text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 19, 2010
|Filing date
|Nov 10, 2006
|Priority date
|Jan 8, 1999
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Kent K. Leung
|Original Assignee
|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (16), Referenced by (2), Classifications (36), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/227,398, entitled "Mobile IP Accounting," filed on Jan. 8, 1999, by Kent Leung, which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
1. Field of the Invention
The disclosed embodiments relate to Mobile IP network technology. More particularly, the disclosed embodiments relate to Mobile IP accounting.
2. Description of the Related Art
Mobile IP is a protocol which allows laptop computers or other mobile computer units (referred to as "Mobile Nodes" herein) to roam between various sub-networks at various locations—while maintaining internet and/or WAN connectivity. Without Mobile IP or related protocol, a Mobile Node would be unable to stay connected while roaming through various sub-networks. This is because the IP address required for any node to communicate over the internet is location specific. Each IP address has a field that specifies the particular sub-network on which the node resides. If a user desires to take a computer which is normally attached to one node and roam with it so that it passes through different sub-networks, it cannot use its home base IP address. As a result, a business person traveling across the country cannot merely roam with his or her computer across geographically disparate network segments or wireless nodes while remaining connected over the internet. This is not an acceptable state-of-affairs in the age of portable computational devices.
To address this problem, the Mobile IP protocol has been developed and implemented. An implementation of Mobile IP is described in RFC 2002 of the Network Working Group, C. Perkins, Ed., Oct. 1996. Mobile IP is also described in the text "Mobile IP Unplugged" by J. Solomon, Prentice Hall. Both of these references are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties and for all purposes.
The Mobile IP process and environment are illustrated in
As shown in
Now, suppose that Mobile Node 6 is removed from its home base network segment 12 and roams to a remote network segment 14. Network segment 14 may include various other nodes such as a PC 16. The nodes on network segment 14 communicate with the internet through a router which doubles as Foreign Agent 10. Mobile Node 6 may identify Foreign Agent 10 through various solicitations and advertisements which form part of the Mobile IP protocol. When Mobile Node 6 engages with network segment 14, Foreign Agent 10 relays a registration request to Home Agent 8 (as indicated by the dotted line "Registration"). The Home and Foreign Agents may then negotiate the conditions of the Mobile Node's attachment to Foreign Agent 10. For example, the attachment may be limited to a period of time, such as two hours. When the negotiation is successfully completed, Home Agent 8 updates an internal "mobility binding table" which specifies the care-of address (e.g., a collocated care-of address or the Foreign Agent's IP address) in association with the identity of Mobile Node 6. Further, the Foreign Agent 10 updates an internal "visitor table" which specifies the Mobile Node address, Home Agent address, etc. In effect, the Mobile Node's home base IP address (associated with segment 12) has been shifted to the Foreign Agent's IP address (associated with segment 14).
Now, suppose that Mobile Node 6 wishes to send a message to a corresponding node 18 from its new location. An output message from the Mobile Node is then packetized and forwarded through Foreign Agent 10 over the internet 4 and to corresponding node 18 (as indicated by the dotted line "packet from MN") according to a standard internet protocol. If corresponding node 18 wishes to send a message to Mobile Node—whether in reply to a message from the Mobile Node or for any other reason—it addresses that message to the IP address of Mobile Node 6 on sub-network 12. The packets of that message are then forwarded over the internet 4 and to router R1 and ultimately to Home Agent 8 as indicated by the dotted line ("packet to MN(1)"). From its mobility binding table, Home Agent 8 recognizes that Mobile Node 6 is no longer attached to network segment 12. It then encapsulates the packets from corresponding node 18 (which are addressed to Mobile Node 6 on network segment 12) according to a Mobile IP protocol and forwards these encapsulated packets to a "care of" address for Mobile Node 6 as shown by the dotted line ("packet to MN(2)"). The care of address may be, for example, the IP address of Foreign Agent 10. Foreign Agent 10 then strips the encapsulation and forwards the message to Mobile Node 6 on sub-network 14. The packet forwarding mechanism implemented by the Home and Foreign Agents is often referred to as "tunneling."
The Mobile IP Management Information Base (MIB) [RFC 2006] may be used by network administrators in managing mobile nodes, foreign agents, and home agents on a particular network. By way of example, the Mobile IP MIB defines a set of variables that can be examined or configured by a manager station using version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMPv2) [RFC 1905]. More particularly, variables are provided which permit accounting, or recording, of the actions of a particular mobile node. By way of example, an overall service time for the mobile node and the total number of registration requests accepted or denied by a Home Agent may be updated. This accounting information is typically stored on the corresponding network device (e.g., Home Agent or Foreign Agent) and therefore each network device may be periodically examined by the manager station.
