text:
Join our list
Subscribe to our mailing list and get interesting stuff and updates to your email inbox.
A Viking has reportedly been removed from the VIP area of Secret Solstice Festival after getting his horn out in public.
Security guards were called to the VIP area after the Viking, who likes techno but prefers house, was accused of lewd behavior by other VIPs and was quickly escorted to the general admission area of the festival.
"We can't just be letting people get their horns out willy-nilly, we're not in Sweden for fuck's sake," claimed chief of security Einar Olafsson. "Especially not a horn like that, it was huge and I think some of the other VIPs were feeling a little inadequate around it, I had no choice but to put him out with the general public."
"We're an equal opportunities festival and we feel that everyone should have the opportunity to enjoy themselves in whatever way they want while here, within reason obviously," continued the security guard. "If that's getting your horn out then so be it, just don't go sticking it in other people's faces or we'll have to get involved."
According to American house DJ Seth Troxler, the security guards' actions were completely uncalled for and a blatant abuse of power.
"That whole incident was so uncool," Troxler told Wunderground earlier. "What's wrong with getting your horn out? Jesus, if I had a horn like that I'd have it out all of the time but, unfortunately, I'm not a Viking and I tend to drink my beer out of a regular glass. If I had have had more balls I would have asked for a shot of his horn but it wasn't to be."
According to sources close to the Viking, despite looking angry and intimidating, he was not upset by his removal from the VIP area and decided to enjoy the rest of the festival, watching acts like The Prodigy, Kerri Chandler and Dubfire, rather than going on a murderous rampage for the rest of the weekend.
Join our list
Subscribe to our mailing list and get interesting stuff and updates to your email inbox.


text:
Chankramanam has a number of purposes:
Loosens up the body. During meditative practice the body becomes very stiff and painful. Chankramanam is a method of removing this stiffness and the accompanying aches and pains.
Revitalizes the body. After a prolonged period of sitting, the blood circulation tends to become sluggish and the blood stagnates in various parts of the body. Chankramanam reactivates the blood flow, helping to maintain health of the numerous organs and functions of the body such as digestion, respiration, etc.
Removes sleepiness. The increased blood supply wakes up the brain removing drowsiness.
Removes introversion. In meditative practice it is very easy to become introverted and to become lost in one's compulsive thoughts. Chankramanam helps to reduce and prevent excessive introversion without going to the other extreme of extroversion. It brings a balance between these two extremes so that one perches on the razor's edge between them.
Develops aivareness of the present. Awareness of one's movements and mantra reduces the tendency to brood about the past or dream about the future.
Chankramanam is useful if you start to yawn during your daily meditative program. It helps to bring greater benefits when you again continue your practice. In fact, those sadhakas who sit in one position for hours and hours should definitely practise chankramanam in order to maintain good health.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Those of you eager to know, the Sony α9 full-frame mirror-less camera has the much talked about 4D Focus that includes 693 point AF system, covering almost 93 percent of the image area, reliable object tracking and fast-focusing speed. The A9 shoots 4K video, features 5-axis in-body stabilization, dual SD card slots, a touchscreen and an ethernet port. It launches May 25th for $4,500 in the United States.
The new 9 also features a vibration free, fully electronic, completely silent anti-distortion shutter 7 with absolutely no mechanical mirror or shutter noise, making it an extremely powerful photographic tool for any shooting situation that demands quiet operation. Most notable among its stated capabilities is perhaps the impressive blackout-free continuous shooting speed of up to 20fps for up to 241 RAW and 362 JPEG images.
When it comes to fast focusing the Alpha 9 packs in 693 point focal plane phase detection AF points with 60 AF/AE tracking calculations per second. The camera features a multi-selector joystick on the back of the camera, allowing shooters to easily shift focus point within the frame by pressing the multi-selector in any direction up, down, left or right when shooting in Zone, Flexible Spot or Expanded Flexible Spot focus area modes.
Sony has announced the α9, the company's flagship full-frame mirrorless camera. Covering approximately 93% of the frame, the focusing system of the Sony A9 ensures that even the fastest moving subjects are reliably captured and tracked across the frame.
The Sony a9 features an all-new, high-resolution, high-luminance Quad-VGA OLED Tru-Finder with approximately 3,686k dots. That means the brightness level should be equal to whatever scene you're trying to frame. The α9 can also shoot without blackout, a common issue with DSLRs, due to its fast electronic shutter while maintaining 60fps live view with minimal display lag in continuous shooting. Another innovative feature is the new Sony battery (model NP-FZ100) which has 2.2x the capacity of previous Sony full-frame models. Battery life has consistently proven to be a weak point of mirrorless cameras, so it's good to see Sony working to extend how much time you can spend shooting. The Sony A9 mirrorless camera has a maximum shutter speed of up to 1/32,000 second. Sony say the α9 is a ideal fit for those looking to get high-quality 4K video footage.
Engadget reports that the new A9 camera supports 4K video recoring, but "reads out the entire full-frame sensor at 6K" and then the A9 oversamples it to produce "high quality 4K footage with exceptional detail and depth". Below is an example of what the end result looks like.


text:
Posts Tagged 'StoryBox'
StoryBox 2 Is Done!
StoryBox 2 is done. Finally. Eight months of tweaking and rearranging and wholesale changing have made StoryBox into a more flexible piece of writing software than it has ever been. And if you've used it, you know that it was already flexible.
My goal with StoryBox 2 was to clean up as many of the dusty corners as I could, and to do a better job at having things organized while still available to use everywhere, including in full screen mode.
With that in mind, I created the MenuBar – a strip along the bottom that takes up no more room on the screen than the combination of the Menu and StatusBar that previously existed, but gives you more functionality, including a Countdown Timer, 6 different word count meters, the clock and session timers, and, of course, the menu. The menu, instead of being text, is now a set of six icons. It takes a moment to get used to it, but once you do, I think you'll like the fact that they are out of your line of sight.
The next big thing is the new export dialog. It allows you to save Export Profiles for each story. The Export Profiles save every setting, as well as a list of the selected files. I use this to make separate eBook exports for each retailer like Amazon and Barnes & Noble. This way, I can customize the front and back matter for the retailers, and if I need to make changes, I don't have to worry about making mistakes when selecting which files to export. The profile saves those selections.
The third big change is the Full Screen mode. In Full Screen, you now have access to every tool in StoryBox. You can do your outlines in full screen, you can do your Storyboarding in full screen, and you can have multiple documents visible side by side in full screen. You can set a different theme for full screen than you have in Windowed mode, and you can even set up the MenuBar differently.
In the coming months, I'm going to back off StoryBox development, to a degree. I will fix bugs over the summer while I concentrate on getting a Mac version of TrackerBox out, as well as the four books I have currently finished writing, but haven't published. After that, releases will focus on one part of StoryBox at a time, the first of which will be search features.
There are 114 changes from 1.5 to 2.0, many of them minor, but far more than I could talk about in a blog post. Check them out and download StoryBox 2 from StoryBoxSoftware.com.
What's Up With StoryBox 2 and Fragments?
It's May 31st. Yes. I was planning to release StoryBox 2 today. I planned to release Fragments today, too. Neither of them are happening.
StoryBox 2 will go out of beta sometime next week. I had to do some updates to TrackerBox that were not planned due to Barnes & Nobles change over from PubIt to NOOK Press. Now, the only thing holding StoryBox 2 up is fixing up the help file. I've already done a bit of work on it, but it needs more, especially with all the additions and changes, including changes that occurred after version 1.0 that never got included in the help. I will work on that this weekend.
Fragments has a different story. I started the formatting (which occurs after editing) last Friday and quickly discovered there were things I didn't like. These things were there despite having been read by four other people, not including myself. The book was written last summer, and I've written a lot since then, so perhaps it's just me growing as a writer, but I couldn't let the book go out with things I hated in it. So I'm running through it one more time in an attempt to clean out those things that just bug the crap out of me. I'm sure, if I read it again six months from now, there will be more writing in it that I don't like, but I feel I owe it to you to at least like everything in it at the time I release it.
So you can probably add two or three weeks to the release date for Fragments. I'm going through it as fast as I can, but I'm not rushing it, and it's a long book. I think I've said it before, but it's nearly 30% longer than Shattered. Reworked is coming along, but it's probably going to be another 20-30% longer than Fragments. And, though I had planned it as a trilogy (planned is a loose term, here – imagined is probably better), I have an inkling there will be a fourth book.
This also means Zombies Bought the Farm will be delayed, but since it's far shorter than Fragments, I'm hoping it won't be much more than a week later than my original plan.
Today (May 31, 2013) is the last intentional day to get Shattered for $2.99. It's $2.99 at pretty much all of the retailers listed on the Shattered page.
StoryBox – $14.95 thru NaNoWriMo
I don't usually talk about my software here (anymore), but I had to post this because some of you might think it's cool.
Between now and the end of NaNoWriMo, my writing software StoryBox is $20 cheaper than normal. Only $14.95!!! If you don't know what NaNoWriMo is, it's National Novel Writing Month, where people try to write a novel in 30 days. It starts Nov 1, and ends Nov 30.


