text:
Dennis Saccuzzo, PhD, J.D.
To meet entry level requirements for independent professional practice, mental health professionals are required to obtain relevant supervised experience under an experienced professional.1 For example, clinical psychologists in training programs approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) obtain a minimum of 400 supervised practicum hours of training (number of hours no longer specified in current accreditation standards) and a minimum of 1,500 hours (now specified as one year of full-time training) of pre-doctoral internship training to qualify for a doctoral degree.2 In addition, many states require an additional minimum of 1,500 hours of postdoctoral supervised training before the psychologist is eligible for licensure.3 Despite the necessity for extensive supervision of mental health practitioners, there have been relatively few lawsuits arising from the failure to supervise adequately mental health assistants, unlicensed practitioners and students.4 The relative lack of litigation in this area may be because attorneys, due to relatively little formal clinical training, may fail to notice the possibility of training related injuries.5 Nevertheless, the failure to supervise adequately may result in liability under a variety of legal theories.6
The purpose of this National Register Legal Update is to explore the various theories of legal liability under which supervisors and mental health professionals may be held. The starting point for assessing liability can be found in state licensing laws. In addition, there are a variety of legal theories of liability. In the subsequent National Register Legal Update we examine the underlying ethical basis for such liability. The practice of supervision is also guided by a variety of ethical documents and a rapidly growing professional literature. From an analysis of the basis of liability and the relevant literature, guidelines for a general standard of care are proposed. Finally, reform in this area must include methods for disseminating and promulgating appropriate standards of care.
In evaluating liability and defining a standard of care for supervision, it is useful to look at legislative mandates as well as relevant judicial decisions. Three major issues are: Who is qualified to supervise? What is supervision? Who is in need of supervision? With fifty different states and the District of Columbia each with its own regulations, there are many approaches to these issues. However, certain important patterns can be discerned. An analysis of the pertinent statutory schemes in Delaware, California, and Ohio illustrate these patterns.
For most states, a qualified supervisor is one who has practiced under a relevant license in the state. In Delaware, for example, the state licensing law for psychologists7 defines "supervising psychologist" as someone who has been licensed for two years.8 As in most states, Delaware defines supervision in terms of face-to-face consultation between the supervisor and supervisee (i.e., psychological assistant).9 In addition, Delaware law holds the supervisor responsible for ensuring that the "quality of the service rendered by the psychological assistant [is] consistent with the person's education, training, and experience."10 Thus, the supervisor is required to prevent the supervisee from functioning beyond his or her competence.
The requirement of ensuring that the supervisee does not practice beyond his or her competence has important implications. Implicit in this requirement is that the supervisor is familiar with the supervisee's qualifications, training, and experience. Keeping supervisees within their level of competence also requires ongoing assessment of that competency as well as active monitoring. Further, to meet this responsibility, the supervisor must have sufficient control over the supervisee.
Failure to meet the standards of supervision may result in revocation of the supervisor's license. In Masterson v. Board of Examiners of Psychologists,11 a Delaware licensed psychologist, Jill Masterson, appealed the decisionof the Board of Examiners of Psychologists to revoke her license to practice psychology. Masterson hadbeen supervising Susan Wellington, a psychological assistant. Wellington, in turn, was counseling a womanwith whom she had a social relationship and a common circle of friends. Such dual relationships are unethical,and in Delaware, the ethical standards for psychologists are specifically referenced in the Delaware law.12
The Delaware Psychology Board held that Masterson failed to monitor and/or control relationships involving her supervisee, Susan Wellington. It found that Masterson failed to properly supervise Wellington, such as to prevent the exploitation of her professional relationships. In affirming the Board's decision to revoke Masterson's license, the Delaware Appellate Court emphasized the supervisor's responsibility for controlling the actions of the supervisee.13
Depending on the jurisdiction, violation of a statute may constitute negligence per se,14 in which negligence is presumed and cannot be rebutted.15 In jurisdictions such as California, violation of a statute creates only a rebuttable presumption of negligence.16 Thus, given a violation of the licensing statute in California, the burden shifts to the supervisor to prove that he or she was not negligent.
In California, the requirements of primary supervisors are codified in Section 1387 of the Code of Regulations.17 A qualified "primary supervisor" must be a licensed psychologist or board certified psychiatrist, with a minimum of three years of professional experience following licensure.18 A supervisor may not have a family or interpersonal relationship with the supervisee.19 In addition, a licensee may not supervise a supervisee who is, or has been, a psychotherapy client of the supervisor.20 Finally, a qualified primary supervisor must be engaged in the same work setting a minimum of 50% percent of the time, and at the same time as the person being supervised. 21 Presumably, this on site requirement will ensure that the supervisor has ample opportunity to monitor and control the work of the supervisee.
California law requires all supervisees to maintain written weekly logs of all hours of supervised experience. 22 California law further requires the supervisee to obtain the supervisor's signature on the log, and to record the specific work setting in which the work took place, dates, the nature of the interaction (e.g., individual, group, facetoface), and the professional services or work performed.23 As in Delaware, a psychologist's license may be revoked for inadequate supervision.24
An issue that has been a source of litigation concerns whether a psychological assistant can be considered an agent of a treating psychologist. In Bergenstal v. Workers' Compensation Appeals Board,25 a licensed psychologist, Karl Bergenstal, conducted psychological testing and clinical evaluation of an injured worker. The psychologist then referred the worker to his psychological assistant to perform psychotherapy. Dr. Bergenstal argued that he complied with California's statutory requirements for supervision because he formulated a treatment plan, worked solely with the patient on a number of occasions, interpreted test results, and used all this information to guide the supervised psychological assistant. Further, he was located on the premises and met on a weekly basis with the assistant to discuss treatment plans.
At issue was the defendant's failure to reimburse for services provided by the psychological assistant. The court found that the assistant was qualified to treat the applicant pursuant to Section 2913 of the Business and Professions Code26 and opined that the supervisory activities described by Dr. Bergenstal met that standard. 27 The court held that the supervisor was eligible for reimbursement because the assistant can be considered an agent of the treating psychologist.28
As is the case in Delaware, the California supervisor has an implicit responsibility to monitor and control the supervisee. In California, the supervisor is responsible for ensuring that "the extent, kind, and quality of the psychological services he or she performed are consistent with his or her training and experience and. . . responsible for his or her compliance with the regulations of the Board of Psychology."29 Moreover, while no case has expressly stated the standard of care of a psychological assistant, the Board of Psychology has generally held assistants to the same standard of care as their supervisors in terms of quality of patient care.30
The disclosure requirement is a critical feature of California law. Prior to the rendering of services by the assistant, the supervisor is required to inform each patient in writing that the assistant is unlicensed and supervised as an employee of the supervisor.31 Thus, by statute, supervisors of unlicensed psychologists in California are considered employers of the supervisees.
In addition to the psychology licensing law, which is regulated by the Board of Psychology under the Board of Medical Quality Assurance, California regulates marriage and family therapists (MFTs) through the Board of Behavioral Science Examiners.32 As with psychologists, MFTs are required by statute to obtain a minimum of 3,000 hours of supervised experience.33
However, the statutory supervision requirements for MFTs are somewhat different from those for psychologists. This difference helps to illustrate the variability in various statutory schemes. Requirements for MFT supervisors are more precise. Supervisors must have practiced psychotherapy for at least two years within the last five year period immediately preceding any supervision.34 To qualify as having practiced psychotherapy, the supervisor must have averaged at least five patient contact hours per week.35 Moreover, the supervisor must affirm that he or she is competent to supervise, i.e., has sufficient education, training or experience in the area of clinical supervision to supervise competently.36 The requirement of affirming competence to supervise is laudable, but not widely found in many statutory schemes.
Another interesting and innovative feature is the requirement that the supervisor inform the supervisee in writing, prior to the commencement of supervision, a signed responsibility statement for MFT interns.37 This disclosure requirement is an important step toward an informed consent process between supervisor and supervisee. Finally, the MFT rules on the nature of the supervisor-supervisee interaction are more narrowly defined than those for psychologists. For example, the supervisor is required to provide either one hour of individual (one-on-one) supervision or two hours of group supervision each week.38
The Ohio statutory scheme requires the supervisor to monitor the supervisee through a written treatment plan reviewed and signed by the supervisor.39 The Ohio statute also contains a general clause that requires the supervisor to exercise reasonable judgment, "consistent with the standards of the profession of psychology, when providing mental health worker supervision."40
Steckler v. Ohio State Board of Psychology41 provides some insight into the Ohio courts' interpretation of the "standards of the profession." In Steckler, a licensed psychologist agreed to act as supervisor for an unlicensed counselor. The psychologist's failure to meet with any of the unlicensed counselor's clients was sufficient to establish that he violated the rules of professional conduct as a supervisor in psychology.
The facts showed that Steckler was paid an hourly fee for case review and test interpretation. However, he did not personally consult on all of the unlicensed counselor's patients, and never actually visited the unlicensed counselor's office. Nevertheless, Steckler signed insurance forms that stated services were to be rendered by the signatory or under his immediate supervision.
In reaching its holding, the court in Steckler cited the Ohio Code by quoting that the supervisor shall have "full direction, control, and responsibility for client welfare."42 The court held that because Steckler never met with his supervisee's clients, he did not have full control over their welfare.43 Thus, Steckler was found in violation of the rules of professional conduct, and the court affirmed a decision by the Board of Psychology to suspend his license for 60 days.
The court's decision is noteworthy. Steckler was in violation of a statute; thus, any damages that can be proximately linked to his supervisory activities may be considered negligent per se, or create a rebuttal presumption of negligence.44
Other Statutory Schemes
Examination of state licensing laws makes it clear that supervisors are statutorily liable not only for their own negligence in failing to supervise adequately, but also for the actions of supervisees. The New Hampshire Code articulates this standard and leaves little room for interpretation: "The supervisor shall assume professional responsibility for the psychological assistant in a written agreement on record with the board. If the supervisor is a private practitioner, he must assume both professional and legal responsibility in the agreement."45
In addition to statutory liability, supervisors, as well as any employee of a psychologist, whether supervised or not, can be liable under any one of several negligence theories. The theories can be divided into two main types, (1) vicarious liability in which the supervisor or employer is held liable for actions of the supervisee regardless of any fault on the part of the supervisor; and (2) direct liability in which the supervisor is held directly liable for his or her own negligence, such as negligent supervision and hiring.46
Vicarious Liability
Respondeat Superior: A supervisor may be held vicariously liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior, which holds that one who occupies a position of authority or control over another may be held legally liable for damages caused by the subordinate.47 In terms of clinical supervision, the doctrine of respondeat superior means that supervisors can be held legally liable for actions of supervisees.48 This liability attaches whether or not the supervisor breached a duty.49 Supervisors may be held liable under this doctrine as either the "master," 50 or as an employer.51
Application of the respondeat superior doctrine varies widely across jurisdictions.52 In the context of an employer-employee relationship, three elements must be shown to hold the employer (principal) liable. First, the existence of an employeremployee relationship must be established.53 The existence of such a relationship is usually demonstrated by such factors as: selection and engagement of the employee, the power of dismissal, and the power to control the employee's conduct.54
The second element that must be established is the act which injured the patient must be within the supervisee's scope of employment.55 The scope of employment within the context of the supervisory relationship is not clearly defined. Adrian Tabangay has emphasized the right to control the supervisee as being the most critical factor.56
M.Janelle Disney and Anthony M. Stephens note five factors used by the courts to determine whether the supervisee's acts fall within the scope of employment: (1) the supervisor's power to control the supervisee; (2) whether the supervisee had a duty to perform the act; (3) the time, place, and purpose of the act; (4) the motivation of the supervisee in committing the act; and (5) whether the supervisor could have reasonably expected that the supervisee would commit the act.57
In general, and consistent with these five factors, courts tend to interpret scope of employment broadly. In fact, despite variations across jurisdictions, some courts have gone so far as to define a therapist's sexual relations with a client as within the scope of employment. Thus, a supervisor has been held liable for sexual misconduct of a supervisee in the absence of any wrongdoing on the part of the supervisor.
