text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 24, 1976
|Filing date
|Jan 14, 1974
|Priority date
|Jan 14, 1974
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ajit V. Sabnis
|Original Assignee
|Sperry Rand Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (53), Classifications (24), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention is related to copending application Ser. No. 433,431 filed concurrently herewith on Jan. 14, 1974 and entitled "Magnetic Suspension Apparatus with Magnetic Stiffness Augmentation" in the name of the present inventor and James R. Dohogne and assigned to the Sperry Rand Corporation.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to magnetic suspensions or levitations for movable members, movable in rotation about an axis or in extended linear translation. More particularly, the invention pertains to a novel magnetic and electromagnetic core, coil and electronic circuit configuration adaptable to rotational applications such as for suspending the spin axis of the rotor and gimbal axes of gyroscopic devices, or to translational applications such as for freely suspending vehicles relative to a track in mass transit systems.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Magnetic suspensions have been proposed and used extensively in the past for substantially frictionlessly suspending of a movable member, but in most cases the suspended member was of very low mass and moment of inertia, such as for example for suspending the rotor of a watt/hour meter, for suspending very light, hollow shell-like gyro rotors, or for assisting in the suspension of heavier objects such as fluid floated gyroscopes.
More recently, considerable investigative work has been done in developing magnetic bearing suspensions for much heavier objects, particularly in rotary applications such as in centrifuges and large gyroscopic rotors. Examples of the latter are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,428,371 and 3,473,852. More specifically, improvements in magnetic suspensions of the general type shown in these patents have been suggested, reference being particularly directed to the work of P. A. Studer as described by him in the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center report identified as NASA-TM-X-6611, dated January 1972, and entitled "Magnetic Bearings for Spacecraft". The present invention constitutes a significant improvement of the magnetic bearing disclosed in this report.
In general, and considering for this discussion the rotational application, the entire load of the suspended member is carried by magnetic fields across small gaps between the member and the fixed support member. In the case of spindle support, these gaps are arranged symmetrically at either end of the spindle supporting the rotating mass. The gaps may be configured such that radial loads are supported by the quiescent or fixed flux of a permanent magnet across the gap, and which may be referred to herein as a passive loop system, i.e., the tendency of attractive poles to align themselves to seek the minimum reluctance or maximum co-energy position, and the inherent instability of the attractive flux in the axial direction is overcome by a variable flux field, either across the same gap or further independent gaps, produced by electromagnetic means such as coils driven by a closed loop servo system responsive to the movement (position, rate, acceleration, or combinations thereof) between the supported and fixed members, and which may be referred to herein as an active loop. In some configurations, both the radial support flux and axial support flux across the same gaps are provided only by electromagnets as shown in the above-mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,473,852, while the above-mentioned U. S. Pat. No. 3,428,371 is illustrative of an axially/passive, radially/active configuration using separate gaps for each.
Studer discloses a radially passive/axially active configuration in which the permanent magnet flux is directed across circular axial gaps between soft iron cylindrical members to produce inherent radial stiffness while the electromagnetic coils of the axially active loop serve to produce a flux which modulates the permanent magnet flux. More specifically, and considering only one bearing assembly at one end of a support spindle or shaft, the Studer configuration comprises four axial gaps and three flux loops conducted by soft iron cylindrical members characterized by the fact that the active or modulating flux does not have to counter the reluctance of the permanent magnet, but rather has a preferred low-reluctance path through soft iron. The disadvantage of the Studer configuration, however, resides in the fact that two permanent magnets are required for the passive radial support and one common coil for the active axial support and that with this configuration only the flux in two of the four gaps is modulated, thereby reducing efficiency. Furthermore, the radial stiffness is fixed or uncontrollable. Also, the coil and magnets are not supported on a common element; one is mounted on the suspended element while the other is on the fixed element, or vice versa, thus adding mass to the supported element and/or requiring some kind of current conductor to the rotating member.
As stated above, the present invention constitutes a significant inprovement over the Studer configurtion, which improvement provides over-all design flexibility, improved efficiency, controllable radial as well as axial stiffness, capability of redundant, fail-operative operation, and reduced cost.
These advantages are achieved by changing the magnet/coil arrangement such that the four gap/three flux loop system is maintained but in which the flux density of all four gaps is electrically modulated. Thus, in the configuration of the present invention but a single magnetic means is used to energize all of the gaps and an additional coil means is supplied, both magnet and coils being mounted on a common mechanical structure, either the moving structure or the fixed structure. Preferably, in a high speed rotating system, the magnet and coils are fixed to avoid transferring current between relatively moving parts and to avoid possible fracture of the limited mechanical strength of most magnet materials.
Generally, a first soft iron member of the magnetic bearing is configured, in cross-section, in the general shape of a flat bottomed W with cooperating relatively fixed or mechanically common second and third soft iron members supported between the open arms of the W to thereby define three flux paths having four successive, generally collinear (or parallel) flux gaps G1, G2, G3 and G4 for conducting magnetic flux parallel to the support axis. The first member may be movable longitudinally and transversely relative to the second and third members or vice versa. A permanent magnet is connected between the second and third members to thereby produce a quiescent magnetic flux in opposite directions (or of opposite polarity) through gaps G1 and G2 and through gaps G3 and G4. This quiescent flux serves to produce a restoring force to any relative transverse movement between the first member and the second and third members. Also supported by the second and third members and respectively in the two spaces defined by the soft iron members are two coils which, when excited in accordance with relative longitudinal movement of the members, produce an electromagnetic flux across all gaps G1, G2, G3 and G4 which modulates the magnet flux such that the unstable longitudinal force produced by the latter is overcome and the movable member is maintained at a longitudinally fixed position; i.e., with the gap space constant.
In the preferred rotary bearing configuration, the first soft iron member may be a figure of revolution of the above cross-section with the annular flattened base of the W supported on a rotary shaft to be supported and with the second and third annular members supporting the magnet and coils fixed. With the linear levitation configuration, the flattened base of the W may be one or more elongated "rails" with the second and third members carrying the magnet and coils mounted on a vehicle to be magnetically levitated.
The magnetic bearing of the present invention provides substantial advantages over the above-described prior art. For example, with the rotary configuration which normally will include two magnetic bearings, one on each end of the supported shaft, the dual coil arrangement provides for dual channel, fail operational operation; that is, a single channel failure will not cause bearing touch down. Also, with the present magnetic configuration, by reversing the sense of the current supplied to one of the windings of the dual windings, the translational or radial restoring force of the magnet may be augmented whereby, due to the spring characteristics of the restoring magnetic force, resonant vibrations occurring at predetermined speeds during run up and run down may be suppressed. This is accomplished by driving equal and opposite currents in the two windings to thereby increase the radial restoring force or stiffness. Thus, by suitably switching from the augmented stiffness condition to normal stiffness during spin up and spin down, either manually, or automatically as a function of rotor speed (or incipient resonance), all resonant speeds are in effect by-passed and not actually encountered.
A further feature of the present magnetic bearing configuration is the provision of radial or translational stiffness damping. It is known to the prior art to increase this stiffness by providing a plurality of lands and grooves on the pole piece faces; i.e., flux concentrators. In the rotary application of the present invention (also applicable, of course, to the linear levitation application), concentric grooves are machined in the pole faces to form a plurality of concentric rings. Inherently, however, the quiescent magnetic flux provides only very little mechanical damping in the radial direction due to electromagnetic losses in the pole piece material. This inherent damping is usually insufficient and must be augmented to sufficiently reduce vibration resonant amplitudes and provide desirable dynamic operation characteristics. It is known to the prior art of magnetic bearings to provide fixed circular copper plates adjacent flat circular magnet poles to provide eddy current damping upon movement of the magnet laterally across the plate. However, the configuration is not efficient since the magnetic circuit is not closed and, more significantly, flux change occurs only at the periphery of the copper disk uncovered by the magnet force. The configuration of the present invention is more effective and efficient and mechanically achievable without additional over-all dimension change. This configuration comprises the simple addition of relatively heavy gauge copper wire loops laid in the grooves of the pole faces and cemented in place. Thus, with this unique arrangement, the same magnetic gap fields are used for support and for damping, the damping being very efficient due to the plurality of flux concentrating rings and closed magnetic paths.
Some of the principal advantages and features of the magnetic bearing of the present invention may be summarized as follows:
Both the magnets and coils are supported on a fixed structure;
The coil currents providing axial stability do not counter the reluctance of the magnet but only the reluctances of the air gap;
The axial stiffness obtainable is proportional to the quiescent bias field and hence permits high gain at low power levels;
Electrical radial stiffness augmentation is possible;
Eddy current damping is incorporated in the system.
Other features and advantages of the magnetic bearing of the present invention will become apparent in the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a system drawing of a flywheel or gyroscope rotor supported by a pair of spaced rotary magnetic bearings incorporating the teachings of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a somewhat schematic cross-sectional representation of one of the magnetic bearings of FIG. 1 showing the magnet/coil/core/gap arrangement of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a partial sectional view of one particular embodiment of the magnetic bearing configuration of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an electrical schematic of the electronic controls for the magnetic bearings including the automatic radial stiffness augmentation feature;
FIG. 5 is a typical vibration frequency diagram useful in explaining the radial stiffness augmentation feature;
FIg. 6 is a schematic illustration of a modification of the core/magnet/coil arrangement of the present invention; and
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of the magnetic bearing of the present invention as applied to levitating a transit vehicle.
Referring first to FIG. 1, a pair of magnetic bearing assemblies 10 and 11 is shown as supporting a flywheel on an axle, such as for example a gyroscopic rotor 12' on an axle or support shaft 12, in a vehicle 13 such as for example an aircraft or spacecraft, for high speed rotation about a longitudinal or spin axis X--X. The motor for spinning the rotor 12' has not been illustrated, to clarify the disclosure. Each magnetic bearing assembly 10, 11 is of the radially passive, axially active type in which annularly arranged permanent magnets 14 and 15 of high energy product (such as Alnico 9 or more preferably one of the more recent rare earth types such as samarium-cobalt which has a recoil permeability around unity for efficient, high energy magnetic circuit applications) provide a quiescent magnetic flux across a plurality of axially directed gaps 16 between the movable and fixed element of the bearing, only four of which are visible in FIG. 1, in a soft iron magnetic circuit shown generally at 17 and which will be described in detail below. Thus, the magnet flux across the axial gaps 16 produces a restoring force tending to maintain the axis of shaft 12 radially coincident with bearing axis X. This quiescent flux will therefore inherently cause the gaps to close toward one side or the other and lock the relatively movable members together. In order to stabilize this inherently unstable situation, an active closed loop servo system 18 is used. Thus, movement of the movable member in an axial direction is detected, as by a precise proximity pick-off device 19 such as a conventional eddy-current pick-off, the signal output of which is proportional in magnitude and sense to any change in the gap length from some predetermined value, this signal being processed and amplified as at 20 and a proportional current applied to a plurality of electrical coils 21 to produce in the magnetic circuit an electromagnetic flux which modulates the permanent magnet flux in a manner to arrest any change in gap length; i.e., to reduce the signal from pick-off or sensor 19 to zero. In order to provide the automatic radial force augmentation feature, the rotational velocity of rotor 12' is detected by a tachometric device 22, the output of which is supplied to the electronic control 20 for switching purposes, as will be described fully below.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated in schematic, partial longitudinal cross-section, one of the magnetic bearings 10 or 11 of FIG. 1, the complete bearing constituting a figure of revolution of this cross-section about the longitudinal axis X--X. The basic elements of the bearing structure comprise a three-loop, four-gap soft iron magnetic flux circuit 30, a permanent magnet 31 and a pair of electrical coils 32 and 33. The soft iron circuit comprises a first core member 34 which in cross-section is in the shape of an elongated, flat bottomed W having a base portion 35 supported in this embodiment, on the shaft 12 of the rotor 12'. The rotor spin motor armature is indicated schematically at 36. The base portion 35 has a central portion 37 and end portions 38 and 39, each of these portions terminating in axially extending short pole pieces 40, 41 and 42 and 43, respectively. Axially extending second and third core members 44 and 45 of the soft iron flux circuit are positioned between the open ends of the W-shaped first core member 34, that is, between the pole pieces 40 and 42 and 41 and 43, and each of these members terminates in pole pieces 46, 47 and 48, 49, respectively. The second and third core members 44 and 45 are provided with annular flanges 50 and 51, respectively, between which is located an annular magnet member 32. This magnet may be an integral cylindrical magnet or may comprise a number of smaller magnets distributed about the bearing periphery and between the flanges 50, 51. The pole members 44, 45, flanges 50, 51 and magnet 31 are all rotationally fixed on a base support 52. The magnet(s) 31 is polarized axially as shown so that the quiescent flux from the north pole, indicated by arrowed, dashed lines, threads through a first loop as follows: to the left across gap G1, down through the flange or end wall 38, to the right along base 35, upwardly through flange or end wall 39, to the left across gap G4 and thence back to the south pole of the magnet 31. Additionally, the flux from the north pole of magnet 31 threads through a second loop: to the right across gap G2, across gap G3 and back to the magnet south pole. Supported on fixed members 44 and 45 is the pair of identical annular windings 32 and 33, respectively, which when energized in a predetermined fashion as described in detail below provide controllable fluxes primarily through an electromagnetic loop or loops comprising gap G1, end wall 38, base 35, central wall 37, and gap G2 and through gap G4, end wall 39, base 35, central wall 37, and gap G3. The magnetic bearing configuration of FIG. 2 is, in analysis, a three-loop system and provides passive radial suspension and active axial suspension and permits radial suspension augmentation, as will be described.
The radial restoring force is due to the inherent tendency of the poles to seek the minimum reluctance, or maximum co-energy, position. The annular permament magnet 31 establishes a quiescent flux across cylindrical gaps G1, G2, G3 and G4 to provide the required radial stiffness. Conformal transformations indicate that the critical radial stiffness Kr in the radially centered position is given by: ##EQU1## wherein: n = total number of ring pairs (defining the gaps)
r' = mean radius of the rings
Bo = flux density across the gaps
μ0 = permeability in the gaps
This radially passive restoring system is accompanied by an inherent instability in the axial direction. In the configuration illustrated in FIG. 2, this axial instability is at least twice the magnitude of the restoring radial stiffness since only ferromagnetic materials are involved. Thus, letting Kx represent the axial unstable stiffness and Kr the stable radial stiffness:
|Kx | ≧ 2|Kr | (2)
The magnetic material for the magnet 31 may be selected from a number of available materials. However, such material should be selected based on the following desirable characteristics for the larger gaps associated with magnetic bearings: high energy in the magnetic circuit for maximum efficiency (a B/H near unity), a high BH characteristic (high energy product), a high resistance to demagnetization, and no requirement for keepers. Samarium-cobalt magnets have been found to be very suitable for the present preferred embodiments of the present invention.
In order to obtain stable support in the axial direction it is necessary to use time-varying magnetic fields. These are provided by the coils or windings 32 and 33, the position transducer 19, and electronic control 20 which together form the closed-loop system 18. This feedback control of the currents in the coils 32, 33 produces electromagnetic fluxes in the gaps G1, G2, G3 and G4 which modulate the quiescent magnetic fluxes therein produced by magnet 31 thereby enabling axial forces to be developed between the fixed and rotating or suspended elements of the bearing. In general, the coil currents function to increase the flux in the widening gap and decrease it in the narrowing gap. These fluxes may be evaluated by referring to FIG.2.
Let B0 be the quiescent flux density of magnet 31 across each gap G1, G2, G3, and G4 in the direction of the dashed flux lines in FIG. 2, and let ΔB be the change in flux density across these gaps due to currents in the coils 32, 33, in the directions of the triple-dot-dash flux lines of FIG. 2, and let A be the total effective pole face area. Thus, the modulated flux densities in the gaps are as follows:
G1 flux density is B0 + ΔB
G2 flux density is B0 - ΔB
G3 flux density is B0 + ΔB
G4 flux density is B0 - ΔB
It may therefore be shown that the resultant axial force Fa is proportional to the following expression: ##EQU2## or: ##EQU3## This force relationship demonstrates (1) that since ΔB is proportional to the currents in coils 32, 33, bidirectional axial forces may be generated by reversing current direction in the coils; (2) that the force per ampere is directly proportional to the quiescent flux density B0 ; (3) that the feedback controlled coil current can be made to be a function of a combination of sensor inputs, e.g. axial position x of the rotor relative to the support from equilibrium position, axial velocity x of the rotor relative to the support from equilibrium position, and axial acceleration x of the rotor relative to the support from equilibrium position, and gap flux density. Thus, the axial dynamics of the magnetic bearing of FIGS. 1 and 2 may be represented in linearized form by the general expression:
Mx + bx - Ku x = Fa (5)
x = the displacement of the rotor from equilibrium position,
M = the suspended mass,
b = the inherent damping (which is extremely small),
Ku = the axial unbalance stiffness, and
Fa = the external axial force.
Without some form of feedback, the system defined by equation (5) is clearly unstable. However, if a force due to a negative feedback term is supplied by coils 32, 33 and properly applied in the system of equation (5), the system may be made stable. Several types of feedback are possible; e.g. (a) acceleration-rate feedback and (b) rate-displacement feedback. While both feedback types are included within the scope of the present invention in its broader aspects, the preferred embodiment of the invention implements the latter since the former is complicated by the requirement for some form of start-up system. Of course, an advantage of the former system is that there is no power loss under steady load.
In the rate-displacement feedback technique, the system described in equation (5) above is made stable by supplying a feedback term, Fem, proportional to axial position and velocity:
Fem = -KR x - KD x (6)
KR = velocity gain constant, and
KD = displacement gain constant.
Inserting this feedback term in the system represented by equation (5) there results:
M x + KR x + (KD - Ku) x = Fdisturbance (7)
which defines a system with a static stiffness of (KD - Ku), an inherent stability for KD >Ku, and a power loss; i.e., steady state currents are required under steady state external loads.
Thus, by controlling the currents in the coils 32 and 33 of FIG. 2 in accordance with the control law of equation (7), the magnetic fluxes in the gaps G1, G2, G3, and G4 will be varied in a manner to maintain the magnetic axial suspension of the rotor 12' under dynamic and static loading while the passive radial magnetic forces maintain the rotor suspended under radial loading. The electronic controls for the axial suspension system are shown in schematic form in FIG. 4. However, before proceeding with a discussion of this electronic control, a typical mechanical embodiment of the present invention will be described, reference being made to FIG. 3.
FIG. 3 is a half cross-section, half elevation view of one of two identical magnetic bearings for supporting the rotor of a gyroscope and embodying the teachings of the present invention. The main stator support comprises a ring (or housing or rotor case) member 60 of suitable non-magnetic material such as aluminum rigidly secured to, for example, a vehicle to be stabilized by the gyroscope. The generally radially extending stator flanges 50 and 51 of FIG. 2, represented at 150 and 151 of FIG. 3, are fabricated of magnetically permeable material such as soft iron, and are supported on housing 60 by screws (not shown). Sandwiched between flanges 150 and 151 are magnet means, shown in FIG. 3 by a plurality of disk magnets 131 distributed about the periphery of the flanges and secured therebetween by suitable means such as screws 61. For example, eight such disk magnets are satisfactory for the configuration shown and the size of the suspended rotor 112'. The magnets are preferably of samarium-cobalt and are axially polarized. Of course, a single, axially polarized ring magnet may be employed. Also, additional magnets may be employed, for example, on the outer surfaces of flanges 150,151 and so axially polarized as to increase the magnetic flux in the flanges produced by magnets 131. As in FIG. 2, the annular flanges 150 and 151 widen at their inner periphery to form a pair of axially extending cylindrical core members 144 and 145 terminating at their respective ends in pole pieces 146, 147 and 148 and 149, respectively. Rigidly secured to the internal peripheries of cylindrical core members 144 and 145, as for example by epoxy cement, are electrical coils 132 and 133, the leads thereof extending through suitable holes drilled through the core members. Thus, the magnets and coils are all carried on a fixed support.
