text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Sep 14, 1971
|Filing date
|Apr 16, 1969
|Priority date
|Apr 16, 1969
|Publication number
|Burton Herbert O
|Original Assignee
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (14), Classifications (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent 1 3,605,090
[72] Inventor Herbert 0. Burton 3,469,236 9/1969 Gallager 340/146. 1 Little Silver, NJ. 3,475,724 10/1969 Townsend, et al. 340/146.1 [21] Appl. No. 816,605 3,299,285 1/1967 Cannon 307/208 :gfg Primary Examiner-Eugene G. Botz Assistant Examiner-Charles E. Atkinson [73] Ass'gnee Telepimm hormones Incorporated AttorneysR. J. Guenther and Kenneth B. Hamlin Murray Hill, NJ. 7
[54] DECODER FOR CONVOLU'I'IONAL SELF- ORTHOGONAL ERROR-CORRECTING CODES 5 Chi l Dra inns ABSTRACT: An error-correcting decoder for convolutional Us. elfonhogona] codes includes a multistage yndrome register [51] Int. Cl ..G06f 11/12, A majority logic circuit is connected to Selected stages of the G08: /00 register. 11, during the decoding process, the logic circuit sen- Field of Search 340/ 146.1; gas h a majority of the selected stages contain 1 signals, 307/203 the circuit generates a correction signal that is utilized to invert the information digit currently being processed. Circuitry [56] Rekrences cued is provided responsive to such a correction signal for resetting UNITED STATES PATENTS to 0 all the selected stages of the syndrome register. In this 3,227,999 1/1966 Hagelbarger 340/ 146.1 way the undesirable error propagation characteristic of a con- 3,303,333 2/1967 Massey 340/ 146.1 X ventional feedback decoder is significantly improved.
ml ENCODER I00 OUTPUT INFORMATION SIGNALS oecoosa 20o INFORMATION men E SHIFT REGISTER 206 216 INFORMATION I02 ii'E /si'giflo 1 3 4 MOD 2 01mm W 3 2 ADDER INFORMATION STAGE SIGNAL SOURCE 1 s 5|4|a|2| DELAY 200 M00 2 222 UNIT ADDER MOD 2 204 209 ADDER "6 l MAJORITY 1"- SWITCH ciii iiir .117 223 i 202 NOISY sea-.01 W W S I SOURCE fifik STAGE NOS. I I5 4 2 were REGISTER 2|2 12m DECODER FOR CONVOLUTIONAL SELF- ORTHOGONAL ERROR-CORRECTING CODES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to the decoding of redundant signal sequences and more particularly to an error-correcting decoder for such sequences.
2. Description of the Prior Art Two systematic procedures are known for decoding a redundant sequence that includes information signals encoded in accordance with a convolutional self-orthogonal code. One of these procedures, called definite decoding, is embodied in the error-correcting system depicted in FIG. I of D. W. Hagelbarger US. Pat. No. 3,227,999, issued Jan. 4, 1966. In accordance with the procedure embodied in the FIG. 1 system, each decoding correction made with respect to an information signal is purposely not taken advantage of to change the nature of a stored syndrome or error pattern representation. If such a change were made, the decoding of subsequently processed information signals would be directly influenced.
In other words, in definite decoding there is no feedback connection in the decoding circuitry. Hence, an erroneous decision by the decoder cannot lead to other faulty decisions in subsequent processing. In effect a positive immunity against error propagation in the decoding process is thereby achieved (but at the expense of reduced error-correcting capabilities).
The other available procedure for processing convolutional self-orthogonal codes is known as feedback decoding. In this type of decoding each correction achieved in the decoding operation affects subsequent decoding decisions. This is accomplished by respectively inverting all the syndrome signals that indicate that the information signal currently being processed should be corrected (inverted). FIG. 12.7 on page 388 of Principles of Data Communication by R. W. Lucky, J. Salz and E. .l. Weldon, .lr., McGraw-Hill, 1968, illustrates this type of decoding procedure.
It is apparent that in a feedback decoder a bad decoding decision can introduce additional errors in the decoding process. However, despite this error propagation possibility, feedback decoders are advantageous in that they exhibit relatively powerful error-correcting capabilities.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is an improved decoder.
More specifically, an object of this invention is an improved decoder capable of processing convolutional self-orthogonal codes.
Another object of the present invention is a simple feedback-type decoding arrangement which has greater error-correcting capabilities than a definite decoder but which exhibits considerably less of an error propagation problem than a conventional feedback decoder.
These and other objects of the present invention are realized in a specific illustrative embodiment thereof that comprises a decoder for convolutional self-orthogonal codes. Included in the decoder is a multistage syndrome register. A majority logic circuit is connected to selected stages of the register. If, during the decoding process, the logic circuit senses that a majority of the selected stages contain 1 signals, the circuit generates a correction signal that is utilized to correct (invert) the information digit currently being processed. Circuitry is provided responsive to such a correction signal for clearing all the selected stages of the register. In accordance with this decoding configuration, a relatively powerful errorcorrecting capability with limited error propagation is achieved.
It is a feature of the present invention that in a decoder for convolutional self-orthogonal codes feedback circuitry be provided responsive to the generation of a correction signal by a majority logic circuit for resetting selected stages of a syndrome register.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING A complete understanding of the present invention and of the above and other objects, features and advantages thereof may be gained from a consideration of the following detailed description of a specific illustrative embodiment thereof presented hereinbelow in connection with the accompanying single-FIGURE drawing which shows a particular illustrative error-correcting system that embodies the principles of this in- .vention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION The system shown in the drawing includes a conventional encoder for encoding recurrent digital information signal sequences supplied by the source 102. For illustrative purposes the encoding of the information signals is assumed to take place in accordance with a rate one-half double-errorcorrecting convolutional self-orthogonal code. Such a code is well known in the art, being described, for example, in the aforecited Hagelbarger patent.
