text:
This win helps England take an unassailable 3-0 lead in the five-match NatWest women's series. The hosts earlier recorded victories at Canterbury and Lord's.
England, riding on Lydia Greenway's steady 61*, posting a respectful 185 all out in 47.3 overs. Ejclerc Rainford-Brent made a strokeful 45 inclusive of nine boundary hits. Sarah Taylor chipped in with quick 23. van der Westhuizen was the pick of South African bowlers with 4/30 in her 10 overs. APC Kilowan claimed two wickets.
South Africa eves chasing a modest total faltered from the word go and eventually were bundled out for 108 in 42.2 overs. Anne Smith stood tall amidst the SA batting ruins with 57-ball 30.
Right-arm medium fast bowler Laura Marsh was the wrecker-in-chief for England with 4/19 in 9.2 overs. Holly Colvin plucked three vital wickets conceding just 20 runs in her quota of 10 overs which included three maidens. Jenny Gunn returned with 2/23.
England after winning the toss and electing to bat first, got off to a poor start losing Caroline Atkins in the third over of the innings. Lord's centurion chipped a simple catch to Charlize van der Westhaizen.
Fellow opener Ebony Rainford-Brent, recalled to the side, looked in good touch and was particularly aggressive against anything pitched short.
Claire Taylor looked in ominous form at the other end, a sublime cover drive in the seventh over evidence of her class, but, seemingly on the cusp of a big score, she departed in freakish circumstances.
After failing to connect with an extravagant drive off Ashlyn Kilowan, Taylor was stumped by an alert Trisha Chetty whose under-arm throw caught the star batter short of her ground.
England stuttered to 61 for three soon after when Edwards mistimed a rank long-hop from van der Westhaizen straight to Sunette Loubser at short midwicket. The hosts lost a heap of wickets in the middle overs and slumped further to 136/8.
Greenway could only stand at the other end and watch as the wickets continued to tumble. The resolute Greenway, who made her 50th one-day appearance in the 225-win at Lord's, used all her experience to dig England out of a hole.
Picking off singles as she found a useful ally in Holly Colvin, Greenway held the innings together and ensured England used the bulk of their overs when it looked like lunch might be served early.
England seamers made early inroads thro' Brunt and Gunn. Brunt trapped Claire Terblanche lbw with just four scored.
Gunn then got into the wicket taking act removing Brits and Smith to leave visitors in trouble at 53/3. Laura Marsh and Colvin then ran amok as SA eves could manage to score 108 all out in 42.2 overs.
The two teams will stay back at Shenley for the fourth ODI on Thursday.
Brief Scores:
England eves 185 all out in 47.3 overs (Lydia Greenway 61 n o, Ejclrc Rainford-Brent 45, Sarah Taylor 23; van der Westhuizen 4/30, Kilowan 2/34) beat South Africa 108 all out in 42.2 overs (Anne Smith 30, S Loubser 22; Laura Marsh 4/19, Holly Colvin 3/20, Jenny Gunn 2/23).

subset: commoncrawl


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The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations maintains an international information system for the agricultural sciences and technology that produces the AGRIS and CARIS databases. AGRIS indexes world literature collected from AGRIS resource centres in over 100 countries worldwide. AGRIS covers all aspects of agricultural sciences and technology, including grey literature not available through normal publication and distribution channels, such as unpublished scientific and technical reports, theses, conference papers and government publications. AGRIS indexes FAO sales publications and documents, including main documents and project reports. Use the Search Assistant for advanced searching by filed (title, author, etc,) and by date.
Tags: Agriculture, Crops, Horticulture, Irrigation, Pomology, Soils


text:
The Navajo Origin Legend
Tiara Worley, Takiyah Norwood, Tyler Richardson, Taylor Mercer, Tamara Pittman, Jordan Evans
1st Period
English III
Group 3
There was actually no setting announced in this myth but we believe it to be around the time of Adam and Eve.
The Major Characters was The Gods; The White Body, the Black Body, and the Blue Body. There is also a Yellow Body but it was not mentioned in the myth.
The Minor Characters was the Man and the Woman, those who were created.
The plot/problem of the myth was creating man and woman. There was a Navajo creation ceremony which seemed like it was done in a traditional way.
- Event 1 - The buckskins were laid on the ground, one head towards the west and the other toward the east. Two ears of corn were placed between the buckskins with there tips to the east.
- Event 2 - The white ear of corn represented the feather of the white eagle; the yellow ear of corn represented the feather of the yellow eagle. The White wind blew from the east and the yellow wind blew from the west.
- Event 3 - Mirage people then walked around the Buckskins four times and then the tips of the feathers began to move.
The outcome was when the man and the woman were actually created. The white ears of corn became the man and the yellow ears of corn became the woman.
In conclusion to this myth we would like to say the the Navajo was sort of viewed as a source of life, mainly because it is the wind that comes out of our mouths now that fives us life. When this ceases to blow we die.


text:
Women's pink phone purse from Vivienne Westwood. Crafted from smooth leather, the 'Spencer' purse comprises a zip around fastening, which opens to reveal an internal zipped compartment, multiple slip pockets for housing cards and notes and an additional space to carry a mobile phone. The wallet is complete with the signature Orb logo printed to the front and additional Vivienne Westwood branding embossed to the interior.
Dimensions: H: 9.5cm x W: 19cm x D: 3.5cm


text:
Okay so I have a black belt and I have been doing karate for 8 years I have finally quit but I need a new sport to stay in shape and stay busy I need something where I am almost always moving please teel me as many sports as possible. thank you.
What sport should I try next?
Have an opinion?
What Guys Said 3
Whataver you like?
-Soccer, field hockey, hockey, rugby, lacross, football, basketball.
-Gym exercises, weightlighting.00|00|0
I would suggest soccer since you will almost always be in motion.
try swimming!00|00|0
What Girls Said 2
I've always wanted to try tennis...it looks like fun. And you're definitely always moving. I've heard it's a lot harder to keep up with than it looks. I'd try that out.00|00|0
Since you have bad knees soccer, tennis, wrestling and basically all land sports are out of the question since they require a lot of strain on your knees. I would do swimming in stead keeps you in amazing shape without hurting your knees00|00|0
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Being a withholding agent comes with a lot of responsibility.
That's because the Tax Admin Act holds you personally liable for someone else's taxes.
The danger with this is that if you're held personally liable for someone else' tax debt and you ignore the situation, SARS can claim from investments and retirement funds paid into your bank account.
What's more…SARS will also accrue interest and penalties on the outstanding amount.
And that's why you need to do everything you can to control and maintain the situation and prove you're not liable for the tax debt.
If you're asking yourself, 'how do I do this?' don't worry, we've got you covered.
Use these five tips to avoid personal liability as a withholding agent
The Practical Tax Loose Leaf Service recommends you do the following to avoid personal liability:
#1: File all returns on time.
