6 Structure of report In the next chapter the methodology and criteria used for the inventory will be presented. In chapter 3 the results from the inventory are presented as a total and per University. The concluding remarks are described in chapter 4. 3
6 2 Methodology The Bio-based Economy is a development that influences different sectors within the economy, such as the energy-, chemical-, material-, feed-, logistic and supply chain sector and the agricultural sector. For these different sectors different knowledge is used and needed. The basic knowledge provided for these different sectors lies within the more technical, biological and chemical educational degrees. Therefore the main focus of this research is aimed at these degrees. However, attention was also paid to the more social science related degrees as Law and Economics. From these different degrees a database has been constructed containing all the different courses which are, to a different extent, of importance for the BBE. 2.1 Selection of universities, study programs and courses BE-Basic Partner Universities In order to make an inventory of all the different bio-based courses provided by the different BE-Basic partner universities, different contact persons were approached (phone and ) and online study guides were analysed (table 2.1). The major part of this research has been devoted to the University of Groningen, Delft and Wageningen, because these are the main BE-Basic partners. Less time was allocated to the other BE-Basic partner universities and therefore the number of courses inventoried from those universities is lower. The VU and the UvA had some combined degrees. Therefore the results from these universities were combined. The University of Maastricht is also a BE-Basic partner. However this University only provides post-graduate bio-based related courses which are outside the scope of this research and therefore this University was not included within this research. Table 2.1: Contact persons and online study guide web links. University Contact person Online study guide Delft University of Technology Prof. Dr. Patricia Osseweijer (TU Delft) / Wageningen University (WUR) Prof. Dr. Ir. René Wijffels https://ssc.wur.nl/studiegids University of Groningen (RuG) Prof. Dr. Dick Janssen https://www.rug.nl/ocasys VU University of Amsterdam Dr. Nico van Straalen (VU) ndex.asp University of Amsterdam (UvA) - bsite_nl University of Utrecht (UU) Prof. Dr. André Faaij https://www.osiris.universiteitut recht.nl/osistu_ospr/onderwijsc ataloguszoekcursus.do Radboud University Nijmegen Prof. Dr. Ir. Mike Jetten (RU) u.nl/2013/ Technical University of Twente - https://osiris.utwente.nl/student /OnderwijsCatalogus.do 4
7 2.1.2 Degree programs The main focus of this research is aimed at technical, biological and chemical educational programs, because these constitute the basis of the BBE. Degree programmes such as Biology, Life Science & Technology, Molecular Biology, Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Chemical Technology, Biotechnology etc. were analysed. Nevertheless, also attention was paid to other more social science degree programs by reading the different degree and course descriptions. Furthermore, different key-words (table 2.2) were used to search for relevant courses. From the degree programs, the bachelor and master courses were analysed. Note that not every single course of the different degrees was analysed within this research. Only courses that seemed to provide relevant knowledge for the BBE, based on the criteria used within this research (paragraph 2.2) were incorporated in this inventory. All other courses which provide obvious generic knowledge, such as mathematics, and which do not comply with the set criteria in paragraph 2.2 were not incorporated in this inventory. The inventory also includes some social science courses which applied to the set criteria and which provided relevant knowledge for the BBE. The selected courses were then divided into the different categories as described in paragraph Boston Consultancy Group Matrix and Criteria A methodology was developed based on the Boston Consultancy Group (BCG) matrix in order to make the inventory more organized and transparent. The original BCG matrix is used for the classification of business operations compared to their potential contribution to profit or other financial performances. In this way insight is gained into which activities are most profitable (stars) and which activities are least profitable (dogs). Based on this matrix companies can take strategic decisions in respect to each of their business activities. Within this research a similar approach is used. Based on two criteria the different courses are divided into four groups. This results in a two-by-two matrix with four quadrants by which a clear distinction is made between the different courses. The two criteria which were used within this research are the level of the course (2.2.1) and its bio-based content (2.2.2) Level of the course There are differences in the level of courses. Some courses provided more basic knowledge, others more advanced knowledge. Therefore the courses were categorized as Basic or Advanced courses. The following criteria were used to categorize the level of the different courses. A Basic course is defined as: a) A course for which no or little previous knowledge is needed besides pre-academic education (vwo). b) A course for which no expected prior knowledge or requirements are defined within the course description. c) Courses which are stated to be introductory or basic within the course description. An Advanced course is defined as: a) A course for which prerequisite knowledge from different courses is required and mentioned in the course description. b) Courses which are stated to be advanced or specialized courses within the course description. 5
8 Sometimes courses consist of two parts (e.g. organic chemistry 1 and 2). If the courses together form one consistent course, the level of the second course is not by definition advanced. This is because together both the courses form one consistent course, even though it is unable to participate in the second part of the course without passing the first part of the course. The level of the second part of the course is defined based on the course description. Most master courses are defined as advanced, since a bachelor degree is required. However, this is not always the case based on the course description. When it was impossible to define courses as either Basic or Advanced based on the criteria stated above, the courses were categorized through personal interpretation of the course description and knowledge on the educational program Bio-based degree There are many different courses which can be applicable within the bio-based economy. However, differences can be made between the degrees of how applicable a course is within the bio-based economy. Some courses are completely or partly focused on the bio-based economy. Other courses provide knowledge which has a broad range of applications. To make a distinction between broad applicable courses and more bio-based specific courses, the courses were divided into High or Low biobased (BB) courses. A Low BB course is a course in which widely applicable or specific knowledge is provided, like Organic Chemistry or Microbiology. These are courses which do not have a specific bio-based element or focus, but are applicable