The encoder 100 shown in the drawing includes a master clock signal source 101, a shift signal source 115, an information digit shift register 110, a modulo two adder (an exclusive- OR circuit) 116 and a switch 117. These units may be identical in configuration to the correspondingly numbered blocks shown in FIG. 1 of the Hagelbarger patent. Moreover, the mode of operation of the encoder 100 is straightforward and evident from the description contained in the Hagelbarger patent relative to FIG. 1 thereof.
Interleaved information and parity check signals generated by the encoder 100 are propagated via a noisy communication channel to a specific illustrative decoder 200 made in accordance with the principles of the present invention. Under the control of clock signals supplied by a source 202, a switch 204 functions to separate the interleaved information and check signals by routing each received information digit to a shift register 206 and by routing each received check signal to a modulo two adder 208.
In effect, the modulo two adder 208 recalculates a set of parity check signals from the received information signals. Each such recalculated check signal is compared (in the adder 208) with it corresponding received check signal which appears on the line 209. If no errors occurred in the depicted system, the recalculated and received check signals will be identical and for each such corresponding pair of signals, the output of the adder 208 will be a 0" signal. On the other hand, error occurrences can cause the recalculated and received check signals to differ which in turn causes the adder 208 to provide a l output signal.
In a manner well known in the art (see, for example, the Hagelbarger patent), the sequence of signals provided by the adder 208 is applied to and serially shifted through the stages of a syndrome digit shift register 212. (Shifting of the register 212, as well of the register 206, is controlled by a shift signal source 214.) It is manifest that the digit pattern stored in the register 212 constitutes an error representation. Thus, for example, if no errors occur in the system, it is evident that an all-O sequence is stored in the register 212.
Interpretation of the error pattern stored in he register 212 to determine the correctness or not of the information signal currently being outputted from stage No. l of the information digit register 206 to a modulo two adder 216 is carried out by a majority logic circuit 218. As described in the Hagelbarger patent, the circuit 218 provides a 1 output signal ifa majori ty of the syndrome digits stored in selected stages of the register 212 are i signals. Such a 1" correction signal provided by the circuit 218 is applied to the modulo two adder 216 and serves to invert or reverse the information signal being propagated through the adder 216 at that time. In turn the corrected information signal appears at the output of the adders 216 on the output line 220 of the decoder. Of course, if a correction signal is not provided by the logic circuit 218; the information signal currently being processed is transmitted through the adder or reversing circuit 216 in unaltered form.
The theory underlying the above-outlined majority logicdecoding operation, and the procedure to follow in determining which stages of the syndrome register 212 are to be sensed by the circuit 218 for a particular convolutional selforthogonal code, are well known in the art. The applicable theory and procedure are described in the aforecited Hagelbarger and Lucky et al. references, in Threshold Decoding by J. L. Massey, MIT Press, 1963 and in an article by Robinson and Bernstein cited below.
Hagelbargers FIG. 1 system includes a majority logic circuit whose output is not coupled back to alter any of the representations stored in the associated syndrome register. Such a decoding approach is designated by Lucky et al. as definite decoding.
Lucky et al. also describe the technique of applying the output of the majority logic circuit to those selected stages of the syndrome register which supply inputs to the logic circuit. in accordance with that technique, a l output signal provided by the logic circuit is utilized to respectively invert the representations stored in the selected syndrome stages. This technique is referred to as feedback decoding.
A decoding error, caused, for example, by an error occurrence that is outside the error-correcting capability of a particular convolutional self-orthogonal code, can cause an erroneous 1" correction signal to be generated. In definite decoding, where no feedback of the correction signal occurs, such an error does not tend to cause a succession of further decoding errors. In conventional feedback decoding, on the other hand, the erroneous correction signal is utilized to change selected ones of the syndrome representations and, as a result, a succession of further decoding errors can thereby result. This phenomenon of a decoding error tending to trigger other decoding errors is known as the propagation effect or decoding error propagation and is a well-known characteristic of feedback decoders for convolutional self-orthogonal codes.
Even in the conventional feedback decoder for convolutional self-orthogonal codes, however, there is a definable limit on the extent to which a decoding error will propagate. In A Class of Binary Recurrent Codes with Limited Error Propagation" by J. P. Robinson and A. J. Bernstein, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. lT-l3, No. 1, Jan. 1967, pp. 106-113, it is shown that if a decoding error in a feedback decoder is followed by an error-free interval of several constraint lengths, no additional error beyond this interval will be made.
In particular, Robinson and Bernstein derive the following bound on the error propagation length L for a conventional feedback decoder.
L5 (n --b)t+2n where n actual constraint length las defined by Robinson and Bernstein).
b basic block length of the convolutional self-orthogonal code, i.e., the number of digits containing one information group and one check group; for a rate one-half code e the number of errors the code is guaranteed to correct. I the least integer satisfying T 1 2T- J J T t i: 2 2 1 i T i T the threshold value (usually e+l when the code has minimum distance 2e+I J the number of syndrome digits used in decoding each information digit. N==n,,lb. in accordance with the principles of the present invention, a modified feedback decoder for convolutional self-orthogonal codes has been devised. The modification is based on the realization that error propagation in the decoding process will end as soon as there are e or fewer ls in the syndrome representation. Thus, an approach to decoding which causes a relatively fast decrease in the number of l s" in the syndrome representation will result in relatively short error propagation lengths. This is accomplished in accordance with the present invention by resetting or clearing to 0" (not respectively inverting) all the selected stages of the syndrome register 212 shown in the drawing. The syndrome stages that store "0" signals are left unchanged, but those that store 1'5" are each cleared to o." In effect this unique feedback-decoding technique hedges against a possibly incorrect decoding decision by putting more emphasis on those syndrome signals that indicated positively that an error has occurred and by putting less emphasis on the syndrome signals that indicated negatively with respect to the occurrence of an error. In accordance with this approach, new l signals are never introduced into the syndrome representation by the decoder itself. Accordingly, if no more errors occur, the syndrome register will return within two constraint lengths to the condition in which 2 or fewer ls are stored therein. This bound on error propagation is considerably better than the one reported by Robinson and Bernstein.
