text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 11, 2006
|Filing date
|Mar 5, 2003
|Priority date
|Mar 5, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Charles L. Gray Jr.
|Original Assignee
|The United States Of America As Represented By United States Environmental Protection Agency
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (24), Referenced by (23), Classifications (8), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The general field of application is internal combustion engines, particularly internal combustion engines for automotive use. More specifically, the invention relates to variable displacement in an internal combustion power plant.
2. The Prior Art
The growing utilization of automobiles greatly adds to the atmospheric presence of various pollutants including oxides of nitrogen and greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Accordingly, new approaches to significantly improving the efficiency of fuel utilization for automotive powertrains are needed.
In most current automotive powertrain designs, an internal combustion engine (ICE) is employed as the source of motive power. The average power demanded in normal driving is quite small, but intermittent events such as rapid acceleration, passing, trailer towing, and hill climbing demand power far in excess of the average demand. Because the ICE must respond in real time to the varying power demands of driving, it must be powerful enough to accommodate the maximum anticipated power demand rather than only the average power demand.
From an efficiency perspective, the powertrain required by the above considerations is far from optimal. The energy conversion efficiency of an ICE is at its optimum over only a relatively narrow range of its permissible loads and operating speeds. Efficiency tends to be better at high load than at low load, and better at moderate speed than at either low speed or high speed. Because an automotive ICE is typically sized to meet the maximum anticipated power demand (which is experienced over only a small fraction of a typical driving cycle), the vast majority of the time it operates at low to moderate power levels where efficiency is relatively poor. This results in a relatively poor net fuel economy.
Operation of the ICE within its most efficient operating range (i.e. nearer its peak load) over a larger fraction of the typical driving cycle, would dramatically improve fuel economy. One possible approach would be to simply size the ICE to match the anticipated average power demand rather than the anticipated maximum demand, so that its peak efficiency range would more frequently coincide with the power actually demanded by the vehicle. However, this would give no capability for meeting peak power demands, leading to unacceptable problems in performance, driver confidence, and safety.
The problem of achieving better automotive energy efficiency in an ICE-powered vehicle can thus be understood as a problem of operating its ICE components at or near their most efficient operating range during the greatest possible portion of the driving cycle, while preserving the ability to meet peak power demands however intermittently they occur.
The techniques of turbocharging and supercharging aim to circumvent the constraint of a fixed volumetric displacement by compressing the intake air so as to allow a greater mass of air (and hence fuel) to enter each charge, effectively creating a variable effective (not volumetric) displacement. It should be noted that these techniques do not in any way obviate the desirability of achieving true variable volumetric displacement, because they could equally well be applied to an engine that has a variable volumetric displacement, providing an even broader range of power capabilities than either technique alone.
It is well known in the prior art to vary the net displacement of a single engine by switching one or more of its cylinders between a power producing mode and an idling mode. Many approaches have been used to control participation of the individual cylinders. For example, the invention disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,494,502 granted to Endo et al. (1985) deactivates cylinders by denying them air and fuel; U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,486 (Diggs 1996) deactivates cylinders via selective valve control, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,861 (Schulz 1977) cuts off fuel flow and engages a compression release. U.S. Pat. No. 6,065,440 granted to Pasquan (2000) uses similar techniques to activate and deactivate individual cylinders of varying individual displacements to provide an even wider range of net displacements than possible with cylinders of identical displacement. The main shortcoming of designs of this type derives from the fact that all cylinders are connected to a common crankshaft, and so any cylinder that is not in a power producing mode continues to have a piston reciprocating within it, leading to energy losses due to friction and other effects.
It is also known to split a multi-cylinder engine into two or more relatively independent displacement units. Such so-called "split-engine" designs split the crankshaft of a multi-cylinder engine into two or more parts, each connecting to a group of cylinders (or cylinder bank) that now may operate relatively independently from the other cylinder banks. However, in these designs the cylinders continue to share a common valve train, which means that each idle crankshaft must regain its appropriate angular position relative to the others when it is reactivated. This requires a rather complex synchronization means. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,069,803 issued to Cataldo (1978) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,373,481 issued to Kruger et al (1983) both disclose clutch indexing mechanisms for such an arrangement, which mechanisms add a layer of complexity, cost, and unreliability to such a power plant.
Rather than selectively actuating individual cylinders connected to a common crankshaft, or cylinder banks connected to split synchronized crankshafts, another approach would selectively actuate two or more separate engines. For example, an ICE-based powertrain having a second engine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,912, "Hybrid Powertrain Vehicle" (Gray, Jr., et al). A multiple engine system might in one version consist of a primary engine sized to match average power demand, supplemented by a secondary engine that can be activated to meet peak demand. In another version, multiple engines could be individually sized to each serve a specific range of power demands at which its respective efficiency is greatest.
The concept of achieving variable displacement via a combination of engines is not new. Several U.S. patents describe separate engines mechanically tied through a gearing arrangement. U.S. Pat. No. 4,392,393 (Montgomery), "Dual Engine Drive" describes two engines tied together by a planetary gear set, with a torque converter uniting the power of the two engines, one or both of which may be active at any time. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,841 (Abthoff et al), "Multiple Engine Drive Arrangement", a minimum of three engines are connected by means of freewheeling clutches, and can be selectively operated in parallel or in a series arrangement. Kronogard in U.S. Pat. No. 4,337,623 suggests a universal base block onto which multiple standard engines may be connected to form variable displacement power plants of increasing size. U.S. Pat. No. 4,421,217 (Vagias 1983) teaches a dual-engine system in which a clutching means is employed to unite the output of two engines and/or operate one independently of the other. The larger engine when activated delivers its power through the crankshaft of the smaller engine in a tandem arrangement. Another example of a multi-engine powertrain is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,398,508 (Brown 1995) and employs a primary engine supplemented by an auxiliary engine.
Multiple-engine powertrains such as described above present several engineering difficulties that limit their practicality in automotive applications. The need to frequently start and stop the engines is one difficulty. Conventional ICEs employed in such a system would encounter significant efficiency losses and increased emissions as a result of frequent restarting. Driver confidence might also be negatively influenced if the driver perceives the frequent starting and stopping of the engines as a reliability risk. Accessories present another difficulty because conventional accessories are powered by direct engine power, meaning that at least one engine capable of driving accessories must always be running. This is especially problematic in certain hybrid vehicle applications, in which there may be times when no engine power is needed at all, in which case accessories would have to be driven by a different power source entirely. The method of operation of the power plant is also critical. For example, a method of operation that requires one engine to run more frequently or to routinely experience greater loads might cause it to wear out faster and increase the frequency of trips to the repair shop. Yet another concern is the need for multiple starting means for multiple engines. For example, the powertrain disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,301 (Yamakawa 1985) requires a separate starter for each engine unit. The inertia of the moving vehicle may alternatively be employed to start an offline engine, but inertia is not available if the vehicle is at a stop. Still another concern is the inertial load imposed on the system when an engine that is offline is reactivated. In particular, if a reactivation event coincides with a demand for greater power, the need to get the inactive engines and their heavy flywheels up to speed competes with the need to deliver power to the vehicle just when it is needed most.
In review of these general methods of providing variable displacement, it becomes clear that there are a number of features that would be required for such a system to be commercially successful in today's automotive market.
Vehicle accessories that are operated by direct drive must always be available when needed and their function must be satisfied cost effectively. Direct drive accessories include at the minimum the alternator, power steering pump and air conditioning compressor. If conventional off-the-shelf accessories are connected in the manner that is conventional for single-crankshaft powertrains, that is, by a belt and pulley drive connected to the engine crankshaft, then one must choose which of the two crankshafts will be so connected, and that crankshaft must always be operating in order to drive the accessories without interruption. This precludes some promising operating strategies that would call for more flexibility. For example, certain operating strategies may call for both displacement units to be turned off at times when no power is demanded from the engine, for example at a dead stop or during a long deceleration, or with certain methods of operation for hybrid powertrains. While each displacement unit could be supplied with its own set of power drive accessories so that the needs of the vehicle may be met whenever either unit is operating, this would add weight, cost, and complexity to the vehicle.
The cost of manufacture should be as low as possible in volume production. This again precludes having multiple sets of the same components, such as a duplicate accessory set for each displacement unit. It also suggests that cooling, lubrication, and other support systems should be combined to the extent possible. All engines should also be started by a common starting means to eliminate the need for multiple starters. The ability to interface the power plant with conventional downstream and peripheral automotive components is also very desirable because it allows the use of components that are already in mass production and available at low cost. Most significantly in this respect, the output of the power plant should be compatible with a conventional transmission, and it should be able to drive conventional power drive accessories by the conventional means for which they are designed (i.e., belts and pulleys).
Transitioning from one level of displacement to another level of displacement should be rapid and seamless to the vehicle operator. Regardless of the form of each displacement unit (whether a cylinder, cylinder bank, or separate engine), transitioning would require the starting of an additional displacement unit (initially not in motion) and then adding its torque output to that of the already operating displacement unit. Therefore, rapidly starting the second displacement unit in a manner that does not affect the motion of the vehicle or reduce the available power is critical.
