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Rapport du représentant spécial de la ministre sur la réconciliation avec les Métis : droits des Métis visés à l'article 35 et arrêt Manitoba Metis Federation
Please find a French-language verison of Mr. Isaac's report here.
Please find a French-language verison of Mr. Isaac's report here.
As background information, this report was commissioned and welcomed by the Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs, the Honourable Carolyn Bennett. The author of the report, Mr. Thomas Isaac, was appointed as the Ministerial Special Representative on Reconciliation with Métis. In his report, Mr. Isaac makes recommendations on the development of a Section 35 Métis […]
Daniels represents a significant development for the rights of Métis and non-status Indians in Canada. Fundamentally, Daniels establishes that Métis and non-status Indians are "Indians" within the legislative authority of the Federal Crown pursuant to s. 91(24) of the Constitution Act.[1] The Supreme Court of Canada's decision sets aside the Federal Court of Appeal's ruling […]
Between 1885 and 1888 the federal government withheld treaty payments to members of Beardy's and Okemasis First Nation ("Beardy's & Okemasis"), in the wake of the Northwest Rebellion.
Case Brief – Behn v. Moulton Contracting Ltd, 2013 SCC 26, Christopher Devlin, John Gailus and Marian Foucault provide a summary of the Supreme Court of Canada's decision to strike out Treaty rights defences raised by members of the Behn family in response to a tort action by a logging company on the grounds of […]
Case Brief – Enge v. Mandeville, 2013 NWTSC 33, Christopher Devlin, Kate Gower and Marian Foucault provide a summary of the NWT Supreme Court's significant ruling that members of the North Slave Metis Alliance hold Aboriginal harvesting rights to their traditional territories, such that the NWT government failed to consult meaningfully about a caribou management […]
Jurisdictional Quagmire: First Nation Child Welfare as a Human Right, Christopher Devlin, Leah DeForrest, Caitlin Mason, and presented by Christopher Devlin at CLE BC's Human Rights Conference, November 23, 2012 (Vancouver)
Canada's Metis and the Duty to Consult: Why the Common Law Requires it and What to Do About It, Christopher Devlin and Kate Gower, and presented by Christopher Devlin at Insights's Aborginal Law Forum, October 23, 2012 (Toronto)
Recent Developments in the Law on the Duty to Consult in British Columbia, Christopher Devlin, presented to the Canadian Institute's Conference on Aboriginal Law, Consultation and Accomodation September 28, 2012 (Montreal)
Mining Exploration and Section 35(1) Rights: Two Rail Cars On a Collision Course?, Christopher Devlin, Leah DeForest and Caitlin Mason, presented by Christopher Devlin at the Canadian Institute's 6th Annual Forum on Aboriginal Law, Consultation and Accommodation (Toronto, ON – February 22-23, 2012)
Treaty Litigation: Some Common Pitfalls and Obstacles, Christopher Devlin and Tim Watson, and presented by Christopher Devlin at the CBA Aboriginal Law's National Aboriginal Law Conference, April 28-29, 2011 in Winnipeg, MB
Section 87 of Indian Act: More Tax, Less Exemption by Christopher Devlin and Tim Watson, and presented by Christopher Devlin at the Native Courtworkers and Counselling Association of British Columbia's "Aboriginal People and the Law Programme", April 12, 2011 in Vancouver, BC.
The Federal government's proposed Safe Drinking Water for First Nations by Christopher Devlin, in Aboriginal Writes, February 2001 at www.cba.org/CBA/newsletters-sections/2011/2011-02_aboriginal.aspx#article5
Aboriginal Rights and Cumulative Effects: Are Caribou the New Canaries in the Not-So-Proverbial Coal Mine? by Christopher Devlin, presented at Incisivemedia's 7th Western Canada Aboriginal Forum (Calgary, AB – January 25th and 26th, 2011) and Renewing Environmental Law Conference (Vancouver, BC – February 3rd and 4th, 2011)
Practicing Human Rights Law in an Aboriginal context: Balancing individual and collective rights, Christopher Devlin and Carly Chunick, presented by Christopher Devlin at CLE BC's Human Rights Conference 2010 , November 4, 2010 (Vancouver)
Crown Delegation and the Duty to Consult: Delegatus Potest Delegare (Sort of), Christopher Devlin, presented to the CBA's National Aboriginal Law Conference, June 11, 2010 (Toronto)
Gender Discrimination and Indian Status: McIvor and Bill C-3, Christopher Devlin and Carly Chunick; presented by Christopher Devlin to Insight's 6th Annual Western Canada Aboriginal Law Forum, May 11, 2010 (Vancouver)
McIvor v. Canada, Christopher Devlin, Aboriginal Writes – The CBA National Aboriginal Law Section Newsletter, January 2010
Overlapping Claims: In Search of 'A Solid Constitutional Base', Christopher Devlin and Tim Thielmann; presented by Christopher Devlin at Annual CLE of CBA National Aboriginal Law Section, June 12-13, 2009 (Victoria)
Deep Consultation at a Higher Level: Wii'litswx v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests), Christopher Devlin, published in The Advocate, Vol. 67, Part 1, Jan. 2009
The 'Who, What and Where Guide' to Consultation in North-Eastern British Columbia, Christopher Devlin, presented to Insight's 10th Annual Aboriginal Land and Resource Management Conference, Nov. 27-28, 2008 (Vancouver)
Demystifying the Duty to Consult, Christopher Devlin, Kevin O'Callaghan and Caroline Finlay, presented to Canadian Institute's 5th Annual Aboriginal Consultation for Industry Conference, Dec. 5-07 (Vancouver)
Who is a Nation?, Christopher Devlin, presented to the CBA Aboriginal Law Section (Vancouver), Dec. 4, 2007 (Victoria)
Reflections on Overlap Issues, Christopher Devlin, presented to 15th Annual UBCIC National Claims Research Workshop, Oct. 30, 2007 (Vancouver)
Reflections on Whitefish Appeal, Christopher Devlin, presented to 15th Annual UBCIC National Claims Research Workshop, Oct. 30, 2007 (Vancouver)
Investigating Recent Case Law to Understand its Impact on the Consultation Process, Christopher Devlin, presented to Canadian Institute 4th Annual Aboriginal Consultation Conference, June 18-19, 2007 (Vancouver)
Overview of Treaty No. 8, Christopher Devlin, presented to CBA Aboriginal Law Section (Vancouver Island), Apr. 4, 2007 (Victoria)
Impact of Whitefish Lake First Nation v. Canada on Specific Claims, Christopher Devlin, presented to BC Specific Claims Symposium, Feb. 22, 2007 (Richmond)
When Does Consultation Work and Why?, prepared by Christopher Devlin and Doug White; presented by Christopher Devlin at Canadian Institute 2nd Annual Aboriginal Law Conference, June 2006 (Vancouver)
An Overview of the First Nations Fiscal and Statistical Management Act, Christopher Devlin, published in The Advocate, Vol. 64, Part 1, Jan. 2006
Duty of Consultation and Treaty No. 8, Christopher Devlin and John Gailus, presented and published by CLE Aboriginal Law Conference, 2005 (Vancouver)
Federal Policy and the Land Entitlement Provisions of Treaty No. 8: A Case for Policy Review, Christopher Devlin and Robert Metcs, published in Alberta Law Review Vol. 41, No. 4 (and presented at 11th Annual National Land Claims Research Workshop, Vancouver, Oct. 2003)

subset: commoncrawl


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The country of Mexico has a rich and extensive cultural history. Learn about its traditions and customs with fiction and non-fiction titles featuring Mexican and Mexican-American characters.
Picture Books
As Senor Calavera prepares for Grandma Beetle's birthday he finds an alphabetical assortment of unusual presents, but with the help of Zelmiro the Ghost, he finds the best gift of all.
When Mia's Abuela comes to live with Mia and her family, she helps her learn English while Mia learns Spanish, both with the help of a parrot named Mango.