The rotor 112' is supported on a spindle 112 which also supports the cooperating magnetically permeable core elements of the magnetic bearing. In FIG. 2, these cooperating core elements are schematically illustrated as a one-piece core member 34, while in FIG. 3, this core member is made up of three apertured flanged elements 62, 63 and 64 fabricated from suitable magnetically permeable material such as soft iron. The central core element 63 includes an elongated hub 65 supported on rotor shaft 112 and having a central annular radially extending tapered flange 66 which terminates at its periphery in a short axially extending cylindrical portion 67, the ends of which define a pair of poles 140 and 141 corresponding to poles 40 and 41 of FIG. 2. Core elements 62 and 64 are identical but mirror images and comprise elongated hubs 68, 69 supported on shaft 112 and having annular end flanges 70 and 71 which terminate at their peripheries in short axially extending cylindrical portions, the internal ends of which define pole pieces 142 and 143, respectively, corresponding to poles 42 and 43 of FIG. 2. The elements 62, 63 and 64 are assembled on shaft 112 and are secured firmly in place by means of shoulder 72 and clamping unit 73. Thus, the core elements 62, 63 and 64 all cooperate when assembled to form, in cross-section, the elongated flatbottomed W-shaped first core member of the magnetic bearing. The second and third core members lying between the open arms of the W are of course the flanged cylindrical members 144 and 145. In the preferred embodiment, the second and third core members are fixed and the fist core member is on the rotatable suspended member.
In order to substantially increase the radial stiffness of the magnetic bearing, each of the circular pole piece faces is formed, as by suitable machining, with opposed concentric rings, as shown typically at 75 in FIG. 3. While two such rings are therein illustrated for each pole face, it will be understood that a larger plurality of such flux concentration rings may be employed.
In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, passive radial damping of the rotating structure is provided. There is very little and usually insufficient inherent radial damping provided by the quiescent magnetic flux across the gaps G1, G2, G3 and G4 and it must be augmented to reduce vibration resonant amplitudes and provide desirable dynamic operational characteristics, particularly in environments encountered in gyro stabilization applications. This passive radial damping is provided by laying closed loops 76, 77 (typically) of heavy gauge copper wire in the grooves of the pole faces formed by the pole face rings 75 whereby, upon relative radial movement between the pole faces, eddy currents are generated in the copper wire loop, which currents react with the gap flux to produce radial forces which oppose such movement and hence damp such movements. This damping configuration is very effective and highly efficient and is accomplished with no dimensional change in the magnetic circuit.
Supported on the base ring 60 is an end plate 80 secured thereto as by screws 81. This end plate may be referred to as the touch down plate for reasons to become apparent. In many applications of magnetic bearings, particularly in gyroscopic applications, it is very important to provide back-up mechanical bearing means in case of failure to the magnetic bearings or in case of severe shock loads imposed upon the magnetically suspended member. As shown in FIG. 3, the touch down plate 80 has a central axial bore 82 concentric with the spin axis X--X of the rotor 112' and spindle 112. An extension 83 of the axle or spindle 112 carries a duplex ball bearing assembly 84, the inner race of which is clamped to extension 83 as by nut 85. The axial bore 82 has a diameter larger than the outer diameter of the bearing outer race to thereby define a radial space or clearance 86 so that there is no mechanical contact between the ball bearing race and the touch down plate bore 82 during normal magnetic bearing suspension. Further, the plate 80 includes a shoulder 87 at the outer end of bore 82 defining an axial stop for the bearing outer race. However, the axial length of the bore 82 to shoulder 87 is such that there is a gap or clearance 88 which provides contactless axial movement of the spindle during normal magnetic bearing suspension. Thus, should the magnetic bearing fail for any reason, the rotating mass will be supported by the conventional duplex ball bearings. It will be noted that the back-up bearings are fixed to the rotating elment or member in the illustrated gyroscopic embodiment of the invention. This arrangement assures that, upon failure of the magnetic bearing, the spin axis will remain unchanged although its orientation will change with a radial offset at the time of touch down. This is desirable in spacecraft stabilization systems to minimize rotor/spacecraft interactions at touch down and during the time period required to activate redundant magnetic bearing suspension electronic controls which would normally be provided in such applications. It is, of course, possible to have the back-up bearing outer race fixed and the clearance provided between the inner race diameter and the spindle 112.
Also supported on the touch down plate 80 is an axial position transducer 119 corresponding to the transducer 19 of FIG. 1. This transducer may be an eddy current type of proximity gauge of conventional form which will be called hereinafter a proximiter. The transducer may be supported on an arm 89 projecting from plate 80 and so located that the transducer cooperates with the end of the shaft extension 83 to provide an electrical signal proportional to the axial movement of the shaft 112. Thus, the transducer signal is proportional to any change of axial length of the magnetic bearing gaps and this signal is used to control the currents in coils 132 and 133 as described above and as will be further described below. It will be understood, of course, that the transducer 119 may be placed at any convenient location on the fixed structure such that it can cooperate with the movable structure and provide a signal proportional to any axial relative movement between the magnetic bearing gap poles.
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown schematically a suitable electronic system for controlling the axial position of the rotor by providing control currents to coils 32 and 33 to thereby maintain the rotor position substantially invariant under disturbing or external axial loads as defined by the system control equation (7) above. As stated above, the primary components for accomplishing this are the position sensor 19, and in the present embodiment a linear position sensor, a shaping network section 90, and a power amplifier section 91. The position signal from transducer 19 is processed through conventional compensating networks 92 to remove any high frequency noise components due to rotor rotation and any d.c. offset, these circuits including conventional noise filter and integrating networks. The position signal is then applied to rate and displacement channels 93 and 94, respectively. Desirably, a gain control network 95 may be employed which is responsive to power on/power off sequence for slowly increasing the gain to full gain upon power on to provide slow "lift off" and vice versa for slow "touch down". The displacement channel includes an operational amplifier 96 connected to receive the proximiter signal and a variable bias or centering signal from a source 97, the latter providing a means for adjusting the zero point for the axial positioning system. The displacement gain KD is adjusted by means of a conventional operational amplifier feedback adjusted by potentiometer 98. The rate term required by the control law is provided by detecting the rate of change of the proximiter signal. This is accomplished conventionally by means of capacitor 99 which blocks steady state components of the proximiter signal and passes only the changing components. The rate term is applied to operational amplifier 100, the gain KR of which may be set as by feedback potentiometer 101 connected therearound. The displacement and rate terms are combined at the inputs of a pair of identical power amplifiers 102 and 103, the outputs of which are the control currents supplied to the coils 32 and 33, respectively. In order that the currents supplied to coils 32, 33 are precisely as commanded by the inputs to the power amplifiers, the current through the coils is detected as by resistors 104, 105 and fed back to their respective amplifier inputs in a conventional fashion. A similar electronic control 106 may be provided for the magnetic bearing on the opposite end of the rotor support spindle 112. The two magnetic bearings at each end of the common support spindle 112 configuration are ideally suited to providing a dual redundant fail-operational system. A number of arrangements is possible.
The magnetic bearing configuration of the present invention may be controlled so as to provide active radial stiffness augmentation. One application of this feature is illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. During spin up and spin down of the rotor 12', mechanical and electrical anomalies can produce mechanical resonances at various spin frequencies, which resonances can cause large amplitude vibrations which may cause the shaft 112 to touch down on the back-up bearings, possibly causing brinelling, galling, etc., or other mechanical damage, not to mention increasing the power required to spin up the wheel. It is possible to predetermine these resonant spin frequencies in any particular rotating system and to prevent their undesired consequences by controlling the radial stiffness of the magnetic bearing during spin up.
Referring again to FIG. 2, it will be recalled that if the suspended member moved say to the left, the proximiter signal and electronic system would modulate the quiescent magnet flux such that the resultant flux in gaps G1 and G3 increases and in gaps G2 and G4 decreases, thereby producing a net force to the right tending to center the suspended member and reduce the proximiter signal to zero. Note the oppositely flowing triple-dot-dash flux lines of FIG. 2 produced by the oppositely flowing control currents in coils 32, 33. This same magnetic configuration and electronic system can also be used to modulate the flux in the gaps so that the resultant flux in the gaps may be increased non-differentially, thereby increasing the radial stiffness. This radial stiffness augmentation flux is shown by the single-dot-dash flux lines in FIG. 2. Note that the current in the coils 32, 33 must flow in the same directions through the coils so as to produce electromagnetic fluxes flowing in the same direction across all gaps. Consider the fluxes in gaps G1, G2, G3 and G4 ; the quiescent flux density is B0 and the electromagnetic augmentation flux density Δ B so that the gap flux densities are:
G1 = b0 + Δ b
g2 = b0 - Δ b
g3 = b0 - Δ b
g4 = b0 + Δ b
however, as in equation (3) above: ##EQU4## or: ##EQU5## which demonstrates a net increase in radial stiffness.
In FIG. 4, a predetermined fixed augmentation current is supplied to coils 32, 33 when the power to the system is turned on. This current is derived from positive and negative power supplies 110, the negative supply connected to the coil 32, amplifier 102 and the positive to the coil 33, amplifier 103, this polarity providing the proper current direction in the coils compared to the axial stabilization currents. As stated above, the rotor speed-dependent resonances can be predetermined by design and are designed to occur at rotor speeds well below nominal operating rotor speeds. A typical resonance curve is shown in FIG. 5 as peaking at a rotor speed ωA, ωS representing the nominal operating speed. However, since the radial augmentation currents are supplied at turn on (or at some other rotor speed below ωA by suitable threshold speed detection means if desired) the change in radial stiffness effectively shifts the resonant peak to a higher frequency ωB beyond the nominal operating frequency. Therefore, during run up, the resonant peak ωA is avoided so when ωS is reached, the radial augmentation power may be shut off and nominal operation initiated. Tachometer 22 is employed to detect the speed of shaft 12, the output of which is applied to a threshold detector 111 which has been set to detect when rotor speed reaches (or just about reaches) ωS. When the threshold is reached, detector 111 supplies an output to transistor switches 112, 113 for shorting the augmentation power to ground. Obviously, many alternative switching arrangements may be devised for removing the augmentation power. For example, it is possible to switch out the augmentation power on the basis of time, i.e., some known time period required for the rotor to come up to speed. Also, it is possible, if there are a number of known resonances, to apply the augmentation power just before and remove it just after those speeds at which the resonances become objectionable. Further, it is possible to actually detect the resonances, as by a radial proximiter similar to axial proximiter 19 and frequency detection circuits similar to detector 111 responsive thereto, and use its output to switch the augmentation power to thereby avoid the resonant peaks.
In FIG. 6, there is illustrated an alternative embodiment of the present invention which is applicable where large radial and axial disturbance forces are involved. In this embodiment, two magnets, six gaps, and three coils are provided and it is believed clear how the magnet or quiescent fluxes are flowing in the gaps to provide increased radial stiffness and how the electromagnetic fluxes provided by the three coils serve to modulate the quiescent fluxes to provide increased axial stiffness without describing them in detail. In general, the analysis is a simple expansion of the three loop magnetic circuit with two coils to a (2n + 1) loop magnetic circuit with (n + 1) coils.
In FIG. 7, there is illustrated a further embodiment of the present invention; its application to levitating a vehicle of, for example, a rapid transit system. As schematically shown, the flat bottomed W-shaped (or E-shaped) magnetically permeable core members 120, 121 corresponding to element 34 of FIG. 2, constitute continuous spaced "rails" and a plurality of cooperating armatures 122, 123 and 124, 125 corresponding to elements 44, 51 and 45, 52, respectively, of FIG. 2 are mounted on the sides of the transit car 126. Magnet (or magnets) 127 and coils 128, 129 corresponding to magnet 31 and coils 32, 33 of FIG. 2 provide energization of the suspension system. The proximiter indicated at 130 corresponds to proximiter 19 of FIG. 1 and serves to control an electronic system carried by the vehicle 126 which in turn controls currents in the coils 128, 129 to maintain the vehicle levitationed against gravity while the quiescent magnetic force provided by magnets 127 maintains the vehicle in position against lateral movements. Back-up wheels 131, 132 may be provided for the same purposes as the back up bearings of FIG. 3.
While the invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the words which have been used are words of description rather than limitation and that changes may be made within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention in its broader aspects.
|Cited Patent
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|Bell Aerospace Corp
|Jul 24, 1964
|May 14, 1968
|Rech S Magnetiques Sermag Soc
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|Jan 24, 1966
|Feb 18, 1969
|Cambridge Thermionic Corp
|Suspension apparatus
|Dec 18, 1967
|Oct 21, 1969
|Cambridge Thermionic Corp
|Magnetic suspension apparatus
|Dec 18, 1967
|Feb 3, 1970
|Little Inc A
|Vertical suspension system
|Apr 9, 1970
|Mar 21, 1972
|Karl Boden Wilhelm Groth & Die
|Bearing systems
|Feb 24, 1972
|Dec 18, 1973
|Comitato Naz Per I Engergia Nu
|Self-centering magnetic suspension
|Dec 11, 1972
|Jan 22, 1974
|Armement Direction Tech Engins
|Devices including rotating members supported by magnetic bearings
|P. A. Studer; "Magnetic Bearings for Spacecraft"; Jan. 1972; pp. 1-6; Goddard S.C.; Greenbelt, Md.
|Citing Patent
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|Jun 15, 1977
|May 15, 1979
|Cambridge Thermionic Corporation
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|Dec 30, 1977
|Sep 11, 1979
|Sperry Rand Corporation
|Protective control system for magnetic suspension and magnetically suspended devices
|Jan 30, 1978
|Jan 13, 1981
|Societe Europeenne De Propulsion
|Device for the horizontal stabilization of a vertically supported mass
|Feb 11, 1980
|Feb 23, 1982
|Sperry Corporation
|Magnetically suspended free rotor gyroscope
|May 27, 1983
|Dec 4, 1984
|Lee Hae Chung
|Device to make an object float through the utilization of magnets
|Mar 13, 1985
|Nov 4, 1986
|Kernforschungsanlage Julich Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung
|Magnetic bearing having triaxial position stabilization
|Nov 21, 1985
|Jan 6, 1987
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics & Space Administration
|Radial and torsionally controlled magnetic bearing
|Mar 18, 1986
|Jul 28, 1987
|Nippon Seiko Kabushiki Kaisha
|Magnetically floating actuator having angular positioning function
|Mar 14, 1988
|Apr 17, 1990
|Aerospatiale Societe Nationale Industrielle
|Magnetic bearing for active centering of a body movable relative to a static body with respect to at least one axis
|May 11, 1990
|May 5, 1992
|Meeks Crawford R
|Magnetic bearing structure
|Oct 25, 1990
|Jun 30, 1992
|Kernforschungsanlage Julich Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung
|Axially stabilized magnetic bearing having a permanently magnetized radial bearing
|Jan 27, 1992
|Jun 1, 1993
|Avcon-Advanced Controls Technology, Inc.
|Magnetic bearing structure providing radial, axial and moment load bearing support for a rotatable shaft
|Apr 30, 1992
|Oct 5, 1993
|Avcon - Advanced Controls Technology, Inc.
|Electromagnetic thrust bearing for coupling a rotatable member to a stationary member
|May 7, 1990
|Dec 14, 1993
|Chen Feichu H
|Method and apparatus of the conical spring
|Aug 16, 1993
|May 24, 1994
|Avcon - Advance Controls Technology, Inc.
|Electromagnetic thrust bearing using passive and active magnets, for coupling a rotatable member to a stationary member
|Oct 14, 1993
|May 7, 1996
|AVCON--Advanced Control Technology, Inc.
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|Aug 7, 1995
|Jul 21, 1998
|The Regents Of The University Of California
|Self-adjusting magnetic bearing systems
|Jul 24, 1998
|Oct 26, 1999
|The Guitammer Company
|Low frequency vibrator
|Feb 16, 2001
|Nov 26, 2002
|Delphi Technologies, Inc.
|Rotary position sensor
|Apr 26, 2000
|Dec 3, 2002
|General Atomics
|Homopolar machine with shaft axial thrust compensation for reduced thrust bearing wear and noise
|Dec 15, 2000
|Sep 30, 2003
|Aisin Aw Co., Ltd.
|Hybrid vehicle driving apparatus electrical motor having magnetic flux leakage shielded position sensor
|Aug 22, 2001
|Sep 30, 2003
|General Atomics
|Reduction of induced magnetic forces on current collectors in homopolar machines having high magnetic fields
|May 7, 2002
|Feb 3, 2004
|Magtube, Inc.
|Magnetically levitated transportation system and method
|Nov 2, 2001
|Mar 9, 2004
|Indigo Energy, Inc.
|Active magnetic thrust bearing
|Jul 3, 2002
|Dec 28, 2004
|Honeywell International Inc.
|Method and system for decoupling structural modes to provide consistent control system performance
|May 6, 2003
|Feb 15, 2005
|General Atomics
|Homopolar machine with shaft axial thrust compensation for reduced thrust bearing wear and noise
|Apr 10, 2003
|Mar 29, 2005
|Magtube, Inc.
|Shear force levitator and levitated ring energy storage device
|Mar 28, 2003
|Dec 11, 2007
|Forschungszentrum Julich Gmbh
|Magnetic guiding device
|Jun 22, 2006
|Nov 15, 2011
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Apparatus for magnetic bearing of rotor shaft with radial guidance and axial control
|Mar 30, 2009
|Oct 30, 2012
|The Boeing Company
|Thermally switched ferromagnetic latching support system
|Mar 25, 2010
|Dec 4, 2012
|Sandor Wayne Shapery
|Method and system for transportation using a magnetic bearing structure
|Jun 15, 2010
|Feb 12, 2013
|Gerald L. Barber
|Electrical generator for wind turbine
|Nov 30, 2010
|Mar 29, 2016
|Berlin Heart Gmbh
|Device and a method for measuring fluid-mechanically effective material parameters of a fluid
|Apr 10, 2003
|Oct 16, 2003
|Magtube, Inc.
|Shear force levitator and levitated ring energy storage device
|Jul 3, 2002
|Jan 8, 2004
|Osterberg David A.
|Method and system for decoupling structural modes to provide consistent control system performance
|Oct 12, 2002
|Apr 15, 2004
|Cyr Christian Michael
|Anti-gravity machine
|May 6, 2003
|Jul 29, 2004
|General Atomics
|Homopolar machine with shaft axial thrust compensation for reduced thrust bearing wear and noise
|Mar 28, 2003
|Sep 15, 2005
|Fremerey Johan K.
|Magnetic guiding device
|Jun 22, 2006
|Dec 3, 2009
|Ries Guenter
|Apparatus for Magnetic Bearing of a Rotor Shaft With Radial Guidance and Axial Control
|Mar 30, 2009
|Sep 30, 2010
|The Boeing Company
|Thermally switched ferromagnetic latching support system
|Jun 15, 2010
|Oct 21, 2010
|Barber Gerald L
|Electrical Generator for Wind Turbine
|Mar 25, 2010
|Dec 2, 2010
|Philip Albert Studer
|Method and system for transportation using a magnetic bearing structure
|Nov 30, 2010
|Nov 22, 2012
|Kurt Graichen
|Device and a method for measuring fluid-mechanically effective material parameters of a fluid
|Mar 1, 2013
|Sep 4, 2014
|Lawrence Livermore National Security, Llc
|Anti-whirl touchdown bearing
|Jun 22, 2006
|Dec 22, 2010
|Device for magnetically supporting a rotor shaft comprising a radial guiding element and having axial adjustment
|Mar 25, 2010
|Mar 28, 2012
|Method and system for transportation using a magnetic bearing structure
|Mar 25, 2010
|Apr 16, 2014
|Method and system for transportation using a magnetic bearing structure
|Apr 22, 1992
|Nov 12, 1992
|Maglev Technology, Inc.
|Self-adjusting magnetic guidance system for levitated vehicle guideway
|Jul 6, 1999
|Feb 3, 2000
|The Guitammer Company
|Low frequency vibrator
|Jun 30, 2003
|Jan 15, 2004
|Honeywell International, Inc.
|Method and system for decoupling structural modes to provide consistent control system performance
|Jun 30, 2003
|Jul 1, 2004
|Honeywell Int Inc
|Method and system for decoupling structural modes to provide consistent control system performance
|Jun 22, 2006
|Mar 22, 2007
|Guenter Ries
|Device for magnetically supporting a rotor shaft comprising a radial guiding element and having electromagnetic axial adjustment
|Aug 17, 2016
|Mar 9, 2017
|Robert Bosch Gmbh
|Apparatus for storing energy as rotational energy, system and method for providing electrical energy
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 26, 1987
Owner name: SP-COMMERCIAL FLIGHT, INC., ONE BURROUGHS PLACE, D
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:SPERRY CORPORATION;SPERRY RAND CORPORATION;SPERRY HOLDING COMPANY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004838/0329
Effective date: 19861112
Owner name: SP-COMMERCIAL FLIGHT, INC., A DE CORP.,MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SPERRY CORPORATION;SPERRY RAND CORPORATION;SPERRY HOLDING COMPANY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004838/0329
Effective date: 19861112
|May 13, 1988
Owner name: HONEYWELL INC.
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. EFFECTIVE DEC 30, 1986;ASSIGNOR:UNISYS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004869/0796
Effective date: 19880506
Owner name: HONEYWELL INC.,MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:UNISYS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004869/0796
Effective date: 19880506