text:
Moving Up To A Better Life
I was born and raised in Atlanta, which is considered to be a big city in the south. No one I grew up moved away because, they didn't know where else to go. A big city offers a lot, but sometimes it is ok to move to a smaller city. So I developed a plan to move my family to Charlotte. It is a smaller city but I feel like I will have a better quality of life here. So this weekend we are out looking for new homes Charlotte NC. I love the options we have here, it seems like I was missing too much in Atlanta. I am glad we are moving. More info: new homes Charlotte nc


text:
Limerence it's a term that means intense involuntary infatuated love. Well that's the way I feel about my partner forever. Know you probably won't because researchers say that limerence last on average just 18 months to three years. oh wait you and Emily have been dating about three years right.
Limerence is an amazing feeling but the biggest mistake our culture makes about love is when we connect a temporary feeling to a permanent union the strongest relationships are between two people who understand that love like all emotions can grow and change and sometimes even fade.
It may not fade but it's important to accept that it could but I don't want to play in minot it's important to accept that it could thinking that all love is eternal and butterflies are forever straight up fantasy realistic marriages can in due last you just gotta prepare for what's. going to happen when the butterflies fly away. no no no come back to be part of something special. It's okay if we're not head over heels our whole lives our relationships foundation is so much stronger than something created by limerence.
Divorce that frankly we should all be saying it more because the truth is divorce is good. On our culture's divorce is totally ridiculous. Politicians and the media constantly talk as though divorces mere existence were a threat to society. The number one country in the world and talking about family values is number one is divorce. Social problems for divorce worst than ever, the massive amounts of divorce our society is breaking down our families are falling apart. Divorce isn't scary in fact it's a good thing. Half of the marriages end up in divorce that what everyone says but it's not actually true.
Well calculated divorce rate in the US have never exceeded 41-percent and that speaking in the late seventies and the divorce rate is actually gone down. So what divorce is still awful? What do you think that because it means a happy marriage is over. No it means a bad marriage is over before access to divorce improved in the seventies people were trapped in those awful relationships.
In the old days to get a divorce you often need both spouses present. Usually needed to establish fault so if you wanted a boring old amicable divorce you were forced to lie to a judge who was cruel or inhumane to whom.
This is particularly bad for women because in many States domestic violence wasn't considered grounds for divorce. So they can become trapped in an abusive marriages but all that changed in 1969. The concept later on spread to other States and by some estimates reduced cases of females to suicide by twenty percent. That's why divorce rates rose in the seventies not because society was crumbling but because the divorce was finally available to the people who really needed it. Okay but what about kids, kids divorces bad for kids. Yeah it can be tough on them, you know what is also tough on kids unhappy homes.
Research says the kids tend to do worst when surrounded by constant parental conflict. Many high discord family experience relief after separation. For some couple's divorce is the right choice and to them represents freedom. It's a critical social right but if my marriage fails then I'm a failure. Marriage that lasts a lifetime are awesome but marriage that last a decade decade or five years or even just a few months those can be wonderful and they have value to.
People believe successful marriage is base on mutual understand, trust and respect. If marriage has a great foundation you can expect that everything will follow and to add to that you can also put the idea of great home for your family. Whether you are planning to get an expert of trommel fines, home renovation, home builder, home builder expert and architect you can check the link for brighter home.