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Summer 2015 Programs » Conductors Workshop
The 5th Annual
Conductors Workshop
at Queens College
June 21 - July 3, 2015
Maurice Peress, Director
Directed by Maestro Maurice Peress, this workshop is being offered to aspiring and working conductors alike to help build upon their experience and sharpen their orchestral skills.
Student Conductors will study with Maestros Maurice Peress, Donald Portnoy, Dorothy Savitch, and George Rothman along with three guest composers. Podium time is guaranteed every day, giving every participant the chance to work regularly with a professional-level, highly responsive orchestra. Student Conductors will conduct the Workshop Orchestra in the mornings, and receive critiques, coaching, and hands-on lessons from the faculty in the afternoons.
New works will be performed each session with the composers present, helping to give insight into what the composers expect to see as their scores come to life. All the sessions will be videotaped. David Amram and Bruce Saylor will again return this summer.
Aside from the invaluable podium time, there will be almost daily lectures dealing with the many issues that face conductors today. Among them, Maestro Portnoy will discuss working and building relationships with professional, college, and community orchestras and career development, as well as his insights into orchestral bowing choices. Maestro Peress will discuss "time" in all its aspects: time flow, rhythm, tempo, pulse, and the metronome, yea or nay. Guest composers will discuss their scores in detail. Field trips have been arranged to the Dvořák Room at the historic Czech Center to view original documents and artifacts that underscore the story of Dvořák's time in America, and to the New York Philharmonic Archives, where marked scores by former NYPhil music directors will be placed on view.
Maurice Peress — Director/Conductor
Donald Portnoy — Guest Conductor
George Rothman — Guest Conductor
Dorothy Savitch — Guest Conductor
Bruce Saylor — Guest Composer
David Amram —Guest Composer
TBA — Guest Composer
Alex Wen — Manager
Faculty Bio
Maurice Peress has served as Music Director of the Corpus Christi, Austin, Kansas City, and New Britain orchestras, and has been a guest conductor in China, Israel, Brazil, and many venues in Europe. His long association with Leonard Bernstein began in 1961 as an assistant conductor with the New York Philharmonic and led to his conducting the world premiere of Bernstein's Mass for the opening of the Kennedy Center (1971). He also worked closely with
Duke Ellington as arranger and editor of his symphonic scores. As President of the Conductors Guild (1980 - 1982) he helped establish the CG Journal, the first Conductor's Institute, and the Guild's Annual Conference. Maestro Peress has authored many articles and a book, Dvořák to Duke Ellington: A Conductor Explores America's Music and Its African American Roots (Oxford, 2004). In 1984 he joined the faculty of the Aaron Copland School of Music to lead its orchestra and establish an MA program for conductors. He is especially proud of his former students, many of whom hold posts with orchestras and universities in the U.S. and abroad.
Donald Portnoy holds the Ira McKissick Koger Endowed Chair for the Fine Arts at the University of South Carolina, and is also founder and director of the Conductors Institute at USC. In recent years the Institute has spread its wings, adding a week of opera training at the Spoleto Festival in Charleston and two weeks in Beijing. As a violinist, he performs regularly with the ensemble he founded, the American Arts Trio. A guest conductor of orchestras here and abroad, Dr. Portnoy is in his thirteenth year as Music Director of the Augusta Symphony Orchestra and for the past six seasons had been Principal Guest Conductor of the National Opera Orchestra in Beijing.
George Rothman is co-founder and Music Director of the Riverside Symphony since 1981. The ensemble has been praised for its award-winning recordings and unusual programming of over two-hundred premieres and unusual works by composers as diverse as Biber, Haydn, Sibelius, Prokofiev and Ravel. He has guest conducted throughout the Far East, Europe, South America, and the U.S. A native New Yorker, Maestro Rothman trained at the Manhattan School of Music, The Juilliard School, and at The Aaron Copland School under Maurice Peress; he also worked at Tanglewood under Leonard Bernstein and Seiji Ozawa. He has served on the faculty of Columbia and Yale Universities, and currently is Music Director and Conductor of Brooklyn College's Conservatory Orchestra.
Dorothy Savitch has been Music Director of Long Island's Sound Symphony since 1997 and is also Director of the Brooklyn Conservatory's Music Partners Program and Music Director of its Community Orchestra. Ms. Savitch studied classical guitar with Christopher Parkening and Vincente Gomez, and toured throughout the West Coast. She has led the Bronx Opera chorus, the Musica Humana Chamber Choir and the Chautauqua Festival Orchestra. She has degrees from Columbia University and the Aaron Copland School; her teachers include Harold Farberman and Maurice Peress.
String Orchestra (June 22 - 25)
Gould Spirituals
Mozart Eine Kleine Nacht Musik
Elgar Serenade
Victoria Bond Dreams of Flying (Subito)
Chamber Orchesta June 26 -30 (Sunday off)
Tchaikovsky Rococco Variations for Cello and Orch
2222 2000 stgs
Mozart Symph #35 "Haffner"
Bernstein Candide Overture
Saylor, Double Concerto for clarinet and bass clarinet and strings
Full Orchestra July 1 - 3 (double session)
Brahms Symph #3 in F (36:00)
2223 4230 T stgs
Dvorak Symh #9, "New World"
Beeth Leonora #3
Amram Guthrie Variations
Participants are required to bring their own scores to the workshop. Composers' scores will be made available.
Apply at www.qcconductorsworkshop.com.
Summer 2015 Summer Programs and Festivals
Baroque Opera Workshop · Conductors Workshop