text:
We are Innovative Real Estate Agents with a Promise to Fetch You Best Deals in Residential, Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural Properties in Andhra Pradesh.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
New To Forum...question About Ladybug Cake
Decorating By ksterl Updated 24 Oct 2008 , 4:48pm by AKA_cupcakeshoppe
I am making a ladybug cake for my daughters birthday. This will be a huge undertaking for me because I have little to no experience with cakes. I read somewhere that you can use a glass bowl (pyrex or something oven safe) to create the dome of the ladybug. I can't find it now. Is this ok to do and is there anything special I need to do to it?
I am making a trial run of the cake this morning and have a week to get it right before the party!
I see that many have used the 1/2 ball wilton cake pan but I may not have an opportunity to get one. Has anyone tried the glass bowl and did it work out?
I've used glass bowls plenty! Do you have a flower nail?? The reason I ask is because I've found that the cake bakes better with a flower nail. Sometimes it takes forever depending on how deep your bowl is. What I would suggest is to only fill your bowl like half way giving yourself the dome part you need and then bake a round cake, the same diameter. but if you want to just bake the whole thing in the bowl it can be done! After it's been baking about 10 minutes spray a flower nail with non stick spray and stick the point of it down into the center of the cake allowing the top part (that you would normally pipe flowers on) justrest on the surface of the cake. This will help conduct heat to the center of your cake.........also turn the oven down to 325 and if the top starts to brown too much before the cake is "done" put a loose piece of foil over the top to keep it from browning anymore. HTH
KHalstead, i didn't know about the foil. thanks for that tip!
and good luck ksterl! share a pic when you're done. welcome to CC!