both within and beyond the BBE. For High BB courses the following criteria were used. a) Courses which focus specifically on the BBE, like Biocatalysis or Bio-based products b) Courses which contain bio-based elements due to the use of one or more of the bio-based key words as defined in table 1. When it was unable to define courses based on the criteria and descriptions stated above, the courses were categorized through personal interpretation of the course description. Table 2.2: Bio-based keywords and their description. Key-word Description Bio-Based (economy) The production of non-food applications from green materials or biomass (see below). Non-Food applications such as transportation fuels, chemicals, materials and energy (electricity and heat). Such a bio-based economy should develop in a responsible and sustainable way. (LNV, 2007) Biomass "Non-fossilized and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals and micro-organisms. This shall also include products, byproducts, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the non-fossilized and biodegradable organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes. Biomass also includes gases and liquids recovered from the decomposition of non-fossilized and 6
9 Biofuels Bioconversion Fermentation or (Anaerobic) Digestion Biorefinery Biosynthesis* Bioreactors Waste reuse Biocatalysis* Biomaterials* Bio-energy Bioprocess* Biotechnology biodegradable organic material. When burned for energy purposes biomass is referred to as biofuel. (Commissie van de Europeese Gemeenschappen, 2004). Fuels from biomass.(see definition biomass) Conversion of biomass (through live organisms) into reusable resources or usable products. The conversion of biomass (aerobically or anaerobically) through the use of bacteria, cell cultures or fungi. Used for the production of organic products (e.g.biogas). A technology where biomass is separated into different fractions, which may or may not receive further processing, each having a specific application. Biorefinery can lead to sustainable co-production of food, feed, energy, fuels and chemicals an economically sound basis with minimal waste.(lnv, 2007) Also known as anabolism. An enzyme-catalysed process (in cells of living organisms) by which substrates are converted into more complex products.(alberts, 2002) A reactor in which a chemical process is carried out through the use of organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organism. The use of biomass from waste for the production of bioenergy. The use of natural catalysts, such as protein enzymes, to transform organic compounds into a specific product. Materials produced from organic resources instead of fossil resources. Energy from biomass. A process that uses complete living cells or their components (e.g. bacteria, enzymes, chloroplasts) to obtain desired products. Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. 4 * Only applicable when not used within humans, because these (processes/materials/synthesis/catalysis) mostly originate from or within human cells. Human cells are not covered by the definition of biomass. 2.3 Aspects per course Per course the following aspects were inventoried, see table 2.3. If a course description was not available the course was excluded from the inventory. Sometimes courses have similar or the same titles. If the content differs then the course was added to the inventory. Therefore it is possible that similar course titles are within the inventory, but then the content of the course is different. These aspects are not reported within this report but are present within the database. 4 Website UN Convention on Biological Diversity: Retrieved:
10 Table 2.3: Inventoried aspects per course. Aspect Description The title of the study program E.g. Chemical Engineering The title of the course E.g. Bio-refinery, Organic Chemistry 1 The target group BSc or MSc The year of education the course is given 1 st,2 nd or 3 rd year of education The level of education Basic or advanced (see 2.2.1) Level of BB Low or High BB course (see 2.2.2) Language Dutch, English or both Course code E.g. WLP10A02 Study Load Amount of ECTS or duration in years Course Coordinator E.g. Prof. Dr. Ir. B. de Boer Learning objectives Which knowledge and skills are to be delivered. Didactical approach Lectures, assignments, workshop, excursions, practical work etc. Suitable for international use By translation. Suitable for distance learning Learning materials can be adjusted for distance learning by digitalizing the content. Suitable for interactive usage When digitalized in order to let students and teachers communicate with each other from different locations. Other information Web link and/or other information of course 8
11 3 Results In order to analyse the results of the inventory the Boston Consultancy Matrix method was used. Within this research a division is made between the level of education (Basic or Advanced) versus the applicability to the BBE (Low BB or High BB). In figure 3.1 examples of courses are given which are present in the different quadrants of the matrix. Note that all the courses inventoried within this research are, to a different extent, relevant to the BBE. In the following paragraph only the number of courses available within the different quadrants is presented as a total and per University. The specific courses by title, per quadrant and per University are presented in appendix A and B. High Bio-based products Energy from Biomass Bio-based Economy Advanced Biorefinery Bioprocess Integration Biocatalysisand Green Chemistry Degree of BB Low Microbiology & Biochemistry Process technology 1 Thermodynamics Advances in Chemical Biology Computational Fluid Dynamics Chemical Reactor Design Basic Advanced Total: 25 1)TU Delft: 10 2)WUR: 8 3)RuG: 7 Level of course Figure 3.1: Example BCG matrix 3.1 Explanation matrix The lower left quadrant contains basic courses which are less focussed on the BBE, but not less relevant to the BBE. This quadrant can be seen as the cornerstone of the matrix, because it contains courses which provide widely applicable basic knowledge on which the courses in the other quadrants are based upon. Furthermore, these courses apply to the criteria used within this research and are therefore selected to be relevant to the BBE. Courses in lower right quadrant contain advanced courses which are low in their BB degree. Most of these courses continue on from the courses in the lower left quadrant. The courses in both lower 9