As shown in
Although information associated with the activity of mobile nodes may be recorded, the information typically maintained has limited uses in a billing environment. More particularly, a mechanism for tracking the amount of information sent and/or received by selected mobile nodes has not been established. By way of example, the number of packets or bytes sent and/or received by mobile nodes operating under Mobile IP Protocol has not been monitored. Moreover, although variables may be used to update the number of registrations accepted or denied by a Home Agent as well as update the overall service time for a mobile node, these variables have not been implemented for the purposes of billing users associated with these mobile nodes. In addition, although these variables may be polled by the manager station periodically as requested, this process is not dynamic.
While billing may be performed for nodes which are not mobile, such methods may not easily be applied to mobile nodes operating under the Mobile IP Protocol. By way of example, billing is often performed through the use of time stamps. For a node which is not mobile, this method is acceptable since only two time stamps, a START time stamp and a STOP time stamp for a given session, are required to determine a total service time. However, in a Mobile IP environment, each mobile node may roam to numerous Foreign Agents while communicating with a given corresponding node. The Home Agent, which would presumably log START and STOP time stamps, sees only some of the packets associated with a session between the mobile node and the corresponding node. Thus, it may not know exactly when a session starts ands stops. Accordingly, this method of accounting and billing cannot easily be applied to mobile nodes operating under a Mobile IP Protocol.
In view of the above, a need exists for monitoring the quantity of information sent and received by mobile nodes for billing purposes. Moreover, it would beneficial if a system having centralized database management were provided to dynamically store and process this billing information for mobile nodes supported by multiple network devices.
In accordance with one embodiment, an apparatus includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. At least one of the processor or the memory are adapted for updating a counter associated with a mobile node's activity and sending an accounting request identifying the mobile node and including the counter to a AAA server supporting a AAA protocol, where the AAA server is adapted for recording accounting information associated with the mobile node using the counter, and where the accounting request indicates a request to update accounting information associated with the mobile node using the counter. The apparatus supports Mobile IP and the AAA protocol, and the accounting request is sent in accordance with the AAA protocol.
In accordance with another embodiment, an apparatus includes a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. At least one of the processor or the memory are adapted for storing accounting information for a plurality of mobile nodes and logging accounting information associated with a mobile node in response to an accounting request received from a network device supporting Mobile IP. The accounting request indicates a request to update the accounting information associated with the mobile node using the at least one counter, where the accounting request identifies the mobile node and includes at least one counter associated with the accounting information. The apparatus is a AAA server supporting a AAA protocol. The network device further supports the AAA protocol and the accounting request is sent in accordance with the AAA protocol.
In accordance with yet another embodiment, a request packet for a mobile node is composed by a network device supporting Mobile IP, the request packet identifying the mobile node and including at least one counter associated with accounting information pertaining to the mobile node, wherein the request packet indicates a request to update accounting information associated with the mobile node using the at least one counter. The network device sends the request packet to a AAA server adapted for performing accounting, thereby enabling the AAA server to update accounting information for the mobile node, the AAA server supporting a AAA protocol, wherein the request packet is composed in accordance with the AAA protocol.
In accordance with yet another embodiment, a AAA server receives a request packet from a network device operating under Mobile IP Protocol, the request packet identifying a mobile node and including at least one counter associated with accounting information pertaining to the mobile node, the AAA server supporting a AAA protocol, wherein the request packet indicates a request to update accounting information associated with the mobile node using the at least one counter. The AAA server logs the accounting information for the mobile node identified in the request packet using the counter of the request packet.
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the disclosed embodiments. It will be obvious, however, to one skilled in the art, that the disclosed embodiments may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other instances, well known process steps have not been described in detail in order not to unnecessarily obscure the disclosed embodiments.
The disclosed embodiments provide methods and apparatus for logging accounting information for a mobile node. This is accomplished through the use of a centralized server which provides accounting services. The server may store and update accounting information for multiple network devices. In addition, the centralized server may have access to billing software which generates bills from the accounting information. In this manner, accounting information may be dynamically updated and processed for billing purposes.
According to one embodiment of the invention, a method of updating accounting information for a mobile node operating according to Mobile IP Protocol is provided. A network device that supports Mobile IP composes a request packet for the mobile node. The request packet identifies the mobile node and includes at least one "counter" associated with accounting information pertaining to the mobile node. The request packet is then sent to a server adapted for performing accounting.
Various counters may be provided in the request packet. By way of example, a counter may indicate the number of packets or bytes that have been sent to or from the mobile node. As yet another example, a counter may be used to indicate the total service time for the mobile node. Thus, the quantity of information that is sent and received by mobile nodes may be monitored for billing purposes.
According to yet another embodiment of the invention, the server receives the request packet from the network device and logs the accounting information for the mobile node. A reply packet may then be sent to the network device acknowledging logging of the accounting information pertaining to the mobile node. In addition, a bill for Mobile IP services may be generated from the accounting information.
As described above with reference to
An invention is described herein that provides such a centralized repository (e.g., a database).