#2: Make sure you have all the supporting documents when you submit returns.
#3: Verify the info you submit to SARS by doing checks and balances.
For example, when you submit EMP201's (PAYE, SDL and UIF), ensure the year-to date tax deductions for your employees are correct and any differences between actual and calculated tax returns are adjusted in the necessary EMP201 submission.
#4: Make sure directors and management take responsibility for any financial information you've submitted. They must understand what you submit and how you made these calculations.
#5: Understand dividends tax and what triggers it. In addition, make sure dividends tax is withheld and paid over to SARS as soon as they become liable. You'll do this by completing and submitting the DTR form (Dividends Tax Return).
Don't forget that SARS can claim from your investments if it holds you personally liable for another person's taxes. So use these tips to avoid personal labiality.
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text:
Roar left frustrated by Adelaide draw
Brisbane star Thomas Broich had a day to forget, missing three clear chances to give his side victory over Adelaide as the Roar settled for a 1-1 home draw.
The draw denied Brisbane a chance to leapfrog the top-placed Mariners in the race for the premiers' plate.
The home side fell behind after 14 minutes to a fine team goal from Adelaide turned home by Iain Ramsay.
The lead held for just over an hour before substitute Kofi Danning set up Besart Berisha to net his 18th goal of the season.
As Adelaide seemed to tire from its long trip to Uzbekistan in the week, Roar dominated the game in the final half hour when Broich spurned three gilt-edged opportunities to put the Roar in front.
In the 64th minute Rocky Visconte's hustling set up Broich with a good chance in the box but the German, whose touch was uncharacteristically off for much of the game, blazed an effort almost into the second tier at Lang Park.
Then ten minutes later Issey Nakajima-Farran poked a ball through to Broich in the box but again with ample time he missed the target, this time toe-poking well wide.
Ten minutes from time, Broich was through on goal but elected to square to Danning, who blocked from shooting himself, passed back to Broich who twice saw efforts cleared off the line by Adelaide defender Antony Golec.
Ange Postecoglou felt the imperfect surface, which did not look at its best after the Champions League game on Tuesday and Broncos and Reds games in the days before this clash, contributed to Broich's off night.
"It was difficult, the ground wasn't the best," Postecoglou said.
"When players don't have confidence when they're running with the ball, when they're going to shoot, it affect things."
Adelaide began the game buoyed after its ACL victory in the week whereas Brisbane, perhaps with its confidence having taken a knocking from the defeat to FC Tokyo, lacked its usual rhythm.
The opening goal came from a fluent movement that began when Berisha lost possession on the edge of the Adelaide box.
Vidosic was fed the ball inside his own half and the Roar target rode a challenge and perfectly slid Bruce Djite in down the right flank.
Djite picked out the unmarked Ramsay at the back post and the ball was slammed into the roof of the net.
"Brisbane are always set for the counter in those little inside left, inside right channels because the full-backs get so high so quick, so it was always on," Kosmina said.
"Dario beat some feet on the halfway line, Brucey did magic the way he held his line when it opened left ... and it was a great finish from Iain Ramsay.
"It's a hell of an effort. We continued where we left off (in Champions League). Today capped off a fantastic week. To do what we did on Tuesday night and come here and do it as well."
Adelaide's lead should have been doubled when Vidosic missed an easy chance nine minutes before the break.
A miserable first half was made worse for the 10,739 crowd at Lang Park when youngster Luke Brattan was stretchered off suffering a knee injury in the 25th minute after an innocuous challenge, but the Roar coach does not feel the injury will be too serious.
In the first half the closest Roar came to scoring in the half was from Mark Birighitti's errant clearances.
After six minutes the ball came back off Broich to fly just wide and in a replica incident on the half-hour mark, Nick Fitzgerald blocked a ball but again Birighitti's goal led a charmed life.
Mohamed Adnan and Erik Paartalu also had opportunities from set pieces, winning headers but neither could hit the target.
Seven minutes after the break the Roar should have been further behind when Vidosic hit a perfect first time square ball to set up Zenon Caravella in the box, but the midfielder shot wide.
Unfortunately for Caravella, who for the first hour was outstanding, it was his error that allowed Roar back into the game.
His errant touch enabled Danning to demonstrate his electric pace by racing past Cameron Watson before nudging a ball square for Berisha to extend his lead at the top of the goal-scoring charts.
Postecoglou praised the impact of super-sub Danning, who for the third time this year was involved in a goal coming off the bench.
"He is quick and he's learning more and more. He showed great composure with the goal to set up Berish when he could have charged at the ball like he used to," Postecoglou said.
"We're getting to a stage of the season where these players are going to be really important for us. We had three or four out tonight, we could have a couple of more out.
"Players like Kofi, Issey and Rocky Visconte - if he's not injured."
Visconte also could have had a penalty when he appeared to be felled in the box by Golec in the closing stages but the referee waved away the Brisbane appeals.
Topics: sport, soccer, a-league, brisbane-4000, adelaide-5000
First posted


text:
- Sound: 8
- Overall Impression: 8
- Reliability & Durability: 8
- Action, Fit & Finish: 7
- Features: 7
Users' score:
(5 votes)
Price paid: £ 135
Purchased from: Johhny Roadhouse Music
Sound — 8
The sound of this guitar leavs something to be quesitoned however for the price I paid I was quite impressed after trying several other guitars in the shop. My main style are Metal (Maiden, Priest) but I play other styles as I'm always learning new styles. Overall this guitar was quite versitile although it did lack a little output from the bridge. The single coil pup at the neck worked well for clean and solos although it did become a little muddy when the gain was higher. The bridge worked well for the fast riffing and when combined with the neck it made quite a nice blues tone. I played this guitar through my main amp a Peavy Valveking 112. The guitar remained quite when I was near and there was very little noise when the gain was cranked. Overal this guitar is quite versatile: Jack of all trade, Master of none.
Overall Impression — 8
Overal I think that this guitar was quite suited to me, the only suggestion I would give is to replace the bridge pup if its to be used for something with a lot of gain. If the guitar was stolen then I wouldn't buy it again simply because it was second hand, and I have a new guitar. I love the paint on this guitar, it has this lovely sparle which isn't as femine as it sounds. The maple binding on this guitar really set it off and made it look more expensive than it was. As mentioned I wish it had a better pup in the bridge, but this is only for the styles that I play.
Reliability & Durability — 8
The guitar seems quite relible as in the time I had it I only had the problem with the strap button. I recon it woudld live for a gig or to. After a while the tuning pegs may start to go though as my G peg was a tad lose. As said before the strap buttons are fine after I had it fixed. I would use this guitar without a back-up simply because I didn't have a back-up at this time. Although I would still use it now.