12 quadrants could become more bio-based (or High BB) by introducing specific bio-based subjects, e.g. biorefinery. And thus move from the lower part of the matrix to the upper quadrants. The upper left quadrant contains courses which provided basic knowledge for the BBE. These courses provide (together with the lower left quadrant) a basis for the courses in the upper right quadrant. The courses in the upper right quadrant are advanced bio-based courses. The basic knowledge for these courses is provided by both the upper left and the lower left quadrants. Mind that a division can be made between the different courses within a quadrant. Some courses within for example the upper right quadrant are more BB than the other courses within the same quadrant. However, due to time constraints within this research no sub-division has been made between the courses within a quadrant. The fact that within the quadrant different levels are present should be kept in mind when analysing the results. 3.2 Inventory results In figure 3.2 the results from the inventory are presented. From this matrix insight is gained into which University has how many courses. In total a number of 518 bachelor and master courses were inventoried to be relevant to the BBE to a different extent. The amount of courses inventoried per University is presented in table 3.1. Per quadrant the total number of courses is presented and a ranking is shown per University which has the highest amount of courses per quadrant. Degree of BB High Low Total: 82 TUDelft: 26 WUR: 21 RuG: 13 Vu & UvA: 10 RU: 5 UT: 5 UU: 2 Total: 207 RuG: 58 TUDelft: 50 WUR: 42 UU: 19 Vu & UvA: 15 RU: 13 UT: 10 Total: 84 WUR: 31 TU Delft: 20 Vu & UvA: 14 RuG: 10 UU: 3 RU: 3 UT: 3 Total: 145 TUDelft: 43 RuG: 43 WUR: 20 UU: 17 RU: 12 Vu & UvA: 6 UT: 4 Basic Advanced Level of course Figure 3.2: Result matrix of inventory as a total per quadrant and per University. 10
13 Table 3.1: Number of courses inventoried per University. University Number of courses inventoried TU Delft 139 WUR 114 RuG 124 VU & UvA 45 UU 41 RU 33 UT 22 Total Courses As mentioned in the methodology, more attention has been paid to the University of Groningen, Delft and Wageningen. This is visible within table 3.1. It should be kept in mind that the other BE-Basic partner Universities may have additional relevant courses, but not all of them have been inventoried due to the time frame of this research. This inventory does however give insight in the number and level of the different Bio-based courses present at the Dutch BE-Basic partner universities. In appendices A and B the different courses are presented by their title. 11
14 4 Concluding remarks This research has provided insight into the different bio-based courses at different levels of education (bachelor and master) which are present at the BE-Basic partner universities by the use of the BCG matrix methodology. In total 518 courses have been inventoried together with additional information on these courses, such as study load and suitability for international use. This inventory can be used as a basis for phase two in which a rational education program will be developed with the BE-Basic partners. 4.1 From fossil based to bio-based From the results it can be derived that the largest amount of the courses are within the lower part of the matrix. This is partly caused by the fact that existing courses are mainly focused on the current fossil based economy. This can be retraced within the different course descriptions which still have a strong fossil resource focus. Nevertheless, most of these fossil courses provide knowledge which is also relevant for the BBE. Especially the courses of the RuG and TU Delft have a more fossil based focus. Low BB courses can become more bio-based by the introduction of bio-based elements within the different courses. Bio-based examples, like biogas of bio-polymers, can be used within the different courses to give them a more bio-based focus. The WUR already does this and therefore it offers the highest number of High BB courses. Bio-based topics are used as examples within the courses and thereby are brought to the attention of the students. Also within the course descriptions of the WUR a lot of BB keywords are used. Through the criteria used within this research these courses are therefore labelled as High BB courses. 4.2 Importance of low BB courses Courses that are appointed to the Basic and Low BB category (lower left quadrant) are courses that are very relevant for the BBE even though they have a lower focus on the BBE. These are the very courses that provide general knowledge for the high BB courses. The same applies to courses that are categorized as Advanced and Low BB (lower right quadrant). These courses should not be discarded as unimportant for the BBE. They can be expanded with BB elements in order to give them a more BB focus. 4.3 Matching supply and demand As mentioned in the introduction (1.4) matching is needed between the demand of the different business sectors and the professionals educated at the universities to increase the flow of bio-based knowledge to business. This inventory provided insight into the knowledge which is educated to the prospective personnel. In order to get a view of the demand of different bio-based businesses interviews were held by Dr. Janneke Krooneman at five Small and Medium Enterprises (SME s) (see appendix C 5 ). The interviews focussed on the following points: General business: BBE activities, field, size, etc. 5 Note that these interviews are in Dutch and that the names of the companies have been removed because of confidentiality reasons. 12
15 Developments next 5 years Required knowledge (future) staff Required competencies (future) staff Education: Activities and wishes Refresher training: activities and wishes Availability 'appropriate' staff The main conclusions that were drawn from these interviews were that SMEs are in need of (future) professionals that: Link competencies such as professionalism, commercial institution, enterprising, creativity and passion with knowledge. Have a broad knowledge on the BBE and its context, such as value chains, and see connections with other sectors. Have a strong technical knowledge on MBO (operational), HBO (operational + design) and WO (design) level. Have knowledge on legal aspects. In terms of training courses for current and future personnel the SMEs are in need of custom-made post-tertiary education courses instead of generic courses. 4.4 Social Sciences From the inventoried courses it can be derived that this inventory has a strong technical, chemical and biological focus (see appendices A and B for course titles). However the Bio-based Economy and Society touch upon more disciplines than the technical, chemical and biological fields. Within the inventory just a few social science courses are available which are defined as Low BB, e.g. Environmental Economics or Law. The need of these more social science related courses within the BBE should not be neglected. It is these social science courses that are of major importance for the BBE, because (based on interviews taken at five different bio-based SMEs) bio-based businesses mostly lack knowledge in this field. Knowledge on law, economics and ethics is required, because there are several legal, economical and ethical obstacles that are and can prevent the BBE to fully develop (Haisma, 2011). Knowledge on waste and manure legislation is needed because the current legislation on manure and waste is making it hard to re-use waste or manure as a renewable resource for the production of new (bio) products. Knowledge on spatial planning is needed because the current legislation in spatial planning prevents farmers to perform bio-based activities on their property. This is caused by the fact that bio-based activities can be defined as industrial activities which are prohibited to be performed on agricultural grounds. Knowledge on permits and licenses is needed because for different bio-based activities, such as the installation of a fermentation plant licenses are required. The application for licenses can be time consuming causing delays and thus costs. 13
