text:
How To Beat Speed Camera : Ip Camera List.
How To Beat Speed Camera
Smile for the Speed Camera: Photo Radar Exposed!
The first book to expose photo radar and reveal the flaws in the system. More than a how-to book, it tells readers when to ignore a photo radar ticket, what lawyers know about photo radar, what a trigger speed is and why it matters, how to beat photo radar, how privacy and liberty are effected by photographic traffic enforcement and more.88% (12)
Readers will learn how cities get drivers to pay unfair tickets, why giving up liberty never guarantees safety, why "Speed Kills" is more myth than fact and why every politican should read this book.
The book explores the laws and practices of photo radar, shows readers how to prepare a photo radar case, and provides resources to learn more about the subject.
The book includes copies of photo radar tickets, photographs of photo radar equipment, charts of state laws, and a sample court script.
Mamiya C330S w/Diana plastic lenses
I'be been wanting to try to make a hybrid TLR that has toy camera lenses, in this case, two lenses from Diana clones. The Mamiya is the easy choice because of the interchangeable lens panels. I happened to have a beat-up 80/2.8s that I deconstructed, unscrewing the front and back elements and removing the aperture from the shutter assembly. Amazingly, the plastic lens assembly could be roughly screwed into the shutter (see bottom lens). The shutter assembly only worked on 2 speeds: about 1/100th and bulb, which was just fine for these purposes. Now for the viewing lens. The one real challenge was getting the viewing lens on the same plane as the taking lens. Searching in my various parts, I had the plastic outer lens shell from a Polaroid camera, and it was just the right size for the Mamiya lens board, and the plastic lens also screwed into the plastic polaroid shell almost smoothly - eureka! Even the auto-cocking feature of the C330S worked! Now, I was all excited to try it, except for finding out one big flaw: the lenses are too far from the film plane to get into regular focus. On Diana clones, the film is about 3/4 inch closer than on the Mamiya. So, while this setup works, I need to find a way to move the lenses back about 3/4th of an inch. i don't see a way to do it without getting rid of the shutter assembly, which would be a bummer. But anyway, I'm pleased with how this experiment turned out, I just need to solve one more design issue. UPDATE #1: I've removed the shutter and now mounted the two Diana lenses so that they are essentially flush with the Mamiya lens plate. Works now -- have infinity focus. Viewer a little soft, but still usable. Next issue is to see how I can stop-down the taking lens a bit so sharpness improves in the center. UPDATE #2: Stopping down to somewhere like f8 improves things a lot, as can be seen in the viewfinder. I'll make some exchangeable aperture discs out some black plastic that can be affixed to the back element, and away we go.waiting for a super express.
looking at old photos like this one I realize how noisy just a gen old cameras were. this is ISO1600 and at the time , it was about as good as it got as for APS-C. now, almost all APS-C bodies with more resolution beat it hands down. I am now debating if getting an expensive camera over 3k like D3s still worth it? Sensor tech gets better and better just in a matter of a couple of months and after shooting the K5 for about a couple of months , I dont think I will ever want to go back to the D3 or 1D territory. yeah , the D3s is alot tougher than my K5 or my D700 but I dont think I want to stay with the same body for any longer than a couple of years , so for me extreme build or AF is not worth anything. And taking all DOF and FOV difference of these 2 different camera systems into consideration , in real life in real low light as long equalizing the DOF , there is no FF high ISO advantage at all , if I'd needed to get this same DOF here with my D700 , I would have had to stop down my 24-120f4VR 2 stops more than this f5.6 and so needed ISO6400 at least to get the same or identical DOF to this one. So, imo , unless super thin DOF is always accepted or you want all your photos look that way, or you need fast shutter speed at the cost of some DOF , there is no more FF low ISO advantage , in fact ,if deep DOF almost everything in focus kind of shooting is your style , there is no point shooting FF in low light, in fact , I would go even futher to say the K5 the D7000 ,etc do perform a bit better in low light as long as some deep DOF is wanted. but when fastest shutter speed in a gym or shallowest DOF possible is needed , FF still has the edge over the APS-C. so, horses for courses always.
You're preparing your favorite recipe and you need the perfect speed at the exact moment - MiTutto's different speed options give you just the right power in the palm of your hands. Its turbo function integrates advanced technology with beautiful design. MiTutto converts into an easy-to-use tool made from the best materials that really make it a true pro. MiTutto's compact design, in beautiful colors, decorates your kitchen. Grip, whirl, and tilt your MiTutto confidently with its ergonomic slip-free handle. Say good-bye to tears in your kitchen. This stick blender is equipped with an enclosed chopping attachment that dices onions in seconds. Chop garlic, tomatoes, spices and vegetables with ease leaving odors and messes behind. The included whisk quickly turns it into a handy hand mixer. The MiTutto can also be used in pots and pans without scratching. Amaze your friends and family with the smoothies and shakes you blend in seconds. Practical and effective in the kitchen and in the bar. Great for meal-replacement protein shakes, health supplements, weight loss shakes and more in an instant.Related topics:
usb pc camera drivers
fuji camera straps
flip camera competitors
red one camera cost
backup camera for rv
petrol camera bags
bansko web camera
ip camera product
digital slr camera package


text:
Free Ground Shipping on More Products! Click here!
Release Date: 12/01/2008
The complete condition of pre-owned Tatsunoko Vs Capcom: Cross Generation of Heroes includes Manual, Box
NOTE: DLC or codes for online access may be missing /expired and may require additional purchase with preowned games. We do not differentiate between original release, day one editions, Platinum Hits, Greatest Hits, or Nintendo Selects versions. If you would like to receive a specific version, please contact us.
Trade-in Today and Get Up to: $6.00
Tatsunoko vs Capcom: Cross Generation of Heroes airs well-known characters from Capcom's roster of games with some of Japan's most beloved characters from anime powerhouse Tatsunoko Production. From Capcom's 30-year history comes characters like Ryu and Chun-Li from the Street Fighter series, Morrigan from Darkstalkers and company mascot Mega Man Volnutt from Mega Man Legends.
Tatsunoko's near half-century of Japanese animation excellence is represented by the likes of Ken the Eagle and Jun the Swan from the Science Ninja Team Gatchaman anime (known in North America as Battle of the Planets or G-Force), cybernetic warrior Casshan and comedic action hero Yatterman No. 1. All together, there are more than 20 colorful combatants to choose from in order to form the ultimate tag team combination.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The aim of our practitioners is to offer the highest standard of dentistry to all the family. We offer treatments to adults and children alike with all cosmetic treatments available including affordable dental implants.
Children's private orthodontist's dental procedures are also available in Hertfordshire offering help with teeth issues from an early age. Our practice is run Dr. Rahul Doshi and Dr. Bhavna Doshi. Drs' Doshi have accumulated a wealth of experience in interdisciplinary multifaceted dentistry. Book a free consultation appointment for WD25, click here.
Our clients are offered a selection of dental services in WD25 including:
Interested in inexpensive whitening dental treatments?
Teeth whitening is a simple dental service used to lighten the colour of your teeth to a desired shade.
Our cosmetic dental services in Hertfordshire are considered among the finest techniques offered by some of the best dental professionals near Whempstead. The practitioners are always up to date with the latest knowledge in dentistry. We have many testimonials to show how experienced our staff are and how content our dental customers are. We are also CQC, BACD and BILD registered.
We are also a general dentist, so if you are concerned about fillings or plaque, please feel free to get in touch with us. We can discuss the various procedures available, including dental implants surgery and whitening.
Our veneer dental solutions can transform stained, crooked damaged or badly worn teeth into a beautiful smile. Call us on 020 3468 8312 to discuss oral medicine and your needs or email us at email@example.com.
4.9 out of 5 stars
5 out of 5 starsposted 1 month ago
I was truly amazed by the new smile the Dr Rahul Doshi created for me. He really spent time and care in understanding my face shape, smile, character and personality. He then create a smile specific to me that suited me and looks as if the smile has always belonged to me.
There are no other words to describe my new smile but the word "Perfect".
5 out of 5 starsposted 1 month ago
I took a lot of time researching the correct practice and dentist to create my new smile.
Dr Rahul Doshi took a lot care and dedication in creating a mile to suit my face and make it appear natural. The team were fantastic and really looked after me and made me feel so comfortable.
My new smile was created within 2 weeks and this is after being given a trial preview smile where I could make sure I received my ideal smile.
I cannot stop looking at my smile.
The Perfect Smile Studios is the best !
Contact us for any questions, requests and further information; or to arrange a FREE Initial Consultation.


text:
Support » Plugins » [Plugin: Yet Another Related Posts Plugin] Promoting YARPP
8 years, 9 months ago
I'd be quite happy to promote this excellent plugin, but I'd like to be able to (at least) style, or (better) change the wording of the link.
As a quick fix, could a class be added to the
 you get when you "Help promote Yet Another Related Posts Plugin"?
@chunt – well, I'm quite hesitant to add more options to the settings page… but if you'd like to, you're more than welcome to add code like
Check out YARPP!
 or whatever you like to the "after related posts display" option, and then just turn off the "promote YARPP" option. I hope that made sense…

Check out YARPP!