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Given a randomized treatment Z, a clinical outcome Y, and a biomarker S measured some fixed time after Z is administered, we may be interested in addressing the surrogate endpoint problem by evaluating whether S can be used to reliably predict the effect of Z on Y. Several recent proposals for the statistical evaluation of surrogate value have been based on the framework of principal stratification. In this paper, we consider two principal stratification estimands: joint risks and marginal risks. Joint risks measure causal associations of treatment effects on S and Y, providing insight into the surrogate value of the biomarker, but are not statistically identifiable from vaccine trial data. While marginal risks do not measure causal associations of treatment effects, they nevertheless provide guidance for future research, and we describe a data collection scheme and assumptions under which the marginal risks are statistically identifiable. We show how different sets of assumptions affect the identifiability of these estimands; in particular, we depart from previous work by considering the consequences of relaxing the assumption of no individual treatment effects on Y before S is measured. Based on algebraic relationships between joint and marginal risks, we propose a sensitivity analysis approach for assessment of surrogate value, and show that in many cases the surrogate value of a biomarker may be hard to establish, even when the sample size is large.
The identification and evaluation of surrogate endpoints is a major goal of many clinical studies. In vaccine trials, for example, pinpointing a biomarker which reliably predicts protection from infection could provide an invaluable biological target for vaccine development and allow researchers to predict vaccine efficacy in new populations without the need to conduct a full-fledged trial. Several statistical approaches to surrogate endpoint assessment are summarized in Weir and Walley (2006). While the common scientific goal of these approaches is to predict the effect of treatment on the outcome in a future setting given information about the effect of treatment on the biomarker, Joffe and Greene (2009) (henceforth JG) distinguish between two paradigms based on the quantities used to make these predictions. In the "causal effects" (CE) paradigm, treatment effects on the outcome are predicted by combining the effect of treatment on the biomarker with knowledge of the effect of the biomarker on the outcome. The "causal association" (CA) paradigm predicts future treatment effects on the outcome based on the (previously observed) association between treatment effects on the biomarker and treatment effects on the outcome. While prototypical CA methods (eg.Buyse et al. (2000);Gail et al. (2000)) are based on meta-analysis of multiple trials, we focus on the case where the data arise from a single trial. We consider the counterfactual-based principal stratification approach proposed by Frangakis and Rubin (2002) (henceforth FR) and extended by Gilbert and Hudgens (2008) (henceforth GH), which allows the CA paradigm to be applied in the single-trial setting.
A major aim of this paper is to illustrate the inherent statistical difficulty of the surrogate endpoint assessment problem. We begin with a brief introduction to the problem and describe the vaccine trial setup and basic assumptions under which we will operate. Next, we introduce joint and marginal risks, the two estimands central to the paper. In Section 3, we describe the degree to which joint and marginal risks are statistically identifiable under a variety of scenarios. Section 4 outlines an estimated likelihood procedure for estimation of joint and marginal risks. Section 5 presents a sensitivity analysis approach to assessing surrogate value wherein we assume known functions for the unidentified distributions, indexed by fixed sensitivity parameters. Section 6 presents simulation results. We conclude with some final thoughts on the challenges of surrogate endpoint assessment.
In what follows, we consider a vaccine trial where subjects i = 1,…, n are randomly assigned at time 0 to either vaccine (Zi = 1) or placebo (Zi = 0) and followed for infection (Yi = 1). At some time Τ > 0, biological samples are collected from all subjects who remain uninfected at Τ (denoted by ). We assume that Τ is the same for all subjects. Let Si be the biomarker of interest which is measured from the collected samples. If , due to infection in the time interval [0, Τ], then Si is undefined, and we set Si = *. Lastly, we assume that a vector of baseline covariates Wi is available for each subject.
Prentice (1989) defined a surrogate as a replacement endpoint such that a test of the null hypothesis of no treatment effect on this endpoint (S) provides a valid test of the corresponding null hypothesis for the clinical endpoint (Y). Mathematically, this definition can be formulated as
According to Prentice, the two major criteria which S must satisfy to qualify as a surrogate for Y, conditional on W, are 1) S has some predictive value for Y, and 2) Conditional on S, Y is statistically independent of Z. Approaches to surrogate endpoint assessment which aim to verify these criteria belong to JG's CE paradigm. Figure 1 of their paper illustrates the well-known result from directed acyclic graph theory (see, eg., Pearl (2000)) that conditioning on the post-randomization event S may induce statistical dependence between Z and Y if the set of simultaneous predictors of S and Y (say U) is not accounted for. A further complication arises when the outcome of interest may occur before S is measured, a case not considered by JG. Our Figure 1 illustrates this situation: YΤ, the early infection indicator, is affected by treatment and affects both S (since YΤ = 1 S = *) and Y. The same graph theoretic arguments as above imply that the appropriate criterion 2) for evaluating the Prentice definition is statistical independence between Z and Y conditional on S and on both U and V, where V are factors that simultaneously predict YΤ and Y.
Since the determinants of S, YΤ, and Y are often poorly understood during the trial design stage, it is unlikely that all of the important information about (U, V) will be captured by conditioning on the available covariates W alone. Hence, as pointed out in FR, CE estimands designed to verify criterion 2) may mislead about a biomarker's true surrogate value. To address this problem, FR proposed to assess surrogate value via potential outcomes (i.e. counterfactuals). Expanding on FR's work, GH suggested ways to gauge surrogate value via contrasts of the estimands
where are the potential values of (Y, YΤ, S) under treatment assignment Z = z, for z {0,1}.
GH proposed to judge the value of S as a surrogate by the degree to which it satisfies the following two criteria, conditional on W:
Average causal necessity (ACN): R1(S0; S1;W) = R0(S0; S1;W) for all S1 = S0.
Average causal sufficiency (ACS): There exists a constant C ≥ 0 such that R1(S0, S1, W) ≠ R0(S0, S1, W) for all |S0–S1|>C
ACN and ACS are checked by estimating contrasts of Y1 and Y0 within a principal stratum . Since the stratum to which an individual belongs is unaffected by treatment, these contrasts represent causal effects and are not subject to post-randomization selection bias arising from unmeasured confounding (see FR, page 23 and Lauritzen (2004)). We note that ACN is equivalent to the definition given by Vanderweele (2008) of "no average principal strata direct effects", while ACS implies the existence of some "average principal strata indirect effects" in the sense of Vanderweele.
While the principal stratification estimands R1 and R0 have appealing properties, we pay a price for their "robustness" to unmeasured confounding in terms of statistical non-identifiability. In what follows, we investigate how different assumptions affect the identifiability of (2), (3) and related counterfactual estimands.
We will henceforth refer to the quantities R1(S0, S1,W) and R0(S0, S1,W) as joint risks, to indicate that they depend on the joint values (S0, S1). We focus on identifiability and estimation in the special case of "constant biomarkers" considered in GH:
Though condition [CB] may not be satisfied in all situations, it often applies in vaccine trials where subjects have not previously been infected by the pathogen targeted by the vaccine under study. In HIV vaccine trials, for example, enrollment criteria generally require that subjects be HIV-uninfected at the start of the trial. Subjects who are not vaccinated, therefore, are not "primed" to recognize the HIV epitopes present in the vaccine, and hence are unlikely to show a measurable immune response when exposed to these epitopes via an immunological assay (Gilbert et al. (2005)). In this case, c might represent the lower limit of detection of the relevant assay. We note that, unlike some of the untestable assumptions introduced later, [CB] can be directly verified in the lab by measuring the biomarker values of placebo recipients who remain uninfected at time Τ.
When [CB] holds, we have (S0, S1) = (c, S1), and hence for ease of notation we can drop the dependence of R1 and R0 on S0, yielding
(the reader should recall, however, that these quantities remain "joint" risks since they are equivalent to R1(c, S1, W) and R0(c, S1, W)). The surrogate value of S can then be assessed, conditional on W, by considering the magnitude of contrasts of R0 and R1 for a variety of values of S1. We refer the reader to GH's Figure 2, which plots R0(S1, W) — R1(S1, W) as a function of S1 for biomarkers having no, low, moderate, and high surrogate value.
Four assumptions allowed GH to identify the joint risks under [CB]:
Assumptions [A1] and [A2] are standard in most work on causal inference. The validity of the "No interference" part of [A1] may be questioned when the disease of interest is infectious, but is defensible if the vaccine trial enrolls a small fraction of the at-risk population. Recent work by Hudgens and Halloran (2008) discusses relaxation of SUTVA. [A2] will hold in a randomized trial where blinding is maintained.
The validity of [A3], however, is doubtful in many contexts. Since most current vaccine trials are designed to measure peak immune response, an effective vaccine may offer at least partial protection to vaccine recipients before their immune responses are measured, thereby violating [A3]. [A4] requires that the effect of S on the clinical endpoint not vary within levels of W. Both [A3] and [A4] are untestable, although [A3] has the testable implication that the population vaccine effect up to time Τ is zero. A major goal of this paper is to explore the consequences of relaxing [A3] and [A4].
In the Identifiability section below, we show that if assumptions [A3] and [A4] are relaxed, then joint risks are statistically non-identifiable. We might therefore ask whether any useful information can be obtained from the family of estimands which are identifiable from the available data when these assumptions fail.
We begin by noting that [A3] implies the equalities
The left-hand sides of (6) and (7) correspond to the expressions for R1 and R0, and from the expressions on the right-hand sides we define the marginal risks
Since and do not condition on , S0 may be undefined and hence S1 does not specify the basic principal stratum to which an individual belongs: an individual with S1 = s and may belong to either the stratum {S1 = s, S0 = *} or {S1 = s, S0 = c}. As a result, without [A3] marginal risks do not allow an assessment of how causal clinical effects vary with contrasts of S1 and S0, and hence cannot be used to check ACN and ACS. Nevertheless, contrasts of the marginal risks are causal effects and may be used to predict treatment effects in a new setting. In particular,
where is the overall causal treatment effect for level-W subjects uninfected at Τ under active treatment, which is a useful summary of treatment efficacy. Suppose in a new setting (e.g., for a refined version of the treatment to be tested in a follow-up efficacy trial in the same study population), is distributed according to Fnew(s, W). Assuming the marginal risk functions are the same for the efficacy trial and the new setting (an untestable assumption whose plausibility may be defended based on biological and mechanistic knowledge), the predicted TEpost−Τ(W) for the new setting is . A biomarker valuable for treatment/vaccine development will be one such that certain manipulations of its distribution lead to a large predicted gain in overall treatment efficacy (from TEpost−Τ(W) to TEnewpost−Τ(W;Fnew)). This amount of predicted gain is a useful summary measure of surrogate value in its own right; though we stress that it quantifies a different type of surrogate value than a measure of association between biomarker and clinical treatment effects. Follmann (2006) considered this idea under assumption [A3], with bivariate normal (S, W) and probit risk models. Further discussion of the interpretation of marginal and joint risk estimands appears in Gilbert et al. (2008).
In this section, we explore the identifiability of joint and marginal risks in a variety of scenarios. We restrict attention to the case where S has J discrete levels, 1,…,J, and omit baseline covariates W (they are assumed fixed and do not affect the identifiability arguments). With this setup, the joint and marginal risks are considered as functions of S1 only, and have J possible values. The propositions below describe how many of these J values are identifiable from observed data under different sets of assumptions. Proofs of these propositions appear in Web Appendix A.
Proposition 1 (Identifiability under [CB], [A1]–[A2] (Base case)): When [CB] and [A1]–[A2] hold, is identifiable from the available data but R1, R0, and are non-identifiable and each requires J parameters to be specified for their J possible values.
Since R1, R0, and are non-identifiable under [CB] and [A1]–[A2], it is natural to consider the question: Are there additional plausible assumptions which can help to identify these estimands? One possible additional assumption is a weakened version of [A3]:
[A3′] Pre-Τ monotonicity
The pre-Τ monotonicity assumption asserts that a participant's clinical outcome prior to Τ is no worse under assignment to treatment than under assignment to placebo. [A3′] is implied by [A3], but unlike [A3] it allows for a pre-Τ treatment effect. In the context of blinded vaccine trials where the treatment is generally safe, [A3′] will often hold, but it must be considered carefully: data from the Step trial (which was stopped prematurely in late 2007 because the vaccine product did not appear to be effective) suggested the possibility of vaccine enhancement, whereby subjects who received active vaccine were more likely to be HIV-infected than those who received the placebo (Buchbinder et al. (2008)). Beyond the vaccination context, [A3′] may fail in trials comparing two active treatments, or when a treatment is highly toxic to some but of benefit to others.
When [A3′] holds in addition to [CB] and [A1]–[A2], we have the following result:
Proposition 2 (Identifiability under [CB], [Al]–[A3′] (Monotonicity)): Under [CB], and [A1]–[A3′], the number of parameters required to describe R0 is reduced by 1, to J–1. Identification of R1 and still requires J parameters each.
It can be shown (see the proof of Proposition 3, Web Appendix A) that would be identifiable from the observed data if we could identify the distribution of S1 among subjects who would have remained uninfected over the entire trial if they had received the placebo. An idea due to Follmann (2006) suggests a way to identify this quantity: an augmented study design called closeout vaccination, where placebo recipients who remain uninfected at the end of the trial are given the active vaccine ("closed out") and have their immune response measured Τ time-units later. Denote this closeout measurement by , and the indicator that an individual is infected during the duration-Τ closeout period by . Under [A1]–[A3′], closeout vaccination yields information about . The following two assumptions, taken together, guarantee that this distribution is equivalent to the distribution of interest, :
The time constancy assumption implies that the immune responses measured from closed out subjects would not have been different if these subjects had been assigned to the vaccine at the beginning of the trial and had their immune response measured at time Τ. [A5] may be evaluated from knowledge of the immune system; ) recent research (eg. Goronzy and Weyand (2005), Lacroix-Desmazes et al. (1999)) suggests that several key markers of T cell production/diversity and antibody reactivity remain relatively constant in adults under age 65, and hence [A5] may reasonably apply to these biomarkers in the context of vaccine trials of relatively short duration. If a substantial proportion of study subjects are co-infected with another pathogen during the study period, however, the validity of [A5] may be questioned. When [A5] fails, closeout vaccination does not provide the information necessary to identify the marginal risk .
Unlike [A5], [A6] is directly testable; one need only check whether any infections occurred during the closeout period. Since placebo recipients who remain infection-free for the duration of the trial (and hence are candidates to be closed out) are likely to have a lower risk of infection than the general placebo population, [A6] may be reasonable in certain circumstances. If there is evidence showing that [A6] is violated, however, the relationship between is non-identifiable. In the Sensitivity Analysis section, we describe this relationship explicitly in terms of non-identifiable sensitivity parameters.
The following proposition summarizes the identifiability of the joint and marginal risks when [A5] and [A6] additionally hold:
Proposition 3 (Identifiability under [CB], [Al]–[A3′], [A5]–[A6] (Monotonicity + Closeout)): Under [CB], [Al]–[A3′] and [A5]–[A6], marginal risks and are identifiable from the observed data. R1 remains non-identifiable and one of the J possible values of R0 is identified.
Table 1 summarizes the results derived in this section, along with some others which follow using similar arguments. Note the dramatic simplification achieved when [A3] replaces [A3′]: the joint risks R0 and R1 are equivalent to the (identifiable) marginal risks and hence ACN and ACS can be verified non-parametrically, allowing surrogate value to be assessed from the observed data.
Following the notation presented above, the iid observed data are , where we reintroduce the vector Wi of baseline covariates assumed to be available for all study subjects. Note that in the definition of Oi and the conditional likelihood (11) below, subscripts refer to individual subjects and not potential outcomes.
Only subjects with contribute to the conditional likelihood, which takes the form
See Web Appendix B for details of the individual terms which make up the likelihood. L is a function of parameters of interest Θ, which specify and , and nuisance parameters Γ. We propose to make inference about Θ based on the estimated likelihood method described in Pepe and Fleming (1991), which consists of plugging in estimates of the elements of Γ into L and maximizing over Θ. In this application, we suggest using the bootstrap to obtain standard errors; previously derived asymptotic variance results for estimated likelihood rely on the assumption that each subject has a non-zero probability of having S1 observed, which does not apply in our situation since infected placebo recipients cannot have S1 measured.
Since the joint risks are not statistically identifiable unless certain potentially implausible assumptions hold, we suggest a sensitivity analysis approach to assessing surrogate value. Our strategy relies on the fact that one can re-express the joint risks in terms of marginal risks and non-identifiable quantities π and π* as
where (a proof of (12) is given in Web Appendix C). Different values of π and π* correspond to different degrees of post-randomization selection bias induced by the unmeasured simultaneous predictors (U, V) from Figure 1. Sensitivity analysis proceeds by estimating and and then varying the values of π(j) and π*(j) to observe their effect on contrasts of R1 and R0. Certain features of the observed data, along with the requirement that probabilities lie in [0,1], restrict the range of allowed sensitivity parameter values. These constraints are described in Web Appendix D; they may be further tightened based on additional assumptions and/or subject matter knowledge.
If [A6] fails and some subjects are infected during the closeout period, is no longer identifiable from observed data. In this case, we suggest introducing additional nonidentifiable parameters η(j) defined by so that . η can be viewed as an analog of π for the closeout period. For the sake of clarity, in this paper we assume that [A6] holds throughout so that η(j) = 1 for all j.
We simulate a vaccine trial where n participants are randomized to vaccine or placebo in a 1:1 ratio. is generated as 1 + Bernoulli(0.5), so that S1 {1,2}; we do not consider covariates W. [CB] is assumed to hold with S0 = 1 for all subjects with , so that ACN can be assessed by checking whether Δ1 = R1(1) – R0(1) = 0 and ACS assessed by checking whether Δ2 R1(2) – R0(2) ≠ 0.
For all simulations, data are generated under [CB], [Al]–[A3′] and [A5]–[A6], with the restrictions on π, π* described in Web Appendix D. We consider five scenarios representing different amounts of surrogate value: In the first scenario (referred to in Tables 2 and and33 as No1), Δ1 = Δ2 = 0 (ACS fails); in the second (No2), Δ1 = Δ2 < 0 (ACN is violated), so that the biomarker has no surrogate value. In the third scenario (Low), we take Δ1 ≈ 0 and Δ2 < 0; though ACN fails, Δ1 is close to zero and ACS is satisfied, so the biomarker may be said to have some surrogate value. Scenarios 4 and 5 (High1 and High2) both have Δ1 = 0 and Δ2 < 0, with Δ2 larger in magnitude for the latter scenario; since ACN and ACS are satisfied, in both cases the biomarker is a good surrogate.
Table 2 displays the performance of the maximum estimated likelihood estimators (MELEs) of Δ1 and Δ2 when the sensitivity parameters are correctly specified to match the values used to generate the data (π(j) = π*(j) = 0.995 for j = 1,2) and [CB], [Al]–[A3′], and [A5]–[A6] are assumed. The pre-Τ infection rates are set to 1.4% and 1.9% for vaccine and placebo recipients, respectively. The post-Τ infection rate is set at 7% for placebo recipients; the rate for vaccine recipients depends on Δ1 and Δ2, and ranges from 2.8% to 6.5% across the five surrogate value scenarios. These rates are consistent with what might reasonably be observed in an HIV vaccine trial enrolling a high-risk population.
We focus on the case where higher values of the biomarker are associated with better clinical outcomes, and calculate power based on Wald tests for the hypotheses H0 : Δj ≥ 0 vs. H1 : Δj < 0, j = 1, 2. In each of 250 simulations, percentile-based 95% confidence intervals are computed from 100 bootstrap replicates. Standard errors for Wald tests are based on empirical estimates from the set of 250 simulations. The proposed method yields unbiased estimates and correct coverage probabilities. Tests have approximately correct nominal size, and power increases to 1 with the sample size. We note, however, that large trial sizes are required to achieve adequate power to detect even large effects.
In Web Table A, we present an analog of Table 2 suggested by a reviewer, where data are generated without enforcing the monotonicity assumption [A3′]. When the data generating process does not obey monotonocity but we assume that it does, 1 and 2 are somewhat biased, the size of tests is not correct, and confidence interval coverage is degraded. Though the effect of incorrectly assuming [A3′] is relatively small for these simulation settings, additional simulations (results not shown) confirm that the impact of the monotonicity assumption is much more pronounced when the pre-Τ infection rate is higher.
We now return to the problem of surrogate endpoint assessment in the presence of pre-Τ treatment effects (i.e. when [A3] does not hold). We consider two approaches to quantifying the surrogate value of a biomarker:
Table 3 summarizes the performance (over 500 simulated trials of size n =10,000) of these surrogate value assessment methods under a variety of settings. We fix the pre-Τ infection rate under assignment to vaccine at . In addition to the five different surrogate value scenarios, we consider four different degrees of post-randomization selection bias: None , Low , Moderate (, small departure of π* from π), and High ( far from π). The parameter values for all the scenarios appear in Web Table B. Web Table C presents a version of Table 3 showing the performance of these methods when .
Since they are based on different paradigms, it is difficult to compare the performance of PTE/RE and the sensitivity analysis. PTE is undefined in scenario No1 (ACN holds, ACS fails), leading to unstable point estimates and large standard errors, but performs well when there is no pre-Τ treatment effect (i.e. ), with values near zero in scenarios with no surrogate value (No2), values near 1 in high surrogate value scenarios High1 and High2, and intermediate values in the Low surrogate value scenario. As expected, the performance of PTE degrades when there is post-randomization selection bias (i.e. ), taking on values near 1 in the Low surrogate value scenario and greater than 1 in the two High surrogate value scenarios. The RE performs poorly, as it is unable to distinguish between scenarios No2 and High2. We note that Buyse and Molenberghs recommend considering the RE together with the adjusted association, but the odds ratio which they propose is undefined in case [CB].
Given estimates of marginal risks, the constraints imposed by Web Appendix D limit the sensitivity parameters to a narrow range of values under most of the simulation settings in Table 3, and hence a "typical" sensitivity analysis yields a narrow range of plausible values for Δ1 and Δ2. However, the uncertainty in estimating Δ1 and Δ2 due to possible post-randomization selection bias is dwarfed by the uncertainty in estimating the marginal risks: the sensitivity intervals (unions of the 64 Wald confidence intervals constructed around the point estimates from the sensitivity analysis) are very wide in comparison to the effect size, indicating that even trials of size 10,000 may have low power to detect surrogate value. Power increases with the infection rate: the sensitivity intervals are much narrower in relation to the effect size for the simulations presented in Web Table C, where the pre-Τ and overall infection rates are larger (approximately 6% and 16%, respectively). However, as shown by the wider ranges for 1 and 2 in Web Table C, a higher pre-Τ infection rate carries the potential for greater post-randomization selection bias. Hence, in assessing surrogate value there is a trade-off between the ability to estimate identifiable quantities and the ability to restrict nonidentifiable quantities to a sufficiently narrow range.
In this article we described how several sets of assumptions contribute (or not) to the identifiability of the joint and marginal risk causal estimands of interest. In addition, to relax the untestable assumptions [A3] and [A4] made in previous work for evaluating a candidate surrogate endpoint, we developed methods that combine assumptions that may be more plausible, a creative study design, and a sensitivity analysis to assess the surrogate value of a biomarker.
The use of counterfactuals has been criticized by some (eg. Dawid (2000)) because of the underlying assumption of determinism (or "fatalism") required to make certain counterfactual expressions well-defined. Dawid argues that this is a fundamental flaw in the potential outcomes framework, and the use of counterfactuals should therefore be restricted to a small class of problems where no such definitional problems arise. However, we subscribe to the point of view expressed by the majority of the respondents to Dawid's article: Potential outcomes provide a natural way of formulating and answering important scientific questions which are difficult to express without counterfactuals.
Jin and Rubin (2008), among others, employed the principal stratification framework to estimate treatment effects in the presence of partial noncompliance by partitioning individuals into compliance strata (eg. "always-taker", "never-taker", "complier", "defier"). The counterfactual values defining these strata are generally assumed to be well-defined for all individuals, but this assumption may be violated if the outcome can occur before compliance is (fully) measured: for example, consider a clinical trial to assess the survival of late-stage cancer patients where the compliance measure is average weekly pill count over three months. In such setups, the methods we have described for quantifying surrogate value when [A3] is violated can be applied to evaluate compliance-adjusted treatment effects. Of course, certain simplifying assumptions such as Constant Biomarkers and Monotonicity may not apply in some studies where noncompliance is of interest.
To our knowledge, no previous work on surrogate endpoint assessment has addressed the consequences of treatment effects prior to measurement of the biomarker, a situation which is common in practice. In such cases, available data from a closeout vaccine trial are insufficient to identify joint risks, even in the simple case where there is no variability in the biomarker values of placebo recipients. Non-identifiability of joint risks leads naturally to a sensitivity analysis framework, but estimating surrogate value requires the ability to estimate marginal risks precisely and restrict the sensitivity parameter values to a suitably narrow range without relying on implausible assumptions. When non-identifiability makes the assessment of surrogate value intractable, it may be more useful to focus on the information which can be obtained from alternate estimands such as contrasts of marginal risks, which provide clinically relevant information and are statistically identifiable under weaker assumptions.
The authors wish to thank the reviewers for their comments, which helped clarify our thinking about these difficult issues and resulted in a much improved manuscript. This work was partially supported by NIH grant ROI AI54165-06, as well as Le Fonds quebecois de la recherche sur la nature et les technologies (FQRNT).
Supplementary Materials
Web Appendices and Tables referenced in Sections 3–6 are available under the Paper Information link at the Biometrics website http://www.biometrics.tibs.org.
Julian Wolfson, Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, F-600 Health Sciences Building, Box 357232, Seattle, WA 98195-7232, Email: ude.notgnihsaw.u@wnailuj..
Peter Gilbert, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M2-C801, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, Email: gro.prahcs@trebligp.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


