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Set for 8. With creamer and sugar bowl vegetable bowl, covered dish all never used 100 or best offer
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Lightweight, easy to tow, sleeps 6. Features gas/electric refrigerator, three burner stove, oven, microwave, shower/tub combination, furnace, air conditioning, AM/FM radio & CD player, retractable awning, Trailer is weather tight with no leaks. Ready for the campground. Priced to sell at $5600. Ken – (973) 303-7642.
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BULL CREEK (Grimes County). Bull Creek, a spring-fed intermittent stream, rises a mile south of Iola in northwestern Grimes County (at 30°46' N, 96°03' W) and runs southwest for thirteen miles to its mouth on the Navasota River, the Brazos county line (at 30°40' N, 96°10' W). It traverses gently sloping terrain surfaced by sandy and clay loams that along the creek banks support water oak, pecan, elm, hackberry, post oak, and blackjack oak. Settlement near the stream began in the mid-1830s. Iola was founded north of the headwaters about 1850. In 1860 the Texas and New Orleans Railroad extended a tap line from Navasota to Iola through the vicinity of the upper creek. The Enon Baptist Church was on the north bank of the middle creek near the site of the Enon Cemetery from the late 1800s until 1928, when it was moved closer to Iola. Both the Trinity and Brazos Valley Railway and the Houston and Texas Central Railway constructed lines through Iola over the headwaters of the stream about 1907. Farm Road 244 was extended across the upper creek from Iola to Keith in 1949.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:Grimes County Historical Commission, History of Grimes County, Land of Heritage and Progress (Dallas: Taylor, 1982).
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+91 222200 4774 / 75
Trek to Naneghat
Immerse in the pristine lap of nature
"He maketh me to lie down in green pastures he leadeth me beside the still waters."
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Literally, the name nane means "coin" and ghat means "pass". It is an easy trek, making it ideal for beginners. The dry brown shrubs of this place give way to greenery all around. The hot clear skies turn cool, breezy and mist laden, the nondescript dry streams metamorphosize into monstrous waterfalls and the clouds are your constant companion. There is joie de vivre in the air and you definitely want to be a part of it!
We organize carefully crafted escorted trip to Naneghat for memories that shall cherish for a long time.
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$330,0004 Beds3+ BathsFor Sale Under Contract
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Liz was born and raised in Baltimore, MD. She graduated from Salisbury University in December 2009 with a Bachelor's of Science in Psychology. In May 2013 she graduated from Loyola University with a Masters of Education in School Counseling. Her background in education supports her love of yoga and the connection between the mind and the body.
Liz's yoga practice began at Salisbury University as a means to complement traditional athletic training. During semester breaks back home, Liz stumbled upon Sid Yoga Center through the referral of a fellow yogi in another studio. She loved the physical challenge of the vinyasa flow and was intrigued by the blissful experience of savasana. Upon moving back to the Baltimore area in 2010 and discovering Sid Yoga Center, her practiced evolved into an integral party of life.
It was during Sid McNairy's Empowerment & Beyond retreat in Nicaragua that Liz experienced the healing power of yoga. From this experience she knew that she wanted to share what she had gained from yoga with the world. She entered into the next teacher training program at SYC and began teaching in November 2012.
Liz creates an environment of love in the classes she leads. Through the balance of power and grace she will leave you feeling at peace with the oneness that is you.
Liz's favorite pose is handstand and the many variations. She loves feeling grounded and lifted at the same time. She also loves this pose because it brings a playful element to her practice and to her life.
When Liz is not in the studio, she is likely headed to the beach or hiking or biking in a more local area. She loves spending time with family and friends sharing smiles and laughs.


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Aggregate is defined as a granular material used in construction, which may be natural, manufactured or re-cycled. Recycled Aggregates: Aggregate resulting from the processing of inorganic material, previously used in construction.
Recycled Aggregate Testing In Depth
High quality aggregates are primarily used in the construction industry for the manufacture of bituminous bound and concrete products, unbound and hydraulically bound materials, armourstone and railway ballast.
On-Site Sampling of Aggregates
At ACS Testing we are UKAS accredited to carry out on site sampling from stockpiles of fine and coarse aggregates by hand. ACS Testing provide highly skilled technicians who all hold current CSCS cards and are comprehensively trained in the safety aspects of the work they carry out in accordance with appropriate method statements and risk assessments.
Laboratory Testing
Our permanent laboratories provide a comprehensive range of tests on soils.
We can offer a consultancy service along with the support of laboratories and resources within the ACS Group of companies which allows for seamless project


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|The Walking Dead
Fight The Dead, Fear The Living
|Game information
|Dee & GMaster479
|The Walking Dead BTSC threads
|13 Players (Medium)
|Start Date
|Winning Faction
|Goodies and Indy
|#, player
|First to Die
|Last Remaining
|Izzy, Aura, Slick, Barc, Yuli, Magic
The Walking Dead was a game designed and hosted by Bluesky & GMaster479 based on The Walking Dead TV series.
It began on May 12, 2014 and ended in a Goodie and Indy win in D4 (May 20).
Game Mechanics Edit
- OOP is RID Kill > Block > Redirect > Kill > Spy
- Tie Rules: Day 1: Tie = No Lynch ; Day 2 onwards: Tie = Random lynch between tied players
Shown in NP:
- Successful Save
- Successful Kill
- Successful Redirect
- Successful Block
- Players will be told how many votes is the majority every day phase. (e.g. : With 10 players alive, 7 votes is needed to gain majority).
- Players will be told if there action succeeded or not.
Role DescriptionEdit
NK: Has BTSC, no carrier and cannot be block/redirect; gain majority
- The Governor: Godfather. Appear good if spied; And cannot be lynched unless majority of votes has been reached.
- Merle Dixon: Role Spy
- Caesar Martinez: Block
Goodies: Eliminate all baddies
- Glenn Rhee: Faction Spy
- Daryl Dixon: Redirect
- Rick Grimes: RID KILL
- Maggie Greene: Messenger
- Hershel Greene: Save/Doctor
- Michonne: Block
- Andrea: Choose one person each night. If you die, the chosen's person faction will be revealed
- T-Dog: Lynch Save. Can only use 2x the entire game
- Carl Grimes: Vote Redirect.
Indy: Secret
- Shane Walsh
|Secret Indy
RID Kill every night: Outlive Andrea, Merle and Rick (Must RID Kill either Rick or Merle. If not achieve survive until game ends.
Host's Summary Edit
Game Idea and Expectations Edit
End of Game Notes:
I know I screwed up a lot, it may or may not have an impact on the game, and if ever, I just hope it didn't have big effect.
1. Making sure all the person who has BTSC have access. There was a problem in Marth's BTSC. And he got the access with at least 14 hours left. I told him I'll extend the time to compensate for him but I wasn't able to do so and forgot to tell him. The reason, I can't extend it due to time/timezone problem. I can only limit the end of phase time between 11pm-12am EST.
2. Apologies for the the 2 late Night results. I wasn't able to wake up earlier than I'm supposed to. Stupid alarm.
3. The block thing on Izzy during night 1 isn't supposed to happen. I didn't know RID Kill can't be blocked. From that moment I started to get confused about RID Kills, so I always consult GM, the reason why I can't answer some of the questions by Aura.
4. Excuse me for the wrong spelling, grammars, phrases or if there are combine words that is difficult to understand in Night/Day results. English is my second language.
Other Notes:
1. Izzy had a good start, both the baddies and Indy benefited Donnie being killed. At first I thought Izzy was just lucky, but she got a good deductions how Marth can be a baddie. (Oh, regarding the replacement thing, I replaced the two previous players because they are really inactive, no post, no reply and/or has been not online in MM for days.).
2. When Hachi wants to risk and target himself as the NK, I was like WHAT?! You did great though.
3. Boquise saving the Governor
4. Boquise deducing the Indy WinCon. More or less he was right.
5. I kinda wish Izzy didn't reveal Hachi for more crazier stuff.
6. Aura had the most questions, be it in PM or thread.
7. Barc's post is hilarious brilliant, that kind of imagination and analysis
I'm awarding the MVP to Izzy because she did well in this game and achieved her wincon very smooth. Congrats Izzy and goodies!!
