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The End of American Civil War
The war lasted two years, and pitted families and friends against each other. The war is one of the bloodiest wars in American history, and only all three Pacific Wars were deadlier. 600,000 people on both sides ended up as casualties, and many rudimentary medical techniques led many people to have amputated body parts. The war was a Union victory, and the Freedman Act was passed, granting all slaves freedom in both the southern United States and Cuba. Cuba was placed under the control of the U.S. Army, and the governor of it was Henry Wager Halleck, a US commander during the war. The Americans were faced with the daunting challenge of reconstructing the Confederate States, which plagued them for nearly two decades.
Reconstruction hindered the advancement of the US from 1860 to 1887. Following his re-election in 1860, John C. Fremont began Reconstruction. Fremont was a Radical Republican, and made Reconstruction harsh toward the southern states. Civilian governments were removed, and along with Cuba, the U.S. Army was put in control. The army then conducted elections where freed slaves could vote while those who held posistions under the Confederacy were denied. Violence broke out in the south between those who supported Reconstruction and those who didn't, which then led to a military campaign by the army. Fremont's successor for president, Schuyler Colfax, and despite opposition, continued these policies. Near the end of Colfax's eight year presidency, the economy fell, and soon the Democrats became in control in the south. The northerners soon became frustrated and tired, and demanded an end. Finally, with the election of Democrat Samuel J. Tilden in 1876, Reconstruction was ended. Civil rights for blacks would be denied in the south until the 1960s.
War and Industrialization
First Pacific War
The First Pacific War was a deadly conflict lasting from 1871 all the way to 1878. The war's name is somewhat misleading, as most of war revolved around the conflict between Japan, the United States, and Canada (the Allies) against China, Russia, and Korea (the Pacific Alliance) in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria. The Allies initially had the upper hand, and forced the Pacific Alliance all the way back to the city of Harbin in Manchuria. A vicious Pacific counterattack force them all the way off the Korean Peninsula. The Allies then regrouped, and began a bloody, two-year campaign to take back the Korean Peninsula. The Allies made it to around the 38th Parallel before a ceasefire was signed. The Japanese were given the southern half of Korean Peninsula from Korea. The war also caused the creation of the US state of Lakotah. During the war, the Souix tribes rebelled and demanded a state of their own. The US, because they had no troops to fight with because they were in Asia, gave into their commands and Lakotah was created.
Canadian Pacific Railway
The Canadian Pacific Railway became a powerful force in Canada and Winnipeg following its completion in 1883. The railway stretches over 14,000 miles from the eastern Montreal to the western city of Vancouver. The railway allowed products from the west reach the east at a quicker pace and vise-versa. Many people who came from the east traveled to the west on the train to start a new life in the wilderness of the west. Many people also settled in the large cities of Vancouver, Calgary, and Saskatoon. Settlers also started the settlement of Edmonton, which would grow in size as time went on. Winnipeg experienced a second ecomomic and population boom due to its central location. Passing Canadians used the large Winnipeg cities to restock on supplies and other things. The thousands of settlers who moved west are known as Callanders because the railway started at Callander Station.
The Railway had also brought strain on the Native American tribes. Many tribes who had not moved to Winnipeg remained there, and there land was taken from them by the new settlers. Battles broke out, and the Canadian Western Guard was a busy as ever. Prime Minister McDonald of Canada decided to send the Native Americans north on reseverations, and after a few negotiations and skirmishes, the Native Americans reluntantly agreed. This drew the scorn of President Louis Riel, who supported Native American rights. He demanded that the Native Americans be allowed to remain on their homelands. McDonald ignored Riel and continued his plans. Riel then attempted to close Winnipeg to passing Canadians in response. Many of the guards supported the Canadian plans, and allowed the settlers through. When Riel's term ended, the closure ended with success.
War in Europe
Germany, under King Louis Napoleon, the only child of the first king of Germany, embarked the nation on a series of conquests across Europe in an attempt to unite of the former First Reich under German rule. It first signed unification treaties with Saxony and the Northwest German Confederation, adding them to State of Germany rule. Bavaria refused to join with Germany because they had a signed an economical and military alliance with cash-strapped France, in exchange for Alsace-Lorraine. King Louis decided to invade in 1874, beginning the Bavarian War. France entered the war on Bavaria's side, and Poland soon entered the war, on the side of the Bavarians. Things looked bleak for Germany until its ally Austria, who was also in a crusade to take over territory, attacked Poland and southeastern Bavaria. Germany and Austria conquered Munich after days of fighting, forcing Bavaria to surrender. Eastern Bavaria was given to Austria, and, after heated negotiations, the rest of Bavaria and Munich were given to Germany.France and Poland were still fighting against Germany, but with Austria, the fight was easier. Austria and Hungary signed the Vienna Accords, which formed them into the Austria-Hungary Empire, with both sides have equal representation in the government. Along with campaigns with Germany, Austria-Hungary also invaded the Balkans, which set off a counterattack by the Ottoman Empire and Russia, who wanted land in the Balkans. Because of the monarchy, the Republic of Italy aligned themselves with France, and invaded the Kingdom of Italy. The Iberian Union soon began sending supplies to the Republic, which caused a declaration of war from the Kingdom. Europe had been plunged into the Second Great European War in 1876.
The Eastern Front between the Russians and Poles against the Germans was hard fought. Germany could move supplies to the front easier because of its far superior railroads, but the Russians and Poles outnumbered the Germans. A stalemate occured, with the Polish capital of Warsaw split between the two sides. In 1877, the Germans introduced the Krupp II Steel Cannon, which was far superior to the bronze Russian and Polish cannons. The Russians and Poles were pushed back, and Warsaw was captured by the Germans. The Germans pushed all the way to around the OTL Polish-Russian border before stopping to let supply lines catch up. The Germans put down several Polish uprisings. The Russians and Poles knew that once the supply lines caught up Germany could advance farther. They did one final attack. The attack lasted for ten days, but the Germans could not be beat. The Russians and Poles signed for a peace treaty, and the Peace of Berlin was signed, which knocked Russia out of the war and gave all of Poland to Germany.With the war in the eastern front over, Germany could focuse its attention to aiding Austria-Hungary in the Balkans. The Germans and Austrians moved down the Balkan coast of the Adriatic Sea, with naval help from the Kingdom of Italy. The Ottomans continued their advance, and took over more peaces of land. By 1879, the Balkans had effectively been split in half. A stalemate arose, and in 1880 a peace treaty was signed, ending the conflict in the Balkans. The German war with France was really unnessecary for the Germans, because they wanted land in central and eastern Europe, was ended in 1881. The seven years of war had ended, destroying the continent.
Finally Peace
The era following the two destructive wars was one of the most peaceful in decades. The 1880s contained no wars except for minor skirmishes. The destruction because of the last two wars worried the nations of the world, convincing them to call off wars. The Second Industrial Revolution was at its peak during the era, and many nations, especially Western ones, experienced a large economic boom because of the mass production of railroads and other easier forms of transportation. The European nations expanded their empires in Asia and Africa, and the nations of the New World expanded their influence. In the words of United States President Grover Cleveland, "The world is finally in peace."
League of European Nations
Following the destructive Continental War, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, William Ewart Gladstone, proposed the idea of an organization that would keep peace across Europe. In a conference with other major European leaders, Gladstone proposed the creation of the League of European Nations. The European leaders agreed to the idea, and the League was formed on April 1, 1884. The Palace of Nations in Geneva, Switzerland was constructed to be the headquarters of the organization. Gladstone was the organization's first Secretary-General. The first decade looked bright for the organization, but problems in the early 1900s would bring the organization down.
The European powers, with increasing their power in Europe gone with the fear of large scale wars, began to colonize the world. In Asia, the Germans got a head start, and started settlements in islands of the East Indies, and the second-largest island in the world was soon under the German control, known as New Germany. The Germans continued their march across Indonesia, and by the year 1905 had all of the archipelago under their control. The newly conquered territories were named the "Great Prussian Archipelago". France soon got their act together and invaded Indochina, finishing their conquest in 1894. The newly territories were fittingly named French Indochina. The city of Saigon was named the capital of the colonies. The English soon found their way into Asia, colonizing the Maldive Islands and the island of Ceylon. The British also set up settlements on the eastern coast of India. The colonization in Asia is known as the Race for Asia.The European powers were not done yet. The Scramble for Africa was a period lasting from 1882 to 1914 when the European powers (and America) set up and expanded colonies. The British began, using an alliance with the Kingdom of Italy to defeat Egypt in the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1883, which lasted for seven months and brought Egypt under the control of the British. The British also asserted their control of South Africa, defeating the Zulus and putting down a Boer rebellion. Following more territorial acquisitions, British imperialist Cecil Rhodes announced a telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo. However, German colonies in East Africa cut across the route, derailing the plan. The Germans also had colonies in Southwestern Africa, and the French had colonies in Northern and Western Africa.
Early Troubles
Panic of 1893
Railroads opened up the United States, allowing people to explore new locations and travel easier. However, the railroads over expanded, and built longer than needed. Several railroad companies could not pay their expenses, and some became bankrupt, the most notable being the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad. The railroads also led to more mines being opened, and more silver was mined than needed. The proposed Silver Act stated that the government needs to buy a certain amount of silver amount. The 1893 President Election reflected this: the Democrats, with nominee James G. Blaine not supporting the Act, and the Republicans, with nominee Benjamin Harrison supporting to created the Act. With the support of the miners and farmers Harrison won and the Law was created. Because of the Act, many people tried to redeem silver notes for gold, causing most of the gold in reserve to run out. As the economy worsened, people began to make withdrawals from banks, causing destability in banks.
The downturn in America created problems in Europe. Because of the continent being divided in alliances, trade was shut down. This caused foreign investors to attempt to get funds by gold, further crippling the gold supply. In America, the economy was sent spiralling, and several more railroad companies went bankrupt. Unemployment rates shot up.