However, there is a penalty in error-correcting capability associated with a modified feedback decoder made in accordance with the principles of this invention. More specifically, suppose a self-orthogonal code has been designed to correct 2 errors and that the actual constraint length (as defined by Robinson and Bernstein) is n, bits. Then 1. With conventional feedback decoding, the decoder will correct every error pattern for which no more than e errors occur in any n, consecutive bits. Such a decoder will also correct some but not all patterns which contain more than 2 errors in n,, bits.
2. With conventional definite decoding, the decoder will correct every error pattern for which no more than e errors occur in any 2n -b consecutive bits. Such a decoder will correct some but not all patterns which contain more than e errors in 2n, b bits.
. With modified feedback decoding in accordance with the principles of the present invention, the error correcting capability of the decoder is between that of feedback and definite decoding. Some errors that would not be corrected by definite decoding are corrected with modified feedback decoding and, on the other hand, some errors that would be corrected by feedback decoding are not corrected with modified feedback decoding.
Returning to the specific illustrative embodiment shown in the drawing, it is seen that the output of the majority logic circuit 218 is applied via a delay unit 222 to the third, sixth and seventh stages of the syndrome register 212. The unit 222 is included in the decoder to prevent the occurrence of a race condition in the depicted circuitry. The delay thereof is made sufficiently short that the operation of resetting or clearing the indicated stages to 0 occurs before the representation stored in the register 212 is next shifted one stage to the right by the shift source 2114.
The majority logic circuit 218 shown in the drawing is connected to respond to the syndrome representations stored in the first, third, sixth and seventh stages of the register 212. Nevertheless, the aforementioned reset or feedback signal need not actually be applied to the first stage of the register 2H2. This is so because the syndrome representation stored in stage No. l is during the next shifting interval propagated out of the register 212. Thus, due to the shifting action of the syndrome register, the representation formerly stored in stage No. l is not included in the next set of syndrome digits sensed by the circuit 218. Hence, resetting that stage to 0" is unnecessary.
As indicated, stage No. l of the particular illustrative syndrome register 212 shown in the drawing need not as a practical matter actually be reset to The dashed line extending between the reset signal line 2.23 and stage No. l is intended to signify that a direct electrical connection therebetween is accordingly not necessary. At the same time the dashed line is symbolic of the fact that in a decoder in which the rightmost stage of the syndrome register does not constitute one of the selected stages, every one of the selected stages is actually cleared to or maintained at 0" by applying a reset signal thereto.
lllustratively each of the stages included in the syndrome register 212 comprises a bistable multivibrator unit that includes a reset terminal. Such units are relatively simple and various economical versions thereof are well known in the art. By contrast, the conventional feedback decoder shown in H0. 12.7 on page 388 of the Lucky et al. reference requires that a plurality of exclusive-OR circuits be associated with a syndrome register to accomplish the desired inverting operation. Alternatively each syndrome stage of a conventional feedback decoder could comprise a complementary-type bistable circuit, but even such circuits are typically more complex than the simple set-reset units that are included in the novel herein-described decoder.
For the particular double-error-correcting code embodied in the illustrative modified feedback system shown in the drawing, the bound on error propagation is 26 digits and the constraint length is 14 digits. By contrast, the error propagation bound and the constraint length for a conventional feedback decoder are 28 and 14, respectively.
The protection against error propagation provided by a modified feedback decoder made in accordance with the principles of the present invention is considerably more significant when more powerful or higher-rate convolutional selforthogonal codes are employed. (To embody such alternative codes in a system of the type shown in the drawing is a straightforward matter. A rate one-half double-error-correcting code is embodied in the depicted system for reasons of simplicity and clarity of presentation only.) Thus, for example, if the principles of the invention are embodied in a quadrupleerror-correcting system, for which J=8, the following tabular comparison emphasizes the advantage of the modified feedback technique:
In Table 1, b, n,,, t and L are as defined earlier above. The column headed 2n,,-b lists the error propagation bounds for modified feedback decoding systems made in accordance with the present invention. The column headed L2n +b lists the differences between those bounds and the corresponding RobinsonBemstein bounds for conventional feedback systems. It is apparent that these differences attain significant magnitudes.
The more advantageous error propagation bounds of modified feedback decoders are illustrated above. Although, as previously indicated, such decoders are also characterized by less powerful error-correcting capabilities than conventional feedback systems, it is emphasized that the capabilities of the modified systems are greater than those of definite decoders. As is evident from the description above of the nature of the modified feedback circuitry, this greater capability over definite decoding is achieved at the expense of very little additional circuitry.
The relative error-correcting capabilities of definite, feedback and modified feedback decoding have been investigated. One such investigation has been carried out for a rate of twothirds double-error-correcting code of the convolutional selforthogonal type. In particular, for this code the number of threeand four-error patterns that could be corrected by each of these decoding techniques was evaluated. The results of this evaluation are set forth below:
TABLE ll As indicated in Table II, a modified feedback decoder made in accordance with the principles of the present invention exhibits better error-correcting properties than a conventional definite decoder.
It is to be understood that the above-described arrangement is only illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. In accordance with these principles numerous other arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, although emphasis has been directed herein to binary coding techniques the principles of this invention may be extended to nonbinary coding arrangements.
1. What is claimed is:
1. In combination in a decoder for convolutional selforthogonal codes,
a multistage syndrome register,
a majority logic circuit responsive to the representations stored in selected stages of said register for generating correction signal for an information digit currently being processed, and
means responsive to the generation of said correction signal for setting each of said selected stages to a predetennined logical state corresponding to common reference state, those of said selected stages in said common reference state at said time said correction signal is generated remaining in said common reference state.