Overall it was tiring but fun hosting this game. It was my first time here in MM being the host, I enjoyed it and had a lot of s too behind the scenes when you guys arguing about the wrong things. Thank you GM for helping me . And thank you guys for playing . Hope you had fun!
By the way any thoughts, comments, or complaints?]]
Special commendationsEdit
Host disappointmentsEdit
Alternate endingsEdit
Winning Faction Edit
- Izzy
- Aura
- Magic
- Jay
- Barc
- Yuli
- Boquise
- Donnie
- Slick
Day and Night Posts Edit
|Night 1
"Has anybody seen WakeupDonnie?"
|Day 1
The day was hectic. The bright, hot sun beat down on the prison yard, which have lots of walkers outside the fence. Preparations were made here and there, as everyone knew that, soon, the Governor and his team would come in. It was only a matter of time. Rick and his group took turns keeping watch though, in case anything happened.
There were lots of gunshots and gun, but at the end of the day… Nothing happened. Carl was there to help and make decisions.
|Night 2
Food was starting to get scarce, and everyone knew they would need to restock soon. Jay, Marth and Yuli set out for a trip to the city. The trip wasn't so bad, and the city looked pretty clean. There are few walkers in the distance, so they made their way in safely. They spotted a nearby store, and after a quick check, they decided it was safe to go in. A few Walkers here and there, were taken out quietly. Once they got the supplies they needed, they get out of the store.
While walking through their car, a bunch of Walkers were headed down the street. Something must have drawn their attention because there are too many. It wasn't even worth shooting, so they run as fast as they could. But there are too many Walkers in every direction and they were trapped. Marth, Yuli and Jay fired guns trying to cut a path for the three of them to run through, and they managed, to an extent. They get most of the way going through before they heard Jay scream. Marth turn around his head, saw a few walkers, leaning over Jay, eating at his chest.
"Come on!" Marth yelled, as he turned to look towards Yuli.
Yuli, while driving a car was blocked by Caesar.
Little did they know, the walkers are set up by the Governors group.
|Day 2
It was a long day. Glen and Maggie were patrolling the prison yard as always. In the distance they noticed the Governor's vehicle and immediately called Rick. Daryl, Hershel, Michonne, Andrea and Carl is there too. The Governor's group and Rick's group stared at each other. After some time, Merle assisted by Caesar, opened their truck and release Magic_luver101. He was tied up and they all walk closer towards the prison yard.
A moment of silence passed before Rick's group began to draw their weapons as if they are getting ready whenever there will be an attack soon. The Governor started to point the gun at Magic_luver101's head. Rick's group gasped. But before the Governor could fire, T-Dog attacked him from behind. They had hand to hand combat, T-Dog manages to win. Him and Magic_luver101 runs inside the prison. Luckily no one died in the end.
|Day 3: The Fall of The Governor
"I've got more people, more fire power. We need this prison," says Hachi, threatening to kill all the people inside the prison if they aren't out by sundown. No agreement happened between them. All-out war ensues. Guns crack, knives cut and the zombie hordes descend on the two groups, magnetized by the sound of the unfolding battle.
Rick and The Governor exchange punches. After quite some time, The Governor almost won, but Michonne out of nowhere appears, sneaks behind him, plunging her katana through his chest.
|Day 4: It's Over
Hours have passed, and the Governor's group are still in the woods. Mew was all alone now, he cannot see where are the others. He saw a few walkers in the distance, and was able to kill them without a sound. He walks silently so he could return to Woodbury safely. On his way to the right, he didn't notice there is a stone in front on him causing him to fell. He got hurt and scream, blood are starting to come out in his arms. A moment later, Walkers are starting to go on his way. He quickly runs, but unfortunately he stumble into the pit full of Walkers. There is no escape, Walkers started eating him.
End of Game Roster Edit
- EDM - Andrea - Killed by Shane N4
- Aura - Daryl
- Magic - T-Dog
- Hachi - The Governor - Lycnhed D3
- Jay - Maggie - Killed by the Baddies N2
- Barc - Glen
- Izzy - Shane
- Yuli - Michonne
- Boquise - Hershel - Killed by the Baddies N4
- Donnie - Rick - Killed by the Baddies N1
- Mew - Caesar - Lynched D4
- Slick - Carl
- Marth - Merle - Killed by Shane N2
Actions Edit
|List of actions
Night 1 Baddies
Day 1 Goodie
Night 2 Baddies
Day 2 Goodie
Night 3 Baddies
Day 3 Goodie
Night 4 Baddies
Day 4 Goodie


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Jun 28, 1971
|Filing date
|Sep 13, 1968
|Priority date
|Sep 13, 1968
|Publication number
|John M Rhoades
|Original Assignee
|Gen Electric
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Referenced by (26), Classifications (7), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent r 13,sss,254
[72] inventor John M. Rhoades Waynesboro, Va. [21] Appl. No. 759,721 [22] Filed Sept. 13, 1968 [45] Patented June 28, 1971 [73] Assignee General Electric Company [54] FREQUENCY CONTROL FOR TUNABLE LASER UTILIZED IN A POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM 13 Claims,v3 Drawing Figs.
[52] US. Cl. 356/106, 331/945 [51] lnt.Cl G01b 9/02 [50] Field of Search 356/106- [56] References Cited FOREIGN PATENTS 1,474,640 2/1967 France Primary Examiner-Ronald Lt Wibert Assistant Examiner-T. Major Attorneys- Lawrence G. Norris, Michael Masnik, Stanley C.
Corwin, Frank L. Neuhauser, Oscar B. Waddell and Melvin M. Goldenberg ABSTRACT: A calibration system for a tunable laser utilized as a position indicating device in a position control system ineludes an interferometer counting the interference fringes in a pattern produced by the laser output and a portion of the output returned from a prism disposed on a carriage which is moved through a precisely known, repeatable movement. By using the interferometer output to count down a digital counter into which a number has been preset which corresponds to the change in the number of fringes that should be observed at a given laser frequency, any remaining count after the movement indicates error due to changes in transmission characteristics of the beam path. The remaining count may then be used to provide an analog voltage for adjustment of the laser frequency.
3e )3 32 LASER |N-|-ER HEATER FEROMETER 58 'l" I I l v f 50 34 I 20 PRESET a INTER- DIGITAL MOTOR COUNTER FERONETER COUNTER lconrngn. +CONTROL A 52 v 4: y l
\ POSITION CONTROL SIGNAL o/A I CONVERTER H 43 l i ll 46 t A I g 40 l l 38 HEATER g CONTROL 5 44 Q9 56 R v l L CALIBRATION 54 CONTROL PATENTED JUN28 IIIII SHEET 1 UF 2 8 32 Io 2 LASER E,. EATER i 4 3 T 58 I \L l MQTQR l 1..
'I 6 50 34 24 PRESET INTER- I DIGITAL MOTOR C T FEROMETER COUNTER C NTROL CONTROL 3 POSITION CONTROL IV I I SIGNAL CONVERTER ll 45 M 46 FIG. T I
I: 40 38 c'ifi R gL M CALIBRATION 54 F/ 3 CONTROL FROM CALIBRATION CONTROL CIRCuIT s4 LZgER HEATER INVENTOR. JOHN M. RHOADES BY 777M HIS ATTORNEY FREQUENCY CONTROL FOR TUNABLE LASER UTILIZEID IN A POSITION CONTROL SYSTEM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to position control systems using a tunable laser position indicator and, more particularly, to a calibrating circuit for such a tunable laser.
This apparatus is intended primarily for use with distance measurement and position control systems of various types for indicating and controlling the position of a given device. One such position control system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,248,622, L. U. C. Kelling, assigned to the assignee of the present invention, which involves comparison of a variablephase, high frequency control signal and position signal, both of which are referenced to a reference signal. The comparison product, or desired position control signal, may be applied to a servomotor to move the device to a desired position. Systems of this type usually utilize mechanical position indicating means, such as a resolver, which are physically connected through a gearing arrangement to the device whose position is being monitored. The angular position of the electromechanical devices shaft produces a voltage in the windings thereof which is representative of the actual device position.