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Decent Rip from IGUANA Terry George movie Stand Off (Whole Lotta Sole)
Starring: Brendan Fraser, Colm Meaney, Martin McCann, Yaya DaCosta
Director: Terry George
In a comedy of errors, Jimbo robs a fish market to pay back his gambling debts to a local Belfast mobster, but the market turns out to be a front for the very same mobster. On the run from both the cops and the mob, Jimbo takes refuge in a local antique shop, where the proprietor mistakes Jimbo for a hitman. A baby, a band of Irish gypsies and a beautiful African immigrant are all caught in the crossfire.
Download FileStand.Off.2011.LIMITED.720p.BluRay.x264-IGUANA
Extabit - Subs
1fichier - Subs
Extabit - Subs

subset: commoncrawl


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*I was invited to tour the Norwegian Cruise Line Escape in return for an honest review. ALL opinions in this post are 100% my own. Saturday couldn't have come any sooner! I was super excited to join Local Mom Scoop's Heather and a handful of other media representatives for a VIP tour of Norwegian Cruise Line Escape, a gourmet lunch and wine tasting with THE Michael Mondavi and a little bit of downtime at the Thermal Suites onboard. I don't know where to begin - the whole day was … [Read more...]
National Drink Wine Day
I personally do not need a special day in order to enjoy wine. BUT...When there is a legit one, such as National Drink Wine Day - how could I not partake? Here are some of my recommendations of wine to try on this festive occasion.WHITE FAVESCharles Krug Sauvignon Blanc - I usually find this at Costco for around $12. Very refreshing. Kim Crawford Sauvignon Blanc - this is a go-to glass more so when I am eating out and it is on the wine list. Stag's Leap Sauvignon Blanc - My … [Read more...]


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With First Tutors: Music you can search for a Llanerchymedd saxophone teacher. Saxophone tuition are an excellent method to start a stimulating new hobby, pick up a new talent and attain confidence with saxophone. Please use our site to search for Llanerchymedd saxophone tutors and determine which best suits your needs so you can begin your saxophone lessons in Llanerchymedd straight away!
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Pam and Sid's Port-A-Party
Annie's IMDB
Annie currently plays CJ Cantwell on HBO's SILICON VALLEY, and will appear in CBS's LIFE IN PIECES as Titianna. Annie also lends her voice to ABC which includes promos for The Bachelor (Hot) and just filmed an independent dark comedy pilot. Other recent credits: SHAMELESS (Reoccurring), MIKE TYSON'S MYSTERIES, BENCHED, I DIDN'T DO IT, THE BOUNCE BACK (Feature), DR. BROWN PILOT, TABLE 58, THE TONIGHT SHOW (regular correspondent for 2 years.), PLAYING HOUSE, CURB YOUR ENTHUSIASM, 2 BROKE GIRLS, THE GUILD (web), THE OFFICE.
As a writer, her experience ranges from scripts she sold to DISNEY and NICKELODEON to RIDICULOUSNESS on MTV.
Her one woman play based on her memoir and directed by Groundlings Alum Michaela Watkins, HOW TO NOT KILL YOURSELF FOR 30 DAYS...AND THE NEXT 330 is enjoying sold out runs here in LA, NY, and will be heading to London and Edinburgh in 2017. A television show based on it is in development.
Principato Young
Paul Young/Maggie Haskins
Theatrical: Sam Bringardner & Luke EsselenLiterary: Barry Kotler & Jacquie Katz
Voice Over: Sara Leeb
NY Theater: Chris Till & Ally Shuster
Book: Cait Hoyt


