text:
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Naturals: Developing bilingualism in children
The children of parents who speak different languages have been said to be the world's only "true" bilinguals. Aaron Gray-Block reports.
Many experts agree that when parents speak different languages, the best method is for each parent to speak their natural language to the child from birth.
And according to the co-ordinator of the English as a Second Language programme at the American International School of Rotterdam, Fred Turner, children who are taught two languages from birth are the only true bilinguals.
"They don't differentiate between the languages," Turner says.
"One parent speaks one language and one parent speaks another, that's all."
Turner says that children can quite easily handle more than one language. A child's key to understanding them lies in the comparisons between them.
"They have a greater palate by comparing two languages," he says.
Meaning, children will have a greater understanding of the intricacy of language after comparing grammar, sentence structure and word usage of two distinct languages.
And the benefits of this form of bilingualism need not be underestimated, Turner says, particularly in regards job opportunities and linguistic abilities.
But a danger to be aware of is when children start to "code-mix" rather then "code-switch" between languages.
Turner says that inserting a Dutch word into an English sentence is fine and is considered quite a normal code-switch, for example, inserting "gezellig" into an English sentence about a quiet evening at home.
But if children start to add the Dutch prefix of "ge" to certain English words, it means they were starting to confuse the two languages and are not learning them properly.
English-speaking David Davis, who speaks English to his two daughters while his wife Angelique speaks her native Dutch, has found that his eldest daughter does not often code-switch.
David says his older daughter, who turns three in October, speaks Dutch more often than she does English, something he attributes to the 'immersion factor'.
"She is starting to speak English with me," David says.
"But she has more exposure to Dutch."
Though they speak two languages in the home, if David speaks English to his wife Angelique, she will often reply in Dutch, which poses problems when he wishes his oldest daughter to speak English.
David will often ask his daughter to speak English and though she understands what he says, she will imitate her mother and cheekily reply: "Nee, ik spreek Nederlands".
The distinction between the two languages was defined early on, when both parents would say to the child that either "mama" spoke Dutch or that "papa" spoke English.
There is very little mixing of the two languages, David says, and he believes the two languages assist in Danique's learning.
He says he can push his daughter harder, that she can "take more in" and that the left and right-side of her brain develop more quickly.
"It definitely helps her develop," he says.
They also sit down and watch TV shows such as Sesame Straat together, but David believes watching it in its native English is better than watching it in Dutch.
"It is better in its original language," he says.
What David and Angelique have embarked upon and what Turner also describes is commonly referred to as the "one person, one language" method of teaching bilingualism.
In the university text "Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism", author Colin Baker elaborates in greater depth upon this theory.
Baker writes that the "one person, one language" method was not the only path of child bilingualism and suggests that a second language can also be learned on the streets, such as Italian migrant children learning English in the US from their neighbourhood friends.
But the other distinct method of teaching bilingualism to a child is "sequential learning", where a child first acquires one language and later becomes proficient in a second. Many experts recommend the age of three as being a good line of demarcation.
Simultaneous teaching is usually preferred, but sequential learning can also be used when one of the languages is considered a minor language, such as grandparents speaking Cantonese to a grandchild in a predominantly English-speaking society.
But as Baker writes, "in early childhood, becoming bilingual is often an unconscious event, as a natural as learning to walk and ride a bicycle".
Baker also suggests that a bilingual person has increased meta-linguistic abilities, which stems from their enhanced analysing and knowledge of language and their greater control of internal language processing.
In turn, this may facilitate early reading acquisition that, in turn, can lead to higher levels of academic achievement.
In fact, Baker lists several broad advantages for children becoming bilingual, such as a greater array of experiences in language, culture and life, the possibility that children might become more flexible in their thinking and that some cognitive advantages can also be obtained.
Baker forthrightly dismisses and quotes other studies that reject earlier hypotheses that suggest bilingual children are disadvantaged.
Quite the contrary, Baker says, and though more research is yet to be done, the results seem quite encouraging.
And as Turner says, for the children of parents who speak two languages, learning to speak both of them is part of who they are.
Aaron Grat-Block / Expatica
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2 Comments To This Article
ela posted:
...yes, indeed great and encouraging, especially for parents like us of multilingual children. A propos, next time maybe some article on the development of children who are exposed to 4 - 5 languages? Thanks
english-pr.com posted:
Great article !

subset: commoncrawl


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In the wake of Kenny Ward Jr's death, racetracks across the country
are considering rule changes to keep drivers in their cars after a crash.
Sprint Cup driver, Brad Keselowski had some really, less than insightful
comments on the possible rules changes.
Check out what happened at the end of The Big Unit's Run / Walk
July 25th, 2014
While on vacation, Bill Michaels gave us a look at the lake he visits every summer,
Brookville Lake, Indiana. He grew up fishing on this lake with his dad and comes back
every year.
July, 2014
The Big Unit Bill Michaels gets to do some pretty cool stuff and has some cool friends.
In July of 2013, Bill Michaels' friend, Jame Young (JY) of STYX ask The Unit to introduce
the band during their appearance at Summerfest. Check it out!
Check out the pre-game atmosphere at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati
prior to the Reds / Cubs game.
Bill Michaels has traveled the state of Wisconsin in his BIG UNIT CRUISER
which was brought to you by: Will's RV in Sturtevant, WI
The start of the NASCAR Nationwide Series Race at Road America
An Air Force Fly Over is ALWAYS great to witness!!
It was great to get a chance to drive around the Road America
road course prior to the NASCAR Nationwide Series Race
On Saturday, June 23rd, the Rolex Series Race gets underway
prior to the NASCAR Nationwide Series Race at Road America in Elkhart Lake, WI
We had a great vantage point for the Grand AM Race, Friday evening June 22nd, at Road America
The Big Unit, Bill Michaels, can drive a stock car as well.
BUT…he did spin on the opening lap of the Kwik Trip Celebrity Race in 2010.
NOTE: Bill Michaels DID win the race though.
Here's a look at the entire race from the above video.
There's nothing like this kind of goblins….dancing in costume goblins as the girls from
Bottom's Up Saloon in Butler distribute SHOTS to the Halloween Patrons on 10/29/11
The Pasty Eating Contest at Colonel K's Pasty Shop in Menomonee MI / Marinette WI.
Colonel K's is celebrating 25 years in business…..CONGRATS!
The National Anthem and the plaquard array at Lambeau Field
on opening night of the NFL for the 2011 season.
Green Bay, WI Packers vs. Saints
During "The Big Unit's Charity Motorcycle Ride" we were treated to a bar stool that could do 100+ MPH.
This souped up bar stool was built at Milwaukee Harley Davidson.
I was on the field for the Lombardi Trophy presentation at Super Bowl XLV.
An incredible moment made even more incredible when former Packers GM, Ron Wolf (Lower Screen)
walks over to me and gives me a hug….that's the reason I stop taking video.
As I stand on the field at Cowboys' Stadium, I take one last surreal look around!


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Product Spotlight
Featured Research
Quick Stats
You are here
Sam's Club Planning Hispanic Format
With "Mas Club," the warehouse club chain wants to expand its business by targeting the segment.
Sam's Club executives told investors yesterday that the company plans to introduce a new Hispanic-oriented warehouse club format called Mas Club, the first of which will open in Houston in the first half of 2009 and sell products imported from Mexico.
"Mas" means more in Spanish. Mas Club will sell produce, meats, and Hispanic specialty food, drink, spices, and candy to families and businesses, said Sam's execs. The Houston store will occupy 143,000 square feet of sales and warehouse space. It will feature a full-service meat and seafood counter, an events area, a club-exclusive gas station, and a cafe that sells fresh-made tortillas.
"Mas Club will cater to the wants and needs of Hispanic families and entrepreneurs," said Doug McMillon, president and ceo of Sam's Club. "Our objective is to create an additional shopping choice that provides currently unavailable value for families, restaurant owners, convenience stores, and more."
Customers will have to buy separate membership to Mas Club.
In other Sam's Club news, McMillon told investors at Wal-Mart's annual meeting that membership income is not growing as fast as sales, and in response the club operator is attempting to focus on improving offerings while at the same time communicating a value message.
Sam's Club officials noted that food sales have been strong, but general merchandise sales remain a challenge.
Sam's Club began testing a new concept called Sam's Club Business Center this past summer in Houston. The new format caters only to small business owners, and does not have such categories as jewelry and pharmacy. Business in the new format is beating the sales plan, McMillon said.
Sam's Club is also testing a smaller format for both small business and the average consumer in Garden City, Kan. The new 10,000 square foot format would allow Sam's to move into smaller markets.


text: Has anyone tried the Marbain (I hope Im spelling correctly) style of blades??? Iwas checking out the SCAG website and found these....Apparently they are lighter than the normal factory blades, and made of some composite material or something??? Would these work well in a double bladed situation??? Not as much torque needed to get optimum balde RPM???


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Kadhafi, Arafat Discuss Support for Palestinians
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Libyan leader Muammar Kadhafi met on Wednesday evening with visiting Palestinian counterpart Yasser Arafat and the accompanying delegation, reported Kuwaiti news agency (KUNA).
The two men exchanged views on means for extending support to the Palestinian Intifada, said the agency.
Arafat and the accompanying delegation arrived in Tripoli earlier Wednesday as in the first leg of a tour of the region a head of the March 27 Arab summit in Amman.
These have been reports that Arafat will set the arrival of promised Arab financial assistance to his people as a condition for his attendance, but Palestinian officials have denied the reports as baseless – Albawaba.com


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Yea the length limit does suck.
There were times me and a buddy would be playing for a long time on civ rev just to be cut off because of the year limit.
Although I did enjoy one time very early in te game. Like when arrows were still used I got a tank from a temple. With that 1 tank I took it on a boat and defeated everyone before anyone invented anything better than longbow lol.


