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1. Run Security Task Manager to check your DrvLsnr process
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Process name: SoundMax Audio Driver
Product: SoundMax Digital Audio Controller
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Company: SoundMax (soundmax.com)
File: DrvLsnr.exe
The driver files for the SoundMAX Audio Controller, this process runs in the background and acts as the interface between your audio software and the physical controller. SoundMAX was purchased by Conexant Technologies, an American semiconductor corporation. Founded in 1999, it is located in Irvine, California.
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|Compaq/ADI SoundMAX integrated digital audio controller related xp
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|it is defo for sound max i uninstalled my sound mx driver and i no longer had this system process but when i re installed it was back so it is 100% SAFE jbmac
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City Council's Not Quite Ready to Give the Convention Center Hotel to Omni
What the convention center hotel's supposed to look like, more or less, except it won't be so, ya know, small.
Sam Merten
Item No. 3 on the Dallas City Council's briefing agenda for today reads as follows:
Approve the execution of the Hotel Operating Agreement between Omni Hotels Management Corporation and the Dallas Convention Center Hotel Development Corporation, the City's local government corporation - Financing: No cost consideration to the City.
But, this just in from City Hall: The council has yet again put off approving Omni as the hotel's operator. No word on why, only that "staff has some more work to do" before the council can give its final okee-doke. Sam has mentioned that Bill Marriott also wants a shot at the contract, but so far, no word on whether his bid is being considered.
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On Saturday it will mark 6 years since my son Alexander passed away.. I created a layout in honor of him. I used Gabrielle Pollacco's sketch for the Bo Bunny Layout Challenge. It's a beautiful Sketch and I did my own take on it using the Bo Bunny Gabrielle Collection which was perfect to showcase my Angel Alex.
I also wrote a poem On the layout which is called " On An Angel's Wing"
I send you this plea. On an angel's wing take care of my precious boy. He was taken to soon before his heart could sing. On an angel's wing I send my love and tears. Please hear my plea. Alex I love and miss you more everyday. On an angel's wing you now soar. Not on earth with me anymore. I just want you to know you mean more to me than you will ever know. I love You Mom xoxoxo
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$1.01 $0.71


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Scholarship Information
MLC School offers a range of scholarships, including scholarships for new students, continuing students, music students, Aboriginal students and daughters of Old Girls. Some of our scholarships are means tested. For all scholarships at Year 7 level and above, candidates must sit an entrance examination held at the school. Shortlisted candidates are later invited to a Scholarships Activity Day to take part in a variety of activities with other shortlisted candidates and attend an interview. The entrance examination is held early in Term 1 with the Scholarship Activity Day held later in the term. Scholarship offers are made to successful candidates by the end of Term 1.
To be considered for the Gawalgalyung Junior School Scholarship, no testing is required. Candidates are invited to spend the morning in the Junior School and there will also be an interview for parents.
MLC School Scholarships for 2018 have closed.
Year 7 to Year 11 2019 scholarships will open in October 2017.
Scholarship Types
MLC School Scholarships
Awarded to applicants who demonstrate significant achievement, and potential, in two or more of the following areas:
- Academic ability
- Leadership
- Cultural/creative/performing arts
- Service
- Sport
Music Scholarships
Awarded to applicants who achieve excellent results on the entrance examination and are exceptional musicians on their chosen instrument. Successful Music Scholarship applicants are required to participate in the full music program offered by MLC School for the duration of their time at the school. This commitment requires full participation in the elective music program from Year 9 to Year 12. This is an integrated course of individual performance, ensemble performance, study of musicology, aural development and composition. Successful Music Scholarship applicants will also be required to participate in the core music ensembles and the required music performances throughout the year.
Edna Curtis (daughter of an Old Girl) Scholarships
Awarded to the applicant who achieves excellent results on the entrance examination and successfully meets the 'all rounder' criteria but is also the daughter of a former student of the school. The half scholarship is awarded by the Old Girls' Union.
Gawalgalyung Junior School Scholarships
MLC School is currently accepting applications for the Gawalgalyung Scholarship program. The Gawalgalyung Scholarship is designed to enrol Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander girls whose financial circumstances would exclude them from attending MLC School on a full fee paying basis.
MLC School has had a long relationship with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. In 1942 the House System was adopted at MLC School. The names chosen for the Houses were Aboriginal words; Mooramoora, Leawarra, Churunga and Booralee. The announcement in the school's magazine 'Excelsior' recognised the traditional owners of Australia.
'It is the Aboriginal people who have given us the names for
our Houses, so that the tradition which we begin this year has
its roots in Australia's most distant past. They are lovely names,
both in sound and meaning given to us by the people whose
land Australia really is.' –Excelsior, December 1942
To qualify for the Gawalgalyung Scholarship, applicants must meet all of the following criteria:
- The applicant must be an Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander person
- Demonstrate an enthusiasm and commitment to an MLC School education
- Parental/family/guardian support
- Agree to the MLC School Conditions of Enrolment
2019 Year 7 Scholarships – Registrations open in October 2017
MLC School offers full and part scholarships for entry into Year 7 in 2018. Continuing MLC School students and prospective new students are encouraged to apply. The three types of scholarships awarded to Year 7 applicants include:
- MLC School Scholarship
- Music Scholarship
- Edna Curtis Scholarship (daughter of an Old Girl)
2019 Year 8, Year 9, Year 10 and Year 11 Scholarships – Registrations open in October 2017
To commence in Term 4 2017. MLC School offers full and part scholarships for entry into Year 8, Year 9, Year 10 and Year 11 in 2018. Prospective new students and continuing MLC School students are encouraged to apply for these MLC School Scholarships.
For more information about scholarships, email email@example.com.
Scholarship FAQs
When is the scholarship test?
Early Term 1
What time does the scholarship testing day commence and conclude?
One week prior to the testing day
When do applications close?
Wednesday 1 February 2018
What do I need to provide in support of my daughter's application?
Once you have registered with ACER, MLC School will be in contact with you to request further information in relation to your daughter's application.
How much does it cost to register for the scholarship program at MLC School?
Can we visit the school prior to the scholarship test?
Yes, we have Senior School tours scheduled throughout the year. Click here to register for a tour.
What is the scholarship test structure?
The tests involved in the ACER scholarship test include:
Test 1: Written expression (extended response)
Test 2: Humanities (multiple choice)
Test 3: Mathematics (multiple choice)
Test 4: Written expression (extended response)
For more information on these tests or to purchase practise materials please visit the ACER website.
What does my daughter need to bring with her on the scholarship testing day
Students are asked to bring two HB or B pencils, a pencil eraser and two blue or black pens. No rulers, mathematical instruments of any kind, books or papers are required. All materials needed, other than pencils, erasers and pens are provided in the testing room. Refreshments will be provided. While students are not permitted to take mobile phones into the testing rooms, provisions will be made for phones to be stored during the testing period. Smart watches should be left at home.
What should my daughter wear to the scholarship test?
Neat, casual and comfortable clothes
When will the music auditions be held?
What will my daughter have to prepare for her music audition?
Students will need to prepare and play two contrasting pieces or one piece on each instrument if playing two instruments. If you wish for your daughter to perform with an accompanist you will need to provide your own. Students will also need to sing the first verse of Advance Australia Fair unaccompanied starting on an E or a G, undertake aural testing for pitch and rhythm and participate in an informal question and answer session. Practice rooms will be available on the date of the auditions. Audition times and location will be emailed to applicants after the scholarship closing date.
What happens after the testing?
Shortlisted candidates will be invited to a Scholarships Activity Day to take part in a variety of activities with other shortlisted candidates and attend an interview. Parents of shortlisted candidates will be invited to attend a tour of the school during this time.
How do I receive my daughter's results?
On the day the results are available you will receive an email from ACER to your nominated email address with details on how to access the results report. The results will be available from an ACER website which will be specified in the email.
If you have any login issues, please email ACER, including your child's name, school applied for and current year level.
Please note: neither MLC School or ACER will provide student results over the phone or via email.
It is expected that successful applicants will continue their education at the school until the end of Year 12. If a recipient withdraws from the Scholarship program:
a) For the purpose of joining another independent school or selective school which is located within 30 kilometres of MLC School; or
b) For the purposes of receiving either a scholarship or a bursary at any other educational or musical institution in Australia or overseas,
Then any fees that have been offset against the annual tuition fees by MLC School will need to be immediately reimbursed in full.
For all scholarship enquiries, please email firstname.lastname@example.com.
|Learn more about MLC School - Request a Prospectus


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It's name derived from the Mando'a word for "carrying out" and "execution", the fighter was used by the Mandalorians for capital ship protection. The 8.8 meter long Davaab starfighter was wide, boasting asymmetrical wings: a longer, bent fin-shape wing and a shorter wing with a cannon. A bubble canopy allowed the pilot to see his immediate surroundings.[2] The craft was designed to land with each wing rotated horizontally, similar to the operation of the B-wing starfighter millennia later.[4] The design of the fighter also vaguely resembled the Miy'til and Ginivex-class starfighters of the Clone Wars era.[5]
It was based on a heavily modified Core Galaxy Systems model from before the Great Sith War[1], and could be seen in many variations under the Mandalorian Crusaders owners. By the time the Neo-Crusaders ideals began spreading throughout the Mandalorian forces, the type was mass produced in their war forges, supplying new warriors with a more recognizable model.
Although unknown when they first became used by the Mandalorians, the Davaab-type fighter saw action during the Mandalorian's conquest on the outer rim.[2] Mandalorian Crusaders saw the Davaab starfighters as objects of personal pride[1], and willingly invested their personal time and resources on modifications and upgrades.
During the expansion of the Neo-Crusader doctrine, the Davaab fighter took a more uniform look. Many older Mandalorians, annoyed by the new fighter's stock package and lack of interior comforts, began modifying the fighters like before in secret and behind the backs of their Rally Masters. [1]A number of these fighters fought in the Battle of Vanquo and later in the Invasion of Taris.[6][7] Following the subjugation of the Upper City, these fighters patrolled the skylanes while the ground troops moved to the lower levels of the planet-wide city


