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Culture: Building a Conceptual Framework from Definitions
Preface The first time I read about human culture, culture was defined much like the following: "The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought." I memorized the definition of culture without getting a good sense of its meaning. What I know now is that definitions memorized are easily forgotten - actually most likely to be forgotten. Memorizing was a common approach to learning. Now we know that without stopping and reflecting on the meaning of concepts like culture when they are introduced in a textbook is a very inadequate approach to reading to learn. If the learner does not grasp the central idea(s) (such as "culture") underlying the ideas of a course, then the information learned is very shallow, which means that the learner is less likely to be able to think deeply about the ideas that are related to the concept- in this case the idea of culture. All the ideas in a course that are based on human culture depend on being able to relate that being learned in the course to the meaning of culture, which is one of those concepts for which the meaning gets deeper and deeper as you go through college. For example, in a sociology course, ideas, like knowledge, language, symbols, norms, values, beliefs, etc. need to be organized in the brain in an interrelated pattern. If that happens, then new related ideas are learned easier and more likely will become useful in the future when solving problems or making decisions. In the following pages, you will have the opportunity to take various definitions of "culture" and step back and reflect on their meanings. When the learner steps back and reflects on the meaning of concepts under consideration the information literally goes to those parts of the brain where it is more easily retrieved and is more useful in new situations. Memorizing, on the on other hand, sends information to parts of the brain where it is harder to retrieve and therefore less useful. In college, you many encounter many courses (see below) which study "human culture" and if you get a good idea early on about what "culture" is then you will be far ahead in any of these courses and also in other contexts such as your interaction with others The humanities are academic disciplines that study human culture. The humanities use methods that are primarily critical, or speculative, and have a significant historical element —as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences. The humanities include ancient and modern languages, literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. The humanities that are also sometimes regarded as social sciences include history, anthropology, area studies, communication studies, cultural studies, law and linguistics. Human disciplines like history, cultural anthropology, and psychoanalysis study subject matters that the experimental method does not apply to—and instead mainly use the comparative method and comparative research. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities
The Definition of Culture is Evolving As you read the definitions of culture, keep in mind that the definition of culture is evolving. Research on human culture is reshaping how we look at culture. As you read the definitions, feel free, just as sociologist, anthropologist and other experts do in disciplines that are built around human culture. One request, if you feel like challenging the thinking behind these definitions, don't just say they are right or wrong. Back your insights with a rationale or justification you can support with logic or from the literature or research. In defining culture, there are no right or wrong definitions; there are just best interpretations of the experiences of the experts in the fields that are built on human culture. So, go ahead and question the definitions. Your predictions actually improve your learning whether you later predict what you find in your reading or not. One of the new and most exciting approaches to understanding culture is research on how the brain affects culture and culture affects the brain. Also, an area only mentioned in the following definitions is how genes affect culture and how culture affects genes. There is going to be an exciting revolution in how culture is interpreted and defined in the future. We are going to see leaps in our understanding of culture. The purpose of this booklet is to help learners considering or taking courses in disciplines that are built on human culture get a quick background on some of the major concepts in culture. Once again, the more related prior knowledge you can bring to your learning, the more deeply the meaning your brain will create and as a result the deeper the learning, so take advantage of this paper to get a head start. Keep in mind that "humanities use methods that are primarily critical, or speculative, and have a significant historical element�, which give you a great deal of latitude for forming your own opinions and testing them against what your will read.
Defining Culture Take time to read the following link on "Elements of Culture: Explanation of the Major Elements That Define Culture" Contents: "Culture combines many elements to create a unique way of living for different people. In this lesson, we identify four of the elements that exist in every culture, albeit in different forms: symbols, language, values, and norms. We also differentiate between folkways and mores. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/elements-of-cu lture-definitions-and-ideal-real-culture.html#transcript
Definitions of Culture Human culture has been defined as "The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought." Some Other Definitions of Culture http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/choudhury/culture.ht ml • Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. • Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. •
Culture is communication, communication is cul-
ture. • Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning.
• A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. • Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions. • Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action. • Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from generation to generation. • Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another. (Texas A&M University)
Culture Defined and Expanded "The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought.�
First Definition "The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought." What does this definition of culture mean? Stop and reflect on what the following definitions or explanations mean: Socially: in a social manner; with respect to society; by or through society Society: people in general is thought of as living together in organized communities with shared laws, traditions, and values Social: : relating to or involving activities in which people spend time talking to each other or doing enjoyable things with each other Socially transmitted: Cultural transmission is the way a group of people within a society or culture tend to learn and pass on new information. Learning styles are greatly influenced by how a culture socializes with its children and young people. The key aspect of culture is that it is not passed on biologically from the parents to the offspring (note: new infor-
mation is now often including genetics - parent to offspring transmission of culture - more below andlater), but rather learned through experience and participation. The process by which a child acquires his or her own culture is referred to as "enculturation. " Cultural learning allows individuals to acquire skills that they would be unable to independently over the course of their lifetimes. https://www.boundless.com/sociology/understanding-educat ion/the-functionalist-perspective/cultural-transmission/ "An enormous amount of scientific research compels two fundamental conclusions about the human mind: The mind is the product of evolution; and the mind is shaped by culture. These two perspectives on the human mind are not incompatible, but, until recently, their compatibility has resisted rigorous scholarly inquiry. Evolutionary psychology documents many ways in which genetic adaptations govern the operations of the human mind. But evolutionary inquiries only occasionally grapple seriously with questions about human culture and cross-cultural differences. By contrast, cultural psychology documents many ways in which thought and behavior are shaped by different cultural experiences. But cultural inquires rarely consider evolutionary processes. Even after decades of intensive research, these two perspectives on human psychology have remained largely divorced from each other. But that is now changing - and that is what this book is about." (Schaller, Evolution, Culture, and the Human Mind)
"The totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought.": Stop and reflect on what is socially transmitted: What behavior patterns did you learn as you were growing up? What makes up the arts?: the major art disciplines - drawing, painting, photography, sculpture, architecture, music, theatre, dance, cinema, and literature. How do the arts fit within the definition of culture? How did you learn the beliefs you have? What are the institutions in your culture? (Note: "Cultural institutions are elements within a culture/sub-culture that are perceived to be important to, or traditionally valued among, its members for their own identity. Examples of cultural institutions in modern Western society are museums, churches, schools, work and the print media. "Education" is a "social" institution, "post-secondary education" is a cultural institution, "high-school" is an instantiation of the institution within America." (Wikipedia - note Wikipedia is not considered an authoritative source in many circles.) The human creates products and works, and these products and works are often socially transmitted. We could also add thoughts in this group, which are socially transmitted.
Second Definition
"Culture refers to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving." (Samovar & Porter, 2003, p. 8) What does this definition of culture mean? Stop and reflect on what the following definitions or explanations mean: Notice that this definition expands what is included in social transmission, as well as the idea of transmission across generations through individual and group striving. Each of the concepts (knowledge, etc) are listed as cumulative deposits have a cultural definition (see on next page). The definition further lists some of the thoughts, as well as continues the idea of culture involving human products and works with material and possessions groups of people acquire.
Stop and reflect on what the following cultural concepts, definitions, or explanations mean: Knowledge: "Cultural knowledge is made up of culture general and culture specific knowledge. Learning specific things about a culture will serve you well but learning culture general frameworks will serve you even better. General categories facilitate our exploration of values, beliefs, and behaviors in any culture and provide a perspective for comparing and contrasting cultures. Culture specific knowledge builds on culture general knowledge with deeper and subtler interpretations of cultural patterns within a specific culture." http://volunteeralberta.ab.ca/intersections/staff/building-cultural-knowledge/c ultural-knowledge