text:
Blog Entry# 2031807
Posted: Oct 21 2016 (19:35)
33 Responses
Last Response: Oct 23 2016 (10:59)
Oct 21 2016 (19:35) 15909/Avadh Assam Express (PT) | MFP/Muzaffarpur Junction (6 PFs)
Indian Railways the life line of our Nation~ 17464 blog posts 137 correct pred (83% accurate)
A End of an EMD Era.First Day First Show
India's Longest daily runner Avadh Assam Express first time with offlink Eloco Old LDH WAG7 captured by me at Muzaffarpur.Today in evening i was wandering for railfanning,suddenly i hear a WAG series loco horn and i see a ldh wag7.The pics are not clear bcoz train is running at speed and i have very less amount of time to capture it.I captured all in hurry.But pic2 is enough for confirmation that train is hauled by eloco.Now its new loco link will be DBRG-BJU EMD BJU-NDLS WAP4 NDLS-LGH Alco.
12 posts - Fri Oct 21, 2016
16 posts - Sat Oct 22, 2016
Oct 22 2016 (22:11)
debarathi mandal 5090 blog posts 11674 correct pred (89% accurate)
wait 7 days,,,,then loco link will update....
after that the question of offlink.....tabtak offlink word ko bhul jao
Oct 22 2016 (22:39)
Foamer~ 1934 blog posts
So now the longest running train with an EMD is 16210 from MYS to AII = 2283 Kms ?
Alco, I think is for 16734 ---- Okha-RMM = 3190 Kms.
Oct 22 2016 (22:43)
Indian Railways the life line of our Nation~ 17464 blog posts 137 correct pred (83% accurate)
Probably Right
Oct 23 2016 (10:39)
Mazi IRI 752 blog posts
Isse kehte he SPIRIT....
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A timeless silhouette with a ladylike feel. Crafted from a crisp cotton blend, this flattering sleeveless style has a fitted waist, pleated skirt, concealed front placket and hidden pockets.
Size & Fit Information: Fits true to size with a fitted waist. If between sizes, we suggest sizing up.
– Model is 5'8", Chest (circumference) 35", Waist 27", Hips 37 ½" and is wearing a size 4
– Available Colors: Lavender, Mediterranean Blue
– Lavender: 70% Cotton, 30% Polyester, Mediterranean Blue: 97% Cotton, 3% Elastane
– Made in the USA
– Dry Clean