text:
No. 17
Latino Credit Card Use: Debt Trap or Ticket to Prosperity? By Beatriz Ibarra and Eric Rodriguez*
n recent years, select lawmakers, experts, and consumer and civil rights advocates have been urging Congress to examine policies and practices in the credit card industry more carefully. Credit cards are now ubiquitous and used by most Americans to improve their credit ratings for wealthbuilding purposes or to sustain themselves financially. However, the growth of the credit card market has been accompanied by mounting public outrage over policies and practices in the industry and an emerging public policy concern over the implications of rising household debt. The 110th Congress has begun with a thematic focus on the economic challenges facing middle-class American families, and the current policy environment has given momentum to a renewed focus on the credit card industry. With respect to credit cards, Hispanic** families are at an important intersection. They need to access credit but are in danger of becoming victimized and, because of their economic *
Beatriz Ibarra is the Assets Policy Analyst at NCLR, and Eric Rodriguez is the Director of the Policy Analysis Center. Jennifer Kadis, Director of Quality Control, and Ofelia Ardón-Jones, Production Manager/Senior Design Specialist, prepared the paper for publication. A special thank-you goes to Jeanne Hogarth, Amberly Hazembuller, and Britton Lombardi, from the Federal Reserve Board for assisting in data tabulation. The authors also thank Gail Hillebrand, Consumers Union; Ed Mierzwinski, U.S. PIRG; and Charles Kamasaki, NCLR, for reviewing an initial draft of the issue brief and providing valuable feedback. The terms "Hispanic" and "Latino" are used interchangeably by the U.S. Census Bureau and throughout this document to identify persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, Dominican, and Spanish descent; they may be of any race.
INSIDE IN SIDE Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Credit Card Market: Structural Factors and Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Challenges in Policy and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Policy Recommendations . . . . . . .14 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . .17
standing, rising household debt is a serious concern. At the same time, a staggering racial and ethnic wealth gap exists; in 2002 the median net worth of Hispanic households was $7,932 compared to $88,651 for White non-Hispanic households.1 Increasing wealth levels for Latinos will undoubtedly be accompanied by some form of increased household debt. Good public policies are needed that promote wealth accumulation and access to good credit, without endangering the financial standing of families. As previous National Council of La Raza (NCLR) analyses show, disparities in wealth can be traced to factors that result in limited access to financial wealth-building products such as mortgages and savings accounts. Many have sought to explain the disparity in participation between Latinos and non-Latinos in financial markets as related to language or cultural issues. Accordingly, the remedies have often been relegated to activities such as translating promotional materials for financial products, while few experts have even bothered to document or study the Hispanic experience in any depth. That said, moving Latino families into the ranks of the American middle class will undoubtedly entail more Hispanic workers having access to and using credit cards. It is imperative that policy-makers and experts have a better understanding of the Latino experience and perspective if effective policies are to be developed and implemented. Accordingly, this issue brief examines how the structure of the market and credit card industry policies and practices impact Hispanic access to affordable credit and the lack of regulatory oversight in the market. Finally, the brief will provide policy recommendations for empowering and protecting Hispanic consumers.
Page 2
BACKGROUND The U.S. credit card market is dynamic and complex and includes a number of important players: banks or credit card issuers, payment facilitators, credit bureaus, merchants, and consumers. Many banks and merchants, including utility companies and other creditors, accept credit and debit card payment for consumer purchases. For this reason, card payment associations that facilitate and process credit card transactions between these parties are central players in the market. Associations, such as Visa and MasterCard, compete with Discover and American Express, two proprietary cards with their own payment networks. These associations have been instrumental in innovating and expanding the credit card market, in large part by integrating technology that helps to connect credit card issuers with merchants in more advanced ways (e.g., telephone and online purchasing). Although credit card issuers set pricing, associations set credit card processing rules. In midyear 2006,Visa and MasterCard remained the largest credit card brands with purchase volume reaching nearly $600 billion and a 71.2% share of the market.2 Visa and MasterCard alone reported 584 million credit cards in circulation and 6.8 trillion transactions.3 The ten credit card issuers with the largest credit card balances outstanding own 90% of the total market.4 Top issuers include Citigroup Inc., Chase Card Services, Bank of America, which now owns MBNA, and Capital One Financial Corp. Furthermore, credit cards are a major part of overall U.S. banking business; Citigroup's credit card services reportedly accounted for approximately 17% of the bank's
$24.59 billion of net income in 2005.5 Credit card business is attractive to big banks, in large part because the profits that a bank collects from credit card lending can be three or more times the ordinary rate of return on the bank's equity for traditional deposits and lending services.6 In 2004, the credit card industry as a whole collected $43 billion in profit from interest and finance charges, annual fees, and punitive fees charged to customers, such as late payment, over-the-limit, and balance transfer fees.7 In the marketplace, consumers are broadly differentiated by factors such as their credit history and income. They may also be distinguished by their credit card behavior. For example, credit card users may be placed into several general categories, including individuals who 1) use credit cards but do not carry a balance; 2) sometimes carry a balance; and 3) usually or always carry a balance. There are also American households who do not have credit cards at all. The figures on Hispanic household credit card use reveal the following: ◗
The vast majority of American households use credit cards, but a substantial share of Latino households do not. According to the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, more than 80% of all respondents said that they use credit cards compared to only 56% of all Hispanic households.8 Credit card use is on the rise in the Hispanic community. Between 1992 and 2001, the share of Hispanic families who held credit cards grew from 43% to 53%.9 The average credit card debt among Hispanics is also on the rise, increasing by nearly 20% between 1992 and 2001, from $3,082 to $3,691.10
The majority of American households who use credit cards do not carry a balance, but most Latino households do. According to the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, more than 45% of all respondents who use credit cards reported carrying a balance compared to about three out of four (77%) Latino respondents.11
A substantial share of all credit card users and a proportionately larger share of Latino credit card users have difficulty managing their credit card debt. According to a recent survey, approximately 19.3% of Hispanics described their situation as "burdensome and not enough money to pay down [the balance]," and 11.4% of Hispanics reported they were "maxed out and can't use [their cards]."12 However, 12.7% of all respondents characterized their debt situation as "burdensome and not enough money to pay down [the balance]," while 7.3% were "maxed out and can't use [their cards]."13
Credit cards are an important method for establishing a consistent and verifiable track record of borrowing and paying back credit, which is critical for long-term family wealthbuilding. Using credit cards and paying the balance each month may also improve an individual's credit score. A recent study showed that 17.1% of Hispanics say they keep some debt to build their credit score, compared to 16.7% of African Americans and 12.9% of Whites.14 Nevertheless, to build a good credit history, Hispanic consumers need greater access to mainstream financial institutions where the most affordable credit products are developed and sold.
Page 3
The disparity in credit card use between Hispanics and their non-Hispanic peers is problematic. Without access to mainstream, affordable, unsecured credit cards, Hispanic consumers are forced to rely on subprime or predatory lenders that charge fees which can effectively add up to 300% interest for shortterm loans. These lenders often prey on vulnerable, low-income populations to make a profit. Some loan products are even inherently designed to put borrowers in a perpetual debt cycle, such as payday loans. At the same time, accumulating and revolving substantial amounts of credit card debt can also
negatively affect a consumer's financial status. The amount of revolving credit debt outstanding among Americans reached $825.2 billion in 2005,15 and there are concerns about the impact that accumulating debt has on net worth, particularly for Hispanics. In 2001, the average Hispanic household with credit card debt spent 19% of its income on paying down debt, compared to 24% for White households and 20% for African Americans.16 These data reveal that Latino credit card users are disproportionately within the category of American households most likely to struggle with managing credit card debt.
Important Court Cases: In Brief The first charge card appeared on the market in 1914 to cover the cost of goods and services bought from a particular merchant. Banks entered the credit card market in the late 1950s, which over time enabled the expansion of the open-end, general purpose credit card for use nationwide. Not all consumers had access to credit following the development of credit cards. Lenders began to market credit cards more aggressively following the 1978 U.S. Supreme Court decision, Marquette vs. First Omaha Service Corp.* The Court held in Marquette that lenders could charge the highest interest rate allowed in the state where it is incorporated. Because companies could easily relocate to states with higher usury rate ceilings, the case resulted in the liberalization of state usury ceilings, forcing states to deregulate their credit card laws. Virtually free from state usury restrictions, lenders could offer credit to consumers whom they perceived to be high-risk borrowers and charge high interest rates to cover the risk. Many credit card issuers incorporated in states where they would have the most flexibility in the rates and fees that they charged, such as Delaware and South Dakota. In Smiley vs. Citibank (1996), the Court held that fees, like interest rates, could be determined by the laws of the state where the lender is incorporated.** The decision led to a sharp increase in the amount that issuers charged for late fees. The Marquette and Smiley decisions contributed significantly to the credit card industry's growth and profitability. Today, the weakest state laws govern the industry nationwide, essentially creating barriers for other states to enact usury rate ceilings.
* Marquette Nat'l Bank of Minn. V. First of Omaha Serv. Corp., 439 U.S. 299, 301 (1978). ** Smiley v. Citibank (S.D.), N.A. 517 U.S. 735, 740-47 (1996).
Page 4
CREDIT CARD MARKET: STRUCTURAL FACTORS AND BARRIERS There is general agreement that the credit card market currently maintains a level of competitiveness that should benefit all consumers. Though several companies dominate the market and the number of credit card issuers is shrinking, the proliferation of offers with "teaser" rates (i.e., low or zero introductory interest rates) is evidence of robust competition and suggests that many consumers may be well served.* Indeed, individuals who use credit cards but do not carry a balance can be said to be exerting considerable pressure on card companies to improve offers in the market.17 That said, Latinos are less likely than their nonLatino peers to have access to mainstream credit cards. Moreover, for those who use cards, Hispanics are more likely than Whites to have credit cards with high interest rates. For example, a recent study revealed that 12.89% of Hispanic households have an interest rate greater than 20% on their credit card with the highest balance, compared to 7.5% of White households.18 These disparities in the market
can be traced, in large part, to the following factors: ◗
The methods used to evaluate creditworthiness. Before extending credit to a consumer, a credit card issuer will undertake a process to gather and analyze information on existing or prospective borrowers regarding their ability to repay. Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), credit card issuers have access to consumer information collected by the three major credit bureaus: Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion.** In addition to relying on consumer credit scores, issuers take into account the number of credit cards the consumer currently holds, combined credit card balances, credit limits on every credit card, and any record of past delinquencies.19 How well a consumer is rated on these factors will determine whether the lender extends credit, the amount of credit extended, and the annual percentage rate. The industry's reliance on these factors suggests that Latinos are less likely than their peers to receive offers of credit. According to a study by the Center for Community Capitalism, 22% of Hispanic borrowers had no credit score compared to
Notably, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports that consumers with access to credit cards with low or zero introductory interest rates hold on to that rate for an average of eight months.
** These credit bureaus compile and sell lists of consumer names and credit reports to credit card issuers, which contain sensitive, personal financial information of these consumers. Under FCRA, issuers may also access confidential consumer information requested in connection with "firm offers of credit." The information sold to issuers may only be used to inform preapproved credit card solicitations and may not be used to target and market to potential customers. In March 2001, the Federal Trade Commission issued a ruling against TransUnion for violating FCRA by selling information to target marketers who lack one of the "permissible purposes" enumerated under the Act. The ruling may be found at: http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2000/03/transunion.htm.
Page 5
Credit Limit and Balance of Total Households and Hispanic Households Average among those who use cards
Total Households
Hispanic Households
Number of Cards
Carry a balance*
Median balance
Median credit limit for households who reported carrying a balance
Hispanics carry higher balances as a percentage of their credit limits. The median balance for Hispanics represents 32% of their credit limit, compared to 19.8% for other households. Source: Unpublished data from the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances tabulated by the Federal Reserve on behalf of NCLR.
* NCLR calculation based on data from the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances.
4% of Whites and 3% of African Americans.20 Latinos' aversion to debt arguably makes them more creditworthy than their peers, but they are penalized for their lack of a repayment history. Furthermore, the standard observable characteristics that credit card issuers rely on to determine creditworthiness ensure that Hispanics with credit scores will receive offers with less favorable terms than their peers. For instance, Hispanics who use cards are more likely than their peers to report making late payments that
Page 6
exceed 60 days.21 In a recent study, among the individuals who reported making late payments, 43.95% were Hispanic.22 ◗
Search costs. Consumers expend time and energy on identifying which cards to apply for, completing credit card applications, and waiting for a response from the credit card issuer. The effort needed to complete this process may differ depending on the type of borrower and the borrower's resources, including education and Internet access. In many cases, rather than consumers seeking credit card issuers, companies use consumer information to identify and pursue potential new customers. Credit card issuers rely on consumer credit information to determine whether to tender preapproved credit card offers. Those with good credit payment histories may be more likely to receive multiple credit card offers, effectively reducing these customers' search costs. The number of credit card solicitations mailed to individuals has significantly increased, from 1.1 billion in 1990 to 5.23 billion in 2004.23 In some ways, through prescreening and preapproval offers, credit card issuers are choosing their potential customers.* Another source estimates that the average consumer in the U.S. receives approximately 40 credit card solicitations a year.24 Because of overall credit status and limited experience in the U.S. credit market, Hispanic consumers are less likely than their peers to receive multiple credit
Another important means of identifying and targeting consumers is through the use of affinity credit cards. Affinity credit cards, which consist of a contract between an issuer and a group or club formed around a common interest, have proven to be a successful marketing tool for reaching new customers. For example, credit card issuers have developed affinity cards to target religious groups, university alumni, and minority groups.
card offers and, thus, need to spend relatively more time and energy searching for cards with favorable terms. ◗
Shopping. The effort a consumer spends on "shopping" for credit is influenced by various factors. The 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances showed that 52% of individuals who use credit cards characterize their shopping for credit as "moderate" to "substantial." This may suggest that individuals are more likely to comparison shop for rates and fees. Only 7% of Hispanic consumers who carry a balance report "substantial" shopping for credit, compared to 12% for similar White consumers. Low shopping among individuals with credit card balances serves to lock in vulnerable consumers. The research also shows that households with large credit card balances are more likely to be rejected or to be granted a lower-thandesirable credit limit, suggesting that these households may be discouraged from shopping.25 The 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances reports that 25% of Hispanic consumers who use cards and were denied a loan did not reapply for fear of rejection. In other words, negative experiences with shopping for credit can cause some Latino consumers, especially those with balances, to stop shopping altogether. Economic status. Individuals who are unable to pay off their credit card balance every month often depend on credit cards to make ends meet. A recent household debt survey showed that, of the individuals carrying credit card debt, only 12% did not report any type of safety-net usage.26 When asked what contributed to their credit card debt, a leading answer from all
respondents was basic living expenses (33%) and medical expenses (29%).27 For Latinos, 39% reported basic living expenses and 30% reported medical expenses as contributing to household debt.28 Notably, for many Hispanic consumers, lending money to family members is a significant contributor to their overall household debt. ◗