text:
General Publications
The Lake Wallenpaupack Watershed Management District publishes numerous pamphlets, brochures, and articles on varying water-related topics. Here are a few from the recent past. Be sure to check back for new articles or brochures!
Conservation Clips: Headwater Streams
Download the fish identification card
Annual Reports
Beginning in 2012, we decided that we needed a way to let everyone know what we'd been doing for the previous year. The 2014 Annual Report is hot off the press! If you want to know what we've been up to, this is the report to read!
2014 Annual Report
2013 Annual Report
2012 Annual Report
Water Quality Reports
We've been sampling water quality since 1980. At the conclusion of each sampling season, the data is compiled, compared, and presented in a Water Quality Report. Click on a specific year to see how the lake fared at that point in time, and how it's doing overall. Also included with the Water Quality Reports is our 2006 Lake Wallenpaupack Watershed Management Plan. This is the document that guides us in caring for the lake!


text:
Author | exchange4media Mumbai Bureau | Thursday, Apr 22,2004 7:09 AM
The One Alliance – a joint venture between Sony Entertainment Television India (SET India) and Discovery Communications India (DCI) will be distributing MTV and Nickelodeon, a kid's entertainment channel, as per an agreement.
The agreement was signed between Alex Kuruvilla (Managing Director, MTV Networks India), Kunal Das Gupta (CEO, SET India), Deepak Shourie (Managing Director, Discovery Communications, India), Shantonu Aditya (President, The One Alliance) and Sanjev Hiremath (Vice President, Network Development, South Asia, MTV Networks India.). "This strategic alliance further strengthens The One Alliance's position as the leading bouquet," says Das Gupta.
Meanwhile, Kuruvilla says: "One Alliance has proved to be the best distribution platform in the country and we believe that the reach of MTV and Nickelodeon will increase tremendously after joining the Alliance." The addition of MTV and Nickelodeon networks complements the diverse mix of programming choices offered by The One Alliance. At present, the bouquet comprises of eight channels of various interests - SET, MAX, AXN, HBO, Discovery, Animal Planet, NDTV India and NDTV 24×7.
Referring to the distribution deal, Hiremath says: "The world's number one music and kids channel are a perfect fit in the 'Best of Brands' philosophy of One Alliance." In the previous year, group added English movie channel HBO and news channels NDTV India and NDTV 24×7 to its bouquet.
"We are focused on being the number one distribution company in quality of service and choice. We are sure that our partnership with MTV Networks will further fuel our growth and market share," says Aditya.
Programming HeadRadio Mango