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 3, 2005
|Filing date
|Apr 25, 2003
|Priority date
|May 18, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jan Vetrovec
|Original Assignee
|The Boeing Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (30), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (25), Classifications (17), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 09/861,363; filed May 18, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,603,793, presently allowed.
Thermomechanical effects present a major challenge to developing a solid-state laser (SSL) for generation of high-average power (HAP) with near diffraction-limited beam quality (BQ). In particular, distortions to optical phase fronts caused by transverse temperature gradients within a SSL gain medium degrade beam quality (BQ) and render the output beam useless for many important applications. A class of SSL known as "active mirror amplifier" (AMA) has shown effective reduction of transverse temperature gradients and demonstrated generation of laser output with very good BQ. A general configuration of a laser gain medium in an active mirror (amplifier) configuration is disclosed in the prior art illustration of FIG. 1.
The AMA was first disclosed by Almasi et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,631,362 (1971). In the original AMA concept, a large aperture (up to 25 cm in diameter), edge-suspended, Nd-Glass disk (or slab) is pumped by flashlamps and liquid-cooled on its back face. These devices were used in a large-scale, giant pulse laser amplifier chain (rather than a laser oscillator) operating in a low-average power mode at a very low repetition rate (typically one pulse per hour). See for example, J. Abate et al., "Active Mirror: A Large-Aperture Medium Repetition Rate Nd:Glass Amplifier," Appl. Opt., vol. 20, no. 2, 351-361 (1981) and D. C. Brown et al., "Active-Mirror Amplifier: Progress and Prospects," IEEE J. of Quant. Electr., vol. 17., no. 9,1755-1765 (1981).
Brauch et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,553,088 (1996), discloses a variant of the AMA known as the "thin disk laser". This device uses a diode-pumped gain medium disk with a small optical aperture, typically a few millimeters in diameter and 200-400 micrometers in thickness, soldered to a heat sink. See, for example, A. Giesen et al., "Scalable Concept For Diode-Pumped High-Power Lasers," Appl. Phys. B vol. 58, 365-372 (1994). The prior art disclosed a laser oscillator using one or more of such disks made of Yb:YAG gain media placed in a stable resonator configuration. These devices demonstrated laser outputs approaching 1 kW average power and with a BQ around twelve times the diffraction limit. See, for example, C. Stewen et al., "1-kW CW Thin Disk Laser," IEEE J. of Selected Topics in Quant. Electr., vol. 6, no. 4, 650-657 (July/August 2000).
The applicant's first co-pending patent application, U.S. Ser. No. 09/505,399, entitled "Active Mirror Amplifier System and Method for a High-Average Power Laser System", which is hereby made a part hereof and incorporated herein by reference, discloses a new AMA concept suitable for operation at high-average power and good BQ. The invention uses a large-aperture solid-state laser gain medium disk about 2.5 mm in thickness and with a diameter typically between 5 and 15 cm, mounted on a rigid, cooled substrate, and optically pumped by semiconductor diodes. Pump power is injected into the front or back face of the disk. The disk is attached to the substrate by a hydrostatic pressure differential between the surrounding atmosphere and the gas or liquid medium in the microchannels embedded in the substrate.
The applicant's second co-pending patent application, U.S. Ser. No. 09/767,202, entitled "Side-Pumped Active Mirror Solid-State Laser for High-Average Power", which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a large aperture AMA wherein optical pump radiation is injected into the peripheral edge of a gain medium disk. Side-pumping takes advantage of the long absorption path (approximately the same dimension as the disk diameter), which permits doping the disk with a reduced concentration of lasant ions and provides a corresponding reduction in required pump radiation intensity.
The applicant's third co-pending patent application, U.S. Ser. No. 09/782,788, entitled "High-Average Power Active Mirror Solid-State Laser with Multiple Subapertures", which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses an AMA wherein a very large optical aperture is filled by multiple AMA subapertures. This co-pending patent application also discloses an AMA with the laser gain medium disk attached to the substrate by a diffusion bond rather than by hydrostatic pressure.
The teachings of co-pending patent application Ser. No. 09/505,399, 09/767,202 and 09/782,788 provide numerous advantages over prior art solid-state lasers and allow generation of near diffraction limited laser output at very high average power from a relatively small device. In particular, analysis shows that an AMA module constructed in accordance with one or more of the above-referenced applications and using a Nd:GGG gain medium disk with a 15 cm diameter and 2.5 mm thickness can produce 15 kW of average laser power available for outcoupling with near diffraction limited BQ. See, for example, J. Vetrovec, "Active Mirror Amplifier for High-Average Power," in SPIE vol. 4270, 2001. Co-pending application U.S. Ser. No. 09/505,399 discloses explicitly how multiple AMA modules may be used to construct a laser amplifier, especially as may be suitable for a laser configuration known as a master-oscillator—power amplifier. There are, however, many important applications that would benefit from a HAP solid-state laser oscillator producing a near diffraction-limited BQ output beam.
A laser oscillator employs a laser gain medium inside an optical resonator of suitable configuration. Photons oscillating from one end of the resonator to the other end thereof constitute electromagnetic energy which forms an intense electromagnetic field. The shape of this field is precisely dependent not only upon the photon wavelength, but also upon the mirror alignment, curvature and spacing, as well as the optical aperture and inhomogenieties of the laser gain medium. This field can assume many different cross-sectional shapes, termed transverse electromagnetic modes (TEM), but only certain modes, or a mixture of them, are useful for utilizing the laser power.
In many laser applications, the most desirable mode is the fundamental mode (i.e., TEMoo, Gaussian, or diffraction-limited mode), which also has the smallest transverse dimensions of all modes. In a laser oscillator, to enable extraction of a near diffraction-limited beam from a large-aperture gain medium it is necessary to design a resonator which supports a large size TEMoo mode under operational conditions. While laser gain elements in an AMA configuration may appear to be natural candidates for construction of a HAP SSL oscillator producing a near diffraction-limited BQ output beam, numerous challenges must be overcome, including:
It should be noted that such problems are far less severe in the thin disk laser of the prior art, which employs a very small aperture gain element and generates modest average power with modest BQ. This permitted using the thin disk laser gain medium in a laser oscillator with a stable optical resonator. Using such a stable resonator is entirely inappropriate for use with a large aperture AMA gain medium.
One challenge associated with lasers employing a gain medium with a large optical aperture is designing a resonator supporting a low order (preferably TEMoo) mode(s) that can efficiently fill the entire aperture. Forty years of laser development has shown that obtaining high-average power output with good BQ from a solid-state laser with conventional stable resonators poses almost insurmountable problems. Such a stable laser resonator would require a cavity length that is either impracticably large, or would use an expansion telescope, or would have to be made in a folded configuration that increases the number of mirrors required. Stable resonators with long cavity or telescopic beam expanders are also very sensitive to mirror alignment and impractical for integration onto mobile platforms. For these reasons, laser oscillators for HAP are generally practiced with an unstable resonator, which have shown high efficiency for extracting available power associated with the cavity mode in a near diffraction-limited beam. Such a near diffraction limited beam provides a near optimum distribution of radiant energy in the far field as is required for many important applications. Unstable resonators are often practiced in a confocal configuration with either a positive or negative branch variants. For additional information, see for example, A. Siegman, "Lasers", John Willey and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1985.
Ring unstable resonators (introduced by Buczek et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,824,487), in contrast to linear unstable resonators, provide much increased design flexibility and a number of design possibilities over and above the advantages possessed by ring resonators for laser applications generally. A ring unstable resonator can be designed, for example, to have a short telescopic magnification (i.e., beam expansion) section using conveniently available optical elements with short radii of curvature, and then to have much longer collimated regions through the laser gain medium. Negative-branch ring resonators can also be built with spatial filters, which can cleanup the mode patterns and filter out some of the phase distortion effects caused by inhomogeneous elements in the resonator. Ring resonators also offer the possibility of unidirectional oscillation (traveling wave), which eliminates spatial hole burning effects found in linear resonators and which results from interference between counter-propagating optical waves. Ring resonators are often designed using various sorts of folded sections in order to achieve near normal incidence on at least some of the mirrors, since this minimizes astigmatism from curved mirrors and permits standard coatings to be used. It is also possible to design a negative-branch ring unstable resonator such that each round trip corresponds to an image relay which images a magnified version of the coupling aperture back onto itself each round trip. Such a self-imaging configuration is known to yield a particularly smooth and uniform lowest order mode pattern in an unstable resonator. For additional information see, for example, the above noted publication by Siegman, or N. Hodgson and H. Weber, "Optical Resonators", Springer-Verlag, London, 1997.
AMA modules disclosed by the applicant in the above noted U.S. patent applications provide a laser gain medium with very high homogeneity over a large aperture and under operational conditions. However, when a large number of AMA modules are used to construct a laser oscillator, even small residual inhomogenieties experienced by an optical wave recirculating inside a resonator may add up to significantly perturb the optical phase front. Furthermore, in all operational unstable resonator devices, there are various naturally occurring sources of phase and amplitude distortions that degrade both the intracavity mode and the resultant far-field irradiance structure. One effective approach to addressing this problem is to use an intracavity adaptive optic element(s) to drive the aberrated mode structure back towards the ideal unaberrated mode of the resonator. The term "aberrations" as used herein refers to distortions of the optical wavefront from flat or simple curvature conditions.
A conventional adaptive optics system generally includes a deformable mirror whose surface can be deformed selectively by means of actuators. Suitable deformable mirrors have been disclosed in the prior art. See, for example, J. E. Pearson and R. H. Freeman, in Applied Optics, vol. 21, page 4 (1982). The deformation of the mirror is typically within the range of several wavelengths of the impinging laser light. As the incoming aberrated light strikes the deformable mirror, it is reflected from the mirror such that the mirror compensates, at least partially, for the aberrations. The reflected light impinges upon a beam splitter or a sampler that directs a small fraction of the laser beam to a wavefront sensor. The sampled signals are transmitted to a controller, which drives the actuators of the deformable mirror, in a feedback loop, in response to the sampled signals. This compensates for the aberrations in the light wave. Such a system for intracavity wavefront correction was first disclosed by Frieberg in U.S. Pat. No. 4,249,140 (1981).