Beliefs:"The definition of a belief is an opinion or something that a person holds to be true." (Your Dictionary) Values: "A culture's values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. Sociologists disagree, however, on how to conceptualize values. Conflict theory focuses on how values differ between groups within a culture, while functionalism focuses on the shared values within a culture." (Cliff Notes) Attitudes: "A predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea, object, person, or situation. Attitude influences an individual's choice of action, and responses to challenges, incentives, and rewards (together called stimuli). (Business Dictionary) 8
Material Objects; "Material objects" include items with physical substance. They are primarily shaped or produced by human action, though objects created by nature can also play an important role in the history of human societies. For example, a coin is the product of human action. An animal horn is not, but it takes on meaning for humans if used as a drinking cup or a decorative or ritual object." (World History Sources)
Third Definition Here are Structural Definitions of Culture: "An historically transmitted pattern of meaning embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms" (Geertz, 1973, p. 89) "Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people." [i.e., national groups] (Gudykunst & Kim, 2003, p. 17) What do these definitions of culture mean? Stop and reflect on what the following definitions or explanations mean: Systems of Knowledge:
Fourth Definition "Culture is communication, communication is culture." What does this definition of culture mean? Stop and reflect on what the following definitions or explanations mean: The Relationship Between Communication and Culture The relationship between communication and culture is a very complex and intimate one. First, cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is the means of human interaction through which cultural characteristics— whether customs, roles, rules, rituals, laws, or other patterns—are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies, but rather that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction. In a sense, cultures are the "residue" of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible to preserve and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to another. One can say, therefore, that culture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through communication. The reverse is also the case; that is, communication practices are largely created, shaped, and transmitted by culture. 10
To understand the implications of this communicationculture relationship, it is necessary to think in terms of ongoing communication processes rather than a single communication event. For example, when a three-person group first meets, the members bring with them individual thought and behavioral patterns from previous communication experiences and from other cultures of which they are, or have been, a part. As individuals start to engage in communication with the other members of this new group, they begin to create a set of shared experiences and ways of talking about them. If the group continues to interact, a set of distinguishing history, patterns, customs, and rituals will evolve. Some of these cultural characteristics would be quite obvious and tangible, such that a new person joining the group would encounter ongoing cultural "rules" to which they would learn to conform through communication. New members would in turn influence the group culture in small, and sometimes large, ways as they become a part of it. In a reciprocal fashion, this reshaped culture shapes the communication practices of current and future group members. This is true with any culture; communication shapes culture, and culture shapes communication. http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6491/Culture-and-Communication.h tml
Effective Communication: "Effective communication with people of different cultures is especially challenging. Cultures provide people with ways of thinking--ways of seeing, hearing, and interpreting the world. Thus the same words can mean different things to people from different cultures, even when they talk the "same" language. When the languages are different, and translation has to be used to communicate, the potential for misunderstandings increases. Stella Ting-Toomey describes three ways in which culture interferes with effective cross-cultural understanding. First is what she calls "cognitive constraints." These are the frames of reference or world views that provide a backdrop that all new information is compared to or inserted into. Second are "behavior constraints." Each culture has its own rules about proper behavior which affect verbal and nonverbal communication. Whether one looks the other person in the eye-or not; whether one says what one means overtly or talks around the issue; how close the people stand to each other when they are talking--all of these and many more are rules of politeness which differ from culture to culture. Ting-Toomey's third factor is "emotional constraints." Different cultures regulate the display of emotion differently. Some cultures get very emotional when they are debating an issue. They yell, they cry, they exhibit their anger, fear, frustration, and other feelings openly. Other cultures try to keep their emotions hidden, exhibiting or sharing only the "rational" or factual aspects of the situation. 11
All of these differences tend to lead to communication problems. If the people involved are not aware of the potential for such problems, they are even more likely to fall victim to them, although it takes more than awareness to overcome these problems and communicate effectively across cultures.� (Online Training Program on Intractable Conflict)
Fifth Definition "Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior; that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning." What does this definition of culture mean? Stop and reflect on what the following definitions or explanations mean: Cultural behavior is behavior that is learned. "The difference between the culture of humans and the behaviors exhibited by others is that humans cannot survive without culture. Everything they see, touch, interact with and think about is cultural. It is the major adaptive mechanism for humans. They cannot survive winters in upper latitudes without protective clothing and shelter, which are provided culturally. They cannot obtain food without being taught how. Whereas other organisms that exhibit cultural behavior don't necessarily need it for the perpetuation of their species, they absolutely cannot live without it." (Wikipedia - may not be a reliable source) "Culture is man-made, what is not man-made is not culture. By culture we mean an extrasomatic, temporal of things and events dependent upon symboling. Human being made cul-
ture and continue to make culture for his/her own survival and comfort. Thus human beings live by culture other than instinct in order to remain alive; but culture that human beings made and continue to make changes and model the behavior of its makers in some general and specific ways. Culture as a lived experience: Culture as a lived experience is invented or created, learned and borrowed, accumulated and transmitted from one generation to another through learning processes. Although the mind of a human being is capable of imagining new ideas, creating new cultural elements. Culture as a lived experience undergoes changes of content as well as structural form. New elements are being added; old elements are dropped out; some more normative may resist change or change only slowly; others expressing universal ethics and moral rules as well as functions of culture in human society remain always the same in all human societies. They are the cornerstones of a constitution of any human society simple or complex, rich or poor, large or small. Culture as a lived experience in the sense that its functions are encompassing all aspects of social life in any society (OchollaAyayo, 1980; White, 1960; Keesing 1960; Klolhol, 1963; Narol and Cohen 1970; Krober, 1948, 1976 among others). 13
* Culture as a lived experience in the sense that its functions fulfill both proximate and ultimate ends of human kind (Write 1966; Callahan, 1975). * Culture as a lived experience in the sense that every society has its own socio-cultural ideologies and ideology of each society stresses certain elements in its social structures more than the others and this form peculiar elements of cultural diversity as lived experience. * Culture is a lived experience in the sense that it is the source of living law, the law which dominates life itself even though it has not been posited in legal propositions (Ehrlich 1936:493). * Culture as a lived experience from which we measure our limitations and underdevelopment. * Culture as a lived experience has lessons to be learned if the right decisions have to be made. * Culture as a lived experience with propensity to resist. * Culture as lived experience have lessons that ought to be learned if wrong acts are to be avoided. * Culture as a lived experience that ought to mark as a starting point for our sustainable development (Ocholla-Ayayo, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2001). * Culture as a lived experience from where we can make judgements of what is right and what is wrong. (Ocholla-Ayayo, 2002) 14
Sixth Definition "A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next." What does this definition of culture mean? Stop and reflect on what the following definitions or explanations mean: In this definition two new thoughts have been introduced that may have been implied in the earlier definitions - "symbols" and "imitation." It is implied that imitation is different from communication in this definition. Symbol: "A person, place, action, word, or thing that (by association, resemblance, or convention) represents something other than itself. (About Education) Symbols: Symbols and symbolic action "Symbols, like artifacts, are things which act as triggers to remind people in the culture of its rules, beliefs, etc. They act as a shorthand way to keep people aligned.
Symbols can also be used to indicate status within a culture. This includes clothing, office decor and so on. Status symbols signal to others to help them use the correct behavior with others in the hierarchy. They also lock in the users of the symbols into prescribed behaviors that are appropriate for their status and position. There may be many symbols around an organization, from pictures of products on the walls to the words and handshakes used in greeting cultural members from around the world." (Changing Minds) Imitation: "Imitation is broadly understood to be a powerful way to learn. It has been identified as crucial in the acquisition of cultural knowledge (Rogoff 1990) and language. Imitation by newborns has been demonstrated for adult facial expressions (Meltzoff and Moore 1983), head movements, and tongue protrusions (Meltzoff and Moore 1989). "The findings of imitation in human newborns highlighted predispositions to imitate facial and manual actions, vocalizations and emotionally 15