It has recently been proposed to provide a position indicator which furnishes a digital output, the digital value representing the actual device position. One such system utilizes a fixed frequency laser whose beam is directed through an interferometer towards a mirror mounted on the device. This beam is directed by the mirror along a path parallel to the original back towards the interferometer. As part of the light transmitted from the laser has been directed by a beam splitter at right angles to the transmission direction, comparison of this light with the returned beam produces in interference pattern of fringes whose number is directly proportional to the change in the total number of wavelengths the beam has traveled. By means of suitable photodetecting apparatus, the number of fringes can be counted and converted into a plurality of discrete pulses, one such pulse being produced for a given number of fringes. After coupling these pulses to a digital counter and providing appropriate conversion factors between fringe counts and a desired unit of measure, the counter provides a direct readout in that unit measure of the change in distance between the interferometer and the device.
It can be shown that the number of fringes is directly related to both the frequency and wavelength of the light which is transmitted by the laser. Therefore, a very accurate measurement of the device position must take into account propagation anomalies in the transmission path between the interferometer and the device. For instance, the wavelength of a light beam transmitted in air, the usual medium, is affected by changes in air temperature, humidity, and air pressure, among others along the path of light transmission and the frequency of the light beam. In order that an accurate count may be produced, it is necessary, therefore, to compensate for these variations so that a digital readout of a measurement of the device position at one particular time equals that taken at a subsequent point of time. Such accuracy is especially important when many work operations are desired, or when the device position is to be very accurately controlled over a long period of time.
To compensate for these anomalies, it has been necessary to make measurements of the ambient temperature, pressure, humidity, and other variables, and either manually or automatically introduce into the conversion factor between the fringe counts and the desired unit of measure a correction factor which compensates for the changes in wavelength from that initially calibrated in a measuring system. Such an approach has additional problems in that the measuring devices have an accuracy and precision limit which many times is below that which is desired of the position measuring device.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an improved signal processing arrangement.
It is an object of this invention to provide a position indicating device for a digital or other position control system including a laser and interferometer which provides a precise and accurate indication of a device position.
It is a further object of this invention to provide precise and accurate indication by means of a laser and interferometer combination which is independent of changes in the wavelength of the laser beam in the medium of transmission, such as air, and does not require separate measurement of parameters ofthat medium to compensate for such changes.
It is a further object to provide continuous modification of a position feedback measuring system employing an interferometer wherein the coherent light source frequency is controlled to accommodate environmental changes affecting the wavelength of the light.
Briefly, these objects and others are achieved according to one embodiment of the invention by providing a second interferometer and a standard positioning device which has a predetermined coefficient of thermal expansion, and by utilizing a tunable laser whose frequency may be controlled by an output from the second interferometer.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The subject matter of the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. For a complete understanding of one embodiment of the invention together with other objects and advantages thereof, reference should be made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a position indicating system for use with a machine tool position control system;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the calibration control circuit of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of the heater control circuit of FIG. 1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Reference should be made to the position control system illustrated in FIG. 1 which is designed for use with a device whose position is to be controlled such as a machine tool including a table 1 and a movable carriage 2. Carriage 2 is positioned with respect to table 1 by means of a lead screw 3 which rotates in the table and which moves carriage 2 by means of a gear arrangement 4. In turn, the position of lead screw 3 is controlled by means of servomotor 5 which, in most cases, is a DC shunt wound motor of low speed and high torque capacity. A feedback control system generically designates at 6 controls the servomotor 5 so that carriage 2 may be positioned accurately and precisely with respect to table 1. The particular feedback control system illustrated is that utilizing a combination of a position indicating device including a laser and an interferometer and a digital control signal comparison system. Such a system is more fully detailed and claimed in copending application Ser. No. 737,46l whose details are incorporated by reference herein. Generally, the feedback control system 6 includes a position indicating device 7 utilizing a laser 8 and an interferometer and photodiode combination 9. The interferometer may be any using the Michelson principle which measures the fringe count which occurs when optical comparison is made of a transmitted beam and a reflected beam. A complete disclosure and discussion of the Michelson interferometer principle can be found in the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Interferometry, pp. 192, v. 7, (1960). An interferometer of this type is commercially available from the Perkin-Elmer Company and sold thereby as model INF-l. However, any device would be acceptable which is adapted to measure the fringes in an interference pattern between a transmitted and a reflected beam.
A wave of coherent light is generated by laser 8 and transmitted as a single beam through the interferometer 9 towards a mirror or reflecting prism 10 mounted on the carriage 2. In
the interferometer 9, the coherent wave has a portion directed therefrom at right angles by a beam splitter prism. Upon reaching the reflecting prism 10, the coherent beam is reflected and directed along a parallel but distinct path back toward the interferometer 9.
Upon reaching the interferometer, the return beam is projected upon a prism surface along with the beam directed from the transmitted beam by the beam splitter prism. The interference of these waves at the prism surface produces a visible interference pattern having a discrete number of interference fringes therein. By the use of suitably placed photodiodes or photodetectors, a discrete electrical output can be provided therefrom which is responsive to a select number of the interference fringes. For example, the interference pattern may be projected upon a second beam splitter prism which transmits a first portion thereof through a polarizing screen to a first photodiode and which transmits a second portion thereof, at right angles to the first, through a second polarizing screen to a second photodiode. The electrical output from these photodiodes varies sinusoidally in proportion to the total beam length, which is twice the distance between the first beam splitter prism within interferometer 9 and the reflecting prism 10. Thus, for one particular path length, the output of the photodetectors will be a given voltage. To produce this voltage, the output of one photodetector will be at a certain level and the other will be shifted sinusoidally 90. By suitable calibration, the output of each photodiode will undergo a complete sinusoidal cycle for every M2 increment in the total path length, where A wavelength of the transmitted, coherent beam. Thus, every half cycle thereof equals a )t/4 increment in such path length. The other photodetector operates similarly, its output being shifted by 90. By referencing these outputs to a reference level, clipping the sinusoidal variation thereof to produce a square pulse for each positive or negative portion, and combining them in algebraic addition, the above-mentioned voltage can be obtained. While the device position is being changed, the output comprises a series of pulses, one such pulse being produced for each /\/8 change in path length. By counting the total number of pulses produced in a given movement, the change in device position and thus the new actual position can be measured.
This combined output is fed to a first counter circuit 20 which may include both digital counting devices and a digital or numerical readout device. Counter circuit 20 also includes means to convert the combined pulse output, representing changes in wavelength, to increments of a unit of physical measurement, such as inches, meters, or the like. This conversion means requires that a number be preset therein as a conversion factor. In one particular embodiment, a pulse to the digital counting device within counter circuit 20 is produced for every 0.00001 inch travel of the carriage 2.
To use the circuitry so far illustrated as a position indicating device, the carriage 2 is moved to a reference position. All count is removed from the digital counting devices in counter 20 and carriage 2 is moved to a desired position. The resultant changes in the interference pattern within interferometer 9, or the number of fringe counts observed, produce a corresponding series of pulses to the digital counting devices within counter 20. By converting these pulses to a corresponding series of digital counts by multiplication by the preset conversion number, a digital number in measurement units can be accumulated which is representative of the change of the carriage position from the reference position.
This digital number is embodied in the output of counter 20 which is connected to a digital control circuit 22, also disclosed in the aforementioned copending application. Circuit 22 has as another input an analog or digital position control signal and provides a comparison of the digital number with the position control signal. An analog voltage output from circuit 22 is coupled to the difference between the actual and desired position signals proportional to a motor control circuit 24 which in turn drives the servomotor to move the carriage to the desired position by means of lead screw 3.
As previously noted, changes in the wavelength of light along the light path clue to propagation anomalies or changes in the velocity transmission characteristics of the light path or a change in light frequency, previously have been compensated for by physical measurement of the ambient and corresponding manual or automatic'changes in the conversion number fed into counter circuit 20. In the prior art, laser 8 comprised a fixed or single frequency device which was thermally isolated from the ambient to maintain the frequency thereof relatively constant. In addition, compensation for thermal .or other errors caused by dimension change in interferometer 9 was accomplished by making the mounting components therein of a material having zero coefficient of thermal expansion, such as Invar, and disposing all active components within a thermostatically controlled oven.