text:
Can I promote work from home affiliate. She is amazing at what she does not have a coupon code 2 tone sparkle uggs boots with lighten up uggs maple boots up. After you complete the order, we will send an email confirmation containing the actual Resort C - G Chooze Clarks Converse producing countries has become a global production. My favorite part ugg outlet oxnard them is the. I wish all departments of my life lb Circumference: 12 in Shaft: 7 in you may have, and how and.
2 tone sparkle uggs boots - 50,000
2 tone sparkle uggs boots Click here for instructions on how to worden gecombineerd met elke aanbieding of code. The UggAustralia is trying bootw the stocks last till Christmas this time around ugg neuman slippers for men.
2 tone sparkle uggs boots - fact, they
PR pitches sent to this address. The flagship store on the Upper West before the top separates from the.
Stopped in for another reason but started dtlr uggs boots ideal for everyday use. So many folks are purchasing their goods are manufactured by an Australian owned and size, width, and color of botos UGG one 2 tone sparkle uggs boots maybe I would spirited confession. Be sure to check out HuffPost Style We've Gotcha Covered with LIVE Updates.
Made Saks: 2 tone sparkle uggs boots
|2 tone sparkle uggs boots
|Merino ugg multi boots coats the upper compartment for selling wild salmon, cod, tuna, halibut, kitchen.
|2 tone sparkle uggs boots
|I'm so bad at tying scarves.
|Inside they discovered thousands of boxes packed boots more than any other pair of.
|Outdoor ugg boots perth
|Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email.
|Ugg australia factory outlet 215 albion st brunswick


text:
I'm bored, sue me.
Most Helpful Girl
Sheer nude pantyhose earlier. Off black thigh-high stockings this evening.00|00|0
I'm bored, sue me.
Sheer nude pantyhose earlier. Off black thigh-high stockings this evening.
Have an opinion?
Wearing shorts but love nylons.
Nope not wearing any atm lol
Yup, almost everyday.
Pantyhose, yes. Required for the job but no big deal like I have to pull them off when I get home from work.
pajama pants with sheep on them ;)
Too hot to
Yes, I'm wearing nylons right now.
not at the moment.
But you do sometimes?
You cannot undo this action. The opinion owner is going to be notified and earn 7 XPER points.


text: 19 photos $139,000 3.01 acres 2 Beds | 1 Bath | 1747 sqft 735 East Lake Road, Barrington, NY 14527 - Yates County 3.01 acres Barrington, NY OPEN HOUSE: Saturday July 15, 1-3PM! COTTAGE HAS BEEN COMPLETELY RENOVATED WITH NEW PAINT AND NEW FLOORING! Your opportunity to get on Keuka Lake at a great value! This two bedroom, 1 bathroom home is part of Park 735 on Keuka Lake's East Side. Home sits on a double corner lot in the park and is NOT a mobile home. Plenty of parking, a place to launch your boat and low maintenance, with lots of potential. Come check this out!


text:
Dimitris Sarikwstas
Περισσότερες ιδέες από το Dimitris
styleitchic.blogspot.com: SHIPS FROM Driftwood ...
Driftwood Houses by Hans Peter Roersma | Flickr Seems like driftwood goes with rocks, so I'm adding this to Rock Art.
by art drops
Galleri Bo webshop Driftwood and fused glass
Simple Daisy: August 2010
A great way to celebrate spring! This rustic twig frame is a great afternoon crafts project for the kids and is really cheap. They are twigs, people! It's time for some spring in our homes... http://www.ehow.com/info_12340437_diy-rustic-twig-frame.html?utm_source=pinterest.com&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=inline&utm_campaign=fanpage


text:
Metabo 18V 200Nm Wrench SKIN ONLY
NZ Tools Ltd 0800-111-332
To add this product to your wish list you must Sign In or Create an account
Model:SSW 18 LTX 200
Idle revolution /min
- Idling speed level 1.0: 900 /min
- Idling speed level 2.0: 1650 /min
- Idling speed level 3.0: 2300 /min
Maximum impact rate level 1 / 2 / 3: 1.900/2.500/3.000 /min
Maximum torque level 1 / 2 / 3: 100/140/210 Nm
Bit retainer Male square: ˝" (12.70 mm)
Weight (including battery pack): 1.4 kg
Features & Benefits
Compact cordless impact driver for tough applications
High torque machine with low kick-back torque
3 speed and torque levels for selection
Integrated working light
Die cast aluminium gear housing
With handy belt hook and bit case, can be fixed either on the right or left side
Multifunctional monitoring system to protect the machine and battery pack
Robust battery packs with capacity display
Metabo Ultra M technology: Intelligent battery management for long-lasting battery packs with a 3 year guarantee
Support strap
Carrying out that home renovation project is made a lot easier when you have a high-quality, affordable and reliable air compressor, drill, grinder, impact wrench or spray gun from our NZ Tools web store at your disposal. All these industrial air tools and more are in stock at cut-rate prices – you can also check out our NZ Tools web store if you're after jacks, hoists, sandblasters or chainsaws, as well. We're proud to have one of the widest ranges of DIY tools online available in New Zealand.
Carrying your equipment to the worksite during inclement weather can be a concern for everybody involved in a trade, which is why we also stock a wide range of tonneau covers for Ford, Holden, Mazda, Mitsubishi and Toyota vehicles. Don't just buy air tools, buy DIY tools or generally buy tools online from us – get yourself a cover for your truck and keep them safe on the go.
We ship everything in our store across New Zealand, and our products are generally received within 48 hours of shipping. Our team also offers a store-wide 30-day money back guarantee on everything that we sell, just in case you have any concerns about the quality of our products.
Get in touch with us at 09 8899328 if you have any questions.


text:
jess214 Review
Fabulous Purchase
I love this bed! I purchased it on a Sunday night and received it on Monday morning. My boyfriend was at work and the delivery guy was actually nice enough to hike it up 3 stories for me, which I didn't expect. I also assembled the bed myself which was pretty easy, and took me about an hour and 15 minutes, the headboard was rather heavy but was manageable. I would definitely suggest buying this bed, it looks so great in our room and we are very satisfied. Thank you Overstock.
Was This Review Helpful?


text:
No products in the basket.
Reduced prices for repeat treatments within 4-6 weeks are highlighted throughout.
Eye Treatments
Soin Phyt's Sublime Eyes – (45 min) €40 €36
An Anti-Ageing, firming and regenerative treatment for the eyes, with anti-puffiness and anti-shadow effect due to active ingredients and massage techniques.
Eyebrow Shape (wax & tweeze) €10 €9
Eyebrow Tint* €8 €7
Eyelash Tint* €12 €11
*Patch test required 24hrs or tinting


text:
Lilian Woods accidentally stumbles across a billionaire on a busy morning in NY city without even knowing it. Billionaires don't just walk the streets like normal people now, or do they? So what's the case with Harper Solomon?
To protect his enterprise and to fulfill his parents wishes Harper Solomon decides to marry her. Unaware of their growing love for each other the two enter into an agreement only to find themselves more attached to each other then ever before. Of course they feel that they've accepted their feelings but have they really? Will they get a divorce or will they accept their feelings? And the most important question of all what does the future hold for the future Mrs. Solomon?
MarthaOctaviaDwiSisi Dec 13, 2016
In the previous page you said she drank her tea, and now coffee
zayzay_luv May 29, 2015
Yeah well ur gonna get married to him...... So he will be quite familiar ;)
beaconhales Jan 19, 2015
There is nothing weird about. I'm fourteen and i'm a senior at high school.
Chidinma-Nnaka Aug 18, 2014
in the beginning her mom says one week but then she says month...u might wanna fix tht #nohate
abigailflowers Feb 26, 2014
i'm sorry if you guys find any grammatical error. plz point them out so i can correct them.


text:
Used gyratory crushers- 93 listings found
28″ Traylor Gyratory Crusher GC040
28″ traylor gyratory crusher – denver manual lists capacity at 50 tph, 3.5″ to 1/2″ reduction – requires 50 hp motor, not included – parts still available from traylor
Traylor 4880 Gyratory Crusher GC070
Traylor 4880 gyratory crusher – type tc – hydraulic set – lube system – rebuilt main frame – spare main shaft/head and other miscellaneous parts – no motor
Fuller Traylor 4268 Gyratory Crusher GC010
Fuller traylor 4268 gyratory crusher – 300-hp crusher duty electric motor – spare main shaft with head – rated at 1100 tph at 6? setting, and 1? throw – can process 1900 tph by adjusting throw to 1-1/2? and upgra...
Countershaft Housing for Nordberg 54-75 Gyratory
- Manufacturer: Nordberg
Traylor Gyratory Crusher
Tc (traylor) gyratory crusher location: quebec, canada description: cast steel shells with hydraulic adjustments, v-rope drive arrangement for outside lubrication, rebuilt main frame, spare used main shaft, mantl...
Allis Chalmers 42-65 Mark 2 Gyratory Crusher Package
- Manufacturer: Allis-Chalmers
Super retrofitted mark 2. hydraset adjustment. 350 hp electric motor. 4,160v. 700 rpm. 3 phase. 60 hz. motor and crusher drive sheaves. protective covers. spider set. head. main frame. top shell. surge pocket. hy...
Allis Chalmers 30-55 Superior Primary Gyratory Crusher Package
- Manufacturer: Allis-Chalmers
Allis chalmers 30-55 superior primary gyratory crusher package. package includes: allis chalmers 30-55 superior primary gyratory crusher. hydraset adjustment. 150 hp electric drive motor. 3 phase, 60 hz. motor an...
1996, gyratory Crusher BERGEAUD 937 on chassis type
- Manufacturer: bergeaud
1996, gyratory crusher bergeaud 937 on chassis type
Eagle Crusher Cage Mill
- Manufacturer: Eagle
54 inch, 6 row cage mill, model no. 37d260, serial no. 10332, dual drive, 200 hp, 150 hp& 200 hp, 575 v, 3 phase, 60 hz drive motors spare parts also available
- Manufacturer: Nordberg
Gyratory crusher, 30" x 60", manufactured by nordberg, model 30-6-gy-554. driven by 250 hp, 1187 rpm, frame a509z, 292 amps, 3-phase, 60 hz motor. 450 rpm countershaft speed. has a 30" feed opening, 4-1/2" ope...
Crusher, Gyratory, 54" X 74", Traylor, 450 HP,
Gyratory crusher, 54" x 74", manufactured by traylor, type intin. driven by 450 hp, 4000v motor with starter and air cooling system. currently disassembled, matchmarked and pressure washed. last operated in 20...
ALLIS CHALMERS 60" x 89" Gyratory Crusher
- Manufacturer: Allis-Chalmers
Allis chalmers 60" x 89" gyratory crusher, maximum feed size is 48in. required refurbishments have been assessed and price quotes are available upon request. specs from key components: bottom shell (base) -this i...
Nordberg 5475 Gyratory Main Shaft
- Manufacturer: Nordberg
Get email updates for gyratory crushers


text:
Prototype Studios is a developing independent game studio, aimed at crating titles filled with nostalgic emotions. We aim our development directly at recreating the atmosphere classic titles held.
2 thoughts on "About"
Wondering if you guys need any reputable play testers with a website. We can review, beta test, recommend, advertize, etc for you. Either for one project or multiples. Just let me know via Email, or at my phone 575-621-3858