16 Knowledge on subsidiaries is required. For example, it is possible to apply for subsidiaries when producing green gas. The application process for subsidiaries can be time consuming, costly and next to that these subsidiaries are susceptible to change. Knowledge on economics and business is needed in order to make bio-based businesses profitable by developing successful bio-based business models. Within the BBE knowledge on ethics is needed on subjects such as Food versus Fuel. Or the use of cellulose from toilet paper which is recovered within waste water treatment plants to be reused as packaging materials. Is this ethically and legally justified? It is exactly the social sciences knowledge which is lacking within the BBE to get it a step further in its development. Therefore these areas of education should be introduced to and extended with BBE topics. This will also contribute to the matching of the demand of the SMEs. 4.5 Courses versus research Next to courses a lot of research is performed on bio-based topics at the different universities by different research groups. For example, the University of Groningen has research groups which perform research in the areas of in Aquatic Biotechnology and Bioproduct engineering, Products and Processes for Biotechnology in the Bio-based economy, Biocatalysis in Polymer Chemistry and many more. The Wageningen University has a dedicated Food and Bio-based Research institute performing research on all the different parts of the BBE. And the TU Delft has research groups in for example Biocatalysis and Organic Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology. It is important to acknowledge that the number of BB courses taught at these universities is not necessarily a representation of the Bio-Based topics and knowledge which is present at these universities. Therefore it should be kept in mind that there is more to the universities than courses. It could be possible to gather information from these research groups and create several new courses, or custom-made courses coupled to research topics for SMEs and other businesses. In that way supply and demand could be better matched. The knowledge available at the different research groups can also be used as a basis for phase two in order to create a rational educational program for businesses. 14
17 Literature and websites Alberts, B. (2002). Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science. Asveld, L., van Est, R., & Stemerding, D. (2011). Naar de kern van de bio-economie: De duurzame beloftes van biomassa in perspectief. Den Haag: Rathenau Instituut. Bergsma, G. C., Kampman, B. E., & Croezen, H. J. (2010). Goed gebruik van biomassa. No Delft: CE-Delft. Commissie van de Europeese Gemeenschappen. (2004). Beschikking van de Commissie 29/01/2004 tot vaststelling van richtsnoeren voor de bewaking en rapportage van de emissies van broeikasgassen overeenkomstig Richtlijn 2003/87/EG van het Europees Parlement en de Raad. No. 29/01/2004. Brussel: Europeese Commissie. Haisma, F. C. (2011). Een verkenning van de (juridisch) belemmeringen in de ontwikkeling van de biobased economy in Nederland.Pro Facto B.V. & KNN. LNV. (2007). Overheidsvisie op de Bio-based Economy in de energietransitie - De keten sluiten. Den Haag: Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Visserij. SER. (2010). Meer chemie tussen groen en groei. De kansen en dillema's van een bio-based economy. No. Nr Den Haag: Sociaal-Economische Raad. Website BE-Basic: Retrieved: 05/08/2013 Website bio-based economy: Retrieved: Website BE-Sustainable: Retrieved: Website UN Convention on Biological Diversity: Retrieved: Website online study guide TU Delft: Website online study guide WUR: https://ssc.wur.nl/studiegids Website online study guide RuG: https://www.rug.nl/ocasys 15
18 Appendix A Low BB courses In the table the courses within the lower part of the matrix are presented per University. For the University of Groningen the courses are in red. The courses of the TU Delft are in blue and the courses of the WUR are in green. The other BE-Basic Partner universities are presented in black. Basic and Low BB courses (Lower Left Quadrant) Advanced and Low BB courses (Lower Right Quadrant) Biochemistry Advanced genetic engineering Biochemistry Advanced polymer chemistry Biochemistry and Biophysical Chemistry Advanced product engineering Bioinformatics Advanced Protein Crystallography Biological Physics Advances in Chemical Biology Biological Systems Applied Manufacturing Research Catalysis for engineers Biomaterials 2 Cell Biology Bio molecular chemical research Cell Biology 1 Bio-organic Chemistry Cell Biology 2 Chemical Biology Cell Physiology, Energy and Structure Computational fluid dynamics Cellular Chemistry Control Engineering Energy Law Design of industrial catalysts Environment and Technology Environmental law 2 Environmental Economics European Environmental Law Environmental Law 1 General Process Equipment Environmental Psychology Genomics and proteomics Genetics (Bio/lst) Homogeneous Catalysis Genetics (Pharmacy) Macromolecular Chemistry Global supply chain management Materials Science and Design IEM Methods and Design Modeling and Analysis of complex networks Impacts of Energy and Material Systems Molecular Biophysics Inorganic chemistry Molecular Design Introduction to Process and Product Technology Molecular Dynamics Material science Operations management in process industry Material Science and Design Organic synthesis: methods and strategy 1 Molecular cell physiology Physical Chemistry 2 Molecular genetics and genomics Physical transport phenomena 2 Molecules and Reactivity (bio/lst) Physics of Fluids Molecules: Structure, Reactivity and Function Practical Macromolecular Chemistry Molecules and reactivity (Pharmacy) Process dynamics Operation Research 1 Process Design Organic Chemistry 1 Product Technology Organic Chemistry 2 Protein Crystallography 2 Orientation Industrial Engineering and Management (IEM) Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology Overview and Context people planet profit Soft molecular Materials Particulate products Structural Biology Physical Chemistry 1 Structure at Macro, Micro and Nano scale 16
19 Physical Material Science Sustainable and Integrated Information Systems Physical properties of Materials 1 Synthesis 2 Lab course Physical Systems for IEM Synthesis strategies 2 Physical transport phenomena 1 Synthetic Biology and Systems Chemistry Physiology of plants and micro organisms Systems Engineering Planning and Environment Advanced Biophysics Polymer products Advanced courses in LCA Practical course: Synthesis and Analysis Advanced Fluid Dynamics A Product focused process design Advanced Physical Transport Phenomena Production Planning & Quality Control Advanced Reaction & Separation Systems Production Techniques Analytical basic technologies Single Phase reactors Applied Multiphase flow Single-phase reactors (TBK) Applied Transport Phenomena Structures and Molecules Applied Transport Phenomena (ATP) Systems Integration and Sustainability Bio Environmental Statistics Technical Thermodynamics Biochemical Thermodynamics Thermo, kinetics and enzymology Biophysics (MSc) Thermodynamics Chemical Technology Topics in Enzymology Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 1 Trends in Polymer Science Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 2 Analytical Methodologies and Tools Computational Fluid Dynamics (Mat) Biochemistry 2 Computational Multiphase Flow Design and Synthesis of Advanced Chemical Bio molecular Dynamics part 1 Products (DSP) Bio molecular Dynamics part 2 Diesel engines 2 Biophysics Environmental Simulation and Data Assimilation Cellular Dynamics: Stochasticity and Signalling Gas turbines Chemical nanotechnology Innovation and Sustainability Theory Chemical Thermodynamics Metabolic Engineering Micro-and Nano systems Design & Fabrication incl. Chemical Thermodynamics (LST) MEMS Lab Chemistry Modelling of Process and Energy systems Delft Lecture on Architectural Sustainability Molecular Biophysics Engineering for Sustainable Development Molecular Transport Phenomena Nano- and biomaterials for nanotechnology Equipment for Heat Transfer applications Equipment for Mass Transfer Physical Transport Phenomena (TN) Gene technology Process and Dynamics & Control General chemistry and process Technology Practical Biochemistry 2 Genetics Practical Gene technology Heterogeneous Catalysis for Chemical Engineers Process technology 2 Introduction biophysics Product and Process Design Life Cycle Analysis and Production Proteomics 1 Life-cycle modelling and economic valuation Proteomics 2 Molecular cell biology Statistical thermodynamics Molecular genetics 2 Structure/Property Relationships of Advanced 17