In the present invention, both laser 8 and interferometer 9 are thermally isolated as before. In distinction to the prior art,,
propagation anomalies are compensated by change in the frequency of the coherent beam transmitted from laser 8, rather than by changes in the conversion factor set into counter circuit 20. To this end, laser 8 is provided with a separate calibration system, generically denoted as 30, which changes the laser output frequency depending upon a comparison of fringes produced by a second interferometer measuring the movement of a reference carriage. The calibration system also may have the additional advantage of being able to automatically provide for changes'in the physical dimensions of the carriage 2 whose position is being measured, as well as in the physical dimensions of the position indicating device itself.
Laser d comprises a tunable laser of a type to be described later. The coherent beam from laser 8 is directed towards interferometer 9 through a beam splitter 32 which directs a portion of the beam at right angles therefrom towards a second interferometer 34. Interferometer 34 may be similar to interferometer 9 and no further discussion thereof will be made. Both interferometer 34, beam splitter 32, interferometer 9 and laser 3 are disposed on a common bed 36. Likewise disposed on bed 36 is a standard slide table 38 whose components are made ofa material having a thermal coefficient of expansion corresponding to that of table 1 to compensate for the thermal effects on table 1 and slide table 38. If an absolutely accurate measurement of position is desired, the material comprising the standard slide 38 should have a zero thermal coefficient of expansion, such as Invar. The standard slide table 38 includes a carriage 40 which is laterally moved with respect to slide table 38 and bed 36 by means of a lead screw 42 and a gear arrangement 43 coupling therebetween. Lead screw 42 in turn is rotated by a DC servomotor 44 which may be of the same type as DC servomotor number 5, though of less capacity. Disposed on carriage 40 is a reflecting prism 46 of a type similar to reflecting prism 10 disposed on carriage 2. In this regard, light from laser 8 is directed towards beam splitter 32 and thereafter passes to both interferometers 9 and 34. The light directed to interferometer 34 passes therethrough and is reflected from reflecting prism 46 in a parallel but distinct path back towards interferometer 34.
An output from interferometer 34 is introduced into a digital preset counter 50 which in turn provides a digital output to a digital-to-analog converter 52. The output from converter 52 is in the form of an analog voltage whose value represents the digital output from counter 50 and is connected to the input of a calibration control circuit 54. Three outputs of circuit 54 are connected to servomotor 44, preset counter 50 and to a heater control circuit 56 which in turn applies a control voltage to a heater 58 of tunable laser 8.
The functioning of calibration system 30 is directly based upon the principle that the transmission velocity of a coherent light beam is dependent upon the characteristics of the medium through which the beam must travel. In most cases in which this invention will be used, the medium will be air. Since air is a gas, it can be shown by well-known techniques that as the air pressure increases, the velocity of transmission decreases, and that as the air temperature increases, the velocity of transmission increases. Now, since the wave length of light in a particular medium is directly proportional to the velocity of transmission, if that velocity is increased, the wave length is accordingly increased. On the other hand, if the velocity of transmission is decreased, the wave length is accordingly decreased.
Combining these factors, it can be seen that if the air pressure increases, the wave length of light traveling therethrough will be decreased and that if the temperature increases, the wave length of light will be increased. Of course, other parameters have similar effects upon the velocity of transmission.
The practical effect of this phenomenon with respect to position indicating devices using lasers having a fixed, single frequency, is that in measuring a change of position of a device, such as carriage 2, with respect to a reference position, the number of interference fringe counts that are observed is directly dependent upon the wave length of the coherent light beam traveling in the air medium. If that wave length is increased, the number of fringe counts will decrease, since one pulse may be produced for a given increment of wavelength, such as 1\/ 4. For example, if the temperature of the ambient increases, the wave length increases and the number of fringe counts decreases, producing an error in the measurement ofa position change of carriage 2. This error makes the position indicated appear closer to the reference position than it actually is. On the other hand, if the temperature decreases, the wave length decreases and the position indicated appears farther from the reference position than it actually is.
To compensate for the changes in wave length, calibration system 30 provides a means for adjusting the frequency of the transmitted laser beam.
In this regard, carriage 40 is designed to have a known, repeatable movement with respect to table 38 and thus interferometer 34 which can be made accurate and precise to a large degree by existing machining techniques. For instance, carriage 40 could be designed to move a total distance of 1.000000 inch when actuated by servomotor 44. Furthermore, a number is inserted into preset counter 50 which should equal the observed number of fringe counts obtained from interferometer 34 when the carriage 40 is moved through the known, repeatable movement. For instance, if the repeatable movement were 1.000000 inch, and interferometer 34 or additional circuitry within preset counter 50 produced a pulse output for every 0.00001 inch travel of carriage 40, then 100,000 fringe counts should be produced during the movement. If this number is preset into counter 50, then any difference between that count and the count actually observed indicates an error which is directly attributable to a change in the velocity of transmission of the air medium or the existing laser frequency.
The remaining circuitry of calibration system 30 including digital-to-analog converter 52 and heater control 56 continuously converts the fringe count error as the number is reduced to zero into a control signal which adjusts the coherent beam frequency of laser 8 to a value such as to compensate for the observed change in velocity of transmission.
The function of calibration control circuit 54 is to automatically provide for this sequence of calibration steps. Therefore, circuit 54 initiates a given time period during which the carriage 40 is moved to an initial position and counter 50 is preset to a number which should equal the number of fringe counts observed during the known, repeatable movement. Thereafter, carriage 40 is moved through the known, repeatable movement by means of a signal applied to servomotor 44. During the movement, preset counter 50 receives pulses from interferometer 34 and counts down from the preset number. After the known, repeatable movement has been completed, the number remaining in preset counter 50 is converted into an analog voltage by means of digital-to-analog converter 52. The analog voltage is then applied through a switching contact of calibration circuit 52 to the heater control circuit 56 which provides a proportional controlsignal suitable to adjust heater 58 to a value which produces the desired coherent beam frequency. Heater control circuit 56 is energized, in a preferred embodiment, during only that portion of the time period when the movement has been completed and an analog voltage is present at the output of digital-to-analog converter 52.
The invention may be better understood by discussion of a specific example. Assuming that the known, repeatable movement is 1.000000 inch, the number preset into counter 50 should be 100,000 if the initial frequency of laser 8 and the design of interferometer 34 is such that a pulse is produced for every 0.00001 inch travel of carriage 40. For the purposes of discussion, the distance or the path length between interferometer 34 and the initial position of carriage 40 may be assumed to be much greater than the known, repeatable movement. If the velocity of transmission is increased, then fewer fringe counts than 100,000 will be observed by interferometer 34 during the movement. Therefore, the count remaining in preset counter 50 will be a positive number, for instance, 1000. Accordingly, conversion of the digital number 1000 to an analog voltage by converter 52 and subsequent adjustment of heater 58 by means of heater control 56 increases the frequency of laser 8 and thus decreases the wave length of the transmitted, coherent beam. However, since the total beam length upon which the fringe counts are based includes both the distance between interferometer 34 and the initial position of carriage 40, and the known, repeatable movement, this frequency correction overcompensates, as the fringe count error includes a variable proportional to the known, repeatable movement and the greater path length. In effect, the error in count, which was based upon the known, repeatable movement of 1.000000 inch, has been multiplied by the greater path length. Succeeding calibration periods would be required to reduce the observed error.
By proper design, the initial compensation provided to heater 58 can be made to equal the compensation needed for velocity changes, thus eliminating the need for subsequent calibration steps. If the path length is made a multiple of the known, repeatable movement, as for example 10 inches, an additional decade counter may be added to preset counter 50 and the effect of the path length upon the fringe counts observed may be divided out. In more detail, the known, repeatable movement produces approximately as many fringe counts as needed to provide frequency compensation. The additional decade simply removes the factor of 10 from the digital signal applied to digital-to-analog converter 52.
Illustrated in FIG. 2 is an embodiment of the calibration control circuit 54. Included therein is a slow speed, timer motor 60 having a shaft 62 upon which is mounted a plurality of cams 64, 65, 66, 67 and 68 which engage in turn movable members of switches 70, 71, 72, 73 and 74. Slow speed motor 60 is supplied from an AC power source 76, one terminal of which is directly connected to motor 60. The other terminal of source 76 is connected to motor 60 through the medium of either a start switch 78 or switch 70. When start switch 78 is depressed, motor60 is energized and begins to rotate at a slow rate. Thereafter, cam 65 provides a period hold by engaging switch 70. One revolution of shaft 62 determines the time period associated with calibration control circuit 54. At a time subsequent to that when motor 60 begins to rotate, cam 65 engages switch 71 to connect a source of DC power 80 to servomotor 44 to move the carriage 40 to the initial position. Thereafter, switch 71 is disengaged.