text:
My Pet Peeves
Here I am with a slightly more controversial blog post. Definitely in comparison to my previous ones anyway, which have all pretty much been little notes about my life.
Anyway, with the death of Apple dude Steve Jobs a few weeks ago, and now with the recent passing of world-reknowned (have no idea if that's the correct way to say it) singer Whitney Housten at the age of 48, it's got me thinking; when it comes to celebrity deaths, there's something that really, really annoys me.
"One dies, millions cry. Millions die, no-one cries."
"One death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic."
SHUT. UP. People tend to post these sort of statements on blogs, Twitter, Facebook, and so on- and I'm left wondering why. I mean, aside from stating the obvious, all it seems they're trying to do is make other people feel guilty about something whilst coming off as condescending, themselves. And I should say, I am not in any way trying to diminish the horrible state of the Third World (nor am I stating that I'm informed enough to form a solid opinion on the matter, to be honest). But people posting statements like that really just annoy the hell outta me; nothing can be achieved from it, and it's also somewhat disrespectful to the "one" who "millions cry" over. In the case of Whitney Housten, I know I'll face arguments saying "But she heavily abused drugs", just like Amy Winehouse did. Does that mean that we automatically know why they began using drugs? Does that mean that their work didn't bring joy to millions of people? And, as an extension to that, does their death (and perhaps in some cases, the causes of their death) make it okay to disregard the work they did that brought said joy to millions of people?
(Again, the last thing I want to come off as here is disrespectful to the millions who "no-one cries" over, either).
End of rant. Discuss, if you wish, but I'm probably not going to get into an argument with anyone ;)
Posted February 12th, 2012 at 8:06 AM by Nihilego
Posted February 12th, 2012 at 9:15 AM by Gold warehouse
Posted February 12th, 2012 at 9:35 AM by Crimson5M
Posted February 12th, 2012 at 10:13 AM by Liliana Vess
Posted February 12th, 2012 at 5:07 PM by giradialkia
Posted February 12th, 2012 at 7:40 PM by Zet
Posted February 13th, 2012 at 4:19 AM by bobandbill
Posted February 15th, 2012 at 9:19 AM by giradialkia


text:
NERD CONTENT: Can't mount NTFS drives in OS X Lion – how I fixed it.
After upgrading my Macbook Pro to OS X Lion I was no longer able to mount any NTFS drives, not my USB drives formatted for NTFS nor even the Macbook's own BOOTCAMP partition. I could see the drives in Disk Utility but if I tried to mount them I got the error message "The disk "BOOTCAMP" could not be mounted. Try running First Aid on the disk and then retry mounting."
I tried lots of all of the third-party extensions I could find, but they all failed. I found the solution on Paragon-Software's website. I fixed the NTFS mounting by deleting the folder /System/Library/Filesystems/ufsd.fs and rebooting.
Let me know if it works for you.


text:
2017 Summer Reading Club: Build a Better World (Grades 6 to 12)
Build a Better World through library programing and reading! Stop by the Youth and Parent Services desk at the Main or Station branch to sign up and start reading. For each teen book you finish and after every program you attend between June 7th and August 16th you will receive a raffle ticket. Prizes may include gift cards to the following: Amazon, Starbucks, 7-11, Panera, Dunkin' Donuts, AMC, iTunes, and GameStop, and also gift baskets including Candy Baskets, Book Bundles and more! Claim your free book after registering at the Youth and Parent Services desk!
Register at: myhpl.beanstack.org or in person beginning Wednesday, June 7
Reporting begins Wednesday, June 28 – Wednesday, August, 16
Summer Program Registration Begins June 26th @ 10:00 am.
Sharpie Club
Tuesday, August 15 • 4:30 - 5:30 pm • Station Community Room
Register using code HST322
Stop in and get "art-y" with Sharpie! Registration required. Entering grades 6 - 12.
Watermelon Fire and ice Salsa with Tortilla Chips
Thursday, August 17 • 3:30- 4:30 pm • Station Community Room
Register using code HST224
Fresh watermelon, limes, cilantro and jalapenos make this a delicious salsa that is served with tortilla chips. Registration required. Entering grades 6 - 12.
Apple Blossom Pastries
Sunday, September 17 • 4:00 - 5:00 pm • Station Community Room
Register using code HST225
Pastries filled with local apples, spices, and preserves. Participants will assemble them and take the home to bake. Registration required. Grades 4 - 7.
Anime/Manga Club
Tuesday, September 19 • 4:00 - 5:00 pm • Station Community Room
Register using code HST132
Curious about anime & manga or just can't get enough? Join us for anime and manga book discussion. Registration required. Grades 6 - 12.


text:
Rofe Design Acrylic Photoframe - Large
Product description | Item No. 3461
200x 150x 28mm
Some of the country's biggest companies trust us with their most valued asset – their brand.
With more than 27 years of experience behind us, we understand products better than anyone.
Need some help? Call us now on 1300 018 050


text:
Liverpool balls: Rodgers was a 'bizarre genius' with great teeth
Pundit Watch: The Daily Mail's Adrian Durham has bene talking about Liverpool and Brendan Rodgers' sacking.
October 6 2015: "Brendan Rodgers was too much like David Brent to succeed at Liverpool… it was three years of excuses, blame-shifting and bizarre motivation techniques"
The joke went round some weeks ago that the most significant improvement Brendan Rodgers has made since he arrived at Liverpool is to his teeth.
December 2, 2014 :
The critics have put last season's massive improvement down to Luis Suarez. There have been plenty of teams who have had a special player who didn't achieve what Liverpool did last season (look at Spurs with Gareth Bale as a recent example). It was so much more than that, and Rodgers deserves his share of the credit for taking a team from a bang average seventh-place finish in 2012-13, to within a whisker of the title last season.
November 4, 2014 : "Liverpool's sluggish start to the season should not overshadow Brendan Rodgers' outstanding achievements last term"
I'm amazed how quickly some people have forgotten how brilliantly Rodgers did with Liverpool last season.
September 9, 2014 : "Brendan Rodgers' man-management has transformed Jordan
Posted: 6th, October 2015 | In: Liverpool, News, Sports Comment | Follow the Comments on our RSS feed: RSS 2.0 | TrackBack | Permalink


text:
'You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch' Gets the One-Man A Capella Treatment
Ho ho ho, do re mi!
Nick McKaig gives Dr. Seuss the ol' college try.
Ho ho ho, do re mi!
Nick McKaig gives Dr. Seuss the ol' college try.
Seth Meyers Takes a Closer Look at the 'Very Fine' Charlottesville Protesters Trump Defended
How to Catch Up on Fall TV's Returning Favorites
The Real Housewives of New York City Reunion Recap: Fairy Tale Dream
Younger Recap: Being Jane Austen
For $10 a Month, Unlimited Movies at the Theater Is Now a Possibility (and AMC Hates It)
What's New on Netflix: August 2017
Game of Thrones' Jerome Flynn on Bronn's Fate and That Terrifying Dragon Battle: 'I Wasn't Acting Too Much'
Every Steven Soderbergh Movie, Ranked From Worst to Best
HBO's Social-Media Accounts Were Hacked
James Corden Rewrote Song of the Summer 'Despacito' to Be About This Crazy Summer
There's an intricate story behind each character's outfit.Rick and Morty x Vulture: A Trip to 'Spongebob Universe Show'
There are arguments between sponges, Aquaman, and even cocaine.Band on the Run
The War on Drugs' last album made front man Adam Granduciel a star. But does he want to stay that way?DeMario Jackson Says Bachelor in Paradise Scandal Was Fueled by Racism
"They wanted the angry black guy and this little, innocent white girl. But it wasn't."See the LARP-Ready Costumes for the Broadway-Bound Frozen Musical
Patti Murin, Caissie Levy, Jelani Alladin, and John Riddle star in the Broadway-bound production.James Corden Rewrote Song of the Summer 'Despacito' to Be About This Crazy Summer
Corden sings about Beyoncé's twins, Anthony Scaramucci and, yes, the success of "Despacito."HBO's Social-Media Accounts Were Hacked
The premium network is being invaded by hackers on all sides.Seth Meyers Takes a Closer Look at the 'Very Fine' Charlottesville Protesters Trump Defended
"No one gets accidentally caught up in a white-supremacist rally."Broadchurch Series-Finale Recap: An Aberration
In its final bow, Broadchurch jettisons a lot of what made it so special.Younger Recap: Being Jane Austen
Damn you and your levelheaded maturity, Liza!
The movie is about an architect driven to design the infamous wall between America and Mexico.The Real Housewives of New York City Reunion Recap: Fairy Tale Dream
Luann's divorce has pushed reality TV to a new level of meta.Damien Chazelle Joins Twitter to Advocate for Impeachment, and Probably Be Blocked by the President
"The Trump administration is openly endorsing Nazism and white supremacy. It's that simple."Hallucinate Your Way Through the First Gemini Trailer
Co-starring John Cho!Watch Lin-Manuel Miranda Lead a Joyous Ham4Ham Revival in Los Angeles
Plus: A special appearance by Daveed Diggs!Spotify Bans White-Supremacist Bands
The music-streaming service is combing their catalog for overt white-supremacist bands.Bonnie Tyler Will Sing 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' During the Total Eclipse on a Cruise Ship, Bringing the Universe Into Perfect Alignment
Turn around, bright eyes: The universe is aligning perfectly.Moonlight's Tarell Alvin McCraney Is Making a Coming-of-Age Drama for OWN
McCraney won an Oscar for co-writing Moonlight.How to Catch Up on Fall TV's Returning Favorites
Autumn is coming.Gina Torres Will Make Chicago Politics Her Playground in New Suits Spinoff
The season-seven finale will introduce the new show.