In Simmons v. United States,58 a case appealed from the western district of Washington, a woman with a history of emotional abuse was seen by a social worker in an outpatient setting. The social worker engaged in inappropriate behaviors such as kissing and touching.59 This behavior escalated to sexual intercourse on an out of town trip. The patient subsequently developed severe psychological problems as a result of the sexual relationship. 60 The court found it immaterial that the sexual misconduct occurred outside of the usual time and place of the therapy relationship because the sexual relations were initiated during the therapy sessions.61
The court held that the sexual acts were within the course of employment because the wrongful conduct arose out of the therapy relationship.62 Through the doctrine of respondeat superior, the employer was held liable for the social worker's malpractice.63
An employer was also held vicariously liable for sexual misconduct by an employee therapist under the doctrine of respondeat superior in Doe v. Samaritan Counseling Center.64 In Doe, a pastoral counselor kissed and fondled a woman who had sought spiritual and emotional counseling. Shortly after the patient canceled the therapy sessions with the counselor, the patient met him and the two had sexual intercourse.
The Alaska Supreme Court held that although the therapy sessions had been canceled, the sexual misconduct occurred during the course of the therapist's employment.65 The counselor's employer was held liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior.66
While not all jurisdictions consider therapist sex with patients within the scope of employment,67 the risk does exist. Employers in general, and supervisors in particular, who may also be statutory employers of their supervisees, are subject to a broad definition of scope of employment. In fact, when a student or unlicensed therapist is treating a patient under the supervision of a licensed practitioner, it is difficult to imagine any conduct that would not be considered within the scope of employment.68
The third and final element needed to establish liability on the basis of the respondeat superior doctrine is that the supervisee's patient must prove that he or she was in fact injured.69 Thus, the patient must prove all of the elements of negligence.70
There is little doubt that the supervisor may be liable where the actions of an unlicensed or student supervisee negligently result in damages to a patient. In the case of sexual misconduct, the supervisor may be liable even where the misconduct occurs outside of the therapy office or after therapy has been terminated.71 To reduce the risks of liability, supervisors must carefully monitor the therapy process, and above all, maintain control of the case.72
The Borrowed Servant Rule: A problem frequently arises in determining who is the supervisor. For example, in university training programs for psychologists, students in training are often placed in hospitals or community mental health facilities. The student may then be under the general direction and supervision of professors at the university as well as under the licensed staff of the hospital or community facility. Under these circumstances, supervisory liability may be determined under the borrowed servant rule.73 In the context of universities and clinical training programs who place their students in mental health facilities outside of the university structure, the university (or university supervisor) would be considered the general employer and the placement facility (or on site licensed practitioner) would be known as the special employer.74
As with the doctrine of respondeat superior in general, a critical factor in determining liability is who had control of the supervisee at the time of the negligent act. For example, in McConnell v. William75 the court found:
In determining whether a person is the servant of another, the essential test is whether he is subject to the latter's control or right of control with regard not only to the work to be done but also to the manner of performing it . . . the true criterion is the existence of the power to control the employee at the time of the commission of the negligent act.76
In evaluating whether either the general or special employer agreed to assume liability, courts will examine any affiliation agreements.77 Such agreements may be useful to both the university and the placement facility, in that they may avoid subsequent disputes over liability for negligent acts of the supervisee. The parties can also control the risks and distribute them in advance through the agreements. Absent such an agreement, the university may be presumed liable.78
Enterprise Liability: Another way a supervisor may be held liable for negligent acts of supervisees is through an enterprise liability theory. In this theory, the costs of compensating injured patients are balanced against the benefits derived by the supervisee/employer; damages are viewed as part of the cost of doing business. For example, supervisors commonly bill for the patient contact hours of supervisees. All income above the supervisee's salary (if any) and overhead are profits of the supervisor. Given that the supervisor stands to make a profit, he or she should be willing to bear the risk of damages to patients.
Enterprise liability theory focuses on the foreseeability of a supervisee's actions in view of the nature of the supervisee's duties. Liability may attach where there is a factual determination that the supervisee's acts are a foreseeable risk of the enterprise.79 In the context of psychotherapy supervision, some courts have held that sexual misconduct is a foreseeable risk of therapeutic relationships.80
In sum, supervisors/employers may be held vicariously liable under a variety of legal theories. Liability may attach regardless of how careful the supervisor was. To minimize risks, supervisors are advised to maintain strict control. On the other hand, attorneys need to be alert to the possibility of supervisor/employer liability when a client is injured by a student or unlicensed therapist under supervision. Matters may become complicated where university students are placed in community settings. Under these conditions, liability may attach under a borrowed servant rule or enterprise liability theory. Universities and the mental health facilities in which students are placed may well be advised to consider affiliation agreements so that duties, liabilities, and responsibilities are specified in advance. On the other hand, attorneys seeking damages from supervisors/employers are advised to carefully examine any affiliation agreements that may exist.
Direct Liability: Negligent Supervision
In addition to vicarious liability, supervisors may be directly liable for their own negligent acts. In the context of supervision of students and unlicensed practitioners, such negligence is usually in the form of negligent supervision. To establish direct liability for negligent supervision, the patient/plaintiff must demonstrate a direct link between the actions of the supervisor and the injuries. Thus, liability is not based on the actions of the supervisee; it is based on the supervisor's own negligence.81 Given that liability is based on the supervisor's negligence, it is possible that liability may attach to the supervisor even where a plaintiff cannot establish all the elements of negligence linking the supervisee's acts to the injury.82
The basis for supervisor liability for negligent supervision can be found in Section 213 of the Restatement of Agency,83 which provides: "A person conducting an activity through servants or other agents is subject to liability for harms resulting from his conduct if he is negligent or reckless . . . in the supervision of the activity."84
In Andrews v. United States,85 a case appealed from South Carolina, the court did not find respondeat superior liability where under the guise of providing counseling, a physician's assistant began to touch, kiss, and attempt to undress a plaintiff, and eventually had sexual intercourse with her.86 The court held that the assistant's conduct was not motivated to serve the employer87 and, thus, was beyond the scope of employment.88 However, the court did find the employer directly liable for negligent supervision.89 Thus, the supervisor was held liable in addition to the assistant, for failing to provide proper supervision of the abusing supervisee.90
Similarly, in Simmons v. United States91 where the court did find the sexual misconduct of a supervised therapist to be within the scope of employment, the role of proper supervision was emphasized. The Simmons court found that a significant portion of the plaintiff's emotional damages could have been prevented with proper supervision of the abusing therapist.92
Attempts by the supervisor to abrogate responsibility by claiming he or she did not do the work are unlikely to succeed, as in McCullough v. Hutzel Hospital.93 InMcCullough, the plaintiffs brought a medical malpractice action following alleged negligence in a tubal ligation operation performed by a resident in training under the supervision and training of defendants who were specialists. The defendant's supervisors' defense was that because they did not actually perform the surgery, they were merely responsible for supervising the resident. Thus, they were not practicing their specialty and should not be held to a specialists' standard of care.94 The court strongly rejected the supervisors' argument and held:
Even though the . . . procedure was actually performed by a resident, [the supervisors] were under a duty to see that it was performed properly. It is their skill and training as specialists which fits them for that task, and their advanced learning which enables them to judge the competency of the resident's performance. Their failure to take reasonable care in ascertaining that the surgery was competently performed renders them liable for the resulting damages.95
Notice the court's emphasis on proper monitoring ("duty to see that it was performed properly") and ascertaining the competence of the supervisee. Similar reasoning has been applied to psychological supervisors as well. In Masterson v. Board of Examiners of Psychologists,96 a psychologist's license was revoked for failure to "monitor and control" the supervisee.97 In Steckler v. Ohio State Board of Psychology,98 a supervising psychologist's license was suspended for failure to exercise "full direction, control, and responsibility" for client welfare.99 While the number of cases involving psychological supervisors is relatively small,100 this situation may change as attorneys become more aware of the liability of supervisors. Arguments for liability can then be analogized from cases in medical settings.
An important case that provides some guidance in assessing when liability might attach is Mozingo v. Pitt County Memorial Hospital.101 In Mozingo, a woman was admitted to a teaching hospital for the delivery of hersecond child. She was treated by residents who were being supervised by a private "on call" medical group.The supervisors were contracted to provide supervision by telephone from their homes. The defendant supervisorlived about two miles from the hospital. The supervisee began experiencing difficulty in Mozingo's deliveryin the early evening. The supervisor was immediately informed and, upon receiving the call, immediatelywent to the hospital. Unfortunately, he did not arrive in time to prevent severe injury to the newborn. TheMozingo family sued the supervisor for failing to meet acceptable standards of supervision.102
The court confronted two major issues of relevance to supervisors of mental health practitioners. First, did the supervisor have a direct duty of care arising from a patient-physician relationship? Second, did defendant's supervision meet the standard of care for applicable supervision?
The court's analysis began with the rule that, "[w]hen a physician and a patient enter into a consensual physicianpatient relationship . . . a duty arises requiring the physician to conform to the statutory standard of care."103 Further, "[w]hether the defendant and Mozingo or Mozingo, Jr. established a physician-patient relationship depends on whether the defendant accepted Mozingo or Mozingo, Jr. as patients and undertook to treat them.104 In this case, the court found no evidence of a relationship between the on call supervisor and Mozingo because the supervisor "never accepted Mozingo or Mozingo, Jr. as patients or undertook to treat them, and therefore there was no consensual relationship between [them]. . ."105
In contrast, the court found that where the defendant's supervisory duties may be expected to affect the interests of the patients receiving care from the supervisee, tort law will impose a duty to act in a way that patients will not be injured by the supervisee. In order to assess the supervisor's duty, the court recognized six factors: (1) the extent to which the transaction was intended to affect the other person; (2) the foreseeability of harm to him; (3) the degree of certainty that he suffered the injury; (4) the closeness of the connection between the defendant's conduct and the injury; (5) the moral blame attached to such conduct; and (6) the policy of preventing future harm.106
Mozingo has important implications for supervisors of students and unlicensed practitioners in mental health settings. First, because supervisors in mental health settings often see the patient and have some direct responsibility for patient care,107 they may be held directly liable as primary therapists. The assumption would be that when the supervisor saw the patient as part of the supervisory process, he or she undertook to treat that patient. Further, the six factors accepted by the court provide some guidance on evaluating the supervisor's potential liability. It is noteworthy that the court in Mozingo did find that the potential "negative consequences for the community, such as increased medical costs," were not outweighed by the policy of preventing harm to patients.108
A final example shows the emphasis given by the courts on the supervisor's duty to monitor the supervisee's treatment. In Powers v. United States109 a supervising physician left the post-operative care of the plaintiff to hospital residents. The patient subsequently experienced complications. The court found the supervisor negligent in both his direct care as well as in the supervision of the residents.110
- See Steven R. Smith, Liability and Mental Health Services, 64 AM. J. ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 234, 240 (1994).
2. See APA (1979) Criteria for Accreditation: Doctoral Training Programs and Internships in Professional Psychology and APA (2000) Guidelines and
Principles for Accreditation of Programs in Professional Psychology.
3. See CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 16, § 1387 (e)-(f) (1997). California requires two years of satisfactory supervised profes-sional experience, one of which
must be completed after being awarded a doctoral degree. A year of professional experience is defined as not less than 1,500 hours. CAL. CODE REGS.
tit. 16, § 1387 (e)-(f) (1997).
4. See STEVEN R. SMITH & ROBERT G. MEYER, LAW, BEHAVIOR, AND MENTAL HEALTH: POLICY AND PRACTICE 3-43 (1987). As these authors
note, there are few reported legal cases involving injuries suffered as a result of poor treatment by students.
5. See id. at 27.
6. See Steven R. Smith, The Legal Liabilities of Mental Health Institutions, 21 ADMIN. POL'Y IN MENTAL HEALTH 379, 381 (1994).
7. See DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 24, §§ 3501-3520 (1996).
8 .Id. § 3502(7) (1996).
9. See id. § 3502(8). Note that nearly all state laws governing the practice of psychology require face-to-face supervi-sion. Further note, however, that
few state laws specify the standard which the supervisor is to use to monitor the supervi-see.