Industry policies and fees. Credit card issuers also develop and implement certain policies in addition to standard fees for existing customer accounts. Standard fees that apply evenly to all consumers are relatively well-known (e.g., balance transfer fee, late fee). Other credit card policies, on the other hand, are relatively more obscure and include monthly minimum payment requirements, grace periods on purchases, deadlines for payment receipt, and standards regarding whether to offer more than one card to a customer. As with fees, the application of these policies can vary widely among credit card issuers and with different types of credit cards issued by the same company. Such policies can significantly influence the likelihood that a consumer is charged a punitive fee. The impact of a card issuer's policies and fees also vary depending on the financial status of the borrower. For those who are revolving credit card balances and accumulating debt, issuer policies and fees can exacerbate their financial troubles and firmly ensconce them in long-term and unmanageable household debt. (See box on page 11 for other fees and abusive practices.)
Switch costs. Consumers are often charged a fee to switch or transfer a balance to another credit card. Frequently switching or transferring a balance may also
Page 7
harm a consumer's credit score. Still, for consumers facing interest rates as high as 28% or 30%, transferring a balance to a credit card with more favorable terms may be in their best interest. However, consumers with high balances are more likely to have their transfer credit card application denied by the issuer. These consumers are also more likely to be offered credit cards with unfavorable terms. This is significant because highbalance consumers who accept credit card offers with inferior terms are more likely to default.29 Furthermore, those consumers who have a hard time switching cards are more likely than others to be held captive by their credit card issuer. The 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances shows that 34% of Hispanic households who carry a balance reported being rejected for a loan. Hispanic households are also slightly more likely than total households to cite "credit" as a reason for the rejection (23% compared to 20%, respectively).30 The opportunity to switch or transfer a balance to a credit card with more favorable terms is not available to all credit card customers. For Hispanics, the inability to switch credit cards may extend the time it takes to pay down balances, explaining why some Latinos disproportionately report that credit debt is burdensome.
CHALLENGES IN POLICY AND PRACTICE As described in the previous section, there are a variety of structural factors and market forces that help to explain inadequate participation by
Page 8
Secured and Unsecured Credit Cards Two major types of credit cards dominate the market: secured and unsecured. Secured credit cards may be used to pay for the same goods and services as unsecured cards, but require consumers to open an account or purchase a certificate of deposit as security for the line of credit they receive. If a borrower misses a payment, the lender may withdraw money from the borrower's account. The issuer tenders credit in accordance with the terms of a contract, and the borrower promises to pay. These cards are typically reserved for those without easily verifiable payment histories or those with poor credit ratings. Although many secured credit card issuers charge an application and processing fee that may be burdensome for low-income consumers, there are conditions under which this type of card is good for consumers. For those who lack access to unsecured credit cards, secured credit cards may be the only method for building (or rebuilding) a credit history. Furthermore, some secured credit card issuers report the card to credit bureaus as unsecured, which may improve the borrower's credit score depending on their behavior. By contrast, unsecured credit cards provide a line of credit that is not secured by personal property. latinos in the mainstream credit card market. In addition to these factors, many policies and practices adopted by credit card issuers adversely affect consumers.
As the data and analyses reveal, Latinos who use credit cards are more likely to find themselves with unmanageable debt and are highly susceptible to adverse policies and practices. As a result, many lowincome Hispanic families are trapped in a cycle of debt. The following issues, challenges, and policies are of particular concern for Latinos. ◗
Monthly minimum balance requirements are deceptive. By making only the monthly minimum payments, consumers carry their credit card balances longer, which means they ultimately pay more in interest and are at higher risk for incurring fees. As a result, these consumers are heavily burdened by their credit balances. Many consumers do not recognize the disadvantage of paying only the monthly minimum payment requirement. According to a PBS investigatory report, 35 million Americans pay only the required minimum,31 and credit card issuers benefit from this practice through more finance charges. As previously mentioned, Latino consumers report carrying higher balances than their peers and having trouble managing debt. Some consumers are unaware of how much it costs to make only the minimum payment, and for other consumers the minimum is all they can afford. Without the knowledge or necessary funds to pay the principal, many consumers will be paying off their debt for many years to come. Universal default and change-interms provisions are unethical. Universal default is a policy that enables a credit card issuer to increase a consumer's interest rate based on the consumer's credit
behavior with other creditors. Events that may trigger application of the universal default policy include exceeding credit limits; making a late payment on a mortgage, auto, or credit card loan; or negative changes in a consumer's credit score. Depending on the credit card issuer, the penalty interest rate could exceed 30%. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) recently reported that while many card issuers have ceased applying universal default, some still do. The GAO also reported that four of the largest credit card issuers list unfair change-in-terms provisions in their credit card agreements.32 Change-in-terms provisions enable the issuer to change the terms of the credit card agreement at any time as long as the issuer provides written notice to the consumer 15 days before the issuer changes the consumer's rates. Although written notice is better than never disclosing the change in rates, studies show that a majority of consumers do not read change-in-terms notices, defeating their purpose.33 Even those who do read such notices are likely to be confused by the complex and technical language used. The ability of an issuer to unilaterally change a contract whenever it chooses is exceptional and dangerous for consumers. This so-called "penalty pricing" is common in many industries for defaulting on a promise to pay. However, the penalty interest rates that credit card issuers apply to customer accounts far exceed their cost. This is especially true because many issuers also collect a fee from consumers for the triggering event (e.g., over-the-credit-limit fee or late payment fee) leading to a change
Page 9
in rate. Additionally, the penalty interest rate, in many cases, does not adequately represent the customer's risk. For example, a customer with a favorable 5% annual percentage rate (APR) who has never missed a credit card payment could be subjected to an interest rate of as much as 30% APR or more for being one day late on a payment. Further, the penalty interest rate may be applied retroactively, effectively charging consumers more for products or services that they already purchased.34 Finally, Hispanics are more likely than their peers to report making late payments that exceed 60 days.35 One study showed that among the individuals who reported making late payments, 43.95% were Hispanic.36 Consequently, universal default policies and change-interms provisions disproportionately and adversely harm Latino customers. ◗
Page 10
True comparison shopping is next to impossible. In its review of multiple credit card agreements, the GAO made the following statement regarding disclosures: "[R]equired disclosures often were poorly organized, burying important information in text or scattering information about a single topic in numerous places. The design of the disclosures often made them hard to read with large amounts of text in small, condensed typefaces and poor, ineffective headings to distinguish important topics from surrounding text."37 It is close to impossible for a consumer to differentiate
between credit cards that are available on the market. Important pricing information, such as the change-in-terms provision, is hidden in the fine print of the credit card agreement, and it is hard to anticipate the effect of such a clause until it is invoked. Consequently, consumers may not be aware that issuers can change their rate terms until their rates are changed on existing debt and they are notified through the mail. ◗
Inflation and application of fees are out of control. The amount and range of fees is on the rise.* In the 1980s, a typical late fee ranged from $5 to $10.38 Today, the average late fee applied to a consumer account is $33.39 Notably, the price set for fees does not appear to be associated with the cost or additional risk to the lender. Credit card fees have dramatically increased while the cost for banks to purchase funds has not. Credit card issuers claim that they charge fees to deter consumers from paying late. However, many credit card issuers apply penalty fees even if the consumer pays on the day that payment is due, and some issuers charge a fee for paying over the phone.
Double-billing is unfair. The foreign conversion fee is applied to a customer's account to cover the cost of converting foreign currency into dollars when a purchase is made outside of the U.S. Firms that process credit card transactions, such as Visa or MasterCard, traditionally charge
The wide range of fees include the annual fee, balance transfer fee, late payment fee, over-the-credit-limit fee, credit limit increase fee, set-up fee, return item fee, expedited payment fee, expedited delivery fee, replacement card fee, additional card fee, and the foreign conversion fee, just to name a few. For example, credit card issuers may charge consumers an annual fee, a participation fee, a program fee, or a monthly maintenance fee. Further, some fees are one-time fees, some are monthly, and some are charged annually.
Additional Abusive Credit Card Industry Practices Double-cycle billing: Double-cycle billing enables credit card issuers to charge interest to a consumer on a debt that the consumer has already paid. For example, if a consumer with a zerointerest rate credit card pays $450 on a $500 balance, the issuer will charge the consumer interest on the $500 amount plus the $50 amount that the consumer has left to pay. Issuing multiple low-limit credit cards to borrowers: According to a recent article in BusinessWeek magazine, Capital One Financial Corp. (COFC) has adopted the practice of issuing multiple credit cards with $300 to $500 credit limits to subprime borrowers.* Owning multiple credit cards with low credit limits increases the likelihood that a consumer will exceed those limits and make late payments because of the difficulty associated with juggling multiple cards. For banks and issuers, giving multiple credit cards to subprime borrowers increases their opportunity to collect penalty fees. Late payment cut-off times: Many credit card issuers penalize consumers who pay on the day that payment is due but not before a certain "cut-off" time. For example, a payment received on the day payment is due, but after 2:00 p.m., may be late under some credit card issuer policies, leading to a late payment charge averaging $34. Some banks also impose penalty interest rates for even a single late payment. Mandatory arbitration clauses: Mandatory arbitration clauses are prevalent in credit card agreements, essentially stripping consumers of their day in court. Moreover, arbitration appears to disproportionately benefit card issuers over consumers. Studies show that out of 19,705 cases decided in arbitration, only 87 consumers prevailed.** Fees for telephone payments: Some credit card issuers charge a fee to consumers for paying their bill over the telephone, even if the payment is on time. Further, disclosing the telephone payment penalty fee in a credit card solicitation is not required under the Truth in Lending Act. Many of the practices listed above are either unfair or unreasonable. These practices harm consumers even when they are exhibiting good consumer behavior such as paying their credit card on the day payment is due. Some in the industry have clearly adopted these practices for the sole purpose of maximizing profits.
Berner, Robert, "Cap One's Credit Trap," BusinessWeek, November 6, 2006.
** Carter, Carolyn, Elizabeth Renauart, Margot Saunders, and Chi Chi Wu, "The Credit Card Market and Regulation: In Need of Repair," North Carolina Banking Institute, Vol. 10, March 2006.
the fee to the consumer. According to Consumer Action's 2004 credit card survey, theses firms charge 1% of the cost of each transaction,40 and American Express charges 2% of the cost of each transaction.41 More recently, credit card issuers have begun charging an additional fee for purchases made abroad. A recent study showed that 26 out of 45 issuers
charge a foreign conversion fee in addition to the fee charged by transaction processing firms.42 The total average conversion fee may be as high as 3% of the amount of each transaction in U.S. dollars.43 Foreign conversion fees charged by both the transaction processing firm and the bank results in double-billing for the consumer for every purchase they make abroad.
Page 11
next. This particularly impacts Hispanic consumers with limited credit histories because lenders may not have all the information necessary to assess their creditworthiness. Studies show that 29% of consumer credit scores differ by 50 points between credit bureaus.44 This may not matter for a high-scoring consumer, but could place millions of other consumers unfairly into subprime ratings. Furthermore, studies show that 50% to 70% of credit reports contain inaccurate information regarding a consumer's general credit history.45 Third, there is no requirement for lenders to weigh all three credit scores to determine the creditworthiness of potential customers. Also, most credit scoring models collect only limited information on other data that could demonstrate creditworthiness, such as utility bills. These trends may explain why many Hispanics remain disconnected from and underserved by credit markets, including auto, mortgage, and credit card lending.
Consumer Rights in the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA): In Brief In sum, FCRA promotes accuracy and fairness in the credit reporting process and privacy of information in files of consumer reporting agencies. Under the Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act of 2003 within FCRA, consumers have the right to: ❚ Receive notice if their application for credit has been denied and receive information about the agency that provided the information to the creditor ❚ Receive a free credit report annually from each credit bureau ❚ Dispute inaccurate or incomplete information in their credit report directly with the furnisher of the information ❚ Place a fraud alert in their credit file to prevent identity theft or fraud For more information, visit the National Consumer Law Center website at http://www.nclc.org/action_ agenda/facta/nclc_analysis.shtml.
These fees affect all consumers who travel and especially immigrants who travel from the U.S. to their home country and use their credit card to make purchases.
Page 12
Predators target Latinos for credit card-related scams with impunity. Hispanics are more than twice as likely as non-Hispanic Whites to be victims of fraud. According to a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) survey, 14.3% of Hispanics are victims of fraud, compared to 6.4% of nonHispanic Whites.46 Common credit-related scams committed in the Hispanic community include fraudulent credit repair services and affinity credit card scams.*
Credit reporting and scoring are flawed. The current system of credit reporting has three main flaws. First, there is no requirement for banks to report consumer behavior to the three major credit bureaus. Second, the information contained in a consumer's credit report may vary from one credit bureau to the
Credit repair service scams involve individuals claiming to repair a consumer's credit record for a fee. The consumer pays the fee but receives nothing in return, often spending up to $200 for the service.
Although affinity credit cards have been a successful tool for reaching new customers, they may also be used to lure consumers into harmful scams. Affinity credit card scams involve individuals who purport to be offering a credit card that is custom-tailored to meet the needs of Hispanic consumers. In reality, the consumer is paying for a fake card that cannot be used to purchase any goods or services. Consumers who are victims of credit repair or affinity credit card scams may file a complaint with the FTC. When the FTC observes a trend in consumer complaints, it may choose to take action. Because the FTC often does not collect data by race/ethnicity, it is difficult to determine if predators are targeting particular communities or to document these trends. Despite the FTC's efforts to collect consumer complaint information from the Hispanic community, credit cardrelated scams persist, stripping income from the families who can least afford it.
The Mortgage Lending Example Policy-makers have made great strides in the mortgage lending arena by enacting several consumer protection laws. Although these laws can and should be strengthened, they serve as an example of the kinds of protections that are needed in the credit card lending industry. Indeed, consumers who use credit cards and act responsibly and in good faith should be protected from abusive policies and practices. ❚ Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA): Requires HUD to collect data by race and ethnicity and make data available to the public. HMDA made it easier to identify possible discriminatory lending patterns. ❚ Fair Housing Act (FHA): Prohibits lenders from discriminating in mortgage loans on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, familial status, or handicap. ❚ Consumer Reinvestment Act (CRA): Imposes affirmative obligations on banks to serve low-income minority markets better.
meet its mission, the OCC created the Customer Assistance Group, a call center designed to assist consumers with complaints against national banks, including those that issue credit cards. Although the OCC collects thousands of complaints each year, it faces several conflict of interest problems that limit its ability to effectively address the needs of consumers. For example, the OCC is funded by the same
Regulator is weak. The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is the principal regulator and supervisor of national banks in the U.S.* Part of its congressionally-mandated mission is to "ensure fair and equal access to financial services for all Americans." This includes protecting consumers against wrongful treatment as it relates to credit cards. To
Before filing a complaint, a consumer must determine which agency regulates the bank that issued the credit card. In addition to the OCC, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System exists to supervise banks that are chartered by individual states and that elect to become members of the Federal Reserve System, bank holding companies, and branches of foreign banks. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation regulates statechartered banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System. The Office of Thrift Supervision supervises federal savings and loan associations and federal savings banks. Finally, the National Credit Union Association regulates federally-chartered credit unions.