20 Chemical Products (SPRP) Molecular Thermodynamics Supply Chain Analysis and Engineering Organic chemistry Systems Biology Organic chemistry 2 Thermal Power Plants Physical biology of the cell Thermodynamics for process and Energy Physical transport Phenomena Water management in Urban Areas Physics 1 Bio information Technology Polymer Science Bio system Design Polymers and Polymer Composite Manufacturing Biotechnology 2 BSc Thesis Environmental Technology Part 1: Process Technology 1 Design Tools Separation processes, Design and Operation (SPDO) Cell Physiology and Genetics Separation Technology Chemical Reactor Design Smart Energy Products Colloid forces Statistical thermodynamics (STD) Decision Science 2 Strategic & Sustainable Design Driving Forces in Chemistry, Physics and Biology Structure and properties of materials Engineering Design Structure biology Gene technology Sustainable Design, Time Based (TIDO) Genetic Analysis, Tools and Concepts (GATC) Sustainable Development and Cycles Genomics Sustainable Energy Economics Microbial Ecology Sustainable Urban Engineering of Territory Molecular Life Sciences System Earth Operations Research and Logistics The political use of Models in Sustainable Development Physical Modelling Thermodynamics and Transport Physical Transport Phenomena Sustainable Technology Development: Design Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibrium Assignment Systems Analysis, Simulation and Systems Thermodynamics part 1 Management Turbulence A VU & UvA Urban Analysis and Design Chemical Biology Analysis and Management of Sustainable Organic Production Chains International Environmental Law (UvA) Analytical Methods in Organic Chemistry Molecular Photobiology Basics in Food Technology Protein Analyses Biology of Plants Protein Science Bio-Organic Chemistry for Life Sciences Protein Science Techniques Cell Biology UU Decision Science 1 Advanced Energy Analysis Engineering 1 Aquatic and Environmental Chemistry Engineering 2 Business, sustainability and Innovation Environmental Systems Analysis: Method and Applications Energy Analysis Food Chemistry Energy and Environmental Economics 18
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text: By Houston Business Journal Energy exploration firm NEOS GeoSolutions Inc. said Tuesday that it had closed a $60 million financing round that included such heavyweight investors as the Saudi-backed Energy Capital Group and the personal investment fund of Bill Gates. The Houston-based geosciences company, which specializing in subsurface measurement for the oil and gas industry, said Gates and Bahrain-based ECG joined current investors that include New York City-based Goldman Sachs Group Inc. (NYSE: GS), San Francisco-based Passport Capital LLC and Silicon Valley investor Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. In a statement, NEOS chairman W. Michael Long said the company had invested more than $100 million to develop its technology, which he said could now become more widely available throughout the world. ECG is backed by Saudi Arabia-based Rawabi holdings, and ECG founding partner and CEO Ali AlTurki will sit on the NEOS board of directors. Copyright 2011 American City Business Journals http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/news/2011/01/18/60m-neos-funding-round-includes.html?ana=thestreet

subset: commoncrawl


text:
By Coral Barry
Jerome Sinclair is set to hold talks with Watford over a £5million move as he prepares to leave Liverpool this summer, according to a report.
The 19-year-old striker has failed to agree a contract extension with Liverpool and has set his sights on a move to Vicarage Road, as he looks to kick start his career away from Merseyside.
The Daily Mail report that negotiations are to take place this weekend, with Liverpool due to host Watford at Anfield in the Premier League on Sunday.
Sinclair has featured twice for Liverpool this season in the FA Cup, but has failed to capitalise on the recent surge of youngsters who have broken into the first-team because of fixture congestion. and has yet to make his full Premier League debut.
The Mail claim that Jurgen Klopp is not convinced by the striker and Sinclair has accepted he is not part of the German manager's long-term plans at Anfield.
Sinclair's contract expires in the summer, but the fee for the young gun would be decided by a tribunal if Watford fail to agree terms with Liverpool.
The Englishman has spent the majority of his youth career in the Liverpool academy and the club would be entitled to a transfer fee regardless of whether Sinclair leaves when his deal ends.
However, the Mail report that Watford are eager to avoid a tribunal and are willing to come close to Liverpool's £5million valuation of the youngster.
Watford are keen to maintain a good relationship with the Merseysiders in case of future deals and have identified Sinclair as a top transfer target.
Sinclair could compete with Odion Ighalo and Troy Deeney for a starting berth at Watford, but the Mail claim that the club are preparing themselves for offers for the first-choice striker pair, who have 26 league goals between them this season.
Liverpool signed Sinclair from West Brom as a 14-year-old, when he was originally compared to the likes of Raheem Sterling.
In other Liverpool news, two young guns have given Klopp something to think about with stunning end of the season performances.


text:
Phone: 609-487-0272
Connect to: Library Web Site✔ Online Catalog
Library details: Longport Branch Library is a Public library.
This library is affiliated with Atlantic County Library System (view map) .
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text:
Great Cruise: Enchantment of the Seas Cruise Review by oneduck
Overall Member Rating
Great Cruise
Destination: Bahamas
Embarkation: Baltimore
Fantastic bartender in the Schooner Bar. Tishar is the best and always remembers what you are drinking day after day.
The food, although not as good as last year in April, it was sufficient even though it was not exciting at all. Somethings missing with Royal Caribbean these days. You can see they are cutting corners where food is concerned, but this won't change what cruise line we are going with. All the cruise lines are changing. People are still wasting food by getting way to much on their plates then throwing it away. I just don't get it!