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2.47 KB, patch
|Details | Diff | Splinter Review
16 years ago
Consider the following test program : #include "nss.h" int main(int argc, char** argv) { SECStatus rv = NSS_Initialize("1", "2", "3", "secmod.db", NSS_INIT_READONLY); if (SECSuccess != rv) { rv = NSS_NoDB_Init("."); } NSS_Shutdown(); } In this case, the program attempts to initialize NSS with NSS_Initialize(). If it doesn't find its cert/key/secmod databases, it will revert to using NSS_NoDB_Init(). The problem occurs during shutdown. There is an assertion in NSC_Finalize in softoken. Debugging shows that there are 4 slots in the slot list instead of 2 as there should be. Further investigation shows that - NSC_Initialize got called twice during NSS_Initialize. SECMOD_LoadPKCS11Module does 2 attempts to load a module, one with thread safety and one without. 213 if (PK11_GETTAB(mod)->C_Initialize(&secmodLockFunctions) != CKR_OK) { 214 mod->isThreadSafe = PR_FALSE; 215 if (PK11_GETTAB(mod)->C_Initialize(NULL) != CKR_OK) goto fail; 216 } Both times, the crypto slot was added to the slot list, and the internal db slot failed to be added - NSC_Initialize got called a third time from NSS_NoDB_Init . At that point, both slots were added properly (the db slot is an empty slot), filling slots 3 and 4. The fix is to destroy the entire softoken slot list if any slot fails to be added within NSC_Initialize.
Comment 1•
16 years ago
Reassigning to self
Comment 2•
16 years ago
Created attachment 79736 [details] [diff] [review] Fix to clean up slot list on NSC_Initialize failure
Comment 3•
16 years ago
Bob, I looked at the other possible error cases related to that list. I didn't see anything else that could cause the shutdown code to go bad. I did find a potential memory leak in an error case though, due to a realloc(). This is a diff of my fix for it. I'd like to check it in at the same time as the patch I attached, which hasn't changed. *** 2076,2085 **** } } if (nscSlotCount >= nscSlotListSize) { nscSlotListSize += NSC_SLOT_LIST_BLOCK_SIZE; ! nscSlotList = (CK_SLOT_ID *) PORT_Realloc(nscSlotList, nscSlotListSize*sizeof(CK_SLOT_ID)); if (nscSlotList == NULL) { return NULL; } } --- 2076,2089 ---- } } if (nscSlotCount >= nscSlotListSize) { + CK_SLOT_ID* oldNscSlotList = nscSlotList; + CK_ULONG oldNscSlotListSize = nscSlotListSize; nscSlotListSize += NSC_SLOT_LIST_BLOCK_SIZE; ! nscSlotList = (CK_SLOT_ID *) PORT_Realloc(oldNscSlotList, nscSlotListSize*sizeof(CK_SLOT_ID)); if (nscSlotList == NULL) { + nscSlotList = oldNscSlotList; + nscSlotListSize = oldNscSlotListSize; return NULL; } }
Comment 4•
16 years ago
I checked in the fix to both NSS_3_4_BRANCH and the tip.


