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Biopsychology |
Comparative |
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Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences ·
Nursing models are conceptual models, constructed of theories and concepts. They are used to help nurses assess, plan, and implement patient care by providing a framework within which to work. They also help nurses achieve uniformity and seamless care.
History of nursing modelsEdit
There is no specific date and place nursing theory took place. The evolution of nursing is not a new process, it has been in occurrence since the most basic of medical interventions started to be practiced. Within the western model of nursing there is a clear progression of nursing from mothers, to nuns, to doctor "assistants", to finally being recognized as a separate, complementary role in the medical team. Presently nurses have more autonomy than ever, and on going theory development and an exploration of professional borders are essential for the continued growth of the professional.
Major nursing theoristsEdit
- Helen Erickson
- Virginia Henderson
- Imogene King
- Madeleine Leininger
- Betty Neuman
- Dorothea Orem
- Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier)
- Hildegard Peplau
- Rosemarie Rizzo-Parse
- Isabel Hampton Robb
- Martha E. Rogers
- Callista Roy
- Katharine Kolcaba
- Katie Eriksson
- Dr. Jean Watson
- Paterson & Zderad
- Boykin & Schoenhofer
Purposely omitted from this list is that most famous of all nurses, Florence Nightingale. Nightingale never actually formulated a theory of nursing science but was posthumously accredited with same by others who categorized her personal journaling and communications into a theoretical framework.
Also not included are the many nurses who improved on these theorists' ideas without developing their own theoretical vision.
Examples of nursing modelsEdit
The models used vary greatly between institutions and countries. However, different branches of nursing have different "preferred" nursing models. These are summarized below:
Family nursingEdit
Psychiatric nursingEdit
Children's nursingEdit
prenatal nursing Edit
- Ramona T Mercer maternal role attainment
Adult nursingEdit
Community and rehabilitation nursingEdit
Critical care nursing Edit
Holistic nursingEdit
- Rogers: Science of Unitary Human Beings
- McGill Model of Nursing
- Parse: Human Becoming
- Erickson, Tomlin & Swain: Modeling and Role-Modeling
- [[Newman: Health as Expanding Consciohttp://www.nursingtheory.net/gt_nursingcaring.html</ref>
Future of nursing modelsEdit
Nursing models have been criticized for failing to provide holistic care, and preventing nurses from thinking "outside of the box". This has been compounded by many hospitals who have developed "pre-printed" care plans that have been misused by nurses who have failed to customize these generic care plans to the patient. An example of this would be using a standard care plan for appendectomy for an elderly patient with multiple pathology (for instance diabetes, angina pectoris and a history of myocardial infarction). Evidently, the patient's care needs would be very different from a fit-and-healthy 20 year old male with no previous medical history who neither smokes nor drinks. It is up to the professional to tailor the care plan to suit the individual patient.
Models of nursing have always been accused of being "out of touch" with the harsh reality of patient care, and creating yet more unnecessary paperwork for nurses to complete.
Technological advances may produce client specific nursing models.
See alsoEdit
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).