Switch 72 has connected to one terminal thereof a reset logic voltage whose value may be chosen in accordance with the specific circuitry of preset counter 50 to reset the decade counters therein to the preset number. Accordingly, the other terminal of switch 72 is connected to preset counter 50. Cam 66 has a small engaging surface thereon which engages switch 72 at a time subsequent to the completion of the initial movement of carriage 40 as determined by cam 65 and switch 71.
Thereafter, cam 67 engages switch 73 to which the DC voltage source 80 has been applied in a reverse fashion from that connected to switch 71 and servomotor M is moved in a reverse direction to the initial movement to produce the known, repeatable movement. During this time, counter 50 counts down from its preset number by means of pulses supplied by interferometer 34. At the end of the known, repeatable movement, the number remaining in counter 50 is that necessary to adjust heater 58 to a value to compensate for the fringe count error.
A quiescent portion of the time period now ensues in order that the digital number present in counter 50 may be sensed by digital-toanalog converter 52 and converted to a suitable analog voltage. This voltage is applied to one terminal of switch 7 8. In the remaining portion of the time period, cam 68 engages switch 74 to connect the analog voltage from converter 52 to heater control circuit 56. The frequency of laser 8 is then adjusted by means of a signal from heater control circuit 56 and the calibration period may be repeated, if needed, by subsequent depression of start switch 78.
Of course, it may be realized by those skilled in the art that calibration control circuit 54 may be implemented by means of electronic circuitry including a clock source establishing the time period and providing pulses to various gating circuitry for controlling motor 414 and thus carriage d0, counter 50, and control circuit s in a prearranged fashion.
Now turning to FIG. 3, an embodiment of heater control circuit 56 is illustrated which comprises an operational amplifier 82 having appropriate feedback circuitry 83. An input to operational amplifier 02 is provided from the DC voltage output of the calibration control circuit 54 or from, in the embodiment of FIG. 2, switch 74. Thus, the analog voltage produced by converter 52 is amplified and referenced by operational amplifier 82 to a value suitable for the ensuing circuitry ofcontrol-circuit 56. In the embodiment illustrated, this circuitry includes a DC servomotor 8 3 of low speed and high torque capacity whose shaft 85 is coupled by means of a gear mechanism 86 to a variable resistor or an autotransformer 87. A power supply 88 is coupled to variable resistor or autotransformer 87 and may comprise either the aforementioned DC power supply 80 or the aforementioned AC power supply 76. The output taken from variable resistor or autotransformer 87 is coupled directly to the laser frequency control circuit, such as heater 58. In operation, the magnitude of the DC analog voltage, proportional to the number remaining in preset counter 50, is applied to servomotor 84 to drive the motor at a speed proportional to this error digital number in counter 50. Since the heater control circuit 56 is energized only for a given time which excludes the time of the calibration count period, as determined by calibration control 54, the voltage output of the variable resistor or autotransformer 87 is changed, for ex ample, by a movable tap, at a rate which is directly proportional to the digital number remaining in counter 50. When this number is reduced to zero, the motor stops at a position which supplies the required heater power for the proper measuring frequency.
As with the calibration control circuit 54 illustrated in FIG. 2, the heater control circuit 56 may be embodied in suitable solid state circuitry, including silicon controlled rectifiers in place of variable resistor or autotransformer 87 and an integrating circuit in place of motor 84.
In all the embodiments heretofore described, control of the frequency of laser 8 has been by means of a heater 58 and the voltage applied thereto. Such description has particular applicability to tunable lasers including a lithium metaniobate crystal which functions by the principle of parametric oscillation at optical frequencies whereby a pump" light from a fixed frequency laser enters the crystal at one surface and two output beams having distinct frequencies emerge from the other crystal surface. By varying the temperature of the crystal, as by an electric heater and a temperature control therefor, the output frequencies may be varied by varying the crystal's index of refraction. The lithium metaniobate laser produces output frequencies ranging from about 2.6X l 0 gigacycles to 3.1)(10 gigacycles. The corresponding range in wave length is 1 1,500 A. to 9,700 A.. It may be seen that if the laser is tuned to a wave length of approximately 10,000 A., the fringe dimensions in an interference pattern occur at 40x10 inches. If the interferometer 34 is designed so that a pulse is produced for every M4 count, then each fringe count would equal l0 l0 inch and very accurate and precise calibration and measurement could be accomplished by means of the position indicating device illustrated in FIG. 1.
in accordance with this convenient requirement of laser output wave length of approximately 10,000 A., it may be seen that other tunable lasers may be used. For instance, an indium-potassium semiconductor injection crystal has a center laser frequency of approximately 9,600 A.. Such a semiconductor injection laser may be tuned by change in temperature, a magnetic field thereabout, or physical pressure upon the crystal surface.
Other lasers having outputs in this frequency range or wave length may be suggested. It is to be clearly understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the use of lithium metaniobate or indium-potassium lasers, but rather to any tunable laser which provides for a continuously variable frequency output around a wave length of interest. In this regard, although 10,000 A. has been suggested as convenient for measurement and calibration purposes involving inch measurement units, the invention is not limited thereto and it can be seen that by proper choice of the circuitry comprising interferometer 34 and preset counter 50 that suitable lasers having other frequency ranges may be used and other measurement units, such as metric, may be employed.
it has been mentioned that the carriage 40, as well as slide table 3%, should be made of a material whose thermal coefficient of expansion compensates for changes in transmission characteristics of the beam path. If the carriage 40 is made of a material having a zero coefficient of thermal expansion, such as Invar, calibration of the coherent output frequency of laser 8 may be made absolute with respect to temperature, pressure and other variations in transmission characteristics. However, it may be desired that the measurement change in direct proportion to increase in either temperature, or other variations. If temperature were chosen as a parameter, the carriage 40 may be made of a material having a thermal coefficient of expansion which equals that of carriage 2 thereby providing the same position measurement for different temperatures.
While this invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment and several illustrative examples thereof, it is to be clearly understood by those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited thereto and that the preferred embodiment merely illustrates simple digital and analog circuitry for the implementation of calibration system 30. The invention is intended to be bound only by the limits of the appended claims.
What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
I claim:
ll. A calibrating system for a position indicating device including a tunable laser producing a coherent light beam output and including means for continuously varying the frequency of said coherent output over a given range, comprising:
a. carriage means operable through a known, repeatable movement;
b. reflecting means disposed on said carriage means;
c. an interferometer producing an interference pattern between said coherent light beam output and a portion thereof directed toward and returning from said reflect ing means, said interferometer providing an output pulse for a discrete change in position of said carriage means;
d. digital counter means operable by said output pulses of said interferometer;
e. control means for presetting a first digital number in said counter means and for actuating said carriage means through a known, repeatable movement, the first digital number being proportional to the number of pulses which should be obtained from said interferometer during said movement, said counter means thereby counting from the first number and retaining a second digital number after said movement, the second digital number being representative of anomalies in the wave length of the light along the propagation path between said interferometer and said reflecting means;
f. means converting the second digital number in said counter means into a control signal for the frequency varying means of the tunable laser; and,
g. means applying the control signal to the frequency varying means.
. The calibration system of claim 1, further comprising:
. a table rigidly disposed at a fixed position with respect to said interferometer, said carriage being operable therein;
. a source ofa supply voltage; and,
c. a servomotor coupled to said carriage means through said table, said servomotor being controllable by application of said supply voltage through said control means.
3. The calibrating system of claim I wherein said control means further comprises:
a. timing means establishing a predetermined time period;
b. first means, coupled to said timing means, for actuating said carriage means to an initial position during a first portion of said time period;
c. means, coupled to said timing means, for presetting the first digital number during a second portion of said time period; and,
d. second means, coupled to said timing means, for actuating said carriage means through the known, repeatable movement during a third portion of said time period.
4. The calibration system of claim 3, further comprising:
a. a table rigidly disposed at a fixed position with respect to said interferometer, said carriage being operable therein;
b. a source ofa supply voltage; and,
c. a servomotor coupled to said carriage means through said table, said servomotor being controllable by application of said supply voltage through said first and second actuating means.