Maximum lifetime and reliability are also very important from a marketing perspective. To reduce the frequency of repair, it would be desirable to alternate which engine receives the heaviest duty cycle, to prevent uneven wear and premature failure. The ability to alternate engines could also improve safety and reliability of the vehicle overall. If a failure occurred in one of the engines, the other engine could be used to power the vehicle to a repair facility.
Finally, to be compatible with emerging hybrid automotive technologies that may become popular in the future, the power plant should optionally offer more than a single shaft output, perhaps having one shaft output going to the drive wheels and another going to an auxiliary power unit (for a parallel hybrid), or both shafts going to auxiliary power units (for a series hybrid).
To summarize, the following features are desirable for a commercially successful variable displacement automotive power plant:
There exist a variety of prior art power plant designs that have some of these features, but in contexts unrelated to variable displacement engines. For example, multi-crankshaft designs are well known in the prior art. Usually, multi-crankshaft engines were used for high power density applications (such as piston-engine military aircraft) where compact packaging with high power were especially important. The crankshafts of such prior art engines were "fixed" together (e.g., with gears or by chain), and all crankshaft power was added together and discharged through a single output shaft. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,331,111 granted to Bennett (1982) discloses dual crankshafts which are geared to a common output shaft. This design is typical of high power density designs which merely combine the output of multiple crankshafts without providing for variable displacement by switching one crankshaft in or out. In other designs, it is not uncommon to find each crankshaft geared to a separate output shaft, which allowed output shaft speed to be changed relative to the speed of the crankshafts. This was especially useful for propeller aircraft engines which allowed the crankshafts to have a higher speed than the propeller shaft. Another motivation leading to multiple crankshafts is related to the cancellation of gyroscopic effects by having each piston drive two counter rotating crankshafts via two connecting rods. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,147 (Feuling 1997) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,870,979 (Wittner 1999). Although all of these inventions do possess multiple crankshafts, none of them achieve variable displacement.
Similarly, the housing of multiple crankshafts in a common engine block is not new. U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,777 (Van Avermaete), "Compression or SI 4-Stroke IC Engines", has two parallel crankshafts each connected to a separate bank of pistons and each having a different stroke, and residing in a common block. But the Van Avermaete invention seeks to provide a variable compression ratio for supercharging effects, not a variable displacement for varying the power capacity of the engine, and so these apparent similarities are motivated by concerns unrelated to the aims of the current invention.
However, there is a limited amount of prior art that does have some of these elements in a variable displacement power plant. One good example is the splitting of an engine into more than one fully independent displacement unit as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,566,279 granted to Kronogard et al. (1986). Two relatively small internal combustion engines, referred to as "engine parts", are placed with their respective crankshafts in line and each connected to a central power output or take-off shaft via a continuously variable transmission. A second torque transfer path parallel to the transmission is also provided for driving accessories. U.S. Pat. No. 4,638,637 also granted to Kronogard et al (1987) discloses a more integrated version of this concept, including an internal combustion power plant having an arrangement of two parallel banks of cylinders driving two corresponding parallel crankshafts, all within a single engine block. A clutching means allows the crankshafts to be clutched in or out so that either of the displacement units may run by itself or both may operate together. Alternatively, one of the crankshafts is clutched in and out while the other is permanently coupled to the drivetrain. The output of the two crankshafts is combined by a gearing means, and the combined power is delivered via a single output shaft. Combining the two subengines within a common block, Kronogard asserts, achieves the advantage of having a single cooling and lubrication system common to both displacement units. However, there is no mention of how the individual piston/crankshaft subsystems may be started by a single starter, nor any mention of how vehicle accessories may be driven while one or the other crankshaft is offline.
This concept of multiple integrated displacement units also appears in U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,092 granted to Walker (1999), which discloses an automotive drivetrain featuring a "split" engine. Although the two parts of the split engine do not reside in a common block, this invention has many features similar to Kronogard's invention. A single cooling system (although not a single lubrication system) is shared by the two engine parts. An overrunning clutch and gearing arrangement allows either engine unit to operate alone, or both units to operate together. Accessories are driven by a direct shaft that is backdriven by the transmission, that is, by transmitting the momentum of the vehicle back through the transmission to power the accessories while the vehicle is in motion. The disclosure cites the ability to provide a single set of accessories as an advantage of the invention. Of course, accessory backdrive is not available while the vehicle is stationary, which presents problems for continuous loads such as the air conditioning compressor, and for intermittent loads such as power steering. The disclosure admits that an auxiliary electric power plant may be necessary to provide power steering and presumably other devices such as air conditioning. The starting means for the two engine units is not mentioned, which suggests that two separate starters would be needed.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,056 B1 granted to Moore (2001) similarly discloses several embodiments of a hybrid automotive powertrain consisting of first and second engine units and an electric motor/generator. In one embodiment of this powertrain, the two engine units are provided in a single block, with a dual parallel crankshaft design similar to that of Kronogard. A designated first primary crankshaft can operate alone, or a secondary crankshaft may operate to supplement the primary crankshaft via a clutching means, to power a single output shaft. Sharing of a single oil pump, water pump, cooling system, lubrication system, air filter, fuel system, engine block, exhaust system, and oil pan are cited as advantages of this integration. To ensure a rapid and smooth transition when additional power is needed, the electric motor/generator portion of the powertrain supplies additional power during the period in which the secondary engine is getting up to speed, after which the secondary engine takes over and the electric motor is returned to its previous status. Although the engine design of Moore arguably provides many advantages over a conventional engine, it has several shortcomings. First, the two engine units will receive uneven wear because the designated primary engine unit will run more frequently than the second unit. This is especially a problem in the integrated, single-block embodiment because worn components would be less accessible for repair. While the components of the first unit could be designed to be more durable than those of the second unit, it may be difficult for like components of varying quality or tolerancing to coexist in a common block while sharing so many support systems. Second, it is not clear how the primary and secondary units may individually be started without requiring two separate starters, which would add cost and weight to the vehicle. Finally, the disclosure makes no mention of how accessories will be driven. Presumably they will be powered directly by the primary engine, or electrically powered by the motor/generator. In the first case, it is not clear how they will continue to receive power when the primary unit is shut off at times of zero or low power demand. In the second case, conventional power drive accessories would have to be replaced by electrically powered versions which are not as well established in the industry. Also see Gray, Jr., et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,912.
In summary, no prior art system provides variable displacement in an automotive powerplant while providing all of the commercially desirable features enumerated above.
The present invention adopts a variable displacement approach to provide multiple peak power capabilities, and thus multiple peak efficiency ranges, by varying the net volumetric displacement of the power plant. The term "volumetric displacement" refers to the cylinder volume that is swept by a piston in a cylinder as it travels between the extremes of its stroke. The "net volumetric displacement" (NVD) of a multi-cylinder engine is the sum of the volumetric displacements of its cylinders. NVD is a general indicator of engine power because in a naturally aspirated engine it is the controlling factor in the amount of air that can be inducted in each intake cycle, thus controlling the mass of each fuel-air charge, and accordingly the gross energy that is available in each power generating cycle. In a conventional engine, the volumetric displacement of each cylinder, as well as the NVD of the engine, is fixed, which means that the peak power capability and the corresponding range of peak efficiency are also fixed. However, in the present invention the engine possesses more than one peak power capability, and can thus provide a corresponding peak efficiency at each of its power output levels rather than just one.
Accordingly, the present invention provides an internal combustion engine for a vehicle having variable displacement and including first and second crankshafts mounted within a single unitary engine block. At least two cylinders receiving pistons defining combustion chambers therein are provided for rotatably driving each of the first and second crankshafts by combustion of fuel in the combustion chambers. In one aspect of the present invention, a common output shaft receives power from both of the first and second crankshafts thereby combining the power outputs of the first and second crankshafts to propel the vehicle with the combined power outputs. In this first aspect of the present invention the first and second crankshafts are connected to the common output shaft through respective clutches whereby the common output shaft can be driven either in a first mode by outputs of both of the first and second crankshafts or in a second mode by output of only one of the first and second crankshafts, with the other of the first and second crankshafts isolated from rotation of the output shaft by its associated clutch. The clutches are preferably one-way clutches. This first aspect of the present invention further includes starter gearing independently associated with each of the first and second crankshafts and a starter mounted for selective engagement with the starter gearing of either of the crankshafts.
In a second aspect the present invention provides an internal combustion engine for a vehicle having variable displacement and including first and second engine crankshafts mounted within a single unitary engine block. As in the first aspect of the present invention, each of the crankshafts is connected to at least two pistons received in respective cylinders and defining combustion chambers therein whereby each crankshaft is rotatably driven by combustion of fuel in the combustion chambers associated with the connected pistons. Also in common with the first aspect, a common output shaft receives torque from both of the first and second crankshafts for powering the vehicle with the combined power outputs. First and second clutches respectfully connect the first and second crankshafts to first and second output gears which drive an input gear fixed on the common output shaft. In the second aspect of the invention an accessory drive for driving accessory systems of the vehicle is driven off of the common output shaft, for example, through an output gear on the common output shaft or through the input gear of the common output shaft.