2. A combination as in claim 1 wherein said majority logic circuit includes an output terminal, wherein each of said syndrome register stages includes a reset terminal, and wherein said resetting means comprises a delay unit connected between said output terminal and each of said reset terminals.
3. In combination in a decoder for convolutional self orthogonal codes,
a multistage syndrome register for storing a pattern of digits representative of the error status of received information digits,
means for shifting said pattern through said register in a digit-by-digit manner,
logic means connected to a selected plurality of the stages of said register for generating a l correction signal if a majority of said selected stages store l representations therein, and
resetting means responsive to said l correction signal for clearing to 0" each of said selected stages that stores a 1 representation and for maintaining in its 0" state each of said selected stages that stores a 0" representation.
4. A combination as in claim 3 wherein said resetting means includes means for preventing a race condition in said decoder while at the same time ensuring that resetting of said selected stages takes place before said register is next shifted.
5. A combination as in claim 4 wherein said register comprises seven stages, the selected stages of which are the first, third, sixth and seventh stages thereof, wherein said resetting means is connected to the third, sixth and seventh stages, and wherein said preventing means comprises a delay unit.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 15, 1962
|Jan 4, 1966
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Continuous digital error-correcting system
|Apr 12, 1963
|Jan 17, 1967
|Control Data Corp
|Two-phase computer systems
|Jul 25, 1962
|Feb 7, 1967
|Codex Corp
|Error detection and correction system for convolutional codes
|Mar 10, 1965
|Sep 23, 1969
|Codex Corp
|Error burst decoder for convolutional correction codes
|Oct 8, 1965
|Oct 28, 1969
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Error control system
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 3, 1971
|Apr 17, 1973
|Bell Telephone Labor Inc
|Error-correcting systems utilizing rate {178 {11 diffuse codes
|Jun 28, 1972
|Aug 20, 1974
|Method and apparatus for decoding compatible convolutional codes
|Oct 31, 1973
|Mar 25, 1975
|Motorola Inc
|Random error correcting system
|Jan 30, 1974
|May 6, 1975
|Motorola Inc
|Burst error correction code
|Sep 24, 1975
|Oct 25, 1977
|Motorola, Inc.
|One-error correction convolutional coding system
|Jun 29, 1978
|Mar 11, 1980
|Cubic Corporation
|Triple random error correcting convolutional code
|Nov 19, 1979
|Feb 23, 1982
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Circuit arrangement for correction of data
|Dec 19, 1980
|Oct 19, 1982
|Sony Corporation
|Burst-error correcting system
|Jun 14, 1982
|Oct 9, 1984
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Dual threshold decoder for convolutional self-orthogonal codes
|Jul 8, 1983
|Jun 4, 1985
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Quasi-soft decision decoder for convolutional self-orthogonal codes
|Apr 2, 1985
|May 19, 1987
|Motorola, Inc.
|Error corrector for a linear feedback shift register sequence
|Sep 3, 1992
|Mar 21, 1995
|Yang; Sung-Moon
|Packet start detection using check bit coding
|May 6, 1983
|Sep 11, 1984
|Sony Corporation
|Burst-error correcting system
|Nov 8, 1979
|Jun 11, 1980
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Data correction circuit
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


text:
Who We Are
Global Jewish Advocacy for a Younger Generation
ACCESS, AJC's Young Leadership Program, prepares the next generation of Jewish leaders to engage the key issues facing the global Jewish community. ACCESS empowers young Jewish activists to shape the conversation on today's critical domestic and international issues by reaching out to diplomats, opinion makers, and young leaders of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds.
At ACCESS we believe a younger generation is increasingly shaping public opinion and policy around the world and that it is vital that Jewish voices participate in the conversation. We equip young Jewish leaders to stand at the forefront of this engagement and to be global agents of change.
ACCESS is a division of AJC's Helen and Martin Kimmel Young Leadership Institute.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Thursday, January 12, 2006
Three years after philanthropists donated an expensive, state-of-the-art positron emission tomography (PET) scanner to the Jewish General Hospital (JGH), the Quebec government has given the go-ahead for its use.
The government had balked because of the cost of operating the equipment, including installation, staffing and upkeep, which can be over one million dollars a year. At the time of the donation, only two PET scanners, used primarily in cancer diagnosis, were in operation in public institutions in the province.
Lead donor Aaron Fish, however, is not satisfied because he believes the 1,300 scans a year the health ministry will fund is not enough and could be at least twice that number.
"I'm still frustrated," said Fish. "First of all, it should not have taken this long. We are talking about a technology that saves suffering and, in the long term, saves the province money as well."
The JGH's PET centre is located in the newly constructed underground nuclear medicine department, is now seeing four patients a day between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m., said JGH spokesperson Glenn Nashen. That can now increase to an average of 51/2 tests per day, he said.
Currently, there is a waiting period at the JGH of about three weeks and patients are sometimes sent to other hospitals, he said.
Fish, former owner of Unican Security Systems Ltd., and two friends spent $2.6 million on the scanner, a good price, he said, because he personally shopped for it, soliciting bids from suppliers.
"This is a very expensive piece of equipment that is sitting idle 50 to 60 per cent of the time. Such a limited use is ridiculous. Ten to 12 tests could easily been done each day," he said, if the money was there.
The JGH, however, is happy to finally be getting the scanner running – it was installed in September – and is reserving any criticism of the government. Nashen said the PET scanner is already improving the efficiency of cancer care because it makes diagnosis quicker and may reduce the need for other interventions and the incidence of unnecessary treatment.
In November, Health Minister Philippe Couillard announced $22 million in new funding to the province's hospitals that will significantly increase the use of PET. This imaging technique shows in cross-section how an organ or tissue is functioning by tracking a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream. It is an especially valuable tool in the detecting and monitoring brain and other tumours, as well as neurological and cardiovascular problems.