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Brewing Kombucha
Why We Never Use Dehydrated SCOBY
We receive quite a few emails regarding SCOBY health, and as a result an immense number of images and stories about home brews all over the world. The most common message we receive is on the topic of mold speculation and brew failure.
After digging a little deeper, it's frequently revealed that the brewer has started their brew with a dehydrated SCOBY. We did some of our own investigating using a very commonly procured dehydrated SCOBY and wrote about our results here.
Our customers have made some adjustments after realizing the difficulty of brewing with a dehydrated culture, much like our customer Jonny:
Just wanted to say thank you. Wow the batch of buch that you gave me is exponentially better than the dehydrated scoby I got from the other company! Its even a little fizzy just like the stuff off the shelves and looks like its coming along fantastically . Thanks a million. -Jonny
After starting a brew with a freshly-grown SCOBY, things will move along swimmingly.
Photos of brews from a dehydrated SCOBY
Content below may not be suitable for some viewers. Viewer discretion is advised.
So, start your kombucha brews with fresh SCOBY every time and save yourself the ignominy of a moldy brew and the pain of losing what once was a mother with a bright, wet future!
The Kombucha SCOBY Demystified
Sinking, Floating, and Fusing
To the un-initiated, the orientation of the kombucha SCOBY can be a mystifying ponderance. Shouldn't it float at the top? If it sinks, will the brew fail? The answers really are much more of an indifference to chaos than a culture control regimen.
The mother SCOBY you used to start your new brew should be considered different from the resulting, new SCOBY that grows on the surface of your new brew. Let's call that original the mother, and the new one (that will begin to form on the surface) the baby. When you start your brew, adding the mother to the sweet tea, that original culture may float, at the surface, it may sink, or it may just hover in the middle. Any of these orientations is 100% okay and should not be considered indicative of viability. The mother will potentially fuse together with the baby, too, and that's fine. The SCOBY doesn't have a mind of its own, it's not drowning if it sinks and it's not dangerous if it floats before the baby has a chance to start growing. Much more indicative of brew health is the level of sweetness, which should decrease with time, and acidity, which should increase.
Disappearing SCOBY
Most of the time, when I hear that someone's SCOBY has disappeared, the issue is very simple. Just bumping your fermentation vessel while it is brewing is enough to cause the SCOBY to sink below the surface of the tea. So, whereas previously there was a thin baby growing on the surface, it will now have "disappeared." It's very often likely that a little disturbance caused the culture to sink, potentially not being visible in the tea below. But remember, taste your brew throughout the fermentation process so you can tell if it is progressing or not. Nearly 100% of the time it is, and any speculation or fear of failure is unfounded.
Your SCOBY after the First Brew
After your first brew, you'll likely have 2 types of culture you will deal with. One will be the original, or mother, culture - this will obviously not always be a single, coherent piece - maybe you picked up 2 pieces of culture from a friend, or got one of our 3-gallon ceramic deluxe kits with 3 SCOBYs, or just used shards of SCOBY from another brew - this culture can all be considered the mother.
So, you will have the mother and the baby, which will be the new culture that will have formed. Please note as well - new culture will always grow on the surface, and you can't grow kombucha SCOBY underneath the surface of the tea. Yeast tendrils may form in the liquid, but you won't see new SCOBY forming in the liquid.
Tendrils, Dark Spots, Bubbles, Oh My!
These are all things that cause trepidation on the part of new brewers, but once you get used to the strange things you'll see, that initial skepticism will turn to awe every time you brew!
And below, the classic and spine-tingling Brown Visitor. Be careful when peeking at your brew before bedtime.
Below, also, are some common brown visitors. The specks on the surface (left) are often yeast granules that are at times tough and grainy, but are totally normal. On the right are just bits of tea that didn't get strained out during steeping.
Giant SCOBY
And finally, the giant SCOBY. Simply the result of a long fermentation time, there's nothing to fear here. The kombucha below this one will likely be pretty sour, but both parts can be used as normal. The kombucha as vinegar or starter, and the culture as a mother, backup or foodstuff.
Don't Freak Out!
So, next time your brew is weirding you out, remember that SCOBY lead lives of their own and don't bow to our expectations of understanding. If any of the above troubles you, let it be laid to rest. Remember that the ultimate test of a successful brew is good fun and great taste. Happy brewing!
Check out this blog post if you think your kombucha SCOBY may be performing in less savory fashions, i.e. growing mold
Holiday Kombucha Recipe - Melange
We're always trying to see just how far we can go in playing with our primary ferments. This recipe is a great example of treading in unknown territory and coming out with a positive result.
Generally we don't advise using non-tea or whole spices in primary fermentation, as this can interfere with the metabolism of the culture and won't guarantee a successful brew. But with plenty of culture to go around, and some ambitious spirit, we've found we can take our brews to places unfathomed. Enter Melange, the ultimate holiday kombucha.
Some of our favorite spices are prevalent around the holiday season, so we decided to take two of the tastiest - clove and cinnamon - for a ride in this brew. This recipe gets bonus points for its simplicity!
Makes 1 gallon
- 4 grams each black, green, and white tea (or 1 bag KBBK Signature Tea Blend)
- 1 teaspoon cinnamon
- 8 whole cloves
- 1 cup sugar
- 1 cup brewed kombucha (for starter)
Boil water as you would normally, and steep the tea blend along with the cloves and cinnamon. Once you've allowed this mix to steep for at least 20 minutes, just remove the tea bag (leave the clove and cinnamon in!), add sugar, top off with cool water, and add your SCOBY and starter. Unique to this brew, we're leaving the cloves and cinnamon in with the culture for the primary fermentation process - we didn't notice any adverse effects to the SCOBY at all!
As with any brew, allow to ferment until a balance of sweetness and acidity is achieved. Let sit at room temperature for 2-3 weeks to allow carbonation to develop, if you want effervescence. Serve this on cold winter mornings with breakfast for a warming pick-me-up!
We are not responsible for any inadvertent prescience or trance-like states imparted by the consumption of Melange.
Kombucha Heat Mats are Back
Heat mats are back, and better than ever!
As many of our customers know, heat mats have been out of stock for a while. Our original 1-gallon heat mats were made in China, one of the last of our items made outside the US. As practical and affordable as they were, they very often did not last long. In our search for quality American-made heat mats, we found a small company in West Wareham, MA. They not only produce exactly what we are looking for, but do so at a very reasonable price.
Let us introduce you to the new mats:
Kombucha Heat Mat, Small - This 12 by 4 inch mat is designed for a 1/2- or 1-gallon glass jar. With the option to add another foot of length to the mat, you can heat an additional vessel when you place the jars on top. Pictured above.
Kombucha Heat Mat, Large - This 12 by 6 inch mat is designed for a larger brewing vessel, perfect for a 1-gallon crock. With the option to add 1 foot of length, it is perfect for a 2-gallon or 3-gallon crock; with 2 extra feet, it is perfect for a 5-gallon crock.
Each mat can effectively raise the temperature of your brew by 10°F. By insulating the outside of the mat with a towel, you can increase the temperature by 5-10°F.
Heating will be essential to your brews this winter, so make sure you've got a heat mat to keep your brew warm!
Fruit Flies & Kombucha
Making kombucha can be a beautiful endeavor. Once you get past the newness of the operation, a new SCOBY forming on the surface is a beautiful sight. There are a few things, unfortunately, that can ruin that sight. One is mold - it's something we have covered quite a bit. The other is fruit flies.
The number one enemy in the world of unwanted invaders, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is everywhere. In every brew space I've ever been I've seen these little buggers buzzing around. Even in tightly controlled environments like our SCOBY Lab we see them fly up seemingly out of nowhere. Sometimes it seems like they appear out of thin air (I wouldn't be surprised if this was the case). There are tricks to getting rid of them, but even more important is keeping them out of your brew jar.
What should one use to cover a brew vessel during fermentation? Your kombucha wants to breathe fresh oxygen during fermentation - so sealing your jar with a hard lid is out of the question. Therefore we turn to material that is porous enough to let air in, but not porous enough to allow fruit flies inside. Our material of choice is organic cotton. It has a tight weave, that if correctly secured to the jar, will not allow fruit flies to get inside. Other materials with the same weave will also work well. A paper towel, an old t-shirt, or even a coffee filter will work great.
One material that is commonly used, but should not be, is cheese cloth. Although it is designed for food production, it is too porous. Even if it is layered multiple times. We get emails all the time from new brewers using cheese cloth that have a family of fruit flies hanging out on their culture. When this happens the brew must be scrapped.
It only takes one
Once one fruit fly gets in, it's all over
First, it will quickly lay its eggs which then turn in to maggots
After a few days, they will turn into full-grown fruit flies
The process is quick and before you know it, you have a many flies buzzing around your jar
But don't be afraid. With a simple piece of cloth and rubber band, you will be safe from these unwanted but familiar pests!
Brew Diagnosis Checklist: What We Need to Help
Knowing your brew is doing well is vital. That's why we are here to diagnose any concern you might have. We see hundreds of pictures every week from home brewers all over the world. In order for us to make a sound diagnosis there is a certain set of questions and pictures that will tell us what is going on. Here is a brew diagnosis checklist for you to complete before submitting a query.
In making sure there is not a problem with a brew we need to see pictures. Luckily, taking and sending pictures is an easy every day activity. The ideal set consists of three images:
1. Aerial shot of entire brew surface showing SCOBY growth, if any.
2. Close up of surface highlighting any area of concern or general SCOBY growth.
3. Profile shot of entire brew
The more pictures the merrier. Don't feel like these are the only shots you should send if you have the will to send more. In the event that there are still questions after viewing the photos we may request a couple more shots of any area of concern.
With most inquiries we will ask the same set of questions. The answers will give us a reason for an issue if there is one and will help us guide you to make the necessary changes to your brew set up.
- What is the average temperature of the brew while it is fermenting?
- How long has it been fermenting?
- Where did the original SCOBY (mother, mushroom, culture) come from?
- How much starter liquid was used?
- What tea/blend and sweetener was used, and what quantity?
We can almost know everything we need to know just from these five questions. As with pictures though, if there is something specific we need more information on, we will ask.
As you can see diagnosing a brew is just as easy as brewing. With only a few simple steps we will gladly tell you what's going on. In 95% of the cases we see, when using a proper set up there is nothing actually going on, just a new brewer needing some confirmation on their brew.
Kombucha Brewing: Starting From a Commercial Bottle, pt. 1
In making kombucha, starting from a commercial bottle of kombucha was not a bad idea 5 years ago but the industry has changed. The day of the small micro-kombucha brewery making unfiltered, raw kombucha is coming to an end.
These days, many breweries are using additives and filtration processes to help control the fermentation process - a standard practice in the commercial brewing world for established industries like beer and wine. Sure, it can be a relatively inexpensive way to get going, but you may be propagating something you didn't intend. For this reason, it is best to start a batch of kombucha using a fresh, straight-from-the-fermenter SCOBY.
Think about it like this. A town of 5,000 trying to build a new meeting hall will have a hard time not building more than a room with four walls.
A town of 5,000,000 will be able to not just build a room with four walls but a whole structure full of rooms, passageways and fun things to do (definitely an amazing kitchen).
The same can be said for a colony of kombucha microbes coming from a commercial bottle of kombucha (town of 5,000) and a fresh kombucha SCOBY and starter (town of 5,000,000). There is really no comparison. The fresh SCOBY will brew a potent delicious kombucha the first round, in the normal 10-14 days, where as the commercial brew starter may not even form a new SCOBY let alone ferment a perfect batch in 10 days.
We get photos all the time of peoples brews that have molded after trying to start a batch with a bottle of the popular brands of kombucha.
Don't waste your time or ingredients trying to build a colony from a subpar SCOBY. Start with a lab-grown, fermenter-fresh SCOBY and get perfect brews right away. Because let's get real, who wants to wait more than 10 days for their 'buch?
Stay tuned for Starting from a Commercial Bottle, pt. 2!
Kombucha Tea and Herb Guide
For brewers new and experienced, use this kombucha tea and herb guide to jump off the tea bag bandwagon and into the world of loose leaf! Loose leaf teas are, across the board, of a much higher quality than those that come in tea bags. And be sure to visit our website to check out our selection of premium brewing teas.
Simple Ways to Keep Your Kombucha Brew Warm
Warmth is essential to the kombucha process, and there are many simple ways to keep your kombucha brew warm. It will ensure that your brew stays healthy, producing acids that lower the pH to fend off mold. But it will also ensure that you're able to harvest your 'buch without waiting forever.
The ideal brewing temperature for kombucha is between 70 and 80 degrees. Lower than that range, you are running the risk of allowing mold to form. Higher than that range, you might get finished 'buch more quickly but it will also potentially become vinegar more quickly.
It's best to find places in your home that are naturally producing or retaining heat. Beyond that, you can dress up your brew with heat mats, cooler-incubators and clothes to your heart's content. You could even build a box special for fermenting. Any combination of these methods will do wonders for your 'buch and keep you from pulling your hair out in these cool winter months.
These are just a few suggestions and you are encouraged to branch out and think for yourself based on your home environment. If all else fails, just take it to bed. I won't judge you.
Happy brewing!
For heat mats and other kombucha brewing accessories, click here.
Kombucha and Mold: What You Need To Know
Think back to the first time you tasted kombucha. I remember my first bottle, back in 2004. I was visiting a food co-op with a good friend of mine (who I can credit with many of my bizarre but healthy eating habits). He had purchased a bottle and gave me a taste; it was a berry and ginger brew, and it truly was love at first sip. The stuff was effervescent, packed full of ginger intensity and luscious fruitiness. Immediately, I wanted to know more. Many questions arose in my head - What the heck is this stuff? What's this strange mass floating around in the bottle? Why does it smell like vinegar? It says it's probiotic, that's nice, but how is it made? Little did I know at the time that the next decade of my life would be spent in intimate collaboration with this, my new favorite "fizzy lifting drink."
A few days later, I bought my own bottle, loved it again, and started talking to friends about this strange new beverage. A chef pal of mine mentioned that some coworkers of his had stashed culture to make kombucha in a refrigerator at his restaurant. I jumped at the opportunity to start making it. When he brought the cultures home, they were pretty off-putting - stored in a plastic container, looking like some sort of decaying aquatic animal; smelling like apple cider vinegar, I was skeptical of the possibility of ending up with something safe and palatable.
SCOBY aesthetics
The thing that turns most people off about kombucha, if they can get used to the vinegary taste, is its appearance. There are inevitably going to be stringy bits of yeast and clumps of SCOBY in a store-bought bottle. In a raw, living beverage that's completely normal. One of the reasons kombucha is so good for us is due to the probiotic qualities that must be preserved; as a result of not being pasteurized, the culture will continue to proliferate, given the right conditions (warmth), inside a closed bottle. It is this aspect of bottling that caused issues in 2010 when kombucha everywhere was pulled off the shelves. As a result of FDA tests, it was discovered that bottled kombucha from many producers had exceeded the 0.5% ABV limit.
And during brewing there's a whole other aesthetic that is the growth and proliferation of the SCOBY in the brew jar, on top of the tea. Once you've seen kombucha brewing, you can understand that there's definitely a reason that grandmothers of old were said to keep the culture out of sight of children, lest they be reticent to drink the healthful beverage. I always describe it lovingly - imagine a jellyfish crossed with a mudskipper. Awwww.
Things you'll see
You'll be seeing some anomalous things and inevitably start to wonder what's going on. Most shock that new brewers have is at the brown blobs that form in a kombucha brew, which are simply coagulated yeast cells. Often, you'll notice one of these blobs forming just under the surface of your brew, at the edge of the jar. Just think of it as your resident blob!
Your SCOBY might grow tendrils (Cthulu fhtagn!), which are also yeast, that will hang down into your brewing liquid. Don't be troubled either if you see a big brown spot in the middle of your SCOBY, sometimes cellulose (which makes up the SCOBY) will be thinner in some places, especially when your mother SCOBY floats at the top of the brew jar, and new SCOBY grows around her.
If your brew is moldy, it is easy to tell. There will be dry, fuzzy spots that will usually grow in concentric rings. There is a wide possibility for the color of the mold, generally, it could be white, blue, black, green etc.
Ways to steer clear of mold
There are very simple ways to keep kombucha and mold separate:
- Don't skimp on ingredients. Use at least 1 cup of sugar per gallon and 12 grams of actual tea per gallon (white, green, black, oolong or puerh).
- Don't brew oily herbs with your tea - the volatile oil content of herbs will affect your brew and can lead to mold. Since oil floats in water, and your SCOBY wants to float as well, this can effectively keep your brew from breathing and producing beneficial acids that lower pH and thus keep mold at bay. If you want to use herbs in your kombucha, use actual tea along with it - about 12 grams per gallon.
- Keep your brew in a warm place. Warm brewing temperatures not only result in your kombucha brewing more quickly, but will make sure your culture can respire and create the acids that keep mold at bay. Cold temperatures are often the culprit with many mold issues.
- Keep your brew away from cigarette smoke.
- Always use already-brewed kombucha or vinegar for your starter (required for every brew). For a gallon, 12 ounces of kombucha or 3 TBSP of distilled vinegar are two easy starters you can use.
- A dry SCOBY will become a moldy SCOBY. Keep your culture in a sealed container if you aren't going to be brewing for awhile, rather than just leaving it in the brew jar to starve - doesn't your mother deserve better?
If you have mold
- Don't drink it, discard the culture. Weep and plead with another friendly brewer to give you another culture or to give you some 'buch to drink while you are restarting.
- Add strange items and take photographs, share with friends or with us on our Facebook 'Buch Brewer's Group.
- Remember that it's always important to keep a backup SCOBY for just such an occasion. Once you start brewing, put some of the culture in the fridge, submerged in kombucha, to save you from having to order another one if your brew goes south.
- Don't freak out. Don't stop brewing.
If you have any questions or want to send photos of your possibly moldy brew, post them to our Facebook page or send them to firstname.lastname@example.com. Happy brewing!