A third aspect of the present invention provides an internal combustion engine for a vehicle having variable displacement and including first and second engine crankshafts mounted within a unitary single engine block. As in the other aspects of the present invention, each of the crankshafts is connected to at least two pistons respectively received in cylinders to define combustion chambers therein whereby each crankshaft is rotatably driven by combustion of fuel in the combustion chambers associated therewith. As in the first and second aspects of the present invention a common output shaft receives torque from both of the first and second crankshafts and powers travel of the vehicle with the combined power. At least one of the first and second crankshafts is connected to the common output shaft through a clutch whereby the common output shaft can be driven either in a first mode by outputs of both of the crankshafts or in a second mode by only one of the crankshafts with the other crankshaft isolated from rotation of the output shaft by the clutch. In this third aspect an accessory drive for driving accessory systems of the vehicle is connected to the first and second crankshafts through respective one-way clutches whereby the accessory drive receives power from any crankshaft which is operating, yet is isolated from any crankshaft that is not operating. Again, the clutches may be one-way clutches.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides an internal combustion engine for the vehicle having variable displacement and including first and second engine crankshafts mounted within and extending through a single unitary engine block and providing independent first and second torque outputs at one end of the engine block. As in the other aspects of the present invention each crankshaft is connected to at least two pistons received in respective cylinders to define combustion chambers therein whereby each crankshaft is driven by combustion of fuel in the combustion chambers associated therewith. This fourth aspect of the present invention also includes an accessory drive for driving accessory systems of the vehicle, which accessory drive is connected to the first and second crankshafts through respective one way clutches, whereby the accessory drive receives power from any crankshaft which is operating yet is isolated from any crankshaft that is not operating.
The present invention provides a first option (strategy A) in which the first crankshaft unit always provides the first increment of displacement and power, with the second unit being added as needed, or a second option (strategy B) of either the first crankshaft unit or the second crankshaft unit providing the first increment of displacement and the remaining unit being added as needed. No prior art device is capable of carrying out both strategies while retaining all of the commercially desirable advantages cited above.
Additional advantages of the invention under operating strategy A include: (1) lower hardware cost owing to fewer clutch means (for example, the accessories can be driven directly by the first crankshaft); (2) flexibility for the second crankshaft unit to be different from the first, e.g., because the second unit is expected to be rarely used it can be constructed from less expensive materials; (3) the secondary unit need not have a flywheel because, being used primarily to match the speed of a primary unit, it will never operate at a low speed where a flywheel is needed to smooth the speed fluctuations of the crankshaft. This also reduces cost and allows a quicker "spin up" to add the second increment of power more quickly.
Advantages of strategy B include: (1) each crankshaft unit can be identical, allowing cost savings associated with higher volume of components, e.g., pistons; (2) increased durability, because each crankshaft unit would equally likely serve as the first crankshaft unit and thus would likely last approximately twice as long, and regular operation (at least every other engine start) reduces engine starting wear; (3) increased reliability, i.e., if a failure occurred in one of the crankshaft units, the other unit could immediately be transferred to the status of the primary crankshaft unit for reliable operation in travel to a repair facility.
The present invention varies displacement by use of a multiple-crankshaft engine design in which at least two distinct crankshafts and cylinder banks are contained within a single engine block. The crankshafts are independent so that each can rotate either singly or in combination. A first crankshaft operates pistons which represent a first displacement, for example, two liters of displacement, and a second crankshaft operates pistons which provide an additional or "second" displacement which may be the same as or significantly different from the first displacement, for example, two liters of displacement. When relatively low power is needed the first crankshaft unit is operated alone at a higher relative load, i.e., higher than that at which it would run if all crankshaft units were operating, thus allowing it to operate at a higher relative efficiency. When higher power is commanded than can be supplied by the first crankshaft unit, the second crankshaft unit is activated, and together the two crankshaft units supply the commanded power.
The preferred embodiment to be described in the following has dual crankshafts in a parallel configuration, but it should be understood that there are many alternative configurations that lie within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the claims and that, upon reading the disclosure, will become apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, additional crankshaft units can optionally be utilized to progressively add additional power in the same manner. Although the crankshafts can be arranged in various relative positions, the most likely configurations are series (end to end) and parallel (side by side). The present invention can readily be seen to include a family of engines, for example with each crankshaft unit having one, two, three, four, five or more pistons. In a two-crankshaft embodiment the corresponding result would be a two, four, six, eight, ten or more piston engine.
The two or more crankshafts and their associated cylinder banks preferably share one or more of a single oil pump, single water pump, single cooling system, single lubrication system, single air filter, single fuel system, single engine block, single exhaust system and single oil pan.
Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the appended set of drawings.
Through the above and other features to be disclosed herein the present invention provides on-command variable displacement. Further, the present invention also provides the previously mentioned features considered necessary for commercial practicality and acceptance: (a) uninterrupted accessory drive; (b) low cost of manufacture, including operability with conventional automotive components, and minimal duplication of components (starting, cooling, lubrication, accessories, and other support systems); (c) smooth transitioning among units of displacement; (d) good lifetime and reliability; and (e) an option for multiple output shafts for use with unconventional hybrid drive systems.
(a) Uninterrupted Accessory Drive
The invention utilizes a unique means to allow a zero displacement mode without interrupting power to accessories that require a direct power drive. A first preferred embodiment provides a separate power drive accessories system which operates the accessories with a drive motor (e.g., electric or hydraulic) independent of either crankshaft unit. This option allows the accessories to be driven at a speed that is optimum for the demands being placed on the accessories. In another preferred embodiment, this drive system is mounted to the engine with drive attachments (through clutch means) to each crankshaft, as will be described later, and in this configuration the separate drive motor drives through clutch means as well. When either crankshaft unit is operating, the accessories are directly driven by power from the operating crankshaft(s). When neither crankshaft unit is operating, the drive motor drives accessories through its clutch drive means. A third preferred embodiment for satisfying accessory needs insures at least one crankshaft unit is operating when accessory needs exist, whereby the separate drive motor of the previous embodiments can be omitted.
(b) Low Cost of Manufacture
Low cost of manufacture involves both maintaining operability with conventional automotive components and minimal duplication of components.
The invention utilizes a single starter to start both displacement units. A preferred embodiment includes a single starter which can engage a first crankshaft unit to start it and then when more power is commanded than the first crankshaft unit can supply alone, the starter engages a second crankshaft unit to start it, by means as will be described later. In another embodiment the first crankshaft unit is started with a dedicated starter and the second unit is started by activating its clutch to rapidly raise its speed to that of the first crankshaft unit.
By integrating the separate crankshafts into a common block, each displacement unit shares the same cooling system and lubrication system.
Compatibility of the power plant with existing automotive components is assured by (a) providing means as described above to drive conventional power drive accessories without interruption, allowing off-the-shelf components to be used without substantial redesign; and (b) delivering a single output shaft for attachment to conventional transmissions by means of a unique clutching and gearing system.
(c) Smooth Transitioning
Smooth transitioning among various units of displacement is achieved in one embodiment by adopting an operating strategy in which one displacement unit is designated as a permanent secondary unit and its flywheel is eliminated, allowing it to spin up faster.
(d) Reliability and Lifetime
Reliability and lifetime are improved by a first preferred operating strategy in which the two displacement units interchangeably serve as primary or secondary displacement units, thereby reducing the potential for uneven wear and guaranteeing that a first increment of displacement is always available for emergency use even when one of the units has failed.
(e) Option for Multiple Output Shafts
The present invention can also provide separate crankshaft outputs to provide certain advantages for powertrains which transmit power to the drive wheels by electric or hydraulic motors.
In addition to the preferred operating strategy described in the foregoing, a second operating strategy designates one displacement unit as a secondary unit that receives intermittent use which, in turn, allows it to be constructed less expensively than the primary unit.
All of the preferred embodiments shown in the drawing figures and described in the ensuing discussion illustrate a pair of two-cylinder displacement units in a parallel arrangement for the purpose of clarity, with the realization that more than two displacement units, more or less than two cylinders per unit, and/or such units disposed in a series arrangement rather than a parallel arrangement, could equally well be employed within the scope of the invention.
In the alternative operating strategy B, neither of Unit 1 and Unit 2 is permanently designated as primary or secondary, meaning that either may take on the role of primary or secondary unit arbitrarily. Operating under this strategy, when power demand is below the predetermined level, either Unit 1 or Unit 2 will have been selected to power the vehicle at this relatively low power demand. The selection might have been made randomly, in an alternating sequence between Unit 1 and Unit 2, or by a different selection method. When power demand exceeds the predetermined level, the unit which is not already in operation is activated to supplement the power of the operating unit. When the power demand again drops below the predetermined level, either Unit 1 or Unit 2 is shut off, leaving the other unit to power the vehicle by itself until power demand increases to the predetermined level again.