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Crochet Ring Bearer Pillow by Carol Ballard
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 2 projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
Crochet Ring Bearer Pillow
This pattern is available for $3.50 USD
buy it now or visit pattern website
buy it now or visit pattern website
Simply elegant, vintage style crochet ring bearer pillow. Floral and pineapple design.
Skill Level: Intermediate
Supplies: 9 inch white satin pillow; about 150 yds. size 10 white cotton crochet; size 1 steel crochet hook; needle and white thread; 2 small gold rings; about 24 inches white satin ribbon.
Stitches: sl st, ch, sc, hdc, dc, shell (3 dc, ch 2, 3 dc), cluster (holding last loop back on hook; 3 dc, pull last loop through all loops on hook)
For more information, see: http://www.etsy.com/shop.php?user_id=5168613


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Get all 6 M. Bulteau releases available on Bandcamp and save 15%.
Includes unlimited streaming via the free Bandcamp app, plus high-quality downloads of War of the Roots, Undertones, Fanaphernalia II, Fanaphernalia I, Avra, and Pentagronics I. , and , .
M. Bulteau Sintra, Portugal
Makes music. Writes. Writes music. Makes.
Streaming and Download help


text:
Dorkfest 2008 is coming July 13th! Mark you calendars and prepare for the best (and possibly last) Dorkfest in the history of Dorkfesterness
Dorkfest 2008 Announcement coming...
06/08/2008 20:31
where exactly is the dorkfest this year??
02/25/2011 19:45
when you feel you have no control over certain love, certain fate , certain reality you should learn to let it go!
Leave a Reply


text:
About the show
Playing tracks by
mastah william, wiley, sohn, syd, AJ Tracey and more.
Chart positions
This upload was 1st in the Beats chart , 1st in the Rap chart and 2nd in the House chart .
Back in the radio building for another show this sunday evening, got some nice little bits for you from different horizons, from norwegian soul to middle eastern music and from london to groningen...
If you're in Rotterdam this friday, I'll be playing Bird, on saturday at Koko in London and sunday at Tolhuistuin in Amsterdam for #LeftoPresents w/ Yussef Kamaal & Duke Hugh. You're welcome, London is sold out tho, Worldwide Awards.
Rockin the Colombian soccer jersey - Nice!
bullshit not my style at all sorry
Ho yeah!
Loving the middle eastern vibes!
what's the name of this track?
New Skepta?!
new wiley
Cool and smoothy
encore du bon pour cette semaine
Kiffs perso
gros gros coup <3 pr "VLIEG" Tiewai //d- -b //d- -b//d- -b//d- -b//d- -b//
la bonne découverte "sistermann hjem" Younes Khalif //d- -b//d- -b//d- -b//d- -b//
"INvocation" ft Kokane Ab soul //d- -b//d- -b//d- -b//
"Step wrong" (escapism refuge) Ash walker //d- -b//d- -b//
"catch a vibe" Jimetta rose //d- -b//d- -b//
"montano-crawl" Gabriel garzon //d- -b//d- -b//d- -b//
"pasta" Aj Tracey d- -b
"turning me up" Bj the chicago kid ça sent D'angelo ds la vibe çà : - )
merci pour la session Mr lefto bonne semaine à tous!!!!!
Say it loud!
Beautiful session!
Really great show. Thanx!
younes khalif - sistermann hjem
ash walker - step wrong (escapism refuge remix)
syd - all about me
migos - bad and boujee ft. lil uzi vert
alicia keys & kaytranada - sweet f'ing love
sohn - proof
AJ Tracey - pasta
mastah william - 206
wiley - my direction
hareton salvanini - papa mama
kourosh - yaghmaei - shirin joon
mustafa kandirali - ada ciftetellisi
jimetta rose - catch a vibe
gabriel garzon-montano - crawl
bj the chicago kid - turning me up
james brown - down and out in NYC
oh no & tri state - spaceship
tiewai - vlieg
ab soul - INvocation ft. kokane
run the jewels - down (ft. joi)
strange u - shots
childish gambino - redbone
inkke - high rise prison
taso - in the green room ft. dj taye
torben unit - tegel kombi
abdou el omari - fatine
lesette wilson - caveman boogie
duke hugh - movin' on
K15 - the guilt within
shamos - training day
anthony cedric vuagniaux - la cougar
idris ackamoor & the pyramids - tinoge ya ta'a ba pt. 1 & 2
dan kye - like you wanna
thank you
Weekly essential!