subset: commoncrawl


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|Material Type:
|Document Type:
|All Authors / Contributors:
Ralph Emery; Patsi Bale Cox
|0688151507 9780688151508
|OCLC Number:
|Includes index.
|xiii, 321 pages : illustrations, portraits, pls. ; 25 cm
|Conway Twitty: the uncrowned king of country music --
One big happy family: "Tell them kids to shut up!" --
Loretta Lynn: keeping country honest: "They fired him from the Opry" --
Alan Jackson: the art of the deal: farewell to the first lady --
Carl Perkins: "Singing was a way of surviving:" Reba's red dress, CMA Awards, 1993 --
Brooks & Dunn: the next big deal: the slippery mind of Roger Miller --
The golfer formerly known as Vince: memories --
Faron young: the next big deal, 1953: soap sister on a soapbox --
The four horsemen: Bradley, Atkins, Law and Nelson: battle of New Orleans, the rematch --
Travis Tritt: a new generation of outlaws: Whatever it takes --
Ray Charles: country's improbable hero: a question of geography. Patsy Cline: in search of a song: "Till death do us part" --
Dolly and friends: at Tootsie's Orchid Lounge: gator bait --
The drummer is a rummer and can't hold the beat: hairdresser to the star? --
Hillbilly music?: lawnmower man --
Monument: Foster's maverick label: "Remember me?" --
Olivia Newton-John: new beginnings: George Bush: country fan in the White House --
Brenda Lee: legends among us: Dolly and Barbara: bathing tips --
Colonel Tom Parker: how much does it cost if it's free?: "Make 'em laugh, make 'em cry and scare hell out of 'em!" --
Barbara Mandrell: the queen of blue-eyed soul refuses to rest on her laurels: "Stop singin', Mel. It's me!" --
It was a very good year.
|Ralph Emery with Patsi Bale Cox.
The author shares anecdotes and reminiscences about some of country music's greatest stars, including Conway Twitty, Loretta Lynn, Brenda Lee, Dolly Parton, Travis Tritt, and Vince Gill.
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SummaryHighwater Ethanol, LLC (Highwater Ethanol) is an alternative energy company that produces ethanol. The company produces ethanol by fermenting and distilling grains such as corn, barley and wheat. It produces ethanol and dried distillers grains. Highwater Ethanol provides distiller's products such as dry distillers and modified distillers products. The company markets its products in the US. It and has its presence in the US, Mexico and Canada. The company operates through an ethanol plant with thermal oxidizer stack located in Lamberton, Minnesota. Highwater Ethanol is headquartered in Lamberton, Minnesota, the US.Highwater Ethanol, LLC Key Recent DevelopmentsOct 02, 2013: Butamax and Highwater Ethanol Break Ground on Biobutanol Retrofit Project Including Installation of Novel Corn Oil Separation TechnologyThis comprehensive SWOT profile of Highwater Ethanol, LLC provides you an in-depth strategic analysis of the company's businesses and operations. The profile has been compiled by GlobalData to bring to you a clear and an unbiased view of the company's key strengths and weaknesses and the potential opportunities and threats. The profile helps you formulate strategies that augment your business by enabling you to understand your partners, customers and competitors better.This company report forms part of GlobalData's 'Profile on Demand' service, covering over 50,000 of the world's leading companies. Once purchased, GlobalData's highly qualified team of company analysts will comprehensively research and author a full financial and strategic analysis of Highwater Ethanol, LLC including a detailed SWOT analysis, and deliver this direct to you in pdf format within two business days. (excluding weekends).The profile contains critical company information including*,
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- Detailed financial ratios for the past five years – The latest financial ratios derived from the annual financial statements published by the company with 5 years history.
- Interim ratios for the last five interim periods – The latest financial ratios derived from the quarterly/semi-annual financial statements published by the company for 5 interims history.
Note*: Some sections may be missing if data is unavailable for the company.Key benefits of buying this profile include,
You get detailed information about the company and its operations to identify potential customers and suppliers.
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Table of Contents
Section 1 - About the Company
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Key Information
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Overview
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Key Employees
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Key Employee Biographies
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Key Operational Heads
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Major Products and Services
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - History
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Company Statement
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Locations And Subsidiaries
Head Office
Other Locations & Subsidiaries
Section 2 - Company Analysis
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Business Description
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Corporate Strategy
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - SWOT Analysis
SWOT Analysis - Overview
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Strengths
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Weaknesses
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Opportunities
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Threats
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Key Competitors
Section 3 - Company Financial Performance Charts
Highwater Ethanol, LLC - Financial Ratios
Financial Ratios - Capital Market Ratios
Financial Ratios - Annual Ratios
Financial Ratios - Interim Ratios
Financial Ratios - Ratio Charts
Section 4 - Appendix
Ratio Definitions
About GlobalData
Contact Us
Note*: Some sections may be missing if data is unavailable for the company List of Tables
Highwater Ethanol, LLC, Key Information
Highwater Ethanol, LLC, Key Ratios
Highwater Ethanol, LLC, Share Data
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Marine tourism in the Gulf of Thailand is expected to boom. The 5th Ocean Marina Pattaya Boat Show is set to be the biggest yet with more boats on display than ever and new Customs rulings allowing visiting foreign vessels to stay longer in-country – together laying solid foundations for marine tourism growth in Pattaya and surrounds.
"Management of Ocean Property and all the staff, organsiers of the Ocean Marina Pattaya Boat Show, share in the people of Thailand's sadness at this time, following the passing of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej," said a statement released by the Ocean Property.
"The trade show program remains the same, however, the previously planned social program will be changed – there will be no festival, entertainment activities or parties held at the venue during the boat show. Due respect during this period of mourning will be shown throughout," the statement continued.
Ocean Property predicts that Pattaya's multi-billion baht marine industry is poised to grow exponentially over the next few years.
"Ocean Marina Pattaya Boat Show has grown steadily since it was launched five years ago. The event is a key business event for the marine industry and in addition to welcoming many domestic visitors each year the event has grown to attract many international visitors also.
"The confidence that the international community has in this event and Thailand's burgeoning marine industry underscores its potential and importance to the Thai economy," said Dr Tirachai Pipitsupaphol, Managing Director of Ocean Property.
Supporting Ocean Marina Pattaya Boat Show's aim to make Pattaya the Riviera of Asia, to promote marine tourism in the region and showcase the Gulf of Thailand, is a new ruling on the temporary importation of visiting foreign yachts.
"In the past foreign vessels entering Pattaya were given a relatively short period for temporary importation. This has now changed. The Customs Department in Pattaya have agreed that the 'Temporary Importation Permit for Visiting Foreign Vessels' will allow international yachts a period of six months stay which can be extended in-country, opening up the region's potential to visiting yachts from overseas," said Mrs Montira Cherdchoo, Director of Map Ta Phut Customs House, The Customs Department.
This means that Pattaya will become a hub for regional marine tourism and is set to welcome more than 1,000 international yachts and superyachts annually in the near future, boosting Thailand's tourism revenue.
"Many people are not aware of the beauty of this region. There are 187 islands in the Gulf of Thailand with 43 within one hour by boat of Ocean Marina itself. The cruising grounds are spectacular and the extended stay allowed for foreign yachts will help open up the region. This is a very positive move and the region is ready to welcome more than one thousand foreign yachts annually," added Dr Tirachai.
Ocean Marina Pattaya Boat Show is a large-scale international event that helps to drive marine business growth in the Gulf of Thailand. Pattaya's marine tourism fundamentals are strong and the region is expecting to become a leading marine tourism destination.
The four-day Ocean Marina Pattaya Boat Show will showcase up to 20,375 sqm of onshore and in-water exhibition space, including leading international boat and superyacht brands Admiral, Azimut Yachts, Beneteau, Cranchi, CNB Yachts, Jeanneau, Lagoon, Monte Carlo Yachts, Prestige, Princess Yachts, Sanlorenzo, Viking Yachts and Wider, as well as a large selection of brokerage yachts, and displays by marine products and suppliers, lifestyle products and services, luxury property and more.
One of the highlights of the show is that visitors can view and walk through a boat, and if interested can go out for a test drive – something other shows in the region do not offer.
The 5th Ocean Marina Pattaya Boat Show will take place 24 – 27 November, 2016 at Ocean Marina, Pattaya, Thailand.
The Phuket News is a proud sponsor of this event.
For more information:
website: www.oceanmarinapattayaboatshow.com
facebook: www.facebook.com/oceanmarinapattayaboatshow