text:
Jacqueline Fernandez is currently shooting for Rohit Dhawan's 'Dishoom' in Morocco with Varun Dhawan and John Abraham.
Apart from bonding with her co-actors and working together in the gym, the leggy lass also loves exploring the place where she is shooting. Recently Jacqueline posted a snap of her Twitter handle where she is seen posing with her stylist.
Few days back Jacqueline even explored the streets of Marrakesh and shared a picture with her fans.
Rohit had previously directed 'Desi Boyz' which starred Akshay Kumar and John Abraham. 'Dishoom' is his second venture. Varun and John will be seen doing some hard-core action sequences in the film which is produced by Nadiadwala Grandson Enteratinment.
Copyright © ClapsnSlaps, Inc 2017.
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text:
Slade - Miles Out To Sea (Studio Version) MP3
A beautiful song by early slade from the LP Old Blue Borrowed and New. Lyrics: From the corner of my eye I was looking out and why To see all the things we ...
SLADE-JIM LEA-DUMMIES Miles out to sea MP3
Jim Lea's cover of the Slade song from the 1974 Album "Old New Borrowed and Blue". Did''nt give aany clues to what was said after the line"We sang songs ...
The Dummies Miles out to sea MP3
Boat Fire! 4 am - 4 Miles Out at Sea MP3
It was 5-30-2015 in Islamorada The Florida Keys and we were 4 miles out at sea at 4 am in the morning in order to catch Google Eyes for bait before the sun ...
Slide Show~Image Old New Borrowed And Blue~1974.
GoPro Jon boat 3 miles out to sea MP3
14' jon boat with a 25 HP Yamaha that we took to a buoy that is 3 miles off the coast of Panama City Beach. We were after bait to catch King Mackeral and to get ...
DJI Phantom 2 miles out to sea, West Bay MP3
DJI Phantom 2 flight, 2.05 miles straight out to sea and back again. Some spectacular views of the Dorset coastline and West Bay.
Miles Out to Sea MP3
5 string Traben Chaos thru zoom bass "fretless" effect into an Ampeg B100r bass amp.
jet ski to miami to bimini 51 miles out at sea 2011 MP3
jet skiis to the bahamas 2011 honda aquatrax sea doo gtx gpScape bimini orlandowatercraftriders.
Baby Delivered 3 Months Early Hundreds Of Miles Out At Sea MP3
Emily Morgan worked with ship medical staff to save her son while the boat headed toward harbor. ABC News http://abcnews.go.com/
Horse rescue two miles out at sea in California MP3
http://philsexactress.blogspot.com click this link 4 more A dramatic horse rescue has taken place in Summerland, California, after a photo shoot at the beach ...
Hugh Cargo Ships 40 miles out to Sea MP3
Oregon Coast.
Rescue over 100 nautical miles out to sea MP3
Yesterday afternoon a 38 year old male suffered decompression sickness over 100 nautical miles out to sea in the Capricorn Coast region. The patient was ...
US navy rescues sick child from boat 900 miles out to sea MP3
Coast Guard medevacs man from boat 50 miles out to sea from MP3
MILES OUT TO SEA (Slade) MP3
A Slade gem from yesteryear (audio)... Enjoy. Breaks my music-loving heart to have been forced to audio-swap this hidden gem as of 16th of Nov. 2010 due to ...
Boater Rescued Five Miles Out At Sea (My Report) - Apr 28, 2014 MP3
MILES OUT TO SEA SLADE eddie vs MP3
Thunderstorm 30 Miles Out At Sea MP3
Couple miles out to sea MP3
Fishing fun on South Padre Island going 18 miles out deep sea fishing by south padre trips.com MP3
www.southpadretrips.com we do vacation packages to south padre island. video shows staging area before you leave on deep sea fishing charter boat murphy's ...
300 Pound Marlin Tows Kayak 11 MILES MP3
Subscribe for FREE FULL EPISODES online on CarbonTV: http://bit.ly/1vfvUJX Kayaker catches huge marlin and gets towed 11 miles out to sea over 5 hours.
Miles out to Sea - by In the Deep Museum MP3
Music video for "Miles out to Sea" by In the Deep Museum, from our cd "Prospecting in the Mire." For more info, see http://inthedeepmuseum.com.
A Great Big World, Christina Aguilera - Say Something MP3
A Great Big World & Christina Aguilera "Say Something" Download Is There Anybody Out There? on iTunes: http://smarturl.it/IsThrAnybdyOutThr Download on ...
Fishing Oil Platforms South China Sea - a Step by Step MP3
This rocks in HK! Going out 150 miles out to sea on a proper fishing boat and catching your food for the next few months. My arms were tired from pulling in 15 x ...
Deep sea fishing 66 miles out on the "Spring Release" MP3
Wow! What a beautiful day! We were out for a lovely day on the beautiful Atlantic Ocean, maybe catch a few fish, etc. Then suddenly Mike Hardage pulls in an ...
Calexico - "Miles from the Sea" (Full Album Stream) MP3
Listen to the full album: http://bit.ly/1HoIN9N "Miles from the Sea" by Calexico from the album 'Edge of the Sun,' available now Download on iTunes: ...
How Far Can This Boat Go out to Sea in Miles MP3
Provided to YouTube by The Orchard Enterprises How Far Can This Boat Go out to Sea in Miles · Madegg Tempera ℗ 2012 flau Released on: 2012-07-30 ...