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Built in 1900, this comfortable 5-storey hotel comprises a total of 227 rooms of which 32 are suites. Facilities include a hairdresser's salon, a bar, an air-conditioned restaurant and conference rooms. Those arriving by car may make use of the hotel car park and garage facilities.
Located in Monte Carlo's lively centre, this hotel lies within a few minutes walk of the famous casino. It is some 100 m to links to the public transport network.
The comfortable rooms each come with an en suite bathroom, a hairdryer, a direct dial telephone, a minibar/ fridge, centrally controlled air conditioning and a hire safe as standard.
There is a swimming pool and a sun terrace in the outdoor complex and further leisure options include an indoor pool, a sauna and a gym
Guests will receive the SBM Carte d'Or when they check in that offers attractive reductions on nearby venues such as the casino, Monte Carlo Beach Club, Les Thermes Marins (free admission, to the seawater swimming pool, sauna, steam baths, gym), Monte Carlo Country Club, Monte Carlo Golf Club.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Central airconditioned


text:
There are plenty of Cydia tweaks developed by programmers to suit interests of different users. Out of the many, we have listed some that were appealing like 3D touch customization, accessing Spotlight from anywhere, Control Center Cydia tweaks, and much more.
Every day new tweaks are released by developers and we have got keen eyes on each of them. Today, we have got a nifty little tweak that will help you customize the appearance of home screen dock of your iPhone. Before proceeding, please note that the tweak is compatible with iOS 9 enabled iPhone and iPad.
A new Cydia tweak called DockAlpha is available for free on Cydia's BigBoss repo. The tweak size is quiet nominal and hardly needs any configurations. The basic functionally of the tweak is to adjust the opacity of the home screen dock of your iPhone.
Once the tweak is installed and Cydia resprings your device, you can straight away head to Settings app. Under the preferences section of DockAlpha, you will see a single slider. You can increase or decrease the opacity of the dock by moving this slider left or right. Sliding it left will decrease the opacity while sliding right will increase it.
After you are done with customization, you'll need to respring your device in order to make the changes take place. Apart from this, there isn't any configuration required to be done from your end.
The tweak is simple and doesn't do much, but it certainly changes the way your home screen look. Once again, it is completely free to download and install.
Price: Free | Repo: BigBoss
Have you got your hands on some other cool Cydia tweak? Do share with fellow readers by commenting below or on Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus.


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Nitko's Mushroom Sauce
READY IN: 45mins
Recipe by nitko
This is my way of preparing mushroom sauce. It goes very good with any kind of meat, pasta, rice and gnocchi.
Top Review by Missy Wombat
Made this to go over noodles as I had mushrooms and cream to finish off. Didn't have pepperberries. Very nice.
See Discussion:1 Review
Ingredients Nutrition
- 300 g mushrooms (wild mushroom preferably)
- 40 g butter
- 1 teaspoon pepper (green, berries)
- 100 ml brandy
- 1⁄2 teaspoon nutmeg
- 50 g cream (cooking cream)
- 30 g parmesan cheese (grated)
- salt and pepper
- 1 tablespoon fresh parsley leaves
Directions See How It's Made
- Cut mushrooms into pieces. Melt butter and put mushrooms and green pepper.
- Cook covered until mushrooms soften (10 min.) Uncover, pour brandy and flambé. When fire is over, add nutmeg, salt, pepper and a little water.
- Cook until water almost evaporate (brown sauce must remain) than add cream and parmesan and mix until cheese melts. It depends how thick sauce you want add more cream or grated parmesan. At the end add parsley leaves and serve: goes excellent with steaks.


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Global Competitiveness
September 8, 2011 by staff
Global Competitiveness, The mainland of China progresses steadily in global competitiveness, while the U.S. continues the decline that began in 2008, according to the latest Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012, World Economic Forum.
Emerging markets and developing economies, particularly in Asia, have experienced relatively strong economic growth, attracting increasing financial investment, the report said.
In the last five years, several economies in Asia and the Pacific – including mainland China, Indonesia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka – have taken important steps in the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) rankings.
The mainland increased from the range last year to 26. He has improved every year since 2005, while Hong Kong has maintained its position of 11 ? and Taiwan remained stable at 13.
As the world's most populous country, China still has an advantage of the BRIC countries by a significant margin. The other members are Brazil, 53, Russia 66, India, 56, and South Africa, 50.
The U.S., Japan and Europe continue to slow growth or deceleration, with high rates of unemployment and continued financial vulnerability, especially in some European economies.
The gross domestic product growth in advanced economies in 2011 is expected to remain at levels that, for most countries are not strong enough to reduce the rise in unemployment during a recession.
U.S. again stumbled in the GCI rankings, falling for the third consecutive year to the fifth position. While many structural features are making their very productive economy, growing a number of weaknesses have lowered the range of U.S. in recent years.
Top 10 this year is dominated by European countries. Switzerland tops the list, followed by Sweden 3, Finland 4, Germany, 6; the Netherlands, 7, and Denmark 8.
Singapore continues its upward trend to become the second most competitive economy in the world, ahead of Sweden, while the UK rounds of 10, as it recovers from the crisis.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


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I'm 15 I'm 5'7 I weigh 125 pounds and I wear a size D bra... are they too small?
Most Helpful Guy
Damn 15 and already a D thats amazing 😍11|00|0
I'm 15 I'm 5'7 I weigh 125 pounds and I wear a size D bra... are they too small?
Damn 15 and already a D thats amazing 😍
Have an opinion?
ehm, no lol that's a great size
your boobs aren't small, but your brain must be to think they are.
Way to humble brag lol
No where near small., they are medium size. (Small = AA, A, and B, medium = C and D, and big is DD and DDD.
You wear a D bra, how the hell would it be small?
You know the answer. But it's more about proportion and shape to me.
no they are not to small
5'7, 125 pounds, size D bra
Hmm. . . D cup maybe kinda small for your frame. hard to tell. Please send your measurements and a pic if possible.
Too small for what?
Good size
Is my dick too small, I'm Asian and my dick is 12 inches.
Yeah no, D is supa big for adults, and your 15 you're a troll
I'm not
Then why are you asking if D is to big, if you knew anything about breast sizes you'd know that this is a dumb question, that is unnecessary
Too small is what I meant
You're probably thin as a rail, and with D cups? Damn. I'd say you're good in the boobs department
no they are not to small
D is never too small
No for your age
i am not that expert that i can imagine someone's look from the measurements.
Show us
Lol. No they are huge
It's not like I can see them so how the hell should I know?
That's huge
actually by imaginning wht u said i bet that they are hot
Nah not small.
Fishing for compliments? Actually, they are too big. They will continue to grow, you will have huge boobs when you get older, they will cause you considerable back pain, they'll start sagging, and when you are older, you'll need to tuck them under your belt.
Maybe not.
Just so you understand, all guys don't think that big boobs are great. Some guys prefer smaller boobs and dislike anything as large as a D cup. There are certainly guys who will chase after you because you have bodacious ta-ta's, but most of those guys aren't great catches.
Good luck!
@lovelywiz yes , :(
jk hahahah u funny i like it
and anon girl u have Ds how much higher u wanna go fam
bye :)
have fun replying to a cancellled account
Depends on your band size.
Are you for real?
I don't know where your head is at.
They're not small, and you should feel blessed for that.
You must be kidding right?
There's a good chance they could be small depending on your band size actually.
... no... there's no such thing as too small...
Lol i am 18 and i am borderline B hahahahah u call D small? xD
Um no!
Wtf no. Maye too big. Seems unproportional.
D cup is considered above average
are you kidding me... stop fishing for compliments obviously D cups aren't small
You cannot undo this action. The opinion owner is going to be notified and earn 7 XPER points.