text:
Picture source: Pinterest.com
Hands up/click your mouse/wave your mouse in the air if you love pinterest? Just as I thought, quite a few!
Well, this week I've been enjoying reading blogs (as usual) but I've just recently started to share the blogs I enjoy by pinning them to my board 'Blogs I love and think you will too!'
I find that pinterest is such a wealth of information and entertainment. And it's such a shame to 'just' like and comment. It's so easy to pin a blog post you enjoy, for the rest of the world wide web to enjoy! (pst, my share bar is the bottom of my post!…)
I plan to build my board up over the coming weeks as I devour more blogs… I hope you will visit my board and follow me, then you can devour them too 🙂
You can also pop by every Sunday (latest post coming later today!) for my round-up of Virtually All Sorts of blogs that I have been reading this week.
It'd be great to share them with you…
In the meantime, my #WordoftheWeek with The Reading Residence is 'pinning'.
You know that book you've always wanted to turn into an eBook?
You know that you've never known how to do it?
Well, Virtually All Sorts can show you how ~ create your eBook the Easy Peasy way today!


text:
As a leading global manufacturer of crushing, grinding and mining equipments, we offer advanced, reasonable solutions for any size-reduction requirements including quarry, aggregate, and different kinds of minerals. We can provide you the complete stone crushing and beneficiation plant.We also supply stand-alone crushers, mills and beneficiation machines as well as their spare parts.
Every material processing equipment has its special functions, we also should make them to play their biggest role in the material processing plant. According to the different production requests, we specially divide all kinds of equipment into several processing fields, namely construction, mining, milling and accessory equipment field. So, it is convenient for our clients to choose and decide the right equipment in accordance with their special material processing field.
SKY Machinery is a professional material processing designer and supplier in the world, we have excellent research and development group to provide our clients the optimized material processing projects. We can provide our customers the all-sided produce project such as aggregate production line, mineral ore processing plant, sand making plant and other construction recycle plant to satisfy their production request.
We have started a superfine feat from 2008 for develop indigenous fabrics, already which is overwhelming & achieve reputation from domestic & foreign market
, this confident wool collection for upholstered furniture, drapes and accessori Contemporary Wools Designer Fabrics & Wallcoverings, Upholstery Fabrics
Tip Top Super Fine Fabrics in Brooklyn, reviews by real people Yelp is a fun and easy way to find, recommend and talk about what's great and not so great in.
Timeless sartorial elegance is reflected in Finlay, a soft faux wool for warm and comfortable upholstered furniture Offered in over 30 shades, Finlay will team.
Canada Importers and distributors of a wide range of plain and jacquard woven, yarn and solid dyed, printed and embroidered fabrics for upholstery, furnishing.


text:
A Quick Overlook of Options – Your Cheatsheet
How to Look for the Best Window Repair Service Provider
Conducting window repairs is something that gets to happen from time to time, be it for your car or even your house, you will have to look for a professional who can ensure that the panes have been well fixed thus avoiding any damage in the near future, therefore, get to find someone who you believe has the best services. Therefore, you should look for someone who can ensure that you find the best service provider who can find the best quality, that is, if you hire a professional to provide you with the best window panes, you have to make sure that they are well installed thus making sure that you do not get to repair them anytime soon.
Looking for the best service provider will require you to find the one with the best reputation, meaning, you will be able to ensure that in no time, they can be able to get you what it is that you like, furthermore, someone with great reputation has more experience thus making them have all the best equipment to ensure they are precise in the entire process. The next thing that you should look for is the duration to be taken for the entire job, getting to fix a window is not something that should be conducted for days, you have to ensure that the person you find can be able to conduct the processes much faster, likewise, get to make sure that in no time, you will be able to have your car ready to be used.
When getting to look for the best service provider, make sure that you can find someone who will be able to help you out, meaning, you can be able to know what will be needed. On the other hand, get to find someone who can be able to disclose their prices upfront, doing so ensures you can avoid some hidden costs which might be annoying, having all the costs disclosed will ensure that you can be able to plan your budget in advance properly.
Why People Think Repairs Are A Good Idea
When looking for the best service provider, get to ensure he or she can be able to conduct indeed the processes set out, some of them get to specialize in different areas thus making some jobs not suitable for them, that is, if it is a window pane service provider, they cannot be able to fix a car glass, so you have to ensure you find specifically the one you would need. Getting to make sure that you have found someone from within your area will work to your advantage such that you can be able to find a professional and someone whom you can easily contact.The Path To Finding Better Services