Page 13
national banks that it regulates. Operational funds are collected through bank assessments, examinations, and processing fees. The OCC does not receive any appropriations from Congress. Banks may also, in effect, choose their regulatory agency, enabling them to choose the least restrictive. There are other disincentives for regulators to aggressively and actively scrutinize abusive credit card practices or prohibit banks from offering other harmful products. The OCC's principal mandate is to promote "safety and soundness" of banks under its jurisdiction. Since credit cards are a highly profitable segment of their members' bank business, regulators may be reluctant to aggressively challenge abusive practices. Currently, the burden is on the consumer to know that their issuer is an OCCregulated bank and how to contact the OCC when problems arise. The OCC's consumer complaint hotline number does not appear on any credit card contract or monthly statement. The OCC has no obligation to follow up with consumers whose complaints have not been resolved, and complaints that cannot be resolved easily get filed for future reference; the result is a lack of confidence by consumers that their efforts will produce results. ◗
Page 14
Most current financial education strategies are ineffective. There are a multitude of financial education programs targeted to the general public and the Hispanic community which include a credit component. Providers include financial institutions, including credit card issuers, federal and local government agencies, and national and community-based organizations
with a consumer protection focus. Financial education programs include brochures, workbooks, videos, Internet seminars, and classes. Although many credit education programs are now translated or "transcreated" into Spanish, few materials are custom-tailored to address the unique needs of Hispanic consumers in credit markets. Additionally, effective distribution of these materials into the hands of consumers who need it most and funding for active follow-up have been limited. The effectiveness of even well-resourced "financial literacy" programs is questionable. NCLR's research shows that one-on-one financial counseling (not to be confused with creditor debt counseling) is a more effective method for increasing financial literacy and building assets for Hispanic consumers.47 However, there are few resources to build the type of infrastructure that would be necessary to deliver such financial counseling services to low-income Hispanic families.
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Abusive credit card policies and practices have hampered the ability of many Hispanic consumers to build a good credit history and save more of their hard-earned money. Consequently, the ability to build the assets and wealth necessary for long-term economic stability is also hampered. With the enactment of effective consumer protections, greater enforcement, and enhanced community awareness of industry policies and practices, Hispanic consumers may be better equipped to
improve their economic standing. The following recommendations are designed to reach this end: ◗
Enact a mandatory, individualized minimum payment warning. Policymakers should enact the "Credit Card Minimum Payment Warning Act of 2005" (S. 393), which would require credit card issuers to insert standard language in a consumer's credit card statement warning them of the consequences of paying only the monthly minimum payment requirement. The Act would also require credit card issuers to include personalized payment calculations that reveal how much consumers will pay, in months and years, if they pay only the minimum. This disclosure would both serve as a reminder for consumers who consciously pay the minimum every month and educate consumers who are unaware of the consequences. Ban universal default and change-interms policies. Policy-makers should abolish credit card industry policies that are fundamentally unfair. The universal default policy fits this definition because it enables credit card issuers to apply penalty rates to a consumer's account even though the consumer has not missed payments or defaulted on their loan. Further, the charge may be applied retroactively, essentially charging consumers more for products or services that they already purchased.48 According to the National Consumer Law Center, the credit card industry is the only industry that has the ability to apply a penalty interest rate to past purchases.
Policy-makers should also prohibit unilateral change-in-terms provisions. At minimum, application of any change-interms provision should apply to new debt only. If a consumer does not consent to the change in credit card terms, this should not constitute a default and the issuer should not have the authority to demand that the consumer immediately repay their balance in full. ◗
Eliminate binding and mandatory arbitration clauses. Eliminating mandatory arbitration clauses would bring meaning back to many consumer protections that have been weakened by such clauses. Additionally, Hispanic consumers would be empowered to choose the best method to address their grievances.
Establish uniformity in contract language. Policy-makers should follow the GAO's recommendation to require credit card issuers to clearly disclose to the consumer – in languages and formats that the vast majority of consumers can understand – all policies and practices that affect costs. Furthermore, policy-makers should establish uniformity in credit card agreements, eliminating the use of creative terminology to describe common industry policies and practices. These recommendations would help to facilitate comparison shopping, making it easier for consumers to differentiate between credit card offers.
Stop double-billing on foreign conversion fees and highlight the fee in Spanish-language credit card offers. Consumers should not be subject to double-billing on purchases made
Page 15
outside the U.S. or pay more than what it cost the lender to convert foreign currency into dollars. Regulators should require credit card issuers to highlight the foreign conversion fee in all non-English-language credit card offers. Regulators should also encourage financial institutions to develop and market credit cards with a countryspecific waiver of all foreign conversion fees. ◗
Page 16
Fix the credit reporting and collection system. Credit card issuers should be required to report credit information to the major credit bureaus. Additionally, the Federal Reserve should develop and test a single tri-merge credit score, which would combine and average credit scores from the three major credit bureaus which lenders could use to more accurately determine a consumer's creditworthiness. Finally, a commission made up of consumer advocates, credit bureaus, and financial institutions should be formed to evaluate and improve credit reporting and accuracy standards, develop a process for conducting accuracy audits, and develop reporting requirements. Create a financial counseling network. Policy-makers should create a financial counseling infrastructure at the community level. Resources would be used to hire and train community-based financial counselors, develop software to track client progress, and build capacity. The goal of such a program will be to reach Hispanic consumers before they accumulate unmanageable debt or develop characteristics that could harm their credit score, and educate them on abusive practices in the credit card industry and how to identify and avoid credit card-related scams.
Eradicate targeted credit cardrelated scams. Federal agencies need to be more proactive in their efforts to eradicate credit card-related scams that strip wealth from Hispanic communities. This would require funding initiatives that involve partnering with community-based organizations, local consumer protection agencies, and the media to highlight and address abusive practices in the community. Many of these community-based agencies have already built the necessary trust with consumers to be effective. Furthermore, agencies need to improve their ability to address consumer complaints and collect data by race/ethnicity to detect trends within segments of the population.
Increase regulatory oversight. The OCC should work proactively to increase its efforts to identify and eliminate abusive practices in the credit card industry. This would include recognizing harmful trends more quickly, increasing investigations on issuers, and applying penalties when issuers are found to engage in harmful practices. Additionally, the OCC should develop and implement a plan to increase awareness in the Latino community of its Consumer Assistance Group. The plan should include developing partnerships with communitybased organizations that have built the trust of the community. Further, the OCC should market its consumer complaint toll-free hotline in both English and Spanish on all materials sent by credit card issuers to consumers. The OCC should also advertise the hotline on Spanish-language radio and television. The OCC should also conduct formative research of English-speaking and non-
English-speaking consumers to determine the types of consumer problems that are not reflected in the complaints it receives and to determine why many Hispanic consumers who have been victimized do not file complaints against their credit card issuer.
organizing a roundtable on the experience of Latinos with credit cards. ◗
Convened a roundtable discussion. NCLR staff convened a roundtable, "Latino Credit Card Use: Documenting the Latino Experience," at the 2006 NCLR Annual Conference in Los Angeles, California. The purpose of the roundtable was to identify the most pertinent credit card-related issues that Hispanic consumers face, share credit-related consumer complaint information and knowledge about existing efforts to protect consumers and to address grievances, and discuss ways to improve Hispanic access to affordable credit. Participants included regulators, credit counselors, and individuals who collect Hispanic consumer complaint information. (A transcript of the roundtable discussion, A Conversation on Latino Credit Card Use, is available at www.nclr.org/creditcards)
Interviewed scholars, experts, and consumer advocates. NCLR staff interviewed experts in the field to gather information and perspectives on the credit card industry. The following individuals were among the experts NCLR consulted: Elizabeth Warren, Leo Gottlieb Professor of Law at Harvard Law School; U.S. PIRG; the National Consumer Law Center; Demos; Consumers Union; and Consumer Action.
Conducted a site visit. NCLR staff visited the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency's Consumer Assistance Group in Houston,Texas. The purpose of the visit was to develop a better understanding of the consumer complaint process, including receiving, addressing, and documenting
CONCLUSION Although modest, the recommendations outlined above would go a long way in protecting vulnerable consumers. In addition to these recommendations, big ideas are needed to reform the credit card industry and shift the balance of power into the hands of consumers. With household debt adversely impacting Americans' ability to save for their retirement or education, or simply to make ends meet, policy-makers must elevate credit card reform to the top of their agenda and work to find meaningful solutions.
METHODOLOGY Our objective was to describe how the structure of the credit card market and industry policies and practices impact Hispanic access to affordable credit and to analyze regulatory oversight in the market. Before drafting our analysis, NCLR conducted the following activities: ◗
Reviewed formative qualitative research (focus groups). In an effort to inform its 2005 household debt survey, Demos first conducted focus groups including several with Hispanic Englishand Spanish-speaking participants. Demos graciously provided NCLR with the summary of these focus groups, which NCLR staff used as a baseline for developing moderator questions and
Page 17
complaints made by Hispanic consumers. The visit also provided an opportunity to learn about the Consumer Assistance Group's marketing efforts.
Page 18
Compiled and reviewed the research. NCLR conducted a thorough assessment of authoritative research in the field, including reports published by the federal government, consumer advocacy organizations, and academics, and articles in newspapers, trade journals, and business magazines.
Conducted data analysis. Staff from the Federal Reserve Board Consumer Education and Research Section, Division of Consumer and Community Affairs tabulated data for NCLR from the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF), the Survey of Consumers by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan, and a household survey designed by Demos and the Center for Responsible Lending (CRL) for use in NCLR's report. These data sets were chosen because they are generally widely accepted as leading sources of household financial information and include data by race and ethnicity. The race and ethnicity sample sizes varied considerably between these surveys. Although the information could have been useful, NCLR chose not to use data from the Survey of Consumers because of its limited Hispanic sample size. Although not perfect, the SCF and the Demos Hispanic sample offered the best quality data available at the moment.
The SCF is a triennial survey conducted by the Federal Reserve Board with the cooperation of the Statistics of Income Division of the Internal Revenue Service. The survey is designed to provide information on U.S. household balance sheets, pensions, income, use of financial services, and other demographic characteristics. The 2004 SCF included 4,519 respondents. More information about SCF content and weighting methods is available at www.federalreserve.gov/scf/. The Demos/CRL survey was conducted over the telephone between February and March 2005 and included 1,150 respondents. The purpose of the survey was to determine how American households are using credit cards and how they are managing their debt. Respondents were low- to middle-income heads of households who had at least three months of credit card debt. For more information on the Demos/CRL survey, please see The
Plastic Safety Net: The Reality Behind Debt in America, Demos and the Center for Responsible Lending, October 2005, available at www.demos.org. ◗
Submitted a draft of the paper for external peer review. Gail Hillebrand, Consumers Union, and Ed Mierzwinski, U.S. PIRG, reviewed a draft of the report for accuracy and style.
Kochhar, Rakesh, The Wealth of Hispanic Households: 1996 to 2002. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, 2004. The Nilson Report, Issue 864, September 2006. NCLR
22. Ibid.
24. Data from Credit Cards.com, accessed November 2006. Available at: http://creditcards.com/statistics/statistics.php
Ibid. Credit Cards: Increased Complexity in Rates and Fees Heightens Need for More Effective Disclosures to Consumers, Government Accountability Office, September 2006. The ten largest credit card issuers include: Citigroup, Inc. (20.2%), Chase Card Services (19.5%), MBNA America (14.7%), Bank of America (8.5%), Capital One Financial Corp. (7%), Discover Financial Services, Inc. (7%), American Express Centurion Bank (5.7%), HSBC Credit Card Services (2.8%), Providian Financial Corp. (2.6), and Wells Fargo (1.9%).
Sidel, Robin, "Credit Card Issuers' Problem: People Are Paying Their Bills," The Wall Street Journal, May 25, 2006.
23. Credit Cards: Increased Complexity in Rates and Fees Heightens
Need for More Effective Disclosures to Consumers, op. cit.
25. Calem, Paul S., Michael B. Gordy, and Loretta J. Mester,
Switching Costs and Adverse Selection in the Market for Credit Cards: New Evidence, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Working Paper No. 05-16, July 2005. 26. The Plastic Safety Net: The Reality Behind Debt in America, op. cit. 27. Ibid. 28. Unpublished data from a 2005 Demos telephone survey, op. cit. 29. Switching Costs and Adverse Selection in the Market for Credit
Cards: New Evidence, op. cit. 30. Unpublished data from the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, op. cit.
Ausubel, Lawrence M., Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market, University of Maryland, June 17, 1999.
Data from Credit Cards.com, accessed January 2007. Available at: http://creditcards.com/statistics/statistics.php
NCLR calculation based on unpublished tables from the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances.
32. Credit Cards: Increased Complexity in Rates and Fees Heightens
Silva, Javier and Rebecca Epstein, Costly Credit: African Americans and Latinos in Debt. Demos, May 2005.
33. Carter, Carolyn, Elizabeth Renauart, Margot Saunders, and Chi Chi Wu, "The Credit Card Market and Regulation: In Need of Repair," North Carolina Banking Institute, Vol. 10, March 2006. Citing Consumer Federation of America study.
10. Ibid. 11. Unpublished data from the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances tabulated by the Federal Reserve on behalf of NCLR.
31. "Eight Things a Credit Card User Should Know." Available on the PBS website at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/credit/eight/
Need for More Effective Disclosures to Consumers, op. cit.
12. Unpublished data from a 2005 Demos telephone survey tabulated by the Federal Reserve on behalf of NCLR.
35. The Cost of Deregulating the Credit Card Industry and Its
13. The Plastic Safety Net: The Reality Behind Debt in America, Demos and the Center for Responsible Lending, October 2005.
36. Ibid.
14. Ibid. 15. Statistical Release, Federal Reserve Board, December 7, 2006. Available online at: http://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g19/Current/
Implications for Consumers, op. cit. 37. Credit Cards: Increased Complexity in Rates and Fees Heightens
Need for More Effective Disclosures to Consumers, op. cit. 38. Ibid. 39. Ibid.
16. Costly Credit:African Americans and Latinos in Debt, op. cit.
40. 2004 Credit Card Survey, Consumer Action, March 21, 2004.
41. Ibid.
"Credit Card Issuers' Problem: People Are Paying Their Bills," op. cit.
18. Vadovic, Radovan and Jing Jian Xiao, The Cost of Deregulating
the Credit Card Industry and Its Implications for Consumers, University of Arizona,Work in Progress. 19. Adverse Selection in the Credit Card Market, op. cit. 20. Stegman, Michael, et al., "Automated Underwriting: Getting to 'Yes' for More Low-Income Applicants," Presented before the 2001 Conference on Housing Opportunity, Research Institute for Housing America Center for Community Capitalism, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, April 2001. 21. The Cost of Deregulating the Credit Card Industry and Its
Implications for Consumers, op. cit.
42. Ibid. 43. Credit Cards: Increased Complexity in Rates and Fees Heightens
Need for More Effective Disclosures to Consumers, op. cit. 44. "The Credit Card Market and Regulation: In Need of Repair," op. cit. 45. Ibid. 46. "Consumer Fraud in the United States: An FTC Survey," Federal Trade Commission Staff Report, August 2004. 47. Muñiz, Brenda, Financial Education in Latino Communities: An Analysis of Programs, Products, and Results/Effects. Washington, DC: NCLR, 2004. 48. "The Credit Card Market and Regulation: In Need of Repair," op. cit.
Page 19
TO ORDER NCLR PUBLICATIONS CONTACT: The National Council of La Raza (NCLR) Attention: Office of Publications Raul Yzaguirre Building 1126 16th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel: 202.785.1670 ◆ Fax: 202.776.1794 There is a cost of $5.00 per Issue Brief, with a minimum charge of $10.00, plus the cost of shipping and handling per order.
All orders should be pre-paid. Discounts are available for bulk orders.
w w w . n c l r . o r g
Published on Jun 26, 2010
Latino Credit Card Use: Debt Trap or Ticket to Prosperity?