However, the wavefront can also be tilted and will thus move in the wrong direction. In many adaptive optics systems it would not be desirable to compensate for tilt using a deformable mirror, since the magnitude of the tilt might be much greater than the range of the deformable mirror, and consequently, the tilt would not be removable. For this reason, modern adaptive optics systems also employ a steering mirror for continuous compensation of tilt in the wavefront direction. A deformable mirror and a steering mirror may each have their own sensor or use a common sensor. The actions of the two components are separated by removing any tilt portion from the wavefront measurement used to drive the deformable mirror and using it to drive the steering mirror. An example of an adaptive optics system employing both a steering mirror and a deformable mirror was disclosed by Salmon in U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,309 (1998). For additional pertinent information on adaptive optics, see for example Chapter 3, Intracavity Laser Beam Control and Formation in "Laser Resonators: Novel Designs and Development," by A. Kudryashov and H. Weber, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, Wash. (1999) or R. K. Tyson, "Principles of Adaptive Optics," Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1998).
A principal object of the present invention is to provide a SSL oscillator with a large-aperture gain medium in an AMA configuration capable of producing high-average power output with good BQ. In particular, the present invention meets a number of significant needs including, but not limited to, the following:
A first preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a SSL with an array of AMA modules placed in a linear unstable resonator that provides a large fundamental mode size, excellent transverse mode control, and collimated output beam. A second preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a SSL with an array of AMA modules placed in a ring unstable resonator that provides much increased design flexibility and an increased number of design possibilities, longer collimated beam regions, and which avoids spatial hole burning. A third preferred embodiment of the present invention provides additional improvements in laser power extraction from an AMA laser gain medium. The fourth and fifth preferred embodiments of the present invention provide axisymmetric arrangement of AMA modules for compact packaging. A sixth alternative preferred embodiment of the present invention provides AMA modules with an axisymmetric arrangement of gain elements for improved packaging and integration. Means for kinematically mounting AMA modules and supplying them with coolant by pressure balanced means are also disclosed.
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:
"Active mirror amplifier (AMA) module" refers to an assembly including at least one laser gain medium in the active mirror (amplifier) configuration (such as, for example, shown in FIG. 1), means to cool the laser gain medium, means to support the laser gain medium, and means to provide optical pump radiation into the laser gain medium. A suitable AMA module may be provided in accordance with the already noted applicant's pending application Ser. Nos. 09/505,399, 09/767,202 and 09/782,788.
"Laser gain assembly" refers to a plurality of AMA modules arranged in an array so that a laser beam may be received, amplified and reflected successively by each module.
"Optical aperture" is defined as: "the diameter of the objective of a telescope or other optical instrument" (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th edition, published by McGraw-Hill, Inc., ISBN 0-07-045270-9).
"AMA optical aperture" refers to the maximum transverse dimension of a laser beam, which can be received, amplified, and transmitted by an AMA module.
"Adaptive optics system" refers to a system for continuous (at least partial) correction of aberrated phase front of optical waves. Such a system includes a means for sampling a laser beam, a sensor for sensing an optical wavefront of the sampled laser beam and/or a sensor for sensing intensity distribution of the sampled laser beam, a steering mirror and/or a deformable mirror, and a controller which correlates the input electrical signals from the sensors into corresponding control signals for deforming the actuators of the steering mirror and/or deformable mirror to obtain the desired closed loop bandwidth. A sensor for intensity distribution may incorporate a focal plane array or a sensor measuring a total power in a specified optical aperture, or other suitable means for sensing total power in the optical aperture.
"Transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM)" refers to an optical mode in which a particular transverse electromagnetic wave is propagated inside an optical resonator or in a light beam. The electric field of this wave can assume many different cross-sectional shapes, "termed" transverse electromagnetic modes" (TEM).
Referring to
The laser gain medium 82 of each module 80 preferably has flat surfaces and therefore has no magnifying power with respect to the laser beam 24. Preferably, the number of AMA modules 80 within the laser gain assembly 11 is such that the combined laser gain produced by the modules is sufficient to permit outcoupling a large portion of the laser power circulating in the resonator while extracting a large portion of available laser power from the laser gain media 82. A portion of the laser beam 24 entering the outcoupling and feedback assembly 40 is coupled out of the oscillator 10 forming an outcoupled laser beam 28. A portion of the laser beam 28 not coupled out of the oscillator 10 is reflected back into the resonator as the feedback beam 22.
The preferred number of AMA modules may vary significantly for different designs of the SSL oscillator 10. This is because much depends on the material choice, dimensions, and operating conditions of the gain medium 82. However, in most applications the number of modules will preferably range from 5 to 100.
The outcoupling and feedback assembly 40 is configured so that together with the end mirror 32 it forms a linear unstable optical resonator. A variety of suitable configurations of the outcoupling and feedback assembly 40 which can be employed in the SSL oscillator 10 have been disclosed in the prior art. The preferred configurations of the outcoupling and feedback assembly 40 are shown in
AMA modules disclosed by the applicant in the above-noted pending U.S. patent applications provide a laser gain medium with very high homogeniety over a large aperture and at operational conditions. However, when a large number of AMA modules are used, small residual inhomogenieties experienced by an optical wave recirculating inside a resonator may add up to significantly perturb the optical phase front. Furthermore, in all operational unstable resonator devices there are various naturally occurring sources of phase and amplitude distortions that degrade both the intracavity mode and the resultant far-field irradiance structure. To correct this problem, the solid-state laser oscillator 10 (shown in
Referring now to
An advantage of using the adaptive optics system 60 with the present invention is that a high-average power, near diffraction limited output beam is obtained from the laser oscillator 10 in spite of various anomalies such as changing environmental conditions, temporarily varying misalignment, optical surface distortions, and temporarily varying gain medium properties. Additionally, the ability to actively compensate for optical wavefront distortions inside the resonator enhances mode discrimination of the resonator, which is essential for providing an output beam 28 with good BQ.
The solid-state laser oscillator 10 may be also practiced with laser gain medium 82 capable of lasing in continuous spectrum or at closely spaced lines. Examples of such solid-state laser gain media with continuous tunability include Tm:YAG and Ti:Sapphire. Nd3+ is an example of a lasant ion having multiple lasing lines, some of which are closely spaced. The prior art has established that laser oscillators with a gain medium having broad tunability or multiple lasing lines can be made to laser only at specific predetermined wavelengths by placing a diffraction grating or a refracting prism into the laser resonator.
Referring now to
A portion of the collimated laser beam 24 propagating from laser gain assembly 111 and entering the outcoupling and feedback assembly 140 is coupled out of the oscillator 100 forming an outcoupled laser beam 28. A portion of the laser beam 28 not coupled out of the oscillator 100 forms a feedback beam 22, which is directed by successive reflections from mirrors 136, 134, 135, and 138 back into the laser gain assembly 111. Mirrors 136 and 138 are preferably flat. Mirrors 134 and 135 are convex and concave, respectively. Their curvatures are chosen so as to form a beam expander 130 which receives a collimated feedback beam 22 of smaller transverse dimensions and which produces a collimated beam 24 with larger transverse dimensions suitable for use with the laser gain assembly 111.
The unstable ring resonator used with the SSL oscillator 100 provides a large fundamental mode size, excellent transverse mode control, and a collimated output beam 28. The perimeter of the resonator is independent of the radii of curvature of the mirrors 134 and 135. Consequently, mirrors 134 and 135 can be fabricated with smaller and easier to manufacture radii of curvature and the beam expander 130 is easier to align. In addition, the resonator is relatively insensitive to optical misalignment and mirror distortion. This is of particular importance for laser gain assemblies 111 having a long optical path therethrough, such as when employing a large number of AMA modules 80 and/or when employing successive AMA modules that have significant physical separation therebetween. Furthermore, the resonator can provide a magnification factor significantly greater than unity, which encourages unidirectional oscillation within the oscillator and provides a large fraction of power in the central lobe of the far-field pattern. Additionally, an output coupler can be located at any location on the resonator perimeter downstream of laser gain assembly 111 where laser beam 24 is collimated.
Several suitable configurations of the outcoupling and feedback system 140 which can be employed in the SSL oscillator 100 are shown in
With the feedback mirror 142 a of
A variation of the second embodiment of the present invention may use an alternate configuration of the beam expansion telescope.
SSL oscillator 100 shown in
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
To assure that the laser beam inside the laser gain assembly 11 can be successfully transferred from one AMA module 80 to the next, all of the AMA modules 80 and beam transfer mirrors 62 and 64 must be properly positioned and aligned. However, positioning and alignment of the AMA modules 80, and in particular the laser gain medium and its support substrate therein (see, e.g.
End sections 502 a and 502 b may have apertures as may be required, for example, to allow passage of a laser beam, electrical wiring and coolant connections. Aperture 509 in end section 502 b is an example of such an aperture for the passage of a laser beam. When practiced with the fifth embodiment of the present invention, central opening 508 may be used to allow passage of a laser beam (for example, between mirrors 134 and 136, and 135 and 138 a), and/or electrical wiring and coolant connections.
During laser operation, the laser gain medium generates a significant amount of heat, which is removed by flowing a coolant through the support substrate (see, e.g.