.Masterson v. Board of Examiners of Psychologists, No. 95A-03-011, 1995 LEXIS 589 (Del. Super. Ct. Dec. 29, 1995).
.Delaware law provides:
10. Id.
11. Masterson v. Board of Examiners of Psychologists, No. 95A-03-011, 1995 LEXIS 589 (Del. Super. Ct. Dec. 29, 1995).
12 .Delaware law provides:
(c) Psychologists who employ or supervise other professionals or professionals in training accept the obliga-tion to facilitate the further professional development
of these individuals. They provide appropriate working conditions, timely evaluations, constructive consultation, and experience opportunities .
d) Psychologists do not exploit their professional relationships with clients, supervisees, students, employees, or research par-ticipants sexually or otherwise
. . . .Masterson, 1995 LEXIS 589, at *15, citing AM. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASS'N., ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS (1977).
13. The court stated:
Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent psychological assistants from rendering psychological services, other than diagnosis and formulation
of a treatment plan, under the direct supervision and control of a licensed psychologist pursuant to the rules and regulations adopted by the
Board; provided however, that such psychological assistants shall have obtained educational training of at least a master's degree in psychology or
related field and shall render such psychological services from the office of the supervising psychologist who shall be responsible for the services
rendered by the psychological assistant acting under his direction and control . . . .
Id. at *13-*14 (citing AM. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASS'N, ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS (1977)).
14. See W. PAGE KEETON ET AL., PROSSER AND KEETON ON THE LAW OF TORTS § 36, at 229-31 (5th ed. 1984 & Supp. 1988).
15. See id.
16. See Salinero v. Pon, 177 Cal. Rptr. 204, 211 (Cal. Ct. App. 1981) (construing CAL. EVID. CODE § 669 (DEERING 1996)).
17. CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 16, § 1387 (1997).
18. Id. See, e.g., Medical Board of California, Regulatory Agency Action, 15 CAL. REG. L. REP. 59 (1995). At its No-vember 5, 1995 meeting in
Sacramento, California, the Board of Psychology ("BOP"), a state regulatory agency for psy-chologists, created an ad hoc committee to analyze the issue
of statutory qualifications for supervisors, and whether a train-ing program for supervisors would ensure higher quality supervised experience than the
present rigid three year requirement. Effective January 1 2001, § 1387.1 was modified and did not include the 3-year requirement for supervision of
interns, ex-empt employment settings, and registered psychologists. The requirement remained in force for supervision of psycho-logical assistants. In
addition, § 1387.1 added the requirement that primary supervisors shall certify, under penalty of per-jury, that they are qualified to supervise trainees
under § 1387.1(a) and have completed at least 6 hours of formal training and supervision. To be qualified under § 1387.1(a), primary supervisors must
possess a valid, active license free of any formal disciplinary action.
19. See CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 16, § 1387.3 (1997). The term interpersonal relationship is not defined further. Appar-ently, the BOP can make this
determination on a case by case basis. However, when evaluating the qualifications of any psychologist, whether licensed or in training, the prudent
attorney can inquire into the qualifications of each supervisor, and whether there was an undisclosed interpersonal relationship between supervisor and
20. See id. § 1387(s).
21. See id. § 1387(b). Effective January 1 2001, § 1387 defines a supervised professional experience (SPE) as follows: . . . an organized program that
consists of a planned, structured and administered sequence of professionally supervised comprehensive training experiences. .SPE shall have a logical
training sequence that builds upon the skills and competencies of trainees to prepare them for the independent practice of psychology.
22. See id. § 1387(t).
23. See id. § 1387 (t)(1)-(7).
24. See Report of Disciplinary Actions, BOP Update (California Department Of Consumer Affairs Board Of Psychol-ogy), Oct. 1995, at 11. In its report
of disciplinary actions for January 1, 1995 - August 1, 1995, out of twenty-seven revocations, one was for inadequate supervision of a psychological assistant.
For more information, go to http://www.psychboard.ca.gov
25. Bergenstal v. Workers' Compensation Appeals Bd., 53 Cal. Rptr. 2d 266 (Cal. Ct. App. 1996).
26. Section 2913 provides:
A person other than a licensed psychologist may be employed by a licensed psychologist . . . to perform lim-ited psychological functions provided
that all of the following apply: (a) The person is termed a "psychological assistant." (b) The person . . . has completed a doctoral degree which qualifies
for licensure under 2914 . . . (c) The person is at all times under the immediate supervision, as defined in regulations adopted by the board, of a licensed
psychologist, or board certified psychiatrist, who shall be responsible for insuring that the extent, kind, and quality of the psychological services . . . she
performs are consistent with . . . her training and experience and be responsible for . . . her compliance with this chapter and regulations duly adopted
hereunder . . . (d) The licensed psychologist . . . has registered the psychological assistant with the board . . . .
Id. at 269 n.3 (citing CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE § 2913) (Deering 1996) (noting that becoming a registered psychological assistant could be one way of
obtaining the two years of clinical experience which satisfies one of the prerequisites to be-ing considered a psychologist under CAL. LAB. CODE §
27. See id. at 271.
28. See id. at 270.
29. CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE § 2913(c) (Deering 1996).
30. See O. BRANDT CAUDILL & KENNETH S. POPE, LAW AND MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS 68 (1995). See also People v. Stanley, 681 P.2d
302 (Cal. 1984) (holding that a psychological assistant was qualified as an expert to testify on Rape Trauma Syndrome, over the objection of a criminal
31. See CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 16, § 1391.6(b) (1997). It is noteworthy that the supervisor is the statutory employer of the supervisee.
32. See Cal. BUS. & PROF. CODE § 4980.08(a) (Deering 2001). Effective July 1 1999, the title marriage, family and child counselor (MFCC) was
renamed marriage and family therapist (MFT).
33. See id. § 4980.43.
34. See CAL. CODE REGS. tit. 16, § 1833.1(a)(5).
35. See id.
36. See id. § 1833.1(a)(6). In addition, § 1833.1(a)(6)(A) requires supervisors to complete a minimum of 6 hours of supervision training or coursework
every 2 years.
37. See id. § 1833.1(b).
38. CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE § 1845(b) (Deering 2001). § 1845(b) provides a statutory definition of unprofessional conduct that appears to establish
a standard for supervision. The statute states that "permitting a trainee or intern under his or her supervision or control to perform or permitting the trainee
or intern to hold himself or herself out as competent to perform professional services beyond the trainee's or intern's level of education, training and/orexperience"
[is unprofes-sional conduct].
39. The Ohio scheme outlines the following provisions:
(A) Requirements for mental health worker supervision. (1) Work done under mental health supervision shall not be represented to any
party as psychological work. (2) A treatment plan shall be prepared for each recipient of services as part of the initial evaluation and shall be signed
by the mental health worker delivering the services and the recipient or his/her legal guardian. (3) Within a reasonable time period thereafter, the
supervising li-censed psychologist shall review the plan and shall either: (a) Sign it as submitted; (b) Require modifications prior to signing it; or (c)
Refuse to sign it if in his/her professional judgment in conformance with the standards of the profession of psychology it is unsatisfactory or unnecessary.
(4) A licensed psychologist shall exercise reasonable professional judgment, consistent with the standards of the profession of psychology, when
provid-ing mental health worker supervision.
40. Id. Thus, by statute, the standard of care of supervision in Ohio is "reasonable professional judgment."
41. Steckler v. Ohio State Bd. of Psychology, 613 N.E.2d 1070 (Ohio Ct. App. 1992).
42. Id. at 1073 (citing OHIO ADMIN. CODE § 4732-13-03 (J)(12).
43. See id. at 1073.
44. See generally Walker v. Bignell, 301 N.W.2d 447, 454 (Wis. 1981). To meet the elements of negligence per se, the harm inflicted must be the type
the statute was designed to prevent and the person injured must be within the protected class.
45. N.H. REV STAT. ANN. § 330-A:16-b(II)(b) (1996).
46. See Ralph Slovenko, Legal Issues in Psychotherapy Supervision, in PSYCHOTHERAPY SUPERVISION: THEORY, RESEARCH AND PRACTICE
(Allen K. Hess ed., 1980).
47. See M. JANELLE DISNEY & ANTHONY M. STEPHENS, LEGAL ISSUES IN CLINICAL SUPERVISION 3 (1994).
48. See id.
49. See Adrian Tabangay, Scope of Employer, Sex and Transference: When is an Employer Liable for Therapist Sexual Relations, 28 J. HEALTH &
50. That is, simply on the basis of the supervisor's authority and control over the supervisee.
51. Recall that in many states, supervisors are statutorily defined as the supervisee's employer.
52. See Linda Mabus Jorgenson et al., Transference of Liability: Employer Liability for Sexual Misconduct by Thera-pists, 60 BROOK. L. REV. 1421,
1422-23 (1995).
53. See Darensburg v. Tobey, 887 S.W.2d 84, 88 (Tex. Ct. App. 1994).
54. See Haight v. Aldridge Electric Co., 575 N.E.2d 243, 252 (Ill. App. Ct. 1991); Hopping v. Louisiana Horticulture Comm'n, 509 So. 2d 751, 755 (La.
Ct. App. 1987); Clarke County v. State Indus. Ins. System, 724 P.2d 201, 202 (Nev. 1986). A factor that may also be considered is remuneration or
wages. In the supervisory context, supervisees may or may not be paid. However, they do earn credit toward a degree or licensure, and thus are
55. See id. Scope of employment is defined as:
[C]onduct of a servant is within the scope of employment if, but only if: (a) it is of the kind he is employed to perform; (b) it occurs substantially within
the authorized time and space limits; (c) it is actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the master, and (d) if force is intentionally used by the
servant against another, the use of force is not unexpectable by the master. (2) Conduct of a servant is not within the scope of employment if it is different
in kind from that authorized, far beyond the authorized time or space limits, or too little actuated by a person to serve the master.
56. Tabangay, supra note 49.
57. See Disney & STEPHENS, supra note 47, at 16-17.
58. Simmons v. U.S., 805 F.2d 1363 (9th Cir. 1986).
59. For a discussion of physical contact in psychotherapy, see Elizabeth A. Holub & Sandra S. Lee, Therapists' Use of Nonerotic Physical Contact:
Ethical Concerns, 21 PROF. PSYCHOL.: RES. & PRAC. 226 (1991). See also Kenneth S. Pope et al., The Beliefs and Behaviors of Psychologists as
Therapists, 42 AM. PSYCHOL. 993 (1987). According to the Pope survey of therapists, kissing a client was considered unquestionably unethical by
48% of the respondents, and something done un-der only rare circumstances by the next 36%. Only about 2% of the therapists surveyed approved of
the practice.
60. See Simmons, 805 F.2d at 1364.
61. See id. at 1370.
62. See id.
63. See id. at 1363.
64. Doe v. Samaritan Counseling Ctr., 791 P.2d 344 (Alaska 1990).
65. See id. at 348.
66. See id. at 344.
67. See Birkner v. Salt Lake County, 771 P.2d 1053, 1058 (Utah 1989) (holding social worker who engaged in sexual misconduct was not acting within
the scope of employment); P.S. v. Psychiatric Coverage, Ltd., 887 S.W.2d 622, 622 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994) (holding employer not liable for damages
resulting from employee psychologist's sexual relations with a patient).
68. See Stewart R. Reuter, Professional Liability in Postgraduate Medical Education, 15 J. LEGAL MED. 485, 496 (1994).
69. See Morris v. Francisco, 708 P.2d 498, 502 (Kan. 1985); Grewe v. Mount Clemens Gen. Hosp. 273 N.W.2d 429, 432 (Mich. 1978); Whitfield v.
Whittaker Mem'l Hosp., 169 S.E.2d 563, 568 (Va. 1969).
70. See KEETON ET AL., supra note 14.
71. See supra text accompanying notes 58-68.
72. See ASSOCIATION FOR COUNSELOR EDUC. AND SUPERVISION, STANDARDS FOR COUNSELING SUPERVISORS (1989).
73. The borrowed servant rule is defined as follows: "A servant directed or permitted by his master to perform services for another may become the
servant of such other in performing the services. He may become the other's servant as to some acts and not as to others." RESTATEMENT (SECOND)
74. In borrowed servant cases, the general employer is considered to be the employer with the ongoing or long term relationship, whereas the special
employer (sometimes also known as the temporary employer) is the employer for a tem-porary relationship.
75. McConnell v. Williams, 65 A.2d 243 (Pa. 1949).
76. Id. at 245 (citing Walters v. Kaufman Dep't Stores, 235 A.2d 559, 560 (Pa. 1939)); McGrath v. Edward G. Budd Mfg. Co., 36 A.2d 303, 305 (Pa.
77. These agreements specify the conditions under which students will function in a facility.
78. As a general employer, the university may be presumed liable via inference:
[i]n the absence of evidence to the contrary, there is an inference that the actor remains in his general employ-ment so long as, by the service
rendered another, he is performing the business entrusted to him by the general employer. There is no inference that because the general employer
has permitted a division of control, he has surrendered it.
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY § 227 cmt. b (1958).
79. See Doe v. Samaritan Counseling Ctr., 791 P.2d 344, 348 (Alaska 1990).
80. See id.
81. See McCullough v. Hutzel Hosp., 276 N.W.2d 569, 571 n.1 (Mich. App. Ct. 1979) (where the court noted, "[w]e must point out that the defendants'
liability is not predicted on the negligence of the resident, but upon their own negli-gence in failing to provide adequate supervision").
82. See Stewart R. Reuter, Professional Liability in Postgraduate Medical Education: Who Is Liable for Resident Neg-ligence?, 15 J. LEGAL MED.
485, 517 (1994).
84. Id.
85. Andrews v. U.S., 732 F.2d 366 (4th Cir. 1984).
86. See id. at 367.
87. The U.S. Government.
88. See id. at 370.
89. See id.
90. See id.
91. Simmons v. U.S., 805 F.2d 1363 (9th Cir. 1986).
92. See id. at 1371.
93. McCullough v. Hutzel Hosp., 276 N.W.2d 569 (Mich. Ct. App. 1979).
94. See id. at 570.
95. Id. at 571.
96. Masterson v. Board of Examiners of Psychologists, No. 95A-03-011, 1995 LEXIS 589 (Del. Super. Ct. Dec. 29, 1995).
97. Id. at *1.
98. Steckler v. Ohio State Bd. of Psychologists, 613 N.E.2d 1070 (Ohio Ct. App. 1992).
99. Id. at 1073.
100. See SMITH & MEYER, supra note 4.
101. Mozingo v. Pitt County Mem'l Hosp., 400 S.E.2d 747 (N.C. Ct. App. 1991).
102. See id. at 747-49.
103. Id. at 750-51.
104. Id. at 750.
105. Id. at 751.
106. See id. at 752.
107. See Bergenstal v. Workers' Compensation Appeals Bd., 53 Cal. Rptr. 2d 266 (Cal. Dist. Ct. App. 1996) (super-visor formulated treatment plan
and worked solely with the patient on a number of occasions).
108. Mozingo, 400 S.E.2d at 753.
109. Powers v. U.S., 589 F. Supp. 1084 (D. Conn. 1984).
110.The Court found:
. . . [The supervisor] failed to adequately monitor Powers' condition and he offered [the supervisee] virtually no personal diagnostic supervision and
assistance . . . . [The supervising doctor] had ultimate responsibility for Powers . . . and for him to entrust Powers' care entirely to a first-year orthopedic
resident at this crucial stage of a very alarming post-surgical condition was a breach of the standard of care.
Id. at 1101.