Action, Fit & Finish — 7
I couldn't comment on the guitars fatory setup as it was second hand. In the condition I bought it though the action was really low and produced no fret buzz, came close to my RG370DX. The pickups needed a little adjusting as the bridge was to close to the strings for my liking. This took a few seconds to put right. After buying the guitar I got it home and within 10 mins of playing stood up the strap button had came out of the screw hole (Including the screw) I took this back the next day and the guys at Johnnys fixed it within 5 mins.
Features — 7
Would like to say before getting started that this is my first ever review so you'll have to exuse obviuse mistakes. The guitar in question is the Gould GD-350. I bought this second hand after trading some of my other gear in. I couldn't tell you when it was made as there is no information anywhere. The genral spec of it is: 24 Medium Frets Maple Neck Rose Wood Fretboard Medium Neck Profile 3 way pickup selector 1 humbucker / 1 Split Single Coil Tone And Volume Fixed Bridge The guitar came with the Standard black glittery gloss finish with a lovely maple binding, No accessories came with it as it was second hand although I did get a free gig bag. It has a superstrat type body shape which is quite light. The access to the upper frets is quite good although the higher frets were a little to close together to play well.


text:
St. Helena Parish Sheriff's deputies found the body of a 48-year-old man Sunday on La. 16 near the St. Helena-Livingston parish line, a sheriff's official said.
Deputies are still trying to determine the cause of death of Sam Lathers, 48, no address given, who was found in an oxidation pond next to Silverfox Casino, St. Helena Sheriff's Chief of Detectives Joe Cheney said.
The investigation is ongoing and autopsy reports are pending, Cheney said.
Deputies first received a call Saturday night about a missing person, Cheney said.
Deputies then received a call Sunday around 10 a.m. about clothes lying on the road near the Silverfox Casino that were believed to belong to Lathers, Cheney said.
Deputies found Lathers' body in the oxidation pond next to the casino around 5 p.m. Sunday, Cheney said.
The Livingston Parish Sheriff's Office provided a helicopter to help search for Lathers, Cheney said.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
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Reduce Top Margin on FormAsked by shw528 on March 25, 2015 at 09:43 PM
How do I reduce or eliminate the space in between the top of the form and the top of the web page?
JotForm Support
You can reduce it by injecting the following CSS codes to your form.
.jotform-form {padding: 10px 0;}
Feel free to change the 10px top and bottom spacing to your preference.
1. While on the form builder, click the Designer icon.
2. On the Designer, go to the CSS tab and paste that code.
This worked great. Thanks so much, Elton.


text:
Wednesday, May 12, 2010
New Notes, summer's coming
The new issue of Notes from the Horn Book is out, with Laura Vaccaro (look at the photo; you can totally see they're related) Seeger at the beach; graduation gifts, concept books, new YA novels, etc. etc.
Posted by Roger Sutton at 2:16 PM
Labels: Notes from the Horn Book
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 31, 2012
|Filing date
|Dec 8, 2009
|Priority date
|Apr 4, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jay D. Logue, Richard A. Landsman, Timothy T. Sullivan, Phillip Y. Goldman
|Original Assignee
|Aol Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (174), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (6), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/098,333, filed Apr. 4, 2005 and entitled "Federated Challenge Credit System," which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for delivering electronic messages. More particularly, embodiments of the invention relate to evaluating behavioral information about senders of incoming messages and determining whether to allow incoming messages from approved senders to be delivered directly to a recipient's inbox.
2. The Relevant Technology
Electronic messaging or e-mail has become, for many people, a primary means of communication. The ease by which a person is able to send and receive an electronic message makes this form of communication extremely attractive. Unfortunately, others utilize electronic messaging to send unsolicited bulk electronic messages, better known as "spam." Unsolicited electronic messages may include commercial advertisements, political messaging, as well as pornographic solicitations. Due to the influx of unsolicited electronic messages, people have become wary of giving out their electronic addresses for fear that their address will be sold to would-be solicitors. Further, those who receive spam are often not able to successfully request removal from mass e-mailing lists. Moreover, it is difficult to ascertain who has sent unsolicited electronic messages, since solicitors often use fabricated addresses or refrain from including one altogether.
Challenge and response mechanisms have been developed as a way to filter out unwanted electronic messages. When an electronic message is directed to a recipient, the message is delivered to the recipient only if the sender is identified as being authorized to send electronic messages to the recipient. Usually, the recipient has a list of approved senders, allowing the electronic message from the approved senders to be sent to the recipient's inbox without a challenge.
However, when the sender is unknown, a challenge message is sent to the sender to verify that the sender's address is valid and that the sender is a person as opposed to a machine before delivering the sender's email to the recipient's inbox. The sender is confirmed by asking the sender to respond to the challenge message in a way that affirmatively verifies that the sender is a person as opposed to a machine. This challenge/response method is quite successful in eliminating unsolicited electronic messages that are sent by mass-mailers.
However, challenge/response systems are based on a set of rules that do not take into consideration certain scenarios and situations in which it is likely that a sender is sending a legitimate email message and it is likely that a recipient would actually like to receive an incoming message from the sender. In these situations, the challenge/response system is over inclusive, meaning that the spam protection actually prevents wanted messages from being sent directly to the recipient.
The present invention relates to making network communication more efficient by reducing the number of challenge messages that are issued. Challenge messages are typically issued to verify that the sender of an incoming message is a human before the incoming message can be delivered to a recipient's inbox. In some cases, challenge wars can occur where two crossing challenge messages are never responded to. Thus, the present invention provides for withholding challenge messages in situations where it is likely that the sender is not sending unsolicited messages.
Embodiments of the invention include identifying the sender of an incoming message and determining the behavior of the sender with respect to one or more federated messaging services. Federated messaging services generally have the ability to store behavioral information with regard to one or more senders. In addition, at least some federated messaging services are able to analyze the behavioral information of a sender with regard to one or more federated services to determine if the sender is approved or unapproved. If the sender is approved, a challenge message is withheld and the incoming message allowed to be sent directly to a recipient's inbox. Unapproved senders are issued a challenge message to which they must respond before the incoming message will be delivered to a recipient's inbox. Federated messaging services are associated with a server that can contain a behavioral evaluation module and/or a behavioral evaluation module to carry out these and other functions.
These and other features of the present invention are described in further detail below and in the appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.
To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of the present invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
The present invention relates to challenge/response electronic messaging systems and methods for delivering incoming messages from a sender to a recipient's inbox in situations where the sender has exhibited behavior that indicates that the sender is likely not sending unsolicited messages. Senders who exhibit behavior indicating that the sender is likely not a spammer are referred to as "approved senders." Approved senders can become unapproved senders should they begin to exhibit behavior or trends which are considered closer to spamming than acceptable electronic messaging. Where the sender is considered well behaved or "approved," an incoming message from the sender is delivered to a recipient's inbox without applying normal filtering mechanism protocols.