laden facial expressions" (Bard and Russell 1999, 93). Infant imitation involves perception and motor processes (Meltzoff and Moore 1999). The very early capacity to imitate makes possible imitation games in which the adult mirrors the child's behavior, such as sticking out one's tongue or matching the pitch of a sound the infant makes, and then the infant imitates back. This type of interaction builds over time as the infant and the adult add elements and variations in their imitation games.
ral mechanism of learning and communication which deserves to be at centre stage in developmental psychology." (California department of Education)
Infants engage in both immediate imitation and delayed imitation. Immediate imitation occurs when infants observe and immediately attempt to copy or mimic behavior. For example, immediate imitation can be seen when an infant's parent sticks out his tongue and the infant sticks out his tongue in response. As infants develop, they are able to engage in delayed imitation, repeating the behavior of others at a later time after having observed it. An example of delayed imitation is a child reenacting part of a parent's exercise routine, such as lifting a block several times as if it were a weight. Butterworth (1999, 63) sums up the importance of early imitation in the following manner: "Modern research has shown imitation to be a natu16
Seventh Definition "Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions." What does this definition of culture mean? Stop and reflect on what the following definitions or explanations mean: This definition extends the concepts of symbols and communication. Symbolic Communication: "The symbolic systems that people use to capture and communicate their experiences form the basis of shared cultures. KEY POINTS A symbol is any object, typically material, which is meant to represent another (usually abstract), even if there is no meaningful relationship. Culture is based on a shared set of symbols and meanings. Symbolic culture enables human communication and must be taught.
Symbolic culture is more malleable and adaptable than biological evolution. The belief that culture is symbolically coded and can be taught from one person to another means that cultures, although bounded, can change. According to sociologists, symbols make up one of the 5 key elements of culture; the other key elements are language, values, beliefs, and norms." Examples: "Although language is perhaps the most obvious system of symbols we use to communicate, many things we do carry symbolic meaning. Think, for example, of the way you dress and what it means to other people. The way you dress could symbolically communicate to others that you care about academics or that you are a fan of your school's football team, or it might communicate that you have adopted an anarchist philosophy or are a fan of punk music. In certain urban environments, the symbolic meaning of people's clothes can signal gang affiliation. Other gang members use these symbolic sartorial signals to recognize enemies and allies.
Anthropologists have argued that, through the course of their evolution, human beings evolved a universal human capacity to classify experiences, and encode and communicate them symbolically, such as with written language . Since these symbolic systems were learned and taught, they began to develop independently of biological evolution (in other words, one human being can learn a belief, value, or way of doing something from another, even if they are not biologically related). That this capacity for symbolic thinking and social learning is a product of human evolution confounds older arguments about nature versus nurture.� (Boundless)
Eighth Definition "Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action."
ing a repertoire of "tool kit" of habits, skills, and styles from which people construct "strategies of action." (Swidler, Culture in Action: Culture and action) This is a debatable ideafeel free to do so. "Often people from one culture are surprised by the decisions that people from other cultures make. Such surprises arise when people are unaware of the factors that people in another culture consider when evaluating the attractiveness of an action. This lack of awareness can lead to decisions that undermine the cohesiveness of multi-cultural coalitions." (Noble, Cultural Influences in Decision Making)
What does this definition of culture mean? Stop and reflect on what the following definitions or explanations mean: As you can see, some definitions of culture start to become more complex. In this definition, "culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action." "Culture influences action not by providing the ultimate values toward which action is oriented, but by shap19
Ninth Definition "Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another." (Texas A&M University) What does this definition of culture mean? Stop and reflect on what the following definitions or explanations mean: This is one of the most intriguing and challenging definitions of culture. This definition includes most of the concepts making up the other definitions and clearly places the mind front and center. In this definition of culture, most of the other concepts of culture are collectively programming the mind to see differences in other, "There is clear evidence that sustained experiences may affect both brain structure and function. Thus, it is quite reasonable to posit that sustained exposure to a set of cultural experiences and behavioral practices will affect neural structure and function. The burgeoning field of cultural psychology has often demonstrated the subtle differences in the way individuals process information—differences that appear to be a product of cultural experiences. (Perspectives of Psychological Science) http://pps.sagepub.com/content/5/4/391.abstract
Consider this paper from the Association of Psychological Science, The Mind in the World: Culture and the Brain. "How the "outside" affects the "inside" is at the heart of many of the deepest psychological questions. In this fast-paced survey of research on how culture shapes cognition, Nalini Ambady examines the neural evidence for socio-cultural influences on thinking, judgment, and behavior. She does this by giving us numerous examples of group differences in core human capacities that are shaped by how "one's people" engage socially. Both the structure and function of the human brain throughout its development are shaped by the environment. The social environment, in turn, is shaped by culture. The emerging field of cultural neuroscience examines how the interplay and mutual constitution between neural and cultural forces gives rise to different patterns of behavior, perception, and cognition. The main goal of this emerging, young field is to understand how culture, which is comprised of behaviors, values, symbols, meaning systems, communication systems, rules, and conventions, is shaped by and in turn shapes the mind and brains of individuals in the culture. In order to accomplish this goal, state-of-the-art neuroscience techniques are being used to not only show how widely researched behavioral differences are manifested in the brain but also to highlight where such cultural differences are located. Research in this field has begun to rapidly uncover how psychological processes thought to be universal are affected by cultural experience and exposure at both the behavioral and neural levels. 20
Thus, recent advances from cultural neuroscience have demonstrated how even the most basic of functions, with expected similar behavioral outcomes across cultures, can have underlying differences at the level of the neuron.
studies that have found that people from collectivist cultures, such as China, think of themselves as deeply connected to other people in their lives, while Americans adhere to a strong sense of individuality.
The take-home message here is that our brains actively absorb the regularities in our cultural environments. The representations created in the brain in turn influence how we interact with and shape our own environments. Culture impacts the way in which the brain is wired and activated, but the brain is malleable. Much like the changing tide can erode a footprint in the sand, so too can changed experience over time reshape these brain activations. In this sense, the brain can be seen as a "cultural sponge" of sorts, absorbing the regularities of our surrounding physical and social environments. "
The study also shows the power of cultural neuroscience, the growing field that uses brain-imaging technology to deepen the understanding of how environment and beliefs can shape mental function. Barely heard of just five years ago, the field has become a vibrant area of research, and the University of Michigan, the University of California, Los Angeles, and Emory University have created cultural neuroscience centers. In addition, in April a cultural neuroscience meeting at the University of Michigan attracted such psychology luminaries as Hazel Markus, PhD, Michael Posner, PhD, Steve Suomi, PhD, and Claude Steele, PhD, to discuss their work in the context of cultural neuroscience." (American Psychological association)
To read the whole paper, go to: http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2011/may -june-11/the-mind-in-the-world-culture-and-the-brain.html
"When an American thinks about whether he is honest, his brain activity looks very different than when he thinks about whether another person is honest, even a close relative. That's not true for Chinese people. When a Chinese man evaluates whether he is honest, his brain activity looks almost identical to when he is thinking about whether his mother is honest.
To read the whole paper, go to: http://www.apa.org/monitor/2010/11/neuroscience.aspx
That finding — that American and Chinese brains function differently when considering traits of themselves versus traits of others (Neuroimage, Vol. 34, No. 3) — supports behavioral 21
Videos This chapter provides links to video on culture.
Videos on Culture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVqDQ7mA2nM How art gives shape to cultural change
What is Culture? Videos
https://www.ted.com/talks/thelma_golden_how_art_gives_ shape_to_cultural_change
Elements of Culture: Explanation of the Major Elements That Define Culture
What is Culture?
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/elements-of-cu lture-definitions-and-ideal-real-culture.html#lesson What is Culture?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1yUjNpp_ps What is Culture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ai9pRv_t3y8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o32l-_U6nGY Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Culture https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FaOJ71czAGQ What is Culture? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSCFxDKJWwo What is Culture? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_dbaugeRh8 Cultural Differences National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BT0kzF4A-WQ
What's So Different About Cultures Anyway? 23