text:
Kezzer wrote:make a toga out of the bed sheets.
Edit: well I guess we cant now.
Oh yes you can.
Still need to pick a room though.
Kezzer wrote:make a toga out of the bed sheets.
Edit: well I guess we cant now.
Rax wrote:The left room thats not explored
Drumstick wrote:I'm going to go and inspect the mess hall for cold beers.
sawyerpip wrote:Run out and save PM while throwing grenades.
sawyerpip wrote:Find the source of the fire and attempt to put it out with water and/or blood.
Moggy wrote:Ask the grim reaper if he can resurrect my horse.
Moggy wrote:Go for a ride on my horse to chase after my lady love.
Zellery wrote:Good post Lagamorph.
Turboman wrote:Lagomorph..... Is ..... Right
Lagamorph wrote:Tell General Gaimes-Chat that you don't think TF2 was any good and call him a thundercunt
ダン。 wrote:But that's... wait for it... Anu Tapik...
Users browsing this forum: more heat than light, Oblomov Boblomov, Rightey, wensleydale and 41 guests

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I am dating atm and often I hear girls complaining that they can't find the "nice guy"
Personally I would describe myself as a nice guy (and bot bad looking)
I can actually understand girls and I listen to thier problems and support or help them with it
I always hold doors open for girls.
I can always make them laugh (some jokes are a bit mean but they can see the joke)
Well I geus you know what I mean
But I often experience that girls are not attracted to this behaviour at all, if I act like the nice guy I always end up as thier friend
But however if you act like a asshole (doing nothing of the listed above) I have much better success rates
Are you yust attracted to guys when they treat you like shit?
And I also have a extremely high success rate on simply finding out a struggle of that girl and yust agree on thier struggle and help them a little with it
But then they get extremely attached with is a turnoff for me
Anyhow any explanation from you girls why you prefer being treaten like shit over being treated like a angle
And why you get soo extremely attached when someone helps you with a struggle
Oh yhea for the people that wonder if i really can understand girls my EQ (emotional intelligence) is 146 (almost a emotional genius)
Please do not get the above as bragging, I see no point in bragging on this site :p
Most Helpful Girl
Hey! So, here's the deal- are you being friends-sweet or flirty-sweet? From your description, I guess you're being friend zoned. By sweet guys, we mean, for example... Augustus Waters (just gave him as an example because everybody, if haven't read the book, at least saw the movie). As guys often say, "we're not fortune tellers". We can't just guess you have a crush on us! So, yeah, we like sweet guys, but you have to be "sweet-flirty". Now, regarding to your question-"why we like mean guys". Well, at least I hate them with my entire heart, but I can guess why women usually fall in love for them. They're confident, usually because they're pretty and go "straight to the point". And, mmm, I guess every girl likes bad guys. I, who hate men that treat women like shit, usually have crushes for villains in movies or in books (I know, pretty weird :P). So, yeah, truly hope I could help! Kisses kisses!00|00|0
Where I get friend zoned is the part where I try to kiss her, about 1/5 friend zoned me there and I did make my intentions clear
However if I acted like a douch (what I have) then it was much easier to get girls
- Show AllShow Less
I already did act like a douch :p yust was curious if additude matters much,
But somehow I did get more girls by being a douch but they where a lot shorter tgen when I acted normal :p
Hahaha oh that's weird. You dated them or you just hooked up? I guess that girls like being treated like shit when it's just a hook up.