For example, messaging systems implementing challenge/response mechanisms normally send challenge messages to each unidentified sender. Under the present invention, an unidentified sender could be considered to be an approved sender, wherein a challenge message is withheld and the incoming message is sent directly to a recipient's inbox. In another example, a previously identified sender may have had challenge messages withheld but begins to send a large number of electronic messages to one or more messaging services. In this situation, one or more of the message services may change the sender's status to unapproved and begin sending challenge messages to the sender as the sender's behavior indicates that there is a likelihood that the sender is sending unsolicited electronic messages.
Advantageously, the present invention simplifies the exchange of electronic messages, while still allowing filtering mechanisms to be implemented when it is likely that the sender is sending spam messages. Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention can be used to avoid "challenge wars" which can occur when two messaging services send crossing challenge messages and where the crossing challenge messages are delivered to pending folders or are deleted on each messaging service so that both parties are unaware of the challenge event. That is, in situations where a sender is approved, challenge messages are not sent in response to the sender's incoming message so that the possibility of a challenge war is eliminated. This is because where a sender is approved, it is likely that the sender is not acting like a spammer so that challenge messages do not need to be sent to block the sender's messages.
Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention provide that the behavior of a sender can be monitored across two or more messaging services so that, for example, a sender does not receive challenge messages from a messaging service if two or more messaging services agree that the sender is approved. Thus, the two or more messaging services are "federated." As used herein, the term "federated messaging service" refers to a messaging service that has implemented systems and protocols which allows a federated messaging service to monitor the behavior of one or more senders and/or determine, based on that behavior, whether a filtering mechanism should be modified in order to allow incoming messages from the sender to be sent to a recipient's inbox associated with the messaging service. The federated messaging service can also interact with other federated messaging services in order to determine whether to issue a challenge message or deliver the incoming message to the recipient's inbox.
Details of the network environment and transfer of behavioral information, and examples illustrating the present invention are provided as follows.
1. Computer Environment and Data Structure of Authorized Challenge Messages
Turning to
As used herein, the term "messaging service" refers to a system which provides electronic messaging capabilities to one or more users. Each messaging service 102, 104, 106 is generally identified by a different domain name. Each domain name is associated with one or more servers (each having an IP address). Thus, users associated with a particular messaging service will use a common domain name, but may send and receive electronic messages through multiple servers associated with the domain name. Each messaging service 102, 104, 106 thus can include one or more servers, with servers 114, 116, 118 being representative only of one of the servers associated with a domain name. Messaging services 102, 104, 106 can be an intranet, local area network (LAN), or wide area network (WAN) or any network of any size.
It will be appreciated that each server 114, 116, 118 can include the processors, databases, software, and memory required in order to fully implement a messaging system. This may include a filtering mechanism for identifying and filtering potential spam messages. Each user computer 108, 110, 112 may also include messaging programs which generate and otherwise handle electronic messages locally for each user. For example, each user computer 108, 110 can include an inbox 120, 122 and a pending folder 124, 126, respectively. Server 114, 116 can filter electronic messages and send them to the inbox or pending folder accordingly. As used herein, the term "electronic message" generally refers to an electronic message in any format such as, but not limited to, e-mail, voice mail, voice-over-IP, text messaging, instant messaging, and the like.
As defined above, one aspect of federated messaging services includes systems and protocols for determining the behavior of a sender. Thus, in one embodiment of
Behavioral evaluation modules 128, 130 provide protocols for receiving, sending and/or storing behavioral information regarding senders and the electronic messages sent by the senders. The behavioral information can include data about one or more senders and the electronic messages that are transmitted to a particular federated messaging service. This information may also include protocols for transmitting requests to other federated messaging services for behavioral information and receiving responses to such requests. Behavioral information is stored on databases 140, 142. In addition, the behavioral evaluation modules 128, 130 include protocols for responding to requests from other federated messaging services for behavioral information. Behavioral evaluation modules 128, 130 also provide protocols for evaluating the behavioral information stored in databases 140, 142. Behavioral evaluation modules 128, 130 apply predetermined criteria for determining whether a sender should be considered approved or unapproved. The criteria for determining whether a sender should be considered approved or unapproved can also be determined dynamically Behavioral evaluation modules 128, 130 also communicate with the filtering mechanism or filtering protocol (not shown) in server 114, 116 to modify the filtering mechanism so that it does not block incoming electronic messages for approved senders.
In one embodiment, all of servers 114, 116, 118 provide electronic messaging services using a challenge/response filtering system. The challenge/response protocol can be any configuration known in the art. Generally, challenge/response protocols use challenge messages that require a human response to determine whether an unidentified sender is human as opposed to a machine by requiring the sending entity to perform a specified task that a machine is unlikely to be capable of performing. Examples of suitable challenge/response systems that can be adapted for use with the methods disclosed herein are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/174,561, filed Jun. 18, 2002 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,199,102, issued Mar. 6, 2001, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
However, other embodiments are contemplated in which only some of servers 114, 116, 118 implements a challenge/response filtering mechanism and the other server(s) includes another spam filtering mechanism including, but not limited to, address or white lists, or other mechanisms which sends messages from unidentified senders to a pending folder. Thus, while the present invention is directed to reducing the number of challenge messages generated by challenge/response systems, for example, where all of servers 114, 116, 118 include a challenge/response system, the present invention may also be used to avoid the situation where the challenge is unidirectional.
So, for example, server 114 of messaging service 102 can implement a challenge/response system and can include a behavioral evaluation module that can evaluate the behavioral information of senders of incoming messages to determine if the incoming message warrants a challenge message. Meanwhile, server 116 of messaging service 104 implements authorized address lists to filter unwanted mail and can include only a behavioral evaluation module that can store and transmit sender behavioral information, but does not evaluate whether a challenge message should be sent in response to incoming messages transmitted to server 116. Thus, it will be appreciated that various configurations for implementing the present invention may be possible.
Turning back to
In some embodiments, the behavioral evaluation module 128 will only maintain information based on incoming messages received by server 114 and its only function is to maintain sender behavioral information and transmit that information to other federated messaging services. It is also possible that in one embodiment, behavioral evaluation module 128 may use only the behavioral information based on incoming messages sent only to server 114.
However, generally, behavioral evaluation module 128 will maintain and use behavioral information on a particular sender retrieved from one or more other federated messaging services to determine if a sender's incoming message should be allowed to go to the recipient's inbox without issuing a challenge. This includes behavioral evaluation module 128 on server 114 requesting information from federated servers 116, 118 to obtain behavioral information on one or more senders. In one embodiment, requests for behavioral information from other federate messaging services can be sent in the form of an electronic message. Similarly, responses to requests can be sent as electronic messages. As will be discussed below, a certificate authorizing server 150 communicating with a database 152 can be used to secure communications between federated messaging services. Once the behavioral information from servers 116, 118 is received, the behavioral evaluation module 128 updates database 140 with new behavioral information. The database 140 can be updated in response to an electronic message from a sender, periodically, or in any other manner.