text:
(October 31st is the 100th anniversary of the Lincoln Highway. Second of two parts. The Lincoln Highway drive from New York to San Francisco picks up leaving Chicago. Read the first part and Travel Editor Gary Warner's column about the highway.)
The Lincoln highway seems wilder in the West, following stagecoach routes and the trails of boom-bust mining towns through the desert, and winding up and over steep mountain grades and switchbacks. There were times I found myself alone on a two-lane highway driving through towns that time had passed by.
Last week I wrote of driving from New York to Chicago on the Lincoln Highway, where highways sometimes dated to Revolutionary War times. But west of Chicago, the distances between the towns highway boosters wanted to "link up" were farther apart. The best route, which could make or break a town's future, was open for debate and revision.
In 1913, there were still men and women alive who had come across country in covered wagons. The transcontinental railroad had opened 44 years earlier. For older Americans in 1913, an automobile crossing the U.S. in a matter of weeks must have seemed like magic.
But the same change that drove the Lincoln Highway's success would lead to its marginalization. The post World War II interstates went around those hundreds of towns instead of through them. Children in 1913 would live to see the cross-country trip take hours by jet airliner and the drive reduced to a few days covering thousands of miles without a single stoplight.
Though the Lincoln Highway is celebrating its 100th anniversary this year, for about half that time it has been an anachronism – the "old" or "historic" route. Just as an almost hidden signpost signals the start of the Lincoln Highway in New York's Times Square, the end of this epic road is a squat concrete marker between a golf course and a bus stop in San Francisco's Lincoln Park.
But since the early 1990s, Americans have remembered what the Lincoln Highway once meant to a growing country. The route has been restored, markers replaced, and the highway celebrated once again.
The interstates go across America. But I drove the Lincoln Highway to see the nation.
Odometer: 1,050 miles
Look for: Moving west out of the "Chicagoland" sprawl, I'm back in the cornfields by the time I hit DeKalb. The Midwestern sky is wide and calm, a welcome change from the walled-in feeling of Chicago's skyscrapers and elevated trains.
Eat: Fresh corn and baked goods at the Farmer's Market in DeKalb. There was live music near the old art deco movie theater.
Notes from the road: Franklin Grove is the headquarters of the Lincoln Highway Association, with lots of souvenirs. Dixon is the hometown of President Ronald Reagan, with his restored boyhood house on a leafy street. There's a self-drive tour of Reagan sites in the area..
Odometer: 1,100 miles
Look for: The Clinton LumberKings, a Class A affiliate for the Seattle Mariners, play on Ashford Field next to the Mississippi River. The concessions are so close you can grab a hot dog and never miss an at-bat.
Eat: Café 392 on Second Street has a monster red espresso machine. Re-energize and head west.
Notes from the road: It was in Nebraska that I felt I was making the change from Midwest to West. Clinton, with its neat churches and Civil War-era brick buildings, seemed a world away by the time I made Wyoming.
Odometer: 1,250 Miles
Look for: In Tama, there's an original "Lincoln Highway" bridge dating from 1914, with the side railings spelling out the highway's name near the center of town. It's one of the most popular stops on the whole drive.
Eat or sleep: The Breakfast House Café will get you rolling with coffee and carbs.
Notes from the road: Only about 2,800 people live in Tama, but the bridge has kept it a "must stop" on the tourist map.
Odometer: 1,300 Miles
Look for: Main Street is the Lincoln Highway, cutting right past Iowa State University. Co-eds in the back of pickup trucks blasted pop music as they cruised the town.
Eat: The Grove Café is famous for inch-thick pancakes. The "short stack" could feed two. Love the sign: "Just Like Home: You Don't Always Get What You Want."
Notes from the road: So many Lincoln Highway towns seemed to be struggling, with many shuttered shops. Ames was a welcome exception – no doubt the university helps.
Odometer: 1,450 miles
Look for: Flatlands receded as I twisted into the Missouri River Valley. Boystown is near Omaha, along with a paved brick portion of the Lincoln Highway, a reminder that blacktop wasn't the only surface engineers experimented with.
Eat: Upstream Brewing Co. is a favorite place for burgers and beer.
Notes from the road: Omaha is the last urban center before Salt Lake City.
I loaded up on snacks so I wouldn't break my teeth on truck stop beef
Grand Island/Kearney
Odometer: 1,650 miles
Look for: Congratulations, you're halfway between New York and San Francisco. Kracl & Son Garage was a welcome site for Lincoln Highway motorists with balky engines. The Great Platte River Road Archway visitor center has local kitsch and whitewashed history in one convenient dose for $12.
Eat or sleep: Grand Island was a good place to recharge batteries – mental, physical and camera.
Notes from the road: Bailey Yard, the largest railroad classification yard in the world, is in North Platte. It's the Grand Central Terminal of freight trains. Control tower visits can be arranged for a small fee.
Pine Bluffs
Odometer: 1,930 miles
Look for: The abandoned State Line Truck Stop, a hauntingly beautiful relic with NEB-WYO painted onto the old cashier's building, claimed to have straddled the state line. Friday nights from May through July, the town hosts one the best small-town rodeos in the West.
Eat or sleep: This is cattle country. Got the bucks? Go for a steak. On a budget? Have a great burger at Rock Ranch Grill.
Notes from the road: I confess. I cheated. The treeless landscape got to me. Far off, the Rockies beckoned. I gave in to my lead foot and swung onto Interstate 80 for a long stretch.
Odometer: 1,975 miles
Look for: The state capital is usually quiet except for Frontier Days in the summer, a celebration started in 1897. I loved the circa-1955 green neon on the Lincoln Palace theater. Buy cowboy gear at The Wrangler, a popular spot for Western wear in the heart of downtown.
Sleep: The renovated Plains Hotel originally opened in 1911 and was a
favorite of early Lincoln Highway drivers.
Notes from the road: You are now officially in the land of cowboys and ranches, opens spaces and yawning blue skies.
Odometer: 2,145 miles
Look for: Visit Tree Rock at Sheridan Hill, where a tree grows resolutely out of rock in the middle of I-80. A famous big Lincoln head statue stands like a sentinel at the Summit Rest Area. At 8,600 feet, it's highest point on the Lincoln Highway. I took Wyoming 287, the original route, passing through Medicine Bow. I didn't see another car for 38 miles.
Sleep: Not seriously. But the fortress-like old Wyoming State Penitentiary shows the harsh accommodations of those who strayed from the just life.
Notes from the road: The drivers speeding by on I-80 don't know the beauty and solitary peace they are missing on Highway 287. The mountains. Dusk. The ghosts of all the travelers who came through here but no longer go this way.
Odometer: 2,185 miles
Look for: Hand-painted Lincoln Highway murals in the men's restroom at what was the Phillips 66 gas station in town.
Eat: The Broadway Café serves snacks and good road talk.
Notes from the road: The Red Desert and its gas drilling wells dot the landscape to the Utah border.
Salt Lake City
Odometer: 2,435 miles
Look for: The Great Salt Lake was a test for Lincoln Highway engineers, so there are many abandoned alignments off I-80, often little more than slabs of cracked concrete sprouting weeds. The interstate just graded and blasted its way along a straighter path. Go to the Saltair Pavilion and take a swim in the Great Salt Lake – it's saltier than the ocean; you'll float like a cork.
Eat: A short walk from the Mormon Tabernacle is Lamb's Grill on Main Street. It opened in Logan in 1919 and moved to Salt Lake City in 1939, making it the oldest eatery in the state. It's in the imposing old Herald Building, which the newspaper abandoned years ago.
Notes from the road: The route heads past Green River and into the Wasatch Mountains. Echo is a quintessential Lincoln Highway town that progress has passed by. A gas station and a diner sit shuttered near each other, next to the railroad tracks. As I pulled into town, a vintage car puttered through and came to a stop in front of the gas station, as if on cue for a photo.
Odometer: 2,555 miles
Look for: The smooth, white expanse of the Bonneville Salt Flats is the home of rocket cars, land speed records and dozens of car commercials
Sleep: I found that the Utah side of Wendover is cheaper than the Nevada side, so I picked a motel before the state line.
Notes from the road: The night drive to Wendover consisted of listening to "Coast to Coast AM" in the warm summer night, windows down and the Milky Way, clear and bright, above. The proprietor of my motel was a New York transplant, so surprisingly I found myself discussing the problems of the Yankees at midnight in the middle of the Utah desert.
Odometer: 2,715 miles
Look for: Orr's Ranch in Skull Valley, along the original alignment, a place of bone-dry silence and solitude.
Sleep and eat: The big brown brick Hotel Nevada in Ely was built in the optimistic days just before the crash of 1929. The Economy Drug and Soda Fountain in downtown Ely will cool you off with a thick milkshake.
Notes from the road: This was one of my favorite stretches of the 3,300-plus mile drive. Mirages rose in the distance out of the road-top heat. In Skull Valley, bleached bones of desiccated cows on the roadside reminded me to double-check my water supply. Cellphone coverage was spotty – adding to a feeling of being alone. This is a harsh world where drivers should take the same precautions you would if you were hiking in the backcountry.
Odometer: 2,860 miles
Look for: Life magazine once dubbed Highway 50 "The Loneliest Road in America." It's promoted as a tourist experience.
Eat: Vic, the proprietor at The International Café, told me about the 150-year-old bar and how life brought him from Serbia to this speck in the Nevada desert.
Notes from the road: Austin is no western tourist town. It still feels like a rough-and-tumble place, just barely holding its own in a rugged, remote part of the country. Made me want to move there and write a book.
Carson City
Odometer: 3,035 miles
Look for: The Nevada State Capitol, the political linchpin of the Silver State.
Eat: The High Sierra Brewing Co. offers solid food and good craft beers close to the Capitol.
Notes from the road: Carson City was a refreshing dose of civilization after hundreds of miles and days in remote areas. Time out to wash off the dust before heading to Reno.
Odometer: 3,075 miles
Look for: The classic neon sign with the claim of "The Biggest Little City in the World." Back in the days of quickie divorces and before Indian casinos siphoned off its clientele, it might have been just that.
Eat and sleep: John Ascuaga's Nugget Casino Resort in nearby Sparks has a solid gold rooster on display. All the casinos offer travelers bargain meals to get them out of their cars (and hopefully into their gaming areas).
Notes from the road: Spending the night in Reno seemed like New York City after the Nevada and Utah deserts. But I soon found the bright lights and Las Vegas-style feel were a too-brusque departure from the natural beauty and quiet I enjoyed in the desert.
Odometer: 3,260 miles
Look for: The road follows the contours of the Sierra Nevada up to the mirror-like beauty of Lake Tahoe and down through the Gold Country before it straightens out on the way to Sacramento.
Eat: Frank Fats is a favorite for Sacramento politicians and lobbyists to hang out and make deals or just share a drink and stop arguing for a little while.
Notes from the road: I-80 is a modern marvel, carved straight through the mountains. The original route rises, dips and curves. It crosses Donner Pass, the site of the ill-fated Donner Party of 1846-47, who may have resorted to cannibalism when stuck in a snowbound camp near Truckee. It's an area worth a trip all its own. But being so close to the end of the road, the Pacific was pulling me on.
San Francisco
Odometer: 3,350 miles
Look for: It used to be you had to take a ferry from Oakland to get to the end of the road. Now just cross the San Francisco/Oakland Bay Bridge and head down Geary Street to Lincoln Park. There's a marker for the western terminus of the Lincoln Highway, across the street from the Palace of the Legion of Honor in Lincoln Park.
Eat: Go get a cup of clam chowder at the Cliff House and stare out at the ocean. You'll need a plane or a boat to go farther west.
Notes from the road: San Francisco is a world-class city. For the first time in days or weeks, go do something that has nothing to do with the Lincoln Highway. Just remember how you – and millions before you – got there.
To see Part 1 of the story, go to ocregister.com/travel. For a copy of last Sunday's newspaper (Sept. 29), call
Back Issues at 714-796-2339.
Contact the writer: firstname.lastname@example.com
Here are resources to set you on the road to spots mentioned in this story:
• Lincoln Highway Association, 815-456-3030 or lincolnhighwayassoc.org: Queries to firstname.lastname@example.com. International group that promotes Lincoln Highway preservation and enjoyment. Maps, highlights, history and links to state Lincoln Highway associations.
• Federal Highway Administration: www.fhwa.dot.gov. What is going on with highways today, and a good political history of the Lincoln Highway.
• Automobile club guidebooks: Unlike other guidebooks, the AAA books feature small cities with their motels and restaurants.
• "Roadfood" by Jane and Michael Stern (Clarkson Potter, $21.99). The bible for great back-road eats. Information also at roadfood.com.
The website for the odd, quirky and offbeat in America's heartland is roadsideamerica.com
• "The Lincoln Highway: Coast to Coast From Times Square to the Golden Gate," by Michael Wallis and Michael S. Williamson (W.W. Norton & Co., $19.95). Entertaining, comprehensive, well-written and lushly illustrated guide to the highway and its history.
• "Greetings From the Lincoln Highway: A Road Trip Celebration of America's First Coast-to-Coast Highway," by Brian Butko (Stackpole Books, $24.95). Butko is a longtime chronicler of the route who helped spark the highway's revival in the 1990s.