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A supermatrix analysis of genomic, morphological, and paleontological data from crown Cetacea
Cetacea (dolphins, porpoises, and whales) is a clade of aquatic species that includes the most massive, deepest diving, and largest brained mammals. Understanding the temporal pattern of diversification in the group as well as the evolution of cetacean anatomy and behavior requires a robust and well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis. Although a large body of molecular data has accumulated over the past 20 years, DNA sequences of cetaceans have not been directly integrated with the rich, cetacean fossil record to reconcile discrepancies among molecular and morphological characters.
We combined new nuclear DNA sequences, including segments of six genes (~2800 basepairs) from the functionally extinct Yangtze River dolphin, with an expanded morphological matrix and published genomic data. Diverse analyses of these data resolved the relationships of 74 taxa that represent all extant families and 11 extinct families of Cetacea. The resulting supermatrix (61,155 characters) and its sub-partitions were analyzed using parsimony methods. Bayesian and maximum likelihood (ML) searches were conducted on the molecular partition, and a molecular scaffold obtained from these searches was used to constrain a parsimony search of the morphological partition. Based on analysis of the supermatrix and model-based analyses of the molecular partition, we found overwhelming support for 15 extant clades. When extinct taxa are included, we recovered trees that are significantly correlated with the fossil record. These trees were used to reconstruct the timing of cetacean diversification and the evolution of characters shared by "river dolphins," a non-monophyletic set of species according to all of our phylogenetic analyses.
The parsimony analysis of the supermatrix and the analysis of morphology constrained to fit the ML/Bayesian molecular tree yielded broadly congruent phylogenetic hypotheses. In trees from both analyses, all Oligocene taxa included in our study fell outside crown Mysticeti and crown Odontoceti, suggesting that these two clades radiated in the late Oligocene or later, contra some recent molecular clock studies. Our trees also imply that many character states shared by river dolphins evolved in their oceanic ancestors, contradicting the hypothesis that these characters are convergent adaptations to fluvial habitats.
It has been 12 years since the publication of Messenger and McGuire
Figure 1
Previous hypotheses that position extant river dolphins, including
Previous hypotheses that position extant river dolphins, including
Figure 2
Previous hypotheses that position extant river dolphins, including
Previous hypotheses that position extant river dolphins, including
In the absence of a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for Cetacea that includes extant and extinct taxa, molecular systematists have used DNA-based clocks to time branching events within Cetacea (e.g,
Messenger and McGuire
Skeletal similarities among river dolphins were long thought to be evidence of their monophyly
The main objectives of the current study are: 1) to derive a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for crown Cetacea that is based on a supermatrix analysis of both genomic and paleontological data, 2) to allocate, for the first time, many extinct crown cetaceans to clades with extant members in the context of molecular data, and to discuss the temporal implications of these allocations for the radiation of crown Odontoceti and crown Mysticeti, and 3) to use our integrated supermatrix analysis of molecules, morphology, and fossils to reconstruct the biogeographic history of river dolphins and the evolution of skeletal features shared by these species. Our combined dataset merges published data with newly generated morphological and molecular characters, including six nu gene fragments (~2,800 basepairs) for the Yangtze River dolphin, a species that has been difficult to place in previous systematic studies. Unlike previous systematic studies that have sampled nearly all extant species of Cetacea
Table 1
Classification of named taxa and operational taxonomic units included in phylogenetic analyses.
†ChM PV2761
†ChM PV2764
†ChM PV4178
†ChM PV4802
†ChM PV4961
†ChM PV5852
†ChM PV2758
†ChM PV4746
†ChM PV4834
†ChM PV5711
†ChM PV4745
†ChM PV5720
Taxa and OTUs included in the phylogenetic analysis are unbolded. * Taxa named in the present study (see Appendix). ^ Taxa assumed to be monophyletic in analyses. † Extinct.
Phylogenetic Hypotheses Based on Fossils and Molecules
The primary focus of this study was to produce phylogenetic hypotheses for crown group Cetacea that incorporate extensive character information from both fossils and molecules. First, we executed separate analyses of morphological and molecular datasets to record phylogenetic patterns. Then, we analyzed the combined database in a parsimony supermatrix context and executed an analysis of the morphological data constrained to fit the ML/Bayesian molecular tree.
The morphological dataset includes 304 characters with a focus on variation in the skull region (Figure
Figure 3
Characters in our supermatrix of Cetacea
Characters in our supermatrix of Cetacea. Datasets (top) sampled for each of the 29 extant taxa in the analysis (left) are indicated by cream colored circles (see Methods for composition of composite operational taxonomic units). The chromosomal positions of most nuclear loci in the domestic cow genome are given (29 autosomes, X and Y sex chromosomes, "-" = not mapped). "Tran-" indicates sequences that flank SINE insertions
Additional file 1
Supplementary Figures. Includes supplementary figs. 1, 2, and 3, which depict parsimony, implied weighting, and Bayesian trees for the morphological partition.
Click here for file
The molecular partition includes mt genomes, transposon insertions, and segments of 69 nu loci that are distributed across the different chromosomes of the cow genome (Figure
Additional file 2
Supplementary Tables. Includes supplementary tables 1, 2, 3, and 4. These tables list sources of DNA and tissue samples, ages of all OTUs, results of analyses that measure the stratigraphic fits of the phylogenetic hypotheses we obtained, and details on some suboptimal trees.
Click here for file
Figure 4
Topologies supported by analyses of molecular data in the supermatrix
Topologies supported by analyses of molecular data in the supermatrix. ML/Bayesian tree for all molecular data (A) parsimony tree for all molecular data (B), and ML/Bayesian tree for the nuclear data (C) are shown. Bootstrap scores >50% are above internodes, and Bayesian posterior probabilities >0.50 are below internodes. In B, gray circles at nodes indicate conflicts between the parsimony tree for all molecular data and the ML/Bayesian tree for all molecular data (A). In C, the gray circle indicates the single conflict between the ML/Bayesian tree for nuclear data and the parsimony tree for nuclear data (not shown). The white circles in C mark nodes that are unresolved in the parsimony analysis. Higher-level cetacean taxa are delimited by brackets to the right of the tree in A.
Our Bayesian/ML tree is largely congruent with the parsimony trees obtained from the analysis of our morphological and molecular supermatrix (described below) (Figure
Figure 5
Strict consensus of minimum length trees derived from parsimony analysis of the supermatrix
Strict consensus of minimum length trees derived from parsimony analysis of the supermatrix. Lineages that connect extant taxa are colored; river dolphin lineages are red, and other branches are blue. Dotted lines represent fossil lineages and lead to extinct taxa/OTUs (†). Branch support (BS) is above internodes, and double decay branch support (ddBS) is to the right of nodes that define relationships among extant taxa (cream background). BS and ddBS are expressed in terms of the number of extra steps beyond minimum tree length. BS scores are rounded up to the nearest tenth of a step, and ddBS scores are rounded up to the nearest step. Higher-level groupings are delimited by brackets to the right of the tree.
Nearly all nodes in the Bayesian/ML molecular tree were well supported; 21 nodes received a PP of 1.0 and bootstrap support of 100% (Figure
Our overall supermatrix merged information from the fossil record and from the mt and nu genomes. Two most parsimonious trees were found for the combined supermatrix, each 41081.07 steps in length, and the strict consensus of these two trees is well resolved (Figure
Branch support values generally are low (Figure
Relationships among odontocete families are broadly congruent with published molecular and morphological studies (Figure
A more controversial finding is a sister-group relationship between
Figure 6
Strict consensus of minimum length trees derived from parsimony analysis of the morphological data with implied weighting (k = 3) and relationships among extant taxa constrained to fit the ML/Bayesian analysis of all molecular data (Figure 4A)
Strict consensus of minimum length trees derived from parsimony analysis of the morphological data with implied weighting (k = 3) and relationships among extant taxa constrained to fit the ML/Bayesian analysis of all molecular data (Figure 4A). Lineages that connect extant taxa are colored; river dolphin lineages are red, and other branches are blue. Dotted lines represent fossil lineages and lead to extinct taxa/OTUs (†). Divergence times between extant taxa in the tree are according to the molecular clock analysis of McGowen et al.
Similar to the situation with
Relationships within Ziphiidae are somewhat unconventional (Figure
Within Delphinidae,
Of the 45 extinct taxa and/or specimens included in the analysis, the majority were determined to be stem odontocetes (Figure
Within the odontocete crown group, two extinct taxa,
The Miocene mysticetes
In addition to the parsimony analysis of the supermatrix, we also executed a morphological analysis with ML/Bayesian molecular constraints. This search yielded three trees, each with a score of 15214.10, which differ only in the relationships of three xenorophids:
The ML/Bayesian molecular constraint positions
Temporal Implications of Phylogenetic Hypotheses
The fit between the fossil record (Table
Table 2
Ages, cladistic codings for the stratigraphic character, and distributions of extinct taxa included in the phylogenetic analyses.
†ChM PV4745
†ChM PV5720
†ChM PV4178
†ChM PV5852
†ChM PV2758
†ChM PV2761
†ChM PV2764
†ChM PV4746
†ChM PV4802
†ChM PV4834
†ChM PV4961
†ChM PV5711
New Zealand
Tasmania, Australia
USA: MD, VA; Belgium
USA: MD, VA; Belgium; France
Peru; Chile
In cases where the FAD and LAD cannot be distinguished, and multiple specimens are known, the LAD is arbitrarily placed 200 Ka after the FAD. FAD: first appearance datum; LAD: last appearance datum; * provenance uncertain. See Additional file