Coolant fluid connections to the support substrate are preferably provided by pressure-balanced fluid transfer tubes which balance the hydraulic forces caused by the coolant pressure. Such tubes permit small axial and lateral adjustments of the support substrate within an AMA module as may be required to optically align the laser gain medium. In the prior art, such pressure-balanced tubes are disclosed, for example, by Eitel in U.S. Pat. No. 4,029,400 and by Sigman et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,834 for use with cooled laser mirrors.
Referring now to
The coolant transfer tube 702 has an internal flow passage 703 connected to the tube exterior by a plurality of openings 705 and 705′ located near opposite ends of the flow passage 703. Each end of the coolant transfer tube 702 further contains two raised sections 716 and 718, with the openings 705 therebetween. Each of the raised sections 716 and 718 has an O-ring groove with an O-ring type seal 704 made of a suitable elastomeric material. One end of the coolant transfer tube 702 a has two O-rings 704 engaging the cylindrical surface of chamber 715. The other end of the coolant transfer tube 702 a has two O-rings 704 engaging the cylindrical surface of chamber 717. The tube 702 a is positioned and its length is sized so that openings 705 are aligned with the flow channel 709 in the manifold 706 and openings 705′ are aligned with the internal manifold 788 in the support substrate 784. This arrangement of the coolant transfer tube 702 a provides a continuous passage for coolant 707 from the flow channel 709 through openings 705, into passage 703, and therefrom through openings 705′ into the internal manifold 788 of the support substrate 784. A vent hole 798 is provided to avoid pressure buildup inside a volume 719 at the extreme end of chamber 717.
It has been already established in prior art that the arrangement of coolant transfer tube 702 a, coolant manifold 706 and support substrate 784 shown in
The support substrate 784 may have at least one coolant transfer tube for coolant feed to heat exchanger 786 and at least one coolant transfer tube for coolant return. An alternate arrangement of coolant transfer tubes 702 a and 702 b oriented generally parallel to the face of the laser gain medium 882 is indicated by reference numeral 802 as shown in FIG. 17.
Referring now to
The support substrate 984 further contains heat exchangers 986 (one for each laser gain medium 982) supplied with coolant for cooling the back sides of the laser gain media 982 as shown in more detail, for example, for a single laser gain medium in FIG. 15. The face of the support substrate 984 is azimuthally divided into facets 985, each of which is machined flat to optical quality but at a slight angle off perpendicular to the axis of symmetry 904. Such an angle is chosen so that when the laser gain media 982 are mounted onto the support substrate 984 and over the heat exchangers 986 imbedded in the facets 985, and the two AMA modules 980 a and 980 b are placed on a common axis of symmetry 904 with a predetermined spacing, a laser beam 24 can propagate back and forth between modules 980 a and 980 b, being successively amplified and reflected by adjacent laser gain media 982.
The number of laser gain media 982 placed on one AMA module 980 is quite arbitrary, but a preferred number is between 3 and 50. The support substrates 984 a and 984 b are each made very rigid and may be held in their relative position by a plurality of struts such as shown, for example, in FIG. 14. Furthermore, support substrates 984 a and 984 b may have apertures 909 a and 909 b as may be required to allow passage of a laser beam 24.
SSL oscillator 900 may also incorporate adaptive optics system 60 such as described earlier and shown in FIG. 5.
SSL oscillator 900 may also practiced with a ring resonator such as disclosed in connection with the fifth embodiment of the present invention. In such a case, central opening 908 in substrate 984 may be used to allow passage of a laser beam (for example, between mirrors 134 and 136, and 135 and 138 a), and/or electrical wiring and coolant connections.
Axisymmetric configuration of the laser gain media 982 into arrays on AMA modules 980 a and 980 b permits integration and packaging of the SSL oscillator 900 into a very compact unit, which becomes more important as increasing number of AMA modules are used. Furthermore, when AMA modules incorporating pressure-clamped laser gain medium are used, the laser gain assembly may be placed into a pressure chamber. The compact configuration of the SSL oscillator 900 permits placing the entire unit into a cylindrical pressure vessel.
Those skilled in the art can now appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad teachings of the present invention can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this invention has been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, specification and following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
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|Sep 2, 1965
|Jan 2, 1968
|Arde Portland Inc
|Mounting comprised of interconnected piston and cylinder assemblies
|Nov 25, 1975
|Jun 14, 1977
|United Technologies Corporation
|Pressure balanced cooled mirror with axially movable transfer tube assemblies
|Feb 28, 1977
|Apr 18, 1978
|The University Of Rochester
|Reflective polarization retarder and laser apparatus utilizing same
|Apr 24, 1978
|Nov 27, 1979
|United Technologies Corporation
|Laser mirror with coolant fluid transfer manifold
|Aug 23, 1985
|Apr 14, 1987
|Itek Corporation
|Cooled deformable mirror
|May 18, 1988
|Jun 6, 1989
|Spectra-Physics, Inc.
|High-efficiency mode-matched solid-state laser with transverse pumping and cascaded amplifier stages
|Nov 2, 1987
|Jul 18, 1989
|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
|Composite polymer-glass edge cladding for laser disks
|Dec 23, 1988
|Oct 24, 1989
|Advanced Lasers Limited
|External cavity slab lasers
|Jul 27, 1988
|Jul 31, 1990
|Thermo Electron Technologies Corp.
|Active segmented mirror including a plurality of piezoelectric drivers
|Oct 29, 1992
|Aug 2, 1994
|The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy
|Parasitic oscillation suppression in solid state lasers using absorbing thin films
|Jan 14, 1994
|Mar 21, 1995
|Northrop Grumman Corporation
|Tunable mid-infrared wavelength converter using cascaded parametric oscillators
|Jul 29, 1992
|Aug 15, 1995
|Onyx Optics
|Composites made from single crystal substances
|Dec 22, 1993
|Sep 3, 1996
|Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Fuer Luft- Und Raumfahrt E.V.
|Laser amplifying system
|Nov 14, 1994
|Oct 8, 1996
|Meissner; Helmuth E.
|Composite solid state lasers of improved efficiency and beam quality
|Sep 4, 1985
|Nov 26, 1996
|United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Cooled laser mirror materials
|Nov 14, 1995
|Mar 11, 1997
|Speedring Systems, Inc.
|Optical scanning device having a spherical exit window
|Oct 13, 1995
|Aug 26, 1997
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Solid-state laser amplifying apparatus and solid-state laser apparatus capable of oscillating high-power laser beam under stable condition
|Sep 28, 1995
|Dec 16, 1997
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Wavelength-conversion solid-state laser
|Jul 25, 1995
|Dec 30, 1997
|Fujitsu Limited
|Laser diode module
|Sep 11, 1996
|Aug 18, 1998
|Trw Inc.
|High efficiency solid state raman laser system
|Sep 19, 1995
|Nov 3, 1998
|Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.
|Laser-diode-pumped solid-state laser
|Dec 29, 1995
|Dec 8, 1998
|Onyx Optics, Inc.
|Composite optical and electro-optical devices
|Apr 12, 1994
|Jan 5, 1999
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Compact efficient solid state laser
|Apr 25, 1997
|Feb 16, 1999
|Mitsui Chemicals, Inc.
|Laser diode pumped solid-state laser apparatus
|Jul 17, 1997
|Feb 16, 1999
|Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
|Solid-state laser amplifier
|Feb 28, 1997
|Feb 23, 1999
|Mitsubishi Chemical America, Inc.
|Laser diode pumped solid state laser, printer and method using same
|Feb 21, 1996
|May 11, 1999
|Ullman; Christoph
|Diode laser component with cooling element and diode laser module
|Apr 11, 1997
|Jul 20, 1999
|Hughes Electronics Corporation
|Laser systems with improved performance and reduced parasitics and method
|Apr 21, 1998
|Aug 10, 1999
|Onxy Optics, Inc.
|Laser rods with undoped, flanged end-caps for end-pumped laser applications
|Feb 16, 2000
|Jan 15, 2002
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|Active mirror amplifier system and method for a high-average power laser system
|Article entitled "Composite Thin-Disk Laser Scaleable to 10 kW Average Power Output and beyond" by Luis Zapata, Ray Beach and Steve Payne, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 5 pages, no month, year.
|Article entitled "Review and forecast of laser markets Part 1: Nondiode lasers" by Stephen G. Anderson dated Jan. 2000, pp. 92-99.
|Article entitled "Solid State Thin Disc Laser" by H. Hugel and W.L. Bohn from SPIE vol. 3574, no months, year.
|Department of Defense-Report of the High Energy Laser Executive Review Panel entitled "Department of Defense Laser Master Plan" dated Mar. 24, 2000.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 22, 2005
|Dec 9, 2008
|The Boeing Company
|Solid-state laser and multi-pass resonator
|Nov 14, 2005
|Jan 13, 2009
|The Boeing Company
|High-gain solid-state laser
|Dec 9, 2005
|Oct 27, 2009
|The Boeing Company
|Star configuration optical resonator
|Apr 25, 2008
|Jul 12, 2011
|The Boeing Company
|Unstable laser disk resonator
|Apr 1, 2009
|Oct 11, 2011
|The Boeing Company
|Reliable startup of high power thin-disk laser resonators
|Sep 17, 2008
|Apr 3, 2012
|Interstellar Technologies Corporation
|System and method for dispersion-force-based actuation
|Oct 3, 2008
|May 8, 2012
|Interstellar Technologies Corporation
|System for dispersion-force-based actuation
|Nov 24, 2010
|Dec 10, 2013
|Applied Energetics
|Off axis walk off multi-pass amplifiers
|Jan 24, 2007
|May 20, 2014
|Raytheon Company
|Linear adaptive optics system in low power beam path and method
|Nov 24, 2010
|Jun 10, 2014
|Applied Energetics
|Off axis walk off multi-pass amplifiers
|Jun 21, 2002
|Jun 10, 2014
|Rockstar Consortium Us Lp
|Passive optical loopback
|Sep 12, 2013
|Nov 18, 2014
|Nlight Photonics Corporation
|Resonator mounting assembly for isolation of resonator defining optics
|Nov 24, 2010
|Nov 25, 2014
|Applied Energetics
|Axial walk off multi-pass amplifiers
|Oct 17, 2013
|Oct 20, 2015
|The Boeing Company
|Unstable imaging resonator
|Nov 14, 2005
|May 17, 2007
|The Boeing Company
|High-gain solid-state laser
|Nov 22, 2005
|May 24, 2007
|The Boeing Company
|Solid-state laser and multi-pass resonator
|Dec 9, 2005
|Jun 14, 2007
|The Boeing Company
|Star configuration optical resonator
|Oct 3, 2008
|Mar 26, 2009
|Interstellar Technologies Corporation
|System for Dispersion-Force-Based Actuation
|Sep 17, 2008
|Apr 2, 2009
|Interstellar Technologies Corporation
|System and Method for Dispersion-Force-Based Actuation
|Apr 25, 2008
|Oct 29, 2009
|The Boeing Company
|Unstable laser disk resonator
|Jan 24, 2007
|Sep 16, 2010
|Raytheon Company
|Linear adaptive optics system in low power beam path and method
|Apr 1, 2009
|Oct 7, 2010
|The Boeing Company
|Reliable startup of high power thin-disk laser resonators
|Nov 24, 2010
|May 26, 2011
|Lundquist Paul B
|Axial walk off multi-pass amplifiers
|Nov 24, 2010
|Jun 9, 2011
|Samvel Sarkisyan
|Off axis walk off multi-pass amplifiers
|Nov 24, 2010
|Jun 30, 2011
|Lundquist Paul B
|Off axis walk off multi-pass amplifiers
|U.S. Classification
|372/95, 372/35
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 3, 2008
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 5, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Nov 3, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
Product Information
The LG RC9011B is a freestanding condenser tumble dryer in Black with a large 9kg capacity; ideal to be paired with any LG washing machine and perfect for households with a lot of laundry. The large drum allows you to dry larger loads than ever before.
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- Manufacturer : LG
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- Internal drum light
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- Advanced display
- Noise level: 61.5dB(A)
N.B. Please note that LG dimensions are based on the top plate and do not include any protrusions like pipes, doors, buttons or the curvature of the front