text:
1+ in the Family Sebas Pants
1+ in the Family Sebas Pants
From 1+ in the Family. A classic 1+ in the Family harem pant in a dark charcoal grey, redone in a double face cotton for colder weather. From One More in the Family Autumn/Winter 2016 collection Unisex baby pants Heavyweight textured double face cotton in Grey Fitted elastic waistband that can be folded down or worn high waisted Dropped crotch Tapered leg Side pockets Baggy fit Banded elastic cuffs
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Based in Los Angeles, Bien Bien is a highly curated online boutique for impeccably crafted premium baby and children's apparel. They carefully select items that are thoughtfully designed and made from beautiful textiles. They're particularly great at finding things that can be seamlessly integrated into your little one's life and essentials that are truly wearable and perfect for layering. Look for easy silhouettes with charming, unexpected details and heirloom-worthy pieces that are of the highest quality.
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text:
Tue., March 17, 2009, 10:02 a.m.
Tuesday's Loose Thread
Trying to think of an act more ill-advised than those officers celebrating Olsen's acquittal. Stumped.
Your thoughts on this or St. Patrick's Day and President O'Bama or anything else?
You must be logged in to post comments. Please log in here or click the comment box below for options.comments powered by Disqus


text:
Research Project
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
We have performed four different works on the research project as follows :1. Neutron incoherent scattering experiments were performed to investigate the dynamical properties of hydrogen atoms in KDP.New model called phonon assisted incoherent tunneling was proposed based on the present experiments. We also try to investigate the electron distribution of hydrogen atom in KDP by X-ray diffraction, but reliable results are not obtained yet. The experiments are still being continued.2. Structure of low temperature phase of K_3D(SO_4)_2 was examined by a newly developed low temperature Weissenberg camera. We found that double q condensation occurs at V-point on the phase transition of K_3D(SO_4)_2. We also studied the successive phase transition of (NH_4)_3H(SO_4)_2. In this system, we found that not only V-point but also Z-point and GAMMA-point are relevant symmetry positions for the phase transition.3. New category materials as hydrogen bonded system were studied. One is a structural glass by hydrogen bonding, NH_4I-KI mixed system. Neutron incoherent scattering was performed to investigate the freezing of NH_4 ion motion. We also performed X-ray scattering experiments to look iodine motion. Another system is the intramolecular hydrogen bond system, d-BrHPLN.We found this system took commensurate-incommensurate transition.4. Technique to perform low temperature X-ray experiments, especially low temperature Weissenberg photograph, was developed. This technique opens the wide possibility to find weak satellite reflections in a reciprocal space.
Published : 1993-04-01
Modified : 2016-04-21
Terms of Use


text:
You know what we love? When we get to have all of our favorite things all at once. Maybe that means a three day weekend spent drinking champagne and eating french fries with our best friend in the whole wide world. Or maybe that means an impeccably fit plunging demi t-shirt bra that is perfect for all necklines, with stitching embellishment that's totally smooth under clothes, a sassy peek-a-boo spacer, fully adjustable straps, and lightly molded cups that hug curves from an A to a G cup, all in a beyond neutral palette. Or maybe it's both. You really can have it all.
- Fully-adjustable straps
- Lightly padded cups with embroidered mesh overlay
- Center gore cutout


text:
The small screen's ACP Pradyuman (Shivaji Satam) and his team of officers are celebrating the completion of 17 years of their show, CID, with a special telecast on Republic Day. The longest-running show on Indian television is the brainchild of the show's producer B P Singh.
Shivaji Satam
Interestingly, Satam's character's name was named after mid-day's erstwhile Deputy Editor Pradyuman Maheshwari in 1998. Says Singh, "I have been a regular reader of mid-day. I did not want a common name and I liked the name Pradyuman which appeared in mid-day.
Producer B P Singh
So, I just stole it." There is another mid-day connect — one of the early writers of CID, Shridhar Raghavan, used to write for the paper.
Journalist Pradyuman Maheshwari
Adds Singh, "Shridhar and his brother writer-director Sriram Raghavan were associated with CID before their turned to Bollywood." In fact, Sriram literally forced Singh to enact the character of Saif Ali Khan's boss, RAW agent Hasan Nawaz, in his 2012 film Agent Vinod. "Sriram told me as the film was about a detective, you have to be a part of it," says Singh.


text:
A Guide To Barrier Contraception
Barrier contraception is heavily pushed by health workers. Why? Because it's a form of contraception that keeps body fluids under wraps.
Most STIs are passed on via the transfer of body fluids or skin-on-skin contact, and although the pill, the implant and the coil are all excellent ways to prevent pregnancy, they don't provide a safe barrier against STIs.
Here's a run-down of the barrier contraceptives available and how to use them correctly.
Condoms are the most widely known type of barrier contraception. They've been around since the days of ancient Egypt and Greece, when couples used the intestinal skin of cattle to trap semen - so hey you've got it good.
Nowadays condoms are made from latex, polyisoprene or polyurethane and are available literally everywhere. Tesco, Sainsbury, Lidl all stock condoms in various flavours, sizes and textures. Condoms are free from clinics and family planning centres. There is no excuse to avoid using a condom for penetrative, oral and anal sex, no matter your gender preferences.
How to use a condom
Condoms are 98% effective but first check the expiry date. If a condom has been hanging around in a wallet long enough to leave a circular mark in the leather, chances are it's beyond hope so don't risk it. If it's in date, you're good to go.
Rip the foil wrapper carefully and check to see which way it unravels. Then gently roll the condom onto an erect penis. If a penis is flaccid at this point it won't go on properly, putting you at risk. Roll it all the way to the base being careful of sharp fingernails, teeth and jewellery.
- Use only one
- Check it's still on during sex
- Withdraw immediately so the condom is removed on an erect penis
- Dispose in a bin not down the toilet
- Stock up on more condoms
Dental Dams
So these are rarer, but not so elusive you won't find them. Check online, at your local clinic or when you see your GP because they can save your life, or at least a great deal of discomfort.
A dental dam is used to provide a barrier between your mouth and someone's genitals. Lady lovers should always have some handy. They look like thin plastic sheets which unfold to provide a safety barrier. Use one if you are giving oral sex to a lady or performance anal-oral (rimming) on either sex.
How to use a dental dam
- Check expiry date
- Use only once
- Don't turn it over halfway through
- Use it from the start of oral sex
Top Tip. If you're caught short and need a dental dam like RIGHT NOW, unroll a condom, cut off the ends and split it down one side. Voila - a dental dam that's ready to go.
Female Condom
These are made from polyurethane and are worn inside the vagina to prevent semen getting to the womb. They're 95% effective. In the UK the only type available is Femidom; they work well but look a little scary. Not as scary as chlamydia though.
How to use a female condom
- Check the expiry date
- Open the packet and slide it out gently
- Insert the smaller end into your vagina with the tip squeezed shut. The larger end should cover the vaginal opening
- Remove it immediately after sex by twisting it to prevent leakage
- Bin it
With all barrier contraception, use a water-based rather use an oil-based lube because it can destroy the latex.
Remember barrier contraceptives are not 100% effective, but their efficiency is very high with proper use. Don't get carried away and forget them. Life with HIV, herpes and HPV is no joke, not to mention visiting the clinic to get your facial syphilis seen to. Be sensible out there.
It's really quite comfortable on this soapbox, so feel free to borrow it and shout about barrier contraception at your earliest convenience.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Pre-populating Fields: do not see the copy paste option in the the embed wizard?Asked by billylevine2003gmailcom on June 28, 2013 at 07:01 AM
2nd question I do not see the copy past option in the the embed wizard you mention I only see the download option
This is a re-post of a comment on Form Users Can Easily Copy The Content Between Fields
JotForm Support
There is no way you can paste back the from with prepopulated values to the form embed wizard. You have to copy or embed the form codes to your website after doing the pre-population.
sorry I do not understand your repsonse.....I did see however to copoy the source code of jotform go to embed, source, and in the window of source (not the download option) I select all and copy.
JotForm Support
Yes, when embedding a form, you have to copy the codes provided in the box as stated to this guide: http://www.jotform.com/help/104-How-to-get-your-Form-Source-Code.
Let us know if you need any further assistance.
thanks also do you know a way to link to an external reference file/list in
order to select a value. For a form. I need to do this becuuase the
selection list is large. My thoughts beyond some type of integration would
Start in form a (the form I need filled out)
Link via a url to a reference page where I select the appropriate value.
Return back to form a with selected value passed back to form a.
do you see this as a possibility or is there a simpler way
Hello, it seems like this is something you were partly speaking about here http://www.jotform.com/answers/234887-Is-it-possible-to-pass-a-variable-value-to-jotforms-to-display-content-inside-an-html-object#1. So we will answer any further questions about this secondary question there to avoid creating unrelated confusion in this thread.