Sister-group relationships and the first appearances of extinct taxa in the fossil record suggest that the diversifications of crown Odontoceti and crown Mysticeti postdated the Oligocene, in contrast to molecular clock studies that suggested earlier dates (Figure
The shortest suboptimal trees that included Oligocene mysticetes within crown Mysticeti were somewhat longer than their counterparts on the odontocete side of the tree (13.72-20.84 steps longer than minimum length trees). Most of these hypotheses could be rejected at p ≤ 0.05 for the Templeton and winning-sites tests; the sole exception was a topology that placed
The Evolution of River Dolphins
Not surprisingly, all morphological character states shared by river dolphins cannot be simply described as convergences, reversals, or symplesiomorphies. We focused on nine of the potential river dolphin "synapomorphies" listed by Geisler and Sanders
Figure 7
Homology ("H" in tan boxes) versus analogy ("A" in pink boxes) of character states shared by extant river dolphins including
Homology ("H" in tan boxes) versus analogy ("A" in pink boxes) of character states shared by extant river dolphins including
For the trees derived from parsimony analysis of the supermatrix, two characters are symplesiomorphic (number of mandibular teeth and fused mandibular symphysis). Character 218 (globular promontorium) is symplesiomorphic for all river dolphins, but there are two subsequent reversals to the primitive condition in
Combination of Diverse Evidence and the Phylogeny of Neoceti
Our analyses found strong support for several traditionally recognized clades. Most notable is the support for Mysticeti, Inioidea, and Delphinida; the ddBS for each is more than 100 steps. All of our phylogenetic analyses that included molecular evidence (Figures
A parsimony search of the complete supermatrix (Figure
Dating the Radiations of Crown Odontoceti and Crown Mysticeti
We used the first appearances between sister taxa in the fossil record to infer minimum dates of divergence at particular nodes in our trees. In all analyses that included extinct taxa, we were not able to confirm the hypothesis based on molecular clocks that eight to ten distinct lineages of cetaceans that have extant representatives existed by the end of the Oligocene
Examples of Oligocene taxa/specimens that have been referred to clades within crown Odontoceti, but were not sampled here because they could not be coded based on published descriptions, are
A review of recent literature would suggest that there are several accepted records of Platanistoidea in the Oligocene
Among described Oligocene mysticetes, Steeman
Other putative records of crown odontocetes or crown mysticetes in the Oligocene consist of undescribed taxa that we have not had the opportunity to study. Ichishima et al.
The above discussion should not be understood as a rejection of any putative crown odontocete or mysticete in the Oligocene. To the contrary, we think that several early splits in crown Odontoceti and crown Mysticeti did occur in the late Oligocene because the oldest undisputed physeteroids
Given our criticism of some of the calibration points used in molecular clock studies, we present a more conservative, and better justified, set of points (Table
Table 3
Calibration points for molecular clock analyses.
Preferred Calibration Points
Age Range of FAD
7.2-11.6 Ma
18.5-19.5 Ma
30.5-32.3 Ma
47-52 Ma
Other Suggested Calibration Points
7.5-9.5 Ma
Crown Ziphiidae
13.2-15 Ma
20-23 Ma
Crown Mysticeti
20-23 Ma
34-35 Ma
Relationships of taxa in the "preferred calibration points" are based on phylogenetic analyses that combine molecular and morphological data. Taxa in "other suggested calibration points" either vary in their position among combined analyses of molecules and morphology or have been placed based on phylogenetic analysis of morphological data only. Nodes refer to node-based definitions of these taxa. FAD: first appearance datum. See text for supporting references.
We are less confident about the last five calibration points (Table
Our phylogenetic analyses support the exclusion of Oligocene cetaceans from crown Mysticeti and crown Odontoceti, however we used two statistical tests (Templeton/Wilcoxon rank sum and winning-sites tests) to determine whether our supermatrix strongly rejects hypotheses that include one or more Oligocene taxa in either of these clades. With one exception, we could reject all hypotheses that placed any of the Oligocene mysticetes we sampled in crown Mysticeti. The sole suboptimal topology that the Templeton test did not reject places Eomysticetidae as the sister-group to Balaenidae. Although a few characters do support a clade of eomysticetids and balaenids (absence of coracoid process of scapula, transverse groove on involucrum of bulla), the skull of eomysticetids is radically different from that of balaenids. Unlike the Templeton test, the balaenid + eomysticetid hypothesis was rejected by the winning-sites test (p = 0.017).
For odontocetes, positioning one or more of the Oligocene OTUs we sampled inside crown Odontoceti cost between 10.25 and 16.29 steps. One important exception was a tree that placed the undescribed OTU ChM PV4802 as the sister-group to Synrhina (5.27 steps longer). If this suboptimal tree is accurate, then at the end of the Oligocene there would have been at least three separate lineages of odontocetes that have extant descendants. ChM PV4802 is more like extant odontocetes than other Oligocene taxa we sampled in having extreme polydonty, probable homodonty (dentition is not completely preserved), near absence of the parietals from the skull roof, and development of a fossa on the palatine for the pterygoid sinus. It also shares with eurhinodelphids, ziphiids, and
Most trees that position Oligocene taxa inside crown Odontoceti require many more steps than the minimum length trees, but the suboptimal topologies could not be rejected at p ≤ 0.05 using the Templeton or winning-sites tests. Thus, it is possible that the morphological data are simply not robust enough to determine, with confidence, whether certain Oligocene fossils are stem or crown odontocetes. However, detailed inspection of many of these trees reveals problematic patterns. The shortest tree that includes
Evolution of Riverine Odontocetes
The current consensus among morphologists is that
Figure 8
The evolution of shared character states of river dolphins that are linked to prey capture
The evolution of shared character states of river dolphins that are linked to prey capture. Five characters (#s 24, 37, 39, 40, 188) are mapped onto the parsimony supermatrix tree (A; see Fig. 5) and the ML/Bayesian constrained tree (B; see Fig. 6) using delayed transformation optimization. Changes to the states shared by river dolphins are marked by colored bars on branches; character reversals in some taxa are not shown for simplicity. Marine (blue background) versus riverine (brown background) habitat also is optimized onto the two trees. In C, arrows point to characters 24, 37, 39, 40, and 188 in
Cassens et al.
Now that there is a consensus that river dolphins do not form a natural group, it is useful to revisit the morphological evidence that initially led to the hypothesis that these taxa are very closely related. The most obvious morphological feature shared by
River dolphin paraphyly/polyphyly implies several possible evolutionary explanations for morphological characters shared by extant river dolphins and
The fact that odontocetes restricted to rivers share several morphological features has led some to hypothesize that these features are adaptations to fluvial environments
Given the above discussion, the elongate zygomatic processes, long mandibular symphyses, and other traits shared by river dolphins may be convergent, particulary if we accept the ML/Bayesian constrained trees (see Figure
If we optimize habitat on the parsimony trees (Figure
Figure 9
External similarities among the three extant river dolphins and
External similarities among the three extant river dolphins and
1. The relationships among extant lineages of Cetacea were investigated through phylogenetic analyses of diverse molecular data and parsimony analysis of the entire supermatrix, which included molecules, morphology, and extinct taxa. Of the 26 nodes defining relationships among extant taxa, support for one third of them is overwhelming, with ML bootstrap of 100%, PP of 1.0, and ddBS > 100 steps: Cetacea plus Hippopotamidae, Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteroidea, Balaenopteridae, Physeteroidea, Delphinida, Inioidea, and Phocoenidae. Another seven clades have very strong support, with ML bootstrap of 100%, PP of 1.0, and ddBS values between 100 and 20 steps: Odontoceti, Synrhina, Ziphiidae, Delphinoidea, Monodontoidae, Delphinidae, and Delphininae. Although there was broad congruence among these analyses,
2. All trees with extinct taxa had a statistically significant fit with the fossil record, suggesting that the fossil record of crown Cetacea is quite good. Of the 25 described and undescribed Oligocene cetaceans included in our analyses, all were positioned outside of crown Odontoceti and crown Mysticeti. Thus our results do not support the hypothesis that the basal splits in both crown groups occurred in the late Eocene to early Oligocene as proposed by several molecular clock studies. However, we could not statistically reject some suboptimal topologies that placed Oligocene odontocetes within crown Odontoceti. Futhermore, additional Oligocene taxa need to be included in future combined phylogenetic analyses of molecular and morphological data - most notably
3. By allocating multiple, extinct, marine odontocetes to clades that include extant river dolphins, our analyses support the hypothesis that marine odontocetes invaded river systems on multiple occasions. Extant river dolphins share a suite of morphological features associated with raptorial prey capture. Some of these character states are symplesiomorphic whereas others may be convergent, depending upon the topology accepted and on alternative equally parsimonious optimizations. On the ML/Bayesian constrained trees, most if not all of these states evolved in marine lineages, whereas on the trees derived from a parsimony analysis of the supermatrix, at least half of these characters evolved in marine taxa. Even on the latter trees, no river dolphin character associated with prey capture is interpreted to have evolved separately on the three terminal branches leading to extant freshwater taxa. Thus we find little support for the hypothesis that these characters are adaptations to river environments.
Morphological Data
The morphological dataset incorporated in the present study is an expanded version of that published by Geisler and Sanders
Additional file 3
Morphological Character List and Observations. Includes the list of 304 morphological characters, specimen examined and references consulted for the coding those characters, and comments on individual character codings.
Click here for file
Compilation and Alignment of Molecular Data