It can be seen that under operating strategy A, Unit 1 will always come into operation before Unit 2, will accumulate more hours of duty than Unit 2, and will see a more constant (less intermittent) duty cycle than Unit 2. On the other hand, under operating strategy B, both units may take turns acting as primary or secondary, and so each will see very similar patterns of duty. Clearly operating strategy B is to be preferred for durability reasons, because each unit receives the same amount of use and sees the same patterns of duty. This also allows both units to be constructed of similar quality if not identical parts, improving economies of scale in mass production. Reliability and safety are also improved because if one unit fails, the other unit can be used to drive the car to the shoulder of the road or even to a repair facility. Accordingly, operating strategy B is the currently preferred operating strategy for the present invention, although it should be noted that any hardware capable of enabling operating strategy B is also capable of operating in accordance with strategy A if so desired.
Operating strategy B might dictate that power demands of less than 30 HP, for example, be served by a single displacement unit while greater power demands shall be served by both units (it should be noted that the operating strategy could alternatively utilize a variable power threshold rather than a fixed value). For example, if 25 HP were demanded, and the control strategy had previously selected crankshaft 32 to supply that power, crankshaft 32 would be placed in operation while crankshaft 31 would remain inactive. As crankshaft 32 rotates counterclockwise (for example), with one-way clutch 42 transmitting power downstream in that direction, gear 52 rotates counterclockwise and causes output gear 53 to rotate clockwise, delivering 25 HP, for example, from crankshaft 32 to the drivetrain. Simultaneously, the clockwise rotation of output gear 53 causes gear 51 to rotate counterclockwise, but because one-way clutch 41 does not transmit power upstream in that direction, inactive crankshaft 31 is not affected. Accessories 81 are driven by a similar power transfer path. One-way clutch 44 transmits power to pulley 72, while one-way clutch 43 isolates inactive crankshaft 31 from the resultant rotation of pulley 71. Belt 73 thus transmits power to accessory set 81. Auxiliary accessory drive 91-92 is preferably not in operation in this mode.
If the power demand were to suddenly spike to 50 HP, for example, the control strategy dictates that crankshaft 31 (the inactive crankshaft) should be activated because crankshaft 32 is already operating. Starter 15, engages with ring gear 11 and turns crankshaft 31 to start its cylinder bank operating in the normal manner of internal combustion engines. Crankshaft 31 is rapidly spun up to the speed of gear 51 which is already turning as previously described, at which point one-way clutch 41 can begin transmitting power downstream to gear 51 and output gear 53, where it combines with the power of the other crankshaft to fully meet the 50 HP demand. Similarly, one-way clutch 43 which was previously overrunning to isolate crankshaft 31 when it was inactive, now begins to transmit power to the accessory drive so that now both crankshafts are contributing power to the accessories.
If the power demand were to drop to 25 HP, for example, either crankshaft 31 or 32 may arbitrarily be deactivated, while the other remains active to supply the 25 HP. Suppose that crankshaft 32 is given a rest and crankshaft 31 remains active. The same general power flow previously described takes place again, except now the power is flowing from crankshaft 31 instead of crankshaft 32, and one-way clutches 42 and 44 are now acting to isolate rather than drive.
Finally, if no power at all is demanded to drive the vehicle, but the accessories still demand some power, in a first preferred embodiment, an accessory drive 91 would be activated to provide power drive via one-way clutch 92, allowing both crankshafts to be turned off without interrupting the accessories. Accessory drive 91 is preferably powered by a hydraulic, electric, or other auxiliary power source that is part of a hybrid powertrain installation. In an alternative embodiment, accessory drive 91 powers the accessories at all times and pulleys and belts 71-73 and one-way clutches 43, 44, and 92 are thus omitted. Advantages of this latter embodiment are the ability to operate accessories at a constant optimum speed and a reduction in parts. In a third embodiment, accessory drive 91 and one-way clutch 92 are omitted, and an operating strategy is adopted that ensures that at least one crankshaft will be operating at all times so that accessory power is never interrupted.
Gears 51 and 52 and output gear 53 need not have the same size as depicted, but instead may vary in their relative sizes to effect a desired gear ratio among them. For example, if it is determined that in a particular application the output shaft 60 of the system should operate at a faster speed than that of the two crankshaft units, output gear 53 may be sized smaller than gears 51 and 52. The opposite applies if the output speed is to be slower. In addition, gears 51 and 52 do not have to be the same size. For example, if due to design or optimization considerations it is desirable that crankshaft 31 operate at a slower speed relative to crankshaft 32, then gear 51 may be sized larger than gear 52. Other variations in gear sizing will become obvious to those skilled in the art.
In this embodiment, crankshaft 31 will never operate independently of crankshaft 32. This leads to several options relating to the powering of accessories. Optional drive A is the combination of the previously disclosed accessory drive 91 and overrunning clutch 92; optional drive B has the crankshaft 31 drive the accessories via the previously described pulley 71 and overrunning clutch 43; and optional drive C depicts an overrunning clutch 44 interposed between crankshaft 32 and accessory drive pulley 72.
In the simplest configuration of this embodiment, none of optional drives A, B and C is used. Because crankshaft 32 is always operating and crankshaft 31 is never operating independently of it, and because the accessory drive 91-92 is omitted and so cannot drive accessories while neither crankshaft is operating, there is no need to isolate crankshaft 32 from the accessories via clutch 44. There is also no need to provide any type of connection between crankshaft 31 and the accessories, because if the crankshaft 31 is in operation it means that crankshaft 32 is also operating and hence is available to power the accessories by itself.
In an alternative configuration, optional drive sets A and C are both provided, and optional drive set B is omitted. This allows accessories to be driven by accessory drive 91-92 while crankshaft 32 is not operating. Overrunning clutch 44 then becomes necessary to isolate crankshaft 32 from the operating accessories when crankshaft 32 is inactive.
A third variation in which optional drives A, B and C are all used is also preferred. Here, the addition of optional drive B allows crankshaft 31 to assist crankshaft 32 with the powering of accessories, and allows crankshaft 31 to be isolated from the accessories when it is inactive. Another closely related alternative would omit drive A and drive C and provide only drive B. This configuration would operate in much the same way except that the accessory drive 91-92 is no longer available to drive the accessories independently of either crankshaft, and so overrunning clutch 44 is no longer necessary to isolate crankshaft 32 when inactive.
In all embodiments, the starter 15 need not be electric and instead may, for example, be a hydraulic motor powered by pressurized hydraulic fluid, or an inertial device that is driven by vehicle momentum, or a different device appropriate to whatever power source is installed in the vehicle. Alternatively, in all embodiments, rather than engaging the ring gears 11 and 13, the starter 15 may engage the crankshafts via a clutched belt and pulley drive, chain drive, or gear, in straightforward ways that would be apparent to anyone skilled in the art. Additionally, it is clear to anyone skilled in the art that flywheels 11 and 13 and starter 15 could alternatively be mounted at the rear of the crankshafts 31 and 32 rather than on the front as depicted, a fact which is true of all embodiments described herein. Further, although all embodiments have been described as having accessories driven by a conventional belt and pulley direct drive means, their function could instead be served by a direct gear drive, or by a chain and sprocket drive, or by any other conventional method commonly employed in the art. It is also clear that auxiliary accessory drive components 91-92 may optionally be fitted to any of the embodiments disclosed herein, whether or not explicitly depicted in the drawing figures.
It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the concept of driving accessories by means of a separate electric, hydraulic, or other power source, rather than an engine crankshaft, can equally well apply to power plants employing a single crankshaft as well as to the multiple crankshaft embodiments described herein.
The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 10, 1976
|Dec 27, 1977
|Schulz William J
|Dual displacement engine
|Jan 17, 1977
|Jan 24, 1978
|General Motors Corporation
|Synchronizing and indexing clutch
|Sep 10, 1979
|May 25, 1982
|Bennett Arthur G
|Low vibration engine
|May 14, 1980
|Jul 6, 1982
|Kronogard Sven Olof
|Vehicle drive system
|Apr 22, 1981
|Feb 15, 1983
|Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft
|Device for controllable coupling of two shaft parts with a predetermined angle of rotation correlation
|Apr 15, 1980
|May 31, 1983
|Nissan Motor Company, Ltd.
|Split type internal combustion engine
|Jan 6, 1981
|Dec 20, 1983
|Ernest Vagias
|Propulsion system for a vehicle
|Jan 10, 1983
|Jan 22, 1985
|Mitsubishi Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Idling controller of variable displacement engine
|Nov 30, 1981
|Apr 23, 1985
|Fuji Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
|Internal combustion engine provided with a plurality of power units
|Nov 9, 1984
|Jan 28, 1986
|Ab Volvo
|Vehicle propulsion plant
|Nov 9, 1984
|Jan 27, 1987
|Ab Volvo
|Vehicle propulsion plant
|Mar 5, 1992
|Mar 21, 1995
|Brown; Arthur E.
|Three displacement engine and transmission systems for motor vehicles
|Oct 5, 1994
|Feb 13, 1996
|Ford Motor Company
|Eight cylinder internal combustion engine with variable displacement
|Dec 15, 1995
|Jan 21, 1997
|Feuling; James J.
|Contra-rotating twin crankshaft internal combustion engine
|Mar 21, 1994
|Jun 17, 1997
|Van Avermaete; Gilbert L. Ch. H. L.
|Compression or spark ignition four-stroke internal combustion engines having a variable compression ratio enabling high supercharging pressure levels
|Jul 14, 1997
|Feb 16, 1999
|Wittner; John A.