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With the conclusion of the algebraic portion of the MPM2D course (we only have the trigonometric unit yet to cover) the students are looking forward to their summative evaluation. We've been doing review for the past week or so through the application of what we learned in linear systems and quadratics to do the intersection of lines & parabolas and lines & circles. It's a good way to combine the substitution method, and all the aspects of factoring, quadratic formula, discriminant and using graphical methods. I've been pleased that the students transitioned to the linear-quadratic system without difficulty; they were able to anticipate the process.
As part of their preparation I've added on to our MapleTA question banks. While we have a lot of algebraic questions (factor this, CTS that, find the axis of symmetry, etc) at the suggestion of one of my students I've added on questions of the type "when you see..." Students do get confused by all the algorithms and when they need to be used. While we always stress understanding, for many of them a little bit of repetition can be helpful.


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Wed, 14 Sep 2016
Rye Wax asks Equalizer magazine to reveal their favourite Geigling tunes ahead of their upcoming night with Map.Ache at Rye Wax.
Wed, 15 Feb 2017
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The Hamburg outlet is also launching a sub-label called Down By The Lake.
Mon, 12 Sep 2016
35 comments
The Weimar label will release a Kettenkarussell remix EP featuring Lawrence and Losoul, as well as Huerco S remixes of Olin.
Fri, 12 Aug 2016
YACHT, Personable and Kid606 will play the anniversary event next weekend.
Wed, 27 Jul 2016
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Suzanne Kraft, Beautiful Swimmers and Berlin favourite rRoxymore are also locked in for our two-room session on October 22nd.
Tue, 21 Jun 2016
The Munich label's latest collection of summery jams will come out in August.
Thu, 16 Jun 2016
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Five gigs are confirmed for the German artist, starting with one in Baltimore this Friday.
Mon, 28 Mar 2016
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smartbar's talent buyer is next up with a two-tracker for the German record label.
Fri, 30 Oct 2015
A five-tracker from the Kann Records co-founder will drop in November.


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Discussion in 'Android Devices' started by makewayhomer, Oct 7, 2010.
I want to rent and download movies/tv shows for an upcoming plane ride. any way to do this?
mSpot movies app.
You can download Verizon fios app where you can rent or buy movies and watch them on your phone. IMO the movies aren't worth it because you're paying for scale down movies (lower video/audio quality) at ridiculous prices. Get netflix and download a video converter so you can watch it on your phone. All for the price of $9 a mo. You can't beat that.
I have Netflix..... could you explain what converter and how to watch. I am really brain dead today!
i just got netflix, so how do i go about playing them over my phone? all i seem to be able to do is stream to my computer..?
You will have to rent the dvd. There are several video converters on the web. Some are free and some aren't. The converter will convert the movie into a file such as mpeg4, avi, wmv, etc. You can then transfer the file onto your phone and watch it.
PM sent
Or just download the movie online and convert it to whatever resolution our phone uses. Not that I'm condoning piracy...
True but having the legal copy you can adjust the settings for audio and video. A lot of those pirated movies are low quality and you can't make them better. Having the legal copy you can decide what quality you want.
care to link or name the product you use?? The only legit good one that I have found that appears to work is $30 or more.
The software I use is xilisoft. I have the ultimate toolkit package. It's not free but if you are internet savy you can get around that.


text: 2018 USBC Open ChampionshipsMarch 31-July 7 (last day of team competition)OnCenter Convention Center800 S. State St., Syracuse, NY 13202In 2018, the USBC Open Championships heads east to Syracuse, New York for its 115th tournament. To participate in this prestigious and historical event, all you have to do is become a USBC member. Experience superior competition bowling in an arena-like atmosphere, while exploring everything Syracuse has to offer. Register for the 2018 Open Championships | REGISTER NOW*Click here for step-by-step instructions for the registration system. Please note, we recommend using the desktop version to register your team(s). You may mail, fax or phone in your registration. A $25 processing fee per team applies to all registrations. Click here for the form.Mail entries to: USBC Open Championships 621 Six Flags Drive Arlington, TX 76011 For questions or concerns, please call: 800-514-2695Click here for the 2018 Open Championships rules. Side EventsStay tuned for more information regarding The Forty Frame Game and the Bowlers Journal Championships presented by USBC.


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Mermaid Princesses
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Your favorite princesses are ready for a new adventure. They will all become like the redheaded princess Ariel, which is a mermaid. Are you excited to help them look super cute as princess mermaids? Don't waste time and help each one of the eight become truly beautiful in the game called Mermaid Princesses!
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21 years serving the finest Japanese food in Dublin City
Our spaces are perfect for work events, christmas parties, birthdays, wedding afters etc. If you would like to book, have any enquiries, or would like to check out one of the spaces, simply get in touch and our team will take care of the rest.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Venue Hire
Kool and the Gang – Yamamori Sushi & Yamamori Tengu adjoined together can be used separately, together or which ever requirements suit best for your event or party.
Our staff are skilled in Japanese hospitality, serving up a choice selection of cocktails alongside an extensive selection of whisky and beer.
Your party can relax in our secluded, zen beer garden
Enjoy food and drink served in our bamaboo garden, allowing shelter from bad weather with an electric canopy .
Tengu is equipped with a state of the art funktion one sound system, providing an incredible audio experience.
Our upstairs function room can facilitate live bands, djs, comedy shows, theatre performances, aswell as a private dining area.
For further information please email: email@example.com


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With First Tutors: Music you can search for a Welshpool keyboard tutor. Keyboard lessons are a great method to begin a fun new hobby, acquire a new talent and attain confidence with keyboard. Please use our service to search for Welshpool keyboard tutors and determine which suits your requirements so you can enjoy your keyboard tuition in Welshpool today!
First Tutors: Music is the fastest way to locate Welshpool keyboard tutors in the UK, helping you discover Welshpool keyboard tuition in your area and Welshpool teachers to assist with any instrument like piano, violin or guitar. We can help you find Welshpool keyboard lessons or a one-to-one Welshpool keyboard teacher to prepare for keyboard exams and develop your keyboard skills! Our search will order Welshpool keyboard teachers in your area according to their lesson prices and proximity to you.
If you are a keyboard tutor wishing to offer your keyboard tuition services in Welshpool or throughout the UK, please register with First Tutors: Music or find out more about us here. Becoming a Welshpool keyboard tutor is a fantastic way to re-affirm your own knowledge by providing keyboard tuition while assisting someone else, all in Welshpool!