text:
Polara Gameplay 1 iOS / Android
By: Hope This
Genre: Action
Video Tips
Let's play Polara! This is part 1 of my walkthrough guide for the iOS game, Polara by Hope This Works Games Inc.
I will update this post with more tips and tricks, so please bookmark this page and keep on checking in!
If you have any questions, feel free to ask for extra help in the comments section.
Hit like if this helped you!
Visit Polara walkthrough page for level videos, tutorials, cheats and more.
Gameplay Questions
Questions related to gameplay of Polara iPhone game.


text:
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|A natural microbiome of Caenorhabditis elegans
|Sneathen, Bethany
|Gitai, Zemer
|Molecular Biology
|Class Year:
|This abstract contains text that is based closely on, or identical to, text found in my poster Sneathen, A Natural Microbiota of Caenorhabditis elegans, Poster Session, Summer Undergraduate Research Program 2015. A community of bacteria that colonizes another organism is referred to as its microbiota. Recent studies have implicated a dramatic impact of the human microbiota on the health status of individuals, including influences on metabolism, the immune system, and behavior. A highly tractable model system for researching the consequences of changes within the microbiota is lacking. Recently, Caenorhabditis elegans, a transparent soil nematode, has been used in microbiota research. C. elegans are typically maintained in the laboratory on monocultures of the bacterium Escherichia coli, which functions as a food source and also constitutes the microbiota. While this lab diet restricts the contact between microorganisms and the nematode to a single bacterial species, interactions between C. elegans and its natural environment are poorly understood. To inform future studies on C. elegans microbiota research, we have sought to define a natural microbiota for C. elegans. As C. elegans were originally isolated from rotten fruit, we grow sterilized C. elegans in compost samples to inoculate them with bacteria they could encounter in their natural habitat. After recovering the nematodes from the compost, we extract DNA and determine the identity of bacteria that have colonized their intestines by 16S rRNA sequencing. The nematode microbiota is compared to the bacterial community found in the compost sampled in parallel. Metagenomic analyses show that the order Bacillales dominates the C. elegans microbiota at the expense of other orders. Previous research on the impact of Bacillus spp. on the health of C. elegans suggests implications of this trend.
|38 pages
|Type of Material:
|Princeton University Senior Theses
|Appears in Collections:
|Molecular Biology, 1954-2017
Files in This Item:
|Adobe PDF
|Request a copy
Items in Dataspace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.


text:
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There aren't any tickets listed right now for North Dakota Fighting Hawks vs. Northern Colorado Bears Football at Alerus Center in Grand Forks, ND on Saturday, October 07, 2017. Sign up for an alert, and we'll let you know when tickets are available!
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text:
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Company profile(+) COMPANY DESCRIPTION: Driven by passion and experience in language and advanced IT technologies, mLingua Worldwide Translations, Ltd provides translation and localization services tailored to specific needs of the most demanding clients. Our services include professional translations, proofreading and legal certification of documents in over 40 languages according to ISO 9001:2008 and EN 15038:2006 (European Quality Standard for Translation). PARTNERSHIP DESCRIPTION: Our long-term cooperation with ATRIL, an unquestionable leader in the field of Computer Aided Translation (CAT), has led to the introduction of Déjà Vu in our everyday operations. We have had the chance to use ATRIL products for a multitude of projects and, thus, discovered its unprecedented productivity, flexibility and compatibility. Therefore, choosing from a variety of CAT tools on the market, we have decided to integrate the Déjà Vu Team Server solution into our dedicated translation management system and promote Déjà Vu among all our translators and partners.
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text:
The New York Times, 36 hours: World
Calling all globetrotters
3 volumes of the best-selling 36 Hours travel series, covering 365 destinations worldwide.
Dreaming of Dakar? Pining for Paris? Or fancy a few nights in New Orleans? The world is waiting, and since you only have so much time to see it all, why not inject adventure into your every weekend?
Organized from A to Z, this handsomely packaged boxed set offers 3 volumes of the very best of "36 Hours" from around the world, with a total of 365 destinations, including brand new locations in Africa and the Middle East. A keycard provides instant and unlimited access to the digital edition of each destination, so you can plan at leisure with the beautiful, inspiring box set, and continue to access all top tips and recommendations remotely.


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|Publication Year
|Number of Pages
|240 Pages
Film & television screenplays
The early 1990s - Doordarshan has had a monopoly over the air waves for a decade with epic programmes like Ramayan, Mahabharat and Hum Log. The government has passed a series of economic and social reforms, allowing private and foreign broadcasters to begin operations in India. With the entry of cable television in 1992, the industry is poised for a gigantic leap. All that it needs is a fairy godmother to wave the magic wand. And it finds one in Ekta Kapoor and Balaji Telefilms.Kingdom of the Soap Queen is the enchanting narrative of Balaji Telefilms. It is the fairy tale of how a laid-back seventeen-year-old metamorphosed into one of the most powerful women in global media, how a teenage project kicks tarted by her mother in her fathers garage turned into the biggest entertainment provider across India. And like every fairy tale, this too has its share of magic, curses, spells, potions and pixie dust. An epic tale that is even more juicy and suspense-ridden than any of the production houses 100-odd soap operas, Kingdom of the Soap Queen showcases the journey that is Balaji. Kovid Gupta, who has written for popular television shows Balika Vadhu, Bade Acche Lagte Hain and Chhan Chhan, brings to life the saga of a family that has found a place for itself in the televisions of 138 million Indian drawing rooms. This is the story behind the 15,000 hours of television software that have made India laugh and cry for fifteen years.
About the Author
Kovid Gupta graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a BBA in Marketing, BS in Radio - Television - Film and BA in Hindi. Since then, he has been actively working as a screenwriter and has written for popular television shows Balika Vadhu, Bade Acche Lagte Hain and Chhan Chhan. He has previously worked at Teach for India and is also the founder and CEO of India Kids, a non-profit organization that works to improve the lives of orphan children across India by empowering college students globally.


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… the likelihood of people returning to that later," says Garner. And once they do return, there needs to be fresh content to keep their attention. Publish Frequently to Hold Attention Garner gives the example of Bravehearts.com for Keds, an ongoing branded Tumblr launched in early 2013 that his agency helped Keds build and sustain. "When working…


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Situated in the heart of Darlington along Post House Wynd, The Silver Shop's dedicated team will welcome you in store, offering a professional and friendly service to help you make the perfect purchase.
Monday – Saturday: 9am - 5pm
Sunday: 10.30am - 4pm
The Silver Shop, Post House Wynd, Darlington, DL3 7LP


text: 4. As of noon trading, CBRE Group ( CBG) is down $0.19 (-0.9%) to $21.68 on light volume Thus far, 602,135 shares of CBRE Group exchanged hands as compared to its average daily volume of 2.5 million shares. The stock has ranged in price between $21.61-$21.89 after having opened the day at $21.70 as compared to the previous trading day's close of $21.87. CBRE Group, Inc. operates as a commercial real estate services company worldwide. CBRE Group has a market cap of $7.1 billion and is part of the financial sector. The company has a P/E ratio of 32.2, above the S&P 500 P/E ratio of 17.7. Shares are up 8.4% year to date as of the close of trading on Friday. Currently there are 5 analysts that rate CBRE Group a buy, no analysts rate it a sell, and none rate it a hold. TheStreet Ratings rates CBRE Group as a buy. The company's strengths can be seen in multiple areas, such as its revenue growth, solid stock price performance and notable return on equity. We feel these strengths outweigh the fact that the company has had sub par growth in net income. Get the full CBRE Group Ratings Report now. It's Official: Action Alerts PLUS beats the S&P 500 with Dividends Reinvested! Cramer and Link were up 16.72% in 2012. Were you? See what they are trading for 14-days FREE


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Learn more about ACORN PROFESSIONAL SERVICES LIMITED. Check the company's details for free and view the Companies House information, company documents and list of directors.
Know about every new company document that is added!
Take advantage of our watch this company feature free of charge and have notifications sent directly to your inbox. Whenever a new document appears on this website, or if their particulars change, you will be immediately informed about such changes. To monitor these changes, all you need to do is click on watch this company.
|Tangible Fixed Assets
|£ 59,218
|Current Assets
|£ 96,240
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation
|£ 167,490
|Provisions For Liabilities Charges
|£ 11,844
|£ 38,678
|Shareholder Funds
|£ 96,768
|Profit Loss Account Reserve
|£ 66,768
|Called Up Share Capital
|£ 30,000
|Net Assets Liabilities Including Pension Asset Liability
|£ 96,768
|Total Assets Less Current Liabilities
|£ 108,612
|Net Current Assets Liabilities
|£ 49,394
|Creditors Due Within One Year
|£ 46,846
|Cash Bank In Hand
|£ 57,562
|Share Capital Allotted Called Up Paid
|£ 30,000
|Number Shares Allotted
|£ 30,000
|Tangible Fixed Assets Additions
|£ 719
|Tangible Fixed Assets Cost Or Valuation
|£ 167,492
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation Charged In Period
|£ 59,935
Information about the Private Limited Company ACORN PROFESSIONAL SERVICES LIMITED has been prepared for information purposes only. It is not intended to be nor does it constitute legal advice. This is public information provided by the official company register.