In addition to providing a centralized server that is capable of storing and updating accounting information for multiple mobile nodes as well as multiple network devices, the centralized server may provide further services. By way of example, the centralized server may provide authentication services and/or authorization services. While authentication determines "who" an entity is, authorization determines what services a user is allowed to perform, or access. A class of servers known as "AAA" or triple-A servers may be employed. The AAA represents authentication, authorization, and accounting. Various protocols such as the Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) and TACACS+ may be implemented to provide such a server. Note that the Home Agent or Foreign Agent providing accounting information to the server must provide communications in formats required by the AAA server protocol.
Once the counters have been updated, the counters may be used to update the accounting information stored on the server. At step 412, a request packet for the mobile node is composed and sent to a server adapted for logging accounting information. By way of example, the request packet may identify the mobile node and include at least one counter associated with accounting information pertaining to the mobile node. By way of example, in accordance with the TACACS+ Protocol, the request packet may be an accounting REQUEST packet. Step 412 may be triggered by various trigger events. Thus, not every update of a counter in the network device necessarily results in sending a request packet to the server. For example, only certain accounting relevant events may trigger sending the information to the server. Examples of such trigger events include initiating a new registration, terminating a registration, passing a threshold number packets or bytes, etc.
The server receives the request packet from the network device and logs the accounting information provided in the accounting request at step 414. As described above, the accounting request identifies the mobile node and may include at least one variable (e.g., counter) associated with the accounting information. The server may then store and/or manipulate the counter to generate appropriate accounting information. It may even generate a bill for Mobile IP services from the accounting information. The bill may then be sent to the user through a variety of mechanisms. In addition, the server may send a reply packet to the network device acknowledging logging of the accounting information pertaining to the mobile node at step 416. By way of example, in accordance with the TACACS+ Protocol, the request packet may be an accounting REPLY packet. Such a reply packet may indicate a status of PASS or FAIL in relation to the logging of the accounting information.
As described above, the server may log accounting information for multiple network devices. The network devices may be Foreign Agents as well as Home Agents. However, it is important to recognize that traffic may be unidirectional and therefore may be not be received by both the Home Agent and the Foreign Agent. By way of example, registration of mobile nodes may be performed at the Home Agent without direct participation by a Foreign Agent. As yet another example, a packet sent from a mobile node visiting a Foreign Agent may be sent directly to a corresponding node without communicating with its Home Agent. In order to ensure that all relevant Mobile IP usage is captured, accounting information may be sent between a Foreign Agent and the visiting mobile node's Home Agent. By way of example, when a mobile node sends a packet (e.g., a data packet) to a corresponding node, the packet may be reverse tunneled from the Foreign Agent to the Home Agent. In this manner, reverse tunneling may be used to ensure that accounting information stored on a server associated with one or more Home Agents is accurate. Alternatively, the Foreign Agent may generate its own counters (e.g., number of bytes sent from the mobile node to the corresponding node) and transmit those counters to the Home Agent. In another alternative embodiment, it may be preferable to provide a server on a network for use by one or more Foreign Agents rather than a Home Agent.
The disclosed embodiments provide methods and apparatus for logging accounting information for mobile nodes and generating bills for Mobile IP services associated with this accounting information. Although the servers of this invention are described with reference to TACACS+ and RADIUS, any suitable protocol may be implemented. In this manner, a mobile node may be billed for information that is sent as well as received by the mobile node. Such servers may run on a PC or workstation such as a UNIX workstation.
The disclosed embodiments can also be embodied as computer readable code on a computer readable medium. The computer readable medium is any data storage device that can store data which can thereafter be read by a computer system. Examples of the computer readable medium include read-only memory, random-access memory, CD-ROMs, magnetic tape, and optical data storage devices.
The apparatus (Home Agent, Foreign Agent, and/or mobile node) of this invention may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or may be a general purpose programmable machine selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in memory. The processes presented herein are not inherently related to any particular router or other apparatus. In a preferred embodiment, any of the Home and Foreign Agents and mobile nodes of this invention may be specially configured routers such as specially configured router models 2500, 2600, 3600, 4000, 4500, 4700, 7200, and 7500 available from Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. A mobile node that is a router is known as a "mobile router." A general structure for some of these machines will appear from the description given below.
Referring now to
The interfaces 508 and 506 are typically provided as interface cards. Generally, they control the sending and receipt of data packets over the network and sometimes support other peripherals used with the router 502. The low and medium speed interfaces 506 include a multiport communications interface 514, a serial communications interface 516, and a token ring interface 518. The high speed interfaces 508 include an FDDI interface 520 and a multiport ethernet interface 522. Preferably, each of these interfaces (low/medium and high speed) includes (1) a plurality of ports appropriate for communication with the appropriate media, and (2) an independent processor such as the 2901 bit slice processor (available from Advanced Micro Devices corporation of Santa Clara Calif.), and in some instances (3) volatile RAM. The independent processors control such communications intensive tasks as packet switching and filtering, and media control and management. By providing separate processors for the communications intensive tasks, this architecture permits the master microprocessor 504 to efficiently perform routing computations, network diagnostics, security functions, etc.