text:
Our Ship
|FAST – We get you to the whales quickly
ROOMY – The Atlantic Queen II is 80′ long
COAST GUARD CERTIFIED – For up to 100 miles off shore
EXPERIENCED NATURALIST on board
LARGE, ENCLOSED CABIN FULL GALLEY – Sandwiches, drinks, snacks
GUARANTEED SIGHTINGS! – You will see whales or get a free ticket to come again
ABOUT THE CAPTAIN: Brad Cook, vessel owner, has over thirty five years experience operating passenger vessels in the Gulf of Maine. As a former secondary school educator in the marine and physical sciences, he looks forward to sharing the ocean environment and its inhabitants with newcomers and old salts alike
In 1981, Atlantic Fleet originated whale watching from Rye Harbor. In those early days, Capt. Brad, together with his former business partner Capt. Ric, relied heavily on their offshore fishing experiences to help them locate the larger concentrations of whales on Jeffrey's Ledge and Stellwagen Bank. The rest, as they say, is history.
The M/V Atlantic Queen II was custom built for Capt Brad by Gulf Craft, Inc. of Patterson, LA. She is New Hampshire's only all-aluminum supercruiser in passenger service. Her design includes many features and amenities suggested by years of passenger carrying experience. The 80 foot hull and double chine construction combine for a stable platform, thereby reducing the incidence of motion sickness. She is capable of 20+ knots to get you to the whales quickly. Her upper and lower walk-around decks provide over 300 feet of rail space to ensure all passengers an excellent view of the whales. The comfortable enclosed cabin provides large windows for viewing as well as spacious accommodations in the event of a sudden rain shower. Dinette seating allows families to sit together for a snack in the galley. The restrooms are meticulously clean. (The Capt. cleans them himself between trips!) The M/V Atlantic Queen II is equipped with dual state of the art communication, navigational and computer electronics. In addition, the vessel is inspected twice annually by the US Coast Guard and is licensed for 150 passengers up to 100 miles offshore. However, for our passengers' comfort, we limit our whale watches to 100 persons. Welcome Aboard!!
We have bid farewell to our noisy, stinky old diesels and replaced them with EPA approved, Tier II, electronically controlled Caterpillar Marine engines and electrical generators. While our old engines gave us years of dependable service, these new state of the art units will drastically reduce emissions of substances which have been shown to be health risks as well as pollutants. In addition, we have added sound suppression which reduces engine noise to a minimum. The result is a much improved whale watch experience for our customers.


text:
TaToggles WidgetFree
This is an Android Honeycomb Tablets full size (8x1) WIDGET, it is not an application. You have to add it to your home screen via the plus sign "+" in the upper right corner. This widget allows you to do the following things with just one click on the corresponding button: - Enable / Disable the WiFi adapter. - Enable / Disable the Bluetooth adapter. - Enable / Disable the Airplane (flight) mode. - Go to the Location Settings in order to Enable / Disable the GPS receiver. - Change your screen brightness between five levels (0-4) and Auto mode. - Change the volume off various system streams including the media stream. - Access the system settings easily. - Monitor your battery status and view detailed information about it. There are not ads in this application and it is completely free. It has been tested on an Iconia A500 Tablet. It works both in Landscape and Portrait mode. This is our first application for android and we are building a blog to support it, soon there will be an u
Downloads: 281+ (for Android)Report app for spam or abuse!
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text:
Am I asexual? Am I broken? Or do I have chronic low self esteem?
I'm finding myself asking this question a lot. I'm a scientist. I love the scientific method. I don't believe anything based only on anecdote or personal feeling – show me an academic paper or five and I'll re-evaluate. But this question is one that I cannot seem to clarify because annoyingly, there is evidence for all.
Maybe family is the place to start. I'll get this off my chest first – as much as I loved my mum (I would give up anything to have her back, and if I could be one tenth of the person she was, I'll consider myself to have lived a great life), she sometimes was not the best for my self esteem. I'm sure she had my best interests at heart, but there are things that were said that became a little… ingrained.
I used to be a competitive swimmer. I swam 8 times a week – every weekday and Sunday, plus Tuesday and Thursday mornings before school. This was a lot of swimming and a lot of burned energy. But I did this alongside brass band, wind band, drama club, keyboard lessons, girl guides and being a brownie helper. That was a lot of hours, and I was never great at swimming, so – with the raised demands of school – I had a choice – drop the swimming, or drop many of the others. So I dropped swimming, but I didn't change my diet and I put on weight.
Mum told me – more than a few times – that it was not puppy fat I was carrying around and that it would not go away. I was 10. It took a few years to shift some of it, but at one point, when I was in secondary school, I used to walk to school, then home for lunch (a 20 minute walk each way if I was yomping it), and have 5 ice cubes and a swig of alo vera juice for lunch before walking back to school and then walking home again. Looking back, I don't think this was indicative of fabulous self-esteem. And looking back more closely, this would be an attempt to control my diet and weight as a way of managing my confidence.
At the same time, I tried dating for the first time, and nothing ever lasted past a couple of weeks. I was regularly told that I was "cold" or "closed off" or "absent" and I can't really argue with that because I was. But over the last few years, I've asked myself why this was the case, because each time I tried to force myself into something it just felt… unnatural. Or wrong. Or like I was trying to be somebody that I wasn't. My friends were starting to get boyfriends and I just didn't want to engage with that – or I pretended to, to help fit-in with my peers, but it felt just so unnatural and thus nothing ever lasted.
At the time, I pegged it down to low self esteem, but what if it wasn't? What if I'm just not wired that way? What if it is just a part of who I am, and nothing related to my opinion of myself? What if I am one of the estimated 1% of the population who identifies as asexual and I've been trying to force myself to be somebody that I'm not for the past many years in order to meet some societal demands for cohabitation?
But on the other hand, what if in the back of my mind, I just don't think I'm good enough or attractive enough or thin enough for these people to like me, so I've kept them at arms length? I know I had (and still have) crappy self esteem – the ice cube and alo vera for lunch was a testament to that – so maybe the alienness of it all was due in part more to that than to being differently wired?
I know that in everything I do, I doubt myself. I close myself off, I apologise for things that I should never have to apologise for, I become small, I don't speak my mind, I withdraw and I have such negative views about myself – my intelligence, my personality, my qualities – that I become a really shitty version of myself. I've had this conversation with my closest friends not that long ago, and they tried really hard to help me see differently, but it just doesn't work.
I really, really dislike myself. And I often inadvertently make myself miserable in order to make other people around me feel better. Sometimes my dislike of a situation or of an event will show through my facade for a period of time, but then I'll see what my reaction to that event/my feelings towards something does to other people and I'll feel awful about making them feel bad, and I'll then hide how I truly feel to make them feel better – all the wile, making myself feel dead and cold and deceitful on the inside.
I just can't help but feel like there is this really horrible, dark thing inside of me that I try so, so hard to not let other people see. So I push it down and try to muffle it, and most of the time it works. But when I'm feeling ego-depleted (a state wherein you are so mentally exhausted that you have no more reserves left to retain behavioural control), this monster can make itself known. And when it does, I'll later notice it and will beat myself up for letting it treat people a certain way. This just reinforces what an awful person I am and I feel so guilty and ashamed of myself. I just constantly feel ugly on the inside, and as much as my friends have tried to say otherwise, I cannot get away from thinking like this. So maybe I felt wrong and uncomfortable when trying to engage in anything romantic or start a relationship with someone because I'm utterly terrified of letting them see this ugliness inside of me? Maybe I'm not asexual, maybe I'm just broken?
If I am broken, what caused it? Well, this is another interesting question and one which I'm about to get super personal and OTT with, so you're warned – if you're easily triggered or don't want to read this, look away now. As a side note, I've written and re-written the next few paragraphs here for about 2 years but never posted it. But then, maybe the reason I haven't posted it is because it's a bit of a taboo subject or something that people should keep hidden, and really, all that does is hurt and shame the victim even more. So here goes.
I have a past history of sexual assault, by two different people (who are, oddly enough, closely connected). The first happened when I was 7 with an 18 year-old in my bedroom at a family BBQ. I can remember every aspect of it utterly vividly as if I'm back there. I can tell you the exact events leading up to it – how this person started getting very handsy with me when other people were around but their attention diverted. How we moved to a different room in the house and it got worse. How I went to my bedroom to escape from him and he followed me in. How I tried telling the adults I was with at the time and he said it was nothing and he was "just leaning against the chair". How I got so, so cold later that night sat outside, but I wouldn't leave my mum's side. But how nobody really believed me. It was after this that I became much more introverted and I did stop putting myself out there as much as I used to.
The second time was at a wedding when I was 20 after my immediate family had gone home. I had gotten quite drunk at this wedding (because, ironically, the person from the previous event was also at the wedding and I was terrified to be around him). But I got chatting at the reception to another person. He was really nice and I was being taken to a car in the car-park by him when the celebrations were coming to an end when he dragged into some bushes. I still have some small scars on the top of one arm from where the spikes in the bushes caught me.
It's strange what I remember from that event – how afterwards, the worst thing to me was that I loved the dress I'd gone in, but I had to throw it out. I refused to go to the police and report it, because nobody would take me seriously. I had been drinking and it was my word against theirs. I've studied law – I know how many reported cases make it to court, and from those, how many result in a conviction. I'm not stupid – mine would have caused a lot of issues for absolutely zero gain. I did make sure to get tested for everything afterwards, and there was no lasting physical damage, but I can't help but think that this – and the previous incident – broke something inside of me?
What is really sad – and quite pathetic – is that all this has done is to teach me is that I am worthless and not good enough. I'm not worthy of anybody's time, or effort, their protection or care, their affection or support. I'm broken on the inside, and I have to give something back. If I don't – at all times – then I'm being a terrible and thoughtless person. You should see the amount of times I've been told by my closest friends to stop apologising to them for seeking advice or having an opinion – it's such a common occurrence because I've been conditioned to believe that I'm a pest or a bother. So then maybe my aversion to anything of the romantic nature is also due to this.
Which brings us onto the issue I'm trying to get my head around – is my aversion to anything remotely ~romantic~ due to me being genuinely uninterested in anything of the nature (asexuality is a real and genuine sexual orientation – and is something I've become more and more interested in as time has gone by), have I been broken by events in my life, or is it due to me having such a low opinion of myself that I feel so bloody uncomfortable when anyone expresses any remote interest that I think they're unhinged and I bolt?
It is no surprise that I have shitty self-esteem – it's not like anorexia is prevalent in people with a high opinion of themselves – but is it as central to my living situation as it could be? What came first, the orientation or the aphid-like ego? Maybe I am asexual or demisexual (someone who only experiences sexual attraction after building a close, emotional bond with another person) and it is just who I am. Or maybe I only think that I am when in actual fact my trust was broken a long time, so I don't feel relaxed in romantic situations and feel repulsed by them? Or maybe I just have such low self-esteem that I can't bare to let myself be vulnerable with another person?
Maybe I'll never get to the bottom of it, but it is not for a lack of introspection. For now, I'll keep pondering on it but will gladly take any advice people have to offer. I guess it is getting to me a fair amount now because I'm 30 years old, my longest relationship has been about 3 months and I often go years without so much as a date. It feels like just now, my life is getting away from me and I'm too busy being scared or confused. But there we go. Like I said, maybe I will never get to the bottom of this – but I am sure as heck going to try.