PET is considered more advanced than conventional imaging with computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which show the structure of the body. Because of PET's precision, doctors can sometimes avoid doing exploratory surgery, and the number of chemotherapy treatments may be reduced because it can show that a cancer has been destroyed.
But PET scans are more expensive. The equipment also requires specially constructed centres to contain radiation and accommodate its weight. Staff also must be trained.
In 2002, only the Montreal Neurological Institute and the University of Sherbrooke Hospital in the Eastern Townships had PET scanners. Last year, the McGill University Health Centre and the Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM) also got them.
By 2007, the government's plan is to have 14 PET scanners in operation in the province, conducting 21,000 tests per year. In this phase of funding, the JGH is one of six Montreal hospitals, plus Sherbrooke, to get the green light to either open PET centres or increase the number of tests they conduct.
By next year, CHUM, for example, will increase the number of scans it does from 1,500 to 4,000.
Fish, together with David Stendel and Morty Fruchter, approached the JGH in 2002, when it launched a $200-million capital campaign, and were advised by executive-director Henri Elbaz that the PET scanner was what the hospital needed, Fish said.
Fish sees no reason why the JGH should be doing 1,300 scans a year, when the Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, which serves not many more patients, will be permitted to do 3,000.
The JGH's oncology department is considered one of the best in the province, he pointed out, and the JGH will be the site of the $53.4-million Segal cancer centre, expected to be completed in a couple of years.
"The JGH is not getting a fair share," said Fish, adding that 80 per cent of the JGH's patients are not Jewish.,
Fish strongly believes in public health care, and is perturbed that private clinics with PET scanners have recently opened in Montreal to serve those who can pay.


text:
Japan lodged a protest with Beijing on Saturday after about 230 Chinese vessels were spotted in waters near a group of disputed islets in the East China Sea, the Japanese government said.
More than 200 fishing boats, as well as six Chinese coast guard ships, were sailing in a contiguous zone near the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands, Tokyo said.
The uninhabited islets are also claimed by China and Taiwan, where they are known as Diaoyu and Tiaoyutai, respectively.
"This is a unilateral act that raises tensions. It is unacceptable to us," Kenji Kanasugi, a Japanese foreign ministry official, told the Chinese Embassy in Japan.
Japan summoned the Chinese ambassador to Japan, Cheng Yonghua, to lodge a protest late Friday after a total of eight Chinese fishing vessels and coast guard ships entered what Tokyo regards as its territorial waters near the Senkakus.
China's moves come after Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe on Wednesday appointed Tomomi Inada as the country's new defence minister in a cabinet reshuffle. Inada has controversially denied Japan's Nanjing Massacre in 1937.


text:
In today's post, I look back at my 2011 interview with Eric Ries about his book "The Lean Startup." I share a new PDF summary of the discussion along with some excerpts from the book that cite W. Edwards Deming and Taiichi Ohno. I'll be speaking at the annual Lean Startup Week event this year (and this post contains a link that will save you 15%). Show More Summary
An exec at a company I'm an investor in sent this to me this morning. Does this feel like your life at your company? I'm an enormous fan of Eric Ries and The Lean Startup. His, and Steve Blank's, thinking and writing changed how we approach startups. However, the bright shiny object syndrome is alive and... Read more The post Just Finish It appeared first on Feld Thoughts.
If you believe lean startup methods lead to "cheap" products and companies, or that lean startup companies don't think big, think again.
A number of Silicon Valley leaders have banded together to support a crowdfunding effort to build the first coding academy in Gaza. The campaign, which started December 13, is called #PowerUpGazaGeeks and now has the backing of supporters such as Salesforce chief executive Marc Benioff, author Eric Ries, 500 Startups partner Dave McClure, Y Combinator […]
Two books, including The Lean Startup by Eric Ries, that are more valuable than reading the 15th book on Warren Buffett. (value...
In the startup world a lot of noise has been made about the Lean Startup Movement, made popular by Eric Ries, first through his blog and, most recently, through his best-selling book. One of the tenets of a Lean Startup is the Minimum Viable Product (MVP), which he defines as [...]
Could the establishment of LTSE (Long-Term Stock Exchange) by Eric Ries and his supporters offer some respite for CEOs looking to invest in innovation and, also, to transform their companies into being more customer centric?
SILICON VALLEY—Eric Ries has assembled a team of Silicon Valley engineers to reinvent Wall Street focused on long-term goals instead of quarterly reporting. Bloomberg reported on Monday that the author of "The Lean Startup" is working...Show More Summary
Silicon Valley startup guru Eric Ries is building a new US stock exchange meant to stop " self-destructive behavior " tied to public markets. Ries is an entrepreneur most famous for his wildly popular book "The Lean Startup," which serves as a guide for startup founders trying to survive while boosting innovation. Show More Summary
In a bid to be more innovative, the blue chip is trending away from old-school Six Sigma and toward Eric Ries' lean startup method.
In the startup world, pivoting is all the rage. As you probably know, a pivot happens when you realize that your first plan isn't working. So what do you do? You develop and act on a new plan. Eric Ries's textbook definition of pivot...Show More Summary
Pivotal, the company launched by EMC, VMware and GE to help companies in their quest for digital transformation, announced today that it was bringing in Eric Ries, the man behind the Lean Startup movement, as entrepreneur-in-residence. Show More Summary
The Lean Advisory Board Eric Ries' Lean Startup is virtually the bible of the startup community. Despite the fact that many startups adhere to Ries' principles, they break that adherence when it comes to advisory boards. This is particularly true in multi-faceted vertical markets such as healthcare. SAN FRANCISCO, CA - [...]
Photo Credit: Nick Wilson At this year's Lean Startup conference in San Francisco, the entrepreneur and startup mentor talks about his mission, how he deals with obstacles and why startups fail. Eric Ries is the creator of the Lean Startup...Show More Summary
Firms that want to be more entrepreneurial have to reward employees who act like entrepreneurs, even if that means failing and acting like weirdos.