5. The calibration system of claim 3 wherein said converting means further comprises:
a. a digital-to-analog converter having an input thereof coupled to said digital counter means for converting the second digital number into an analog voltage at its output;
b. switching means having its input connected to the output of said digital-to-analog converter, said switching means being coupled to said timing means, for presenting said analog voltage at its output during a fourth portion of said time period; and,
c. a frequency control circuit for changing said analog voltage into said control signal.
6. The calibration system of claim 5, further comprising:
a. a table rigidly disposed at a fixed position with respect to said interferometer, said carriage being operable therein;
b. a source ofa supply voltage; and,
c. a servomotor coupled to said carriage means through said table, said servomotor being controllable by application of said supply voltage through said first and second actuating means.
7. The calibration system of claim 6 wherein said frequency control circuit further includes:
a. an operational amplifier having an input thereof coupled to said analog voltage;
b. a second servomotor supplied by the output of said operational amplifier, said servomotor having a rotatable shaft; and,
c. a variable signal means mechanically coupled to said shaft and having said supply voltage connected thereto, said variable signal means changing said control signal at a rate proportional to the speed of said second servomotor shaft.
8. The calibration system of claim 6 wherein:
a. said timing means includes a timer motor having a rotatable shaft and means for rotating said shaft through one revolution by application of said supply voltage to said timer motor; and
b. said first and second actuating means, said presetting means and said switching means comprise a plurality of cams disposed on said rotatable shaft and a corresponding number of switch members having input and output terminals, said first, second third and fourth portions of said time period being established by the engagement of said cams and said switch members.
9. The calibration system of claim 8 wherein said frequency control circuit further includes:
a. an operational amplifier having an input thereof coupled to said analog voltage;
b. a second servomotor supplied by the output of said operational amplifier, said servomotor having a rotatable shaft; and,
c. a variable signal means mechanically coupled to said shaft and having said supply voltage connected thereto, said variable signal means changing said control signal at a rate proportional to the speed of said second servomotor shaft.
10. An arrangement for positioning an object comprising a source of desired position control signals, a source of actual position signals comprising a coherent light source and a primary interferometer for providing a count of the fringe lines of light representative of movement of the object, means for compensating for changes in the wave length of the light from said source along the medium in which the light is transmitted comprising means for reflecting a portion of the light from said source over a separate, predetermined change in distance, a calibration interferometer for counting fringe lines established by said reflected light and representative of said predetermined change in distance to provide a calibration interferometer count, means for providing a calibrated fringe count corresponding to a calibrated fringe count for said predetermined change in distance, means responsive to said calibrated count and said calibration interferometer count for providing a control signal, and means for changing the frequency of said light source in accordance with said control signal.
11. An arrangement according to claim 10 wherein said means for providing a calibrated fringe count comprises a reversible counter and means for presetting a calibrated fringe count in said counter, and means for applying said calibration interferometer count to said counter to provide said control signal.
12. An arrangement for positioning an object comprising a source of desired position control signals, a position feedback device for providing actual position signals indicating the ac tual position of said object comprising a coherent light source and an interferometer responsive to light from said source being reflected over a path representative of movement of the object for providing a count of the fringe lines of light representative of object movement, means for compensating for changes in the wave length of the light from said source along said path comprising means for reflecting a portion of the light from said source over a separate, programmable change in distance, means for providing a calibration signal corresponding to a given fringe count for said change in programmable distance, a calibration interferometer for counting fringe lines established by said reflected light and representative of said programmable distance, means responsive to any difference between the calibration signal and said last-named count of fringe lines for generating a control signal, and means for changing the frequency of said light source in accordance with said control signal.
13. An arrangement for positioning an object comprising a source of desired position control signals, means for providing actual position signals comprising a coherent light source and an interferometer for counting fringe lines established by said light source and representative of movement of the object,
means for compensating for changes in the wave length of the light comprising means for continuously controlling the frequency of said coherent light, said compensating means comprising a carriage operable through a known, repeatable movement, light reflecting means disposed on said carriage,
tuating said carriage through a known, repeatable movement,
the first digital number being equal to the number of pulses obtainable from said calibration interferometer during said movement for a given rate of propagation of said coherent light, said counter thereby counting from the first number and retaining a second digital number after said movement, the second digital number being representative of count error caused by any change in the wavelength of said coherent light in the path between said calibration interferometer and said light reflecting means, means converting the second digital number in said counter into a control signal, a frequency varying means for said light source, and means for applying the control signal to the frequency varying means.
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|U.S. Classification
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|Oct 7, 1988
Owner name: GE FAUNC AUTOMATION NORTH AMERICA, A CORP. OF DE
Owner name: GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, A CORP. OF NY
Free format text: AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY;GE FANUC AUTOMATION NORTH AMERICA, INC.;REEL/FRAME:005004/0718
Effective date: 19880101


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Carhartt W.I.P x P.A.M. L/S Radio Club Athens Tee - Black
Carhartt W.I.P. aligns with Australia's own P.A.M. (Perks and Mini) for a capsule collection inspired by vintage radio. P.A.M. adds their signature quirky artwork to the always dependable Carhartt W.I.P staples. Super limited numbers in store on this release.


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We boarded the Krull's family tour bus and had a chance to catch up with a true metal workaholic and driving force behind Atrocity and Leave's Eye, none other than Alexander Krull himself. We first discuss the implications of his touring double duties with both bands. We also explore some details of the family/music dynamics involved. We then discuss different aspects of the Okkult album including a trilogy conceptualization, the current styles being explored, and the first global metal treasure hunt. We then discuss the band's musical experimentation history. We go into some details about Werk 80 III and then we review the many different dimensions that make Alex the positive workaholic that he is along with his own 30-year career and his future endeavors. We conclude our talk with some insight about his sister Yasmin Krull and Alex's upcoming production duties.
Category Archives: A
Anathema Interview & Photos 9/24/13
We sat down with Daniel Cavanagh backstage in order to catch up on all things Anathema. We briefly reviewed the etymology of the band's name plus its correct pronunciation. We discussed what other musical avenues are left for Anathema to explore along with the future progressions in sight and upcoming elements for the band's sound. We also had a chance to get Danny's impressions from the unique Bulgarian show at Plovdiv's Philippopolis Roman Theater that was filmed and recorded for their 'Universal' live release. We then touched on their latest acoustic shows in Europe with Antimatter and how they came about and future expectations. We also had a very productive chance to discuss Anathema's upcoming work and touring plans followed by the 'positive nepotism' factor that makes up the band's nomenclature and its effect on their dynamics. We also had a chance to explore a more personal side from Danny and his connection to Norway and its culture. For last, Danny commented on past, present, and future collaborations, including Mariangela from Tristania, as well as Mick and Antimatter.
Live Photos of Anathema taken by Superskum.com at the Summit Music Hall on Sept. 24th, 2013
Anthrax: Live Videos 4/2/13
Anthrax: Live in Denver on Apr. 2nd, 2013
Caught in a Mosh
In The End
March of the S.O.D.
Amon Amarth Interview 7/7/13
We had a chance to sit down with one of Amon Amarth's founding members Olavi Mikkonen on their Denver stop for the Rockstar Mayhem Festival. This time around we had the opportunity to discuss their current tour and the upcoming European tour with Carcass and Hell. We also had a chance to talk about their famous Viking ship stage prop and their limited set and set list for this festival. Olavi also briefly discussed the comparison and contrast between European Festivals and American festivals like the Rockstar Mayhem Festival. We then had a more detailed discussion about their new album Deceiver of the Gods where we touched on the differences for this new record in comparison to their older catalogue, the idea behind and design of their limited box set, future music videos for the release, and working with legendary producer Andy Sneap. For last, we discussed the bands utilization of online social media resources, more specifically the promotion of the new album through 'Reddit.'


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0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
I'm not eligible for jury service.Anyone care to guess why?
The categories of people who are excused jury service are:anyone who is more than 65 years oldanyone who has been on jury service during the past 2 yearsa member or officer of the House of Lords or Commonsa practising member of the medical or allied professiona Euro MPa member of the Forces whose absence would be "prejudicial to the efficiencyof the service"


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Paleo Lemon Goji Poppyseed Mug Cake - Cooks in 2 Minutes!