The low and medium speed interfaces are coupled to the master CPU 504 through a data, control, and address bus 524. High speed interfaces 508 are connected to the bus 524 through a fast data, control, and address bus 526 which is in turn connected to a bus controller 528. The bus controller functions are provided by a processor such as a 2901 bit slice processor.
Although the system shown in
Although illustrative embodiments and applications of this invention are shown and described herein, many variations and modifications are possible which remain within the concept, scope, and spirit of the invention, and these variations would become clear to those of ordinary skill in the art after perusal of this application. For instance, although the specification has described routers, other entities used to tunnel packets to mobile nodes on remote network segments can be used as well. For example, bridges or other less intelligent packet switches may also employ the standby protocol of this invention. Accordingly, the present embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims.
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|Oct 7, 2009
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|Cisco Technology, Inc.
|Methods and systems for accounting in an access gateway
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|Rajesh Ramankutty
|Methods and systems for accounting in an access gateway
|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text: War & ConflictAir strike kills MSF medical staff in Afghanistan US-led forces apologise to President Ashraf Ghani after 16 people including nine hospital staff were killed in Kunduz. 03 Oct 2015 15:40 GMT | War & Conflict, Asia, Afghanistan, NATO, Taliban More to this story Taliban expands fight beyond Afghanistan's Kunduz Residents tell of suffering as battle for Kunduz rages Afghan forces fight to push back Taliban from Kunduz Afghan forces say central Kunduz retaken from Taliban Doctors Without Borders (MSF) has said at least 16 people, including nine of its staff, have been killed in an overnight bombing of a hospital in the embattled Afghan city of Kunduz. Among the fatalities in the early Saturday morning attack were three children. It also wounded 37 people, including 19 MSF staff, 18 patients and caretakers, according to the medical charity known for its French initials, MSF. In a statement on Saturday, the office of President Ashraf Ghani said Army General John Campbell, head of the US-led forces in Afghanistan has apologised for the incident. Officials of MSF earlier told Reuters that they "frantically phoned" NATO and Washington DC, as bombs rained on the hospital for "nearly an hour". The US-led coalition has also acknowledged launching the air strike "against individuals threatening the force". "The strike may have resulted in collateral damage to a nearby medical facility. This incident is under investigation." Earlier, NATO said that a US air strike "may have" hit the hospital, which is run by the medical charity, adding that the attack may have resulted in collateral damage. The MSF hospital is seen as a key medical lifeline in Kunduz, which has been running "beyond capacity" in recent days of fighting which saw the Taliban seize control of the provincial capital for several days. The trauma centre is the only medical facility in the region that can deal with major injuries. "At 2:10 am [20:40 GMT] local time ... the MSF trauma centre in Kunduz was hit several times during sustained bombing and was very badly damaged," MSF said in a statement on Friday. Deeply shocked at bombing of MSF hospital in #Kunduz . Staff and patients killed. MSF urges fighting parties to respect health facilities — MSF International (@MSF) October 3, 2015 At the time of the bombing, 105 patients and their caretakers and more than 80 MSF international and national staff were present in the hospital, the charity said. Hospital coordinates know to US, Afghanistan MSF said it gave the coordinates of the hospital to Afghan and US forces several times to avoid being caught in the crossfire. "As MSF does in all conflict contexts, these precise locations were communicated to all parties on multiple occasions over the past months, including most recently on 29 September," according to MSF Afghanistan representatives. The bombing reportedly continued for more than 30 minutes after US and Afghan military offices in Kabul and Washington were first informed. RELATED: Residents tell of suffering as battle for Kunduz rages "MSF urgently seeks clarity on exactly what took place and how this terrible event could have happened," MSF said. After the attack, the medical charity urged all parties involved in the violence to respect the safety of health facilities, patients and staff. Speaking to Al Jazeera, Taliban spokesperson Zabiullah Mujahid said that no Taliban fighters were present in the hospital at the time of the air strike. "We condemn the bombing on the hospital. It was an attack carried out on innocent people." Zabiullah told Al Jazeera. "Our mujahidin [fighters] were not treated at the MSF trauma centre due to prevailing military conditions. Such attacks by US forces have taken place in Afghanistan for years now. This very attack has once again exposed the ruthless colors of the invaders to the Afghans," he added. MSF's hospital is the only facility of its kind in the whole northeastern region of Afghanistan [MSF] However, an Afghan interior ministry spokesperson claimed the fighters were attacking security forces with gunfire and grenades from an area near the hospital. "According to our information, the Taliban were hiding in the hospital building and the area around it while attacking our forces," Sediq Sediqqi said. "We are assessing and evaluating the collateral damage to the medical facility. However, in any case, the safety of the civilians comes first," the spokesman added. A caretaker at the hospital, who was severely injured in the air strike, told Al Jazeera that clinic's medical staff did not favour any side of the conflict. "We are here to help and treat civilians," Abdul Manar said. "Several women and children are also killed in the strike. I could hear them screaming for help inside the hospital while it was set ablaze by the bombing. We are terrified