When you ask people about the Lean Startup methodology, one of the first things you'll often hear is advocacy for a root cause problem solving method called "the 5 whys." As I mentioned yesterday, I'm currently attending Eric Ries' "Lean Startup Conference," yesterday and today, so I hope you'll say hi if you're there. For a […]
Today and tomorrow, I'll be attending the "Lean Startup Conference," brought to us by Eric Ries and his team, so I hope you'll say hi if you're there. I hope you'll read this post even if you're involved in Lean outside of startups, such as manufacturing or healthcare (read my blog post about the connections). There's […]
In the startup world, Eric Ries has helped push forward the notion that the goal of a startup is to learn as much as possible, as quickly as possible. In fact, it's my very favorite definition of a startup. As a social entrepreneur, so too is your job to learn -- not just about your organization but also about yourself as a leader. Show More Summary
Sometimes you need to build things with the intention of wrecking them. This ties very closed to the idea of an MVP in the Eric Ries Minimum Viable Product mentality. When you are building a new idea, a new business, a new thing … be ready to exert brutal candor. Show More Summary
The language of startups has become pervasive. It feels like it started with Eric Ries' great book The Lean Startup when words like MVP and pivot started showing up in all conversations. Back then it was new, fresh, and focusing. Today,...Show More Summary


text:
- Trending Now: More Trending:
- hegemon repugnant white nationalist, white supremacist bereft impanel
Definition of cavalryman
: a cavalry soldier
Recent Examples of cavalryman from the Web
French cavalrymen on white horses charge through shifting shadows on the wall above my desk, as Lord Nelson, Fletcher Christian, and Captain Horatio Hornblower set sail across the floor.
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'cavalryman.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
First Known Use of cavalryman
CAVALRYMAN Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of cavalryman for English Language Learners
: a soldier who is in the cavalry
Learn More about cavalryman
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up cavalryman? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


text:
We recommend that you review the third-party site's privacy policy, as their privacy practices may differ from P&G. Any personal information you provide on the third-party's website will be managed in accordance with their privacy policy. Thank you for visiting www.herbalessences.com.
Please click the link below to share.
To purchase this item please go directly to your preferred online retailer or visit a store near you.
Your hair, unlike pickup artists, can never be too smooth.
This area allows consumers like you to express their own opinions and comments. Herbal Essences does not represent or warrant the accuracy of any statements of product claims made here, nor endorse any opinions expressed by the reviewer.
I hope they never discontinue this line again. Luckily I bought enough when they discontinued it that it lasted until they surprisingly brought it back. I love everything about it and get so many compliments on the fragrance and shine of my hair.
So happy it's back again!Best shampoo ever :)) Don't discontinue it again, please!
Yes, I recommend this product
This shampoo was so good to me because my natural hair is dry and I can not deal with it, but after I washed my hair with this it was bouncy and my curls were elongated. I think that the product was so hydrating to my hair. I loved it so much! [This review was collected as part of a promotion.] [This review was collected as part of a promotion.]


text:
Tomorrow's Success Begins Today!
Master Finlay has been studying the Martial Arts for over 35years, and is a Certified Instructor with The Korean Combative Arts Association & The World Haidong Gumdo Federation.
Master Finlay has developed the programs and curriculum currently being used in the studio today.
Master Finlay also studied and has a background in Tae Kwon Do, Judo, Kempo, Shotokan, Isshinryu Karate, as well as Kickboxing , Ground Grappling & Wresting.
2005 Mr. Finlay trained in Korea where he had the opportunity to study under Grandmaster Lee Chang Soo of the Korea Hapkido Federation of Jin Jun Kwan.
He looks forward to sharing his love and passion for the martial arts with you in the future. After only a few weeks of training you will notice a positive change in your life.
Master Finlay
E-mail: email@example.com
Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
Phone: 306-550-5988
¨ 1988-1st Dan Black Belt Karate
¨ 1992-2001 Instructed Martial Arts In South West Rural Saskatchewan.
¨ 1997-1st Dan Tae Kwon Do ITF
¨ 2001-Started Training Full Time In Hapkido
¨ 2005-Trained Hapkido In Korea
¨ 2005-Received ownership of Flying Eagle Hapkido in Regina
¨ 2005-Developed Curriculum known as the Korean Arts which is being in 3 studios today.
¨ 2005-Changed Studio name to the Regina Martial Arts Center to better reflect martial arts in the city & community.
¨ 2005-Korean Combative Arts Association Certified Instructor
¨ 2006-3rd Dan Haidong Gumdo Sword Instructor
¨ 2006-Master Certificate Haidong Gumdo


text:
| was $137 |
| was $360 |
71% off estimated retail price
register to proceed to checkout and get $50 off on your first order over $500
Ship to:
Expected Delivery: Between 22 Aug 2017 and 24 Aug 2017
Look bold and elegant with these Valentino sunglasses. The square shaped acetate frame houses gradient black lenses. They are accentuated with silver-tone metal detailing at the hinges.
Estimated retail price US $360
Condition:New ( These sunglasses have never been used. )
Gender: Women
Includes: Original Box ,Original Case,Original Dustcloth
Material : Acetate
Hardware : Silver-Tone
Condition:New ( These sunglasses have never been used. )
The Shipping fees varies according to your location. For details refer to Delivery & Returns page
UAE: Free (AED 30 applies for Cash on Delivery orders less than USD 800)
Other GCC countries: $25 USD (Free shipping on orders above USD 1000)
International: $50 USD (Free shipping on orders above USD 1000)
Please note that customs fee, duties and taxes are the responsibility of the customers when an item is imported to a country (do not apply to UAE purchases). For all KSA Cash on Delivery orders, a 5% of order value will be applied as customs fee.
The Luxury Closet has a 3 day return policy. The customer must contact the customer service department within 3 days of receipt informing them of the return. The customer will receive a full refund of the item, minus shipping/duty charges (if applicable).