subset: commoncrawl


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I typically keep my relationship status of widow separate from anything on this blog since I devoted so much of my time to writing another blog on that specific subject, but today I was thinking of various lists swimming around in my cesspool of a deranged brain, and decided which were worthy of being fleshed out into a … Continue reading The Perks of Being a Widowflower
Month: October 2016
Things that are better than being at work
Having colorful twisty straws full of pissed off fire ants shoved in all of your orifices, fois gras style 24 hours of nothing but the Hallmark channel and boxed chardonnay Explosive and violent post-Taco Bell diarrhea followed by several hours of regret Discovering you were adopted and then learning that the seasoned older man you've been dating and having … Continue reading Things that are better than being at work
I am Grey Gardens
Normally I wake up starfishing whatever half of the bed my dog isn't occupying and I bask in all the space that is mine. But this morning I thought it might actually be nice to have someone else there too. I'm sure it will pass. I've come to understand myself as someone who needs to … Continue reading I am Grey Gardens


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Something that has become more and more apparent to me as the class has moved along, is the importance of learning outside the classroom. This has been brought to my attention because many of the philosophers that we have studied, acquired valuable knowledge from travelling outside of their residing city state. Right now, there seems to be a lot of hype of going to school to get your credentials and be done with it. I think it is important to think about the fresh lens that taking some time to travel can provide, as it did with these philosophers.
It is well known that Thales of Miletus took some time to do some travelling on his own. That is right, one of the original philosophers travelled abroad to gain some valuable knowledge. Thales, is a philosopher contributed to many aspects intellectual thought. For instance, he may have been one of the original astronomers as well, as there is proof that he predicted a solar eclipse around 585 BCE. As well, it is known that Thales contributed to mathematics as he is credited with using geometrical theorem to predict the distance of ships at sea. It is through his trip to Egypt that Thales produced much of his intellectual thought. For instance, he quenched his thirst for geometry by studying Egyptian pyramids. In addition, it is perceived to be true that Thales predicted the eclipse in 585 with the help of Babylonian tablets. Lastly it is also thought that Thales exposure to the Nile River contributed to his thought that water was the arche. Thales is a solid demonstration that it is possible to learn some pretty important things from the homeland.
When thinking about philosophers who left the homeland in pursuit of more knowledge, it is hard not to think about Aristotle. The famous philosopher is known to have left Athens after the death of his great teacher Plato. Although this trip may not have been planned as he left because he was not selected to take over The Academy. However, leaving Athens did many great things on this trip away from Athens. For instance, it was during his trip that he tutored Alexander the Great. It is then that he was able to realize his teacher's dream, to have a king become a philosopher. However, during this experience of tutoring, Aristotle learned some valuable lessons. Such as students should only be trained to be philosophers at an appropriate age. This is because he felt Alexander was too young to be trained in philosophy. After his trip, Aristotle would return to Athens to found his own school of philosophy, The Lyceum.
I hope that during the course of this article I have produced some thought towards the importance of travelling. Many great philosophers made strong developments in their work outside of their home city state. The inspiration for this article came from me planning to do some travelling myself during this coming summer!