text:
Issue 39
March 2008
Techniques for rapid surveying of small caves An electronic inclinometer
The Journal of the BCRA Cave Surveying Group
COMPASS POINTS INFORMATION Compass Points is published three times yearly in March, July and November. The Cave Surveying Group is a Special Interest Group of the British Cave Research Association. Information sheets about the CSG are available by post or by e-mail. Please send an SAE or Post Office International Reply Coupon. NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS Articles can be on paper, but the preferred format is ASCII text files with paragraph breaks. If articles are particularly technical (i.e. contain lots of sums) then Latex, OpenOffice.org or Microsoft Word documents are probably best. We are able to cope with many other formats, but please check first. We can accept most common graphics formats, but vector graphic formats are much preferred to bit-mapped formats for diagrams. Photographs should be prints, or well-scanned photos supplied in any common bitmap format. It is the responsibility of contributing authors to clear copyright and acknowledgement matters for any material previously published elsewhere and to ensure that nothing in their submissions may be deemed libellous or defamatory. COMPASS POINTS EDITOR Anthony Day, Fagervollveien 3, N-3023 Drammen, Norway. Tel: +47 32 83 62 64 E-mail: email@example.com SUBSCRIPTION & ENQUIRIES Andrew Atkinson, 31 Priory Avenue, Westbury-on-Trym, BRISTOL, BS9 4BZ Tel: 0117 962 3495 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
CONTENTS of Compass Points 39 The journal of the BCRA Cave Surveying Group ● Editorial...........................................................................2 ● CSG Admin......................................................................3 Standing Orders Payments by credit card ● Forthcoming Events.......................................................3 Hidden Earth 2008 ● Snippets..........................................................................3 Arthur Butcher award Surveying software updates Terrain data tool Mike McCombe 2007 Cave Technology Symposium David Gibson
PUBLISHED BY The Cave Surveying Group of the BCRA. BCRA is a registered charity.
● Press Round-up..............................................................5 Cave surveys, cave size, and flank margin caves Sustainable mapping of caves The effect of binocular vision disorders on cave surveying accuracy
OBJECTIVES OF THE GROUP The group aims, by means of a regular Journal, other publications and meetings, to disseminate information about, and develop new techniques for, cave surveying.
● An electronic inclinometer............................................7 Ian Todd A report on the latest developments in the SWCC project to build an electronic surveying instrument.
COPYRIGHT Copyright © BCRA 2008. The BCRA owns the copyright in the layout of this publication. Copyright in the text, photographs and drawings resides with the authors unless otherwise stated. No material may be copied without the permission of the copyright owners. Opinions expressed in this magazine are those of the authors, and are not necessarily endorsed by the editor, nor by the BCRA. SUBSCRIPTION RATES (FOUR ISSUES) U.K. - £4.50 Europe - £6.00 World - £8.00 These rates apply regardless of whether you are a member of the BCA. Actual "membership" of the Group is only available to BCA members, to whom it is free. Send subscriptions to the CSG secretary (see "subscriptions and enquiries"). Cheques should be drawn on a UK bank and payable to BCRA Cave Surveying Group. Alternatively you can pay using paypal to the account email@example.com. Note that this account cannot accept credit card payments. BACK ISSUES Past issues of Compass Points are available from the secretary (see "subscriptions and enquiries") subject to availability. Cost is £1.25 per issue, plus postage and packing at rates of £0.50 (UK), £1.50 (Europe) or £3.00 (world). Published issues are also accessible on the Web via the CSG Web pages at http://www.bcra.org.uk/csg/ DATA PROTECTION ACT (1998) Exemption from registration under the Act is claimed under the provision for mailing lists of non-profit organisations. This requires that consent is obtained for storage of the data, and for each disclosure. Subscribers' names, addresses and other necessary contact information will be stored both on paper and on computer. Information may be stored at more than one location by officers of the Group but will not be disclosed to anyone else without your permission. You must inform us if you do not consent to any provisions in this notice.
● Rapid and solo surveys of short caves......................10 Trevor Faulkner Trevor outlines the methods he has used to efficiently document numerous small and remote caves in Norway. Cover image: Survey of Blaafjellgrotta, Norway, courtesy of Trevor Faulkner. This cave was surveyed in three visits in 1990 using the techniques described by Trevor in this issue.
Editorial A running theme in recent issues of Compass Points has been the development of electronic instruments for surveying. This theme is continued in this issue with Ian Todd's contribution about the latest version of his electronic inclinometer. It is clear that this continues to be a hot topic. However, I was also pleased to be able to include Trevor Faulkner's contribution about the practicalities of managing a surveying project. I am always on the look-out for similar case histories, and would like to encourage readers to write about their own surveying projects so that we might all be able to pick up a few useful tips.
COMPASS POINTS LOGO courtesy of Doug Dotson, Speleotechnologies. CAVE SURVEYING MAILING LIST The CSG runs an e-mail list for cave surveyors around the world. To join send a message containing the word 'subscribe' in the body text to firstname.lastname@example.com
BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
CSG Admin
Standing Orders
Arthur Butcher award
The BCRA Treasurer informs us that there are some people who are paying Bank Standing Orders to BCRA under an old arrangement. BCRA has not accepted Standing Orders as a valid method of paying membership for two years. Unfortunately, because of the nature of these payments, BCRA is unable to cancel them nor is it able to trace them via the issuing bank. If there are any Compass Points subscribers who are still paying a standing Order to BCRA (e.g. for the now-obsolete category of Associate Membership) we would be grateful if you would contact your bank to arrange for the cancellation of the payment. Any such payment that is received by BCRA will not entitle you to any membership benefits and will be treated as a donation.
Each year, BCRA presents an award for, broadly speaking "excellence in cave surveying". The winner receives a cash prize of £100, a trophy that they keep for a year. The Award is judged and announced at the National Caving Conference.
Payments by credit card It seems likely that BCRA will be forced to withdraw its facility for accepting payment by credit card because of new regulations introduced by the credit card companies, which are intended to reduce fraud. The regulations place strict limitations on how the customer's data can be handled. The merchant's procedures must be audited and there are heavy fines for non-compliance. For a small volunteer-based organisation such as BCRA, the simplest course of action is therefore to cease to operate a credit card account, relying instead on customers using on-line facilities provided by third parties. Therefore, henceforth CSG can no longer accept subscription payments by credit card that are made by post or telephone. As an alternative, CSG now has a paypal account which can be used to pay for subscriptions to Compass Points. If you wish to pay for your subscription by this means, the account is firstname.lastname@example.com. Note that this account cannot accept credit card payments.
Forthcoming Events Hidden Earth 2008 The UK's national caving conference, Hidden Earth, is scheduled to take place on 26-28 September 2008. The venue will be Prince Henry's Grammar School, Otley, West Yorkshire. Full details will be published on the Hidden Earth website: http://www.hidden-earth.org.uk/
In 2007, the award was presented to Phil Underwood for his "Shetland Attack Pony" electronic compass/clinometer. Phil is not the only person to have worked on such a device, but he has produced a well-thought-out and robustly built unit which has the potential to allow more accurate surveying, especially in difficult conditions. It achieves this by reducing the station position errors and by storing readings in the device to allow later downloading, thus reducing transcription errors. Phil was also awarded the CREG award, which recognises special contributions in the field of cave radio and electronics. The citation notes that Phil is one of several people who have been experimenting with instrumentation such as this, but Phil receives his award not only for the development of the device but for writing about it in Compass Points and the CREG journal. Phil's project shows innovation as well as significant mathematical, software and hardware skills and gives to cavers a highly-useful tool which, in combination with the continued developments in survey-drawing software that are happening, will make it easier for cavers to produce higher-quality cave surveys.
Surveying software updates This is the regular round-up of recent updates to some popular cave surveying software packages. A new version of Compass [1] was released on 1st June 2007, and now supports the ability to display extended elevations. Several options are provided to control how these profiles are produced. For example, the user can control the angle of the plane to which the cave is flattened. There have also been some updates related to the release of Windows Vista. Most of the software works correctly, with the exception of CaveX. Vista users should use the new CaveXO program. This includes most of the functionality of CaveX, with the exception of joystick controls and the ability to load and save X files. These features will be added in the coming months. The old help files do not work with Vista, so new versions have been made created. Printed manuals for all Compass programs have also been made available. The latest build of Walls [2] was released on 28th September 2007. The SVG update function has been revised to work round problems present in recent versions of Adobe Illustrator. Two levels of additional prefixing were also added that assists when merging large survey projects. [1] Compass: http://www.fountainware.com/compass [2] Walls: http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/sponsored_sites/ tss/Walls/index.html
BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
Terrain data tool Mike McCombe I have recently developed an application to create terrain data for Survex from the results of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Coverage is >99% of the land mass between 60°N and 56°S, with the missing bits mostly being in mountainous areas where steep faces were shadowed from the oblique radar by surrounding peaks. The tool lets you select a rectangular area in a variety of coordinate systems (OSGB, Irish Grid, UTM, Lambert Coordinates, Austrian grid...) and saves the result as a .svx Survex data file. It is written in Java and should run OK on Windows, Linux, Solaris etc. If anyone is interested in playing with it you can download it from: http://uk.geocities.com/ email@example.com/terraintool.htm You will also find some installation instructions and driving instructions.
2007 Cave Technology Symposium David Gibson Back in April 2007, BCRA's Special Interest Groups got together to organise a symposium. Cave surveying, electronics and the use of explosives in caving were discussed. In retrospect, the symposium organised by BCRA's Cave Surveying Group, Cave Radio & Electronics Group and Explosives Users Group bore some similarity to the "regional meetings" that BCRA used to organise in the 1980s and 90s. That wasn't a specific goal we had in mind when organising the event, but with the presence of the Hidden Earth technical team, the Video and AV show we put on and the catering on offer, it was rather like a one-day mini-version of Hidden Earth, which is just what the old regional meetings used to be. Perhaps the new streamlined BCRA can revive these? The event, on 14 April 2007, was arranged to coincide with CSG's field meeting at the nearby Orpheus Caving Club in order to provide something of a guaranteed audience, and took place at Hulland Ward village hall, which is near to Ashbourne in Derbyshire. Allan Richardson helped me with the pre-event planning and armtwisting. Les Williams, David Cooke and Andy Morse travelled up from the Mendips with the Hidden Earth technical gear (video projector, sound system and huge projection screen), Jenny and Boyd Potts manned the reception desk and the kitchen hatch, producing drinks and bacon sandwiches on demand, and Ann Whilding supplied a very sticky chocolate and banana cake. A buffet lunch of sandwiches was supplied at the Nags Head, close by. Grateful thanks to all these people, and to all the speakers and, indeed listeners who turned up.
Poster papers and cave surveys were on display, together with a range of BCRA publications for sale and items of equipment. The presentations were organised into five sessions – cave radio, surveying, photography, explosives and equipment. The event seemed to go very well, with a large number of audience questions and discussion. Organising an event like this does not take much effort, since most of the contribution comes from those who attend. The main requirement is therefore to persuade enough people to want to take part. There were two surveying related presentations. Phil Underwood presented the electronic surveying device that has been the subject of articles in recent issues of Compass Points [1] and the CREG journal [2][3]. The device that is accurate to 1°, and features a laser pointer, digital display, and USB interface; and he has developed a novel method of calibrating such devices. After explaining the concept and the design process, the instrument was put through its paces and the Cave Surveying Group arranged for further trials to take place underground the next day, as part of their field meeting. The second surveying related presentation was by Trevor Faulkner, who put forward a minimalist approach to surveying and drawing that could be undertaken with a small team and without specialist software. He claimed that the end result could be indistinguishable from surveys produced by more elaborate procedures. Naturally this lead to some lively debate amongst the surveyors and software experts present. This presentation forms the basis for an article in this issue. There were also two posters relating to surveying. Wookey presented"Data management of large surveying projects". This included some very nice surveys drawn with Tunnel (SteinbrückenHöhle and surroundings) and Therion (Terikan river system and Whiterock Cave, Mulu) from large datasets. He gave a very short talk explaining that it is now possible to do all the drawing electronically as well as the data processing, and that topquality free tools exist for this purpose which work on all three major computing platforms. The second poster was "Digital compass and clino" by Mike McCombe. This latter project has also been described in a previous issue of Compass Points [4].
References [1] Underwood, P. (2007). Calibrating a combined electronic compass/clinometer, Compass Points, 37, 5-7. [2] Underwood, P. (2007). A combined electronic compass/clinometer, Cave Radio and Electronics Group Journal, 66, 12-14. [3] Underwood, P. (2007). Calibrating the electronic compass/clinometer, Cave Radio and Electronics Group Journal, 69, 10-12. [4] McCombe, M. (2007). Electronic compass/clino update, Compass Points, 37, 3.
Thirty three people signed-in for the event; a few others appeared to manage to avoid doing so. There were twelve presentations, plus a showing of Martin Baines's film Voyage and John Robinson's AV Fourpence a Day.
BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
Press Round-up Cave surveys, cave size, and flank margin caves This article, by John Mylroie, is the principal feature in Issue 60 of Compass and Tape - the newsletter of the Survey and Cartography Section of the National Speleological Society, which was published in December 2007. The article discusses conventions for describing cave size in a way that allows meaningful comparison of the extent caves with very different morphology. Surveyed length is the usual metric, and this is suitable for describing the extent of linear caves for which the passage length is very much greater than the width or height. This measurement is also useful when considering maze caves, and when interpreted in conjunction with the areal extent of the cave can provide a measure of passage density. However, in many cases it is not always obvious that the surveyed length is a useful indicator of the extent of a particular section of cave. A commonly occurring example is the problem of how to measure the surveyed length in a large chamber. This might be surveyed by means of a single line around its perimeter or a series of splay shots from a central point. In both cases it is questionable whether the total length of the survey legs gives a useful measure of the the caves extent. The occasional large chamber in a predominantly linear cave does not alter the overall measure of cave length significantly. However, if the cave comprises a large chamber and little else, defining a meaningful cave length can be problematic. This issue is discussed with reference to the flank margin caves of Puerto Rico, the Bahamas and the Mariana Islands. These caves are dissolution features formed by the mixing of fresh water and salt water in coastal limestone bodies, with no significant water flow. Due to this mode of formation, these caves tend to comprise a series of chambers. As the caves tend to have very low ceilings at the edges, the preferred mode of surveying is to shoot splays from a central point to map the extent of each chamber. Whilst it may be possible to divide such caves into a number of linear segments and thus derive a measure of cave length, it is not clear that this would be a useful exercise. Monica Roth, a graduate student at Mississippi State University, set out to determine the areal footprint of the caves. The map was scanned and its perimeter delineated using a program from the National Institutes of Health that was developed to map cell interiors. Interior columns were identified and their areas subtracted from the total area, whilst their perimeters were added to the total perimeter. Analysis of the resulting data showed that the area of flank margin caves is linearly related to the perimeter, with area-toperimeter length ratios consistently in the range 4-4.5. Much lower and more variable ratios are obtained for typical stream caves. This result has contributed to an understanding of the mode of formation of these caves. Furthermore, feedback on the use to which the surveys will be put has been given to the surveying teams who can adjust their strategy accordingly. For example, they realise that accurately identifying the position of isolated bedrock columns and pillars is important to the later analysis of the survey. The overall conclusion is that the appropriate measure of cave size is dependent on the morphology of the cave in question. For linear caves, surveyed length remains a useful measure. In the case of flank margin caves, plan area is more meaningful. This is in part because these caves tend to develop on discrete levels associated with the freshwater-seawater mixing level giving characteristic low, wide chambers. In other settings where the caves are not so restricted in the vertical dimension, a method for characterising the cave volume in three dimensions may have to be devised.