Sampling of molecular data was guided by the set of extant taxa coded for morphology (above). Molecular data were compiled for 20 of the extant species in the morphology dataset:
For compilation of molecular data, our starting point was a recently published supermatrix for Cetacea that includes transposon insertion events, mt genome data, and information from 45 nu loci that had been published prior to 8/2008
Recently deposited data from Genbank and new sequences from our lab generally were aligned by eye to the previously published matrix
Compilation of Supermatrix (Combined Morphology and Molecules)
The molecular dataset (60,851 characters; 29 extant taxa) was merged with the morphology dataset (304 characters; 29 extant taxa and 45 extinct taxa) into a single, concatenated supermatrix. Extinct taxa were coded as missing (?) for all molecular characters. The final combined dataset was submitted to Morphobank
Phylogenetic Analyses of Morphological Data
Parsimony analyses were conducted using the computer application TNT
Morphological characters were optimized onto trees by parsimony to diagnose clades and to track the evolution of characters shared by extant river dolphins and
Phylogenetic Analyses of Molecular Data
Parsimony searches of the molecular data were done in PAUP*
Bayesian analyses were run in MrBayes 3.1.2
Maximum-likelihood analyses (ML) were conducted in RAxML 7.2.3
A division of the molecular dataset into more subpartitions (codon positions, exons, introns, etc.) was not attempted. The overall molecular supermatrix assembled for this study is quite complex and includes a wide array of molecular data, including mt 1st codons, mt 2nd codons, mt 3rd codons, mt stop codons, mt intergenic regions, mt rDNA stems, mt rDNA loops, mt tRNA stems, mt tRNA loops, mt regions where two protein coding genes overlap (and where codons cannot be classified as 1st, 2nd, or 3rd because a particular site might be a 1st codon for one mt gene and a 2nd codon for another mt gene), mt regions that are protein coding in some taxa but not in others (because the position of the stop codon has shifted during evolutionary history), nu 1st codons, nu 2nd codons, nu 3rd codons, nu stop codons, nu introns, splice sites in nu introns, nu pseudogenes, nu regions that are protein coding in some taxa and are pseudogenic in others (e.g., enamel specific genes in toothed and toothless whales; some of the olfactory receptor loci), nu 5' noncoding regions, nu 3' noncoding regions, multiple members of particular nu gene families, positively selected genes (e.g.,
Simultaneous Analyses of Molecular and Morphological Data
A Bayesian analysis of the complete supermatrix was attempted. Unfortunately the search could not be completed, likely due to the difficulty in placing relatively incomplete fossil taxa, the very large size of the supermatrix, missing molecular data (Figure
Parsimony was utilized as the primary method of analysis for the supermatrix of morphological and molecular data. Analyses were executed in TNT and checked using PAUP* (see above). Characters were weighted as in the combined analysis of Seiffert
To quantify the character evidence for particular clades supported by parsimony analysis of the supermatrix, branch support (BS)
For the supermatrix of extant and extinct taxa (74 OTUs), BS was first calculated for all nodes supported by the combined parsimony analysis. The supermatrix is characterized by extensive missing data, especially for fossils that can only be coded for a subset of the morphological partition and for none of the molecular characters. Therefore, we executed additional analyses and focused our assessments of character support on relationships among extant cetacean taxa. To measure BS for relationships among living species within the context of the fossil data, ddBS analyses
Testing Temporal Implications of Phylogenetic Hypotheses
Analyses were conducted to determine the fits between trees supported by the complete supermatrix and the geologic record. The geologic ranges of extinct taxa sampled in the morphology partition are listed in Table
The highest temporal resolution available for many records downloaded from the paleobiology database is stage, although stratigraphic provenance is usually reported as well. In some cases (e.g. Calvert Group), subsequent geologic studies have provided better constraints on the ages of cetacean-bearing geologic units (e.g,
To determine the degree of fit between the geologic record, as listed in Table
In all phylogenetic analyses of the supermatrix, Oligocene OTU's were excluded from crown Odontoceti and from crown Mysticeti in all minimum length trees (see Results). To assess the significance of these results, sequential ddBS analyses were conducted on two nodes, crown Odontoceti and crown Mysticeti. A total of 25 separate analyses were run, one for each extinct Oligocene OTU, using the supermatrix with character weights as described above. In each analysis, the backbone constraint tree included all extant taxa and one extinct taxon. If an extinct stem odontocete was included, then a search was conducted for the shortest tree that did not include a monophyletic crown Odontoceti. Similarly, if an extinct stem mysticete was included, then a search was conducted for the shortest tree that did not include a monophyletic crown Mysticeti. Using this procedure, the shortest trees that placed Oligocene OTU's inside these crown groups were recovered. To determine the ddBS, the length of minimum length trees (which had Oligocene taxa outside of these crown groups) was subtracted from the length of the suboptimal trees that had Oligocene taxa within the crown clade. The magnitude of ddBS scores provides a measure of the degree to which the supermatrix contradicts these suboptimal topologies; following Lee
Authors' contributions
All authors contributed to the research plan executed in this collaborative research. JHG collected all new morphological data, analyzed the morphological partition, executed most of the parsimony analyses of the supermatrix including all branch support calculations and character optimizations, conducted all analyses that tested temporal implications, and took the lead in writing the manuscript. MM collected new molecular sequences, compiled molecular data from Genbank, assisted in sequence alignment, and conducted all Bayesian/ML analyses. GY collected all new nu DNA sequences from the Yangtze River dolphin, as well as additional DNA sequence data. JG wrote several sections of the text, generated new DNA sequences, compiled molecular data from Genbank, executed sequence alignments, was responsible for final integration of data into the supermatrix, conducted parsimony analyses of molecular data and the supermatrix, and drafted the figures. All authors contributed to the text of the manuscript, have read it in its entirety, and approved its final version.
Appendix 1. Definitions, etymology, and morphological diagnoses for new clade names.
Plicogulae, new clade name, unranked.
Definition: Plicogulae refers to the least inclusive clade within Mysticeti that includes the most recent common ancestor of
Etymology: Derived from Latin for "throats with grooves," referring to the grooves on the ventral side of the head and neck. In Balaenopteridae, these grooves allow for great expansion of the oral cavity during filter feeding
Reference phylogeny: Figure
Composition: Based on Figure
Morphological diagnosis: Plicogulae is diagnosed by the following features: zygomatic processes of the squamosal directed anteriorly (char. 142, state 0); lambdoidal crests of the occiput overhang the temporal fossa (153, 0); dorsal edge of tegmen tympani (i.e. superior process) is indistinct (232, 3); and longitudinal, external grooves on ventral side of head and neck (301, 1). All of these characters exhibit some homoplasy, and the diagnosis presented here is based on unequivocal synapomorphies that are shared between the tree in Figure
Synrhina, new clade name, unranked.
Definition: Synrhina refers to the least inclusive clade within Odontoceti that includes the most recent common ancestor of
Etymology: Derived from Classical Greek for "together nose", referring to the fact that the soft tissue nasal passages distal to the external bony nares are joined for nearly their entire lengths
Reference phylogeny: Figure
Composition: Based on Figure
Morphological diagnosis: Synrhina is diagnosed by the following characters: proximal ethmoid region exposed in dorsal view (char. 92, state 1); nasal passages are confluent immediately distal to external bony nares (95, 2); right soft tissue nasal passage is oriented dorsoventrally (96, 1); presence of blowhole ligament (101, 1), and presence of premaxillary sacs (105, 1).
Monodontoidae, new clade name, unranked.
Definition: Monodontoidae refers to the least inclusive clade within Odontoceti that includes the most recent common ancestor of
Etymology: Derived from Classical Greek for "one tooth", referring to the single large tusk in male members of the species
Reference phylogeny: Figure
Composition: Monodontoidae includes the families Monodontidae and Phocoenidae. According to Muizon et al.
Morphological diagnosis: Monodontoidae is diagnosed by the following characters: large exposure of fused lacrimal and jugal on roof of orbit (char. 55, 2); nasal bears fossa for posterior nasal sac (i.e. caudal sac) (117, 2); low lambdoidal crests of the occiput (153, 2); short anterior sinus, which is an extension of the pterygoid sinus system (157, 1); tympanosquamosal recess borders only part of the glenoid fossa (178, 2); and sternum composed of a single bone (290, 1). This list includes unambiguous, Monodontoidae synapomorphies that are shared by the parsimony and Bayesian constraint trees that we recovered in the present study (Figures
We thank D Pol for providing an unpublished script that runs in the computer application TNT to calculate GER, MSM*, and the statistical significance of the latter. N Solounias helped with the development of the supraspecific taxa named in this study. Illustrations of cetaceans in figures were done by C Buell. JHG wishes to thank several individuals for access to museum collections NB Simmons, E Westwig, D Lunde (American Museum of Natural History), CW Potter, JG Mead, JJ Ososky (National Museum of Natural History), C de Muizon (Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris), AE Sanders (The Charleston Museum), LG Barnes, S McLeod (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County), and AG Mead (Georgia College and State University Museum). We thank G. Braulik, A Dizon, P Morin, K Robertson, H Rosenbaum, M Milinkovitch, and M Heide-Jørgensen for providing DNA samples. R Meredith aided collection of molecular data. This research was funded by NSF grants DEB 1025260 to JHG and DEB 0640313, DEB 0743724, DEB 0213171 to JG, and NSFC (National Natural Science Foundation of China) key project grant 30830016 to GY.
Morphology, molecules, and the phylogenetics of cetaceans
Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Cetacea
Evolutionary history of cetaceans: a review