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HTC Merge Arrives Today
The moment you've all been waiting for has just arrived. The HTC Merge is now available on Verizon Wireless. The HTC Merge will feature Android 2.2, Froyo. Although this isn't the latest Android operating system, Froyo is a solid build and I use the OS on a day-to-day basis. The HTC Merge also features a 3.8-inch touchscreen display, slide-out QWERTY keyboard and a 5MP auto-focus camera with built-in Flash.
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Photo Courtesy of GeekyGadgets
Photo Courtesy of JohnKarakatsanis


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GERMANY: Short journey diesel ruled 'not fit for purpose'
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Emissions Impossible has been going from strength to strength this year, all thanks to the amazing and inspiring actions taking place in our students' unions and across campuses! This is driven by both officers and student campaigners linking up and pushing their institutions to challenge the 'social licence' of the fossil fuel industry.
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Travelling with a baby – is it really like an episode of Survivor at 30,000 feet?
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As a mother of two, who often travels for her job and has permanently itchy feet, I have run the gauntlet of airlines and angry passengers for over five years. In that time I have come up with a few tips and suggestions of my own:
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Yuusha no Kuse ni Namaikida
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This guide is rather simple at the moment, only the Story Mode is available, more updates soon.


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Author | Ashish Singh | Thursday, Aug 05,2004 7:16 AM
Former Associate Vice-president of Euro RSCG, Delhi, UT Ramprasad, who quit about a month ago, has joined Tata Motors from July 29 as Head - Marketing Communications, according to reliable sources.
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Programming HeadRadio Mango