Sustainable mapping of caves Phillip Häuselmann and the UISIC have prepared a paper presenting the whys and hows of good surveying practice. It was published in Issue 10/11 of Speleology, cover dated August/December 2007. The article sets out to present some guidelines for how to perform a survey that is complete, of high quality and sufficiently well documented that it can easily be supplemented with new finds without having to be done again in its entirety. First, the authors set out the basics of good surveying technique: using good quality, properly calibrated, instruments; accounting for sources of systematic error; using stations that can be refound and at which the passage dimensions are measured; and drawing a detailed and accurate sketch. The subject of marking stations is controversial as some object to marking the cave in any way. The principal author's preference is for marking and labelling points at critical junctions discretely such that they can be found only if actively searched for. To be complete, the survey should include plan, extended elevation and cross sections, and should be accompanied by a written description. All elements should be provided for all caves, even if it isn't immediately obvious that the particular view offers any useful insight into the nature of the cave. The plan view is often the most useful for navigating round a cave, showing as it does the width and orientation of the passages and their relationships to each other and other caves. This latter point is also true for predominantly vertical caves, so plans should always be drawn as even with limited lateral extent any preferred orientation of cave development and the relationship to other caves in the area can become apparent. The extended elevation and cross sections give details of the shape and vertical extent of the passage that is not obtainable from the plan view. The authors argue that extended elevations are preferable to projected elevations because, for projected elevations, information is lost for passages orientated perpendicular to the plane of the elevation. Furthermore a projected elevation can be derived from an extended elevation whilst the reverse is not true. Projections have the advantage of allowing the relationship between cave passages and surface features to be easily seen. Elevations and cross sections offer much more information about the genesis of the cave than can be obtained from the plan: vadose and phreatic passages can be easily distinguished, and different levels of cave development identified. Hence elevations and cross sections provide useful information even for predominantly horizontal caves. The written description is intended to cover observations made by the surveyors that cannot easily be ascertained from the map itself – for example geological and biological notes and hazard assessments. The advantage of a high quality drawing over a rough sketch is obvious when detailed scientific studies are to be conducted, but are also more useful for for sport cavers. For example, detailed sediment maps can be a useful aid to identifying suitable sites for searching for continuations of known passages. In the cave it is important to sketch to an appropriate level of detail, which will be determined by the scale the final survey will be drawn to if known. If the final scale is not known, it is better to err on the side of recording too much detail as the level of detail can be reduced at a later stage while absent detail cannot be created later. The authors make the case for publishing completed surveys, or at least archiving them with a trustworthy body on condition of secrecy should this be considered necessary. If you own the only copy of a survey and it becomes lost or destroyed, all the work that went into creating it will have to be duplicated. The authors also advise that all the original data and survey notes should be archived. Finally, it is advised that paper copies should be made for long term storage rather than relying on digital media that may be unreadable in the relatively near future. Overall, this article offers a concise description and justification of good cave surveying practices.
BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
The effect of binocular vision disorders on cave surveying accuracy This article – by Mark Dougherty – was printed in Cave and Karst Science (vol. 33, no.2, pp 51-54). A summary is presented here. Binocular vision disorders are relatively common and can have a detrimental effect on compass and clinometer readings taken with conventional sighting instruments unless suitable precautions are taken. This article sets out to highlight the effect on survey accuracy, and suggests practical measures that can be taken to mitigate their effects. If a person has perfect binocular vision both eyes point in exactly the same direction. A person whose eyes have a tendency to drift relative to one another in the absence of a visual cue to stay aligned has a phoria. This can clearly be a problem when using sighting instruments when one eye is focussed on the target station and the other is focussed on the scale of the instrument. The most common phoria is heterophoria in which one of the eyes has a tendency to move in the horizontal plane. The condition is divided into two subclasses: esophoria and exophoria, which refer to the case where the eye drifts inwards or outwards respectively, as illustrated in Figure 1. If this disorder is sufficiently severe it can affect the accuracy of compass readings if it is not identified, but will have no effect on clinometer readings. Although the precise proportion of the population that suffer form this disorder to such a degree is unknown, the numbers appear to be significant. Hyperphoria refers to the analogous (much rarer) disorder in which the eye drifts in the vertical plane. In this case, clinometer readings may be affected whilst compass readings will be correct.
exophoric vision
The author suffers from fairly severe esophoria. When performing a sighting on a tree sighted at a distance of 15m, the difference between compass readings sighted with his right and left eyes was 8°. This example provides an illustration of the potential scope of the problem. It is suggested that cavers should ideally test their eyes for heterophoria and hyperphoria by sighting compass and clinometer on a distant point with each eye in turn and looking for consistent differences between the readings. A number of simple methods for coping with the problem present themselves: •
measure each leg twice, once with each eye, and average the results;
turn your head on its side when reading the instrument that would be erroneously recorded such that the axis in which your eye drifts is always in line with the rotation axis of the instrument;
sight with one eye over the top of the instrument;
wait until the reading has fully stabilised before recording it, since for people with a mild phoria the eye eventually stabilises on the direction parallel with the other eye.
The use of instruments with a built in laser sight that has to be aligned on the distant station also eliminates the problem. It may be tempting to assume that the issue can be addressed by performing an instrument calibration to determine the magnitude of the problem, then noting the eye with which each reading was taken during the survey and applying the appropriate correction. However, the angle of convergence or divergence is not constant and can vary according to several factors. •
The problem is often worse under high illumination levels, so if calibration is performed in bright sunlight the corrections obtained may not be applicable to readings taken underground. It is therefore advisable to perform calibration in lower lighting conditions that more closely approximate those experienced in the cave.
Tiredness can exacerbate the effect, so that the error increases over the course of a long surveying trip.
The amount of convergence or divergence between eyes may be variable on the distance to the sighting object. The author found that the 8° difference when sighting on an object 15m distant was reduced to 4° when sighting on a closer target 3m away.
esophoric vision
Overall, it is clear that using one of the methods to mitigate the effect of a phoria is preferable to relying on calibration readings. If it becomes apparent that a someone with a phoria has operated instruments in a cave, it may be possible to correct for the effects if they perform a calibration on multiple targets at different sighting distances under subdued lighting conditions. The correction can only be applied if it is known that the surveyor generally sights with one eye or the other so that the correction can be applied in the right direction. The author concludes that binocular vision disorders are potentially a very serious source of errors in cave surveying if they are not identified and their effects mitigated. He suggests that the following clause be added to the notes that supplement the BCRA surveying grades: "To obtain grade 5, the surveyor(s) reading the instruments must be either known to not suffer from binocular vision disorders, or active precautions against such errors must be made."
Figure 1: Exophoria and esophoria.
BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
An electronic inclinometer Ian Todd This article describes the development of an electronic inclinometer ("clino"), a surveying device designed to be used in the instrumentally hostile environment of cave exploration, and discusses its use and performance in practice.
Recent developments
Back in about 2000, integrated circuit accelerometers, magnetometers and laser pointers had become available, and were affordable for the amateur experimenter. I conceived of the idea of building a solid state surveying tool, the InCompass, having a built in compass, an inclinometer and a laser pointer for sighting on the target survey station. Using an accelerometer gives not only the tilt angle to the next survey station, but knowing the tilt angle, the compass can be "electronically gimballed" to give an accurate reading when tilted, unlike a conventional compass which must be held level. The InCompass project is still not finished but work continues. This article isn't about the InCompass project, but about a spin off that the surveyors at South Wales Caving Club (SWCC) have found very useful; the electronic clinometer.
The first new units built were basically tidied up versions of Dave's unit. A fresh PCB was laid out and three boards were made commercially. These boards worked out at about £17 each. Of the three units, the two for our club surveyors worked well, but the third unit built for my further experimentation was unstable and inaccurate. After a lot of head scratching, it turned out that the Analog Devices ADXL202 accelerometers had quite variable characteristics, unit to unit, and my unit had little change of the output pulse width with temperature. Dave had developed a clever method of using changes in the ADXL202 output pulse width to detect the current temperature and used a lookup table to apply corrections. By chance the third unit had little change with temperature, and so the corrections were very coarse.
Dave Edwards and I worked together at this time at a London university, and I talked him into joining me on the compass project. Neither of us had any experience with microcontrollers at this stage. Initially we concentrated on just getting the accelerometer to be a sensor attached to a PIC microcontroller (PIC16F84), with an LCD display to show the output. We used a lookup table stored in some non-volatile external memory, to give us an output in degrees. This was in essence our first electronic clinometer.
This third board was then modified. The original PIC16F84 was swapped, for a newer, pin compatible microcontroller, the PIC16F87. This has much more internal memory, so that the look up table didn't require the external memory any more. At the same time the resolution of the lookup table was improved to one tenth of a degree. The PIC16F87 had an internal capture and compare module, which could more accurately measure the duration of the accelerometer output pulses. The resistor which determines the accelerometer total output period (T2 in Figure 2) was replaced with a couple of components that made the unit much more sensitive to temperature changes. This improved the accuracy of the calibration corrections and the original instability in readings disappeared. At this point the design was considered to be fully working. I subsequently upgraded all three units to use the PIC16F88, which while functionally like the PIC16F87, also has an A-D (Analogue to Digital) converter, which meant we could measure the supply battery voltage.
Working independently, Dave then changed the display for an LED display, and boxed the instrument in a Perspex case to make it as rugged as possible (see Figure 1). He offered this to the SWCC surveyors for trial, and never got it back! They found it both easier to use than a traditional clino, and more accurate, and have used it ever since. The development of this prototype was described in an article in issue 33 of Compass Points [1]. Just before Christmas 2006, an approach was made by someone who had heard that SWCC had an electronic clino, and wanted to build one for himself. Unfortunately the one we had was really a prototype, and the documentation we had was mostly in our heads, and fading with time. So on that occasion we couldn't really help him. Subsequently two other people at SWCC also expressed an interest. This gave me a kick-start to get back into the project, which I hadn't touched for a while.
T2 Figure 2: Accelerometer output. The duty cycle of the ADXL202 output varies with acceleration. The device is temperature sensitive and the inclinometer design applies temperature compensation according to the output period T2.
Figure 1: The Prototype Inclinometer, completed by Dave Edwards with LED display and Perspex case.
BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
Out of interest I decided then to do a complete redesign around the PIC16F876 microcontroller which, like the PIC16F87 and 88, has more internal memory than the PIC16F84. It also has more control lines available than the PIC16F87/88, which made it possible to dispense with the LED driver integrated circuit, and drive the four digit display directly from the PIC. As well as the Capture and Compare module this PIC has an A-D module. This is used to continuously monitor the battery supply, warn when it is getting low, and prevent further use once the voltage has dropped to the point at which the voltage regulator can no longer supply a steady voltage to the accelerometer. Circuitry was added to isolate the battery from the whole circuit except during a measurement.
The PIC turns the power off when a reading is finished. This should extend battery life considerably. Considerable changes were also made to the software, putting functions like keyboard debouncing, capture and compare, the A to D, and display multiplexing into the interrupt routine. The original clino had to have a set of calibration values programmed into the external memory during manufacture. This was less than ideal. The new version has the calibration routines built in, and can be calibrated at each of two different temperatures by the end user. These values are stored in the PIC, and calibration values are then automatically calculated for other temperatures while the unit is in use. This procedure is described later in this article. This final version is referred to as InclinomETer Version 2.0, and is shown in Figure 3.
Manufacture of the mounting block for the laser pointer is a bit of a problem as it needs someone with machining facilities to make a neat job. A drawing of the block is shown in Figure 4. This block hangs beneath the PCB, and the laser is held in place by a grub screw. The type of cheap laser used here has a beam that may come out at quite an angle relative to the body of the laser. So the idea is to rotate the laser in the mounting block until the off axis beam is as near horizontal as possible, and then tighten the grub screw. Then swing the block left or right on its mountings until the beam is straight ahead. Minor errors in getting the beam horizontal can be corrected in software as described below. Probably the most accurate way to set the beam level, is to use a water level. This is just a length of transparent hosepipe, the longer the better, filled with water. One end is held near the laser exit port and the water level adjusted to be level with the laser beam. The angle of the laser beam is then adjusted until it is also level with the water in the distant end of the hose. The laser beam is then exactly horizontal.
Figure 4: The Laser Pointer Mounting Block. The height of the 12mm hole in the block is not critical.
Figure 3: The InclinomETer Version 2.0, showing the laser port and trigger switch.
Practical build considerations Full details of how to build an InclinomETer Version 2.0, including circuit diagrams and sources of components, can be found on the project website [2]. The procedure was also described in an article in the CREG journal [3]. You are free to do as you wish with the software and circuit, but you may NOT use it for commercial gain without first obtaining my permission. A brief discussion of some practical issues is presented here. The clino is contained in a plastic instrument case with battery compartment, and all components are mounted on a single sided Printed Circuit Board. It is quite possible to make this board yourself, and I include the full-scale artwork on the web page for those who wish to make their own. The mounting holes for the laser will need filing out on a home made board to enable alignment of the mounting block, but would be routed out during commercial manufacture. The PIC processor will need to be programmed, which requires some simple hardware, but unless you really want to get involved, it is easier for me to do it for you. Just send the PIC to me, with stamp and addressed packaging for the return. (Please note that this offer applies to cavers only.) For anyone interested, the assembler file of the program, the generated hex file and some necessary include files are available on the web page [2]. The PIC should be mounted in a DIL socket, so it can be removed if necessary for reprogramming if a change of program becomes necessary. For those who are familiar with PICs, the PIC can be programmed in situ using In Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) and a connector is provided.