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Powered by: -


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ATLANTA -- Tom Glavine's long awaited return to the Atlanta Braves was overshadowed by one of the craziest games in recent memory The 12-11 victory went the way of the Pittsburgh Pirates in 12 innings of pulse-pounding baseball on Monday at Turner Field.
"That was probably the craziest game I've ever been a part of," said Braves catcher Brian McCann.
However, further questioning revealed that no matter what may have happened during the final seven innings of the contest, it was the first five that he would remeber the most.
"It was probably the coolest game I've ever been a part of," said McCann, revealing that there is something far bigger he will taking from the game. "I got to catch Glavine, a childhood idol, so it was a dream come true for me."
Glavine's return seemed all but lost after four and a half hours: walks, errors, homers, and assorted run-scoring scenarios. The veteran left-hander received a strong ovation from the Atlanta crowd of 45,269, on hand to witness Glavine's first official start in a Braves uniform since October of 2002.
"It was great," said Glavine of the fans' response. "It's hard to totally hear it down in the bullpen when you're warming up... but it was one of the better [receptions]."
Working in and out trouble, Glavine frustrated the Pirates for five innings and allowed just two runs on seven hits. Glavine departed with a 4-2 lead after throwing 97 pitches and seemed in line for his first victory of the season.
"I was a little anxious first inning, but after that I felt pretty comfortable," said Glavine of his return start. "[But] it seemed like tonight was one of those nights where you had to expect the unexpected."
With game seemingly well in hand, Pittsburgh went to work on Braves relief pitchers. The Pirates scratched a run across against both Chris Resop and Will Ohman before doing most of their damage off Manny Acosta in a four-run eighth inning that included Xavier Nady's first homer of the night. Jeff Bennett allowed a ninth inning run that seemed to all but seal the fate Glavine and the Braves.
Stung by defeat in the final frame on Sunday at Washington, the Braves came roaring back in the bottom of the ninth. The five-run ninth inning was fueled by six walks and culminated thanks to miscommunication in the Pittsburgh outfield, allowing Atlanta to come off the deck and press the Pirates into extra innings.
Pirates closer Matt Capps was unable to shut the door, walking Marin Prado and Yunel Escobar consecutively to force in the first Atlanta run. Chipper Jones then lined a sharp two-run single into rightfield that cut the lead to 9-7.
McCann struck the final blow, a high pop that somehow touched down between on-coming outfielders Jason Bay and Nate McLouth. Running on the play with two away in the inning, both Escobar and Jones crossed the plate to tie the game 9-9 in the most improbable fashion.
For two innings, things would remain scoreless. Brayan Pena nearly provided the Braves with a 10th inning win, lining sharply to second baseman Freddy Sanchez, who doubled off Mark Kotsay to end the inning.
In the 12th inning, Nady struck again and touched up Blaine Boyer for a three run homer that barely cleared the rightfield wall and gave the Pirates a 12-9 lead. The night belonged to Nady, who went 4-for-7 with a pair of homers and four RBI.
Atlanta came storming back in the bottom of the inning, cobbling together a two-run inning against Pirates reliever Franquelis Osoria that included Jeff Francoeur's first homer of the season. Kotsay followed with a double and was chased home by Matt Diaz's run-scoring single.
Osaria (1-0) finally put an end to things, getting pinch-hitter Corky Miller to fly out to McLouth for the final out of a hard fought Pittsburgh victory.
Boyer (0-1) deserved a better fate, but a lack of bullpen help remaining in the extra-inning affair made it necessary for him to go back out in the 12th to work a second inning. His 11th inning was highlighted by multiple 97-mph fastballs and two overpowering strikeouts.
"I think we showed alot of character coming back a couple times; showed what we're capable of doing," added Glavine.
Breaking out agianst the Pirates, Escobar fueled the Braves offense by going 3-for-4 and reaching base five times on the night. McCann connected for his first homer of the season off Pirates starter Ian Snell in the three-run Atlanta fourth.
On Deck: The Braves and Pirates will have Tuesday off before resuming the series on the Wednesday.


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Odds are, you have been hearing about how sugar is bad for you teeth since your first dentist visit.
Yes, it is true sugar is not only bad for your health, it is also bad for your teeth. However, it is not really the sugar that does the damage to your teeth, it is what happens inside of your mouth once you eat the sugar that is damaging.
The good news is that there are ways to prevent sugar from harming your teeth. We will talk about this in a little bit.


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The 23-year-old fringe Socceroo shot-stopper got to spend 40-minutes with his idol Gianluigi Buffon over a coffee at Juventus' team hotel.
A Juve fan since a young age, the chance to meet Buffon was a dream for the young custodian and was organized through his Foxtel A-League All Stars skipper and Bianconeri legend Alessandro Del Piero.
''It was amazing to spend time with Buffon,'' Birighitti told the Newcastle Herald.
''We had a coffee and he told me about his experiences and gave me some advice, which was amazing.
"He said, 'No matter where you play, no matter what the game is, if you have things on your mind, if there is stuff happening overseas, always focus on the present moment.
"Focus on the job at hand and don't get too far ahead of yourself'."
Unbelievable feeling to be out on that pitch last night and exchange playing shirts with these two… http://t.co/L9JkOSEkOP
— Mark Birighitti (@MarkBirraz) August 10, 2014
It was quite a 24 hours for the Newcastle Jets gloveman.
He played the last 20-minutes of the All Stars 3-2 defeat to Juve on Sunday night and managed to swap shirts with both Buffon and midfielder Andrea Pirlo post-game.
But it was the advice from the World Cup-winning Italian goal-keeper which he will cherish forever.
"He knew I was at the Newcastle Jets and had the experience of going to the World Cup and was close to signing in Germany," Birighitti said.
"He said, 'Now you are at Newcastle, you focus on Newcastle. That is your team and make sure you perform week-in, week-out for them. Europe will always be there. If you perform well at your club, you will get opportunities to go overseas. If you don't perform at your club, it is a different story'.
"We spoke about a range of things but that was the thing that stuck with me.
"Getting advice off him – he has played at the highest level, is a world champion and has done everything in world football. To hear that from his mouth was music to my ears.''
Birighitti will return to pre-season training with the Jets today (Tuesday) where he is battling with Ben Kennedy for the No.1 jersey.
Newcastle Jets membersips for the upcoming Hyundai A-League season are now on sale! Click here for more information and to sign up today.
.@abbas86_ali & @markbirraz ready to come on #ALvJUVE pic.twitter.com/ZLLc90oqFf
— Hyundai A-League (@ALeague) August 10, 2014


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To print this page, select "Print" from the File menu of your browser
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Late night news & current affairs
LOCATION: abc.net.au > Lateline > Archives
URL: http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/s482886.htm
Broadcast: 15/2/2002
Families in detention
Among the hundreds of refugees being held in detention, one group feels particularly hard done by. They are the women and children who remain in detention, while their husbands and fathers are out in the community on temporary protection visas.
Compere: Tony Jones
Reporter: Edmond Roy
Among the hundreds of refugees being held in detention, one group feels particularly hard done by. They are the women and children who remain in detention, while their husbands and fathers are out in the community on temporary protection visas.
Edmond Roy looks at two families in this predicament.
EDMOND ROY: In the summer of 1999, Ashmore Reef played host to a number of asylum seekers. Among them were two men from different parts of the globe.
Khadem al Alawi, far from his home in southern Iraq, and Ali Asghar Bhaktiyar, miles from his mountainous village in northern Afghanistan. They were both taken to Port Hedland.
After about nine months in detention, both men were released on temporary protection visas, but the similarities don't end there.
In January and March of last year, both men had their families follow them in another boat, which too arrived at Ashmore Reef.
The Al Alawi family found itself in Port Hedland, the Bhaktiyar family in Woomera.
Both men haven't seen their families for nearly three years and the longer the wait, the more desperate they become.
Last month, Mazhar Ali, the brother-in-law of Ali Asghar Bhaktiyar, climbed the fence at Woomera and launched himself on to the razor wire below.
The reason - to attract the attention of the authorities to a case of his sister and her five children.
ALI ASGHAR BHAKTIYAR: TRANSLATION: If you put a fly in a can and close the top of it, you see the fly is beating him to get out of the can which is closed.
So it means that he wants to get the freedom and freedom is valuable for any kind of beings, that is why he is doing like that to show that I want freedom.
EDMOND ROY: It's the same story at the Al Alawi residence.
KHADEM AL ALAWI: TRANSLATION: I feel so helpless when I think, "Why must my family live like this? Why did I bring my child to be put in detention?"
He's only three-years-old. I feel like I killed my wife. I killed my brother, I killed my child because I've brought him from one jail to another.
EDMOND ROY: He hasn't seen his family for nearly three years. His 3 and a half-year-old son has been in the Port Hedland Detention Centre for more than half his life.
Every time he talks to them on the telephone, it takes him about 24 hours to recover.
DR LOUISE NEWMAN, COLLEGE OF PSYCHOLOGY: The majority of people who have been through terrible separations and trauma like this will probably need some mental health intervention and support.
And these sorts of traumas can obviously take several years to recover from.
EDMOND ROYE: Refugee advocates say there are at least 50 families in a similar situation locked up in Woomera alone.
But in doing so, are we in danger of creating a new underclass?
DR LOUISE NEWMAN, COLLEGE OF PSYCHOLOGY: We are, in the majority of these cases, are going to be accepting children as Australians into our community.
And yet, here we are, creating circumstances, which can only lead to emotional and psychological problems.
We're potentially creating a generation of young people, future adults, future parents, members of our society, with significant emotional and psychological damage.
EDMOND ROY: For Khadem Al Alawi, it's a forlorn existence punctuated with moments of light when memories are rekindled with the help of photographs.
For Asghar Bakthiyar, a lifetime of persecution continues as he grapples with questions he has no way of answering, but still, he hopes.
ALI ASGHAR BAKTHIYAR: TRANSLATION: My heart says one day they will get freedom, that's what I believe. So I believe that they will be released.
EDMOND ROY: Until then, the teddy bears in the flat will continue to be lonely.