text:
in plus sizes
in plus sizes
available in
extended sizes
extended sizes
- roll over image to zoom
Water Ways
Ceramic & Wood Mirror(ID: A92610)
Created by Jan Jacque
Three soothing mirrors reminiscent of the qualities of calm water. The wood is sculpted cherry. The clay pieces are a combination of pit fired and glaze fired surfaces. Mirror is 3/4" thick with backing. Ready to hang. A hanging pattern accompanies the mirrors. For pricing & availability of additional wood options, please contact our Customer Care department.
Shipping Information
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REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
Jan JacqueWater Ways
Reviewed by 1 customer
- Came with a hanging guide and lovely note.
- Clean, natural lines and beautiful colors!
Best Uses
- We are hanging this piece in our entryway.
Comments about Water Ways:
This is the second piece that we have purchased from this artist. The first is smaller but receives many compliments. I expect this piece to be noticed and appreciated in the same manner. Beautiful work!
- Was this a gift?:
- No


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Save Submission as PDF?Asked by russbanner on January 30, 2015 at 09:57 AM
1. Can i save a submission as a file somewhere? e.g pdf2. My customers use ipads and when they select go.. it submits the document when they think they are returning to a next line. Is there a way to disable the go button from submitting and only submitting when the submit button is clicked.3. when one of my forms was completed because the client increased the form size by adding in more words it extended the form and the submit button was lost. How do i get the form to be flexible when additional content is added like this, do I just increase the pixel size4. How do i get the form title to appear when my submission is sent to me.. its showing the content but not the form name
JotForm Support
Yes, you can do this by the following method.
1. Adding a PDF link to your email notification, you'll get a PDF copy of the submission then.
Inside the "Compose Email" window add the PDF Link tag.
2. You can download submissions in Excel, CSV and PDF format by navigating to your "Submissions" page.
Inside the submissions page, scroll down and you can see the option to download them.
You can also take advantage of our app integration to different file storage and sharing services, here's the page for that: http://apps.jotform.com/category/file_sharing_and_storage.
For the other questions that you have, we advise users to open up a new thread for each question or concern that they have so that we can better assist them. I've opened new threads for you, please refer to the following links, we will address to them accordingly:
I hope this helps.
Thank you.


text:
Dark Souls
Is it worth waiting to create unique weapons?
Or should I just use it to obtain more souls Also how many do you recieve from each boss soul, I would like to know without having to use them, specifically Quelaag's soul. Currently using Black Knight sword lvl 2 as my main weapon.
Jak119 - 5 years ago
Additional Details:
thanks, but after sens fortress..I'm throwing in the towel, cheap m*********!!!!!
Jak119 - 5 years ago
Additional Details:
also going for a knight/Tank class w/high strength and healthbar already 3 quarters across the entire screen
Jak119 - 5 years ago
Additional Details:
What possible weapons could/can be made with them? is it like 100+ damage? or just 10...
Jak119 - 5 years ago
Depends. If you have a good idea of the type of character you are ultimately going to build, than pick and appropriate weapon and creation away. Here is soul values when consumed. Moonlight butterfly: 1200 or 8000 if feed to Frampt. Quelaag:8000. Iron golem: 12000. Ornstein: 12000. Smough: 12000. Sif: 16000. Gwyndolin: 40000. Priscilla: 12000. Gwyn:2000. Hope this helped.
UnliklyStranger - 5 years ago
Some souls when fed to frampt give you more then when you use them. Gwyn when you feed to frampt gives 40000 or something. Using Quelaags soul will give you Quelaags Furysword which is a dexterity sword that scales with Dex and Humanity.
GameOverlord345 - 5 years ago
The best unique weapon is the true greatsword of astorias by using the soul of sif you need to upgrade a broken sword or straight sword hilt it gets upgraded to +5 with 10 demon titanite theres a respawning demon in the demon ruins lost izalialth short cut that drops 2 demon titanites each time i use 6 soul spears on him and the sword has really good power and magic and good bonus once you level up high enough my sword does 992 backstab damage to the blacknights in the last level killing them instantly
dargonite - 4 years ago
This question was asked more than 60 days ago with no accepted answer.
Answer this Question
More Questions from This Game
|What black knight weapons are actually worth using in PvP? Both strong attacks and regular attacks.
|Should I kill the guy waiting for the undead library to open?
|how can I make Unique Weapon?
|Is getting CMW worth it?
|Is the Uchigatana worth it?