Comparative facial anatomy of beaked whales (Ziphiidae) and a systematic revision among the families of extant Odontoceti
Sperm whale phylogeny revisted: analysis of the morphological evidence
The fossil record and evolutionary relationships of the genus
The affinities of
Les relations phylogénétiques des Delphinida (Cetacea, Mammalia)
A new Ziphiidae (Cetacea) from the early Miocene of Washington State (USA) and phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of odontocetes
Phylogenetic affinities of the long-snouted dolphin
A study on the molecular phylogeny of river dolphins
Independent adaptation to riverine habitats allowed survival of ancient cetacean lineages
Evolution of river dolphins
Retroposon analysis of major cetacean lineages: the monophyly of toothed whales and paraphyly of river dolphins
Molecular systematics of river dolphins inferred from complete mitochondrial cytochrome-
Molecular phylogenetics of 'river dolphins' and the baiji mitochondrial genome
The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies
Divergence date estimation and a comprehensive molecular tree of extant cetaceans
Radiation of extant cetaceans driven by restructuring of the oceans
Seven new mitochondrial genomes and a time-calibrated phylogeny of whales
Bayesian inference of cetacean phylogeny based on mitochondrial genomes
Diversity versus disparity and the radiation of modern cetaceans
A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals (Cetartiodactyla)
Revised phylogeny of whales suggested by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences
Phylogeny of all major groups of cetaceans based on DNA sequences from three mitochondrial genes
Functional morphology and homology in the odontocete nasal complex: implications for sound generation
Toothed whale monophyly reassessed by SINE insertion analysis: the absence of lineage sorting effects suggests a small population of a common ancestral species
Mitogenomic analyses provide new insights into cetacean origin and evolution
Molecular evidence for the phylogenetic affinities of Cetacea
Phylogenetic relationships of platanistoid river dolphins (Odontoceti, Cetacea): assessing the significance of fossil taxa
Observations on the Baiji (
Classification and phylogeny of the Superfamily Platanistoidea, with notes on evidence of the monophyly of the Cetacea
Hearing in cetaceans-- evolution of the accessory air sacs and the structure and function of the outer and middle ear in recent cetaceans
Phylogenetic relationships among delphinid cetaceans based on full cytochrome b sequences
Molecular systematics of South American dolphins Sotalia: Sister taxa determination and phylogenetic relationships, with insights into a multi-locus phylogeny of the Delphinidae
Evolutionary relationships and classification
A new basal balaenopterid whale from the Pliocene of Northern Italy
Estimating character weights during tree search
A New cetothere (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Early Miocene of Japan
Cladistic analysis and a revised classification of fossil and recent mysticetes
Morphological and molecular evidence for a stepwise evolutionary transition from teeth to baleen in mysticete whales
Skull anatomy of the Oligocene toothed mysticete
The morphology and systematics of
A bizarre new toothed mysticete (Cetacea) from Australia and the early evolution of baleen whales
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link: double decay analysis of phylogenetic hypotheses
Branch support and tree stability
Molecular phylogenetic examination of the Delphinoidea trichotomy: congruent evidence from three nuclear loci indicates that porpoises (Phocoenidae) share a more recent common ancestry with white whales (Monodontidae) than they do with true dolphins (Delphinidae)
Fossil pontoporiid dolphins (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the Pacific coast of North America
A new genus and species of late Miocene pontoporiid dolphin (Cetacea:Odontoceti) from the St. Marys Formation in Maryland
Relationships among the living genera of beaked whales
A high diversity in fossil beaked whales (Mammalia, Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) recovered by trawling from the sea floor off South Africa
A new beaked whale (Odontoceti, Ziphiidae) from the middle Miocene of Peru
A Comprehensive and Validated Molecular Taxonomy of Beaked Whales, Family Ziphiidae
The principles of classification and a classification of mammals
First European pontoporiid dolphins (Mammalia: Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Miocene of the Netherlands
Tortonian pontoporiid odontocetes from the Eastern North Sea
A new Pliocene dolphin (Cetacea: Pontoporiidae), from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina
A new whalebone whale from the Miocene Calvert Formation
A hitherto unrecognised Calvert cetothere
The anatomy and relationships of
The taxonomic and evolutionary history of fossil and modern balaenopteroid mysticetes
The petrosal and inner ear of
Phylogeny of mysticete whales based on mitochondrial and nuclear data
The more the merrier? A large cladistic analysis of mysticetes, and comments on the transition from teeth to baleen
A new
Die systematische stellung der europäischen Squalodontidae (Odontoceti, Mamm.)
A new species of
A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Superfamily Platanistoidea (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti)
SINE insertions: powerful tools for molecular systematics
Stratigraphy and geochemical characterization of the Oligocene-Miocene Maikop series: Implications for the paleogeography of Eastern Azerbaijan
Are squalodonts related to the platanistoids?
The skull and other remains of
Fossil Cetacea of New Zealand II. -On
Fossil Cetacea of New Zealand V. -
A review of kentriodontine dolphins (Cetacea; Delphinoidea; Kentriodontidae): Systematics and biogeography
Oligocene origins of skim-feeding right whales: a small archaic balaenid from New Zealand
The history of whales-their adaptation to life in the water (concluded)
A new stem sperm whale (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea) from the latest Miocene of Peru
Cetáceos fósiles del Museo de la Plata
Skull morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a new diminutive balaenid from the lower Pliocene of Belgium
Review of the Oligocene Cetacea
Big and Slow: Phylogenetic estimates of molecular evolution in baleen whales (Suborder Mysticeti)
Whale evolution and Oligocene Southern Ocean environments
Calibration and error in placental molecular clocks: A conservative approach using the cetartiodactyl fossil record
Phylogenetic relationships of cetaceans to terrestrial artiodactyls, chapter 3
Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) among mammals: increased taxon sampling alters interpretations of key fossils and character evolution
Stratigraphic and micropaleontological constraints on the middle Eocene age of the mammal-bearing Kuldana Formation of Pakistan
Tertiary marine molluscan assemblages of eastern Patagonia (Argentina): a biostratigraphic analysis
Cetacean evolution and Eocene-Oligocene oceans revisited
Eocene climate record of a high southern latitude continental shelf: Seymour Island, Antartica
The phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of true porpoises (Mammalia: Phocoenidae) based on morphological data
Fossil argonauts (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopodida) from late Miocene siltstones of the Los Angeles Basin, California
The telescoping of the cetacean skull
Les vertébrés fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Pérou). deuxiéme partie: les Odontocétes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Pliocéne inférieur de Sud-Sacaco
Amazon River dolphin
The Odontoceti of the >>Mesopotamiense>> of the Parana River ravines. Systematic review
A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among
Odontocete suction feeding: experimental analysis of water flow and head shape
Mandibular and dental variation and the evolution of suction feeding in Odontoceti
Fossil sites
South American aquatic mammals
Age, Stratigraphy, and Correlations of the Late Neogene Purisima Formation, Central California Coast Ranges
Exaptation-a missing term in the science of form
Les vertébrés fossiles de la Formation Pisco (Pérou). troiséme partie: les Odontocétes (Cetacea, Mammalia) du Miocéne
Evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls
Impact of increased character sampling on the phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia): combined analysis including fossils
More DNA support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae clade: the blood-clotting protein gene, gamma-fibrinogen
Inclusion of cetaceans within the Order Artiodactyla based on phylogenetic analyses of pancreatic ribonuclease genes
Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals
Molecular evolution of amelogenin in mammals
The vestigial olfactory receptor subgenome of odontocete whales: phylogenetic congruence between gene-tree reconciliation and supermatrix methods
SeqState - primer design and sequence statistics for phylogenetic DNA data sets
Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses
MorphoBank 2.5: Web application for morphological phylogenetics and taxonomy
TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis
Ordered versus unordered characters
A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence
Character analysis in morphological phylogenetics: problems and solutions
MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models
PAUP: Phylogenetic Analysis using Parsimony, Version 3.1.1
PAUP* Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods), 4.0b10a
MacClade version 4.08 2002
The CIPRES Portals
MrModeltest v2 2004 (Program distributed by the author, Uppsala, Sweden)
AWTY (are we there yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics
RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models
A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers
Is a new and general theory of molecular systematics emerging?
Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation
Diversity estimates, biases, and historiographic effects: resolving cetacean diversity in the Tertiary
Climate, critters, and cetaceans: Cenozoic drivers of the evolution of modern whales
Quantification of the effects of eustasy, subsidence, and sediment supply on Miocene sequences, mid-Atlantic margin of the United States
Uncertainty in the age of fossils and the stratigraphic fit to phylogenies
Congruence between phylogeny and stratigraphy; randomization tests and the gap excess ratio
The effect of phylogeny on temporal diversity and evolutionary tempo
Comments on the Manhattan stratigraphic measure
Stratigraphic fit to phylogenies: a proposed solution
Tree robustness and clade significance
Phylogenetic inference from restriction endonuclease cleavage site maps with particular reference to the evolution of humans and the apes
Ancient origin of lactalbumin from lysozyme: analysis of DNA and amino acid sequences
Internal mechanism of rorqual feeding