text:
University of Texas at Austin
Mascot: Bevo
Campus history and origin
The history of UT Austin first started first in 1839 where the Republic of Texas set aside the land to build for Education needs. and construction of the first building took place in in November of 188, in less than a year it opened its doors with eight professors and one proctor. it is now top of the line university serving more than 51,000 students annually through 18 top-ranked colleges and schools.
"Smokey" The Cannon
Smokey the cannon is fired during every football game after every touchdown made by the longhorns.
Admission Requirements.
Summer/Fall Incoming Freshmen
- Mid 50% SAT range: 1750 – 2070
- SAT Average: 1901
- Mid-50% ACT range: 26 – 32
- ACT Average: 29
For Enrolled Students by Applicant TypeAutomatically Admitted Texas Students (top 7%):
- SAT (out of 2400): 1874
- ACT Composite: 28
Texas Students not Automatically Admitted:
- SAT (out of 2400): 1947
- ACT Composite: 30
Out-of-State Students:
- SAT (out of 2400): 2000
- ACT Composite: 30
International Students:
- SAT (out of 2400): 1925
- ACT Composite: 30
Tuition and Cost
On-campus Housing Costs (2014 – 15)
- Shared space begins at $9,272 and goes up to $11,672
- Single space begins at $11,156 and goes up to $15,441 (Few single spaces are available; most are assigned to returning residents.)
Ranges are based on residence hall and room/bath options; costs include $1,500 in Dine In Dollars and $300 in Bevo Bucks. Housing and food costs are subject to change.
Additional information about the cost of housing plans is available on the Division of Housing and Food Service website.
Estimated Undergraduate Flat-Rate Tuition and Fees (2014 – 15)
- Texas resident $9,346 – 10,738
- Non-resident $33,264 – 38,126
The annual flat-rate tuition cost varies by college and school for full-time students; the rate is at the low end for the College of Liberal Arts and at the high end for the McCombs School of Business. Individual charges vary from student to student. Tuition and fees are based on 12 or more hours per semester. (Pre-pharmacy students pay tuition and fees for the College of Natural Sciences.)
Detailed information about tuition at UT Austin is available on the university's Tuition Dollars & Sensewebsite. Some students may also find it helpful to review information about the cost of tuition and fees.
Estimated Total Cost of Undergraduate Education (2014 – 15)
- Texas resident $25,862 – 27,254
- Non-resident $43,130 – 47,018
The Office of Student Financial Services develops annual estimates for use in making financial aid decisions. The estimates offered here reflect expected costs for students who enter the university after the spring of 2014. The estimates include tuition and fees (which vary based on college/department), books (approximately $750 per year), room and board including some costs beyond campus housing (see housing information above), transportation and personal/miscellaneous expenses.
Campus Life: Gone to Texas.
Gone to Texas is an event the night before classes start where the college freshmen get a welcome to UT and get to feel what its like to live the life of a longhorn. Its a big tradition!!!
Degree plan: Mechanical Engineering
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING2014 – 2016 CATALOGSuggested Arrangement of Courses for Eight-Semester Program125 credit hoursFALL SEMESTER SEMESTER HOURSCH 301, Principles of Chemistry I……………………. 3M 408C, Differential and Integral Calculus………… 4M E 302, Introduction to Engineering Designand Graphics………………………………………… 3RHE 306, Rhetoric and Writing………………………. 3UGS 302 or 303, First-Year Signature Course……... 3TOTAL………………………………. 16FALL SEMESTER SEMESTER HOURSM 427K, Advanced Calculusfor Applications I……………………………………. 4PHY 303L, Engineering Physics II…………………... 3PHY 103N, Laboratory for Physics 303L…………… 1E M 306, Statics………………………………………… 3M E 326, Thermodynamics……………………………. 3TOTAL………………………………. 14FALL SEMESTER SEMESTER HOURSM E 334, Materials Engineering.…………………….. 3M E 134L, Materials Engineering Laboratory…..…. 1M E 339, Heat Transfer………………………………... 3M E 139L, Experimental Heat Transfer……………... 1M E 335, Engineering Statistics………………………. 3Approved Career Gateway elective…………………... 3TOTAL……………………………….. 14FALL SEMESTER SEMESTER HOURSM E 344, Dynamic Systems and Controls…………… 3M E 144L, Dynamic Systems and ControlsLaboratory…………………………………………….1M E 366J, Mechanical Engineering DesignMethodology…………………………………………. 3Approved Career Gateway elective………………… 3Approved mathematics elective……………………. 3American and Texas Government………………….. 3TOTAL………………………………. 16SPRING SEMESTER SEMESTER HOURSM 408D, Sequences, Series, and MultivariableCalculus………………………………………………. 4PHY 303K, Engineering Physics I…………………… 3PHY 103M, Laboratory for Physics 303K………….. 1Approved Visual and Performing Arts……………… 3Approved Social and Behavioral Science………….. 3American History ……………………………………… 3TOTAL………………………………. 17SPRING SEMESTER SEMESTER HOURSM E 318M, Intro to Computer and Engineering Computer Method…………………………………… 3E M 319, Mechanics of Solids………………………. 3M E 324, Dynamics…………………………………….. 3M E 330, Fluid Mechanics…………………………….. 3M E 130L, Experimental Fluid Mechanics………….. 1M E 333T, Engineering Communications…………… 3TOTAL………………………………. 16SPRING SEMESTER SEMESTER HOURSM E 340, Mechatronics………………………………… 3M E 140L, Mechatronics Laboratory………………... 1M E 338, Machine Elements………………..………… 3M E 353, Engineering Finance….……………………. 3Approved Career Gateway elective…..……………. 3American and Texas Government………………….. 3TOTAL………………………………. 16SPRING SEMESTER SEMESTER HOURSM E 266K, Mechanical EngineeringDesign Project………………………………………. 2M E 266P, Design Project Laboratory ……………… 2Approved Career Gateway elective………………… 3Approved mathematics or natural science elective………………………….. 3E 316K, Masterworks of Literature…. ……………. 3American History……………………. ……………. 3TOTAL………………………………..
Cover Letter
pancho sanchez
mexicans do it best inc.
montana vista 19999
May 19, 2015
Good evening Pancho,
I am applying for the position of college student tech 1 in response to our meeting in the career center office at the university of texas at austin (UT)
As I have mentioned before I am currently going for my Masters degree in mechanical engineering. The two courses of mechanical engineering that i been taking are (fundamentals of mechanical engineering and Mechanical Engineering management) this classes both involve real life experiences working with cars and engines. This has allowed me to obtain the skills that are needed in order to have the needs to work. The position has come with many challenges of real life world applications plus having responsibilities of managing my own shop for a time period of three days working on cars and having to make the decisions of what has to happen with the car.
I have noticed that mechanical engineering is playing a major role in the development of next gen cars and planes. I believe i'm a good candidate for your program and this internship position will be a perfect opportunity for me to establish myself in a exciting career.
Thank you in advance for your consideration.
Rafael Castor
hahaha land 1234
Letter of Recommendation
To Whom It May Concern:
I write this letter of recommendation for Rafael Castor to attend University of Texas at Austin. Mr. Castor is an excellent student who is always prepared, and ready for any challenges that may occur. He is a genuine leader who is able to maintain high grades, while being very involved in both school and the community.
Out of all Mr. Castor's great characteristics, his ability to do well under pressure and succeed at all the assignments that were given, really stood out. As I have observed him in the classroom throughout the year, I have seen him grow and thrive not only academically, but socially. His abilities of being a unique and self sufficient thinker will allow him to make changes in the future, and become successful.
Mr. Castor is always ready to learn more, and will go above and beyond the standards required. I know, without a doubt, that he will do amazing in anything that he wishes to persue. If you would like to discuss Mr. Castor any further, you may contact me at email@example.com , or via phone: (915)-663-0293.
Best Regards,
Genesis Hermosillo
English Department Chair
AP IB English Teacher
El Dorado 9th Grade Academy
El Paso, TX 79938
Tel: (915)-663-0293
Email: email@example.com
Rafael Castor13439 montana El paso, Texas 79938Phone: (915) 252**** Fax: ********* E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
I recently graduated out of UT Austin with my masters for mechanical engineering.My objective is to get a mechanical position with Austin Speed shop that allows me to grow as a professional for making cars.
ExperienceMechanical May 20, 2015
n I have worked in a local shop in the summer fixing cars that come with minor problems.
n Then theres also when I worked in Walmarts car fixing center for about a year.
H.S. Diploma May 20, 2015
Pebble Hills high school 2014-2018
Top !0%
National Honor
Bachelor of arts: mechanical engineer 2018-2023
University of Texas at Austin
Masters of arts in engineering 2023-PresentUniversity of Texas at AustinCurrently attending Skills
I Am good working under pressure and with a time line theirs nothing I can fail I am the best man for the job I am up to any working hours as long as the job gets done right.
Persuasive Essay
The University of Texas at Austin, is one of the top schools in Texas no anyone can get into that school easily, either they get in by being super smart or a scholarship this is my dream to challenge myself and get in. I should receive a scholarship, because I am really smart and creative.
My desire is to be a engineer and get a major in that field. When i would talk to my friends about this they would say that we cant do anything of that because we live in a palace where we can learn much about that, but that didn't stop me from following my gut. its hard moving to another place that you never been to and living by yourself while paying for college is a really hard thing to do because I don't have the money to have my own place since all the money I earn and have is going to pay my college. I'm not going in to become a mechanical engineer for the money I am doing it because its something I love to do, my father has taught me a lot that i know of right now but I want to extend my knowledge of what I know and turn it into something greater.
I still remember my first time working on a car with my father the feeling of bringing back to the way it came out of the production line is just an amazing feeling that it can not be explained. I just could not stop thinking about what was going to be the next built or what can we do to make it faster, I believe that Engineering is an art engineers are artist and have to power to create anything with their hands not everyone can make paintings even Engineering is not for everyone.
My dream is to Create the next generation make history, make something inspires and helps the future of this world. I believe I can make this happen by becoming a professional Mechanic.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 30, 2011
|Filing date
|Jun 11, 2007
|Priority date
|Jun 11, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kevin C. Olson, Alan E. Wang
|Original Assignee
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (22), Referenced by (1), Classifications (29), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to electronic circuit assemblies, and more particularly, to circuit assemblies including high density interconnect (HDI) substrates, and the fabrication thereof.
Electrical components, for example, resistors, transistors, and capacitors, are commonly mounted on circuit panel structures such as printed circuit boards. Circuit boards ordinarily include a generally flat sheet of dielectric material with electrical conductors disposed on a major flat surface of the sheet, or on both major surfaces. The conductors are commonly formed from metallic materials such as copper and serve to interconnect the electrical components mounted to the board.
Microelectronic circuit packages are prepared in various sizes. One packaging level includes semiconductor chips containing multiple microcircuits and/or other components. Such chips are usually made from semiconductors such as silicon, and the like. Intermediate package levels, also called chip scale packages (CSP) may include multi-layer substrates and a plurality of chips. These intermediate package levels can be attached to larger scale circuit cards, motherboards, and the like. The intermediate package levels serve several purposes in the overall circuit assembly including structural support, transitional integration of the smaller scale circuits to larger scale boards, and the dissipation of heat from the circuit components. Substrates used in conventional intermediate package levels have included a variety of materials, for example, ceramics, fiberglass reinforced polyepoxides, and polyimides.
There has been an increasing need for circuit panel structures, which provide high density, complex interconnections. Such a need can be addressed by multi-layer circuit panel structures; however, the fabrication of such multi-layer circuit assemblies has presented serious drawbacks. It is difficult to align holes and vias by drilling the dielectric layers as increasing layers of circuitry are applied. Laser drilling is the most common method for forming vias, which can add significant cost to manufacture such circuit assemblies.
Generally multi-layer panels are made by providing individual, dual sided circuit panels with appropriate conductors thereon. The panels are then laminated one atop the other with one or more layers of uncured or partially cured dielectric material, commonly referred to as "prepregs" disposed between each pair of adjacent panels. Such a stack ordinarily is cured under heat and pressure to form a unitary mass. After curing, holes typically are drilled through the stack at locations where electrical connections between different boards are desired. The resulting holes or "through vias" are then coated or filled with electrically conductive materials usually by plating the interiors of the holes to form a plated through via. It is difficult to drill holes with a high ratio of depth to diameter, thus the holes used in such assemblies must be relatively large and consume a great deal of space in the assembly.
In applications wherein circuit layers are built one on top of another, a dielectric material typically separates the circuitized layers. Polymeric dielectric materials that typically are used in circuit assembly, are thermoplastic or thermoset polymers. Thermoset materials are typically cured first to form a conformal coating. Although the conformally coated substrate may contain through holes conforming to a perforate substrate, blind vias are typically formed by drilling, such as by a laser.
It would be desirable to provide a method of forming solid blind vias or raised conductive structures in substrates using fabrication techniques that reduce the costs of via formation compared to mechanical and laser drilling techniques.
In a first aspect, the invention provides a method comprising: coating an electrically conductive core with a first removable material, creating openings in the first removable material to expose portions of the electrically conductive core, plating a conductive material onto the exposed portions of the electrically conductive core, coating portions of the plated, conductive material with a second removable material, removing the first removable material, electrophoretically coating the electrically conductive core with a dielectric coating, and removing the second removable material.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method comprising: applying a layer of a first conductive material to a substrate having a dielectric coating on a conductive core and conductive vias extending through openings in the dielectric coating, applying a layer of a first removable material to the first conductive material, forming openings in the first removable material to expose areas of the conductive material to be plated, plating a second conductive material onto the exposed areas of the first conductive material, applying a layer of a second removable material to the first and second conductive material, forming openings in the second removable material to expose areas of the second conductive material to be plated, and plating a third conductive material onto the exposed areas of the first conductive material.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method comprising: forming a first substrate by (a) applying an electrodepositable dielectric coating onto a conductive surface, (b) curing the dielectric coating, (c) depositing an adhesion layer and a seed layer onto the dielectric coating, (d) applying a layer of a first removable material to the seed layer, (e) forming openings in the first removable material to expose areas of the seed layer, (f) electroplating a first conductive material to the exposed areas of the seed layer, (g) applying a layer of a second removable material, (h) forming openings in the second removable material to expose areas of the first conductive material, (i) plating a second conductive material to the exposed areas of the first conductive material, (j) removing the first and second removable materials, (k) removing unplated portions of the seed layer, repeating steps (a) through (k) to form a second substrate, and laminating the first and second substrates together with a layer of dielectric material between the first and second substrates, forming at least one interconnect between the first and second substrates.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method comprising: applying a layer of a first conductive material to a substrate having a dielectric coating on a conductive core and conductive vias extending through openings in the dielectric coating, plating and patterning the first conductive material, forming a circuitry layer, applying a layer of plating resist on the just patterned circuitry layer, forming openings in the plating resist to expose areas of the patterned circuitry layer to be plated, plating a second conductive material onto the exposed areas of the first conductive material, and removing plating resist.
In one aspect, this invention provides a method of producing conductive raised features, such as solid blind vias or posts, that extend through a dielectric coating of a circuit board or substrate, that may be used as a component of a chip scale package (CSP) or as a high density interconnect (HDI) substrate.
Referring to the drawings,
The core can be a conductive material such as a nickel-iron alloy. A preferred nickel-iron alloy is INVAR, (trademark owned by Imphy S. A., 168 Rue de Rivoli, Paris, France) comprising approximately 64 weight percent iron and 36 weight percent nickel. This alloy has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, comparable to that of silicon materials used to prepare chips. A low coefficient of thermal expansion is desirable in order to prevent failure of adhesive joints between successively larger or smaller scale layers of a circuit board or a chip scale package, due to thermal cycling in storage or normal use. When a nickel-iron alloy is used as the electrically conductive core, a layer of copper metal can be applied to all surfaces of the electrically conductive core to form a Cu/Invar/Cu structure having increased conductivity. The layer of copper metal may be applied by conventional means, such as electroplating or metal vapor deposition. The layer of copper typically can have a thickness of from 1 to 20 microns.
In other embodiments, the substrate core layer can comprise any of a variety of materials, such as a metal, which may be for example, untreated or galvanized steel, aluminum, gold, nickel, copper, magnesium or alloys of any of the foregoing metals, as well as conductive carbon coated materials or metallized non-conductive materials, such as sputtered ceramic or coated plastic. More particularly, the substrate can comprise a metal core selected from copper foil, nickel-iron alloys, and combinations thereof. The substrate can also be a perforate substrate comprised of any of the previously mentioned metals or combinations thereof.
In some embodiments, the electrically conductive core can have a thickness of about 20 to 400 microns, and preferably 150 to 250 microns. The core can include a plurality of holes, which may or may not have a uniform size and shape. In one embodiment, when the holes are circular, the diameter of the holes can be about 8 mil (203.2 microns). The holes may be larger or smaller as desired.