and speechless." Battle for Kunduz The development came a day after the Afghan government claimed it had successfully retaken parts of Kunduz from Taliban fighters, who had controlled the strategic city since Monday. The Taliban, however, claimed it remained in control of most of Kunduz, our correspondent said. Kunduz is facing a humanitarian crisis, with thousands of civilians caught in the crossfire between government forces and Taliban fighters. Precise losses in the fighting were not known, but health authorities said on Friday that at least 60 people have been killed and 400 wounded. As fighting spreads in neighbouring Badakhshan, Takhar and Baghlan provinces, concerns are mounting that the seizure of Kunduz was merely the opening gambit in a new, bolder Taliban strategy to tighten the grip across northern Afghanistan. Afghan forces, backed by NATO special forces and US air strikes, have been going from house to house in Kunduz in a bid to flush Taliban fighters out of the city. Al Jazeera's Qais Azimy, reporting from Puli Khumri, about 130km from Kunduz, said heavy fighting was ongoing in the centre of Kunduz. "Sources inside the city are reporting heavy clashes between the Taliban and the Afghan army. There is no set front line between the two sides, so the fighting is from street to street at the moment. "People inside the city are suffering. There is a shortage of food, water and electricity," our correspondent said. The Taliban's offensive in Kunduz, their biggest tactical success since 2001, marks a major blow for Afghanistan's Western-trained forces, who have largely been fighting on their own since last December. Civilian and military casualties caused by NATO forces have been one of the most contentious issues in the 14-year campaign against the Taliban, provoking harsh public and government criticism. US-led NATO forces ended their combat mission in Afghanistan last December, though a 13,000-strong residual force remains for training and counterterrorism operations. But there has been an escalation in air strikes by NATO forces in recent months despite the drawdown. Additional reporting by Shereena Qazi. Follow her on Twitter @ShereenaQaziSource: Al Jazeera and agencies

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"Xray unit/mri scan"
About: Inverclyde Royal Hospital / General Medicine Inverclyde Royal Hospital General Medicine PA16 0XN
Posted by student nurse patient (as ),
I had an appointment today at Inverclyde hospital for an MRI scan, all the staff were lovely, very quick to see me, and provided a comfortable safe environment. The staff also provided some lovely advice on careers after telling them my study history/plans with regards to radiography/nursing. lovely chat so thank you.
one wee issue though after, when I left I had come out in a red rash over my chest and armpits and around my buttocks.. I left quick as I had a 2hr train journey and a train to catch, but I'm wondering if this is a regular side affect? the redness has gone just now but I still feel like my skin is burning. I had no contrast. Any feedback welcome!
Response from Jacki Smart, General Manager, Clyde Sector, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde 12 months ago
Hello there
Thanks for taking the time to share your lovely feedback which I've shared with the team at IRH and they are delighted to know you felt safe and comfortable in the scanner.
I also asked them about the rash and they say it is not a usual side effect with no contrast being used but that if it comes back or the burning persists you should definitely go to your doctor in case its an allergy to a medication or something unrelated. That being said it sounds like its passing and I hope by now that it has so try not to worry too much. Hope the train journey has passed uneventfully too.
If you need any advice at all about where to go to get help or advice about this call me on 01413147216
If you wish me to log the information about your rash/ reaction in then id need to know a little more detail of who you are and we can sort that if you email me on firstname.lastname@example.com
Otherwise take care and hope its resolving for you
Don't hesitate to get in touch if I can help
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Fresenius Kabi Oncology Limited specializes in the field of oncology products supported by integrated manufacturing, regulatory, sales, marketing and distribution set up. Over the years the company has emerged as global player in the field of oncology by providing high quality products at affordable prices supported by superior customer service.
The company has world class expertise for development and manufacturing of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API), intermediates and dosage forms. From the development of process technology to filing of DMFs, we have full range of capabilities that would suffice various needs of our patients. All our activities are carried out in-house supported by stringent analytical and testing capabilities. Today, Fresenius Kabi Oncology Limited is synonymous with quality. It is this high standard and endeavor for perfection, which has built a bond of trust between Fresenius Kabi Oncology Limited and its consumers. Whether it is raw material, finished goods, packaging or services to its patients, quality is a driving force at Fresenius Kabi Oncology Limited.
Our broad range of products span over injectables (liquid, dry, lyophilized), tablets and capsules. Our novel drug delivery system is dedicated to develop some high end products for substantially reducing the side effects and allergic reactions of the presently available formulations.


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When you first meet a person, say if you met online or a blind date, how do you make it less awkward?
When you are first meeting a person how do you make it less awkward?
Have an opinion?
What Guys Said 2
It shouldn't be awkward. Be yourself and stay calm. Try not to think about what they must be thinking. When you notice yourself doing that try to pull yourself out of your own thoughts and back to reality.
Also, do something you both find interesting. why do you think so many people go out to eat on a first date? Because at least you can discuss the food and service!