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Can puff pastry dough be fried or does it have to be baked. I want to make some ham and cheese sandwhich appetizers for tonight and I'd like to fry them cause at the moment my oven is full of pork roast and rolls.
I figured since you all seem to know alot about cooking that someone would know.
Thanks in advance!
3 replies
I've never fried them so why not take a piece and try it.
Or Google it.
I guess it's a tad late, but yes it fries very well. There are Churros, Biengets, Crullers, A whole host of other traditional puffs that are fried.


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Listen to this to escape from crazy relatives! [Kane Holloway]November 28, 2013 | Cook'd
Happy Thanksgiving everyone! On this episode of Cook'd, Kelsey brings you a holiday edition of the show with fan-favorite guest, Kane Holloway! They "cook" Kanye West's new music video and an anti-gay receipt scam, "breakdown" their favorite Thanksgiving side dishes, and Kane divulges the places he hopes he can have sex with Kelsey before they die. Rate, review and subscribe on iTunes!Read More


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Danger's Hiptop 3, better known as the T-mobile Sidekick III,
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Pricing is not currently known for the new Sidekick III but it is expected to
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text:
Professional Bakers - Do You Educate Customers About How To Actually Get The Wilton # Of Servings?
Decorating By Apti Updated 3 Oct 2014 , 1:40pm by MKC
From reading thousands of cake posts over the past four years, the industry standard in the USA for pricing purposes seems to be the Wilton Wedding guide.
Is the Wilton wedding guide the industry standard in the USA?
When I started this cake hobby in 2010, I ROFLMAO when I was "told" that an 8" x 4" cake will yield 24 servings. Are you kidding me???? was my overall response. Then I was "told" that a 6" x 4" cake will yield 12 servings. That's when I knew for sure that people were funnin' me.
It took some practice to get 22 servings from an 8x4" cake, and it took 4 years before I was able to get exactly 72 servings from my first 12x4" square cake. (Personally I still think that 12 servings from a 6"x4" cake is bogus, but that's just me....)
Telling people (like I was "told" by instructors and charts and blogs) that a certain size cake will yield XXX servings, and having those same, regular-non-cake-people, actually get that # of servings are two different things. Do you, the professional baker, educate customers on HOW to obtain the recommended number of servings on the Wilton chart?
When I deliver a hobby cake that I will not be cutting/serving, I provide a copy of a cutting chart diagram and a copy of Indydebi's "how to cut a wedding cake". I also provide 2 food safe, non-latex gloves (which I use instead of a cake comb).
In some cases, I also provide a paper or cardstock example of a wedding serving, 1"x2"x4".
I like the look of the Lark Cake Shoppe cutting guide, because it shows how the same cake can yield different servings, depending on how the cake is cut.
* * * * * * * * *
Do y'all have any special ways/methods to educate your customers?
no i really don't -- i explain at the consult how you'd cut a 9x13 into 24 servings which this size is familiar to most everyone and that it's basically the size of a nice cupcake with extra fillings -- that if they get aunt louise's twin 16 year old daughters to cut the cake it probably won't serve everyone -- that they need to rely on an experienced cake cutter or their caterer --
i use the wilton wedding size serving but i make more cake than they order -- i've never had anyone come back & say not enough -- maybe one long ago and far away -- i give them a few guidleines about how to determine the # of guests and let them decide how many servings they want to pay for
if they ask i tell them
I'm not a professional, so ignore if you like!
I will be giving serving guides in the future, especially for weddings. The last wedding I did, a guest told me later that they got a 1inch x 1/2inch sized slice, and there was heaps of cake leftover.
I always tell people how big to cut the pieces, but obviously, that doesn't always get passed on to the actual person cutting the cake.
AI serve a tasting cake that is cut in 1 by 2 by 4 inch slices. I explain this is what a serving slice looks like. I then explain that each cake serves a certain amount of cake pieces. People always thank me and remember what I said. I call it "cutting it round" or "cutting it square". I show them that you measure in 2 inches and then you can get ten one inch slices from one side of a ten inch square cake.
They understand I do this stuff every day! I try to make stuff easy!
All of my cakes are based on Wilton party servings--1.5x2x4.
I provide a cutting guide and a photo of how to begin cutting the cake when I deliver the cake. What they do with it isn't my problem. I just know that I made a big enough cake and that they got what they paid for.
I had a complaint about a venue cutting the slices too small and lots of leftover cake. I explained that I had done the best I could to stop them from doing that but unless I'm contracted to cut the cake, there's not a thing that I can do when someone goes rogue. I told them how to store the leftovers and told them to enjoy them.
Thanks everyone.
AI have a cake chart based on Indydebi's method. I print one for each tier and give it to my contact person at the venue. when I like to customer (!) I will draw a life size cake chart on wax paper...this way they can just put it on the cake and score where the servings need to be cut.