A layer of a first removable material, which can be a resist (also referred to as a plating resist) is applied to the core. This is illustrated in
The plating resist can be a negative-acting photosensitive resist that is developable and strippable in a caustic solution, or a positive-acting photoresist that is developable and strippable in an acidic solution. In the example of
Negative-acting photoresists include liquid or dry-film type compositions. Liquid compositions may be applied by rolling application techniques, curtain application, or electrodeposition. Preferably, liquid photoresists are applied by electrodeposition, more preferably cationic electrodeposition. Electrodepositable compositions comprise an ionic, polymeric material, which may be cationic or anionic, and may be selected from polyesters, polyurethanes, acrylics, and polyepoxides.
If the first removable material is a photosensitive material, after the photosensitive layer is applied, a photo-mask having a desired pattern may be placed over the photosensitive layer and the layered substrate exposed to a sufficient level of a suitable actinic radiation source. As used herein, the term "sufficient level of actinic radiation" refers to that level of radiation which polymerizes the monomers in the radiation-exposed areas in the case of negative-acting resists, or which depolymerizes the polymer or renders the polymer more soluble in the case of positive-acting resists. This results in a solubility differential between the radiation-exposed and radiation-shielded areas.
The photo-mask may be removed after exposure to the radiation source and the layered substrate developed using conventional developing solutions to remove more soluble portions of the photosensitive layer, and uncover selected areas of the underlying metal layer. The metal, which is uncovered during this step, may then be etched using metal etchants that convert the metal to water-soluble metal complexes. The soluble complexes may be removed by water spraying.
As shown in
After electroplating and formation of the studs, a second removable material 38, 40 and 42 is applied. The second removable material is formed on the tops of the raised features, as shown in
Suitable positive-acting photosensitive resins include any of those known to practitioners skilled in the art. Examples include dinitro-benzyl functional polymers. Such resins have a high degree of photosensitivity. In one example, the resinous photosensitive layer is a composition comprising a dinitro-benzyl functional polymer, typically applied by spraying. Nitrobenzyl functional polymers are also suitable. The photosensitive layer can also be an electrodepositable composition comprising a dinitrobenzyl functional polyurethane and an epoxy-amine polymer. Since the areas covered by the electrodepositable photoresist in this example need not be exposed to resolve the desired features, the coating need not be a resist, but only a removable coating.
Then the first removable material is removed. If the first removable material is a photoresist, the substrate can be exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation to photo-degrade or depolymerize the photoresist covering the tops of the posts or studs, as shown in
By using different materials for the first and second removable materials, those materials can be removed using different chemistries. Thus the second removable material 38, 40 and 42 is left intact on top of the studs or posts.
A dielectric coating 44 is then applied electrophoretically to conformally coat the conductive substrate except in those areas covered by second removable material that remains on the tops of the posts, studs or other features, as shown in
The dielectric coating is applied to the exposed surfaces of the core to form a conformal coating thereon. As used herein, a "conformal" film or coating refers to a film or coating having a substantially uniform thickness, which conforms to the core topography, including the surfaces within (but, preferably, not occluding) holes in the core. The dielectric coating film thickness is typically between 5 and 50 microns. A lower film thickness may be desirable for a variety of reasons. For example, a dielectric coating having a low film thickness may allow for smaller scale circuitry. However, the dielectric coating thickness can be determined by the performance requirements of the completed substrate.
The dielectric material is a non-conducting substance or insulator. A material having a low dielectric constant is desired for high-frequency, high-speed digital applications where the capacitances of substrates and coatings are critical to the reliable functioning of circuits.
The dielectric coating can be formed from any of a variety of coating compositions. The dielectric coating can be formed from a thermoplastic composition where, once applied, solvents (i.e., organic solvents and/or water) are driven off or evaporated, thereby forming a film of the dielectric coating on the substrate. The dielectric coating also can be formed from a curable or thermosetting composition where once the composition is applied to the substrate and cured, a cured film of the dielectric coating is formed. The dielectric coating can be applied by any coating application technique to provide a coating having a desired dielectric constant to ensure sufficient insulating properties, and flame resistance properties.
The dielectric coating may be applied by any suitable conformal coating method including, for example, dip coating, vapor deposition, electrodeposition and autophoresis. Examples of dielectric coatings applied by vapor deposition include poly-(para-xylylenes), encompassing both substituted and unsubstituted poly-(para-xylylene); silsesquioxanes; and poly-benzocyclobutene. Examples of dielectric coatings applied by electrodeposition include anodic and cathodic acrylic, epoxy, polyester, polyurethane, polyimide or oleoresinous compositions. The use of an electrodeposited coating takes advantage of the fact that the tops of the vias/studs are sufficiently insulated from the application of the electrodeposited dielectric coating.
In a particular embodiment, the dielectric coating can be formed by the electrodeposition of an electrodepositable photosensitive material. In that embodiment, the dielectric coating would be applied to the core by electrodeposition of an electrodepositable coating composition comprising a resinous phase dispersed in an aqueous medium, where the resinous phase has a covalently bonded halogen content of at least 1 percent by weight based on total weight of resin solids present in said resinous phase. In another embodiment, a non-photosensitive dielectric material can be used.
The electrodepositable coating compositions can be electrophoretically applied to an electroconductive substrate (or substrate that has been rendered electroconductive as by metallization). The applied voltage for electrodeposition may be varied and can be, for example, as low as 1 volt to as high as several thousand volts, but typically between 50 and 500 volts. The current density is usually between 0.5 ampere and 5 amperes per square foot (0.5 to 5 milliamperes per square centimeter) and tends to decrease during electrodeposition indicating the formation of an insulating conformal film on all exposed surfaces of the substrate. After the coating has been applied by electrodeposition, it typically is cured, usually thermally cured at elevated temperatures ranging from 90� to 300� C. for a period of 1 to 40 minutes to form a conformal dielectric coating over all exposed surfaces of the core.
After application of the dielectric coating, the dielectric coating can be removed in one or more predetermined locations to expose one or more sections of the substrate surface. The dielectric coating can be removed by a variety of methods, for example by ablation techniques. Such ablation typically is performed using a laser or by other conventional techniques, for example, mechanical drilling and chemical or plasma etching techniques. If a photosensitive dielectric coating were used, it could be exposed and developed to form the openings.
Also, prior to application of the dielectric coating, the substrate surface may be pretreated or otherwise prepared for the application of the dielectric material. For example, cleaning, rinsing, and/or treatment with an adhesion promoter prior to application of the dielectric material may be appropriate.
Finally, as shown in
The process described above can be repeated multiple times for each layer of a multiple layer substrate or circuit board. A final multi-layered board could include the posts, studs or other raised features for making connections from the outermost layer, to an inner layer, from an inner layer to another inner layer, from an inner layer to the core, and/or from the outermost layer to the core.
The thickness of the removable material layers would be chosen such that it corresponds to the desired height of the plated posts and/or studs, as well as a desired dielectric thickness.
The solid posts, studs or other raised features could serve as blind microvias, allowing for electrical connections through the dielectric layer. The posts could also be used for the positioning and anchoring of boards for lamination into multi-layer packages. Additionally, the posts, studs and other raised features can serve as thermal conductors, transferring heat from chips or other components to the exterior of the package.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for making multi-layer substrates, chip scale packages, or other circuit assemblies, using a multi-layer build-up process with pad-to-pad connections. In this aspect, the invention provides a process for joining multiple layers of substrate and making electrical connections between the joined layers.
In one embodiment, the method begins by coating a substrate having a solid metal via with a thin layer of conductive material (such as sputtered and/or electroplated copper). Next, a layer of a first removable material is applied to all areas. Preferably, the first removable material is an electrodepositable resist. If the removable material is a plating resist, it is imaged and developed in the areas to be plated. Then a conductive material such as copper is electroplated to the desired thickness, preferably to the thickness of the plating resist. Next, a layer of a second removable material is applied. If the second removable material is a plating resist, it is imaged and developed, exposing only the areas for solid via studs and posts. Copper is again electroplated to the desired thickness, preferably to the thickness of the second layer of plating resist. Thus solid blind via studs and posts are formed. Then, all of the plating resist is removed. This process is described in more detail with reference to
Beginning with the substrate of
The substrate with the thin layer of copper can then be coated with a conventional plating resist 52, as shown in
The substrate is then subjected to a metal etchant that removes all of the thin metal in the areas that were not plated but only a fraction of the metal in the areas that were plated, leaving the structure 78 shown in
The process can be repeated multiple times to build lip additional layers of circuitry on the substrate. When completed, the substrate is ready for lamination with another substrate. The solid posts, studs or other features can serve as blind microvias, allowing for electrical connections through a dielectric layer. The posts could also be used for the positioning and anchoring of boards for lamination into multi-layer packages. Additionally, the posts, studs and other features can serve as thermal conductors, transferring heat from chips or other components to the exterior of the package.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method wherein after sputtering, a thin layer of copper is plated onto the dielectric material. Then a plating resist is applied, to plate tip the desired circuitry. Instead of stripping the plating resist off, another layer of plating resist is applied and posts are plated tip. These posts can be used for connecting through holes and for lamination anchors. Then all the plating resists are stripped off and the thin layer of copper on top of the dielectric material is etched off. This substrate is then ready for lamination with another similar substrate material.
More specifically, this aspect provides a technique for joining two or more circuit boards or packaging substrate layers together. To achieve this, one would plate solid vias or studs onto the circuitry to a height that is greater than the thickness of a laminate dielectric material that would be used to insulate the joining circuitry layers. The overall process would be as follows:
Additional conductors or contacts can be formed by chemical, mechanical or laser ablating or using masking technologies to prevent the application of coatings at selected areas or to otherwise remove portions of the dielectric coating in a predetermined pattern to expose sections of the electrically conductive core. Then a layer of metal is applied to portions of the dielectric coating to form conductors and contacts. Metallization of at least one of the dielectric coating layers can also be used to form contacts and conductors adjacent to the surface of the dielectric coating layers.
Metallization typically is performed after the removal step by applying a layer of metal to all surfaces, allowing for the formation of metallized vias through the substrate (i.e., through vias) and/or to (but not through) the core (i.e., blind vias).
Alternatively, metallization can be performed prior to the removal step, with additional metallization performed afterward if necessary. The metal applied in this metallization step can be any of the previously mentioned metals or alloys provided that the metals or alloys have sufficient conductive properties. Typically, the metal applied in the above described metallization step is copper. The metal can be applied by conventional electroplating, seed electroplating, metal vapor deposition, or any other method providing a uniform metal layer as described above. The thickness of the metal layer is typically about 5 to 50 microns.
To enhance the adhesion of the metal layer to the dielectric coating prior to the metallization step, all surfaces can be treated with ion beam, electron beam, corona discharge or plasma bombardment, followed by the application of an adhesion promoter layer to all surfaces. The adhesion promoter layer can have a thickness ranging from 50 to 5000 Angstroms, and typically is a metal or metal oxide selected from chromium, titanium, nickel, cobalt, cesium, iron, aluminum, copper, gold, tungsten and zinc, and alloys and oxides thereof.
After metallization, a photosensitive layer (formed from a "photoresist" or "resist" composition) can be applied to the metal layer. Optionally, prior to application of the photosensitive layer, the metallized substrate can be cleaned and pretreated; e.g., treated with all acid etchant to remove oxidized metal. The photosensitive layer can be a positive or negative photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer typically has a thickness of about 2 to 50 microns and can be applied by any method known to those skilled in the photolithographic processing art. Additive or subtractive processing methods may be used to create the desired circuit patterns.
After preparation of the circuit pattern on the substrate, other circuit components may be attached in one or more subsequent steps to form a circuit assembly. Additional components can include one or more multi-layer circuit assemblies prepared by any of the processes of the present invention, smaller scale components such as semiconductor chips, interposer layers, larger scale circuit cards or motherboards and active or passive components. Components may be attached using conventional adhesives, surface mount techniques, wire bonding or flip chip techniques.
It should be understood that any of the processes of the present invention can include one or more additional steps without departing from the scope of the invention. Likewise, the order in which the steps are performed may be changed as necessary, without departing from the scope of the invention.
As used in this description, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. Thus each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques, or by taking typically manufacturing tolerances into account.
Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of "1 to 10" is intended to include all sub-ranges between and including the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10.
While the invention has been described in terms of several examples, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes can be made to the described examples without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Oct 19, 1988
|Jun 20, 1989
|International Business Machine Corporation
|Simultaneous multiple level interconnection process
|Mar 21, 1991
|Sep 15, 1992
|Ist Associates, Inc.
|Semiconductor chip assemblies with fan-in leads
|Jul 21, 1994
|Sep 24, 1996
|Tessera, Inc.
|Multi-layer circuit structures, methods of making same and components for use therein
|Jul 17, 1998
|Jul 31, 2001
|Tessera, Inc.
|Methods of making microelectronic components having electrophoretically deposited layers
|Oct 28, 1999
|Aug 6, 2002
|Fujitsu Limited
|Multilayer circuit structure build up method
|Jul 10, 1998
|Dec 10, 2002
|Tessera, Inc.
|Forming microelectronic connection components by electrophoretic deposition
|Jul 9, 2001
|Jan 6, 2004
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Multi-layer circuit assembly and process for preparing the same
|Jun 27, 2002
|Mar 30, 2004
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Electrodepositable dielectric coating compositions and methods related thereto
|Jun 27, 2002
|Nov 30, 2004
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Process for creating holes in polymeric substrates
|Jun 27, 2002
|Oct 4, 2005
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Process for creating vias for circuit assemblies
|Jun 27, 2002
|Feb 21, 2006
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Process for fabricating circuit assemblies using electrodepositable dielectric coating compositions
|Nov 21, 2003
|Aug 22, 2006
|Bridge Semiconductor Corporation
|Semiconductor chip assembly with embedded metal pillar
|May 9, 2001
|Sep 12, 2002
|Sturni Lance C.
|Multi-layer circuit assembly and process for preparing the same
|Jul 9, 2001
|Sep 12, 2002
|Sturni Lance C.
|Multi-layer circuit assembly and process for preparing the same
|Mar 8, 2001
|Sep 12, 2002
|Sturni Lance C.
|Process for preparing a multi-layer circuit assembly
|Nov 8, 2002
|Jul 31, 2003
|Olson Kevin C.
|Multi-layer circuit assembly and process for preparing the same
|Jan 16, 2003
|Jul 22, 2004
|Davis Mark D.
|Scratch-off cards
|Nov 11, 2004
|Jun 9, 2005
|Olson Kevin C.
|Single or multi-layer printed circuit board with improved via design
|Nov 16, 2005
|Jun 29, 2006
|J Mccollum Gregory
|Method for creating circuit assemblies
|Jul 19, 1995
|Feb 1, 1996
|Tessera, Inc.
|Electrical connections with deformable contacts
|Jun 27, 2003
|Jan 8, 2004
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Process for fabricating circuit assemblies using electrodepositable dielectric coating compositions
|Nov 7, 2003
|May 27, 2004
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Multi-layer circuit assembly and process for preparing the same
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 14, 2011
|Apr 2, 2013
|Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc.
|Method of forming solid blind vias through the dielectric coating on high density interconnect (HDI) substrate materials
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 11, 2007
Owner name: PPG INDUSTRIES OHIO, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OLSON, KEVIN C.;WANG, ALAN E.;REEL/FRAME:019405/0474;SIGNING DATES FROM 20070522 TO 20070604
Owner name: PPG INDUSTRIES OHIO, INC., OHIO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:OLSON, KEVIN C.;WANG, ALAN E.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20070522 TO 20070604;REEL/FRAME:019405/0474
|Dec 13, 2010
Owner name: ENERGY, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF, DISTRICT OF C
Free format text: CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:025578/0739
Effective date: 20100602
|Apr 10, 2015
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Aug 30, 2015
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Oct 20, 2015
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20150830