|Internal combustion engine with arced connecting rods
|Jul 19, 1993
|Apr 6, 1999
|Sisti; Leonard A.
|Internal combustion engine constant speed variable volume coupling and operation process
|Aug 15, 1996
|Oct 26, 1999
|Frank H. Walker
|Vehicle drive system featuring split engine and accessory back drive
|Jul 7, 1999
|May 23, 2000
|Pasquan; Raymond F.
|Internal combustion engine with binary cylinder sizing for variable power output
|Oct 9, 1996
|Aug 8, 2000
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Hybrid drive system for motor vehicle
|Dec 17, 1999
|Oct 23, 2001
|Daimlerchrysler Corporation
|Dual engine hybrid electric vehicle
|Aug 30, 2000
|Apr 2, 2002
|Isad Electronic Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Starter/generator for an internal combustion engine, especially an engine of a motor vehicle
|Aug 22, 2000
|Apr 16, 2002
|New Venture Gear, Inc.
|Electric continuously variable transmission
|Nov 21, 2001
|Dec 9, 2003
|Daimlerchrysler Ag
|Motor vehicle drive
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jan 17, 2006
|Mar 24, 2009
|Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc.
|Accessory drive system and method for a hybrid vehicle with an electric variable transmission
|Sep 5, 2008
|Nov 8, 2011
|Hyundai Motor Company
|Method of compensating for auxiliary loads of hybrid vehicle
|Mar 20, 2008
|May 1, 2012
|Litens Automotive Partnership
|Starter and accessory drive system and method for hybrid drive vehicles
|Aug 15, 2011
|Jun 25, 2013
|Cummins, Inc.
|Apparatuses, methods, and systems for thermal management of hybrid vehicle SCR aftertreatment
|Oct 19, 2010
|Oct 8, 2013
|Cummins Inc.
|System, method, and apparatus for enhancing aftertreatment regeneration in a hybrid power system
|Dec 20, 2010
|Jun 3, 2014
|Cummins Inc.
|System, method, and apparatus for integrated hybrid power system thermal management
|Sep 25, 2012
|Jul 15, 2014
|Cummins Inc.
|System, method, and apparatus for controlling power output distribution in a hybrid power train
|Dec 13, 2012
|Aug 19, 2014
|Herns Louis
|Twin vertical bank hybrid internal combustion H-engine system
|Oct 1, 2010
|Sep 16, 2014
|Cummins Inc.
|Inertia assisted engine cranking
|Dec 20, 2010
|Sep 16, 2014
|Cummins Inc.
|System, method, and apparatus for battery pack thermal management
|Sep 24, 2012
|Feb 24, 2015
|Cummins Inc.
|System, method, and apparatus for controlling power output distribution in a hybrid power train
|Jan 3, 2012
|May 26, 2015
|Cummins Inc.
|Methods, systems, and apparatuses for driveline load management
|Jan 4, 2012
|May 26, 2015
|Cummins Inc.
|Methods, systems, and apparatuses for driveline load management
|Jul 17, 2014
|Jul 28, 2015
|Cummins Inc.
|System, method, and apparatus for battery pack thermal management
|Aug 18, 2011
|Aug 4, 2015
|Cummins Inc.
|Hybrid vehicle powertrain cooling system
|Dec 12, 2005
|May 25, 2006
|Alexander Serkh
|Auxiliary power system for a motor vehicle
|Jun 21, 2006
|Jun 14, 2007
|Alexander Serkh
|Auxiliary power system for a motor vehicle
|Jan 17, 2006
|Jul 19, 2007
|Usoro Patrick B
|Accessory drive system and method for a hybrid vehicle with an electric variable transmission
|Sep 5, 2008
|Oct 22, 2009
|Hyundai Motor Company
|Method of compensating for auxiliary loads of hybrid vehicle
|Apr 28, 2006
|Dec 24, 2009
|Prototipo S.P.A.
|Engine unit with start-stop control for a motor vehicle
|Mar 20, 2008
|Mar 18, 2010
|Spicer Gary J
|Starter and Accessory Drive System And Method For Hybrid Drive Vehicles
|Jul 8, 2011
|Jan 26, 2012
|Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft
|Internal combustion engine
|Oct 16, 2014
|Apr 21, 2016
|Obrist Technologies Gmbh
|U.S. Classification
|60/709, 60/716, 60/718
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 15, 2009
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 19, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
The MILLENNIUM WAY Easy Access Circular is a category 3 Tramper (off-road scooter) route and therefore offers an easy stile free walk in beautiful countryside, taking in the Parishes of Broughton Hackett and White Ladies Aston. Please note that sections of this walk can be muddy in places.
The MILLENNIUM WAY section is clearly waymarked with the distinctive green and white circular waymarkers.
Find out more about the walk by clicking on the information icon.
Start from the March Hare car park. ( If you do not intend to use the March Hare for rereshment or food please do not use the pub car park. Parking is available in the lay-by just up the road towards, or coming from, Upton Snodsbury. ) Exit car park by entrance furthest from the pub. Immediately go right, gently down the lane (not the main road) passing bright blue leisure sign – go gently downhill. At bottom is a car park . See gap ahead in trees. Take large metal gate on the right of the gap to avoid the cattle grid, and follow track up the open field. Where track goes left continue ahead over field to exit by metal gate. Go ahead with fence / hedge right. (Note - Midfield we join the Millennium Way for a very short stretch. Continue with fence / hedge right to find and take metal gate. Here we leave the Millennium Way).
At the road we re-join the Millennium Way. Go right on road and after some 200 yards find on the right wooden gates to St John the Baptist White Ladies Church. Take church driveway to church (Access to church appears reasonable there being no steps; if itÂÂ's open you might like to take a moment to enter and relax in the peaceful atmosphere). Make your way round two sides of the church to exit by hedge gap to road. Go right a couple of yards and then take hedge gap left into field. Go with hedge right to finally exit by far corner gap. Go R on minor road, which passes houses R and becomes a track. Where track swings right watch for waymarked finger post left. Take way post line through shrub and exit by metal gate. Go quarter left across field to take mid hedge gated gap. Go half left to find ditch bridge with metal gate. Take gate, and go with hedge left following round field corner with hedge left to finally exit field by metal gate. Go immediately right 20 yards and take metal gate. Go ahead with fence / hedge left (At midfield once again we leave the Millennium Way), however we continue with fence / hedge left to finally exit by corner metal gate. Go ahead over field to come to downhill track to exit field by metal gate to left of gap avoiding cattle grid. Go ahead up metalled road to finally reach main road. Carefully turn left to enter March Hare car park.
All the
paths, bridleways and roads we have used in these instructions are public rights
of way as designated on Ordnance Survey maps. Following the instructions and
walking tips on this web site in no way constitutes any liability on 41 Club that such routes or
tips are safe or suitable.
If you have any
questions or suggestions about this site, or the Millennium Way
walks, please contact us by using the
icon below:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dozens of mayoral and council seats as well as a few school board seats will be up for grabs in area cities Nov. 8, along with school board seats in two towns - but probably only in theory.
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From Arcade to Winterville in Northeast Georgia, qualifying begins today for the seats with terms expiring at the end of the year. But if history is a guide, only one person, usually the incumbent, will qualify to run for most of the open seats - if anyone runs.
Some cities, including Hull recently, have had a problem getting anyone at all to run for some seats. That won't be a problem this time, though. Incumbent Mayor B.W. Hutchins and wife Rebecca, a council member, plan to run again.
And in other towns, like Colbert, citizens seem to have the opinion that they've found a good horse and they'll keep on riding it.
There, John Waggoner is working on his 37th year as the Madison County town's mayor. He's planning to run again, and not once in all those years has he had any opposition.
"I guess so," said Waggoner, 69, when asked if he planned to run again. "I haven't heard of anybody wanting it."
Here's a list of area towns that could potentially have municipal elections, depending on how many candidates qualify to run. For most cities, qualifying runs from Sept. 12 through 16, though a handful have different periods - including Braselton, Colbert, Jefferson and Maysville, where qualifying will end Sept. 14.
Arcade: Everything in this southern Jackson County town is up for grabs - seats held by Mayor Doug Haynie and council members Dean Bentley, Cindy Bone, Polly Davis, Tom Hays and Ron Smith.
Auburn: A pair of seats currently held by councilmen David Hawthorne and Billy Parks are up for grabs.
Bogart: Two seats on the city's four-member council, currently held by Tom Peavey and Terri Glenn, will be on the ballot.
Braselton: Seats held by Mayor Pat Graham, Ralph Richardson Jr. in District 2 and Dudley Ray in District 4 are on the ballot. Also, the winner of a special election for the District 1 seat - vacated by Bruce Yates on July 31 - fills the unexpired term and the seat is again up for grabs in 2007.
Carlton: The terms of Mayor Rufus Kidd and council members Robert Tucker, David Seawright, Jan Burroughs, Myron Hedgelon and Pat Hines are expiring.
Colbert: The terms of Mayor John Waggoner and council members Chris Peck and Roger Fortson expire.