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1950; McCall 7971; Soft-fit, Hip length Jacket has darts at the shoulder and graceful, rounded pockets with asymmetrical flaps. Front opening does not have buttons, but may be closed with the belt.
Links to reviews/blog postsEdit
Add a photo to the gallery by clicking the "modify" button below.
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About the Book
This is a first draft of this photographic project. I have an exhibition carefully planned out. Phase 2 is "A Talk About Trees" which has just got under way.
Features & Details
- Category Arts & Photography
Standard Landscape, 10×8 in, 25×20 cm
50 Pages
- Publish Date Mar 03, 2012
- Language English
- Tags trees, foliage, leaves, greenery, phototropics, phototropism, sunlight
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Video Production Dubai By Ash Events
Listed in Brides & Wedding in Dubai UAE, Photography Services in Dubai, Wedding Photographers in Dubai, Wedding Videographers in Dubai
0 reviews
- Business Bay, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- +97145143540
- ash.events
- email@example.com
Video Production Dubai By Ash Events in Dubai UAE – Ash Events Contact Details, Telephone Numbers, Website, Address, Location Map, Direction, Photos, Videos, Opening Hours, Email Address, Sale Promotions, Offers & Deals.
Ash Events
Office # 06 Second Floor, Empire Heights Building, Business Bay, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Tel: +97145143540
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Video Production Dubai By Ash Events
Visually, artistically and finessing.
Nowadays, we are all aware that the Video is the greatest form to express the spirit of an event. Creative originality, mixed with outstanding client-focused value, this is what we declare when it comes to professional video production.
Our specialists can manage the process of video production from conceptualization to conclusion. ASH Events, camera operators, script writers, video editors, and animators present leading level of skills and knowledge. While working with our clients we make sure to identify and reach their key audiences to highly engage them emotionally.
No matter who our customers are, we are always up to deliver high quality video production.
ASH Events offers :
- Event videos : Weddings, birthdays other family celebrations, we will capture all the most important moments in your life. The magical footage is only one click away from you.
- Animated Video Productions : 2D animation, 3D animation or motion graphics we will take care of your project. The talented team of animators can create visually stunning animations which will impress your viewers.
- Promotional Video Production : One of the most powerful weapons in the marketing world. Promo videos can produce massive benefits for all types of companies. We ensure to bring your brand and product under the spot light in a creative way.
- Post-Production Services : The video editors provide you with full post-production services including graphic design, sound tracks and adding subtitles.
Ash Events
Office # 06 Second Floor, Empire Heights Building, Business Bay, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Tel: +97145143540
Email: email@example.com
Web: http://ash.events
Ash Events Dubai UAE | Ash Events Contact Details, Reviews, Location Map, Telephone Number, Address, Working Hours, Photos & Videos of Ash Events in Dubai UAE. Find Ash Events in Dubai business directory with contact details, telephone numbers, email addresses, websites, location maps, driving directions, deals, offers, prices, costs, reviews and ratings.
Tags: Ash Events reviews, Ash Events location map, Ash Events Telephone number, Ash Events opening hours, Ash Events photos & Pictures, Ash Events videos and Ash Events contact details.


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Voters will decide between the current deputy mayor and a former chief of the city's troubled school system when they go to the polls on Tuesday to choose a new mayor.
The deputy mayor, Phil Amicone, a Republican, seeks to replace his political mentor, Mayor John Spencer, who is barred by term limits from seeking re-election. Joe L. Farmer, a Democrat and a career school administrator who was schools superintendent for three years, seeks to become the city's first black mayor.
In a city where Democrats outnumber Republicans almost two to one but Republicans have dominated City Hall for the past decade, the outcome is anything but certain. Gov. George E. Pataki came to Yonkers to endorse Mr. Amicone, and a steady stream of state and local Democrats have campaigned heavily for Mr. Farmer.
Mr. Amicone has campaigned on a promise to continue the course set by Mr. Spencer, emphasizing economic development and the overhaul of city schools.
''In spite of an economic recession around the country and state, Yonkers has continued to move forward and progress with our leadership,'' Mr. Amicone said.Continue reading the main story
Mr. Farmer said that his experience in the schools and as a special deputy in charge of creating moderately priced housing made him best able to tackle the city's biggest problems.
''I have the experience in the critical areas,'' Mr. Farmer said.
The race follows a hard-fought primary, in which Mr. Amicone faced Assemblyman Michael J. Spano, a longtime rival of Mr. Spencer. But rather than throw his support to Mr. Amicone after losing the messy fight over the nomination, Mr. Spano stayed in the race, seeking victory on the Conservative and Independent Party lines.
Mr. Spano's decision forced Mr. Amicone to wage a two-front campaign. Mr. Spano said in an interview after the primary that he had chosen to stay in the race because he felt that Mr. Amicone, a self-described social conservative, was too conservative for the city's heavily Democratic electorate.
But Mr. Spano later reversed course, pulling out the race and throwing his support to Mr. Amicone. When he went to Yonkers on Wednesday to announce his endorsement of Mr. Amicone, Governor Pataki singled out Mr. Spano and his brother, Nick, who is a state senator from Yonkers, for applause. (The Spanos are not related to Andrew Spano, the Westchester County executive, a Democrat.)
Mr. Farmer worked in the school system as an administrator for three decades and had a tumultuous tenure as superintendent. He has staked his candidacy on his education experience, saying that only he can right the city's school system, which has been torn apart for decades over an ugly battle to end racial segregation. Mr. Farmer also worked in Mr. Spencer's administration, as an administrator in charge of developing more moderately priced housing.
Despite a numerical advantage in enrolled voters, Democrats have seen Republican mayors dominate city politics in recent years. Some saw the September primary as an opportunity to buck that trend, but Mr. Spano's withdrawal turned what had been an unpredictable three-way race into a more conventional campaign. Both Mr. Amicone and Mr. Farmer claimed Mr. Spano's withdrawal would help their campaigns.Continue reading the main story


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Romantic Vacations Home › Romantic Getaway › Vermont
Vermont would have to rate as one of our favorite places in the whole USA!
It may be a cliché, but as you may have heard, autumn here is especially fantastic. During our last trip here in early October, we hit the very best fall colors and enjoyed great weather.
Best Time for Romantic Getaways in Vermont: to see the best autumn foliage colors, we suggest early to mid-October (it can vary from year-to-year depending on weather).
Of course, this popular season means romantic Vermont hotels and inns are less affordable than at other times of year, but we would have to say the extra price is certainly worth it. Otherwise, Vermont is a great state for couples getaways in the winter, spring and summer.
Just like the pictures show, there are some incredibly romantic places in Vermont! Picturesque small towns and villages like..
Southern Vermont:
Central & Northern Vermont:
Vermont has some of the most romantic inns inn all of the USA - here's just a few choices for your next getaway or anniversary trip...
Forty Putney Road Bed and Breakfast - this B&B in Brattleboro has to rate as one of Southern Vermont's most romantic inns. We spent a night here in their Ripley Suite, and it's one of the most spacious New England B&B rooms we've ever been in!
Evenings at Forty Putney are great, especially on Saturdays when they host a local beer tasting & appetizer night in their pub downstairs by the fireplace (just $19, reserve in advance). You can go for walks behind the inn and explore right down to the River bank, or walk to downtown Brattleboro in about 10 minutes.
The Inn at Weston - our charming Vermont Village bed and breakfast is the perfect location for a romantic New England getaway.
Luxurious rooms here feature King feather beds, steam showers or whirlpool tubs. Just a short relaxing stroll away is the Weston Village Green with it's picturesque waterfall, as well as local shops and galleries. Our on-site restaurant features casual fine dining, perfect for a romantic dinner for two.
During our recent Autumn tour of Vermont, we found the most scenic routes and best roads for viewing the landscapes and foliage to be:
The Stonehill Luxury Inn specializes in romantic Vermont destination weddings and honeymoons. They have an elopement package for 2, plus can arrange canoe trips, wine tours and snowshoeing (they even have a package designed to help you propose in Vermont!) A great place for anniversary getaways too.
*Based on TripAdvisor.com Ratings & Reviews from Couples as of Feb 2015.