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DANA POINT – The Ocean Institute offers two Mother's Day sailing activities Sunday aboard the schooner Spirit of Dana Point.
The Mother's Day Brunch Sail (ages 4 and up) will run from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. Cost is $45 for adults, $30 for children.
The Mother's Day Afternoon Sail (ages 4 and up) will go from 2 to 4:30 p.m. Cost is $38.50 for adults and $21.50 for children, with light refreshments included.
For more information, visit www.ocean-institute.org or call 949-496-2274.


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58033, ND Rent to Own Homes
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Amazing location in Lisbon, close to downtown, Triple Garage with Loft!! Seller is building a new
603 Oak St, Lisbon, ND, 58054Details »
RentUntilYouOwn.com is the #1 provider of 58033 Fort Ransom, North Dakota rent to own homes listings.
Our goal is to offer the highest quality results, along with helpful 58033 Fort Ransom resources and support. We understand that finding genuine rent to own homes in 58033 Fort Ransom can be very difficult. Even more challenging is trying to search Fort Ransom, ND listings for free.
After discovering how difficult it was for 58033 Fort Ransom buyers and sellers searching online, RentUntilYouOwn.com has become dedicated to providing users with the most current, accurate, and detailed listings in 58033 Fort Ransom, North Dakota.
If you have any questions or suggestions for improving our site, please contact us here.
Trouble Finding Local Rent to Own Homes Listings?
If the initial results in 58033 Fort Ransom, North Dakota did not provide any listings of interest, or you just want more selections, click any of the blue tabs just above the search results for more.
Thanks for visiting and good luck!


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DOB: 25 September 1968
Occupation: Actor
Most famous for his role in the 90s show Fresh Prince of Bel Air. Will is an actor, producer, rapper and songwriter.
He is married to Jada Pinkett Smith and they have two children Jaden and Willow Smith. He also has a child with his ex-wife Sheree Zampino.


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LES quality assessement
Hello everybody!
How can I get the resolved turbulent kinetic energy and the subgrid turbulent kinetic energy for an LES simulation with CFD-Post? I want to compare the resolved part with the modeled one, to assess the quality of LES calculated with CFX
nice greetings :)
Which LES model are you using?
To get the resolved turbulent kinetic energy you need to do some mathematics on your results file. You need to split the velocity field into a mean flow and turbulent component. You can do that by time averaging, spatial averaging or ensemble averaging (for a periodic flow like an IC engine). Once you have the average you can evaluate the resolved turbulent component.
Actually, I am using the Smagorinsky model.
Lead these ways of averaging to same results?
For time avergaing, shall I calculate an area averaged turbulent kinetic energy for each transient file, then calculate the mean values over time?
Do you know, how can I get that with CFD-POST?
Thank you!
It is a bit tricky with the Smagorinsky model, it is a dissipative model with no explicit sub grid kinetic energy component. If you hunt through the turbulence modelling textbooks you might find something but I cannot recall off the top of my head what it is.
No, the three methods of averging I mentioned do not usually lead to the same results. That would be far too simple :).
No, do not do a area averaged k then time averge that. That would be some weirdo space and time average. The literature does one or the other and that makes sense to me.
To do time averaging you have to activate the time averaging options in the CFX-Pre output file tab. To do spatial averaging you can do that on a results file in post-processing - but it is not simple, you have to define a averaging length scale and there are no simple functions in CFX I know of to do that.
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 08:29.


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Cheer up all those long faces around you
March 21 - April 19
If there was ever a good time to get rid of stuff and make a bit of cash, then that time is now. There may be plenty of people willing to buy your old DVDs, take those red shoes off your hands or swap a bunch of books with you.
If you can't sell it, give it away or offer it to a charitable organisation. There is always someone in need. And you love to do a good deed!
April 20 - May 20
It's a case of 'mind over matter' this week, as your brain rules in every aspect of your life - you'll do anything to avoid being bored. Stimulate that clever head of yours by watching a challenging movie, trying out a very complicated recipe or buying a fat book of Sudoku puzzles to pore over. Whatever you do, don't lie around on the couch. You'll just depress yourself.
May 21 - June 20
Always willing to try something new, you may be challenged to stretch your mind. With exams behind you, it's logical that you're sniffing around for a bit of fun, but try to spice it up with a little adventure for a change.
Don't do the same old thing these holidays. Grow stuff, meet new people. Whatever's legal and okay with your parents will be just the ticket.
June 21 - July 22
A bit of tension is simmering like a hot saucepan and you're doing your best to stop it boiling over at the moment. The one good thing about negative events is that you find out who your true, loyal friends are.
Those who are with you through thick and thin are worth keeping. The ones who leave you in the lurch at the slightest hint of trouble should be put aside.
July 23 - August 22
Ah, lovely Leo, you're feeling the prickle of that famous pride again, aren't you? Someone is either treating you unfairly or you're just feeling irritated. As a result, you're tossing your mane (and temper) around a little more furiously than usual. Try to smooth things over by smiling and letting go of the small stuff. It's just not worth getting into a catfight.
August 23 - September 22
You're sliding along like a hot knife through butter this week - which means that things are a lot easier than usual. That's good to know, isn't it? It means that you can get things done, rather than sit around and wait for a better opportunity or time to attend to stuff. With good fortune comes responsibility. Yes, a little boring, that philosophy - but worth following in the end.
September 23 - October 22
There's more to life than a pretty or handsome face, but sometimes a mini makeover will do you the world of good. So, starting today, change your hair, cut your toenails and phone a friend to say you love them (or like them a lot). Actions speak louder than words, and the positive glow you'll feel will spill over into all aspects of your life.
October 23 - November 21
Traditionally, you carry a big sting in your tail and are not afraid to use it when you feel cornered or insulted. But now it's better not to confront people with issues. The wisest place for you to be is behind closed doors with your mouth firmly shut. It may be frustrating, but some things are better left unsaid. Your time to speak out will come soon enough.
November 22 - December 21
Being a shiny, happy spirit is one of your best character traits, so use it to your advantage. People enjoy being in the company of someone who sees the positive side of life - especially when it's very hard to see the silver lining in a dark cloud! Try to cheer up all those long faces around you right now, and whatever you do, don't let their negative moods affect you.
December 22 - January 19
If you always assume the worst, you'll probably end up with the worst. Keep this philosophy in mind as you go about your business now. With challenges behind you and a few up ahead, you are getting ready to climb another mountain. You'll reach new heights by never giving up on your dreams, no matter how big or small they are.
January 20 - February 18
You are quite happy to give yourself advice, but will you listen to someone else's? A relevant and kind piece of wisdom is likely to fall into your lap sometime over the next few days, and it won't necessarily be from a person you know.
Stop, look and listen to the world around you. Inspiration might come from a movie, the girl selling you a pizza or even a random page in a boring book.
February 19 - March 20
Don't allow tension in a friendship to spoil your long-term relationship with one of the most important people in your life - yourself. It's possible that jealousy, resentment or pettiness in others is causing you to doubt your abilities. Place a wall of light around yourself as you go about your daily routine now - any trouble will bounce right off you before it can do any harm.
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So... I have a fiance, and I do have feelings for him and love him, but the thing is he's broken my trust so many times doing inappropriate things with random girls online and giving them pictures of his male parts and asking for nude pics from them. He's done with that now, but now, he won't even have sex with me or touch me anymore... :/ I've been talking to this other guy online and he is very sweet and handsome and says that he really likes me and wants to be with me, and I'm finding myself liking him a lot, too... I just don't know if I should leave my fiance and pursue this or not... What should I do?
Most Helpful Girl
I know it seems difficult to walk away, but if you don't see a way that this can be mended now, there's no reason to 'stick it out' just for the sake of having been together for so long. If it doesn't feel right to you and him and it seems mutual, don't stick around hoping you'll get through it unless you both feel you can truly communicate and open up about how this makes you BOTH feel.
No one can truly tell you what to do or how to feel in this situation. My best advice, is to look within and really make that decision as to whether you feel this is someone who you want to stay with, if it is, things in the relationship, on both ends will need to be addressed and communication needs to become more open. It can work, but don't force it to if you don't feel for yourself or him that it's possible.
Running off to get into another relationship is really not a great solution. But, I can't make that kind of judgment either because I don't know how you and this other guy feel towards each other and he may possibly be someone to help you become more open to communicating in a relationship.
With all of the advice given here, I have a feeling you've already made up your mind regardless, and you need an answer reassuring it...but let me say, even if you don't see the answer that agrees with what YOU want to do, who cares? Follow your heart is the very best advice I can give you, not as a 'common line', but because popular opinion doesn't always necessitate 'right and wrong', No one here knows any more than you what will make you ultimately happiest...and that's the real solution you're looking for isn't it? Feeling right about the choice you want to make? But the 'right'est choice, is the one that truly feels most right for YOU. And anyone who advises you otherwise and would try to convince you otherwise, will end up happy for you later, when they see and can agree that you did make the right choice for you. And the rest that don't...then who's happiness and sense of righteousness were they really looking out for...yours? Or theirs?