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Howard future in doubt
Ian Holloway admits the future of Mark Howard is in doubt as the goalkeeper is yet to sign a new deal.
Last Updated: 18/01/12 2:41pm
Ian Holloway admits the future of Mark Howard is in doubt as the Blackpool goalkeeper is yet to sign a new deal.
The former Aberdeen and St Mirren keeper signed a five-month deal with Blackpool in September, which expires after the Crystal Palace game this weekend.
Howard made his debut on Boxing Day against Barnsley and has played in the last five games as regular goalkeeper Matt Gilks is injured.
Whilst Holloway admits he does not want to lose Howard, he says the club won't be held to ransom.
He said: "At the moment there is a risk of losing him. Do I want that? No. But will we be held over a barrel? No, that doesn't happen here.
"The fact that he's out of contract is something that we had to put up with. We had no choice at the time. That we're trying to renegotiate with him is good. The chairman agrees with that.
"Where that's going to go to and how that's going to pan out, who knows, because I'm not dealing with it."


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Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural science
Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural science
Zhang Y.,University of Notre Dame |
Zhang Y.,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural science |
Mayfield J.A.,University of Notre Dame |
Ploplis V.A.,University of Notre Dame |
Castellino F.J.,University of Notre Dame
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | Year: 2014
Cluster 2b streptokinase (SK2b), secreted by invasive skin-trophic strains of Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS), is a human plasminogen (hPg) activator that optimally functions when human plasma hPg is bound, via its kringle-2 domain, to cognizant bacterial cells through the a1a2 domain of the major cellular hPg receptor, Plasminogen-binding group A streptococcal M-like protein (PAM). Another class of streptokinases (SK1), secreted primarily by GAS strains that possess affinity for pharyngeal infections, does not require PAM-bound hPg for optimal activity. We find herein that replacement of the central β-domain of SK2b with the same module from SK1 reduces the dependency of SK2b on PAM, and the converse is true when the β-domain of SK1 is replaced with this same region of SK2b. These data suggest that simple evolutionary shuttling of protein domains in GAS can be employed by GAS to rapidly generate strains that differ in tissue tropism and invasive capability and allow the bacteria to survive different challenges by the host. © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Guo Z.-Y.,China Agricultural University |
Kong C.-H.,China Agricultural University |
Wang J.-G.,China Agricultural University |
Wang Y.-F.,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural science
Soil Biology and Biochemistry | Year: 2011
Despite an increase in the understanding of the soybean isoflavones involved in root-colonizing symbioses, relatively little is known about their levels in the rhizosphere and their interactions with the soil microbial community. Based on a 13-year experiment of continuous soybean monocultures, in the present study we quantified isoflavones in the soybean rhizosphere and analyzed the soil microbial community structure by examining its phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile. Two isoflavones, daidzein (7, 4'-dihydroxyisoflavone) and genistein (5,7,4'- trihydroxyisoflavone), were detected in the rhizosphere soil of soybean plants, with the concentrations in the field varying with duration of mono-cropping. Genistein concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 1.2 μg g-1 dry soil over different years, while daidzein concentrations rarely exceeded 0.6 μg g-1 dry soil. PLFA profiling showed that the signature lipid biomarkers of bacteria and fungi varied throughout the years of the study, particularly in mono-cropping year 2, and mono-cropping years 6-8. Principal component analysis clearly identified differences in the composition of PLFA during different years under mono-cropping. There was a positive correlation between the daidzein concentrations and soil fungi, whereas the genistein concentration showed a correlation with the total PLFA, fungi, bacteria, Gram (+) bacteria and aerobic bacteria in the soil microbial community. Both isoflavones were easily degraded in soil, resulting in short half-lives. Concentrations as small as 1 μg g-1 dry soil were sufficient to elicit changes in microbial community structure. A discriminant analysis of PLFA patterns showed that changes in microbial community structures were induced by both the addition of daidzein or genistein and incubation time. We conclude that daidzein and genistein released into the soybean rhizosphere may act as allelochemicals in the interactions between root and soil microbial community in a long-term mono-cropped soybean field. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
Sun X.D.,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Science
International Journal of Food Science and Technology | Year: 2011
Soy proteins are very important protein source for human being and livestock. Enzymatic hydrolysis of soy protein can enhance or reduce its functional properties and improve its nutritious value. Soy protein hydrolysates were primarily used as functional food ingredients, flavour and nutritious enhancers, protein substitute, and clinical products. Conditions for hydrolysis were usually mild, whereas recently high pressure treatment attracted more interest. Degree of hydrolysis (DH) was usually between 1% and 39.5%. The main problem associated with proteolytic hydrolysis of soy protein was production of bitter taste, hydrolysates coagulation and high cost of enzymes. Bitterness reduction can be achieved by control of DH, selective separation of bitter peptides from hydrolysates, treatment of hydrolysates with exo-peptidases, addition of various components [adenosine monophosphate (AMP), some amino acids, monosodium glutamate (MSG), etc.] to block or mask the bitter taste, and modification of taste signalling. Hydrolysates coagulation can be resolved by selecting appropriate enzymes and by applying immobilisation technology the production cost can be reduced. Enzymatic hydrolysis also enhances bioactivity of soy proteins through conversion of glycosides to aglycones, increasing antioxidant and immunoregulatory properties. Finally, future works have been discussed. © 2011 The Author. International Journal of Food Science and Technology © 2011 Institute of Food Science and Technology.
Han G.,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural science
Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B: Soil and Plant Science | Year: 2014
Modernization and effective management in modern Chinese agriculture are the key of future success in Chinese agriculture development and food production. Based on an analysis of the agriculture structure and adaptation of the industrial management experiences in China, this review addresses how to achieve an effective and dynamic management in agriculture in the future. Chinese agriculture is in the process being transformed from individual, small, family-based farmers to cooperate-based large-scale farmers with modern agriculture machinery. To permit a smooth advancement and transition of Chinese agriculture from primitive traditional agriculture to a modern and machine-based agriculture as well as to enhance the agricultural productivity when total area of arable land is declining, a dynamic and sufficient management is the basis. However, there are a number of challenges and limitations: (1) Chinese farmers have in general limited education, (2) the small family-based agriculture tradition and structure, (3) the lack of experience in agriculture and innovation, and (4) short-term profit-based mentality. This review will discuss those challenges and propose corresponding solutions to assure the successful agricultural development in China by effective and dynamic management. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.
Hu X.,Northeast Agricultural University |
Xiao Y.,Northeast Agricultural University |
Niu K.,Northeast Agricultural University |
Zhao Y.,Northeast Agricultural University |
And 2 more authors.
Carbohydrate Polymers | Year: 2013
An efficient system for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials to prepare reducing sugar in a series of functional acidic ionic liquids with low synthetic cost and excellent dissolved and catalytic activity was established. High yield of reducing sugar was obtained with the use of 1-H-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([HMIM]Cl). The use of ionic liquid under ultrasound irradiation greatly improved the yield of total reducing sugar. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows: ratio of water/sample was 5 (w/w), ratio of IL/sample was 25 (w/w), 70 °C, 120 min and the yield of reducing sugar was up to 53.27 mg from 0.2 g of soybean straw and 50.03 mg from 0.2 g of corn straw. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
Fan F.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
Yang Q.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
Li Z.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
Wei D.,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural science |
And 2 more authors.
Microbial Ecology | Year: 2011
The microbiology underpinning soil nitrogen cycling in northeast China remains poorly understood. These agricultural systems are typified by widely contrasting temperature, ranging from -40 to 38°C. In a long-term site in this region, the impacts of mineral and organic fertilizer amendments on potential nitrification rate (PNR) were determined. PNR was found to be suppressed by long-term mineral fertilizer treatment but enhanced by manure treatment. The abundance and structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) and archaeal (AOA) communities were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis techniques. The abundance of AOA was reduced by all fertilizer treatments, while the opposite response was measured for AOB, leading to a six- to 60-fold reduction in AOA/AOB ratio. The community structure of AOA exhibited little variation across fertilization treatments, whereas the structure of the AOB community was highly responsive. PNR was correlated with community structure of AOB rather than that of AOA. Variation in the community structure of AOB was linked to soil pH, total carbon, and nitrogen contents induced by different long-term fertilization regimes. The results suggest that manure amendment establishes conditions which select for an AOB community type which recovers mineral fertilizer-suppressed soil nitrification. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Yang X.,Northeast Agricultural University |
Li H.,Northeast Agricultural University |
Guan Q.,Northeast Agricultural University |
Liu D.,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural science
Genetics and Molecular Biology | Year: 2013
The Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) recognizes flagellin of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and plays an important role in the host defense system. Here, we surveyed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding sequence of the porcine TLR5 gene in 83 individuals from five pig breeds, these including Chinese local populations and Western commercial pig breeds. A total of 19 medium polymorphic SNPs (0.25 < PIC < 0.5) were identified, three of which were missense mutations that clustered within the extracellular domain of TLR5. One of the non-synonymous SNPs fell within a 228-amino acid region which has been shown to be important for flagellin recognition. Four SNPs were only found with high frequencies in Oriental pig breeds. The 19 SNPs were found in 30 haplotypes, one of which segregated at high frequency in all samples. Compared with Western pig breeds, Chinese local populations had higher genetic diversity and more haplotypes. Tajima's test showed no evidence for deviation from neutrality. The data provide useful information for future genetic marker characterization by means of disease association analysis and/or stimulating the mutation carrier with relevant ligands. © 2013, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética. Printed in Brazil.
Meiyu Q.,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural science |
Liu D.,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural science |
Roth Z.,Hebrew University
Zygote | Year: 2015
An in vitro model of embryo production was used to examine the effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I on maturation and developmental competence of oocytes exposed to heat shock. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured at 38.5°C or exposed to acute heat shock (HS; 41.5°C), with or without 100 ng/ml IGF-I, for 22 h through in vitro maturation. The experimental groups were control (C), C + IGF-I, HS, and HS + IGF-I. Oocytes were fertilized at the end of maturation, and the proportion of cleaved embryos was recorded 44 h later. HS during maturation increased the proportion of TUNEL-positive oocytes (P < 0.05). HS did not have any effect on cortical granule translocation but impaired resumption of meiosis, expressed as a decreased proportion of oocytes with nuclei in metaphase I (P < 0.05) and metaphase II (MII; P < 0.05). HS decreased the proportion of oocytes that cleaved (P < 0.05), in particular those oocytes that further developed to 4-cell-stage embryos (P < 0.05). IGF-I alleviated, to some extent, the deleterious effects of HS on the oocytes as reflected by a reduced proportion of TUNEL-positive oocytes (P < 0.03). While not significant, IGF-I tended to increase the proportion of MII-stage oocytes (P < 0.08) and 4-cell-stage cleaved embryos (P < 0.06). Further examination is required to explore whether IGF-I also affects the developmental competence of oocytes exposed to HS. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014.
Sun X.D.,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Science |
Holley R.A.,University of Manitoba
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety | Year: 2012
The shelf life of packaged fresh red meats is most frequently determined by the activity of microorganisms, which results in the development of off-odors, gas, and slime, but it is also influenced by biochemical factors such as lipid radical chain and pigment oxidation causing undesirable flavors and surface discoloration. The predominant bacteria associated with spoilage of refrigerated meats are Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter/Moraxella (Psychrobacter), Shewanella putrefaciens, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Brochothrix thermosphacta. The spoilage potential of these organisms and factors influencing their impact on meat quality are discussed. High O2-modified atmosphere (80% O2+ 20% CO2) packaging (MAP) is commonly used for meat retail display but vacuum packaging remains the major MAP method used for meat distribution. Two-step master packaging (outer anoxic-20% CO2+ 80% N2/inner gas-permeable film) is used for centralized MAP distribution, but CO use (0.4%) in low O2 packaging systems is limited by consumer uncertainty that CO may mask spoilage. Active packaging where the film contributes more than a gas/physical barrier is an important technology and has been studied widely. Its application in combination with MAP is very promising but impediments remain to its widespread industrial use. The influence of processing technologies including modified atmospheres on lipid oxidation and discoloration of meats are analyzed. Because both organic acids and antioxidants have been evaluated for their effects on microorganism growth, in concert with the prevention of lipid oxidation, work in this area is examined. © 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®.
Satoh T.,Hiroshima University |
Ohba A.,Hiroshima University |
Liu Z.,Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural science |
Inagaki T.,Hiroshima University |
Satoh A.K.,Hiroshima University
eLife | Year: 2015
In eukaryotes, most integral membrane proteins are synthesized, integrated into the membrane, and folded properly in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We screened the mutants affecting rhabdomeric expression of rhodopsin 1 (Rh1) in the Drosophila photoreceptors and found that dPob/EMC3, EMC1, and EMC8/9, Drosophila homologs of subunits of ER membrane protein complex (EMC), are essential for stabilization of immature Rh1 in an earlier step than that at which another Rh1-specific chaperone (NinaA) acts. dPob/EMC3 localizes to the ER and associates with EMC1 and calnexin. Moreover, EMC is required for the stable expression of other multi-pass transmembrane proteins such as minor rhodopsins Rh3 and Rh4, transient receptor potential, and Na+K+-ATPase, but not for a secreted protein or type I single-pass transmembrane proteins. Furthermore, we found that dPob/EMC3 deficiency induces rhabdomere degeneration in a lightindependent manner. These results collectively indicate that EMC is a key factor in the biogenesis of multi-pass transmembrane proteins, including Rh1, and its loss causes retinal degeneration. © Copyright Satoh et al.


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Sight, the workhorse of the five senses, puts in too many hours keeping man from falling in manholes. Find a sight for sore eyes with this Groupon.
Choose from Three Options
- $10 for general admission for four ($20 value)
- $14 for general admission for six ($30 value)
- $29 for one general membership ($50 value)
General membership includes free museum admission, invitations to members-only preview receptions for opening exhibits, subscription to the Exhibit newsletter, building rental privileges, and a 10% discount on gift-shop purchases, classes, and workshops.
Longview Museum of Fine Arts
Longview Museum of Fine Arts seeks to expose the local community to art through its collection of more than 400 works including paintings, etchings, photographs, collages, and sculptures. The permanent collection primarily focuses on works from regional artists, and the museum's galleries also host traveling or temporary exhibits six times per year. Outside, visitors can tour a sculpture garden with rotating featured pieces.