Comer: The terms of Mayor William E. Burroughs and council members Allene Pendleton and Laquita Bridges are expiring.
Commerce: Three city council seats - Mayor Pro Tem held by Archie Chaney, Ward 1 held by Riley Harris and Ward 2 held by Donald Wilson - will be on the ballot. Also two school board seats - School Board District 1 held by Arthur Pattman and School Board District 2 held by Mary Seabolt - are up for grabs.
Crawford: All five council seats will be on the ballot, held by Martha Faust, Bill Fincher, Louis Briffith, Ralph Maxwell Jr. and James Rush, along with the post of Mayor Allen Huff Jr.
Danielsville: The terms of Mayor Glenn Cross and council members April Watson and Roger L. Watson expire.
Hoschton: Seats now held by Mayor Billy Holder, Brian Boehmer in Post 1, Ben Davis in Post 2 and Joyce Peppers in Post 3 will be on the ballot.
Hull: The seats held by Mayor B.W. Hutchins and council member Rebecca Hutchins, who are husband and wife, are up for election.
Ila: Qualifying already is over in Ila for a vacant seat on the town's city council.
Jefferson: The terms of Mayor Jim Joiner, District 2 Councilwoman Marcia Moon and District 4 Councilman Randall "Bosie" Griffith expire, as do School Board Chairman Ronnie Hopkins, the School Board District 2 seat held by Damon Wilbanks and the School Board District 4 seat held by Derrell Crowe.
Lexington: The terms of all five council members expire, along with that of Mayor David Montgomery, who plans to run again.
Maysville: A special election is scheduled to fill the Ward 1 seat Ken Mize vacated in July.
Nicholson: The mayor's post - now held by Ronnie Maxwell - joins council seats held by Lamar Watkins, Paul Cartledge, Howard Wilbanks and Chuck Wheeler on the ballot.
Statham: Council seats held by Gayle Steed, Betty Lyle and Edna Jackson are on the ballot.
Talmo: The mayor's post - currently held by Larry Wood - and council members Jill Miller and Michael "Trapper" Brissey will be up for grabs.
Watkinsville: The mayor's post - currently held by Jim Luken - as well as Posts 1 and 2 on the Watkinsville City Council, now held by Brian Brodrick and John Walsh, will be on the regular ballot Nov. 8. And, after Post 3 Councilman John Griner passed away unexpectedly earlier this year, a special election on a separate ballot will be held to fill the remainder of his term.
Winder: Three seats - held by Mike Mingus, Ridley Parrish and Sonny Morris - are on the ballot.
Winterville: Council seats held by incumbents Kenneth Tweedell and Mary Quinn will be voted on.
© 2017. All Rights Reserved. | Contact Us


text:
Home Computer Repair / Consulting
50 simbi per session - Virtual OK
For personal/home computer users I will remotely remove viruses, repair software problems, or consult with you on new PC purchase from an unbiased point of view. I do this professionally, full time, at a large retailer.
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5 years experience professionally, 10+ years as a hobby.
Availability & Preferences
Trading Preference: I'm flexible, just hit me up!
Per request
About Mitch Loveless
Currently employed as a senior computer tech at a local retail store.Open to other proposals
Mitch Loveless is looking for:
- Massage
- Experiences
- Adventure


text:
I recently contacted Wikia staff regarding my most recent blog post about the attitude of this wiki. My original intention was to write a series of blog posts about this wiki that could help improve it but after the responses I received from the bureaucrats I lost all faith in their ability to run a wiki. Unfortunately Wikia staff didn't offer to intervene as I had hoped they might but instead imparted the following advice:
Remember that if you find you cannot agree with the way a wiki is being run, you are always welcome to start your own wiki on the subject, or to join one of our thousands of other wikis. --Merrystar
At first I thought the idea was ludicrous, but since my interest currently lies in League of Legends I won't be contributing to any other wikis for the time being, so after giving it some thought I decided to create this blog post to see if there's any interest within this community in starting another League of Legends wiki here at Wikia which is run properly, which I define as the morals, goals and guidelines presented by established wikis such as Wikipedia.
Post your thoughts below.


text:
After a season of victories, the undefeated Gonzaga boys' first eight boat might have been forgiven for looking past Saturday's Foley Cup race against St. Albans on the Potomac River.
The Eagles will race next week in the Washington Metropolitan Interscholastic Rowing Association championships and in the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, the top regional event, the week after. Yet Gonzaga senior Phil Bates refused to look past St. Albans.
"We've been looking forward to this race for a long time, and at least for me it's the highlight of my regular season and I'm always eager to race them," said Bates, who will row at the University of California next season. "I've been in the varsity boat, this is my third year and they've won the last two years. That's kind of been, at least for me and for the program as a whole, lighting a fire in our bellies. . . . It's always a fun race. For a lot of guys, it's a very personal race."
Gonzaga's first eight beat the Bulldogs with open water between the two. The Eagles finished the 1500-meter course with a time of 4 minutes 21 seconds, almost five and a half seconds ahead of St. Albans's first eight.
In the other top race of the day, the girls' first eight from National Cathedral successfully maintained possession of the Carr Cup, the trophy awarded annually to the winner of the first eight race between National Cathedral and Georgetown Visitation. The Eagles beat the Cubs in 5:30. Georgetown Visitation's top eight finished in 5:54.5.
Gonzaga Coach Marc Mandel said he was especially pleased with the middle 500 meters Saturday, a stretch that he said was his team's "Achilles heel" last season.
And although Mandel said he was happy to see his first eight finish its regular season undefeated, he was quick to add that he expected a very different race from St. Albans in two weeks at the Stotesbury Cup in Philadelphia, where the teams will likely see each other again. The Bulldogs are the defending champion.
"St. Albans is notorious for picking up lengths in the last two weeks of the season," Mandel said. "So it's very comforting for today, but at the same time we know it'll be a complete toss-up. . . . It's a good way to cap off our regular season."


text:
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Welch's Fruit 'n Yogurt snacks are available in mouthwatering strawberry and blueberry varieties.
Welch's Fruit 'n Yogurt Snacks are produced, marketed and distributed under authority of Welch Foods, Inc. by The Promotion In Motion Companies, Inc.
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© Welch's 2015. All Rights Reserved.


text:
The effect of laser pulse duration on the morphology, composition, crystallinity and optical properties of self-organized Si microcones fabricated using laser pulses (, and ) in an atmosphere, is presented in this paper. Despite distinct differences in the morphology, the Si cones show similar structure and composition independently of the laser pulse duration used: a core of single- crystalline Si, covered by a few hundred nanometer thick, sulfur-doped nanocrystalline Si layer, where no amorphous Si is present. The obtained features exhibit strong below-bandgap absorptance, making them excellent candidates for Si based photodetectors with improved spectral response.
© 2008 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
OSA Recommended Articles
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Opt. Mater. Express 6(4) 1321-1328 (2016)
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Opt. Mater. Express 5(12) 2941-2950 (2015)
Barada K. Nayak and Mool C. Gupta
Appl. Opt. 51(1) 114-120 (2012)


text:
USAID Administrator and Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance Henrietta H. Fore named RapidSMS Child Malnutrition Surveillance the winner of the Agency's first Development 2.0 Challenge. The project, which will receive a $10,000 grant, is a startup from six graduate students at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs. Kirsten Bokenkamp represented the group at an awards ceremony held at the Newseum in Washington, D.C., while three of her teammates were in Malawi building the project.
The United States Government, through the US Agency for International Development, continues to deliver humanitarian supplies to the people in Gaza. During the week of December 29, USAID has provided badly needed medical and food supplies to health care facilities in Gaza, including syringes, tubes, gloves, x-ray film, tape, silk for sutures and bedding (mattresses, blankets and linens). USAID continues to work with international organizations operating in Gaza to prepare additional assistance for health care facilities in Gaza.
From Andrew S. Natsios, USAID Administrator
Last updated: August 24, 2017


text:
login with
Feeling dizzy
I haven't been dizzy or light headed in a while, but I woke up feeling that way this morning, I think I will just lay low for the day until I feel better. Happy Hump day Mom's!
Comment deleted
I dont think it's dehydration this time, I have been drinking from a nalgene bottle and have had 2 full bottles today.
It could be sinus issues, I keep getting a blood clot in my nose, maybe its something to do with that.
UGH, that sounds uncomfortable! How is something like that treated? I know my daughter's friend had to have cauterization done. The thought just gives me shivers.
Maybe your body's just telling you you need to take it easy? Happens to me sometimes with different symptoms, then after a day or two of rest I feel much better. Curl up with some awful food and netflix and have yourself a day, feel better mama!
Feeling better thanks all!
Oh no! Hope your day went well and the dizziness subsided? did you ever find out the couse?
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About paige
Born: Wilton, Maine
Current: Silver City, New Mexico
Birth: January 18
On Moms.com since: Jan 30, 2014
Hi, my boyfriend and I have recently found out we are having a baby, a little unexpected but now that it is becoming reality we are very excited!


text:
Bubble lights have a tube filled with liquid called methylene chloride that boils and bubbles when the light is lit. Antique bubble lights are highly prized by collectors. With precautions, bubble lights can sometimes be repaired.