All in all, the trip was great, just enough sun to get a tan and not a burn and although we won't do the Key West trip again, we will be looking for other places to visit in the future. Less
Published 03/21/12
Cabin review: L8547 Large Inside Stateroom
Our cabin was #8547. It is a corner cabin that is located mid-ship, but it is very quiet most a lot of the time. We were always able to sleep in until 9:30 which on a ship is really good. It is an inside cabin, but we had a great cabin steward and he was always available if anything was needed. Enchantment is having a few problems and sometime our head wouldn't flush, but it always eventually did or our attendant would take care of things. All in all, I would get this cabin again if available.Read All Large Inside Stateroom (L) Reviews >>
Port and Shore Excursions
Cocoa Beach
Read Cruise Critic's Enchantment of the Seas Review >>
Oldie But A Goodie!
Great introductory cruise
Had a great time!!
Oldie But A Goodie!
Would not recommend
Awful customer service, intern...
Oldie But A Goodie!
Havana Cruise - Junior Suite U...
Sponsored Links


text:
The TWSBI 580AL in Orange is discontinued. We're out of stock at the moment, but we have another shipment coming in next Thursday, and maybe one more after that. After that, they're gone.
It's a really nice pen - I personally have a medium in my collection and it's become part of my daily carry.* It's my first TWSBI, and I don't know why I waited so long to snag one for myself. It's a great writer, and I just adore the color aluminum accents.
So that's the bad news (if you liked the orange).
But the good news is...
The 580AL in Purple will be coming out soon -- probably within a month or so. If it looks anything like the prototype pictures TWSBI put on their Facebook page about a year ago (image below), I might have to snag one of these, too.
The next color after that will be the 580AL in Blue, though we don't have a timeline yet. Brian has already claimed one for himself (surprise, surprise). I'll probably grab one, too!
As far as I know, there aren't any plans to discontinue the 580AL in Silver. We still have those.
|Prototype image of the 580AL with colored aluminum accents, courtesy of TWSBI's Facebook page.
In other TWSBI news...
TWSBI Eco
This new pen model is almost done. TWSBI is working on the packaging and checking through all the nibs now. We expect to see it in the next two months or so. This will be TWSBI's most affordable pen yet, expected to retail under $30. I don't have a lot of details yet, but we'll work on nailing those down as the release gets closer.
TWSBI Vac Mini and Vac 20A Bottles
I mentioned this a few weeks back. The new Vac Mini is almost done as well, probably within the next month or two. It will first be released in clear, in sizes EF, F, M, B, and 1.1mm. Price is expected to be the same as the Vac700, at $65.
The Vac Mini will be released alongside the redesigned Vac 20A bottles to be compatible with the Vac700 and Vac Mini fountain pens. Not sure of the colors yet, but the price will be $14.99.
Between the Vac Mini and the Eco, I'm not sure which will launch first. We'll let you know as soon as we know!
TWSBI Restocking of Current Products
We know we're out of a lot of TWSBI products right now and we're really sorry for that! The Chinese New Year shut down TWSBI's factories for most of February, and we're feeling the effects of it now with stock outages. They tell us we'll be able to restock at the end of April, and until then what we have is all we will have, so expect outages of many TWSBI products for the month of April.
That's all the news I have for now.
Which new TWSBI pen are you looking forward to the most?
Write On,
Rachel Goulet
*Side note for the curious: my current 3-pen Nock Lookout case contains the medium TWSBI 580AL orange pen inked up with Diamine Autumn Oak, a medium bluegreen Lamy Al-Star inked up with De Atramentis Mint Turquoise, and a broad vibrant green Pelikan M600 inked up with Caran d'Ache Vibrant Green. I'm very intentional about matching my inks to pens! I normally also carry a Pilot Vanishing Point or two, but they're empty and awaiting being cleaned out, hehe.


text:
One of the leading novice hurdlers from last season Yanworth will begin his latest campaign live on Sky Racing on Saturday night when he lines up in the Grade 2 Coral Hurdle. The six-year-old represents Alan King, who has hit a good run of form with 4 winners from his last 10 runners, and legendary owner J P McManus. A superb novice campaign saw two Grade 2 successes, including at this track in the Supreme Trial Novices' Hurdle and an unbeaten run only came to an end when finding just Yorkhill too strong at the Cheltenham Festival. That was the first time he'd raced on good ground and with the forecast set as good to soft at Ascot a return to cut would be ideal. His early races this season will decide the destination he works towards at next year's Festival with both the Champion and World Hurdle options at this stage.
Saturday's contest has produced a fascinating clash with the Paul Nicholls-trained Zarkandar who was travelling so strongly a length and a half down when unseating at Aintree's final flight on his seasonal reappearance. The nine-year-old has enjoyed a stellar career in Britain where he first came to prominence winning the 2011 Triumph Hurdle and since added three Grade 2 and three Grade 1 wins including the 2013 Aintree Hurdle. He's consistently run well at the very top level and over time has been stepped up in distance with a notable fourth in the 2014 and third in the 2015 World Hurdle, where a dreadful mistake at the second last cost him any chance of challenging Cole Harden. However he has only raced three times since and his Aintree reappearance was his first for nearly a year and a half.
Amongst the entries Neil King's Lil Rockerfeller and last year's second Court Minstrel add further interest. Lil Rockerfeller was a rapid improver last season and was bravely supplemented for the Champion Hurdle but found things happening too quickly over two miles at that level when finishing seventh. The five-year-old made a really pleasing reappearance when third in a Wetherby Grade 2, putting in a typically gutsy performance despite having to give weight to the first two. The Evan Williams-trained Court Minstrel had previously won the Silver Trophy at Chepstow before finishing second here and while his form later tailed off he made a good return to action when second to Hargam in a Listed Kempton contest and would greatly benefit from a strong pace. The nine-year-old has often struggled in the later winter months and this is very much his time of year.
Other notables include the Philip Hobbs-trained Welsh Champion Hurdle winner Garde La Victoire and Irish raider Petit Mouchoir.
It's another intriguing renewal in a race that has thrown up some great winners in recent years including Faugheen (2014) and Annie Power (2013) and Yanworth is an obvious candidate to boost his Festival credentials, however Court Minstrel (providing he chooses this preferred option over an Haydock entry) should provide some each-way value.