Make sure you compliment them. Don't think about it too long. Be spontaneous!
make a joke, if you can't think of anything funny, make fun of yourself. it will break the tension. When you first meet the person you can make a joke by introducing yourself, then taking their hand and putting it on your face, and they will ask what you are doing or be polite and just look at your funny, you wait until it is even more awkward and then say, "I thought this was a blind date, where is your cane"00|01|0
What Girls Said 0
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Today's Featured Artist: Michael Godard
Transform your photos into one-of-a-kind, hand painted masterpieces!
The watermark in the lower right corner of the image will not appear on the final print.
Jesus Christ The Light Of The World by Mark Lawrence - 12.000" x 12.000"
Acrylic Print
Hanging Wire
Assembly Charge
Jesus Christ The Light Of The World acrylic print by Mark Lawrence. Bring your artwork to life with the stylish lines and added depth of an acrylic print. Your image gets printed directly onto the back of a 1/4" thick sheet of clear acrylic. The high gloss of the acrylic sheet complements the rich colors of any image to produce stunning results. Two different mounting options are available, see below.
Ships Within
2 - 3 business days
Ships From
Atlanta, GA
Congratulations !
Love it! Congrats!
Beautiful use of colors...Congrats!
love this painting
wow sensitivity on colors - congrat
Mounting Option #1
Mounting Option #2
Bring your artwork to life with the stylish lines and added depth of an acrylic print. Your image gets printed directly onto the back of a 1/4" thick sheet of clear acrylic.
The image is the art - it doesn't get any cleaner than that!
All acrylic prints ship within 3 - 4 business days and arrive "ready to hang" with four aluminum mounting posts (Option #1) or hanging wire (Option #2).
The high gloss of the acrylic sheet complements the rich colors of any image to produce stunning results.
There are two different ways to mount your acrylic print.
Option #1 (Mounting Posts) - Attach your print to your wall with four aluminum mounting posts. The cylindrical cap of each mounting post can be removed, allowing you to thread a small screw along the center axis of the of post and into the wall. When you're finished, simply reattached each cap, and you're done. The mounting posts act as stand-offs and keep your print separated from the wall by 1". All of the required mounting hardware (i.e. posts, screws, and wall anchors) is included with your print. Click here for mounting details.
Option #2 (Hanging Wire) - With this option, your acrylic print is attached to a 1/4" thick black board which has a wooden frame and hanging wire attached to the back. There are no metal mounting posts at the corners. Simply put a nail in your wall, hang your print from the hanging wire, and you're done. Due to the thickness of the black board and mounting frame, your print is separated from the wall by 1.50" Click here for mounting details.
Jesus Christ, The Light of the World- Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life. John 8:12. Light of the world! forever, ever shining, There is no change in Thee; True Light of life, all joy and health enshrining, Thou canst not fade nor flee. Thou hast arisen, but Thou descendeth never; Today shines as the past; All that Thou wast Thou art and shalt be ever, Brightness from first to last. Night visits not Thy sky, nor storm, nor sadness; Day fills up all its blue� Unfailing beauty, and unfaltering gladness, And lover forever new. Light of the world! undimming and unsetting, O shine each mist away; Banish the fear, the falsehood, and the fretting; Be our unchanging Day. -Light of the World, Forever, Ever Shinning . Jesus Christ is present throughout the Old and New Testaments of the Bible. The power of His glory and majesty are revealed as a mystery unfolds from Gene...
Mark Lawrence's art is displayed as modern wall art in contemporary homes, five star hotels and offices around the globe. His striking and distinctive paintings are now available as open-edition high quality prints through Fine Art America. Be sure and also visit Mark's modern wall art home decor paintings. These large colorful pieces are an innovative way to decorate a room and tie together a unique design experience. In this gallery you will find large and small prints that can be purchased as gallery wrapped canvases, or as framed wall art in a multitude of design styles to suit your professional decorating tastes. Fine art collectors can also visit MarkLawrenceGallery.com to preview magnificent ultra hand-embellished,...
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If you're not happy with a purchase that you made on FineArtAmerica.com, for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date. As soon as it arrives, we'll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price. Please note - Fine Art America does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality.