We do not accept returns on Hermes Birkin and Kelly Bags.
Brand: Valentino
You can also see all the Valentino Women's Sunglasses


text:
Tags: comedy humor Obamacare, healthcare.gov epic fail, spoof satire Obamacare
See also:
Obamacare Website Contractor Forced to Make Really Embarrassing Admission: 'It Didn't Work'
Related articles
- Obamacare is the Emperor's New Clothes: How much longer can Obama, Carney and Sebelius keep up the delusion? (21stcenturyscreenshots.wordpress.com)
- Consumer Reports on Obamacare: 'Stay Away From Healthcare.gov for at Least a Month' (katenews2day.com)
- 3 Ways Obamacare Is Like Healthcare.gov (heritage.org)
- Jay Leno: Al Qaeda's Website is Easier to Use than Obamacare (pjmedia.com)
- A history lesson on Obamacare and commentary. Lib's move along, fact's involved. (robertsthoughts2.wordpress.com)
- The Best Obamacare Video You'll Ever Watch Ever (ijreview.com)
- Hitler Reacts to Obamacare Rollout – Must See Satire From Movie 'Downfall' (pjmedia.com)
- HHS Predicted Obamacare Exchange Sign Up Would Take 28 Minutes (freebeacon.com)


text:
Skip to main content
Member Login
Share This Page
Share this page on Facebook
Share this page on Linkedin
Share this page on Twitter
Become a Member
About the BCC
About Us
Mission Statement
Club Officers and Contact
Code of Conduct
What's in it for me?
Become a Member
New Cyclists
Ride and Event Calendar
Out of Area Rides
Mileage Log
BCC Forums
Ride Information
Ride Submission Form
Ride Start Locations
Map library
Ride Key
Paceline Guidelines
Five Ways to Get Faster
Old Mileage Stats
Pedaling for a Purpose
Horsey Hundred Info
Red River Rally
Red River Rally History
Red River Rally Info
Bluegrass Bike Partners
About BGBP
Partner Locations
Partner List
Become a Partner
Funding Guidelines
Photo Page List
Photo Albums
Photo Albums
Search Tools
Show 30 Newest and Most Recently Changed Albums
Show All Albums
Search by Album Title
Search by Photographer Name
Search by Photo Tag
Search by Member Name
Search by Category
Use the search tool to display this box
Most Recently Added and Updated Albums
Pedaling for a Purpose 2015
1 photos -
updated 3/16/2015
2015 BCC Banquet
22 photos -
updated 2/4/2015
Horsey Hundred Launch Party 2015
27 photos -
updated 2/4/2015
Red River Rally 2014
119 photos -
updated 10/6/2014
2014 Club Kit Proofs
3 photos -
updated 7/26/2014
Horsey Hundred Volunteer Appreciation Picnic
21 photos -
updated 6/23/2014
BGBP Benefit Ride 2012
23 photos -
updated 4/14/2014
Red River Rally 2012
25 photos -
updated 1/20/2013
TS 101 - November 2012
7 photos -
updated 1/20/2013
Horsey Hundred 2011
22 photos -
updated 1/20/2013
Your web browser and/or computer operating system is either out of date, or requires a configuration change, and will not be able to access the secure portions of the website. You will not be able to log in or access pages that require secure connections, such as members-only areas, event registrations, payments, etc.
Click here
for more info.
This message is from ClubExpress
(website host for Bluegrass Cycling Club, Inc.)


text:
Scanned Document Typing
Bajet $250-750 USD
I am Civil Engineering lecturer at a university. I am creating a electronic copy of my lecture notes (English). I have around 250 pages of combined handwriting, Powerpoint and word document scanned and some are available electronicaly. I wold like some one to type them on word for me. And if there is a picture allocated with the text , it should be cut from scanned document and placed in written text. I am attaching samples of the pages.
Dianugerahkan kepada:
Hello Sir. I have recently done BSc in Civil Engg. and I have done project of typing hand written notes to MS Word Format. Please refer to the sample that I am submitting. I am a Civil Engineer so I can guaran Lagi
52 pekerja bebas membida secara purata $319 untuk pekerjaan ini
Good day! Im a freelancer and top data entry provider from the Philippines. I can start immediately. I hope you will consider me for this job. Thank You
Thank you for the detailed description of the Project. I have attached a detailed Proposal. Hope you will take the time to go through it and also visit my Profile. Have a nice day :).
Hello, I can do this for you with 100% quality. Please check private message for more details of my offer. Regards Yathin
Hi, I am interested in this project and assure you that if given me this opportunity, I will prove my efficiency, reliability, and 100% accuracy. Thanks
I have all I need to work and can help you as you want. Just let me do. Thanks.
Consider it done. See the attached sample please.Check PMB for details. Thanks
Dear Sir, As an experienced executive secretary, I would be grateful for the opportunity. Cheers Maria Thereza
Ready to start right away! Quality of work guaranteed!
Hi, I'm a professional SEO copywriter with over 4 years experience. Kindly check PM for bid details and samples. Thanks!
Hello, I know I can complete your project flawlessly, I'm very detail-oriented, I can guarantee I'll make sure there are no errors in any of those pages. Thanks!. Fabián
Hello.Please consider my bid for your project. Bst regards.
Hi, I am interested in converting your notes to word. I assure you of accuracy and quality. Thank you !
I can work on your project, delivering the final Word document in two weeks for USD 75. I can start right now.