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Donnie E. "My favorite restaurant in town"
Donnie E. "My favorite restaurant in town. I love the corn pups and fried chicken. Hoping my family will take me there for my birthday in June"
Welcome To Kountry Folks
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Seaford, Sussex
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
Seaford is a village on the coast of Sussex and, with a population of over 75,000 people, is officially the largest village in the county. The Parish Council, which meet at the ancient Town Hall in South Street, comprises over 40 councillors making it the largest parish council in the UK.
Seaford is situated between the South Downs and the beautiful Seaford Bay. To the west lies the hoverport of Newhaven and to the east the magnificent White Cliffs of Dover.
Seaford Council received national notoriety in 2014 when the entire council including three members of the public and the local journalist fell asleep during a Finance Committee and did not wake until 3am when the meeting was promptly adjourned. In the 2015 election Seaford became the only English council to elect a member of the Scottish National Party (SNP)
edit History
The village has a fascinating history. In olden times the River Cuckmere came out to sea at Seaford and as a result there was a port here. It was here that Joseph of Arimathea landed in the 1st Century en-route to the nearby town of Glastonbury. There is evidence of Roman and Saxon settlements in the area but the village grew under the Normans. Norman Baker was the first recorded Mayor and after his death the role was taken on by his son Norman the Wise (known as Norman Wisdom) and then by his rotund son, Norman the Cook (known as Fatman Slim)
During the Hundred Years War (which actually only lasted for 20 years) Seaford became known as a Cinque Port. The word 'Cinque' is pronounced 'Sink' which is a corruption of the word 'stink' due to the smelly nature of the local fishing industry. The quaint fisherman's huts used to be a feature of the cobbled streets but many of them were destroyed during the Cod War of 1972 when Seaford was subject of air-raids by Icelandic Air Force.
The port of Seaford flourished until 1850 when Queen Victoria used the port to travel back to England following a holiday in Spain. The voyage from the French port of Rouen was so rough the Queen became seasick and the journey back to London was not helped when she was stopped at the Customs Hall in Seaford Port and made to empty all of her 30 trunks. When the customs officers found she had 200 cigarettes over the limit she was fined 15 shillings. She was not amused. Having lost the Queens patronage the port of Seaford declined.
There were attempts to 'spruce up' Seaford with the building of a grand pier, ski-resort and a short-lived 'Petting Safari Park'
Due to an administrative error Seaford failed to declare war on Germany in August 1914 and was therefore seen as a threat by the British Government. Lord Haig sent Scottish soldiers to surround Seaford until war was finally agreed by a special meeting of the Parish Council in January 1915. As they were encamped on the surrounding downland the soldiers were formed into a regiment now known as the "Seaford Highlanders"
More information about the history of the town can be found at the local museum which is situated in a converted sand-castle on the beach.
edit Commerce
Seaford has the largest number of charity shops in the UK. The last 'ordinary' shop closed in 2007 although there are several supermarkets including the only "Gum" Supermarket outside Russia. There is a monthly cattle market held in the 'Salts' car-park. The 'Salts' is named after the nearby Sailors Retirement Home.
As a seaside resort Seaford is famous for its oysters and there are many seafood restaurants specialising in this local delicacy. There is an Oyster Festival in May. Residents can apply for a special discount card at the Council Offices which can give up to 50% discount in local shops. This is called an Oyster Card.
Tide Mills is a retail park between Seaford and Newhaven offering a variety of national stores and independent traders.
edit Travel
There are good transport links between Seaford and London, Birmingham and Paris. Although Eastbourne is the nearest city there often delays when the Exceat Bridge is open to allow shipping up river. Seaford Airport has a regular shuttle service to Orly Airport and the village is often crowded with French tourists. It was from Seaford Airport that Lewes Beleriot attempted his first flights across the English Channel.
The nearby town of Newhaven has a regular hovercraft service to Dieppe in Belgium.
There are 27 local bus services (the 12, 12a, 12b etc) the 12z however is an express service and does not stop to allow passengers to get on or off.
A newly opened cycle path takes intrepid cyclists on the 17 mile under-cliff route from Seaford Head under the cliffs to Cuckmere Haven and then along the sea-shore under the Seven Sisters cliffs and Beachy Head to Eastbourne.
edit Bonfire
Like the nearby town of Lewes, Seaford has several Bonfire Societies although, following the Great Fire of Seaford of 1666 the members of the societies are prohibited from setting off fireworks, lighting bonfires or marching through the streets. The annual Bonfire and Fireworks spectacle is therefore held indoors.
edit Wildlife
Seaford is famed for its seagulls who are beloved by all. The RNIB has carefully caught and ringed each seagull and many tame individuals are known to residents. These include Jeremy who stands on cars in the High Street and Jessica who has learnt many words of English. Two seagulls, Nigel and Heinrich were trained to help the local lifeboat service spot people who had got into trouble whilst swimming in Seaford Bay but are missing believed 'lost at sea' following a recent storm.
Foxes are a local delicacy and are not only regularly made into pies but are also available deep-fried in the local fish and chip restaurants.
edit Tourism
The long expanses of golden sandy beaches make Seaford an obvious choice for families.
In June many people flock to Seaford to see the famous International Submarine Races which were first held in 1732. Crowds line the seafront for a glimpse of this amazing spectacle and the local hotels are booked weeks in advance.
Unfortunately due to a spelling mistake the local tourist office is situated 300 miles away in Sleaford, Lincolnshire.


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WisCon: Feminist Science Fiction Convention Deadline MARCH 2, 2015
WisCon, the world's leading feminist science fiction convention, invites scholars of all descriptions to propose programming for its academic track. We invite proposals from anyone with a scholarly interest in the intersections of gender, sexuality, race, class, and disability with science fiction – broadly defined – in literature, media, and culture. We would especially welcome scholarship on the work of 2015's guests of honor, Alaya Dawn Johnson and Kim Stanley Robinson, and on the histories and cultures of feminist and social-justice-oriented fan communities.


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Shell's Offer Too Low
Texaco's merger with Chevron hangs in the balance.
Shell Oil Co.'s offering price for Texaco Inc.'s share of their refining and market joint ventures remains too low, Texaco said, which could delay federal approval for its proposed deal with Chevron Corp.
But Texaco, which is seeking to divest the holdings to facilitate its acquisition by San Francisco-based Chevron Corp., says there are other potential buyers, and that if necessary, its assets could be put into a trust, according to the Wall Street Journal.
"We're looking for a fair, market-based price, which Shell has not offered to date," Texaco spokesman Paul Weeditz, told the Journal
Both companies said negotiations are ongoing, but neither provided details about the price dispute.
Texaco is attempting to sell off its West Coast-based Equilon and East Coast-based Motiva assets to satisfy regulators' antitrust concerns about Chevron's acquisition of Texaco. Plans for the acquisition were announced last year, and analysts expect the deal to be completed later this year. Weeditz didn't name any other prospective buyers of Texaco's interests.
While Texaco knows the downstream assets raise red flags with regulators reviewing the Chevron Texaco combination, the Federal Trade Commission hasn't determined final divestiture requirements. If Shell doesn't buy Texaco's U.S. refining and marketing interests before Chevron and Texaco shareholders vote on the Chevron Texaco deal, Texaco may place those assets into a trust, the report said.
The Equilon and Motiva joint ventures have helped the companies cut costs but haven't always provided returns as high as similar operations, analysts have said. Texaco owns 44 percent of the Equilon joint venture, while Shell Oil holds a 56 percent stake. Equilon has an estimated 6.8 percent share of the national gasoline market and an estimated 13.1 percent share of the gasoline market in its 32 state geographic area, according to Texaco's annual report.
Texaco, Shell and Saudi Refining Inc., an affiliate of Saudi Arabia's national oil company Saudi Aramco, each own a roughly equal share of the Motiva venture. Motiva refines and markets gasoline and other petroleum products under the Shell and Texaco brand names in all or part of 26 states and the District of Columbia.
Motiva has an estimated 8 percent share of the national gasoline market and about 16.7 percent marketshare in its geographic area, the report said.