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The Link Between Depression & Other Mental Illness (cont.)
Affecting more than 5 million Americans each year, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs as the result of exposure to situations and events where severe physical harm either occurred or was threatened. This may include experiencing or witnessing war situations, natural disasters, rape, mugging, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. Symptoms of PTSD are often triggered by an object or event that reminds the person of the trauma. The person may then re-experience the ordeal in the form of flashbacks, nightmares, or terrorizing thoughts. These, in turn, can produce symptoms such as emotional numbness, sleep disturbances, irritability, feelings of intense guilt, and an excessive startle reaction to loud noise. In order to be diagnosed with PTSD, symptoms must last for more than one month.
PTSD can begin at any age and generally begins to show up within three months after experiencing a trauma, although this is not always the case. Like other anxieties, severity and duration of the symptoms vary with each individual, and other illnesses and disorders may occur along with PTSD. For example, almost 50% of people with PTSD also experience depression. Substance abuse, headache, stomach and immune system problems, chest pain, and dizziness are also common, co-occurring conditions.
For all of the aforementioned psychiatric illnesses and disorders, treatment can be very successful. For anxiety disorders such as agoraphobia, social phobia, and panic disorder, antidepressant medicines and/or cognitive behavioral therapy are most commonly used. As a person undergoes cognitive behavioral therapy, he or she is taught how to identify thinking patterns that may lead to anxiety attacks. Since many of these thinking patterns are deeply ingrained, practice is often needed to notice and change them. This form of therapy also teaches patients how to calm themselves during an attack, and to "desensitize" themselves to feelings of unease or terror. For posttraumatic stress disorder, group therapy and exposure therapy are also useful.-->


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To make cabinet doors with glass panels, follow the guidelines for making raised-panel cabinet doors. The measurements needed for an overlay door are 1 inch larger than the opening. The overlay door is the simplest to make and gives glass panels more support. The door also allows more options for dressing up the edges of the door frame. You will want to pay close attention to measurements for the glass panel because if it fits loosely, there is a chance of breaking it. However, it won't fit at all if it is too large.
Things You'll Need
- Table saw
- Lumber measuring 1-by-10-by-30 inches
- Wood glue
- Bar clamps
- Router (optional)
- Router bits (optional)
- Glass panels
Set the fence of the table saw to 2 inches. Cut four pieces from the 1-by-10-by-30-inch lumber. Cut two of them to 27½ inches and two at 13 inches. These are the sides and the rails for two 16-inch doors that fit a door opening of 15-by-26½ inches.
Set the fence of the table saw at 3/16 of an inch and the blade height at 1/2 inch. Place the 2-inch pieces of lumber on their long edges and cut one groove in each piece.
Turn the pieces around and cut another groove on the same edge. This will result in creating a groove in the center of the pieces that measures 3/8-by-1/2 inches. This groove is for the rails and the glass panels.
Set the fence of the table saw at 1/2 inch to the left side of the blade and the height of the blade at 3/16 inches. Cut each end of the 13-inch pieces, turn them over and cut them again. Do this only on the 13-inch pieces (rails). Set the fence of the table saw on 3/16 inches over the blade and raise the height to 1/2 inch. Stand the pieces on their ends and cut both sides and both ends of each 13-inch piece.
Fit the tongues of one of the rails created in Step 4 into the ends. Measure the inside of the door frame and add 1 inch in both directions. Cut a glass panel to that measurement.
Remove one of the rails and slip in the glass panel. Replace the rail to check the fit of the glass panel. Remove the glass panel and separate the frame pieces. Apply glue to the tongues of the rails. Slip one rail into the ends, insert the glass panel and slip the remaining rail in place. Clamp the door together across the rails at the top and the bottom of the cabinet door. Let the glue dry as instructed on the label of the glue container.
Related Searches
Tips & Warnings
- Protect the glass panel with painter's tape while applying a finish to the door.
- It is best to rout the pieces of the frame before cutting the grooves in them.
- Clean up excess glue immediately with a damp cloth.
- Do not raise the blade of the table saw any higher than necessary to make the cut.
- Do not leave power tools unattended in the presence of children.
- Do not paint or stain the cabinet doors without proper ventilation.


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Leiston Black Horse
also traded as as: Kingfisher, Venuehistorical era: 21st century
opened pre-1874
High St, IP16 4EW
grid reference TM 445 624Something we've got wrong about this establishment? Something more you think we should know about it? Please email us
View in Google Earth
Leiston is part of the Leiston cum Sizewell parish
CAMRA Ipswich & East Suffolk branch.
last updated 11/05/2017
This pub traded for most of its existence as the Black Horse (until sometime soon after 2005). After a few years as "The Venue", this was again renamed the Kingfisher and traded for some time as a "restaurant, takeaway and freehouse". When seen in June 2013, all signage for the pub area had been removed and the building was re-signed as the Leiston Tandoori, so we take it there's no pub here any more.
(Most pub, location & historic details collated by Nigel, Tony or Keith - original sources are credited)
(old PO directory information courtesy of londonpublichouse.com)


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(763) 404-7600
Financial One Credit Union
84 years in business11465 Robinson Dr NW
Coon Rapids, MN 55433-3727
Fax Numbers
- (763) 404-7630
Additional Email Addresses
- email@example.com
Find a Location
BBB File Opened: 11/04/1994
Business Started: 01/01/1933
Business Started Locally: 01/01/1933
Business Incorporated: 03/08/1988 in MN
Business Management
- Ross Bloomquist, President/CEO
- Kerri Barsness, Chief Operations Officer
- Deb Connell, CFO
- Lacey Mack, Vice President
Business Category
- Credit Unions
- Banking Services
- Loans
- Loans - Small Business
- Real Estate Loans
- Mortgage Lender
- Credit - Debt Consolidation Services
- Credit & Debt Counseling
Products & ServicesAccording to the information provided by Financial One Credit Union, this company offers financial products and services including checking accounts, savings, accounts, certificates of deposit, individual retirement accounts, money market accounts, consumer loans, real estate loans and business loans.
Service AreaWe service the following area(s): Andover, MN, Anoka, MN, Bethel, MN, Blaine, MN, Centerville, MN, Champlin, MN, Circle Pines, MN, Columbia Heights, MN, Columbia Hts, MN, Columbus, MN, Coon Rapids, MN, East Bethel, MN, Forest Lake, MN, Fridley, MN, Ham Lake, MN, Hilltop, MN, Hugo, MN, Lino Lakes, MN, Minneapolis, MN, Nowthen, MN, Oak Grove, MN, Ramsey, MN, Saint Anthony, MN, Saint Francis, MN, Spring Lake Park, MN, Spring Lk Pk, MN, St Anthny Vlg, MN, St Anthony Village, MN, St Anthony, MN, Minnesota
Alternate Business Names
- Financial One
Consumer Loans, Real Estate Loans, Business Loans, SBA Loans, Credit Cards, Checking Accounts, Savings Accounts, Money Market Accounts, Certificate of Deposits, IRA's, Mobile Banking, Mobile Capture, Bill Pay, E-Statements, and Wire Transfers.
BBB Reason for Ratings
Licensing information is provided in the BBB Business Profiles to inform the public about industries that may require professional licensing, bonding, or registration. Better Business Bureau encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
Advertising Review
BBB promotes truth in advertising by contacting advertisers whose claims conflict with the BBB Code of Advertising. These claims come to our attention from our internal review of advertising, consumer complaints and competitor challenges. BBB asks advertisers to substantiate their claims, change ads to make offers more clear to consumers, and remove misleading or deceptive statements.
Government Actions
BBB reports on known significant government actions involving the business's marketplace conduct.
Out of Business
BBB reports on a company that is out of business for three years from the date the company closes its doors or ceases to do business.
Misuse of Better Business Bureau Name/Logo
BBB reports on unauthorized use of the Better Business Bureau's name and/or logo for as long as the business continues to use it in any advertising, or for one year after the business ceases any repeated unauthorized uses.
BBB reports on a business's bankruptcy as long as the business remains in bankruptcy.
Mail Returned
BBB reports when mail sent to the business was returned by the Postal Service.


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our simple sign up form and login to the website.
This step is discretionary but will dramatically increase your chances of getting interest from other over 40s members on the site. Tell people about yourself, your hobbies and attach any nice photographs of yourself.
Utilise our website's cutting-edge search to spot over 40s members who suit your criteria. Or just flip through listings and spot daters that interest you.
Identified someone who you find interesting? Drop them a line or just a wink and wait for their response. With a little luck you'll be on your way to finding the love of your life.
And start dating


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IRS Form 1040EZ is an income tax return form used by individuals who have an income less than the allotted amount and have no dependents, explains Turbo Tax. Single taxpayers or married taxpayers filing jointly may be eligible.Continue Reading
As of the tax reporting year 2014, the only types of income allowed on Form 1040EZ are wages, tips, taxable interest of $1,500 or less, and unemployment compensation. Taxpayers can also list Alaska permanent fund dividends on Form 1040EZ, but taxpayers who have income from other sources must file their income taxes on either Form 1040 or 1040A, according to Turbo Tax.Learn more about Income Tax


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Our Spanish expert Phil Kitromilides explains why the price of 10/11 for both teams to score offers punters genuine value in this Liga fixture on Sunday
While Elche will be relatively happy with their current position of 14th after so long an exile from the top flight, Valencia will be desperate to pick up points to move up the table, with Los Che currently laguishing in ninth spot.
William Hill make Valencia the 6/4 (2.50) favorites while a home win can be backed at 15/8 (2.87) and the draw is offered at 11/5 (3.20).
Though Valencia possess a clearly superior starting 11, Miroslav Dukic's side have been a woefully unpredictable for punters this season, having already lost six league matches.
Valencia do always seem to score, but recently they have been conceding goals as well, and with Elche in decent scoring form themselves, both teams to score looks like a serious option.
It is offered at the highly attractive price of 10/11 (1.91), and the statistics make this bet all the more appealing.
Valencia have scored in each of their last 24 league matches, with both teams to score paying out in nine of their 13 league matches so far this season.
Elche for their part, have scored in seven of their last nine matches, and will be seriously up for the arrival of their more illustrious neighbours.
The price should be smaller for both teams to score, but thankfully it is not, meaning punters should consider this an excellent weekend bet.
|Both teams to score at 10/11 (1.91) for a 2pt stake with William Hill
Sign up with William for a £25 free bet and back Phil's selections for this match


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Le Café provides a wide and exquisite gastronomic selection. Savour delicious dishes prepared with the most carefully selected fresh products of the region.
Le Café offers artfully crafted "pintxos", a daily set menu and our a la carte service. There is also a cafeteria service for guests who want a light, quick on-the-go breakfast.
Open everyday from 8.00 am to 23.30 pm.
See the Restaurant Menu (PDF)