text:
PAC Wrestling
We need the following information so they will hopefully do a quality job.
1. Returning Letterwinners
Joe Minkler, Mitch Brinkman, Clayton Reis, Danny Sommerlot, Tyler Colee, Zach Schott, Jared Gunnerson, Connor Schoening
2. New Prospects
Shea Ruffridge, Charlie Anderson, Chase Boeve, Tim Elliot, Gunner Arends, Creighton Stauffer
3. Expectations for this year/season outlook
We should have a pretty solid line up. Not sure yet about being 2A, but should be very competitive. We should be in the hunt for a conference dual and tournament title, and also Regional Duals.
4. Schedule-Notable Meets
December 11 at Gowrie we see South Central Calhoun
January 8 at Wall Lake we see Manson NW Webster
5.Comments about the combination with Laurens
We have 6 wrestlers from Laurens that joined our squad this year. They seem to be fitting in great. Has been good having 28 kids in the room!
6. Anything else you'd like to add
If you'd reply to this email, I'll share the information with my students. Thanks!


text:
The Mayan
The Mayan's built splendid temples and pyramids and made complicated calendars. Mayan city's were built around pyramids. Most of the maya people were peasant farmers. Houses were built of adobe and hatch. Gods were ranked in order of importance. Maya practiced human sacrifice to please the gods.
Mayan's ate sweet patateos, guavas, and tomatoes. Meats they ate are ish, frogs, water insects, algae.
mayans had ark skin, dark eyes and straight black hair, but to them what was considered beautiful and slightly crossed-eyes.
About 10,000 people lived in Tikal.
Mayans believed in many gods for example Chac the rain god and Ah Puch the god of death.
The mayans kept track time with a calendar called Tzolkin.
Mayans used lime stones to build and they would used mortar on their construction project .
Mayans told legends that you could make a figure of dwarf and if you prayed to him he would come to life . Also they would protect your land and exchange you would give him cigars ,honey, and corn.
Mayan city's were built around pyramids and the building are built at least 250 away from the pyramid.
Mayans wore very little clothe and they wore jewelry . The jewelry was made out of bones.