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Divwatch 2010: Performance Food Plans Recap
Dividend recaps have not yet moved from the "Hot" to "10 Minutes Ago" category. The dividend wave of recent months has grown to include many prominent companies like HCA and Dunkin' Brands.
Today, ratings agencies brought news of a sponsor dividend for Performance Food Group Inc., a food distributor backed by Blackstone Group LP and Wellspring Capital Management LLC.


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22341 Osborn Avenue, Cassopolis 49031
See more homes for sale in Cassopolis, MI
This property has been Sold!
08/29/2016 at $58,500
Price Reduction!- HUD Home in Cassopolis Schools within walking distance to Diamond Lake. Avail 8-3-16 Bids due by, 11:59 PM CST daily until sold. AS IS'' HUD property sold by electronic bid only. FHA Case #263-463186 203k eligible. Buyer to verify all information. HUD does NOT pay for title insurance. SAGE Acquisitions makes no warranty as to the existence of mold in this property, and is not liable for the potentially harmful effects thereof and makes no warranty as to the condition of the property. LBP Disclosure: Property is connected to a well. Any required well repairs will be the buyer's expense. Property connected to municipal sewer, any sewer repairs or assessments will be buyer's expense. Property is NOT located in a FEMA Special Flood Hazard Area.
Property Information
- Status
- Sold
- Address
- 22341 Osborn Avenue
- City
- Cassopolis
- Zip
- 49031
- County
- Cass
- Township
- Lagrange Twp
- Possession
- Foreclosure
- Total Finished SqFt
- 854
- Above Grade SqFt
- 854
- Garage Desc.
- 2, Attached
- Water
- Well
- Sewer
- Public
- Year Built
- 1952
- Taxes
- $1,300
Rooms and Land
- MasterBedroom
- 1st Floor
- Bedroom2
- 1st Floor
- Bath
- 1st Floor
- Dining
- 1st Floor
- Family
- 1st Floor
- Kitchen
- 1st Floor
- Laundry
- Lower Floor
- Basement
- Full Basement
- Heating
- Hot Water, Natural Gas
- Acreage
- 0.31
- Lot Dimensions
- 89x150
- Features
- Ceramic Floor, Wood Floor
- Exterior Materials
- Wood
- Exterior Features
- Porch(es)
Listing Video for 22341 Osborn Avenue, Cassopolis MI 49031
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Listing Courtesy of Bon Realty, Inc.
Office Address 410 Frances Street
Listing Agent Elizabeth Van Leeuwen
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Our Michigan real estate agents can answer all of your questions about 22341 Osborn Avenue, Cassopolis MI 49031. Real Estate One, Max Broock Realtors, and J&J Realtors are part of the Real Estate One Family of Companies and dominate the Cassopolis, Michigan real estate market. To sell or buy a home in Cassopolis, Michigan, contact our real estate agents as we know the Cassopolis, Michigan real estate market better than anyone with over 100 years of experience in Cassopolis, Michigan real estate for sale.
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IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.
All information deemed materially reliable but not guaranteed. Interested parties are encouraged to verify all information. Copyright© 2017 MichRIC LLC, All rights reserved.


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...Alas, the pirate ship is a little slow and it's already been Oct. 16th in OZ. But, it's still Oct. 16th in the Middle of Nowhere USA and birthdays last as long as there's someone around to celebrate them!!
So, without further ado - I will keep this short and to the point...
Captain Isa and the crew hope you had a wonderful day filled with family, friends, pressies, cocktails (or beer) and lots of cake!!!!


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- {{matchup.date.fullday}}{{matchup.date.month + ' ' + matchup.date.day}}
Boston Ices Edmonton 4-0 - Recap
Edmonton couldn't hang with the Bruins on Saturday as Boston blasted the Oilers 4-0 at TD Garden.
Boston was favored by -195 and came through for bettors backing them. The game went UNDER the consensus closing total of 5.5.
Boston got goals from David Krejci, Carl Soderberg, Dougie Hamilton, and Torey Krug in the victory. Krejci opened the scoring at 2:06 of the second period.
Chad Johnson turned in a 22-save effort for the Bruins.
Ben Scrivens stopped 37 of 41 shots for the Oilers, but it wasn't enough to earn the victory.
On the power play, Boston went 2-for-5, while the Oilers were 0-for-4 with the man advantage.
Edmonton lost the shots on goal battle to Boston by a margin of 41-22.
Next game, Boston takes its act home to face Vancouver looking for another win. For Edmonton, they head on the road to face Buffalo.


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Author | Vinod Behl | Wednesday, Dec 11,2002 8:11 AM
Sabse Tez Channel better watch out. Doordarshan despite the handicap of not having its own news channel, is gearing up to mount the fastest coverage of Gujarat elections on its flagship DD1 channel, giving run for its money to private news channels.
Doordarshan will be doing the continuous live coverage of Gujarat elections in the form of news bulletins and studio discussions on the counting day - December 15. According to Doordarshan DG, S.Y. Quraishi, the DD1 channel on that day will be converted into a News Channel, beaming real time results of Gujarat elections. In fact, he promises that with Doordarshan's linkage to National Informatics Centre and with hot switching from various places, Doordarshan will be able to provide election results within two minutes of their declaration by the Returning Officers, fastest than any other channel.
Doordarshan's News Division is sending three correspondents from New Delhi to supplement the news gathering efforts of its Regional News Bureau in Gujarat. Sunit Tandon and Neelam Sharma have been drafted as studio anchors for the live coverage of Gujarat elections. Psepholgist Naveen Surpiani will be available in the studio to analyse trends and election results. The entire coverage including the graphics, will be done in-house. This time Doordarshan is not doing any exit poll on Gujarat. However Doordarshan bosses are toying with the idea of marketing the live telecast of Gujarat elections.
Programming HeadRadio Mango


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Pastar could refer to either of two individuals:
- Kor Pastar, Twi'lek female.
- Vel Pastar, her father.
This is a disambiguation page—a navigational aid that lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page.


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With the Week 9 of the 2015 NCAA Football season upon us, this Saturday the 31st of October 2015 we have a Halloween special with the 2 SEC West Division rivals as the 6-2 Rebels of Ole Miss travel to play the 4-3 Auburn Tigers with the game played at the Jordane-Hare Stadium in Auburn, Alabama with kick-off scheduled for 12:05 PM ET and seen on ESPN TV.
Ole Miss this past Saturday night got on the comeback trail with a win over SEC West rivals the Aggies of Texas A&M 23-3 and now play at the Tigers of Auburn in this Week 6. The Tigers beat SEC rivals the Razorbacks of Arkansas in the 4th OT 54-46. Now all will watch to see if the Tigers and home can upset the Rebels of Ole Miss in what should be a very tough game for both teams.
For those that Bet on College football and are a fan of the Rebels of Ole Miss (3-1 SEC), you can see the betting odds at SBG Global.com. Surely you know by now that you're Ole Miss QB C. Kelly put aside being intercepted 3 times as he ended the game passing for 2 touchdowns and some 242 yards, and to 6 different team receivers and L. Treadwell topped the 6 with 104 yards and 1 TD.
In this game against the Tigers the Rebels QB Kelly and WR Treadwell would like to make some big completions in this game, since the Tigers have struggled defending the pass in 2015 as they rank 11th of the 14 SEC teams and are allowing some 229 yards each game to opponents passing.
Also, the Rebels running game should have a good day playing at the Auburn Tigers, as RB J. Walton leads the team with 80 carries for 430 yards and 3 touchdowns, and he should be able to get by the front 7 of Auburn who supposedly have the worst defense against the rush of all SEC teams, as they have given up 18 rushing touchdowns to date, and nearly 200 yards rushing per game for opponents.
Defensively in this game the Rebels need to limit the Tiger rushing offense, even as Auburn like to run the ball more so that the passing game, since the Rebels have allowed opponents in their 8 games, just 4 rushing touchdowns. Ole Miss has 5 wins and 3 losses against the spread in 2015.
For the fans of the Tigers of Auburn (1-3 SEC) the team had a great day with the play of RB P. Barber who carried the ball some 37 times for 4 touchdowns and 122 yards as his team lost the game in the 4th OT to the Razorbacks of Arkansas. That was RB Barber's 5th game this season with at least 100 yards rushing, as the Tigers could not seem to move the ball via their passing game and are relying on their running game. However their QB S. White had a decent game as he completed 19 of his 32 passing attempts for some 256 yards, but without a TD and no interceptions.
Since QB White became the starter he has 2 wins and 2 losses, as they won playing Kentucky and San Jose State but then lost to Arkansas in the 4 OT game. In the loss to Arkansas QB White looked to WR R, Louis who in the past 2 games had 13 receptions for 234 yards. The Tigers have a good chance to win this game with their passing game, as the Ole Miss passing defense has struggled, and they are the worst team in the conference who has in their 8 games allowed opponents 13 touchdowns to date, but they have responded with 11 intercepts to date. In this game QB White could easily pass against the Rebels defense as he has a completion percent of 66.2 with only 1 interception in 2015.
On defense the Tigers have played relatively good, and the Rebels have had a tough time defending their QB who was sacked some 14 times to date. So with the solid pass rush defense of the Tigers, and LB C. McKinzy who leads the team with 3 sacks, they can create havoc for the Rebels of Ole Miss on offense. In the last 5 games the Tigers have won all those games and are 4-1 against the spread.
The sportsbook prediction in the SEC West rivalry game is that the Tigers of Auburn will win a difficult game against their rivals Ole Miss.