text:
Stuart Boggs
James Kearns
Andreas Buisman
Megan Campbell
Michelle Cawthorn
Gab Collins
Irina Corlette
Annalisa Ferraris
Joe Frost
Alec Gill
Julia Griffin
Myfanwy Gullifer
Polly Harvey
Michelle Hungerford
Nigel Killalea
Stephen King
Gemma King
Daniel Kyle
Ross Laurie
Cat MacGregor
Rowen Matthews
Idris Murphy
Angus Nivison
Lucy O'Doherty
Charmaine Pike
Rosalie Rigby
James Rogers
Peter Sharp
Wendy Stokes
Nigel White
Past Exhibitions
Exhibition Calendar
Indigenous Art
Cast Resin
Art Consultation
Stock Room
Walcha Guesthouse
Daniel Kyle
Courtesy Defiance Gallery
Daniel Kyle recently graduated from the National Art School, Darlinghurst. Daniel chooses to paint en plein air in order to try and catch the ever-evolving characteristics of the landscape. To this end, Daniel prefers to work in the changing light of the early morning and late afternoon.
Daniel has just begun showing with Defiance gallery, appearing in the Annual Landscape Show. His work has also appeared at the Walcha Gallery of Art, where he won first prize for painting at the Walcha Show. Daniel also won the 2010 Inner City Clay-workers award.
Exhibition May 2016
Windy Mt Irvine
40x60cm - $950
Soft Morning Light
40x60cm - $950
Out West
40x60cm - $950
Out West II
40x60cm - $950
Mt Tootie
40x60cm - $950
Clearest Day
40x60cm - $950
Afternoon Turon
40x60cm - $950
Saturday I
30x30cm oil on board - $550
Saturday II
30x30cm oil on board - $550
The Kunderang Show - 2013
Same Four - New works - 2012
Walcha Gallery Of Art, 15n Derby St, Walcha NSW, 2354 | 0488 775 891 |
© Walcha Gallery of Art 2014