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Summary: Edit
The film Let the Right One In directed by Tomas Alfredson uses the vampire story to examine the concept of the "other". There are two others in our film but the focus of this study will be on Eli.
Background for Eli: (Spoiler warning) Edit
Eli moves into an apartment in Blackeburg Stockholm with a man named Håken, here she meets a 12 year old boy named Oskar who lives with his mother and who is being bullied at school. Although Oksar finds Eli to be a bit peculiar the two become friends and find solace in one another. Eli however is more peculiar than Oskar could ever imagine, she is a vampire. Håken, who severs as her Reinfeild, gathers blood for her but after he is caught she is forced to hunt for herself. She is overcome with hunger and her hunting is sloppy, getting the attention of some of the locals. Although she is fending for herself her relationship with Oskar grows and he falls in love with her and accepts her being a vampire. [1]
Eli as the Other: Edit
"Othering" is the categorization of a person or a group of people as not one of us. [2] Who constitutes the "other" changes between cultures and societies and evolves over time. Most often "others" are those who deviate from social norms and standard notions of beauty. Gender, sex, sexual orientation, class, race, physical and mental disabilities, etc., can all be basis for "othering". Since its origin in Eastern European folklore the vampire has represented the "others". According to Jeffrey Cohen vampires make us question our perceptions and our misinterpretations of the world. "They ask us to reevaluate our cultural assumptions about race, gender, sexuality, our perception of difference, our tolerance towards its expression." [3] Eli's "othering" stems from her gender. At several points in the film Oskar indicates his desire for a romantic relationship with Eli but she asks him if he would still care about her if she wasn't a girl.[1] On the outside Eli is identifiable as female even though she can be androgynous at times. However, Oskar and the audience learns that Eli is a castrated boy, in a scene where Eli is changing clothes we catch a glimpse of a scar across her pubic area and no indication of female genitalia. People with ambiguous gender have long been seen as monstrosities. Children born with ambiguous genitalia were often forced to have gender reassignment surgery with no regard to which gender they identify as. Adults who don't fit in a gender binary society are excluded and shunned. Although Eli isn't intersex, in that she wasn't born with an ambiguous gender, she represents societal fears of gender ambiguity. Like Oskar we grow to care for Eli and sympathize with her and when we learn about her gender ambiguity we are forced to question our perception.
References: Edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1139797/
- ↑ https://arizona.hosted.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=61b9b2be-de14-4c0c-9a44-6553fdc2a01d
- ↑ Cohen, ed. Monster Theory: Reading Culture (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), 3-25.


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The Pantheon is among the most vital architectural monuments of all time. proposal to were outfitted through Emperor Hadrian in nearly a hundred twenty five advert at the website of an previous, Agrippan-era monument, it brilliantly monitors the spatial pyrotechnics emblematic of Roman structure and engineering. The Pantheon offers an updated account of contemporary learn at the top preserved construction within the corpus of old Roman structure from the time of its development to the twenty-first century. every one bankruptcy addresses a selected basic factor or interval relating the construction; jointly, the essays during this quantity make clear all features of the Pantheon's production, and identify the significance of the background of the construction to an realizing of its old textile and historical past, its current kingdom, and its detailed function within the survival and evolution of historical structure in smooth Rome.
Read Online or Download The Pantheon: From Antiquity to the Present PDF
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Extra info for The Pantheon: From Antiquity to the Present
311–383). 35 Through-courses had prior been used intermittently within the Colosseum and in Trajan's Baths (Lancaster 1998, p. 285). within the Mausoleum of Augustus, horizontal sections of concrete have been separated via layers of limestone chips (personal remark; cf. H. Von Hesberg and S. Panciera, Das Mausoleum des Augustus. Der Bau und seine Inschriften, Munich 1994). In Domitian's Nymphaeum at Albanum, the sections have been separated via layers of pozzolana (Blake 1959, p. 138). 36 Lancaster 1996, vol. 1, p. 209, and Fig. 110B. 37 D. Moore, The Roman Pantheon: The Triumph of Concrete, Wyoming 1995. Francesco Piranesi, Seconda parte de'templij antichi che contiene il celebre Pantheon, Rome 1790, Plates 10 and 29, illustrated diversified constructions for the dome of the Pantheon. within the past model, he confirmed brick ribs, yet within the later one, he confirmed that the step-rings have been separated by way of through-courses. Horizontal layers of bricks (tegole) were proven formerly at the intrados through Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane (Waddell 2008, Fig. 58B). 38 The span of the Serapeum is ready fifty four toes or nearly one-third up to the Pantheon (R. Vighi, Villa Hadriana, trans. J. B. Ward Perkins, Rome 1958). one other similarity shared with the Pantheon is that of nonalignment; the seven segments of the vault of the Serapaeum don't align with the 9 openings in its partitions (MacDonald and Pinto 1995, p. 112). 39 Being a lot smaller, the Serapeum may possibly conceivably were accomplished early sufficient to were a resource for the Pantheon's dome. For the excavation of the Serapaeum and the encircling region of the Canopus, see S. Aurigemma, "Lavori nel Canopo di Villa Adriana," Bollettino d'Arte 39, 1954, pp. 237–341. lots of the primary structures at Hadrian's Villa, together with the Serapaeum and Roccabruna, have bricks stamped with the names of consuls for the yr 123, and lots of have stamps from 124 (Herbert Bloch, I bolli laterizi e l. a. storia edilizia romana. Contributi all'archeologia e alla storia romana (1936–1938), Rome 1947, pp. 137–141). The Piazza d'Oro and the domes of the big and Small Baths have brick synthetic many years later. a complete of 279 brickstamps with the names of consuls have been came across whereas excavating the Canopus from 1950 to 1955, they usually have been analyzed by way of Domenico Faccenna: 189 have been synthetic in advert 123, eleven in advert 124, 17 in advert a hundred twenty five, sixty one in advert 126, and 1 in advert 127 (Aurigemma 1961, p. 127). forty Piranesi was once most likely additionally misled by means of those ladder-like ribs in the course of the Severan interval for renovating part of Agrippa's Baths often called the Arco della Ciambella, fairly because it lies so on the subject of the Pantheon and was once additionally believed to were created by way of Agrippa. See Licht 1968, p. 297. forty-one MacDonald and Pinto 1995, p. 113. Martines additionally emphasizes the significance of those wall cells for the development of the Serapeum and the Pantheon (Giangiacomo Martines, "La struttura del Pantheon velut regionem fornicatam," Quaderni dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Architettura forty-one, 2004, pp.