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T-Pain – Freaknik is back (video)27 Apr
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Skratch Bastid – Pink Floyd x Parliament
Skratch Bastid at work
Wiz Khalifa – Black & Yellow (Cookin Soul Remix)
Cookin Soul remixes Wiz Khalifa's hit single Black & Yellow
Yelawolf – Pop the Trunk "Bones & Vocal" Video
A closer look at Alabama's own Yelawolf with a piano only version of "Pop the Trunk"
Pusha T x CyHi da Prynce x Kanye West x Big Sean x J Cole – Looking For Trouble
Pusha T x CyHi da Prynce x Kanye West x J Cole – Looking For Trouble
MVOTD Yelawolf x CyHi da Prynce x Pill – I Wish (Remix)
Music Video of the Day: I Wish (remix) featuring Yelawolf, CyHi da Prynce, and Pill
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FEAT OF CLAY: The UA Clay Club hosts their annual ceramic sale of student works from 4 to 8 p.m. May 4 and 5 in the Ceramics Annex, northeast corner of Mountain Avenue and Helen Street. Find the perfect pot for your spring patio transplants, as well as other less predictable pieces. The club is a non-profit student organization to provide funds for visiting artist lectures and workshops.
SCIENCE FRICTION: Pique your curiosity and imagination from 1 to 4 p.m. Saturday, May 6, at the UFO Contact Center International program's next lecture. Featured speaker is lecturer/author Edgar Cayce. Hear one individual's personal UFO experiences, and stay for the slide show of various unexplained aircraft. It may be a small world, but the possibilities are endless. The free lecture meets at Wilmot Library, 530 N. Wilmot Road.
MUCH ADO: While TV viewing hardly needs another advocate, we can't resist. As chances are the tube's going to be on anyway, surf to that dusty channel 6 (that's PBS), and tune in to the premiere of Kenneth Branagh's critically acclaimed production of Much Ado About Nothing. This classic comedy-romance presents Shakespeare as you've never seen it before, with star-studded cast: Oscar-winner Emma Thompson, Denzel Washington, Michael Keaton, Keanu Reeves and Robert Sean Leonard. Show starts at 9 p.m. Sunday, May 7.
WINNING ATTITUDE: The MenTOR Network presents a free public forum from 7:30 to 9 p.m. Wednesday, May 10, at the Wilmot Library, 530 N. Wilmot Ave. The next topic of discussion in the Men in the '90s: A Challenge for Change series is "Men, Sports and Their Need for Competition: From Arm-Chair Quarterback to the Boardroom; Understanding Their Need to Win." RSVP to 323-0062.
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Cross-approximate entropy of cortical local field potentials quantifies effects of anesthesia - a pilot study in rats
Anesthetics dose-dependently shift electroencephalographic (EEG) activity towards high-amplitude, slow rhythms, indicative of a synchronization of neuronal activity in thalamocortical networks. Additionally, they uncouple brain areas in higher (gamma) frequency ranges possibly underlying conscious perception. It is currently thought that both effects may impair brain function by impeding proper information exchange between cortical areas. But what happens at the local network level? Local networks with strong excitatory interconnections may be more resilient towards global changes in brain rhythms, but depend heavily on locally projecting, inhibitory interneurons. As anesthetics bias cortical networks towards inhibition, we hypothesized that they may cause excessive synchrony and compromise information processing already on a small spatial scale. Using a recently introduced measure of signal independence, cross-approximate entropy (XApEn), we investigated to what degree anesthetics synchronized local cortical network activity. We recorded local field potentials (LFP) from the somatosensory cortex of three rats chronically implanted with multielectrode arrays and compared activity patterns under control (awake state) with those at increasing concentrations of isoflurane, enflurane and halothane.
Cortical LFP signals were more synchronous, as expressed by XApEn, in the presence of anesthetics. Specifically, XApEn was a monotonously declining function of anesthetic concentration. Isoflurane and enflurane were indistinguishable; at a concentration of 1 MAC (the minimum alveolar concentration required to suppress movement in response to noxious stimuli in 50% of subjects) both volatile agents reduced XApEn by about 70%, whereas halothane was less potent (50% reduction).
The results suggest that anesthetics strongly diminish the independence of operation of local cortical neuronal populations, and that the quantification of these effects in terms of XApEn has a similar discriminatory power as changes of spontaneous action potential rates. Thus, XApEn of field potentials recorded from local cortical networks provides valuable information on the anesthetic state of the brain.
It has long been known that anesthetics alter neuronal activity of the brain, yet it is still unclear which of the alterations of brain activity are instrumental in causing sedation, amnesia and unconsciousness. Anesthetics likely disrupt communication between cortical areas
A complementary insight into network effects of anesthetics was recently provided by Hudetz and colleagues, who demonstrated that in rats volatile anesthetics diminished the independence of spontaneous electroencephalographic (EEG) signals recorded from different hemispheres
It is less clear at present in which manner anesthetics impair information processing on a much smaller spatial scale. In local cortical networks, subnetworks defined by strong excitatory connections exist which may operate quite independently of each other
In the present pilot study, we investigated to what degree anesthetics alter signal independence in the somatosensory ('barrel') cortex of the rat. We recorded spontaneous local field potential (LFP) activity from multiple, closely spaced electrodes, which sample from a much smaller subset of neurons than EEG electrodes
Figure 1
Signal characteristics of neocortical local field potentials
Signal characteristics of neocortical local field potentials. A, top view (schematic) of a rat cortical hemisphere and approximate location of the recording electrode array in one animal (rat1). The electrodes were arranged in two rows and placed in the primary somatosensory (barrel) cortex, parallel to the rostrocaudal axis (sizes are not to scale). Gray dots correspond to dysfunctional electrodes. Due to the curvature of the neocortex electrode row 2 was in a deeper cortical lamina as compared to row 1. B, exemplary raw local field potential excerpts of 2 s length, filtered between 0.5 and 200 Hz, from the same animal at control, at a sedating concentration and an anesthetic concentration of isoflurane and after recovery. Note the similarity of the signals within each row (electrodes 1-7 and 9-14) and particularly between adjacent pairs of electrodes. C, power spectral density (PSD) plots of all raw data segments selected for analysis (channel 1 only). The insets depict the PSD in the range 40-200 Hz in double logarithmic coordinates. For comparison, the PSD under control conditions is replotted in gray in the background. D, Cross correlation of the same data as depicted in C. Each grayscale-coded matrix contains values obtained from non-redundant pairwise combinations of recording sites (except auto-combinations) as shown in A. Channel numbers are given at the top and to the right of each matrix. The white broken lines separate within-row cross correlations (upper and lower sub-triangles) and between-rows cross correlations (rectangular area). Note that within-row cross correlations decrease in a monotonic fashion with distance between the electrodes in a pair.
At all concentrations applied, isoflurane greatly enhanced the amplitude of low-frequency signal components (up to ~20 Hz) and reduced high frequency components (above 100 Hz, Figure
XApEn quantifies the regularity of patterns in a pair of time series (Figure
Figure 2
Calculation of XapEn
Calculation of XapEn. Short excerpt of raw data from three channels shown to illustrate the computation of XApEn. Parameters were set to r = 23 μV (tolerance) and m = 1 (sequence length). Thus, the 'sequence' length is one data point. For illustration purposes we choose data point i = 10 of Channel 1. Similar sequences (data points of similar amplitude) of Channels 2 and 3 are found within the upper rectangle representing tolerance r, i.e. data points 6 and 7 of Channel 2 and data point 15 of Channel 3. This leads to coefficients
This pattern matching procedure is performed for all possible sequences so that:
If a specific pattern in one channel can not be detected in the other, as in the example above, the corresponding
Figure 3
XApEn compared to cross correlation
XApEn compared to cross correlation. A, raw data excerpts of 30 s length from channels 1,2 and 7 of the same recording as shown in Figure 1 (control condition). Note the sequence of 'high voltage rhythmic spikes' (HVRS) starting at ~12 s. B, XApEn values calculated from non-overlapping 1 s sequences of all combinations of the three channels shown. C, peak cross correlation values of the same channel combinations and time intervals as shown in B. The peak of each non-overlapping 1 s-segment was determined from the respective cross correlation function in an interval of ± 50 ms relative to zero lag.
XApEn values were subsequently computed for all channel combinations and depicted in color-coded matrices. Figure
Figure 4
Anesthetic-induced changes of XapEn
Anesthetic-induced changes of XapEn. Each color-coded matrix contains values obtained from non-redundant pairwise combinations of recording sites (cf. Figure 1D). The animal was exposed, in separate experimental sessions, to increasing concentrations of isoflurane (left subcolum) and halothane (right subcolumn). Data are from the same animal as shown in Figure 1.
Volatile anesthetics strongly and reversibly decreased XApEn. In the experiments shown in Figure
Figure 5
Dose-response curves of XapEn
Dose-response curves of XapEn. Dependence of cross-approximate entropy on anesthetic concentration expressed in MAC. The data points represent values from all non-redundant pairwise combinations of recording sites, normalized to control and averaged (± standard deviation). Single detached data points at negative abscissa values represent values after recovery (open symbols; no recovery data were recorded for rat 3). The solid lines are fits of the data to the monexponential function y = exp(-x/tau) with tau as the only free parameter. Coefficient of determination (R2) values ranged from 0.85 to 0.91, indicating that the fits were adequate. Dotted lines represent upper and lower 95% prediction bounds of the fits. The blue rectangles in the background depict a range of published MACawake values (see main text).
Additional file 1
Figure S1A depicts the dose response relationships of XApEn for the same data as used in Figure
Click here for file
XApEn calculated from the LFP of closely spaced intracortical sites showed significant changes with anesthetic concentrations. This finding demonstrates that volatile anesthetics coerce small cortical sub-networks, here represented by rat barrel cortex, into uniform, synchronized activity patterns.
Barrel cortex forms a large part of rodent somatosensory cortex, characterized by a one-to-one correspondence between the sensory organs (follicles at the base of the large facial whiskers) and cytoarchitectonically segregated structures in layer 4 termed 'barrels'
The decrease of XApEn with all three volatile anesthetics suggests that these agents transform the diversity of synaptic inputs impinging on closely spaced pyramidal cells into a more uniform, synchronous pattern. These patterns may arise from an enhancement of GABAergic currents and a weakening of glutamatergic currents
Given that intracortical connections outnumber subcortical afferents