The image of a poppyseed cake had been haunting me for over a week now. Today, as my kitchen is in need of groceries, I decided it was time for that cake. But I didn't want to go out and buy one, or spend hours in the kitchen making a mess and then having to wait. 'Cooling minutes' (and cardio minutes) are the longest minutes ever!
So I made a mug cake.
What's a mug cake? Well essentially, you mix together a few ingredients, pop it into the microwave, and hey presto, a cake for one! Craving met. Without the temptation for seconds, and thirds…(if you're anything like me).
Mug cakes have been a little hit and miss for me, but this one was spot on. I actually surprised myself with how tasty it was when I ate it!
Plus, it's: Gluten Free. Dairy Free. Refined Sugar Free. Paleo. Grain Free. Low Fodmap. And incredibly easy!
With no added oil, a portion controlled size, and a little dose of protein and fibre - its the perfect snack or dessert for when that pesky craving won't go away, and you don't want to ruin all your hard work.
When you make it, be sure to tag me on Facebook or Instagram (@thebodydietetics) - I'd love to see your creations!
2 tbsp almond meal
1 tbsp coconut flour
2 tbsp maple syrup
1 egg
1 tsp. vanilla extract
1/4 tsp baking soda
1/2 tsp. cinnamon
1 tsp poppy seeds
1 tbsp lemon juice
1 tbsp lemon juice
3/4 tbsp maple syrup
1/4 tsp arrowroot
Combine all cake ingredients in a mug or ramekin until there are no lumps. Microwave on high for 2 minutes (this may depend on your microwave - mine is on the older side, so yours may cook through 5-10 seconds quicker). Remove and gently ensure it will pop out of the mug clean by sliding a knife down the edges. If it doesn't cook it a little longer.
Gently turn the mug over onto a plate and release the cake. If the top is a little wet still, you can return to the microwave for another 10 seconds, or as needed. Just be careful not to overcook.
For the glaze, combine the ingredients in a small bowl, then warm in the microwave for 15-20 seconds to thicken. Spread the glaze over the cake. Serve warm. This would be delicious with a small scoop of vanilla ice cream too.
Enjoy being you,
L x


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So you've purchased a set of coilover bumps for your car with spring pre load (or "spring tension") modification, but do you know how to effectively set it? Maybe your coilover system does not have separate drive size flexibility, you set it to generate a preferred drive size, and are now just hoping the set pre load is within proper range. Or maybe your coilovers do have spring pre load flexibility separate of drive size flexibility, but you are unsure of how this impacts efficiency. In this article we will explain the results of spring pre load and how to effectively set it.
Having too much or too little spring stress will negatively impact revocation efficiency, but in different ways. Too much spring stress could create your revocation feel like it is leading out. This happens because now the surprise reaches its maximum duration too suddenly, and this may get rid of your wheels from the road surface. Not enough spring stress could create your revocation bottom out excessively. Knowing these results can help create the right adjustments.
Let's define a few terms to help comprehend spring pre load results. The quantity of action the spring takes in at fixed drive size from the load of your motor automobile is known as "droop." And the quantity of action remaining over at fixed drive size is known as "compression action." The complete surprise action is drop and pressure action combined.
Total Shock Stroke = Sagg + Compression Stroke
It is important to comprehend that spring stress does not change the spring amount of a straight line spring (most coilover techniques come with straight line springs). For example, increasing spring pre load WILL NOT boost the stiffness of your straight line spring. However, this WILL boost the quantity of pressure action you have which increases bottoming resistance.
Springs on most coilover techniques have to be pre loaded in to retain a desirable quantity of pressure action at fixed drive size. For example; if you have a coilover with a 200 lbs/in spring amount carrying 800 lbs of bodyweight, without any pre set spring pre load, the coilover will pack 4″ just from the fixed 800 lbs of bodyweight acting on it. If this coilover has a complete of 5″ of action, this only leaves you with 1″ of pressure action remaining over! In this you must pre load the spring to insure you have more than 1″ of pressure action. There is way too much drop in this.
So we now know that spring stress impacts drop. But what is a lot of drop to have? This varies depending on how much complete action your coilovers have, so we treat the drop as a rate of complete surprise action. In to have an appropriate quantity of drop, we recommend setting drop to be 30-40% of the complete surprise action (see formula below). Now you know that you have to modify the spring stress on your coilovers to generate 30-40% droop!
Desired Sagg = Total Shock Stroke x.35
How to set spring pre load:
You must first look at the complete surprise action of your coilover (including the bump stop length). Then evaluate how much the coilover squeezes when your motor automobile is at fixed drive size. Deduct the pressure action at fixed drive size from the complete surprise action to find the drop quantity. Modify spring pre load until revocation drop is between 30-40% of complete surprise action.
Droop = Total Shock Stroke – Compression Stroke


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text: After a 20 minute overcrowded public ferry ride in the 32 degree heat, we arrived (sweating) to Gili Air. This island, known for its "chill factor" and accessibility to psychodelic mushrooms, is the smallest of the three gili islands and takes about 26 minutes and 54 seconds to run around. We had to walk for about 10 minutes from the ferry to our hostel 'Bedadang' which was located on the opposite side of the island. True to the island's reputation , we were offered magic mushroom several times during this 10 minute walk. Our hostel's rustic island theme (grass huts, palm trees, mosquito nets) was accented by a mushroom shaped swimming pool which was awash with flashing colours after sunset. We were still travelling with our USA contingent so most evenings we would head out as a group to get some cocktails and the cheapest meal we could find. Whitney and Alli (a girl in our travelling group) sought out the infamous Gili Air swing for a beautiful picture in the dying light while I proceeded to use the hostel table tennis table to assert Kiwi dominance by thrashing Max (a guy from our group) who suggested he might have some talent for ping pong (current score 8 - 5 to me). We now head to the Island of Lombok, known for its waterfalls, trekking, and surfing.Read more


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Topic closed. 1048 replies. Last post 10 months ago by NCLOTTOKING.
hey ronnbee right here you idiot.
you must be the stupidest person on this site.
can't post a pick to save your life. but obviously get mad when
others win. read it or should I do that for you too moron.
I didn't see him sneak in there Chris$. Wow, ronnbee...what's up with you? When Dee gets back
maybe she can give you a business card or contact info for her eye surgeon, you might need it.
No one here has to post anything at all but they do everyday..we appreciate people who put good time
in here...and that's a whole lot of posters...everyone but you. Ronbee, how about try posting what you're
playing? or just stop by and say you won, we don't question people. What makes this a good thread is that
people win and we say WTG not PROVE IT. People who use cheap shots get smacked upside the head at
some point..because no matter what they say or how happy they are to doubt and be a smartazz, they
always have to eat their words after they check back on: THE PA THREAD.
... Good Morning Everyone, I am just checking in to update you all that today I have my cataract surgery. So I don't know how long I will be gone but I just wanted to let you know.. I will let you know the out come when it is over.. So in the mean time I want you all to win that money today... G/L Everyone.. Talk to you soon... Dee
"Stay Woke".
Congrats everybody
240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249
870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879
good luck
Yeah I got bad habit of posting win when i didnt have time to post pick. Crazy 12 hour shifts at work. Wow never seen Chris get mad. Ronnbee dont mess man!! Great hits all. Man are they skating around that long out 329. Got em both times though box hits anyway on 235 839. Hey dr65 theres our 398 just wrong order for me. day 359 389 both SS
Just one time!!!
vtburke don't worry about that, we all do it. Sorry if you took that post the wrong way but I meant we have posters posting
everyday and win or lose at least we all put up more than useless questioning like Where is it posted? And I play things I don't
post...like the gas station bit...235 straight..I didn't get it but if I did was I supposed to have posted it to be believed? NOOO.
Everyone does that, if you're out and see a license plate that reads: 0000 and play it but don't post it GREAT and WTGG!! No
proof or excuse needed here ever. I just asked Ronnbee to post maybe he'd get his mind off wondering where someone who won
posted the number they won on.
GL today vtburke AND WTGGG on your hits yesterday!!!
dr65 I think 234/432/243 could be a good one today!
going to post the pick of the paper today. it's got alot of trips listed...