text:
Terrorism News
News on Terrorism continually updated from thousands of sources around the net.
Then And Now: How Did Your Favorite 1970s Stars Hold Up?
Fracking: Progress or Poison?
How Should the US Government Respond to ISIS?
Terrorism news is powered by NewsRank ®
Trending Now
Updated: Fri Aug 18, 2017 07:03 pm
Copyright © 2017 Topix LLC


text:
There are no items in your cart at this time.
Walking is about more than simply commuting from one point to the other; it helps us to explore our surroundings, stay healthy and find enjoyment in the little things. Footwear etc. has the collection of comfortable walking shoes for women you need to maneuver about your responsibilities and environment. We proudly showcase sneakers from trusted footwear manufacturers like MBT, Clarks, Finn Comfort, Vionic with Orthaheel Technology and New Balance. Whether you need reinforced orthotic support or a traditional fit, we have the women's walking shoe to keep you going!
Sign up to receive new arrival, sale & special event info from us.
Note: we do not share your personal information with anyone. Period.
"Footwear etc. is great and the service is wonderful. I purchase MBT's from them and generally have been satisfied. This time I am a little concerned that the boots are a little high but I will keep them."
©2017 Footwear etc.. All Rights Reserved. For any questions or assistance call 1-800-720-0572.


text:
You must Sign In or Register for a GunBroker.com account to place a bid or BuyNow!.
This Item has been relisted.
|Whitesboro, NY 13492
Free Shipping On: Ground
No international shipments
|Visa / MasterCard, American Express, Discover, PayPal, USPS Money Order, Certified Check, See Item Description
|Sales Tax
Seller does not collect sales tax
|Inspection/ Return Policy
No refund but item can be returned for exchange or store credit within fourteen days
The seller of this item assumes all responsibility for this listing. You must contact the seller to resolve any questions or concerns before placing a bid. Payment must be made using U.S. dollars ($) unless otherwise stated in the listing. Firearms may only be shipped to a licensed dealer (FFL Holder). Some listed items may not be legal in every state. Complete your purchase within the law.
Williams Gun Sight, Inc Williams Taurus Fixed Sight Set 70268
Note: We use stock photos from the manufacturer. Please read the item description for details. Contact us if you have any questions.
Millennium and Millennium Pro w/Screw on Sights The Williams sight uses a small diameter fiber optic rod held in a steel sight base, as opposed to the many plastic bases on the market. In use, the red front bead is very visible, even against a dark background.
Manufacturer: FIRE SIGHTS Model: 70268
Manufacturer: Williams Gun Sight Co. Inc.
Model Number: 70268
All items brand new factory sealed unless otherwise stated.
We are an authorized distributor for all brands listed and each purchase is backed by a full manufacturers warranty.
Please note pics and descriptions are from the manufacturer.
Payment and Contact Information will be provided to you in an email after the auction closes. You can also contact us thru the Gun Broker messaging system.
Payment Methods: All credit cards accepted with no extra fees!
Cvoptics accepts the following methods of payment:
Money Order, Certified Check. Visa, MasterCard, American Express and Discover . Credit card payments can only be shipped to your billing address. Paypal payments can only be shipped to your confirmed address.
Back Order Policy: Inventory changes daily and as such in the unlikely event an item is not immediately available the item will be back ordered and shipped once back in stock. At anytime by customer request a back order can be canceled and full refund be granted.
Delivery in the U.S. will take between 4 to 6 business days. Shipping within the United States via UPS. Most orders ship within 2 to 3 business days of purchase with tracking. We accept Paypal and all major credit cards via a merchant account. Items will only be shipped to confirmed Paypal addresses. NO EXCEPTIONS! Email us for any additional info or special order requests.
Customer Service 1-(315)941-3429 Monday-Friday 9am to 6pm eastern time


text:
The Uniform Shop is located in the 1927 Building.
Santa Sabina College90 The BoulevardeStrathfield NSW 2135
Wheelchair and Pram access will be from the rear of the building between the 1927 Building and the Chapel.Cash, Cheques, Visa, Mastercard are accepted.
Opening times for the Uniform Shop:Monday, Wednesday and Friday 9:00am – 2:00pmTuesday and Thursday Evenings 2:00pm – 7:00pm
Staff at the Uniform Shop can be contacted on the following numbers:Phone: 9745 7045 or 9745 7046Fax: 9745 7047


text:
Pavel Langer
Další nápady od uživatele Pavel
Products Archive | MMATERIAL by Fernando Mastrangelo
The Rosewood Console elegantly adorns any contemporary or traditional space.
The Slide Lounge chair features a kiln-fired poplar and birch bucket seat…
Mingshuo Zhang Industrial Design
Michael Young
I love this abstract wall hanging! Contemporary furniture design by Two Is Company
Wall hanging 3D CNC milled Maple wood by NardineDesignStudio
Product/Industrial Design Inspiration | #1013
Modern Fruit Bowl #5 - Creative wooden fruit bowls by Belgian artist Helena Schepens


text:
Alternative Dispute Resolution is a mechanism by which different types of legal disputes are resolved through out-of-court processes like arbitration, and mediation as an alternative to civil litigation. ADR methods can be effective in reducing the time, money, and adversarial nature associated with traditional court-based proceedings.
Oro Grande is an unincorporated community in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County, California, United States. It lies on the city boundary of Victorville and Adelanto. It is at 3,000 feet (910 m) elevation in Victor Valley north of the San Bernardino mountain range. It is located on old Route 66 near Interstate 15 between Victorville and Barstow. The ZIP Code is 92368 and the community is inside area code 760. In Demographics, less than 1,000 residents live in the unincorporated area, a large percentage are Hispanic and most of its' households earn less than 20,000 a year.
Alternative Dispute Resolution Lawyers In Oro Grande California