Fine Art America sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee. We take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen Fine Art America to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
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Anaemia Business Manager - Iron Deficiency (Renal/GI)
- Recruiter
- Evolve Selection Limited
- Location
- Nottingham
- Salary
- Salary commensurate with experience
- Posted
- 10 Aug 2017
- Expires
- 16 Aug 2017
- Sector
- Health Medical & Social Care
We are recruiting for an Anaemia Business Manager working with an innovative and dynamic Pharmaceutical organisation, specialising in the Iron Deficiency marketplace. This role is working predominantly across the South Yorkshire and East Midlands territory and will require someone with strong rapport building, customer engagement and cross-functional working skills. Essential Requirements: You will be highly experienced within Secondary Care and obtaining formulary status. Must have experience working on the relevant territory. Customer-oriented individual - focusing on meeting customers' needs and providing solutions Broad therapeutic competence Ability to analyse market intelligence and understand the competitor environment for segmentation and targeting purposes, to correctly apply sales/marketing materials, clinical evidence and selling to achieve clinical buy-in Relevant experience in sales to specialists in secondary care and obtaining formulary status. ABPI qualified. A current driving licence with no more than 6 points. Role Responsibilities: Achieve and exceed sales targets in territory Excellent key account management to maximise market access and implementation of the product Map and prioritise key customers including Consultants, Nurses, Departmental and Principal Pharmacists, Medicines' Managers, Key Purchasers, Procurement Specialists and CCG leads Prioritise, plan, coordinate, follow-up and evaluate customer activities to maximise ROI of customer engagement campaigns in the territory Support customers of our client's other products Leverage our client's corporate brand in territory Role Specific Competencies: IT literate with strong analytical skills Able to influence NHS staff at the highest levels Flexible "can do" attitude needed to thrive in a fast-growing company Self-accountability/motivation Innovation Tenacity Drive to ensure success Self-motivation, persuasiveness and competitiveness Recruitment Process: 2 stage process Package: Salary commensurate with experience excellent benefits package Evolve Selection is a leading UK recruitment and contract sales organisation (CSO), operating within the Pharmaceutical, Healthcare and Medical Device sectors. We offer a highly comprehensive range of permanent recruitment and flexible contract sales solutions. Please do not hesitate to get in contact with us on


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25 ea. 2009 1 oz Canadian Maple Leaf Silver Coins
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Coins & Currency
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Aug 03, 2009
- Channel: Auction House
This auction is for a roll of 25 brilliant uncirculated 1 ounce 99.99% pure silver Canadian Maple Leaf coins. The coins come in a plastic tube. The roll will ship USPS priority mail in a small Flat Rate box for $4.95. Insurance (estimated $6.70) is optional, and will be calculated based on final price. SILVER IS EXPECTED TO SHINE IN 2009!!!


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Evening Front Desk Associate
Cause Areas
WhenIt's flexible! We'll work with your schedule.
WhereP.O. Box 540589154 Moody StreetWaltham, MA 02454
The CRPIC Evening Associate works with the Evening Manager and Director on matters pertaining to the day-to-day operations of the public access lab. Some of these tasks include:
o Create a friendly and welcoming environment and provide assistance to public users, as needed
o Help orient first time users and assist people interested in learning more about our courses and tutoring
o Monitor front desk activities and assist patrons, in-person or on the phone
o Ensure tutors and tutees are signed-in and assigned to a lab; schedule new appointments for tutees
o Ensure computers, monitors, keyboards, and desks are clean & organized at closing. Make sure front desk is orderly and supplies are restocked, as needed.
o Perform basic data entry work related to client demographics
Good Match For
Requirements & Commitment
- Must be at least 16


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|Stephen Colebourne <scolebou...@btopenworld.com>
|[vfs] Interfaces Re: [vfs][REVOTE] release version 1.0
|Wed, 07 Dec 2005 00:52:59 GMT
Another query, are you happy that you will never want to add a method to FileObject, or any other interface in VFS? Commons tends to be strict about not allowing changes like this. Possible solutions to adding a method in the future are - to create a FileObject2 subinterface - to go to version 2.0 Alternatively define FileObject (and possibly other interfaces) as an abstract class now, then you don't have the same problems. At the very least, if you think that you might change the interface, you should add in the javadoc that it might change in v2.0. Stephen Mario Ivankovits wrote: > Hi! > > Even if the last vode passed I decided to restart the voting based on RC7. > RC7 is now using commons-net 1.4.1 and built using the jdk1.3 compiler > also some rearrangements have taken place to accommodate to our > guidlines (e.g. include xdocs into src distribution) > > As previously posted please find the RC7 at > http://people.apache.org/~imario/vfs > > Please vote: > > [ ] +1 I support this release and am willing to help > [ ] +0 I support this release but am unable to help > [ ] -0 I do not support this release > [ ] -1 I do not support this release, and here are my reasons > > > Sorry if this revote bothers you, but after all what happens in the last > days on our mailinglist I thought if would be better to do so. > > Thanks! > Mario > > > --------------------------------------------------------------------- > To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com > For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com > > --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
|View raw message


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Doctor insights on:
Myocarditis Body
How does myocarditis effect the body?
Can be significant: Myocarditis can be associated with heart failure and therefore can have serious detrimental effects on the body. ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
What is myocarditis?
Myocarditis: Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium. The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall. Myocarditis can range from mild to very severe. The american journal of cardiovascular pathology goes further and describes it as "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes.". ...Read moreSee 2 more doctor answers
How common is myocarditis?