Bet Now
G3 - Royal Whip
Bet Now
G2 - Debutante Stakes
Bet Now
G2 - Galileo Ebf Futurity Stakes
G II - Prix Herve Ceran-maillard
G II - Prix Pierre Plazen


text:
Triclenz Hair Cleanser
(150 ml Cleanser in tube)
Rs. 195
Rs. 205
5% off
Rs. 195
Rs. 205
5% off
Triclenz Hair Cleanser
(150 ml Cleanser in tube)
Product Details
Triclenz shampoo is a specially formulated hair cleanser that is gentle on the hair. It is a neutral cleanser that is effective in cleansing dry and dull hair. Triclenz shampoo lathers well to soften the cuticles this restores the moisture of the hair, thus making it look shiny. Triclenz is a gentle cleanser which helps in controlling hair fall and dandruff, thus maintaining overall hair's health.
Key benefits of Triclenz Shampoo:
Improves hair manageability
Makes hair soft.
Does not dry out the hair after wash
Does not weigh down the hair
Directions of use:
1) Apply the shampoo generously on wet hair.
2) Lather up from roots to ends
3) Rinse thoroughly with clean water.
Use under Medical supervision.


text:
At the end of Sunday's Meet the Press, Tim Russert warmly remembered longtime New York Times reporter R. W. Apple, well known not only for his journalism, but for his love of fine food and his tendency to wear bright dress shirts (some looked like picnic table tablecloths). As he displayed an old clip of Apple in a very early 1970s long-hair-and-big-sideburns combo, Russert put it this way: "For 43 years, he wrote for The New York Times with brio and clarity...R.W. 'Johnny' Apple, one great writer, one very unique character."
May he rest in peace. It should come as no surprise that a famous Timesman like Apple would display a fair amount of Manhattan ultraliberalism in his public career. Here are a few examples culled from the Notable Quotables archives:
Enforcing Drug Stereotypes: "It's very interesting, Mr. Bennett, in your entire description of why people use drugs, you didn't use the word poverty; you didn't use the word underprivileged; you didn't use the word black or hispanic or poor white. Are you really such a hardnose that you don't believe this has anything to do with it?" -- New York Times reporter R.W. Apple speaking to Drug Czar William Bennett on NBC's Meet the Press, August 27, 1989.
Jimmy Carter, Hardcore Cold Warrior? "As the nation turned virulently anti-communist, socialism in all its forms was shunned like the plague. Programs such as national health care and broader trade-union rights nearly vanished from the screen of American politics. With rare exceptions, such as in 1968, almost every successful national politician stood in the center or the right. Every President from Harry Truman to George Bush -- Democrats like Lyndon B. Johnson and Jimmy Carter to Republicans like Richard M. Nixon and Ronald Reagan -- sought to toe the hard line." -- New York Times reporter R. W. Apple, February 6, 1992 front page story.
Democrats Starve Old People? "[Democrats] think the worst thing they can be is a grid-locker. It's a worse thing to be a gridlocker than it is to starve old people today in American politics." – New York Times Washington Bureau Chief R. W. Apple as Tim Russert complained about alleged Democratic spending cuts, Meet the Press, March 14, 1993.
We Need A Crippling Tax Burden! "Although most of the new taxes will be borne by the rich, as Mr. Clinton's Technicolor pie charts showed, the package comes nowhere close to undoing Ronald Reagan's tax breaks for the wealthy. It leaves the tax burden in the United States far less onerous than those in most other Western nations. If the electorate is as serious as it tells itself it is about eliminating the deficit and cutting the national debt, it will eventually have to accept far more than this modest effort to increase revenues." -- New York Times Washington Bureau Chief R.W. Apple, August 8, 1993 "Week in Review" section.
Hateful Bob Dole: "Dole said at the start that he was going to be very selective in his use of the filibuster...I think what's happened is that he's just gotten carried away with the sheer negative, hateful joy of the whole thing." -- New York Times Washington Bureau Chief R.W. Apple quoted in Rolling Stone magazine, September 30, 1993 issue.
Very Cloudy Crystal Ball: "1994 Isn't Forever: Despite Sweeping Gains for Republicans, History Suggests the Power is Temporary" -- New York Times headline over story by Washington Bureau Chief R.W. Apple, November 10, 1994.
Only Bad Sports Maintain an Anti-Communist Grudge: "It is never easy for the big guy to shake hands after losing the fight to the little guy, especially when he has never lost before, and so it was after the Vietnam War. The open wound of defeat was salved, for some Americans, by continuing to regard the Hanoi government as an evil, outlaw, untouchable regime." -- New York Times Washington Bureau Chief R.W. Apple, July 12, 1995.
Shrinking Government is Anti-Black: "Mr. Clinton has sought to keep blacks involved by standing up for at least some affirmative action programs, which is highly unpopular with many white voters. But he must also respond, to some degree, to the national passion for shrinking government, which will inevitably involve reductions in federal programs that poor blacks regard as lifelines, like Medicaid and urban subsidies. Mr. Clinton can only hope that his party is not punished further for its longstanding commitment to (and identification with) the blacks of America." -- New York Times Washington Bureau Chief R.W. Apple, October 17, 1995 "news analysis."
Bernie Goldberg's a Back-Stabber: "There's no suggestion here that this man went to CBS over a period of time and said, 'Our stuff is all one sided, we've got to do something about this'....There's no suggestion that he has done that. He has simply stabbed this guy in the back." -- New York Times Washington Bureau Chief R.W. Apple sticking up for biased CBS reporter Eric Engberg on CNN's Reliable Sources, February 18, 1996.
(Goldberg vs Engberg Rebuttal: "Goldberg has told friends he feels badly about hurting Engberg, but that he has complained to CBS management about a liberal tilt for several years and been consistently ignored." -- Washington Post reporter Howard Kurtz in a February 15, 1996 story.)
GOP, the "Vehicle of White Supremacy": "But most important is the Republican Party's recent record as the vehicle of white supremacy in the South, beginning with the Goldwater campaign and reaching its apex in Richard M. Nixon's `Southern Strategy' in 1968 and 1972. Republicans appealed to Nixon Democrats (later Reagan Democrats) in the northern suburbs, many of them ethnic voters who had left the cities to escape from blacks, with promises to crack down on welfare cheats and to impose law and order, and they fought against affirmative action." -- New York Times Washington Bureau Chief R.W. Apple on why the Dole-Kemp ticket isn't attracting black support, September 19, 1996.