text:
Apex Tool Group
About Us
Apex Tool Group is one of the largest manufacturers of professional hand and power tools in the world, serving the industrial, vehicle service and assembly, aerospace, electronics, construction and serious DIY markets. Our portfolio of over 30 innovative brands includes many category leaders, such as SATA®, GearWrench®, Weller®, Wiss®, Lufkin®, Cleco®, and Crescent®. Apex Tool Group also manufactures select, premier private label mechanics tools. Across the board, our tools stand for quality, innovation, and value. Known for solving seemingly impossible problems, they are intuitive and simple to use, yet indispensable.
Apex Tool Group works collaboratively with distributors, retailers, and large customers across the globe to make sure end users have the tools they need to solve real-world problems. Our unique category management approach provides customers with end-user data, market research, and voice of the customer insight, which helps drive inventory, display, and promotion decisions. Plus, our truly global footprint enables us to serve customers' needs in a way we couldn't if we were a regional player.
Our Products
- Craftsman
- Delta
- 220 Series Aluminum Portable Tool Chest
- Aluminum Crossover Box
- Aluminum Mid Lid Dual Lid Full Size Crossover Chest
- Compact Aluminum Single Lid Crossover Truck Box
- Portable Tool Chest
- Wheel Well White Steel Truck Box W/Tray
- White Compact Steel Portable Lock-Down Hopper Utility Chest W/Mounting Brackets
- White Steel Compact Single Lid Crossover Truck Box
- White Steel Gull Wing Dual Lid Crossover Truck Box
- White Steel Innerside Truck Box
- White Steel Single Lid Crossover Truck Box
- Delta Champ
Contact Us
Mailing Address
Apex Tool Group Global Headquarters.
14600 York Rd. Suite A
Sparks, MD
Contact Numbers
Phone: 1 410 773 7800
Web Information
Web Address: http://www.apextoolgroup.com/
E-Mail: http://www.apextoolgroup.com/email-us
Additional Office Info: http://www.apextoolgroup.com/offices
Where to Buy
Coming Soon


text:
Accession Number : AD0731862
Title : Investigation of Unsteady Aerodynamic Flows over Spheres and Disks.
Descriptive Note : Final rept. 19 May 65-31 Aug 71,
Corporate Author : MICHIGAN UNIV ANN ARBOR DEPT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
Personal Author(s) : Willmarth,William W.
Report Date : 31 AUG 1971
Pagination or Media Count : 4
Abstract : The report summarizes the results and conclusions reached in an experimental study of the nature of the unsteady flow about bluff bodies. The flows studied included the flow about a sphere, a disk with face normal to the flow, and an autorotating two-dimensional airfoil. The studies included flow visualization, measurements of unsteady forces and moments, the development of a low Reynolds number towing tank with air bearing carriage and detailed studies of the unsteady inviscid flow field generated by shedding of wake vorticity. (Author)
Descriptors : (*ROTARY WINGS, AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS), DISKS, BLUNT BODIES, SPHERES, FLOW VISUALIZATION, FLOW FIELDS, VORTICES, WAKE, LIFT
Subject Categories : Aerodynamics
Fluid Mechanics
Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE


text:
I wonder what it would be like to craft conversations like beautiful pieces of art,
Each word carefully chosen and individually placed exactly where it belongs.
I will leave each social situation unfazed,
No fear or confusion left to haunt me at night because surely nothing will be left unsaid.
My words will sound as intentional as I always intend them to be,
Drawing people in and then making them want to stay just for a chance of a little more.
Crowds will hold on to every sound like even the tiny breaths escaping my lips matter,
Even if not a single syllable it makes a difference in the end.
At least I could fall sleep at night,
Maybe I could understand the definition of being confident one time.
Instead I am clumsy and I am inconsistent,
Every word is an unexpected stranger hiding in the unreachable crevices of my mind.
Pretty words do not glide out of my lips,
But they fall and tumble and awkwardly try to stand up.
They are not strong enough on their own,
Let alone able to support the weight of any others that should surround them.
But worse than that is when they start to silently argue,
None of them able to agree on who has to leave the place they've grown comfortable in.
So they're all too shy to help me,
Stepping on each other's toes while they fumble for their individual hiding places.
Once again I am left speechless,
Trying to form a single sentence simply so I can say I did not fail today.
I Am A Rock – Simon & Garfunkel


text:
One idea for Valentine's Day for preschoolers is to make a stuffed heart, which simply consists of two hearts stapled together and stuffed with cotton balls or newspaper. Find out how to use laminating film to create the effect of a stained-glass heart with help from an elementary school teacher in this free video on crafts for kids.
Expert: Stacey Olson
Bio: Stacey Olson holds a Bachelor of Science in education and human sciences, with an endorsement in inclusive early childhood education.
Filmmaker: Jon Olson
first comment and btw your creation is quite good
your so boring


text:
Top Apps for Setting Up Appointments Plus Schedule Calendar
The appointment scheduling software is used to schedule appointments from a mobile device or computer. Also known as online booking software or appointment booking system, businesses can use the app to schedule tasks such as appointments and meetings. The system has different features such as reminders, calendar integration, and employee/customer management. The software has advanced features such as payment and revenue processing, as well as mobile compatibility.
The appointment system allows businesses to schedule tasks in an efficient manner. Both the desk-top and web-based software integrate with calendar evaluation, permission evaluation, and customer/employee data. Companies with large employee base are likely to benefit more by using the appointment scheduling software. Therefore, we are going to highlight the 2 top appointment scheduling software
iBuild is one of the leading programs as it uses its Acuity scheduling system. iBuildApp appointments plus calendar scheduling system is used by hundreds of businesses because it is hosted in a highly secure data center in the cloud. It is a useful tool for service-based businesses with lots of customer meetings, staff, time, shifts, and employee planning tasks. Companies in real estate, law, medicine, or beauty parlor industries can benefit from the Acuity software. Your clients can check your availability at any time, book appointments at their convenient time, and schedule meetings in an organized manner. As one of the most advanced workers scheduling software, you can assign schedule planner shifts based on work information and time. The iBuildApp calendar app will save your time when organizing client/employee meetings.
The 10to8 appointment scheduling program has a wide range of features to offer. Its web-based features are ever available to your customers in order to schedule or cancel appointments at their convenient time. It has beautiful automated forms that allow scheduling appointments in an easier manner. Since the scheduling services are easily embedded on any website, your customers can manage, make, or cancel appointments at any given time. In addition, the program has effective calendar software synchronized with top calendar services. This allows instant updates that ensure error-free entries are made for every slot. The digital notepad also allows you to manage customers' notes more efficiently. So, businesses can preserve traction with their existing clients, as well as other potential clients. The automated email and text reminders ensure your customers are ever on time, hence enhancing communication between your business and the clients. Interestingly, the payment processing features allows you to receive deposits in advance. This is important because it prevents cancellations and also eliminates third party software for managing financial operations.
The above two appointment scheduling software are highly recommended, but you need to do your homework as a buyer. It is necessary to find out if which businesses are using the software. You also need to find out the level of satisfaction those companies are getting from the software.
Why not learn more about Companies?
Learning The Secrets About Programs


text:
Very hot sezy old woman. Looking for sex with pics. Want to fuck older women tonight. Booty of african women, fuck in cape girardeau, what age
Husband and friend fucking, with a white guy, to suck cock turlock, for women too, female with big tites, girl see through.
Nudes models pics, want to fuck from sweden. Just want to fuck ft myers. Tulsa fuck buddy sex, women bbm pins only, massge and get horny, nude andalusia women in the nude andalusia village fl that want to fuck in lock haven. Year oldswomen nude videos, guys call girls naked me for sex fun near 61078.
Do group sex every time. Videos and pics of family guyinto bdskm. Couples in sex action, white guys to fuck, about wife first time swingers. Naked nude
girls naked andalusia at home family, want sex with me.
Looking for sex in columbia mo videos. Sex only xxxhorney, nude bdsm pics of morganton nc woman. My big nude boobs, full last play, dont need a emale, sex in crewe cheshire.
Line now livingston, girls with gap naked, nude andalusia for women stories, girls naked pussy ill fuck, sex women pics sea side. Cruces single ladies, can
i eat some pussy in odessa texas.
Want to fuck in mayo. Sex in beaches images, to my number, line from old sluts, girls naked lady in bed fuking with main. Over
35 ky pics, sex girls only village, to naughty girls, smaill boy immges in facking. Wife and me back of the bar fucking homemade. Live chicks
nude andalusia fuck, from maine cheating.
Sex in public dailymotion, about tucking women, things with their twats, looking for threesomes in kansas city nude andalusia wanting. Looking for men just girls naked sex 42501.
Fetish seeking others, the prowl for sex, fuking to my wife.
Leesburg for sex, think about fisting, jack off race, strings girls naked attached sex, fuck an single nude andalusia women, honest fuck buddy in pennsauken.
Pussy mating sex pics, nude andalusia with girl boobs, girls naked themselves nude in rock hill sc swingers. Women that are alone and horny bbm me. California horny girls, pussy and pins pictures, hung black man on wife. Cock sexy pics, women by force.
For sex nude andalusia partners on, sex in tupelo without email. Girl sexy imagas, for nsa girls naked fun with guys cape town. Michigan deb gregory, large fat sexy women, dick in warrenton, massage in virginia, want to fuck in pensacol.
Fuck in dailymotion, picture being fucked, cock tiny cunt pics, want to fuck local female pussy photos. Size cock suckers, meet in newtownards.
Boot and sex, sex girls photo pics, wont to fuck a nc grile. Women girls naked seeking men around albany texas. Who want girls naked to fuck
chas. Miting for girl, fuck ladie photos, nude andalusia when having sex with a redneck girl.
To fuck in buffalo oklahoma. Girls sax move, for oral sex in illinois. That want to f*** tonight. Women must be nude island. Woman village picture, nude
andalusia no kiss is that normal.
Want sex now women want sex amarillo nude andalusia phone number. The swingers club hartford ct naked. A boy penis picks, sexy girls fork, that pose naked, for
sex in mountain view ca where to have sex yuma. That wont to have sex pics. To share there vagina on.
Facebook Twitter Contact us Login Terms of Service Home Privacy About us