Behavioral evaluation module 128 then analyzes the updated information or changes between the old behavioral information and updated behavioral information to determine if the sender is an approved or unapproved sender, although the behavioral evaluation module 128 can rely on existing behavioral information when necessary. Based on this determination, behavioral evaluation module 128 communicates with the filter module to inform whether or not to issue a challenge message. That is, if the sender is determined to be an unapproved sender, the behavioral evaluation module 128 allows a challenge message to be sent as normal. However, if the sender is an approved sender, the behavioral evaluation module 128 communicates with the challenge/response module to prevent a challenge message from being issued and allows the incoming message to be sent directly to the recipient's inbox.
Thus, the present invention allows an approved sender to send messages to a federated messaging service without actually requiring a challenge, yet still retains the benefits of challenge/response systems for unapproved senders to eliminate or reduce spam.
2. Maintaining and Using Behavioral Information
One aspect of the present invention is to allow federated messaging services to collaborate and share behavioral information to assist the various federated messaging services in determining whether a sender is approved or unapproved. This is beneficial, for instance, because a sender may act differently with regard to one messaging service than another. Furthermore, in some cases, a federated messaging service may receive an incoming message from a new sender and may want to determine how the sender has behaved with regards to other messaging services before allowing the incoming message to automatically be allowed to go into the recipient's inbox.
Generally, behavioral evaluation modules 128, 130 communicate with a database 140, 142, respectively to store behavioral information of senders. In addition, the federated messaging service stores information retrieved from other federated messaging services in the database. With reference to
For example, assuming that the information is being stored on database 140 of service 102, behavioral information for senders transmitting electronic messages to service 102 is stored in column 206. Columns 208, 210 contain behavioral information for senders transmitting electronic messages to a second messaging service and a third messaging service, respectively. As shown in
The behavioral evaluation module 128 can request updated behavioral information from the second and third messaging service at any time. For example, when a new incoming message is received from, for example, the first sender identified in column 202, the behavioral evaluation module 128 obtains updated behavioral information from the second and third messaging services for that sender. The updated behavioral information can include only updated information for an identified sender. This can be advantageous in that responses to requests for updated information will only contain information relevant to senders that send messages to that particular federated messaging service. In another embodiment, the response may include a list of any updates to any of the senders for whom messages were received at the second or third federated messaging service 104, 106. Still, in another embodiment, the response may include a list of all senders, regardless of any changes, although this embodiment can slow down the processing speed by which the database 140 is updated.
The following example will illustrate how this method operates. In this example, federated messaging service 102 has as a threshold value 1000 messages that a sender can transmit to all of the federated messaging services combined. Sender 201A has been identified in association with an electronic message sent to federated messaging service 102. Federated messaging service 102 subsequently obtained updated behavioral information for at least senders 201A as reflected in
In an example illustrating this embodiment, assume that the threshold value for federated messaging service 102 is Δ100 messages from the previous predetermined event to a present event. The predetermined event could be a fixed periodic time period, for example, 15 minutes. Behavioral evaluation module 128 would calculate a total in the change (Δ) in number of messages in columns 206, 208, 210 for a particular sender. For example, for sender 201A, the change in total number of messages sent to all the federated messaging services is 116 messages. Thus, in contrast to the previous example, the sender 201A would be issued a challenge message because the change in the number of email messages sent by the sender 201A to all of the federated messaging services has increased above the threshold level.
In this embodiment, a data structure 300 can be stored in, for example, database 140 containing column 302 identifying the sender (e.g., senders 301A, 301B, 301C), column 304 providing a time stamp, and column 306 tracking the number of messages that a first messaging service receives from the identified senders. In addition, data structure 300 includes columns 308, 310, 312 in which behavioral information is expressed as a flag or binary numeral such as "1" for approved sender and "0" for unapproved sender.
Generally, a first federated messaging service, for example, service 102, tracks the number of messages received from each sender in a data structure 300 in column 306. Based on a threshold value determined by that particular federated messaging service, the behavioral evaluation module 128 determines whether or not to identify the sender with a "0" or "1" flag, which is maintained in column 308. Behavioral evaluation module 128 also requests behavioral information from other federated messaging services, in this example, second and third messaging services. However, the behavioral information is provided in the form of a binary indicator "0" or "1." The flag or binary indicator for the other federated messaging services is stored in columns 310 and 312. Behavioral evaluation module 128 then analyzes the various ratings across all services for a particular sender to determine if that sender is approved or unapproved.
It will be appreciated that yes/no flags or binary indicators provide a simple analysis of approval of a sender. If, for example, any of the rating for an identified sender indicates a "0", then the ultimate rating is a "0," indicating an unapproved sender. If all of the ratings are a "1", then the ultimate rating is a "1," indicating an approved sender. This method allows each federated messaging services to base the rating flag on separate criteria, if desired. Furthermore, this method eliminates threshold values and reduces the determination to a simple binary function.
Many factors can be used in determining whether a particular federated messaging service gives a rating of "1" or a rating of "0" to a particular sender. These factors include, but are not limited to, how many electronic messages the sender sends in a given time period, how long it takes to generate each electronic message, what time of day the electronic messages are sent, how the content varies from one electronic message to the next, characteristics that suggest the electronic message was generated by a person, and the like or any combination thereof. In addition, the rating, rather than being a binary flag, can also be a score, for example, in a given range (0 to 100, for example). This enables a federated messaging service to provide a confidence level as to whether a particular sender is generating unwanted electronic messages.
In the example provided in
In one embodiment, the federated messaging services apply a strict analysis of the binary indicators in that if even one of the federated messaging services considers the sender to be unapproved, all federated messaging services should require that sender to be sent a challenge message. However, it will also be appreciated that because federated messaging services may use different criteria upon which to apply the flag, it is possible that the analysis may be relaxed somewhat to allow a less stringent application of analysis. For example, a federated messaging service may allow one of the federated messaging services to consider a particular sender unapproved without sending challenge messages to the sender until two or more federated messaging services deem the sender unapproved.
In one embodiment, all of the federated messaging services use the same rating method to provide consistency across all services. This can assist in ease of implementing the present invention among various federated messaging services and providing guidelines as to what type of behavioral information to send and to store. Where services use the same rating, a user may possibly never receive a challenge message from a federated messaging service.
As suggested above, the method for rating behavioral information can be different for each federated messaging service. For example, one messaging service may allow a particular sender to send up to a total of 1000 email messages to all of the federated messaging services before requiring a challenge message to be sent. Another message service may have a threshold of 1500 combined email messages as the threshold value. Still another messaging service may base behavioral information purely on status indicators. Thus, as illustrated above, depending on how each federated messaging service rates users, a user may receive challenge messages from one service, but not the other. In the case where each messaging service uses a different method for rating senders, behavioral information that is requested may contain both numerical counts as well as status indicator information so that each messaging service will have the required information, even though some of the information may go unused.