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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9159487976497050567.post7741545532043822802..comments2017-07-20T08:18:48.699+02:00Comments on It's tooltime!: One-liner to convert any music file to mp3Stefan firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-9159487976497050567.post-12424954363509238012015-08-23T13:00:05.777+02:002015-08-23T13:00:05.777+02:00free music to download Thanks for your post. I'...free music to download Thanks for your post. I've been thinking about writing a very comparable post over the last couple of weeks, I'*probably keep it short and sweet and link to this instead if thats cool. Thanks.aftab khatrihttps://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-9159487976497050567.post-58835368322560514302015-08-12T14:15:07.228+02:002015-08-12T14:15:07.228+02:00This sample plug-in allows you to play back a game...This sample plug-in allows you to play back a game player's MP3 files at runtime. You can use this source plug-in if you want to give the game player the option to replace the game music with their own MP3 files. When using this plug-in, a game player's MP3 files can be sent through the Wwise pipeline at runtime and processed by the sound engine. This means you can take full advantage of all the features and effect processing in iomoio.
Adele J. Salvatohttps://firstname.lastname@example.com


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Weight: 17lbs (clothed)
Length: ???
*We go to the doctor at the end of the month. I'll update then.
Our little man turned 7 months old this past Sunday! This past month he just exploded with a bunch of new milestones. And he's gotten so active. He's ready to get down and play with his brother! He's in size 2 diaper and size 3-6 month clothes, but I imagine he'll be moving up to 6-9 month clothes in a couple of weeks. He still takes good naps, but is starting to get up during the middle of the night again, around 4, eats and goes back to bed. Considering he goes to bed around 6:30, I guess that's not too bad. But it's still exhausting.
He's mobile! Although, we've seen him crawl the "normal" way of crawling, he prefers to frog leap his way around. He loves rocking back and forth on his knees and then making the plunge forward. It really is fun to watch. He gets around pretty good, just not very fast. This is my favorite "baby stage". They can play on the floor, but they don't really get into everything yet. Ah..if only it would last.
He's such a happy baby. He smiles at everyone and squeals with excitement. Although, he is a quiet baby. We can take him everywhere, and you probably wouldn't know we had him with us. I'm wondering if that will change? Hmm.. And oh the funny faces he makes. He does this funny face and then huffs and puffs out of his nose. It cracks us up! It's pretty cute to watch.
We're working on some mommy anxiety issues. He doesn't want to leave my side. And if he's held by someone else (daddy, grandma, friend) and he sees me, he will push the person away and reach for me. It's hard, but at the same time, I know how quickly this time fades, so I'm trying to enjoy every second of it. Now onto the fun stuff!
-Cut his two bottom teeth!
-First solids
-Waves, but doesn't do it consistently yet. (Oh and it's the beauty pageant wave. he he)
-Crawls, but prefers to frog leap :)
-Self feeds baby puffs (found this out by accident..lol)
-Can drink from a straw
Sophie the Giraffe
Crinkly toys
The movie cars (can you tell he has an older brother?)
Summer infant booster seat
Playing on the floor
Swing (we're ready to put it in storage!)
Not being around, near, or held by mommy...
Giovanni is now nicknamed "the tank"! This boy LOVES food! So far he's tried sweet peas, Carrots, Sweet potatoes, Rice Cereal, oatmeal, and pumpkin. ;o) We will be starting him on some fruit and the rest of the vegetables real soon. He eats only once a day right now, but will be moving him to twice a day soon. He eats two jars full, done to the last drop. He's still breastfed and takes the bottle with no hassle at all! This Monday, we gave him so baby puffs (sweet potato) and he really enjoyed them. It's so cute to watch him get so excited over food.
Of course let's not forget the pictures!
Showing off those two little teeth of his!
He's waving back at me, wondering why I'm waving at him. He he.
It's proving to be more and more difficult taking these pictures. It seems that Gio, has bigger priorities. ;o)


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Search engine optimization is widely used by many companies that are interested in doing their product's marketing online. Search engine optimization helps them to highlight the company's website in most of the web searches and by that bringing in more traffic to the website. Search engine optimization will help in increasing the ranking of the websites according to which the number of visitors to the website will also improve. In order to improve the rankings, the keywords and the phrases that are used in the website should be made common and clear so that it will be displayed while searches are done.
There are many reasons that make search engine optimization compulsory in a business, and the prime reason would be marketing, as it helps the product to be popular in the market. If proper marketing is not done at the right pace and the right time, then it will be very difficult to promote the products among the people. It is important to hire a proper SEO professional in order to avoid unnecessary complications. It will not be easy to top the search results, especially in the famous search engines as there will be a tight competition for the spot. These SEO people will help you to make sure that your website is displayed at higher ranks so that they will get more traffic. Due to the heavy competition in the market it is essential to use search engine optimization technique in order to highlight your company's website.
In order to bring your websites in the results of the search engines, it is vital to register them in the search engines. Right choice of keywords in the websites will play a major role in it. The search engines will be checking the performance of the websites once in a while in order to reorder the websites. The small businesses will prefer this type of marketing as they will be helping them to gain more profit in a less budget. The reputation and the trust level of the company will grow by leaps and bounds if they have higher ranks in the results, it will make them more preferred by the customers. If the websites are user-friendly, it will be an added advantage.
Social networking sites will also be very handy in this process as they will be having lots of followers. Including images along with descriptions on the website will increase the number of customers visiting the company website. As this method helps in boosting the marketing of the product online, it is said that it has brought a revolution in this field. This search engine optimization has gained popularity in a very short span of time. It gives an international identity to the company and its products in the world stage. It will be a normal human nature to prefer the item that will appear first and hence this search engine optimization is highly successful. In order to gain an unbeatable position in the internet marketing, it is unavoidable to get help from the search engine optimization professionals.
Read also Social Marketing For Business


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Downe, Soo, Finlayson, Kenneth William and Fleming, Anita (2010) Creating a Collaborative Culture in Maternity Care. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 55 (3). pp. 250-254. ISSN 1526-9523
Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2010.01.004
|Item Type:
|Author's ORCiD ID:
|Downe, Soo 0000-0003-2848-2550; Finlayson, Kenneth William 0000-0002-1287-7630
|A - Medicine & dentistry > A990 - Medicine & dentistry not elsewhere classified
|Faculty of Health and Wellbeing > School of Community Health and Midwifery
|ID Code:
|Deposited By:
|Helen Cooper
|Deposited On:
|03 Jan 2012 15:23
|Last Modified:
|30 May 2017 10:39
Repository Staff Only: item control page


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In Black and White (often referred to simply as IBAW) is a Nuzlocke by Wasserbienchen that follows White and N through the game, while following Bianca and Cheren as side plots. The first comic of Arc 1 was published on DA on July 18th 2011, and currently has 95 chapters, running through Arc 1 and Arc 2. The final part of Act 2 was posted on the 25th of April 2013 with Arc 3 beginning shortly after. As of December 29th, 2013, In Black and White has been officially discontinued.
- You can only catch the first Pokémon in each area. </span>
- Dupes Clause
- Legendary clause: You may catch Legendaries if required, but can't if it's not. You can't use them in battles, period.
- Shiny Clause
- Trade clause: You may trade a Pokémon in-game, but it must be a first encounter. You may not trade outside the game and can never evolve Pokémon who require trade for evolution.
- If a Pokémon faints, it cannot be used in battle ever again.
- In the Comic, Pokémon who fainted while in a to-death challenge are dead. Even those who are not in a to-death challenge are to be gotten rid of in any way.
- If all your Pokémon faint, you are allowed to take any number of boxed Pokémon and continue your journey.
- Battle style is "set".
- You may only buy 10 Items per town or other area where you can obtain items.
- Because the Plot is more relevant than the game, 3 Pokémon may be "revived", i.e. even though they fainted, you may pretend it didn't happen. Use those wisely because you will not get more than 3.
- For reasons of self-control, you must state in the comments of each part what happened in-game, especially concerning rule 5.
In Black and White was published on July 18th 2011 by Wasserbienchen on DeviantART, and is a comic series based on the games Black/White. It is set in a world where Pokemon are used for fighting to the death and aren't really cared about, seen more as slaves to humanity than friends. The comic follows White as she discovers more about herself while travelling through the world with her Pokemon, making her own decisions on how they should be treated.
- (awards)
IBAW in available in wass's dA gallery and on the Nuzlocke forums.