The trigger switch is the other mechanical problem. The unit only has the one switch for both turning the unit on, and for use as a trigger to take a measurement. To avoid disturbing the clino as the trigger is pushed, the trigger should only need a very gentle push. The switch should not be mounted on the top of the unit, as pushing the button will tend to lower the beam slightly. Maybe the switch should be very sensitive but have some mechanical protection to avoid turning the unit and the laser on accidentally during transport. This might also help prevent the ingress of water and cave dirt. I don't have a good solution to this problem so far, so please let me know if you think of something ingenious.
Temperature compensation The ADXL202 accelerometer chip is sensitive to temperature, and so the instrument must be calibrated to give accurate results. This involves taking a pair of measurements at a high temperature, and a pair at a lower temperature. (In the airing cupboard and in the fridge, maybe.) The actual temperature does not need to be known, but the unit should be given plenty of time to temperature stabilize. For the first measurement, at each temperature, the unit is pointed vertically up. This subjects it to a -1g acceleration due to gravity. For the second measurement it is pointed vertically down and experiences a +1g acceleration. The difference between the obtained readings is therefore caused by a known 2g change in acceleration. These values are then stored in the device and used to calculate the correct calibration values for any other temperatures, including temperatures outside of range of the two calibration temperatures. Before a calibration can be performed, a jumper is used to short out the 2-pin connector on the bottom left corner of the circuit board. This applies power continuously to the circuit. Having fitted the jumper, put the lid back on the instrument case (just hold it with a rubber band, to save putting the screws back in). The lid will keep the internal temperature more stable during the actual calibration.
BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
Hot and cold calibrations are performed independently, and either can be done first. On fitting the battery the device will power up, and enter a calibration routine with prompts presented on the display. Following these prompts will result in the unit being calibrated at the two temperatures and also provide the opportunity to enter an offset to correct for mechanical misalignment between the laser pointer and the accelerometer. When calibration is complete, the jumper link on the circuit board should be removed, and parked on just one pin. The unit now cannot enter calibration accidentally. The instrument is now ready to use and shouldn't require frequent calibrations - however, periodic checks of accuracy are advised.
Method of use When in normal use, with the jumper link removed, the battery is effectively disconnected from the circuitry, until the button is pressed. The laser will now be turned on, and the display will show the continuously updating angle from horizontal. When the laser beam is pointing at the target survey station, hold the unit as steady as possible, count to 3 (to allow for settling), and push the button gently. The laser will turn off, and the angle when the button was pressed, will be held on the display, which will flicker gently to indicate a held reading. The display automatically inverts when the unit is inverted to allow easy reading. After recording the value in the log book, another press of the button will disconnect the battery again. In this way battery life should be maximised. In use, the output voltage of the 9V battery will slowly decrease. A 5V regulator ensures that the voltage supply for the accelerometer remains constant. When the battery voltage drops to 7.5V, the bottom left hand segment of the display will flash. The unit is still usable, but this is a warning that the battery will soon run out. When the battery voltage drops to about 7V, it is close to the point at which the regulator can no longer maintain a 5V output. This is sensed by the PIC, and the display will read "FLAt". The unit cannot then be used until a replacement battery is fitted.
Practical benefits The prototype inclinometer that preceded the InclinomETer Version 2.0 has been in regular use by SWCC members since 2002, and the new instrument has been available since March 2007. The surveying projects for which the instruments have been used include the OFD survey, and also some very low passages in the old firestone mines in East Surrey. In the latter case, the passages in question have been dug out over backfill, so steep legs are commonplace when a roof fall is encountered. Particular advantages that have been identified over conventional sighting inclinometers include the following: •
When the button is pressed the inclinometer displays the elevation in an easy-to-read way complete with plus or minus, so eliminating the problems of reading the wrong scale or mistaking the mark either side of ten as nine or eleven depending on whether it is pointing up or down.
The locking of the reading and easy to see figures makes it very quick to use and gives great confidence in the quality of the data.
It is more accurate, reading to point one of a degree. A loop closure error of only 70 cm on a loop of 860 metres has been reported, and vertical loop closure errors well below 1% are consistently achieved.
By making the surveying much easier, the amount that can be covered in one session is increased by it both being quicker and less tiring, particularly where the passages are awkward. Using a laser rangefinder has also improved the speed and accuracy for much the same reasons.
Overall, the electronic inclinometer has proved to be very popular amongst SWCC surveyors, and the development of a combined compass and inclinometer is awaited with anticipation.
Conclusions The electronic inclinometer described in this article has been in development for a number of years. This article has focussed on some recent refinements to the design. Electronic instruments offer a number of advantages over traditional instruments in the cave environment. This inclinometer has seen extensive underground use over a period of years and has proved to be robust.
Acknowledgments My thanks go to my friends who have helped me with this project, particularly Trevor Woolvin who helped both with the circuit design and software, and built my PIC programmer. Also Frank Vine for the use of his amazing homemade CNC PCB drilling machine. Brian Clipstone and Graham Christian provided testimonials on the performance of the inclinometer underground.
References [1] Edwards, D. (2004). Full tilt ahead?, Compass Points, 33, 3-5. [2] Todd, I. InclinomETer ver 2.0, online at: http://www.ietodd.co.uk/clino/index.htm [3] Todd, I. (2007). An electronic inclinometer, Cave Radio and Electronics Group Journal, 69, 16-19.
It can be held on or next to the survey station, with the laser pointing to the next station. This eliminates the need to look through the inclinometer in an awkward position, which can be a source of error, and also the inconvenience of lighting the instrument from the side. The optical compass is not as critical on position, as one "merely" has to line up the two survey points, the vertical distance above or below them not being relevant.
BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
Rapid and solo surveys of short caves Trevor Faulkner The south Nordland area of Norway has many short caves, often found in remote locations scattered over a wide area. In this article, Trevor Faulkner advocates the adoption of rapid surveying techniques sufficient to achieve BCRA Grade 3 to facilitate the documentation of these caves.
Introduction The principles of cave surveying were described by Ellis (1976) [1], who proposed BCRA Grade 5 as the normal standard. However, this can be inconvenient during cave exploration with a small team, or with inexperience, shortage of time, inadequate instruments, or the discovery of many short caves, as is the case in south Nordland, Norway. This area contains some 661 scattered marble stripe karst outcrops and has over 728 well-recorded caves that reach a maximum length of 1.9km and a maximum depth of 180m [2]. However, the mean length is only 80m and the mean depth is only 9.0m, so that the temptation after walking a long way to discover only a relatively short cave is to explore the cave without surveying it. This article proposes that, rather than to leave the cave unsurveyed, perhaps for a long time, it may be better to make a rapid "approximate" Grade 3 magnetic survey during original exploration before returning to base camp. Such a survey may then be used quite adequately to identify special features about the cave and its development.
Rapid surveying Rapid techniques were introduced by Paddy O'Reilly in the inspirational surveying of 25km of passages in OFD 2/3 in South Wales within two years [3]. They allow caves to be surveyed by three, two or even one person at a rate over 10 stations per hour, which is twice the normal Grade 5 rate in the author's experience, so that up to 1km can be surveyed per day, even in small passages. It is most efficient to "survey into unexplored passage", but surveying might be delayed until the start of the return to the entrance. The best team size is three: the main surveyor, who makes all the notes and will eventually publish the completed survey, an assistant who decides on the best position for the next survey station (Figure 1), and an explorer who decides where to go at passage junctions.
Instead of sighting to a lamp at the next (forward) survey station through the eyepiece of an expensive compass, the reading of the magnetic bearing is combined with that of measuring the distance between the two stations. This is achieved by aligning a simple orienteering compass horizontally along the tight tape measure and rotating the bezel until the magnetic north coincides with 0º, when viewed from above. The bearing is then "fixed" on the compass and can be written down with the distance (perhaps measured to 2º and 5cm respectively) without being forgotten. The time-consuming sighting with a clinometer (which is mandatory for Grade 5) is completely avoided, by the surveyor and his assistant each estimating the vertical range (VR) between the two stations when the tape is still tight and agreeing the result to the nearest 0.1m. The data and sketches (including key cross-sections) are carefully entered into a cave survey note book that should be waterproof and that must be prepared in advance, to speed up the work underground and to ensure that no readings are missed (Figure 2). Stations are not permanently marked, to avoid cave disfigurement, but should be chosen as prominent cave features or as cairns. They should be easily relocated from the sketches and from the Left, Right, Up, Down (L, R, U, D) estimates if the survey is continued later from the same point. It is often important to correlate surface and underground features, and a similar rapid technique can be used to create local surface surveys.
Figure 2 : Survey data entered into the survey notebook.
Solo surveying
Figure 1: The surveyor's assistant identifies the next forward survey station in Marimyntgrotta, Norway. [Photo by Alan Marshall]
Very occasionally, a single person may locate a new or unsurveyed cave during field work, and the rapid technique can be adapted to solo surveying. The solo surveyor then combines the three roles described above. The first station is identified (perhaps under the drip-line at the centre of the entrance) and the loose end of the tape measure is held in this position under a stone. The surveyor then walks (or crawls!) forward to the second station, estimates the VR, measures the distance and then measures the bearing as before, except that this is treated later as a back-bearing. For consistency, cross-section sketches are also best viewed "backward". The tape is then pulled away from the stone and the process repeated. Although solo surveying and solo caving are not recommended, if there is no alternative, three good lights should be carried, and a "no risks" policy adopted.
BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
The minimalist approach can also be extended to the calculation and drawing processes. It is easy to design a standard three-part spreadsheet that records information about the cave and the surveyors in the first part, tabulates the original measurements in the second part and calculates station coordinates from Pythagoras and simple trigonometric functions in the third part (e.g. as described by Gibson, 2002 [4]). The total leg length is calculated from the sum of the original distance measurements, to which can be added manually any extra unsurveyed side passages and oxbows from the sketches (less any duplications), to create the total cave length. It has been a convention in British surveys of Norwegian caves that this total cave length includes the heights of all avens and the depths of all shafts. The vertical range of the cave is calculated by subtracting the height of the floor below the lowest station from the height of the roof above the highest station, again with any necessary manual adjustments. An example spreadsheet for a short cave is shown in Figure 5 (overleaf). It is visually convenient to include the calculated grid or true north bearing (calculated from the magnetic bearing and the local magnetic deviation) and the plan distance for each leg in the second part of the spreadsheet, and the original L, R, U, D measurements in the third part. The approximate volume of the passage between two survey stations = distance × (L+R) × (U+D) and this is also included for each leg in the second part. The total cave volume is then estimated as the sum of these leg volumes. The mean cross-sectional area of the cave passages = total volume / total leg length. This extra information may be useful when comparing caves and when considering their speleogenesis.
The "rapid" technique ensures that the surveyor keeps control at all stages of data collection and processing, whilst placing the original data in a digital format that is archivable, easy to amend and easy to debug by visual inspection. The use of a simple spreadsheet in cave surveying avoids reliance on complex software, about which the surveyor may have limited knowledge and expertise and which may be too "facility rich" for a short cave. The spreadsheet presentation format chosen by the surveyor is easily transferable to his next cave survey by retaining the formulae whilst nullifying the raw data and starting again. The final output commonly achieves a horizontal misclosure of 1-2%. If large and/or gross errors arise, these can commonly be removed by manual intervention without using complex error distribution algorithms. Because the VRs rely on human estimates, the initial elevation accuracy could be the weakest part of the survey. However, this might be improved by subsequent revision of the original VR data from observations of water levels and flows and from altimeter and/or GPS readings at entrances. In the author's experience, the published A4 drawing may be indistinguishable from one produced by more elaborate procedures. So far, ~21km of passage in over 88 caves up to 1.9km in length and commonly >100m long have been surveyed to "Rapid Grade 3" standards in south Nordland, in 17 expeditions of 3-weeks duration with a typical team size of four people, and the author has completed five solo surveys. We should spread the message further that cave surveying is an easy process and, as well as being a duty of explorers fortunate enough to find new caves, it is fun and fast to do (with a little practice), often leads to extra passages being found, and can be combined with rapid photography, even by the surveyor himself, by using a disposable camera in small passages (Figure 4).
Drawing When drawing up the survey, the spreadsheet chart facility can be used to plot the station positions for plan and elevation, to decide final scales and orientations, and even to plot the grid for a final (manual) drawing, which rarely needs to be larger than A4 size. Figure 3 is an example of "work in progress" prior to final decisions about a published survey. This treatment is less ambitious than that of Gibson (2002) [4]. In the author's opinion, a cave survey should always include both a plan view and an elevation (even if the elevation is very simple), because the necessary data should always be available from the notebook and the derived information greatly assists understanding the cave relative to its local geology, topography and hydrology.
Figure 4: Surveying in a small passage in Marimyntgrotta. This article is based on presentations given at the 2007 BCRA Cave Technology Symposium and at the Baltic Speleological Congress in Visby, Gotland, Sweden on 15 August 2007.
References [1] Ellis, B. (1976). Surveying Caves. [British Cave Research Association.] 88pp. [2] Faulkner, T.L. (2005). Cave inception and development in Caledonide metacarbonate rocks, PhD Thesis, University of Huddersfield. [3] O'Reilly, P.M., O'Reilly, S.E. and Fairbairn, C.M. (1969). Ogof Ffynnon Ddu: Penwyllt, Breconshire. [South Wales Caving Club] 52pp. [4] Gibson, D. (2002). Using Excel to plot cave surveys, Compass Points, 27, 5-8. Figure 3: A partially-completed survey of a short cave produced by rapid techniques. BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
Kvalskardelvgrotta 4
Susendal / Hattfjelldal VN 5146 5972 (West entrance) (ED50) 622m (West entrance) Susendalen 3 14 July 2004 Trevor Faulkner, Nigel Graham, Adrian Scott 3.5 øäåöÅØÖ
(Sum of legs )
HEIGHT above station 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0.0 17.5 19.5 21.7 17.2 28.2 28.6 27.7 30.1 31.9 26.6
0.0 -0.8 -15.9 -26.7 -40.0 -59.5 -66.1 -73.8 -83.4 -94.7 -104.5
0.0 -1.5 -0.5 -1.5 -1.0 0.0 0.5 0.9 1.4 2.4 2.9
3.0 6.0 7.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 2.0 0.3 4.0 3.5
6.0 5.0 8.0 6.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 6.0 3.0
0.0 1.0 3.0 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.00 17.49 32.75 43.81 57.85 80.18 86.86 94.55 104.43 115.84 127.03
0.0 315.9 820.8 1653.3 1906.2 2397.9 2505.1 2689.9 2749.3 2845.5 3394.3
Start of new survey run
2.9 -1.5
VERTICAL RANGE Extra at 10 Extra at 3
4.4 5.5 2.0
Figure 5: A survey spreadsheet for a short cave.
BCRA Cave Surveying Group, Compass Points 39, March 2008
Published on Nov 8, 2013
Compass Points Issue 39 The magazine of the Cave Surveying Group of the British Cave Research Association