text:
Learn about this topic in these articles:
control of mandated territories
Theoretically, exercise of the mandates was supervised by the League's Permanent Mandates Commission, but the commission had no real way to enforce its will on any of the mandatory powers. The mandate system was replaced by the UN trusteeship system in 1946.
...New specialized agencies were established to handle new areas of diplomacy. The International Labour Organization addressed domestic issues and included nongovernmental representatives, and the Mandates Commission exercised slight supervision over colonies of the defeated powers, which had been distributed to the victors technically as mandates of the League.


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Tamil Nadu HSC Board exam Results 2012 will be announced on 22nd of May. The exam was held between March 8 to 30th . Students are found waiting eagerly to get their results.
Students can get their results in the official website of Tamil Nadu Examination Board, where candidates must have their roll number to check their results. Tamil Nadu Higher Secondary Examination Plus 2 results 2012 are to be displayed in the LINK (Check your results here).
Oneindia Education Wishes you all the very best for your results. For more result updates please Click Here.


text: This hotel was completely renovated in the year 2002 and comprises 7 floors with a total of 12 single rooms, 2 suites and 52 double rooms. Guests have access to a reception with hire safes, a lounge area, a cosy bar, an air-conditioned restaurant and a public Internet terminal. Room and laundry services are also available as well as car parking facilities for those arriving by car.The tastefully decorated come with a bathroom, a hairdryer, a telephone, TV and WiFi. Additional fittings include a minibar/ fridge, a hire safe, air conditioning and central heating.


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Need to lift form views limit but JotForm footer option is not on my accounts pageAsked by dr770 on June 28, 2016 at 03:54 PM
i can't find this option in my account: http://i.imgur.com/FT1MrP0.png
please help.
JotForm Support
Thanks for reporting. I was able to reproduce it when I check your my accounts page under settings. I see no JotForm Footer option like the following on the bottom section.
While I am not quite certainly sure why, I have raised this issue to our developers so they can further investigate. You will be informed here for any updates.
JotForm Support
It has been fixed. Thanks for your cooperation and apologize for the inconvenience.


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ChanelGold Toned and Faux Pearl "CC" Logo Stud Earrings
Earrings have back hinge closure with cushion.
Made in: France Color: Gold Fabric Content: Metal and Faux Pearl Condition: Good. Closure cushions are deteriorating. Light scratching.
Measurements & Sizing
- Diameter: 1"
Returns & Shipping
Luxury Garage Sale guarantees that all items sold on our site are 100% authentic. All products we accept are inspected for brand-specific guidelines and are put through a rigorous authenticity test process.
LGS is not affiliated with Chanel. We guarantee this Chanel item to be authentic. Chanel® is a registered trademark of Chanel.
Item #: 85679


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McCall's 1643; ©1951; Boys or Girls' Mad Hatter and March Hare Costumes
This illustration is from MCCALL'S NEEDLEWORK & CRAFTS ANNUAL, Vol II, 1951 Description from the magazine: Printed Pattern for Boys' & Girls' March Hare & Mad Hatter Costumes. Price, 45 cents (in Canada, 50c). Sizes: 6-8, 10-12. Junior & Sister are ready for their trip to Wonderland.
Notice the Walt Disney Productions copyright, 1951.
Links to reviews/blog postsEdit
McCalls 1951 Annual Gift Buying Guide
Add a photo to the gallery by clicking the "modify" button below.
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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We help you locate a Brockenhurst organ tutor. Organ tuition are the perfect way to start a stimulating new hobby, acquire a new skill and attain confidence with organ. Use our service to find Brockenhurst organ teachers and choose which best matches your requirements so you can start your organ tuition in Brockenhurst immediately!
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Defunct Game Download
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I applied to a really prestigious company. It was apparent I was frustrated with their process, for my own reasons.
I received an email today from them saying we realize we ask for a lot of information, etc. etc. but we attract the strongest talents. You are no exception to that, however your skills don't match our jobs etc. They also said they look at a mixture of academic, work experience, amongst other things.
I felt they did look at my resume and think it was good, but they realized I was annoyed with them and said in a polite way, you're not that smart, sorry.
I thought most people would say I was reading too much into it.
Most Helpful Guy
I don't think they meant to be disrespectful; they're probably trying to cover themselves legally. Most companies won't tell you the REAL reason you were rejected; in many cases, the, the right person probably didn't even see your resume. That's how broken the hiring process is these days. It's probably best to just move on to another company that is interested in you.00|00|0
The thing is, there was a problem with tests. I passed the online tests last year, and didn't pass another pure math test.
This year when I applied, I was confused because I passed the first test, but apparently had to re-give it. When I did, because it was done in a hurry I knew I didn't pass.
I applied for two positions and the first one was a pretty simple you didn't meet our test requirements, hence we can't consider you etc.
The second one was way more elaborate and listed all these things about realizing a lot of information was asked, etc. It also listed that they're fortunate to attract some of the best talents in the world. You are no exception, however your qualifications don't match our jobs etc.
So I was curious if my application for the second posting which I put a LOT of time and effort in, was actually good and they are being disrespectful but also acknowledging that it wasn't a bad one
My suspicion is that you're getting automated emails from totally different systems. I don't think there were any humans involved in looking at your situation and formulating the emails according to that. You probably got the equivalent of a form letter each time.
No they generally have a different format for emails too depending on the applicant. I know because I've applied before too, and the applicants they think are really weak it's a very generic, two line email. I could tell from their response the last time too that I passed the IQ tests even though it was a rejection, because of the polite rejection email I got back.
I had emailed the actual head person of HR because the last time I got a personal email from him about the rejection, and he didn't reply. I also emailed the careers people. So I think this time it probably was a bit more of a personal email, because if they don't reply or give me some kind of feedback I could tell peers for example that I had a bad experience with the company
Most Helpful Girl
Well, you sent an irritated email. So what did you expect? Why would they want to work with you if you don't have your emotions under control?
Honestly, what you did was stupid.00|00|0
I didn't send a disrespectful email, where did you get that impression?
I wrote in my application that I had already passed one aspect of the application, but then the system couldn't register it so I re-gave it etc.
Obviously they would realize I'm a little annoyed and hence they were trying to cover up their own fault a little by saying you know we ask for a lot of information upfront etc. BUT we attract the 'best talent' in the world.
I couldn't tell if they're dissing me or they're feeling a little bad because my application was good but lacked something
- Show AllShow Less
okay, so there wasn't an email.
But notice how you just exploded because you got a little frustrated? Think they didn't pick up on that vibe from you? There was no good reason to express the frustration. All it did was take the focus off of your ability to do the job and instead put it on your poor emotional control.
I'm not frustrated because of the tests. I'm frustrated and angry because I really liked this company and now feel as though if they really were trying to like put me down or something, I might never actually ever able to get over it and work there.
Which sucks because I've known of them since before I started University


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At the beginning of the summer we set out for some mini yet achievable goals to do as a family. The list was pretty basic but the goal in mind was to have FUN as a family.
Here's the top five items on our list.
#1: Family road trip to you guessed it... Las Vegas, Baby! (Check ✔)
We had so much fun. In fact, we expanded the trip to include my husband's family too (the more the merrier). In all we had seven adults and ELEVEN kids in total. We rented a fabulous house in Las Vegas for the Fourth of July weekend.
Here are some pics of our stay.
Beckham hot tubbin' it with the cuties (i.e. cousins)
Here he is soaking in some rays! He's about that life (Right?).
The backyard pool was AMAZING! (Cannon Ball!)
Here's Beck with his Auntie.
And another Auntie (Can you feel the love?) Lol.
My two sis stylin' and profiling
Here are our delicious fruit pops made with real fruit juice.
#3 Homemade Cookies with the Littles (Check✔-)
We cheated a little on this one and had some help from our good 'ole friend Pillsbury and made chocolate chip cookies *shrugs oh well*
#4 Family Beach Day (Check ✔)
This year we went to Santa Barbara. They have the best beach by far. Perfect clear waters.
We loved the Pier.
Look at this Beauty.
And we even stopped by a skate park (Yes, I got Boys!)
#5 Visit to the Aquarium (Check ✔)
While in Santa Barbara we visited the local aquarium on the Pier. They had lots of different sea creatures on exhibit. Here are a few that captured our eyes.
The sting rays.
The great big grey whale.
And these cute little starfishes.
All-in-all I'd say our summer was quite fun. We spent some quality time together with the kids. The Mr. and I even got to break away for some quality time too!
Date Night with Wine & Canvas.
And a trip around the New Port Harbor.
The Final score: 5-0 Not bad!!
I hope you all had a fun and safe summer!