We found that the three volatile anesthetics differed in their potency to alter cortical activity patterns as quantified by XApEn. While isoflurane and enflurane were indistinguishable, halothane had significantly weaker effects. This finding fits the profile of this anesthetic, which has previously been found to exert weaker effects than isoflurane on XApEn computed from interhemispheric EEG
It is surprising that isoflurane- and halothane-induced changes of XApEn computed from interhemispheric EEG and LFP match qualitatively so well (Hudetz et al. used a different set of filter frequencies and computational parameters, so that a quantitative comparison of values may not lead to valid results
Anesthetics affect intracortical connections as well as corticocortical connections and inputs from subcortical areas. A disconnection or suppression of communication between different cortical areas is hypothesized to be a key player in the process of unconsciousness
In vivo surgery & recording
All procedures described were in accordance with the policy on the use of animals in neuroscience research of the Society for Neuroscience and approved by the Ethical Committee on Animal Care and Use of the Government of Baden Württemberg, Germany. The experimental procedures were identical to those described in Hentschke et al
Voltage traces recorded from the electrodes were referenced to the steel ring (rat1 and rat2) or to one of the electrodes (rat3), amplified and passed through a bandpass filter (-3 dB passband 0.5-200 Hz), digitized at 20 kHz and stored with a multichannel extracellular recording system (MultiChannelSystems, Reutlingen, Germany). Deteriorated, low-impedance electrodes with a small signal amplitude were excluded from analysis. The number of useable electrodes were 3 (rat3), 6 (rat2) and 12 (rat1). Anesthetic concentration is expressed in volume-% or as MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) as given in
Selection of data segments
Under control conditions, the field potential data contained episodes of oscillatory activity with a dominant peak at 8-9 Hz (theta component) and an additional (non-harmonic) peak at 13-16 Hz (beta component; an example is given in Figure
We decided to exclude data with HVRS from analysis due to the unresolved nature of this activity and because the computational load of our analysis restricted the amount of data that could be analyzed in reasonable time to about 10 seconds per recording. To this end, the data acquired under control conditions were divided into segments of 2048 points overlapping by 730 points. From these, the spectral power of the signals in the range 7-9 Hz was computed for all channels. Of the resulting segment-wise power values, the 75th and 90th percentile were determined for each channel. We rejected segments with a power greater than the 90th percentile on any of the recorded channels and/or with a power larger than the 75th percentile on 50% or more of all recorded channels. The procedure was repeated for recordings with anesthetics, but with power determined in the range 10-16 Hz. Finally, within each recording, groups of four consecutive (overlapping) intervals which satisfied the criteria above were combined to yield segments of 6002 points length, corresponding to ~3 s. Three of such segments per recording, picked randomly from the beginning, middle and end of each recording were subjected to the subsequent analysis.
Data analysis: Pearson's correlation and cross-approximate entropy
Cross-approximate entropy (XApEn) was introduced by Pincus for the analysis of hormone secretion processes
In addition to XApEn, Pearson cross correlation coefficient defined as
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
BA and GS conceived of the study and participated in its coordination. HH and CS performed animal surgery and the experiments. CS wrote data conversion code. MK performed cross-approximate entropy and cross correlation analysis and together with HH prepared the figures and performed statistical analyses. GS, BA, EK and CS participated in the preparation of the manuscript and interpretation of data. HH and MK wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This work was supported by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF 0311858). Further support was provided by the Hertie Foundation and the Hermann and Lilly Schilling Foundation. The authors thank Kuno Kirschfeld for generous support of this study, and Susanne Kramer for excellent technical support.
Consciousness and anesthesia
The brainweb: phase synchronization and large-scale integration
Towards a true neural stance of consciousness
The structure of consciousness
Neural synchrony in cortical networks: history, concept and current status
Isoflurane disrupts anterio-posterior phase synchronization of flash-induced field potentials in the rat
Desflurane selectively suppresses long-latency cortical neuronal response to flash in the rat
Invariant reversible QEEG effects of anesthetics
Breakdown in cortical effective connectivity during midazolam-induced loss of consciousness
Effect of volatile anesthetics on interhemispheric EEG cross-approximate entropy
Cholinergic reversal of isoflurane anesthesia in rats as measured by cross-approximate entropy of the electroencephalogram
Highly nonrandom features of synaptic connectivity in local cortical circuits
Cortical feed-forward networks for binding different streams of sensory information
Responses of barrel cortex neurons in awake rats and effects of urethane anesthesia
Somatosensory cortical neuronal population activity across states of anaesthesia
Neocortex is the major target of sedative concentrations of volatile anesthetics: strong depression of firing rates and increase of GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition
Combined voltage and calcium epiflourescence imaging in vitro and in vivo reveals subthreshold and suprathreshold dynamics of mouse barrel cortex
The electrocortical effects of enflurane: experiment and theory
A novel network of multipolar bursting interneurons generates theta frequency oscillations in neocortex
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials carry synchronized frequency information in active cortical networks
Bistable network behavior of layer I interneurons in auditory cortex
Opposing actions of etomidate on cortical theta oscillations are mediated by different γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subtypes
Experimenteller Nachweis von Beziehungen zwischen EEG-Wellen und Aktivitaet corticaler Nervenzellen
Local origin of field potentials in visual cortex
Cellular-synaptic generation of sleep spindles, spike-and-wave discharges, and evoked thalamocortical responses in the neocortex of the rat
Analysis of LFP phase predicts sensory response of barrel cortex
Comparison of electroencephalogram activity and auditory evoked responses during isoflurane and halothane anaesthesia in the rat
The differential effects of halothane and isoflurane on electroencephalographic responses to electrical microstimulation of the reticular formation
Comparison of anesthetic depth indexes based on thalamocortical local field potentials in rats
Minimum alveolar concentrations in man on awakening from methoxyflurane, halothane, ether and fluroxene anesthesia: MAC awake
Cerebral awakening concentration of sevoflurane and isoflurane predicted during slow and fast alveolar washout
MAC-awake of isoflurane, enflurane and halothane evaluated by slow and fast alveolar washout
Positron emission tomography study of regional cerebral metabolism in humans during isoflurane anesthesia
Functional brain imaging during anesthesia in humans: effects of halothane on global and regional cerebral glucose metabolism
The structural organization of layer IV in the somatosensory region of mouse cerebral cortex. The description of a cortical field composed of discrete cytoarchitectonic units
Spatial organization of thalamocortical and corticothalamic projection systems in rat SmI barrel cortex
Organization of feedback and feedforward projections of the barrel cortex: a PHA-L study in the mouse
Spatial-temporal distribution of whisker-evoked activity in rat somatosensory cortex and the coding of stimulus location
Thalamic-evoked synaptic interactions in barrel cortex revealed by optical imaging
Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory responses in layer 2/3 of rat barrel cortex measured in vivo by voltage-sensitive dye imaging combined with whole-cell voltage recordings and neuron reconstructions
Patterning of local intracortical projections within the vibrissae representation of rat primary somatosensory cortex
Backward cortical projections to primary somatosensory cortex in rats extend long horizontal axons in layer I
Visualizing the cortical representation of whisker touch: voltage-sensitive dye imaging in freely moving mice
Spatial organization of neuronal population responses in layer 2/3 of rat barrel cortex
Volatile anesthetics depress glutamate transmission via presynaptic actions
Cell type-specific GABAA receptor-mediated tonic inhibition in mouse neocortex
Optical imaging of SI topography in anesthetized and awake squirrel monkeys
In vivo two-photon voltage-sensitive dye imaging reveals top-down control of cortical layers 1 and 2 during wakefulness
Figure-ground activity in primary visual cortex is suppressed by anesthesia
Effects of small concentrations of volatile anesthetics on action potential firing of neocortical neurons in vitro
Toward a unified theory of narcosis: brain imaging evidence for a thalamocortical switch as the neurophysiologic basis of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness
Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain
Isoflurane induces dose-dependent changes of thalamic somatosensory information transfer
Volatile anesthetic action in a computational model of the thalamic reticular nucleus
Phasic relationship between the activity of basal forebrain neurons and cortical EEG in urethane-anesthetized rat
Rhythmically discharging basal forebrain units comprise cholinergic, GABAergic, and putative glutamatergic cells
Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes
The involvement of hypothalamic sleep pathways in general anesthesia: testing the hypothesis using the GABAA receptor β3N265 M knock-in mouse
Halothane augments event-related γ oscillations in rat visual cortex
Synchronous membrane potential fluctuations in neurons of the cat visual cortex
Consciousness and complexity
Electroencephalographic order pattern analysis for the separation of consciousness and unconsciousness: an analysis of approximate entropy, permutation entropy, recurrence rate, and phase coupling of order recurrence plots
The anesthetic cascade
Halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane MAC in pregnant and nonpregnant female and male mice and rats
Neural substrates of two different rhythmical vibrissal movements in the rat
The epileptic nature of rodent electrocortical polyspiking is still unproven
Thalamocortical optimization of tactile processing according to behavioral state
Behavioral detection of tactile stimuli during 7-12 Hz cortical oscillations in awake rats
Cortical focus drives widespread corticothalamic networks during spontaneous absence seizures in rats
Is spontaneous high-voltage rhythmic spike discharge in Long Evans rats an absence-like seizure activity?
Intracellular activity of cortical and thalamic neurones during high-voltage rhythmic spike discharge in Long-Evans rats in vivo
Older males secrete luteinizing hormone and testosterone more irregularly, and jointly more asynchronously, than younger males
Approximate entropy as an electroencephalographic measure of anesthetic drug effect during desflurane anesthesia
Approximate entropy as a measure of system complexity
Approximate Entropy of Heart Rate Variability: Validation of Methods and Application in Heart Failure