Rare but: More common with HIV positive patients. Since myocarditis is often due to a viral illness, many patients give a history of symptoms consistent with a recent viral infection, including fever, rash, diarrhea, joint pains, and easy fatigueability.Myocardial inflammation can be suspected on the basis of electrocardiographic (ECG) results, elevated c-reactive protein (CRP) and/or erythrocyte sed rates. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Can myocarditis hereditary?
No: Myocarditis is not really a genetic disease. Genetic factors passed on to children can make them more susceptible. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Can you die from myocarditis?
Myocarditis: Yes. Death can occur if myocarditis results in heart failure from failure of pumping or cardiac arrythmias. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Would I no if I had myocarditis?
Sometimes: Myocarditis is frequently without symptoms. If you were to have symptoms, they could include a sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, muscle aches, palpitations, or fatigue. ...Read more
What are symptoms of myocarditis ?
Chest pain: Typical symptoms of myocarditis re chest pain, shortness of breath and palpitations (irregular heart beat) Check out this site for more information. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myocarditis/basics/symptoms/con-20027303 If you think you have this see a doctor as soon as possible. ...Read more
At what age does myocarditis occur?
Any age: It may occur at any time, from infants to the elderly. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Do a lot of people get myocarditis?
Maybe: Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscles) may occur from a variety of sources. In addition to viral infections there are bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and other inciting organisms. In addition one can have cancerous myocarditis and also a variety of metabolic conditions can also cause this (hemochromatosis, e.g.). Cannot calculate the overall frequency with which these occur. ...Read more
What are the causes of myocarditis?
Myocarditis: The specific cause of myocarditis is often not identified, but there are numerous potential causes including infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), connective tissue and autoimmune diseases, and medications, to name some. ...Read more
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
- Myocarditis
- Treatment for myocarditis
- Myocarditis pediatric
- Ask a doctor a question free online
- Myocarditis symptoms
- Pathophysiology of myocarditis
- Lymphocytic myocarditis
- Is myocarditis hereditary?
- Talk to a infectious disease specialist online


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Each month, Rated People connects over 50,000 homeowners with quality tradesmen - simply enter your job details in the form above to get started.
We'll match your job to the relevant tradesmen in your area - those interested will pay to see your contact details and call you to quote.
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After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
Drainage Specialist
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Brittany Spence's "Much ado retelling"
It was a few days into Hero"s and Claudio's wedding. I was told to meet Barchio with an offer I couldn't turn down. The night before the wedding. I was told to meet Barchio in Hero's room and to appear as if i was her. To trick Claudio into making him mistake me as Hero. So at the right time i put on her scarf and faced my back to the window. As me and Barchio was having fun Claudio saw us and fled thinking she cheated on him. Then he doesnt talk to her until the big night and he smarts mouth her at the wedding and she dies because of shame but shes not really dead she just


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Hey people, so what's your dream job and what are you actually doing to achive your goal?
I'm starting, my dream job is to become a radio presenter and a tv host just like Ryan Seacrest. Right now I'm working on a local radio in my country bur don't know how to become better and better :)
Most Helpful Girl
My job would be to have the job of Ellen Degeneres and help people all over the world. I would donate most of my money & help the poor00|00|0
That's perfect idea, so you be Ellen and I be Ryan Seacrest in the future! Hope you'll achieve your goal by the way :)
Thanks <3 & yep :) We will take over the world :) haha
Evil plans, evil plans :) lol


text: Confidence in a recovering global economy is extending into 2013 as investor fears surrounding the fiscal cliff eased, according to the BofA Merrill Lynch Fund Manager Survey for December. A net 40 percent of investors believe the global economy will strengthen in the year ahead, a rise of six percentage points month-on-month and double the reading two months ago. The number of investors viewing the U.S. fiscal cliff as the biggest tail risk has fallen to 47 percent, down from 54 percent in November. Despite this fall, however, the fiscal cliff remains the number one worry. Emerging markets are the preferred region for the panel. Optimism about China's economy has reached the highest level recorded by this survey. A net 67 percent of the regional survey respondents say China's economy will strengthen in the coming year, up from a net 51 percent in November. A net 38 percent of asset allocators are overweight emerging market equities, double the level of September's survey. "The bulls are back in China, while policy makers elsewhere put bears onto the back foot. If the bulls are to claim a decisive victory, we need hard evidence that the economy is reaccelerating," Michael Hartnett, chief investment strategist at BofA Merrill Lynch Global Research said. "Growth expectations and positioning are converging to mid-range levels, but many still think earnings expectations are too high. When these concerns subside, it's likely that cheap valuations of European stocks will attract global fund managers," said John Bilton, European investment strategist. The number of asset allocators overweight U.S. equities has fallen since November. But allocations to the eurozone are outweighing U.S. allocations for the first time since November 2010. The net percentage of asset allocators overweight eurozone equities has risen to seven, up from a net 1 percent in November. In terms of sector, investors have maintained a broadly "risk on" stance – allocations to cyclical sectors Consumer Discretionary and Industrials have increased, and the market is firmly overweight both. But the number one sector remains Pharmaceuticals.