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SOCIAL SECURITY -- (House of Representatives - March 16, 2005)
Mrs. BLACKBURN. Madam Speaker, I thank the gentlewoman from Kentucky for yielding and allowing me to participate in this debate.
Madam Speaker, as we begin tonight, I tell my colleagues I just have to comment, listening to my colleagues from across the aisle, one would think if they were listening to this great debate that we are having here that they believe everything depends on the government; the panacea has to be the government; the solution to the problems, it has all got to be the government.
As we talk about Social Security, we want to welcome them and invite them to come participate in the debate, but I find it so interesting. They do not bring new ideas to this debate, and they keep saying let us let the government tend to it, but they do not want to talk about the importance of developing an ownership society. They do not want to talk about giving power to the people.
I always wonder when I hear someone say government is the solution, government has got the solution, leave it to government, let them work it out, let us grow a bigger government. I think about Ronald Reagan and how he always said it is all about the people. It is all about the people. That is where the solutions lie.
Whatever the debate is, whatever our colleagues across the aisle, whatever their view is on Social Security reform, I would hope that no one will oppose a discussion on this issue.
We are brought here to Washington, those of us that are elected, and we come to Congress to participate in big issues that are going to impact individuals' lives and the American people's lives. It is true that our country has a range of problems that we are facing right now, but I think it is fair to say and I think that my colleague would agree with me that strengthening and stabilizing Social Security is at the top of that list.
I would invite our colleagues from across the aisle to join us in this debate, bring some ideas and to participate in how we should look at Social Security for future generations. I think it is very unfortunate that so many across the aisle are following the lead of the gentlewoman from California (Ms. Pelosi), the minority leader, and nearly every Democrat in the House has chosen to stifle debate, rather than to engage in it, and I think that is not leadership. It is really obstructionism.
Madam Speaker, about a week ago, President Bush visited Memphis, Tennessee, which is just outside of my district, and I would have liked to have been there and been a part of that, but things did not quite work out that way for me on last Friday. That did not stop the Democratic National Committee from attacking both the President and me in a statewide radio ad.
Their ad was misleading at best, and it essentially said that we should not even debate reform. They are essentially saying that we should bury our head in the sand and ignore the problem until it just goes on and runs over us. I can tell my colleagues, the DNC attack ad generated two calls. Only two calls to my Shelby County, Memphis, area office in opposition to any type reform. They spent all their money, 70 stations, State-wide, and we got two negative calls. Fifty calls from people who said I think we can talk about Social Security reform but let us not squash the discussion.
In fact, I have an e-mail from a man in Collierville, which is in Shelby County near Memphis, and he says: I was listening to WREC radio today and heard a rather obnoxious DNC commercial telling me to contact you to vote against the President's effort to modify Social Security. I am contacting you but rather to encourage you to work with the President to pass a reform.
On the day of the President's visit, a front page article in the local news section of the Nashville Tennessean read, Bush trip puts Democrats' focus on Blackburn. President in Memphis for next stop in Social Security debate. All this because we want to have a discussion. We want to talk about a very real problem and what we are going to do about it.
Now, is it not amazing, here in America, here in the United States House of Representatives, here in Congress, when you want to lead on a discussion and bring to the attention of the American people something that is a problem, then it makes you a political target. That is absolutely incredible. Facing a problem, addressing and defining a problem and then working to find a solution, that is what is called leadership.
Since last fall, I have been holding town hall meetings and discussions across my district, and we have been talking about Social Security reform in these. We are letting constituents know the process that we are going through and how we are searching for the right thing, the right steps to take, and I will not sugarcoat things here. Some people are absolutely opposed to the discussion. They will not consider the idea of reform, any kind of reform, but that is not the norm. I found that most people are not only willing to discuss reform, but they have their own ideas of what we should do, and that tells me something. People are thinking about this issue.
The Democrats in the House are unwilling, really unwilling to discuss the topic. They refuse to come to the table and say, okay, let us see what we can do to fix this problem. They are out of touch with mainstream America. They were out of touch in the last election cycle, and they remain out of touch today.
I have brought with me today, Madam Speaker, a handful of the thousands of e-mails that I have received to share with you.
Here is one from a gentleman in Arlington, Tennessee. It is also in Shelby County, down near Memphis, and he says: While I agree privatization accounts should not be the number one focus, they are a significant factor in this issues reform. Please accept the correspondence as a vote in favor of President Bush's proposal. He goes on and details some of the things that he likes and does not like about what he is hearing.
On the other side, I have got one from a woman in Nashville, Tennessee: I am opposed to the privatization of Social Security. I am in favor of reform, but there are many people who could pay more into Social Security or maybe take less out.
Another man from Collierville, Tennessee: Can you help pass Social Security reform? I would appreciate the opportunity to invest a percentage of my Social Security payments.
Does that not sound like a pretty good debate. These people are not afraid to discuss it. America is discussing the issue. We would like to think that the Democrats would also.
We have several bills in the House and the Senate that are proposing different reforms, and I want Tennesseans to know that I am going to continue to review these ideas, to talk with them about the bills that are being brought forward, and we will continue to support committee action on a range of proposals.
Some of the e-mails that I have received ask why we are doing this now, why we cannot just put it off for another decade. It is similar to refinancing your house. You refinance your home mortgage today and get a much lower interest rate than you could probably 10 years from now. Why would you wait when conditions will never be better than they are now? Well, that is where with what we have to do with Social Security. Conditions for reform will not get any better than they are now. It makes no sense to wait.
Last week I wrote an op-ed that ran in the Memphis Commercial Appeal newspaper where I talked about four indisputable facts regarding Social Security that we should all be able to agree on regardless of our party affiliation or ideology. Those facts are these: in 1950, there were 16 workers paying into Social Security for every one retiree. Today there are only 3.3 workers for every retiree, and by the time my two children who are in their mid-twenties retire, there will only be two workers for every retiree. We have 13 years when the Social Security will begin taking in less money than it pays out to retirees.
It is time for us to move forward. We know that the American people are engaged in this debate. We know that they are participating in this debate. I have had a survey on my Web site running for a week now, and I have had a tremendous response to this. I will tell my colleagues on the other side of the aisle, they had better start taking part in this very real, very lively discussion because there is a widespread view that we should do something and do it now. The only people willing to work on this are the Republicans and the Republican leadership in Congress.
It is a disservice to our Nation that our colleagues across the aisle do not want to participate. It is not why we were sent here to Congress.


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Awesome partners in crime are welcome join in breaking the mold and soaring to new heights! Ideally I want that partner in crime to also be my partner.. where our focus is on each other, as we grow and build our lives together I feel very strongly that openness, honest communication, and trust are critical in making *any* relationship work and I feel that love and intimacy are not exclusive or finite. I enjoy my partner experiencing joy and pleasure in her life and AMAZING things can happen when the focus of a relationship is about love and fun and pleasure and support.
Being a conversationalist
Computers and mechanics
Being myself
Shows: The Daily Show, Dr Who, Avatar: The Last Airbender
Music: Dirty bass beats, ill.Gates, Beats Antique, Pink Floyd, Nine Inch Nails, Portishead, Anything live...
Food: Spicy, Thai, Indian, Burmese, Anything fresh or really well made (love good food!)
loving my friends
having a career I enjoy
new interesting experiences
a fun sex life
travel (or at least the future prospect thereof)
My next art project, personal project, or trip
Trying to be more present
Going to some strange event
Leaving town for the weekend
Working on a big art project
You know that open, up-front honesty, trust and clear communication are key ingredients in creating an incredible partnership.
You're awesome, you think I'm awesome, and you want to create some awesome together!


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|Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français
PURPOSE: Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among ethnic minority populations is poorly understood. We sought to examine CAM use in Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Alternative Health Supplement to the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), including information on 19 different CAM therapies used in the past 12 months. RESULTS: An estimated 34% of Hispanic, non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white adults in the United States used at least one CAM therapy (excluding prayer) during the prior 12 months (2002). CAM use was highest for non-Hispanic whites (36%), followed by Hispanics (27%) and non-Hispanic blacks (26%). Non-Hispanic whites were more likely to use herbal medicine, relaxation techniques and chiropractic more frequently than Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks. After controlling for other sociodemographic factors, Hispanic and non-Hispanic black races/ethnicities were associated with less CAM use, with adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 0.78 (0.70, 0.87) and 0.71 (0.65, 0.78), respectively. Hispanics cited using CAM because conventional medical treatments were too expensive more frequently than non-Hispanic blacks or whites. Hispanics had the highest provider nondisclosure rates (68.5%), followed by non-Hispanic blacks (65.1%) and non-Hispanic whites (58.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Excluding prayer, Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks used CAM less frequently than non-Hispanic whites and were less likely to disclose their use to their healthcare provider. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of the disparities in CAM use.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.