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Synopsis Edit
Set in 1920s London, a brutal and bloodthirsty murder has stained the plush carpets of a handsome London townhouse. The victim is the glamorous and rich Emily French. All the evidence points to Leonard Vole, a young chancer to whom the heiress left her vast fortune and who ruthlessly took her life. At least, this is the story that Emily's dedicated housekeeper Janet McIntyre stands by in court. Leonard however, is adamant that his partner, the enigmatic chorus girl Romaine, can prove his innocence. Tasked with representing Leonard is his solicitor John Mayhew and King's Counsel, Sir Charles Carter KC.
Cast Edit
- Toby Jones as John Mayhew
- Andrea Riseborough as Romaine Heilger
- Billy Howle as Leonard Vole
- Hayley Carmichael as Alice Mayhew
- Monica Dolan as Janet McIntyre
- Kim Cattrall as Emily French
- Miranda Nolan as Christine Moffat
- Charles De'Ath as Deveraux
- Dorian Lough as Detective Breem
- Paul Ready as Tripp
- David Haig as Sir Charles Carter
- Tim McMullan as Sir Hugo Meredith KC
- Robert East as Justice Grenville Parris
- Adam Jowett as Clerk
- Andrew Havill as Clifford Starling
- Ted Robbins as Bernie
- Carla Langley as Dora
Episodes Edit
Main Characters Edit
Production Edit
This major adaptation for BBC One of Agatha Christie's classic title "The Witness For The Prosecution" is adapted by Sarah Phelps (And Then There Were None, The Casual Vacancy, The Crimson Field, Great Expectations), directed by Julian Jarrold (The Crown, The Girl, Appropriate Adult) and co-produced by Mammoth Screen (Poldark, And Then there Were None, Remember Me, Parade's End) and Agatha Christie Productions (And Then There Were None, Partners in Crime).


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Problems Integrating with SalesforceAsked by hrledgerinc on September 09, 2016 at 01:47 PM
Hello! I have a form that I am integrating with Salesforce. Everything works fine until I add the last two fields (which are check box fields). If I add either one - the entire form won't be received by Salesforce. If I remove the fields - then everything populates to Salesforce just fine. Is there anything on this side that is wrong with those fields? Do I need to change the names of the fields on the Salesforce side? Any help is appreciated! Thank you!
JotForm Support
I have tested the integration and it seems to be working on my end, please before to continue make sure that you're not submitting duplicated entries, if you're doing it then they simply will not be added to the integration:
I have also set up a cloned form of yours and I can see it works:
I'm sending the field to a custom check box field in my SalesForce account, here is the record generated from my testing submission:
My custom field is a check box as well on the SalesForce account, which field type are you using on your end?
Please try removing and adding the integration once again, if it still does not work, please let us know, we will be glad to further test.
Yep! Got it working! Thanks so much for your help!


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We all know that Boxers are just amazing!
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I was prepared to share this video after the first several facts. Then up comes the video of the boxer with a tumor on her leg. Really? It makes me think the owner is too poor to give their dog proper veterinary care or that they are insensitive and uncaring. Most of us boxer owners know that boxers are prone to tumors and cancer and are prepared for that before we purchase or adopt a boxer. Vet care is a necessity!
The Boxer Fan Club is an online community that has one main goal: spread the love of Boxers !!!
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|Antique miniature cupboard and trunks
Recently I caught up with one of my schoolmate who's now a fashion designer. I was constantly fed with the pictures of her designs on facebook and wanted to visit her studio, Dorpal Tibet Arts at Boudha which is also an antique shop. But time never favored. I'd been meaning to meet up with her and once I had even fixed a meeting with her but I couldn't make it, my bad! And I apologized to her about it and my apology has been accepted.
So it was during my Tihar break when Pechii and I were casually facebook-ing and discussed on doing this post. I had the time and she had a story to share and lots of designs to show.
I still remember back in the days when I was in my 3rd grade and Pechii in her 4th, me and my friends would bring blank sheets of paper and request Pechii to draw sketches of beautiful, barbie-like girls for us. Sometimes she'd make mermaids, sometimes girls in long, flowy gowns and pretty dresses. And she would do that for every single one of us.
That was more than a decade ago and today she's become what she always wanted to be: a fashion designer.
Soon after doing her Advanced Level, she took a short bridge course at Kristal Institute in Kathmandu. Thereafter, she was off to Bali to work with Paul Ropp. There she worked as the head of accessories and the designer for the children's collection for almost three years. "Paul Ropp is a hippy-chic and resort wear collection. It is for those who are not afraid to be naked."
As for Pechii's designs, they are very colourful, capricious and loud. The prints are very busy and it has a very South Asian feel to it. Her designs are not a replica of any international designer's. Pechii's collection has originality and she does not fear to do what might seem to be too garish for an audience who have now adapted to minimalism and safe styles. You will find maxi dresses with shimmery embroidery and silk dresses that feels very luxurious. The styles are not that will amaze you but it is the fabric and the prints that she chooses, the amount of glimmer and attention grabbing embroidery that she implies in her designs that sets Pechii's designs apart. "My collection is for those who want to stand out in a crowd in a good way. It's not something you will wear once and forget about it. It is subtle but risky as well, sexy and sultry."
None of the designs are reproduced; each piece is the one and only piece you will find. "Just imagine yourself in a beach or a resort wearing a very special silk dress that only you own and nobody else. It feels so good, right?"
Pechii mostly uses luxurious fabrics like pure silk, georgette and chiffon which are mostly imported from Indonesia and India and some are bought here in Nepal. These fabrics are not only expensive and beautiful but also very difficult to take care of. That's why Pechii also mentions that her collection is mostly for those who can not only afford to buy these luxurious fabrics but also afford to maintain it's richness.
She finds inspiration from travelling around the world, from monasteries, from cultures, Boudha stupa. "I grew up in an artistic environment. My house was and still is full of antique artifacts. That is what made me inclined towards art and fashion. Anything creative. Colours, music." And the prints on the textiles of her designs stand testamony to her statement. You will see the flower motifs and the geometric shapes that you normally see drawn on Tibetan antique furniture on her selected textiles.
|One of the designs she created at Paul Ropp
So far she's only delved on summer collections. At the moment she's working on her winter collection where she will be playing with Garbadine fabrics, silk, linen and brasso for jackets. While working on a winter collection, she's planning on adding a menswear collection to her repertoire where she will yet again use silk. "Men are always seen wearing jeans, a shirt and leather jackets. I want to change that. My men's collection will be for those who know the value of silk and learn how to accept the comfort of silk."
I plan to visit her studio again when her winter collection is ready. Do look forward to my next post on Pechii.


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A warm welcome to the 6h Africa International Film Festival. Our programme selection in this edition not only continues to celebrate African cinema's achievements in compelling story telling but also its visibility and remarkable achievement in reaching out and engaging the rest of the world. The theme for AFRIFF 2016 is Embracing the world.
The quality of movies coming out of Africa today has been widely celebrated as evident on TIFF 2016 Lagos spotlight and the Beyond Nollywood feature at the BFI London Film festival. It therefore gives us great pleasure to present this year's programme featuring 150 films from over 40 countries across Africa and the rest of the world.


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