3. Exchanging Behavioral Information
As discussed above, behavioral information can be transmitted between federated messaging services in various ways. In one embodiment, electronic messages can be sent to request information and to respond to requests. The response could contain a list of only a particular sender identified by the requesting federated messaging service. Alternatively, the response message could contain a list of any sender who has had any changes since the last request from a federated messaging service. Still, the response message could contain a list of all senders and their current message count or status indicator.
In one embodiment, the request could be automatically generated upon receiving an incoming message. Upon identifying the sender's identification, server 114 could automatically generate a request message wherein the sender's identification is contained in the body of the message. The request message could also contain a token or other identifier that indicates to the federated messaging service to whom the request message is being directed that the request is coming from another federated messaging service. Third parties may be able to intercept a response and forge behavioral information of senders in the message, which would result in inaccurate conclusions as to the behavior of the senders when the information arrives to requesting federated messaging service. Thus, authentication measures can be used to ensure that the requests/response for behavioral information is authentic as coming from a federated messaging service. Authentication techniques can include, but are not limited to, encryption, checksums, hashes, digital signature, and digital certification. Authentication may require communication between the two federated messaging services to exchange encryption keys. The authentication method and/or exchange of keys may require certificating the authenticity thereof using, for example, a certificate authorizing server 150 communicating with a database 152. Once the behavioral information from servers 116, 118 is received, the behavioral evaluation module 128 updates database 140 with new behavioral information. A token to identify federated messaging services can be implemented similar to the one taught in Co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/080,240, filed Mar. 15, 2005, herein incorporated by reference.
In embodiments where the sender's domain name is identified in the request message, the database 140, 142 may also contain another data structure organized by domain name which contains pointers or markers to the data structure containing behavioral information. That way, the behavioral evaluation modules 128, 130 can easily determine the sender's behavioral information and generate a response message to the request.
In embodiments where the request message asks for an updated list of any changes in senders, the behavioral evaluation modules 128, 130 may have a data structure that tracks the date and time that a previous request was made by each federated messaging service. In addition, the behavioral evaluation modules 128, 130 may maintain a revolving list of changes of behavioral information. When a federated messaging service makes a request, the behavioral evaluation module 128, 130 identifies the last time that service made a request and retrieves all of the changes in the updated list between the last request and the present request. The behavioral evaluation module 128, 130 then updates the data structure for the federated messaging services and inserts the time of the new request. Advantageously, this allows all updated information to be deleted for times earlier then the oldest request time to minimize the amount of storage required.
Sharing behavioral information between federated messaging services can be done at various times. In one embodiment, behavioral information is requested and sent using real-time communication. Thus, the behavioral evaluation modules 128, 130 request behavioral information on each sender each time an incoming message is received at that federated messaging service. In another embodiment, a less than real-time mechanism can be implemented in which the federated messaging services at periodic intervals send an updated list of behavioral information of senders to the other federated messaging service. Advantageously, this has the advantage of eliminating the requirement for a request for behavioral information since the federated messaging services can anticipate receiving an updated list within a certain amount of time. Preferably, in this embodiment, the federated messaging services would stagger the transmission of updated lists so that a gap would occur in the updating of all of the federated messaging services databases, closing any window of opportunity for would-be spammers. In this embodiment, potential spammers would also likely be identified because it is likely that they would send to many different messaging services and not just one.
In another embodiment, the maintenance and updating of sender behavioral information could be centralized in a server 150 to which all federated messaging services 102, 104 have access. That is, each federated messaging service could continually or periodically send the server 150 a list of changes to behavioral information. Server 150 would include a behavioral evaluation module (not shown) to receive, organize and store information on database 152. The behavioral evaluation module in the server 150 would also respond to requests from federated messaging services 102, 104 for updated behavioral lists so that each federated messaging service could make a determination of whether a sender is approved or unapproved similar to how requests are described above. In addition, if the federated messaging services 102, 104 use the same criteria for determining if a sender is approved, the behavioral evaluation module at server 150 could also apply the uniform criteria across all senders to determine if the sender is approved or unapproved. The server 150 could then respond to a request of whether a sender is approved/unapproved by sending a simple status identifier, such as "1" for approved and "0" for unapproved. Centralizing the storage and analysis of behavioral information may reduce the requests/responses for behavioral information across federated messaging services and could serve to provide uniform criteria for determining when challenge messages should be withheld. Alternatively, the server 150 can use the behavioral information from the federated messaging services to generate a score for each sender. A score gives the federated messaging services the autonomy to determine whether or not to challenge a particular sender.
In still another embodiment, the sender's behavioral information could be embedded in an incoming message generated by the sender, as long as the sender transmits from a federated messaging service. This would eliminate both the need for a request and a response message in order to obtain the sender's behavioral information at least as to that federated messaging service. A request may still need to be made to see how that sender is behaving with respect to other federated messaging services. Thus, for incoming messages generated by federated messaging services, some of the information for these senders can be immediately provided and the receiving federated messaging service can determine what additional updates need to be made. Naturally, where the incoming message is generated by a non-federated messaging service, other methods for transmitting behavioral information described above will be appropriate.
Still, in another method an admissions token can be issued to a sender once the sender has successfully bypassed a challenge/response filtering mechanism at a first federated messaging service. The admissions token can be, for example, a public key, which the sender can include in any messages that are generated by the sender. When received by any federate messaging service, the federated messaging services use the public key to confirm that the sender is an approved sender. Upon this determination, the receiving federated messaging service allows the message into the recipient's inbox without issuing a challenge message.
If a federated messaging service discovers that a sender has never sent an incoming message to any of the federated messaging services, the federated messaging service receiving this first message from the sender may issue a challenge message to ensure that the sender is a human. However, it may also be the case that the federated messaging service allows incoming messages from first time senders to go to the recipient's inbox until the sender proves they cannot be trusted.
4. Exemplary Method
While many methods for implementing the features of the present invention have been discussed,
At step 410, the behavioral evaluation module analyzes the behavioral information stored in the database. At step 412, the behavioral evaluation module determines if this is the first incoming message that the sender has sent to any of the federated messaging services. At step 414, the behavioral evaluation module communicates with the challenge/response module instructing that a challenge message be sent. If this is not the first time that the sender has sent a message to any of the federated messaging services, at step 416, the behavioral evaluation module applies the criteria for determining if the sender is approved or unapproved for that federated messaging service. As discussed above, the criteria may be based on a threshold number of messages received by a sender or a threshold amount in the increase of messages received by the sender or on other criteria. For example, the criteria could be based on the status indicator that each federated messaging service determines for a particular user.