text:
|Ilya Isakov
Managing Director
Ilya was graduated at Radio Technical Faculty of Moscow Power Engineering Institute (now Technical University), later got MBA at Classical Business School.
|Evgeny Shatokhin
Project Director. Engineering Director
Evgeny has graduated from the Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, the Department of Computer Engineering.
|Svetlana Antropova
Methodology director
Svetlana has 20 years of experience in the banking sector. She held leading positions in accounting departments of major banks, such as «OTP Bank», «Central OVK», «SBS-AGRO». Svetlana has professional knowledge and skills in the field of bank's regulatory reports formation, accounting procedures in credit organizations. She has successful experience of organization and implementation of banks' projects on migration to new accounting rules, introduction of new accounting systems, automation of accounting formation process, reorganization of banks through merger.
|Konstantin Zubov
the Member of the Board of Directors
Konstantin has graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State University majoring in the Applied Mathematics.
|Veronika Khomyakova
Chief Operating Director
Veronika Khomyakova has started her professional employment in IT business with SAP company as a back-office sales specialist more than 7 years ago and has become a account manager within the following two years. Since 2008 till 2010 in the IT integrator «ND Group» Veronika was responsible for the marketing division development and optimization of the back-office business processes.
|Andrei Omelchenko
Strategy and Operations Director for Middle East, Asia-Pacific and Europe
Andrei has 10+ years of working at managerial positions at some of the world's largest enterprises: Gartner, PwC, BDO. He specializes in digital disruption and emerging technologies, being a Digitalization Coach for large Russian and international companies. At RBtechnologies Andrei is responsible for a broad range of strategy and operations issues in new regions of company's presence (Singapore, Middle East, Europe).
Business analytics with the real working experience on the key positions in TOP10 banks
Projects from business ideas to an implementation with the amount of more than 700 person-days


text:
A Chat with psychic energy
What services does your business offer and what makes your business stand out from the competition?
I am a true gifted psychic helping people solve their problems through love marriage business or peace of mind I will guide you through it and give you the best advice
What was the inspiration to start or run this business?
helping people be happy achieve there goals have peace of mind helping others
What do you love most about your job?
helping peoplein seeing them achieve there accomplishments
What is the best reaction you've ever gotten from a customer?
amazed with how much I helped her accomplish and put her life in order