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Author has written 1 story for Pirates of the Caribbean.Hey! I'm slightly obsessed with fanfiction, or almost any kind of fiction. My current favorite universes are PotC, Dirty Dancing, Star Wars, Artemis Fowl, anything involving Johnny Depp, LotR, the list goes ever on and on.
happily dances jumping up and down* I just saw Return of the King! I just saw Return of the King! I just saw Return of the King! Nah! Nah! Nah! Nah! Nah! *grins insanley* *huggles everybody*
Happy New Years everybody! *throws candy to everyone* I just got the PotC soundtrack and the new Dirty Dancing sound track and at least $40. Yipee! *huggles everyone*
I just ordered three Johnny Depp DVD's to help feed my obsession. They are (drumroll please):
DVD's still haven't arrived and I had to take the English part of the TAKS test. I am so abused (lol).
I just posted a little vingette thingie on FictionPress. If anybody wants to check it out here's the url: http://www.fictionpress.com/read.php?storyid=1534875
Still no movies *pouts*
Movies still haven't showed up *pouts some more*
They're here! Yey! *runs around hugging random people and throwing Mardi Gras beads* I accidentaly ordered the wrong version of From Hell so I'll have to return it but I can still watch Once Upon a Time in Mexico and Sleepy Hollow. Just in time for the Acadamy Awards weekend too. I've got my fingers crossed that Johnny Depp will get best actor.
Well that was dissappointing. My second choice didn't get it either. but at least RotK won 11 including best picture cI just posted my first FF story. It isn't really a story but I'd love it if you'd take a couple of seconds to look at it and give me any advice you have. You might even be able to help me turn it into a real story.
Three chapters and three reviews. This to me is not a good combination. Jack and my OC refuse to work without more reviews.
Now up to 5 reviews. The characters aren't cooperating but I am antagonizingly slowly writing the fourth chapter. I really need to give them a swift kick in their collective rears. They keep skipping ahead to the second part of the story.
I've recently added something new to my obsession list. I am now a die hard Rocky Horror fan. Be afraid. Be very afraid.


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Boomerang is a cable television channel in the United States. It was started by Turner Broadcasting to show classic Hanna-Barbera cartoons when Cartoon Network began to focus on in-house productions.
Boomerang started out as a block on Cartoon Network in December 1992. Then when Cartoon Network started to put on more originals, Turner created a channel based on Hanna-Barbera and MGM cartoons. This later became helpful when Hanna-Barbera ceased operations in 2001 after William Hanna died in the same year.
On April 1, 2000 (the anniversary of the cancellation of The Flintstones in 1966), Boomerang launched with a variety. Because of Cartoon Network dropping, Boomerang did too. In the 2010s, Boomerang started to become less known as a dumping ground and more a Cartoon Network clone, adding Teen Titans GO! and The Amazing World of Gumball, and removing shows like Wacky Races and Snorks. This all came to one moment. On January 19, 2015, Boomerang rebranded its channel.
Boomerang now has only The Flintstones and The Jetsons as Hanna-Barbera cartoons. They also started adding shows like Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends and The Garfield Show, as well as Teen Titans GO! and Gumball.
On April 11, 2017, Boomerang announced that it would begin live-streaming selected series from Hanna-Barbera and Cartoon Network on iOS and Android.


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SleepPhones Headband Only - No Speakers
Already own a pair of SleepPhones? If you would like to have an extra headband around in case you need to wash and dry the other, you can order one here.
Available in two types of fabric for optimum comfort.
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Breeze: 88% polyester, 12% spandex
Fleece: 95% polyester, 5% spandex
Use with SleepPhones speaker assembly only.
This band does not include the speakers.
Customer Reviews
Quality Product Review by Christopher
Workes so well for the hotter climates. Great product and of high quality stiching and workmanship (Posted on 15/11/2016)
Excellent Service Review by Robyn Messenger
Again, prompt excellent service (Posted on 25/06/2016)
|Headphones Type
|Extra Small, One Size Fits Most, Extra Large - For Men & Women
|Due to health and safety considerations we can not accept returns or exchanges on this product unless the product is faulty. Please select your size carefully by measuring your head size.
CReview by Christopher Verified Review
Workes so well for the hotter climates. Great product and of high quality stiching and workmanship (Posted on 15/11/2016)
RReview by Robyn Messenger Verified Review
Again, prompt excellent service (Posted on 25/06/2016)


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Monthly Archives: March 2011
kcbwday4/Whatever Happened to That Baby Blanket
I wonder what happens to the crocheted baby blankets,I give as baby shower gifts. I'm sure that as some of the baby girls grow older, the baby blankets will be reused as doll blankets. I also believe that some baby blankets have been passed on … Continue reading
Posted in Crocheting Tagged 2KCBWDAY4, baby, blanket 3 Comments
My Yarn Stash/2kcbwday3
I think my yarn stash is fairly organized. As I have written in a previous post, it's my crochet hooks, I can't keep up with. I also have trouble keeping my knitting needles together. My yarn I keep in various locations … Continue reading
Posted in Crocheting Tagged 2kcbwday3, organization, yarn 2 Comments
Crocheting Hats/2kcbwday2
2010 was a good year in the improvement of my crocheting skills. I opened my Etsy shop in June of 2009. But I was very ill ,at that time, and didn't list anything to sell for several months. In 2010, … Continue reading
Posted in Crocheting Tagged 2KCBWDAY2, baby, beanie, beret Leave a comment
Today's topic for Knitting and Crochet Blog week focuses on yarn choice. But, before I write about yarn choices, I have good news to share. I had my first Etsy Shop sale. It was the gray beret pictured above. I am very happy. … Continue reading
Too Tired To Crochet
I haven't crocheted anything for a few days. I'm still very tired from Tuesday when I went out for my doctor's appointment. Everything went well. Although, I took my wheelchair, I didn't use it very much . I walked with … Continue reading
Posted in Crocheting Tagged scarf 3 Comments
Tomorrow's Outing
I probably won't crochet today or tomorrow. I have a medical appointment tomorrow. I'll use my time and energy today to prepare for that. I am so thankful for Access A Ride, NYC Para Transit Service. A van comes and takes … Continue reading
Posted in Crocheting Tagged NYC, Para transit, wheelchair 3 Comments
Gettting Ready For Spring
Well one thing I did, to get ready for Spring, was to change the background theme on my blog to "Greenery". It is very green indeed. It is a little too green for my taste, but I'll leave it for … Continue reading
Posted in Crocheting Tagged birthday, Etsy, green, positive, renew, Spring 7 Comments


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Whispers and Shadows: A Naturalist's Memoir (Hardcover)
Farmer's Market Market Bag
A Chef's Life, Season 3 DVD
A Farm Winter with Jerry Apps DVD
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In "A Farm Winter With Jerry Apps," the Wisconsin author and historian shares his wit, wisdom and stories of family, neighbors and communities that worked together to prepare for the long winter that enveloped his boyhood farm home in Wild Rose. It was a season that could be harrowing and dangerous, but it was also a time of year that drew families close together and created warm memories that are both lasting and universal.More >
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Building Your Ministry With Online Video
Learn how video streaming experiences can grow your ministry and encourage members to show up on Sunday
About The Webinar
As many ministries use live video streaming to reach new members online, some churches have adopted video streaming to build physical church attendance. In this webinar, learn how video can engage current and new members to not only tune in online, but come to church on Sundays for community interaction and to hear the message.
You'll Learn About:
Reaching new members - Video can be a great way for potential new members to check out the vibe of your church and experience your community before they visit.
Philip Gauthier, Director of Account Management, Haivision
Live streaming options - Understand live streaming to your online campus and the pros and cons of using social media portals.
Benefits of using your own streaming solution - Explore how you can target your audience and have more control over content.
How Haivision can help - Get a quick overview on how our faith streaming solutions can help you grow your ministry.
About Your Hosts
Philip Gauthier has worked in media and ministry for over 16 years. He served as media director at two churches in Metro Atlanta and spent the most recent part of his career in online media. In 2013, Phillip joined Haivision where he currently supports video distribution for more than 200 houses of worship.
Marcus Schioler, Senior Director, Product Management
Marcus has more than 15 years of experience working in the software development field with a primary focus on the post-production market in media & entertainment. His professional experiences have spanned a broad range of areas in the management, development, marketing, sales readiness and delivery of industry-renown post-production software for editing, visual effects, grading and finishing.


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Role Of Dealer On Forex
Modern Point On Forex
Views On Trading Platforms
Task Of Rate On Forex Market
Position On Fx
Purpose Of Level On Foreign Exchange
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