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i read that vesicare is contraindicated with urinary retention which is caused by enlarged prostate.. but enlarged prostate also causes frequent trips to the toilet.. so, is it ok to take vesicare with a medication for enlarged prostate such as uroxatral?READ MORE
is it ok to take vesicare if you have an enlarged prostate?
Combinations of Vesicare and alpha blockers are being used with increasing frequency. The Uroxatrol treats the obstruction of the prostate. Vesicare helps with the frequency of urination. It wont be very long until a combination drug is available.
FROM OUR COMMUNITYYou should know Answers to your question are meant to provide general health information but should not replace medical advice you receive from a doctor. No answers should be viewed as a diagnosis or recommended treatment for a condition. Content posted by community members does not necessarily reflect the views of Remedy Health Media, which also reserves the right to remove material deemed inappropriate.DISPLAY TEXTLINK URL
Most PopularProstate CancerProstate Cancer and Race


text:
Contact Us
|Office Address:
|You can call our customer care no below:
|Have a question? Email us. We will get back to you shortly
|247 D, DG-2, Vikaspuri, New Delhi 110018
|011 28533196
You can also send the message through the form below we will revert to you as soon as possible.
Copyright © 2013 exhibitionshowcase.com. All Right Reserved.


text:
Tuesday 28 December 1999
It was Tuesday, under the sign of Capricorn. The US president was Bill Clinton (Democratic).
Famous people born on this day include Gracie Johnson .
In that special week of December people in US were listening to Smooth by Santana.
In UK The Millennium Prayer by Cliff Richard was in the top 5 hits.
The Virgin Suicides, directed by Sofia Coppola, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1999
while Tuesdays With Morrie by Mitch Albom was one of the best selling books.
On TV people were watching Child of Our Time.
If you liked videogames you were probably playing Demolition Racer or Final Fantasy VIII.
But much more happened that day: find out below..
You can also have a look at the whole 1999 or at December 28 across the years.
Old Newspapers
Have a look at the old newspapers from 28 December 1999 and get them!
Which were the most popular movies released in the last 30 days ?
TV Series
Which were the most popular TV series released this week ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 28 December 1999!
Wish him/her..
Historical Events
Which were the important events of 28 December 1999 ?
- The third day of Christmas in Western Christianity.
- Calendar of Saints - Feast of the Holy Innocents, a.k.a. Childermas, commemorating the Massacre of the Innocents on order of king Herod the Great. In Spain and Latin American countries the festival is celebrated in a manner similar to April Fool's Day.
Famous Birthdays:
- Gracie Johnson: American noted family, the daughter of actor Don Johnson and his wife, Kelley Phleger, 30.
Music Charts
Which were the top hits in that special week of December 1999 ?
Top #10 songs in the USA
- Santana - Smooth
- Brian McKnight - Back At One
- Jessica Simpson - I Wanna Love You Forever
- Savage Garden - I Knew I Loved You
- Whitney Houston - My Love Is Your Love
- Marc Anthony - I Need To Know
- Missy Misdemeanor Elliott - Hot Boyz
- Donell Jones - U Know What's Up
- Blaque - Bring It All To Me
- LFO - Girl On TV
Search For Your Ancestors
Subscribe to our Newsletter
Don't miss our monthly news, no spam guarantee Click here to Subscribe
...and if 28 December 1999 was your Birth Date then Join our Birthday Club!
Make this date unforgettable
Genealogy: find out your family heritage
Magazine Covers
What news were making the headlines those days in December 1999?
- Time: Amazon.com's Jeff Bezos.
- SportsIllustrated: Sports Illustrated: no.9722
- EW: Entertainment Weekly: no.518519
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ?
Remember when
What videogames would you be playing back in the days ?