Yearning for Communist East Germany: "People on both sides are only now fully realizing that the disappearance of the [Berlin] wall and the withdrawal of Allied troops means less security — both physical and economic — as well as more freedom. There, as elsewhere, that is the political trade-off. During the bad old days, families were fractured and East Berliners had few civil liberties. But the Ossies [Eastern Berliners] had guaranteed employment, health care, and housing; an astonishingly low crime rate; and subsidized entertainment. West Berliners earned more than other West Germans because the government gave them tax breaks to ensure that talented and able-bodied people didn't move to Munich or Hamburg..."
"With all that swept away, Berliners find themselves pitched into the rough-and-tumble competition of today's Germany — a prosperous, well-organized, well-governed country, but one afflicted with all the stresses and uncertainties of modern life. These tensions are heightened by mounting inflation and record postwar unemployment." — R.W. Apple, New York Times Chief Correspondent and former Washington Bureau Chief, in a January 1998 Gourmet magazine article about dining in Berlin. (Hat tip to then-Washington Times editorialist Kenneth Smith.)
Afghanistan, Easily Our Next Vietnam: "Could Afghanistan become another Vietnam? Is the United States facing another stalemate on the other side of the world? Premature the questions may be, three weeks after the fighting began. Unreasonable they are not, given the scars scoured into the national psyche by defeat in Southeast Asia. For all the differences between the two conflicts, and there are many, echoes of Vietnam are unavoidable." – News analysis by veteran correspondent R.W. Apple in the October 30, 2001 New York Times.
Iraq, Easily Our Next Vietnam: "I'm an old bozo so I have a long memory, and I was struck by the similarity between the euphoric reaction in Washington after the elections there in 1967 and the euphoric reactions to the elections in Iraq. I'll just read you one, the lead paragraph of a piece from that year in the Times...." — Longtime New York Times correspondent R. W. Apple, Jr. on MSNBC's Imus in the Morning, February 3, 2005.


text:
The dog's name is Maddie and throughout the clip she's with the girl, through each and every milestone.
They share in all of life's challenges and triumphs: graduation, breaking up with a boyfriend, and of course, learning how to drive a car. Obviously, the commercial had to include a car in it somewhere, right?
The story line drives home (no pun intended) the theme, which appears to be that, just like the girl's Chevy, Maddie is there with her through thick and thin, every step of the way.
It seems as though Chevy has effectively tugged at every dog lover's heartstrings with this sweetly sentimental commercial.
Take a look at the touching commercial in the video below, but we're warning you, have a tissue ready!
This commercial, featuring Maddie, the sweet Golden Retriever, is a poignant story that unfolds in reverse chronological order, opening at the end of the dog's life, and closing at the beginning, at puppyhood.
It's beautifully written and produced and it does a fair job of making the point that your Chevy - seen throughout - is also "A best friend for life's journey."
However, I'm not so sure that by blatantly manipulating its viewers' love for a dying dog, Chevy could get people to buy a car. What do you think?
Does this commercial make you want to buy a car or does it make you want to go out and adopt a dog? LOL!
Let us know in the comments below and please 'SHARE' this emotional video with family and friends on Facebook!


text:
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Check Laura out on Twitter: https://twitter.com/lauraling


text:
Protyx LLC
I am looking for multifamily with 80 units or more, built in 1980 or later, B or C property in a better neighborhood for value-add, pitched roof, separately metered.
We do our initial analysis based on trailing 12 or trailing 24 actuals, rent roll, and other property and market information. For us, the most attractive deals are where the property has solid current performance, but still offers unusually good value-add opportunity, particularly through fixing some property management problem.
You must be logged in to submit a deal or you don't have the correct membership level to access this information.


text:
New targeted restrictions on lending and a depreciating renminbi have sparked the biggest sell-off in Chinese equities in more than five years.
Following a surge of close to 30 per cent over the last six weeks, the Shanghai Composite Index on Tuesday slumped nearly 8 per cent from its high to finish down 5.4 per cent at 2856.3, it's biggest one-day drop since August 2009.
The dramatic fall was sparked by a slump in China's currency, the renminbi, as well as tougher regulations on lower grade bonds being used as collateral to borrow cash.
The China Securities Depository and Clearing Corp announced on Monday, after trade closed, that corporate bonds with a rating below AAA and those issues by companies with a rating below AA could no longer be used as collateral for short-term loans.
"They're restricting the use of lower valued, or lower rated, bonds as assets to lend against," Macquarie Bank division director Martin Lakos said.
"In reality, it's a very good move, but in the short-term in might impact, in particular, those lower rated bonds or bond market and the stock market has turned down on the back of that."
Despite beginning a new interest rate cut cycle, China last month cut interest rates for the first time in two years, the government is being very targeted about where they want lending to go, Mr Lakos said.
The Shanghai index began 2014 just above the 2000 level and is still up 35 per cent for the year.
"It has gone through a significant re-rating, you might expect it to cool a little, but we still remain very positive," Mr Lakos said.
Monday and Tuesday saw some of the biggest dips in the yuan all year, with falls of 0.4 per cent and 0.2 per cent respectively, which also pressured Chinese equities.
Chinese currency moves are usually never large and there is a clearly some kind of crackdown at work, Credit Suisse analyst Damien Boey said.
"The issue here is that China runs a system where they don't so much control price of money, but really they control the quantity of money," Mr Boey said.
"The reason why they're forced into that situation is because they run a pegged exchange rate to the US dollar, so if you're running the same currency as the US, effectively you're importing their interest rate settings, or their monetary policy settings, all you can do is ration the amount of money supply around that," Mr Boey said.
The move to devalue to renminbi goes against the consensus that the currency needs to appreciate. There are a lot of investors in the market positioned for a consensus appreciation.
"If the PBOC goes the opposite way, what you start to see is foreign investor money flies out of China," Mr Boey said.
"What happens in that event is that the People's Bank of China's balance sheet shrinks, money supply in the system shrinks and of course then asset prices come under pressure."


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