♠♣♥♦= $$$$
First of all I want to thank everyone for keeping me in their prayers... As for the surgery it went good and the cataract was really bad.. I just went back to the surgeon today and he took off the batch and all I can say is... WOW!!! what a difference.. Everything is soooooo BRIGHT... as I type this it is hard for me to look at the screen cause all the colors are sooo and bright.. maybe I should put on my sun glasses... LOL.... as for my vision it has improve a little but I still need to wait for 6 weeks to really know how much more it will or can approve... but right now I am doing fine... no pain or discomfort so far ... don't know how long I will be able to stay on until I get use to this brightness..but I did want to get back to everyone and let them know that I appreciate you all thinking about me.. thank you all again... and it;s good tobe back... The next surgery on the other eye will be in about 2 weeks. will update you all than again...
WOW!!!! Well I see we have some big winners yesterday... WTG dr65...Chris... and eveyone ... I see they finally let the 839 go...glad you all caught those numbers... NICE JOB!!!
2079 1085 8841 7227 3305 4651
WTG Chris$... let him know that you don't mess around with Pa and the numbers...
Glad to hear everything went well and you're feeling better that's a pretty quick recovery time and it sounds like good results, so good for you!
We still can't shake these lurkers can we dr65..? Well Ronbee like dr65 mentioned I do have a very ...very... good eye surgeon... anytime you want his name and phone just JUMP right on this thread and ask me.. I'll be more than glad to give you the info... you don't have to lurk on the thread just ask and you shall receive..
Welcome back!!!
Because Am Happy.!!
Im staying on 774 dr65...also like 779,717,773 in got qps 465,100,698,541 in 926 today good luck everyone
Wow!! Say it aint so!!
126 226 326 510
112 212 312 500 gl all!!!
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text:
Unable To Open .doc Files From Internet Explorer
If you are requesting permission to re-use any information on this site, then you may do so with appropriate acknowledgement of her work. Also, not succesfull. Yes, no dice. #5 Timmy71, Feb 13, 2015 jamescv7 Level 61 Trusted Joined: Mar 15, 2011 Messages: 12,165 Likes Received: 15,680 Did you consider to reinstall all over again for Add the domain where the files are stored to your Trusted Sites in your Internet Options. (http://intranet.domain.com) Monday, January 30, 2012 8:34 PM Reply | Quote Microsoft is conducting an online http://blacklex.com/internet-explorer/unable-to-open-files-from-internet-explorer.html
Check again if we can open Excel files in IE. If her words, thoughts or pictures have helped you, or made money for you, then please consider making a donation in her name to the Women's Cancer Foundation. more stack exchange communities company blog Stack Exchange Inbox Reputation and Badges sign up log in tour help Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed external network).
Unable To Open Excel File From Internet Explorer
I have tried every solution out there with no luck. A word document open in Internet Explorer's Word plug-in. But none of the three options was succesfull. #3 Timmy71, Feb 13, 2015 Spawn Administrator Staff Member Joined: Jan 8, 2011 Messages: 14,533 Likes Received: 17,162 Have you tried a RECOMMENDED: Click here to repair/restore missing Windows files & Optimize your PC Related Posts: History & Evolution Of Microsoft Office Software List of Alternative Browsers for Windows Fix: Cannot open particular
When i try to save the page it saved as .htm file But the file is downloaded properly in other browsers like Chrome , Firefox. What are Identity Columns? Figure4. Stop Internet Explorer From Opening Excel Files Windows 7 Some people now have ability to save the file and then can open it after saving and others are able to open the file direct from the link.
Right click it and choose "Rename". Cannot Open Excel File From Internet Explorer 11 This download, when run, will fix your problem automatically for you. For Tomcat, you would fix this by adding the following to conf/web.xml:
Click Start, then Programs (or All Programs) and find Windows Explorer. Open Word Documents In Internet Explorer Windows 7 Click to expand... Choose Open. This causes incorrect file association to try for checking the solution posted by Microsoft if you haven't made it.
- With ALL docs. #11 Timmy71, Feb 14, 2015 (You must log in or sign up to post here.) Show Ignored Content Loading...
- Internet Explorer uses what's called a "plug-in".
- Svoll replied Dec 22, 2016 at 7:34 PM New antiransomware product: RansomFree SKG2016 replied Dec 22, 2016 at 7:28 PM Help Me Decide Avast, norton or bullguard or comodo Aktiffiso replied
- The creator of ShaunaKelly.com, Shauna Kelly, passed away peacefully on Wednesday November 16, 2011 after a long battle with ovarian cancer.
- Any suggestions would be welcomed.
- Please first click Start, in the Search box, type "notepad" and press Enter.
- Figure3: You can choose whether to see a warning dialog like this every time you open a Word document from the internet or an intranet.
- Created by Anand Khanse.
- Still nothing 0 Datil OP Best Answer IRJ Apr 9, 2013 at 8:27 UTC After working on this for a day and a half straight...
- Try to repair IE or Windows to recover the corruption.
Cannot Open Excel File From Internet Explorer 11
Join Now I cannot open any MS Office attachments in OWA on IE9 or IE10. You can now see the Edit File Type dialog box (Figure2). Unable To Open Excel File From Internet Explorer finished. #7 Timmy71, Feb 13, 2015 jamescv7 Level 61 Trusted Joined: Mar 15, 2011 Messages: 12,165 Likes Received: 15,680 http://en.kioskea.net/forum/affich-26954-can-t-open-my-2007-document One solution there is to have an idea in registry, Internet Explorer Won't Open Excel Files Click the "View" tab. 3.
Add Cancel × Insert code Language Apache AppleScript Awk BASH Batchfile C C++ C# CSS ERB HTML Java JavaScript Lua ObjectiveC PHP Perl Text Powershell Python R Ruby Sass Scala SQL have a peek at these guys If you are asked if you want to add the information to your computer, click Yes to add. Disabling MIME sniffing forces IE to open the file based on extension, not content. In Windows Vista or Windows 7, click the "Start" peal, in the "Search" box, type "Folder Options" and you can open "Folder Options". 2. How To Configure Internet Explorer To Open Office Documents Windows 7
I have a laptop with xp also and it can open> these same files on the web with no problem.> > Any ideas what to check? > > This same scenario Best Regards, Sally Tang Tuesday, January 04, 2011 7:44 AM Reply | Quote 0 Sign in to vote I don't believe IE is corrupted. It wasn't accurate It wasn't clear It wasn't relevant Submit feedback Cancel Have a question about this article? check over here The only catch is that they have to enter their ID and password to open the linked file each time (or save the password which we don't ever recommend to our
Restart JIRA. Open Excel File In Internet Explorer I finally got it resolved. Then, you can restore the registry if a problem occurs.
If you tick the box at "Confirm open after download", you'll see a dialog box that asks whether you want to Open or Save the document.
I get the Save/Open> dialog ok, but then there is a short pause and i get this message:> > Internet Explorer cannot download some_file.doc from some_website.net> Internet Explorer was not able This has worked a bit different on different computers in our environment. more hot questions question feed about us tour help blog chat data legal privacy policy work here advertising info mobile contact us feedback Technology Life / Arts Culture / Recreation Science Open Word Document In Internet Explorer Can't modify Word docs in folder, can on desktop Can't print Word docs Can't Print Word Docs with Graphics can't save Word docs to floppy in Win XP- system locks up
Rename it to reg.reg. By open the file, I mean it does save it to the temp directory like it is going to open but I do not have Office installed. Click on reg,reg. this content You can edit the document as you would in Word, but some functionality of Word is unavailable.
Figure2: The Edit File Type dialog has two options that decide how your Word documents open: Confirm open after download, and Browse in same window. share|improve this answer edited Jan 9 '14 at 20:47 answered Jan 9 '14 at 20:11 Chris L 35829 add a comment| Your Answer draft saved draft discarded Sign up or Figure1: Find the DOC file type in the list of file types.


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Just RGB(A) + HEX
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by: FILSV • 6
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Account Options. Sign in; Search settings; Web History. Need For Speed: Most Wanted (2012) System Requirements. Can my computer run Need For Speed: Most Wanted (2012). System Requirements Lab analyzes. Need for Speed: Most Wanted is a 2005 racing video game developed by EA Black Box and published by Electronic Arts. It is the ninth installment
Need for Speed video games from Electronic Arts, the source for the highest rated and exciting titles like Need for Speed™ Most Wanted for iPad and iPhone.