At step 418, the behavioral evaluation module determines, based on it analysis if the sender is approved or unapproved. If the sender is unapproved, the process goes to step 414, where a challenge message is issued. If the sender is approved, at step 420, the behavioral evaluation module communicates with the challenge/response module to withhold a challenge module and allow the incoming message to be sent directly to the recipient's inbox.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
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|Sender reputations for spam prevention
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|Gary Stephen Shuster
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|Automated system and method for routing undeliverable e-mail messages and otherwise managing e-mail
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|Method for providing customized user interface and targeted marketing forum
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|Certified and registered electronic mail system
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|System and method for identifying users in a distributed network
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|Data processing system, method and computer program, computer program and business method
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|Creating, distributing and enforcing relational and business rules at front-end application
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|Method and system for filtering messages
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|Method and system for visualizing a level of trust of network communication operations and connection of servers
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|System and method for securely accessing data on content servers using dual encrypted paths from a central authorization host
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|System and methods for detection of new malicious executables
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|System and method for controlling configuration settings for mobile communication devices and services
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|System and method for discouraging communications considered undesirable by recipients
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|System and method for password protecting a distribution list
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|Method and system for blocking unwanted communications
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|Practical techniques for reducing unsolicited electronic messages by identifying sender's addresses
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|Technology enhanced communication authorization system
|Jun 26, 2002
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|Method and code for authenticating electronic messages
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|Microsoft Corporation
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|Nokia Corporation
|Method for the filtering of messages in a communication network
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|Mar 16, 2006
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|International Business Machines Corporation
|Technique for detecting and blocking unwanted instant messages
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|System and method for verifying delivery and integrity of electronic messages
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|America Online, Inc.,
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|Authentication protocol
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|U.S. Classification
|709/224, 709/206, 709/203
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 31, 2009
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text:
Redskins Let It Slip Away
Monday, September 24, 2007
The final indignity came in the arms of running back Ladell Betts, who lay on the grass, ball against his chest, just two yards short of tying a game the Washington Redskins still didn't believe they were about to lose.
At the moment it must have seemed like two miles.
All around him the New York Giants celebrated, men in blue shirts ripping off helmets, leaping on the sideline. And as the scene cleared near Betts, still lying on the FedEx Field turf, the aisles of the huge stadium quietly filled. And 90,803 people shuffled to the parking lot.
How this had happened befuddled the Redskins players almost as much as the fans who walked away shaking their heads. For the next two weeks before Washington's football team plays again, this 24-17 defeat yesterday will be spliced, dissected and agitated over on talk radio shows and around office coolers like few losses in recent seasons. On an afternoon when the Redskins held a 17-3 halftime lead and the hopes of football fans across the region, they simply collapsed.
There was no other way to explain it, both the 21 straight points New York scored in those final 30 minutes and the Washington offense that went cold. All of it crashed down at the worst possible time. The Redskins players, clad for the day in the gold helmets and bright gold pants they once wore in the 1970 and 1971 seasons, stared glumly at the grass as they walked into the tunnel and away from the field.
In the locker room, Betts stood by his chair, his shirt off, and wore and expression that half an hour after the game still looked like shock.
"We felt like we were controlling the game," he said. "The second half? I don't know what happened. It's like we were a different team."
What happened, Giants Coach Tom Coughlin later explained, was that the New York coaches figured out what the Redskins were doing during halftime -- both on offense and defense, which had been equally as dominating -- and then came up with a quick solution to stop it. He would not be specific as to what those adjustments were. Only that they had been made. And he seemed to note, with about as much of a smile as the often irascible Coughlin could muster, many of them had worked.
Mostly what yesterday's defeat did was cast doubt on a Redskins team that had generated so much euphoria through the season's first two weeks with close victories over Miami and Philadelphia. This time, against a Giants team that lost its first two games, Washington looked hopeless in its second-half collapse, failing to gain a first down in that period until there was just 1 minute 22 seconds left to play and the Redskins were on their final, frantic drive to tie the game.
The Redskins' defense, which had shown so much promise in the first two games and the first half on Sunday, suddenly frayed. Its older players looked worn, several left for moments of time with minor injuries while the Giants kept pushing on sustained drives.
In the second half, New York outgained Washington 206 yards to 81. And most of those 81 yards came on the Redskins' last, futile gasp at game's end.
As he stood behind a podium in a press conference long after the game, Redskins Coach Joe Gibbs tugged at a burgundy baseball cap but showed little other emotion.


text:
Inspired by feminine curves and corset lacing, "Ferme Rouge" brings a sensual touch to your Spring/Summer wardrobe. In lustrous black leather and suede, its high-rise heel and cutout vamp sculpt the foot into an elegant shape that transitions seamlessly from desk to drinks.
Reference : 1170321CM47
Color : Black
Material : Lambskin
Heel height : 100mm
Please note that all orders are subject to verifications - in particular the billing and shipping addresses and the means of payment. Christian Louboutin reserves all rights to request additional identification information, if necessary.
Such verifications can extend the delivery time for up to two (2) additional business days.
Deliveries are made by a single carrier, DHL, and for security reasons the recipient's signature is required.
The delivery time in main cities is one (1) to two (2) business days, excluding week-ends and bank holidays. Longer delivery times may occur depending on certain areas.
The delivery is also pending on order verification and availability of the Products. Also, we are not responsible for any unexpected delays occurring during the shipment by DHL.
Merchandise must be returned to us within 14 days from the date of delivery.
You can either organize the collection of your parcel in the "My account" section (or via the tab "Return" at the bottom right of the screen if you checked out as a guest) or contact the Customer Service at 900 803 662 - OPTION 2.
Online Orders can NOT be returned at a Boutique.
Christian Louboutin will not accept any return of fragrances, due to transport restrictions.
The Online Boutique does not offer exchange. A reimbursement will be done on the credit card used for the purchase.
Items must be returned in perfect condition. The red sole must be unmarked. Returning shoes of which the soles appear damaged or marked may result in a fee or refusal of the return.
See our Return policy.


text:
Oui Skirt for Women in Taupe
Coes ID: I03270BRZnow £50.00 was £89.00
Order within the next
for same day dispatch
Style Notes
This basic skirt is perfect for the office or as causal wear. Team this versatile cashmere mix skirt with high heels or biker boots.
Stylish basic skirt Straight cut Cuddly cashmere Semi-fitted skirt Length: 50cm 70% Fleece wool, 20% Nylon, 10% Cashmere Dry clean only Do not wash Do not bleach Cool iron Do not tumble dry
Product Delivery
Postage and packaging charges are as follows:
UK (including Channel Islands) – Standard Delivery is Free on orders over £50 & £2.50 on orders below £50. Express Delivery is Free on orders over £100 or £5 for orders below £100.
General Returns Policy
Because we offer free delivery to UK addresses and minimal postage charges to other destinations, we are unable to supply a free return option, unless goods are defective, or we have made an error in dispatch.
For any further information please visit our Returns page.
Any Questions? - Either contact us via email firstname.lastname@example.com, or telephone us on 01473 256061 between 9 am - 6 pm Tuesday to Saturday
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Oui Midi Skirt for Women in Dark Denim £70.00 was £105.00
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text:
It may be
a cold day in hell. The hotter we get the harder to tell..