text:
Retailing online since 2003
Your cart is empty
Pest Control Products
Ant KillerBed Bug and Dust Mite Mattress CoversBed Bug SprayBed Bug TrapsBed BugsBird NettingBird SpikesBook LiceCarpet Beetle KillerCat Repellent | Dog RepellentChain Curtain | Door Chain | Insect ControlChicken Red Mite TreatmentCluster FliesCockroachesCommercial Pest Control SuppliesCrawling InsectsElectric Fly KillersElectronic Pest ControlFlea ControlFly TrapsFlying InsectsHow To Get Rid Of Bed BugsHumane Rat Traps | Humane Mouse TrapsInsect RepellentInsecticideMite ControlMosquitoesMoth KillerMouse ControlPest Control KitsProfessional Pest Control SuppliesPyrethrum 5ECRat ControlSilverfishSmoke BombsSpidersWasp KillerWhite Fly | Green Fly | Black FlyFans | Air CoolersCar & Vehicle CareWashroom ProductsWater HeatersDehumidifiers | HumidifiersElectric BlanketsJanitorial SuppliesWaste ManagementHeatersHealth & BeautyElectrical AccessoriesWorkplaceMobility AidsFirst AidStationery ProductsHouseholdCateringCleaningHealth & SafetySecurityBranded productsGarden & OutdoorsLeisureTools Featured products Testimonials Add to Favourites Email this page
Bed Bug Traps
Bed Bug TrapsWe are delighted to offer a fantastic Bed Bug trap for use in hotels, bed and breakfasts and domestic properties. Unsure if you have Bed Bugs? Place these traps in suspicious rooms and save on unnecessary Bed Bug treatment costs. Bed Bugs will appear caught in the glue and confirm the presence of an infestation. Ideal for monitoring Bed Bugs in hotels to ensure a infestation does not spread.
Prices exinc. vat
Bed Bug Traps reviews
Most recent 10 comments shown
Product Review:
Bug trap was very inexpensive and was received by post within 48 hours of ordering. Was very easy to use and was easily moved to different parts of bedroom. Very happy that no bugs 'caught' so it seems the bites were mosquitoes not bed bugs. So not had to use spray and powder etc that I also purchased
Customer Experience
Excellent, delivered very promptly
23rd Sep 2013 - Mick Barnsley South Yorks
Customer service
Use your Amazon or Paypal account
Fast checkout
No need to enter your personal details
Next working day deliveryon most products
HSD Will Match or Better any of our competitors' prices
Recently Viewed Products
No items viewed
Most popular
Bed Bug Traps
hsdOnline are actively promoting British manufactured products. We are interested in partnering with more British product manufacturers.
Call 01977 521984 to partner with one of the UK's leading online product retailers.
Over 100,000 products
Over a million satisfied customers
Customer satisfaction guaranteed!
Products at very competitive prices, fast delivery - what more could one want? - Dr JI


text:
steve replace previous obit for Elsie Mae (Hausmann) Adamcik
Expand Messages
- Sorry I have happy fingers so delete the first obit and use this one
Abstract The Fayette County Record Jan 18, 2000
Funeral services for Elsie Mae (Hausmann) Adamcik, 79, of Smithville
were held Jan 16 at Maars-Jones Funeral Home Chapel in Smithville with
the Rev Rebecca Fox Nuelle officiating. Burial followed in the Oak Hill
Cemetery. She died Jan 14.
She was born Oct 13, 1920 in Fayette County, the daughter of Frank
and Delta (Helmcamp) Hausmann.
She was preceded in death by her husband, Leon Adamcik on Dec 5,
1982 and her parents.
Survivors include daughter, Doris & Billy Otto of Smithville;
grandsons, Todd & Lisa Otto of Austin, Chad & Janet Otto of La Grange; 2
great-grandchildren, Josh Otto of Austin and Brent Otto of La Grange;
great-granddaughter, Britney Otto of La Grange.
Funeral handled by Maars-Jones Funeral Home of Smithville.
Lois Petter Pereira
Researching Ahlhorn, Bokemeyer, Brdusik, Bruntrig, Cordes, Filges,
Francis, Garney, Gebauer, Hadac, Hadash, Halla, Hauser, Hoelschel,
Kaskie, Maciejewski, Manak, Nauger, Ollre, Orsag, Orsak, Otjen, Papiz,
Pavlik, Pereira, Petter, Polasek, Pratka, Psencik, Rada, Rohan,
Sablatura, Schaub, Schroeder, Slovack, Susil, Tiemann, Urban, Weiser.
Home Page: http://ourczech.homestead.com/
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


text:
Hello all...
There is a beautiful married couple who are going to be having a monumental week coming up.
Kenna has had kidney issues for years now, and when she was place donor the list for a new kidney, a fellow friend and baseball player of her husband's came up as a positive match.
Larry and Kenna will be going into surgery on Tuesday for the kidney surgery and I am sure they could use all the thoughts and well wishes from all over the country!
Kenna's husband Brian will be giving us updates and I am sure my guy Dave will be up there to see them at least once. I will keep everyone updated on their status!
It's a change for the couple and they will be able to start a new life together as they had when they got married. I'm scared for them, and happy all in the same breath!
Thursday, January 29, 2009
Keep in your thoughts- January
Posted by Crunchy Green Mom - Suzanne at 3:08 PM
Labels: Thoughts
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
08/08/2017 Katsottu yhteensä: 12516 Tänään: 2
B Ariel Verona, Ariel B&B is located in the centre of Verona, 1 km from Porta Nuova Train Station. Free Wi-Fi access is available in all areas. Rooms here will provide you with a TV and a fan. Mukana suihku, the private bathrooms also come with a hairdryer and free toiletries. At Ariel B&B you will find a terrace and a shared kitchen. Other facilities offered include a shared lounge and luggage storage. The bed and breakfast is 400 metres from Verona Arena and a 5-minute walk from Juliet's House. (B&B Ariel Verona hotellit varaamalla).


text:
Here is another recipe that Annalee found on the Food Network website:
In a large saucepan, combine the sugar, honey, and 2 cups water and place over medium-high heat. Cut the vanilla bean in 1/2 lengthwise, then, using the back of the knife, scrape the vanilla seeds from the pod and add to the saucepan, along with the pod. Bring the mixture to a boil and cook for 4 or 5 minutes, until the sugar is dissolved and the mixture thickens. Remove from the heat and allow to cool.