Things You'll Need
- insulated screwdriver
Replace Fuse
Check the fuse if all the lights are out. If it is blown, you'll need to replace it with another 5A fuse.
Unplug the light set by pulling the plug. Do not pull it by the cord.
Open the fuse cover on the plug by sliding it towards the blades. You may need an insulated screwdriver to do this.
Replace the fuse and close the access cover. If the fuse blows again, you have to replace the light set.
Replace a Bulb
Unplug the light set. Check the white cord tag for replacement bulb information. It is usually a 120 volt, 5 watt maximum bulb.
Grasp the plastic lamp holder and unscrew the bulb from the base by turning it counterclockwise. Take great care not to break the glass vial of liquid on top of the bubble light.
Screw the replacement bulb into the base clockwise. Be very careful not to overtighten it or the glass or plastic may break.
Plug the light set back in and make sure it is working.
Gently shake the light to mix the fluid if the bubble lights will not bubble. It may take up to five minutes to heat up and start bubbling.
Tips & Warnings
- Bubble lights do not bubble if it is under 65 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Bubble lights should not be lit for more than 90 days or used outdoors.
- Allow bulbs to cool before touching them.
- Don't try to replace the bulb inside the plastic casing of a bubble light nightlight. It's permanently glued together for safety reasons.
- Don't try to plug in more than 60 bulbs end to end.
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Watchtower - The Fall Of Reason MP3
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CBS Will Air It's A SpongeBob Christmas on November 23, 201210/18/2012
CBS CELEBRATES THE HOLIDAYS WITH A NEW SPECIAL FROM NICKELODEON, "IT'S A SpongeBob CHRISTMAS!," FRIDAY, NOV. 23
John Goodman Provides The Voice of Santa Claus
CBS will present a new stop-motion animated special, IT'S A SpongeBob CHRISTMAS!, based on the hit Nickelodeon animated series "SpongeBob SquarePants," on Friday, Nov. 23 (9:30 – 10:00 PM, ET/PT). John Goodman lends his voice to Santa Claus in this special.
As the first stop-animation feature for "SpongeBob SquarePants," IT'S A SpongeBob CHRISTMAS! is inspired by the popular song, "Don't be a Jerk, It's Christmas," by Tom Kenny (voice of SpongeBob SquarePants) and Andy Paley. In this new special, Mr. Krabs' nemesis, Plankton, vows to get his Christmas wish – obtaining the Krusty Krab's secret Krabby Patty formula – by turning everyone bad in Bikini Bottom with the help of his special jerktonium-laced fruitcake.
"SpongeBob SquarePants" chronicles the nautical and sometimes non-sensical adventures of SpongeBob, an incurably optimistic and earnest sea sponge who lives in a two-story pineapple in the sub-surface city of Bikini Bottom.
Since its launch in July 1999, "SpongeBob SquarePants" has emerged as a pop culture phenomenon. The series has been the number-one animated program with kids 2-11 for more than 12 consecutive years on Nickelodeon. Over the past several years, it has averaged more than 100 million total viewers across all Nickelodeon networks.
IT'S A SPONGEBOB CHRISTMAS! was created and executive produced by Stephen Hillenburg and executive produced by Paul Tibbitt, with stop-motion animation directed by Mark Caballero and Seamus Walsh and produced by Chris Finnegan of Screen Novelties.
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from $315 / night help Price for guests, Nights approx:
- Bedrooms:
- 2
- Bathrooms:
- 3
- Sleeps:
- 4
- Type:
- Condo
- Pets allowed:
- No
- Wi-Fi available:
- No
- Per night:
- $315 - $520
- Per week:
- $2205 - $3640
Description from owner
Read more Read less
About the area
Owner profile
Jackie C.
Languages spoken: English
- Air conditioning
- Balcony/Terrace
- Grill
- Heating
- High Speed Internet
- Linen provided
- Parking Included
- Sea view
- Waterfront
- Ceiling Fans
- Clothes dryer
- Dishwasher
- DVD player
- Hair dryer
- Iron
- CD player
- Refrigerator
- Satellite TV
- Microwave
- Stove
- Telephone
- Toaster
- Video player
- Washing machine
- Boat available
- Cycling Trips
- Fishing
- Games room
- Ping Pong Table
- Water sports
- Horse riding
Reviews for this vacation home rental in Seven Mile Beach, Caribbean Have you been a guest of this property? Write a review Reviews (1)
– based on 1 review
Very Good
1 review
"Grand Cayman/ Harbor Heights #6"
Harbor Heights #6 was great for our January getaway. Updated, clean, well-equipped and the great property location added to the enjoyment of Cayman! The kitchen was so great that we cooked in all but one night! The owners considered all needs when setting up the condo for renters! The entire property was so attractive and peaceful and the beach was exceptional (lots of shade and great chairs and lounges). Our only negative was that I misread the number of bedrooms. From the photos, I thought there were 3 bedrooms ( 2 Kings and 1 Twin). Our lovely housekeeper, Leigh, took care of that with no problem! The office and staff were very helpful and pleasant.
Owner Supplied Testimonials
Super Condo!
Date of Stay
August 14, 2015
Stayed a week at this condo and it was perfect for our family of 4. Decor was fresh and bright. Kitchen had everything we needed. Combination of beach and quiet pool are musts for us and this complex was just right. Easy and fun snorkeling available right off the beach. Enjoyed walks in the morning and at sunset. Traveled with friends who stayed next door. Worked great with both families. Highly recommend.
True to condo description wonderful trip
Date of Stay
May 5, 2015
I can say the condo was excellent. The resort and grounds were lovely with a very nice pool. The condo itself was great. Nice half bath on the main floor. The kitchen was very well stocked with everything you would need. The matrress was very comfortable. The beach had shade and sun depending where you were and plenty of regular chairs and lounge chairs. Very close to the condo so you could run up for lunch. We have been to Grand Cayman 3 times and finally have found the place we want to stay again next year.
The perfect choice!
Date of Stay
February 12, 2011
It is always difficult to make a decision from online information but in this case it was the right decision. Even before our visit Jackie provided lots of information and suggestions from brunch at the Ritz (quite the experience) to bar-b-que from the minister in the parking lot next door. This complex is small but has more oceanfront than many, much larger resorts and hotels. The condo is lovely and has everything you will need for your stay and the staff onsite couldn't have been more helpful. For the fair skinned there are many options for staying on the beach and keeping out of the sun. But it was the balcony and it's view that held us most mornings and late afternoons.
Sep 24, 2015
Beautifully decorated and so comfortable.
Date of Stay
August 2, 2015
Have been to Cayman /Harbour Heights many times - and this condo is always my first choice. We like the cross breeze that it gets from it's location, and the owner always keeps it in tip-top shape with plenty of amenities for the renter. Love the decorating too - so adorable yet comfortable. Has a great view of the beach while eating meals on the patio. My family loves walking the beach in the morning, and going to the beach in the evening to enjoy the sunset - and the condo is right there! Plenty of things to do close by - a great location.
Absolutely Fabulous
Date of Stay
March 30, 2013
What a beautiful condo. It's light and airy, meticulously clean, with great water pressure. The beds are comfortable and the air conditioning works great. (We barely used it because there's also a nice cross breeze.) This condo is on the second floor, which we liked a lot. It has a private balcony, where we ate almost all of our meals. We sat out on the balcony all the time and watched the sunset, chatting into the evening, or ate a breakfast and coffee as e complex started to wake up. We liked having the second floor location because we had two children with us - we didn't want them wandering down to the beach without asking us. This location was fantastic. It's in walking distance to Calico Jack's, Dukes and the Westin or The Ritz. The beach is clear and beautiful. There's plenty of shade and the view is uncompromised and heavenly! The grounds of the condo are well maintained and there's a beautiful courtyard. The pool is fantastic! Our kids got a couple of giant gulps of saltwater and decided the pool was preferable! We had a great time at the beach and the pool, and even took a couple of later evening swims. There's also a screened room with tables and a ping-pong table. Nice for a break in the shade! The kids loved playing ping-pong. What I liked most about is location: 1. It was quiet, but welcoming for families. 2. The actual condo was very clean and beautifully decorated. 3. The staff are wonderful. 4. The location is great - easy walking distance and not too far from anything we wanted to see or do. I would highly recommend this unit to anyone!