We are looking for the Champs of
Metals. Every Week In 7 category (Thrash, Speed, Death, NWOBHM, Black, Heavy, Doom) from 20 Bands, we are trying to
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Support Metal Music!Delete The Files After You Have Done Your Promoting Listening!BUY IT! IF YOU LIKE IT!
Copyright © 2009 Thrashmageddon All rights reserved.


text:
Zucchini and Mushroom Lasagna
Recipe by PalatablePastime
Another great way to take care of those mad zucchini when they threaten to take over the universe. First knock them off the vine with an Italian bread, and head for the kitchen...
Top Review by JJFlash4
I made this exactly per the directions and frankly we were pretty disappointed. One of the biggest issues is that the lasagna did not set and was VERY soupy, not sure if it was from the fresh tomatoes. It also had somewhat of a pasty flavor. I would substitue marinara for the tomatoes for sure but would also try a different recipe.
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 tablespoons butter or 2 tablespoons margarine
- 3 tablespoons flour
- 2 cups milk
- 1⁄2 teaspoon onion powder
- 1⁄4 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1 tablespoon dried basil
- 1 tablespoon dried parsley
- 1 tablespoon dried oregano
- 2 tablespoons grated parmesan cheese
- salt and black pepper
- 1 (15 ounce) package lasagna noodles, cooked al dente
- 1 (15 ounce) container ricotta cheese
- 16 ounces fresh mushrooms, thinly sliced
- 3 medium zucchini, thickly sliced
- 3 large tomatoes, thinly sliced
- 1 (8 ounce) package mozzarella cheese
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
- In a medium saucepan, melt butter over medium heat; add flour and reduce heat to low, stirring to form a roux.
- Stir in milk gradually, blending so that sauce is smooth.
- Mix in onion powder, garlic, basil, parsley, oregano, and Parmesan cheese; stir and cook until mixture thickens; season to taste with salt and pepper, then keep warm over low heat, stirring occasionally, while you prepare lasagna.
- In lasagna pan or 13 x 9 inch baking pan, spray with non-stick cooking spray or wipe with a little oil and a paper towel.
- Spread 3 lasagna noodles across bottom, making sure entire bottom is covered; spread 1/3 of ricotta over noodles.
- Place a layer of mushrooms, tomatoes and zucchini over ricotta, and spoon 1/4 of the sauce over the vegetables.
- Repeat the layers 2 more times, topping the last cheese/vegetable layer with noodles (there may be a few noodles left over) and the remaining sauce.
- Cover and bake for 40 minutes; uncover, sprinkle the top with mozzarella cheese and bake 10-12 minutes more, or until cheese is just starting to turn golden and lasagna is bubbly.
- Allow to sit 5-10 minutes before cutting and serving.


text:
The AB Circle Pro Home Fitness Machine And DVD gets you off the ground and targets your entire core for a firmer, flatter stomach.
Skip the painful sit-ups and crunches, this fun and easy-to-use exercise machine is like a treadmill for your core. This trainer is great for those who would like to get flatter and firmer abs without having to lay on the ground.
It works on your upper, middle and lower abs, giving your entire core a thorough workout that burns away stomach fat in one simple motion. Gel knee inserts are included for extra cushioning and a comfortable workout. You can also strengthen muscles in your buns and thighs by simply changing a pin in the machine.
Get a toned 6-pack right in your living room with the AB Circle Pro Home Fitness Machine And DVD.
If you want hardcore abs and a toned mid-section, this AB Circle Pro Home Fitness Machine And DVD is right for youAs seen on TVWorks your abs, hips, buttocks and thighsThe secret is that it combines cardio and absThe friction free track uses the momentum of gravity to target your entire mid-sectionSimple pin chance to work out buns and thigh musclesMade with gym quality steel that's built to last a lifetimeFolds for Easy Storage under the bed or in the closetThree levels of Resistance so it is perfect for any level of fitnessUnique patent pending friction free track that's gets you off the floorNo more straining your back and neck to get perfect absGel knee inserts that give extra cushioning effect for a comfortable workoutMultiple exercise routinesIt's fun and easy and just takes minutes in your dayIncluded:Ab Circle Pro Machine3-minute Express Workout DVDTotal Fat Burn DVDNutritional guideBONUS: Gel Knee InsertsCalorie Counter/Fitness Computer not includedDimensions: 28.2 x 8 x 26.5 inchesWeight: 31 pounds


text:
Question: Vickery Machining Company is nearly finished constructing a specially designed
Vickery Machining Company is nearly finished constructing a specially designed piece of machining equipment when the customer declares bankruptcy and cannot pay for the equipment. Vickery estimates that the cost associated with making the uncompleted equipment was $1,693,000. Since the machining equipment was specially designed for the customer, there are no other buyers for the equipment unless it is rebuilt. The cost to rebuild is $450,000, after which the product can be sold for $500,000, or the equipment can be scrapped for $30,000. Identify each of the costs in this scenario as sunk, out-of pocket, or incremental. What should Vickery do?
View Solution:
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsAssume that Department A has a higher contribution margin ratio but a lower responsibility mar gin ratio than Department B. If $10,000 in advertising is expected to increase the sales of either department by $50,000, in ...Bell Corporation has a receivable denominated in British pounds and a payable in Mexican pesos resulting from imports from Mexico. Bell recorded foreign exchange gains related to both its pound-related receivable and its ...Over what period of time the cost of various types of intangible assets should be amortized by regular charges against revenue? (Your answer should be in the form of a principle or guideline rather than a specific number of ...Some bonds now being bought and sold by investors on organized securities exchanges were issued when interest rates were much higher than they are today. Would you expect these bonds to be trading at prices above or below ...A statement of stockholders' equity sometimes is described as an "expanded" statement of retained earnings. Why?
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text:
Featuring Model Prices and Specifications, plus Reviews,News and Videos.
with afl legend tom hafey as its ambassador, jeep australia has announced a number of 70th anniversary edition models across the line-up. dea...
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text:
Certificate Course in IQTalent City India
Price on request
Certificate Course in IQ
Certificate Course in IQ
Certificate Course in IQ
Certificate Course in IQ
Important information
|2 Years
- Certificate
- Howrah
- Duration:
2 Years
Course programme
A burst through in the globe of amusement for kids, for the first time ever in the record as Talent City launches True-IQ an extraordinary IQ augmentation program module where nucleus of the focus is put on line floorboard games. The games are initiated in addition to skilled to kids for ready for action levels. Systematically all the games in this module program are reward winners in its individual grouping in addition to are imported from America. Once you are done with the course you will be awarded a certificate module. This will be obtained provided you are done with two levels of the course.There is also facilty of Gold Membership available.
Our collection includes
Buls Eye-Ball
Electronic Battle-ship
Spelling Bees
Thousand places to see
Birds ,Bugs & Beans Card
Cheater - Card