text:
Mount Vernon
If you like long scenic drives or bike rides, it's likely you'll find yourself in Eastern Oregon, and if you're lucky, Mount Vernon. This small community sits on the banks of the John Day River and is a stone's throw from the famous John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. There is plenty to see and do in the area, with easy access to miles of backcountry trails and viewpoints. And, bonus, there's also a local winery.
Mount Vernon is located in Eastern Oregon, where miles of scenic byways, alpine wilderness, working cattle ranches and basalt canyons are still the place for explorers to make their mark.
Nearby cities are: John Day, Canyon City, Prairie City, and Dayville.
an Scenic BywayJourney Through Time Scenic Byway
Uncommonly rich in history, the Byway reveals tales of pioneers, towns boomed and busted and creatures that wandered this terrain millions of years ago.Continue reading this story…
an ItineraryRiding the Old West Scenic Bikeway
There's a little-known secret about cycling in Oregon: Some of the best riding in the state isn't in Portland or even along the Pacific Coast. You have to cross the Cascade Mountains and head into the open country of Eastern Oregon, where cows…Continue reading this story…


text:
From catapulting flaming soldiers over castle walls to sitting on active geysers, humans have long been fixated on flying through the air. Absorb the wonderment of flight with today's Groupon to Palm Beach Helicopters in Lantana. Tours depart from the Palm Beach County Airport (LNA) Monday–Friday at 4 p.m. and Saturdays between 9 a.m. and 11 a.m. Choose between the following options:
- For $125, you get a 15-minute tour of Palm Beach Island for two people (a $250 value).
- For $350, you get a 15-minute tour of Palm Beach Island for four people (a $700 value).
Palm Beach Helicopters beguiles passengers with aerial sand- and seascapes during helicopter tours operated by Aircoastal Helicopters, Inc. Appoint one to three trip buddies and clamber into your hovercraft to explore the untamed firmament from the cabin of a three-passenger Robinson R44, a four-passenger Bell 206 Jet Ranger, or a single-passenger carrier pigeon. The 15-minute tour flits travelers along sun-smooched beaches and past striking sights such as Manalapan and Lake Worth Pier. Atmospheric commuters can also enjoy birds-eye views of ritzy mansions, Worth Avenue, and the giant shovel and pail used to construct each island. Groupon holders can upgrade to the 30-minute tour for an additional fee ($200 for two passengers; $250 for four passengers), enjoying supplementary sites such as the Kennedy Estate and the hypoallergenic Peanut Island.


text:
Countdown to ASLMS 2018!
ACCME Accreditation Statement
Presenter Disclosures
Educational Needs
Participants All physicians practicing surgical or non-surgical body contouring in their offices.
Background Requirements Participants should have knowledge of anatomy of the fat compartments of the trunk, extremities and face. Participants must also have familiarity of current classification for body contouring devices.
Instructional Content/Expected Learning Objectives It is expected that participants will be able to more critically judge the results from body contouring devices as well as better understand the mechanism of action on fat cells.
Director(s) Mathew M. Avram, MD, JD; Michael S. Kaminer, MD
Faculty Lawrence S. Bass, MD; David J. Goldberg, MD, JD; Bruce E. Katz, MD; Elizabeth L. Tanzi, MD; Robert A. Weiss, MD


text:
1 - I'm A Christian and I believe that Jesus died on the cross for my sins.
2 - I have a beautiful daughter Avery who is 7 yrs old, and a wonderful husband Shawn.
3 - I LUV to read. My favorite is Nicholas Sparks, but I like all kinds.
4 - I'm Bi-Polar. I've learned that it is just a part of my life, and I'm handling it.
5 - My favorite color is green.
6 - I LUV siggies and my favorite siggy makers are Rachel, Jamie, Tracie and Chasiti.
7 - I work full time doing Medical Billing.
8 - I love frogs. I have them all over my desk at work.
We miss you at Rockin Siggies!! Come back and see us we have lots going on in the group and you are missing out on all of the fun =) We miss you!! Hope to see you soon! Hugs Mystical xo
Hi - We have not seen you in Graphic Love lately. Stop in and see what we have planned for our members. You NEVER know what you will find there. Hope to see you stop in soon.http://www.cafemom.com/group/92088
Hi, Have not seen you in Graphic Love lately. Hope all is well. Hope to see you soon.
Hello Dear Sister,
Blessings to you today! In Jesus Name!
¯`•.•´¯) (¯`•.•´¯) Welcome to 40ish & beyond
*`•.¸(¯`•.•´¯)¸.•´Glad you joined the sisterhood!
¤ º° ¤`•.¸.•´ ¤ º° ¤ Jump right in & Join the fun
*`•.¸(¯`•.•´¯)¸.•´ of posting, replying & meeting friends!
¤ º° ¤`•.¸.•´ ¤ º° ¤http://www.cafemom.com/group/7446
Most Liked Posts


text:
Citation Edit
Federal Trade Commission, Dot Com Disclosures: Information About Online Advertising (2000) (full-text).
Overview Edit
This staff working paper examined how the FTC's own consumer protection rules and guides — many of which were developed long before "dot com" became a household phrase — apply to advertising and sales on the Internet. The paper provides guidance to businesses about how FTC law applies to online activities with a particular focus on the clarity and conspicuousness of disclosures in Internet ads. The paper also discusses how Commission rules and guides that use certain words — "written," "writing," "printed" and "direct mail" — apply to new technologies.
The working paper advises online advertisers that the same consumer protection laws that apply to commercial activities in other media apply online and that any disclosures required to prevent an ad from being misleading must be clear and conspicuous. The paper focuses on how required disclosures may be presented clearly and conspicuously in online ads and provides key considerations for evaluating their effectiveness.
The paper discusses, in the context of online ads, the traditional factors used to evaluate whether disclosures are likely to be clear and conspicuous, including: the placement of the disclosure in an ad and its proximity to the relevant claim; the prominence of the disclosure; whether items in other parts of the ad distract attention from the disclosure; whether the ad is so lengthy that the disclosure needs to be repeated; whether disclosures in audio messages are presented in an adequate volume and cadence and visual disclosures appear for a sufficient duration; and, whether the language of the disclosure is understandable to the intended audience. The paper notes that actual disclosures must be evaluated in the context of an advertisement as a whole.
Further, the working paper addresses specific issues in applying certain Commission rules and guides to Internet activities and the use of new technologies to comply with those rules and guides. For example, some rules and guides use certain terms — such as "written," "writing" and "printed" -- that connote words or information on paper. Consumers expect to receive the same information and protections whether they are looking at a paper catalog or an online one. The paper explains that those rules and guides that apply to written ads or printed materials also apply to visual text displayed on the Internet. In addition, the paper discusses the circumstances in which businesses may use email to comply with a rule or guide requirement to provide or send required notices or documents to consumers.
The paper does not set forth new rules for online advertising, but instead describes how existing consumer protection laws apply to the unique features of the medium.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
How can I get the matrix survey piece to adapt to my theme/style?Asked by WyattDickson on December 28, 2016 at 10:22 AM
The matrix survey tool doesn't seem to adapt to the style or theme of a form, instead remaining opaque, light grey, white, and starkly different from the rest of the form. I was wondering if there's a way to get it to conform to the style or chosen theme of the rest of a form?
Some fields come with their own styles in order to appear the way they do, so a theme must be built to support the fields. It sounds like the theme you are using is not yet fully built with Matrix fields in mind, so we can correct the styling of your matrix fields by using CSS.
You can add the following CSS to your form to darken the Matrix field:
.form-matrix-row-headers {
background: #333;
.form-matrix-values {
background: #444;
The following guide describes how to add these codes into the form:
Your form would end up looking like this:
Please try it out, and let us know whether you need any further assistance. Thank you.


text:
Sure to be a big hit with both kids and parents, these cuddly characters are not only soft and snuggly, but also all-natural and chemical-free. Naturally colored with embroidered details and filled with natural unprocessed/unbleached cotton filling, Benjamin the yellow frog and Fred the brown monkey are sure to become treasured favorites. Their playful hands and feet and long arms are perfect for hugging and will stimulate your child's imagination. Rounded arms and hands make them fit comfortably into the arms of your little one. Each comes in a gift-ready box.
About Naturally Earth Friendly
Naturally Earth Friendly was born out of a love for everything healthy and good for our bodies and planet. This includes tips to adjust our everyday lives, environmentally conscious efforts we can make and smarter natural products that help make a difference. It's possible to head towards a more sustainable future and we can do it together.


text:
Yes this thread will talk about the end of the universe, and more to the point how it will end by way of dark energy.
To learn more on dark energy go to science daily.
These links should help you understand it more. The 3rd link I think is the most simple. ( it has graphs. )
Now how is dark energy going to end it all you ask?
It is a force that is pushing/pulling on gravity( I guess thats how you can put it). Gravity keeps everything nice and not in a uncountable number of pieces and thus without it nothing could be.
Dark energy is makeing the universe expand faster and faster and the only way that could happen is if it was getting stronger and stronger. At some point it will be stronger so much so than gravity that everything will come apart at the sub-atomic level. That is a true Armageddon. When will this happen? I forgot but don't worry it is not in a number that I can count to.
Now there are still many things unknown about dark energy and seeing how everyone on this site may not want to get into a science debate this thread will have many points to talk on.
1. Do you believe that dark energy is what it is said to be? If no then give some sort of reason.
2. Did anyone else think Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann when thinking about dark energy and the end of everything?
3. What do you think will happen after everything goes and splits apart into a billion sub-atomic parts? ( A big ang to get stuff together again? )
4. Do you think that the end has happened be4 and that this supports the big bang?
5. I will add this if something comes to mind. )
Anything I need to make more clear?
(Note: I could not find the daily news I wanted from like 5 months back so these ones will have to do. )


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Can you please confirm where you were seeing this message like when opening the form, editing the form etc? I think this is a server response when it takes time for a form to load but not quite sure this is the first time I heard about this message. Are your still seeing this message till now? Your form loads perfectly when I am viewing it on your account.
You can send us some screenshot so that we can check if this needs to be forwarded to our higher support. Please follow this guide on how to upload screenshots https://www.jotform.com/answers/277033
Here is the screen shot you requested.
My problem is as follows:
When I access my form through Chrome, I am able to access it. However, my buttons are missing, which doesnt allow me to make edits.
My buttons are not missing when I access the form through Explorer. However, since this morning I have gotten the message that I cant access my form through Explorer. The message before the one shown below was something like, This form must be huge.
John Miller
JotForm FounderYou are probably logged out on chrome. Please try logging out and login back.We will look into the IE 9 issue.