Simple Serenity
Date of Stay
January 20, 2014
My husband and I, along with a close friend of ours, just spent a lovely week at the beach in this comfortable and homey condo. The beach was absolutely prime--clean, no crowds, plenty of shade from enormous pine trees, no competition for chairs or cabanas! This beach is why we came back to Grand Cayman, and plan to return again. During the day we enjoyed warm, humidity free breezes, took long walks, and floated in the soothing ocean waters. The pool was heated and nice. At night we gazed at the stars, and for excitement, played ping pong! We packed more books than clothes, and cooked our own "simple gourmet" meals at home. The other people we chatted with were quite neighborly--it didn't feel like a place with lots of transients, we actually met quite a few owners. That made us feel safe and secure. We had absolutely no use for a car, and didn't miss a car at all. I'm sure there are other travelers like us--not interested in the all-inclusive lifestyle, no need for night-life, no need for filling the days with excursions (we've all done that when we were younger). We got what we came for--rest, quiet, relaxation, and plenty of time to enjoy being with the people we love. The condo is very clean--not new, but comfy, kind of like my house. The staff at Harbour Heights were professional, friendly and competent. Housekeeping was very well done. The kitchen was nicely equiped--there was even a folder of recipes, and one night we had Jackie's crab cakes! The grocery store is Grand Cayman was wonderful--you can get EVERYTHING you would get at a supermarket at home. On our way from the airport, the cab waited while we went in and shopped, and we were pretty well set for the week. One day we walked to the store to pick up some more milk and fruits. On the way we saw several of the restaurants the owner had recommended. So I reiterate--a car really isn't necessary unless you just had your knee replaced, or you are in a rainstorm! We have made our reservation to go back next year--we will pretend it is our place, and hope to return for years to come!


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The Orient Express passenger train in Europe. The Orient Express passenger train at a railroad station.Seen in the station is steam locomotive with running number: 01 005, which was built by the Bossig Company of Germany, in 1925. (It exists today, as the oldest preserved German locomotive. It is owned by the Dresden Transport Museum and viewable at the Stassfurt Heritage Locomotive Depot, on the Shoenebeck to Gusten railroad line.) Locomotive 01 005 belches steam and makes noises as a dispatcher on the platform signals for it to depart. It gradually moves away with a roar, and gains speed. Passenger cars comprising the train, are seen as it leaves the station. A white uniformed train attendant is seen standing above train steps of a car, as train pulls away. (Note: this may be one of the earliest films with sound.)
German Chancellor Adolf Hitler reoccupies the Rhineland and denounces the Locarno Pact in 1936. The signing of the Locarno Treaties in London, England in 1925. Officials arrive at the building where the Locarno Treaties are to be signed. Chancellor Hans Luther of Germany affixes his signature to the Locarno Treaty assuring peace to all the principal countries of Europe. At the head of the table in the center are Stanley Baldwin and Sir Austin Chamberlain, leaders of the British Delegation. German Chancellor Adolf Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles on 7th March 1936 by sending German military forces into the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone along the Rhine River in western Germany. German troops march over the Hohenzollern bridge in Cologne, Germany. The troops march along a road. Cologne Cathedral in the background. A German crowd cheers as the troops parade. Swastika banners hang from buildings. German troops parading in Dusseldorf. The troops on horseback and horse-carriages pass along narrow streets of Dusseldorf. Parading troops are cheered by a crowd in Frankfurt am Main. German troops parade in front of a building during a wreath laying ceremony followed by Chancellor Hitler and other Nazi officials. Newspaper headlines about Hitler denouncing the Locarno Pact. A government minister with press. French Prime Minister Albert Sarraut at a microphone reassures the security of France. Belgium soldiers march along a street.
A film on the development of air power. Air route development in Europe. Animated lines going from various cities of Europe including Germany and Poland.
A film on the development of air power of the United States. Five United States Army Air Service Martin MB-1 bombers in a formation flight. Wilbur Wright talks to two men. The flight of an early model glider down the side of a hill in Europe. A group of spectators watch the flight.
A film on the development of air power. The use of aircraft for aerial combat in Europe. French Nieuport aircraft parked on an airfield. Men stand near an airplane. Bombs are loaded into an early bomber, with bombardier's compartment in the nose of an open cockpit. A machine gunner in the open cockpit of an aircraft in flight. Takeoff of a U.S. Army Air Service Curtiss JN-4 aircraft.
A film on the development of air power in the United States. Scenes depicting travel by ocean going ships, preceding air travel. Animation of a small ship moving away from the east coast of the U.S. Actual footage of a large sailing vessel of the early clipper ship variety sailing in the ocean. Animation of a small ship sailing to the Great Britain. Real footage of a four-stack ocean liner, which appears to be the RMS Mauretania (1906 edition), sailing in the Atlantic Ocean. Animated map of the Atlantic Ocean and the coasts of the U.S. and England. An R-34 dirigible airship in flight. The R-34 moored to the ground with a large craft around the gondola. A British Bristol fighter aircraft in flight. Animation of the maps of the U.S. and the Great Britain coming closer together, figuratively, through the speed of air travel.


text:
Author | Priyanka Mehra | Friday, Apr 12,2013 7:46 PM
The latest in the series of controversies, which characterize Goafest 2013, is the withdrawal of BBDO Proximity's work done on DHL by the Awards Governing Council. The withdrawn entries include 2 Golds and 1 Silver metals
The withdrawal is said to have been effected due to the similarity of work with that produced by Ogilvy's Hongkong office.
"We are an agency of firsts. Look at our track record; the only agency in Asia to win a Black Lion at Cannes for Creative Effectiveness. We introduced 'acts not ads' in India and pioneered social movements for brands – All in under four years! So why would we want to play second fiddle to anyone?" said Josy Paul, Chief Creative Officer and Chairman, BBDO India.
The withdrawal of entries now takes BBDO Proximity's tally to 9, with 1 Silver and 8 Bronze metals. Quite interestingly, the same campaign for DHL has made it to the One Show 2013 final list, bagging not one but three places. The same work was shortlisted at Cannes 2012 and Spikes Asia without any hiccups. This makes the decision of the Print and OOH juries of Goafest stand out even more, in addition to voting a withdrawal post metals being awarded.
"Our auditors went back to both the Print and OOH juries and they voted the decision to withdraw the entries," commented Shashi Sinha, Chairperson, AGC.
The question now remains: Will this be the end of the controversies surrounding Goafest 2013 or is it just the beginning of what is going to follow once the Pandora's Box is opened?
"We will not take any more complaints for the Creative Abbys after today evening (Friday, April 12, 2013) as enough is enough and we must move on," added Sinha.
Programming HeadRadio Mango


text:
Revelation of mankind is a song by Dir En Grey, released in their ninth album, Arche, in 2015. In collaboration with Capcom, a music video was produced with scenes from Resident Evil: Revelations 2; the collaboration was named "DIR EN GREY × BIOHAZARD REVELATIONS 2".[1]
- ↑ Dir En Grey x Resident Evil: Revelations 2 "Revelation of Mankind" from their ninth album, Arche. Retrieved on 2016-03-22.


text:
Displaying 41-50 of 73 entries.
Proposed amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure will likely take effect on December 1, 2015 if approved by the Supreme Court and not vetoed by Congress. Click here to see the report explaining the proposed amendments.... more »
The United States District Court for the District of Kansas will be upgrading its CM/ECF software to the Next Generation (NextGen) of CM/ECF in the upcoming months. Included in this release is new Central Sign-On functionality that will allow you to maintain one account across all courts (appellate,... more »
The United States District Court for the District of Kansas announces the selection of Gwynne E. Birzer as the next United States Magistrate Judge in Wichita, Kansas. Ms. Birzer holds two degrees from Washburn University; a Bachelor of Arts degree in Criminal Justice received in 1989 and a Juris Doctor... more »
Beware of letters, e-mails or phone calls telling you that you MUST pay a fine in order to avoid court prosecution! The most recent SCAM notification was sent via e-mail stating "This is to inform you, that you are going to be legally prosecuted into The Court House [sic] within... more »
The District of Kansas is proud to host naturalization ceremonies every month at our courthouses, local schools or historic sites. If you would like to attend a ceremony, the schedule is posted on-line. All of those petitioning the United States government to become a citizen must first pass... more »
After more than 21 years of service, U.S. Magistrate Judge Karen M. Humphreys has announced her retirement as of January 31, 2015. She will continue to carry a full caseload until her successor is selected. The court will issue a vacancy announcement to fill the position vacated by her retirement. Prior... more »
District of Kansas opinions dating back to 2005 are now searchable on the Opinions page. Comments or suggestions regarding the new search feature should be directed to firstname.lastname@example.com.... more »
On April 30, the United States Senate, on a 94-0 vote, confirmed Daniel D. Crabtree to become a United States District Judge in Kansas. Judge Crabtree received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1978 from Ottawa University. In 1981, he graduated from the University of Kansas School of Law. Following graduation,... more »
The Honorable Kathryn H. Vratil steps down as Chief Judge on Monday, April 21, 2014, when she assumes senior status. Judge Vratil has served as a federal district court judge since 1992, and as Chief Judge since 2008. Under her leadership, the District of Kansas has continued to enhance its national... more »
The United States District Court for the District of Kansas announces the retirement from full-time service of United States Magistrate Judge David J. Waxse. During his 14 years of distinguished service on the bench in Kansas City, Kansas, Judge Waxse authored several noteworthy and influential decisions... more »


text:
To the Editor:
The tragic case of Terri Schiavo (Week in Review, Oct. 26) points to the importance of letting your family know in advance what sort of medical care, if any, you want and for how long in case of an accident or an illness that leaves you unable to communicate.
Your wishes can be legally documented when they are written in a living will. This is a simple form that when signed, witnessed and notarized must be obeyed by doctors and family members. No lawyer is needed to draw up this document.
Southbury, Conn., Oct. 27, 2003Continue reading the main story