text:
Keynes's General Theory eighty years later: What lessons for the contemporary world?
Friday, September 16, 2016
Università della Svizzera italiana (USI) – Room A31 (Red building)
9:00-16:00 (Registration begins at 8:30)
The events of the Global Financial Crisis that led to the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression have seriously challenged the validity of well-established, orthodox policy models, and have offered an opportunity to revive Keynesian policies. Concurrently, however, the meagre success of the—seemingly—massive use of macroeconomic policies has challenged the belief that stronger policy intervention can be the answer to what has been named "secular stagnation". On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the publication of Keynes's masterpiece and the 70th anniversary of his death, the Istituto di Economia Politica of the Università della Svizzera italiana and the Department of Economics and Finance of Franklin University Switzerland have opened a forum for discussion of this question that is highly relevant to the world and the European economy, and thus to an open economy like Switzerland. Is Keynes's General Theory still relevant to understand policy effectiveness, to reform the currency union in Europe, or to rethink our current policy models?
Speakers: Riccardo Bellofiore, University of Bergamo, Italy; Alvaro Cencini, Università della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland; Nadia Garbellini, University of Bergamo, Italy; Claude Gnos, University of Bourgogne, France; Marc Lavoie, University of Ottawa, Canada and University of Paris 13, France; Virginie Monvoisin, Grenoble Ecole de Management, France ; Louis-Philippe Rochon, Laurentian University, Canada; Sergio Rossi, University of Fribourg, Switzerland; Andrea Terzi, Franklin University Switzerland, Switzerland; Guillaume Vallet, University of Grenoble, France and University of Geneva, Switzerland.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
I am not breaking the law, in any way. Im not doing drugs. Im going to school everyday. My mom thinks she can put me somewhere for being "smart" towards her? I read somewhere that if you were age 16 or older and have never been in trouble with the law then you couldn't be placed someplace like that.. please help me figure this out. I really need to show her what you guys said.. Thanks a lot. I appreciate your time
There are lots parents who place their children (against that child's wishes) in special homes and schools for "troubled youth." Your parents have dominion over you until you reach the age of eighteen. However, a child cannot be "placed" in juvenile detention as "Juvi" is just for underage convicted offenders.Ask a similar question
The news is good and bad. My colleague is correct that you cannot go to juvenile detention unless there is a legal reason. That could be as little as a runaway or truancy, or a big as a crime. However, you are a minor. Your parents has the authority and control over, both physically and at law. There are private homes and schools that are used for teen who have trouble getting along with family members that the parent can send you to. If placed in such a facility, "acting out" could, depending on the rules of the facility, send you to a juvenile court. As a minor, you have few options.
This answer addresses only general circumstances and is not intended to be actual legal advise. Before acting on this or any other information, please consult an attorney directly.Ask a similar question
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Albert House plan fails to calm owners
But interest-free loan offer to repay $25m is the best scheme, says panel
Albert House flat owners were offered one-year interest-free loans yesterday to repay the $25 million they owe, but the owners said the special scheme - the second proposed this month - would not be of much help.
The 88 owners each have to pay at least $190,000 to the building's biggest landlord, Aberdeen Winner Investment, to refund the compensation it paid after a fatal canopy collapse at the building in 1994.
Under the scheme announced yesterday, the owners can borrow a maximum of $200,000 each from the Housing Society for up to one year.
Those with financial difficulties could apply to extend the term from one to five years, and owners aged 65 or above with no fixed income or other assets would not need to repay their loans until their flats changed hands.
The scheme was introduced by a Home Affairs Bureau panel formed last month to assess the owners' loan applications.
Panel chairman Nelson Chow Wing-sun said it was 'so far the best scheme' offered to the owners.
'I believe it can help the owners a great deal,' he said. 'However, this is not for solving the owners' own financial difficulty. Instead, it's for them to repay the debts as soon as possible to prevent their flats being liquidated.'
Deputy Director for Home Affairs Issac Chow Yiu-nam said the department had drafted a letter asking Winner to apply to the court for a delay in the liquidation process.
The loan application form was also attached and sent to the owners yesterday.
He said owners who wanted to apply for the loan should sign the letter and return it to the department.
Applications close on March 8.
This is the second scheme offered by the Housing Society and the Home Affairs Bureau panel.
The first one, heavily criticised by flat owners after its release last week, was a three-year, $200,000 loan, of which the first $50,000 would be interest-free, while the prime rate would apply to the rest.
But the new proposal has not won over the flat owners. Tsang Wai-chun, who has a flat with her husband and three children, said the scheme could do nothing but delay the debt.
'We still need to repay it at the end,' she said.
Another owner, Alive Law Siu-fong, said the scheme was still way below her expectation.
She criticised the government for not consulting the flat owners before announcing the new scheme.
A Housing Society spokesman said it was too soon to predict the cost to the society of the interest-free loans.
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Reviews for Avis in Lexington
- All reviews 100%
Recent reviews
Most recent
7.2 Good
Jun 20 2017
Decent vehicle and the price was exactly as quoted.
Pros: The vehicle was well equipped. A Ford Fusion with backup camera and bluetooth sound system. The leather seats were very comfortable.
Cons: There were a number of body scratches and I was afraid I would get blamed for them since no one came outside with me when I picked up the car and no one noted the condition of the vehicle. It also wasn't clean, particularly the interior windshield.
2.0 Poor
Dec 26 2016
Pros: They charged for me an hourly rate ($189) which they finally removed. Then I discovered they charged me for a tank of fuel when it was re turned with a full tank. Still awaiting a reply on the refund. Disappointing .
8.8 Excellent
Nov 29 2016
Pros: Avis was great. Car was great
Cons: The kayak deal didn't work. Tried to get a cheaper car cause kayak listed a shuttle to a different location that didn't exist. Costed more than planned.
7.2 Good
Apr 8 2016
worst audio system ever
Cons: This was the most infuriating experience with a car audio system ever. I don't know how anyone who uses a smartphone as an audio source could ever drive this car. When connected with a USB cable, so i could charge my phone, the system kept stopping the audio(podcasts app) and then switching to my music, randomly. I tried to just listen to music but it kept randomly stopping playback, sometimes restarting the song from the beginning, sometimes going to a completely different song, sometimes stopping entirely. I gave up trying to play from my phone and turned off audio in the car completely. while i left the phone plugged into USB to charge, but still, without me touching the phone or audio system, it would randomly open my music and start playing random songs through the audio system. I know my phone is not the problem because my personal car has a USB port integrated with the audio system and it works perfectly with my phone.