text: Flag of Mińsk County, Poland General Adopted: March 26, 2002 Proportions: 5:8 List of flags Simplified list of national flags none Retrieved from "http://flages.wikia.com/wiki/Flag_of_Mi%C5%84sk_County,_Poland?oldid=15082" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Flags 2 color flags Red and Blue flags Flages European flags Under cunstruction Stubs Add category Cancel Save


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590 Pins16 Followers
Lighthouse,Sunderland,England. I want to go see this place one day. Please check out my website thanks. www.photopix.co.nz
New Brighton Lighthouse, England
St Catherine's Lighthouse - Isle Of Wight, England
Roker lighthouse - Sunderland UK
An early evening shot of Big Ben (the Elizabeth Tower, ahem), framed by a nearby archway just off of Westminster Bridge, London, UK
Ein Leuchtturm aus Eisen in Wales
St. Andrews church in the cotswold village of Naunton, Gloucestershire, England. Beautiful.
Flamborough in Yorkshire, England
White Cliffs of Dover
The famous laburnum arch at Bodnant Garden in Conwy, Wales


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About the Company: Siemens is a German multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich. It is the largest engineering company in Europe. The principal divisions of the company are Industry, Energy, Healthcare, and Infrastructure & Cities, which represent the main activities of the company. The company is a prominent maker of medical diagnostics equipment and its medical health-care division, which generates about 12 percent of the company's total sales, is its second-most profitable unit, after the industrial automation division.The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index
Job Type: IT/Software Industry
Job Profile: Intern (C,C++ and QA)
CTC: Best in Industry
Job Location: Pune
Last Date To Apply: 2 December 2016-12 P.M
Degree Needed: B.E/B.Tech
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- Education Background: B.E/B.Tech
- Branch: Mechanical/Civil/Aerospace & equivalent
- Academics: Overall 60% & above
- Pass out Year – 2016
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- Good Communication & Behavioral Skills
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Candidates can apply to this position by following link latest by 2 December 2016- 12 P.M Shortlisted candidates can be called for interview
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Register here- For OffCampus of Top Companies
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This property is no longer available.Search for Available Property.
6.33 acres in Saint Charles County, Missouri
6.33 Acres in the heart of Lake St. Louis! Excellent location for hospital/medical. Excellent visibility, high traffic counts! Close to the Page Extension. Additional acreage available. Zoned agricultural.
Hwy 64 to Lake St. Louis Blvd. South 1 mile to Hawk Ridge Trail. See signs.
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NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.


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Animal Biochemistry Division
Animal Biochemistry Division
Raies Haq M.,Animal Biochemistry Division |
Kapila R.,Animal Biochemistry Division |
Shandilya U.K.,Animal Biochemistry Division |
Dang A.K.,National Dairy Research Institute |
Kapila S.,Animal Biochemistry Division
Milchwissenschaft | Year: 2012
Beta-casein A1 variant of milk protein has been found to be a source of β-casomorphins and is correlated with the etiology of various human disorders like diabetes, ischemic heart disease and sudden infant death syndrome. Therefore, from the applied perception, it is a prerequisite to screen animals for A1 and A2 like genetic variants of β-casein. DNA fragments containing A1/A2 polymorphic region were amplified and genotyped using the PCR-ACRS (Amplification Created Restriction Site). Indian crossbred, Karan Fries, showed an allelic frequency of A1- 0.208 and A2- 0.792 with genotypic frequency of A1 A1-0.125, A1A2- 0.166 and A2A2- 0.709. The allelic frequency of A1 and A2 in Karan Swiss was found to be 0.107 and 0.893, respectively, with genotypic frequency of A1A1- 0.0, A1A2- 0.214 and A2A2- 0.786. These two cattle population were developed under a crossbreeding program with exotic breeds (Holstein Friesian and Brown Swiss) which may serve as carriers of the A1 allele because the indigenous cattle breeds (Sahiwal and Tharparkar) have no A1 variant.
Dang A.K.,Animal Biochemistry Division |
Arora S.,National Dairy Research Institute
Milchwissenschaft | Year: 2011
Milk proteins are known to be the source of a range of bioactive peptides which can be released by enzymatic proteolysis by selective proteases. Caseinophosphopeptides (CPP) are the novel bioactive peptides well known for their mineral binding ability; they also have immunomodulatory properties. In the present study, CPPs isolated from cow and buffalo milk were evaluated for their immunomodulatory potential by carrying out in vivo trials in mice. It has been found that phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation index were increased on feeding cow and buffalo CPP, whereas the mitogenic response of cow CPP was higher as compared to buffalo CPP. Concerning antibody response in the study, there was no effect on ovalbumin (OVA)- and diphtheria-specific lgG levels in sera, whereas there was significant increase in OVA specific and diphtheria specific IgA in intestinal fluid of the mice fed with CPP. Thus this study clearly depicted that both cow and buffalo CPP exhibit immunomodulatory potential by enhancing mucosal immunity.
PubMed | Animal Biochemistry Division.
Type: Comparative Study | Journal: Microbiology and immunology | Year: 2013
The present investigation aimed at identifying the abilities of three different species of probiotic lactobacilli to modulate cellular immune responses in mouse neutrophils and macrophages in vivo over a study period of 60 days. Neutrophil respiratory burst enzymes (cytochrome c reductase and MPO) showed remarkable increased activity (P0.01) after consumption of milks fermented by different species of probiotics over 30 and 60 days of feeding trials. Enzyme activities (-galactosidase and -glucuronidase) and nitric oxide production also increased considerably (P0.01) in macrophages, both in peritoneal fluid and in enriched cell cultures. The effects of enhanced enzyme activities were corroborated by simultaneous increases in the phagocytic activities of neutrophils and macrophages. The increases in cellular functions were invariably maximal during the first 30 days of study and were maintained, but did not increase, over the next 30 days. Further, Lactobacillus helveticus-fed groups were most effective at modulating neutrophil functions whereas Lactobacillus paracasei-fed groups were more potent at enhancing macrophage functions. Together, our results indicate that probiotics have strain specific effects on stimulating cellular functions while not causing excessive stimulation of the immune system over longer feeding periods, thereby resulting in maximum and stable health benefits.


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Call for homelessness plan to target Cairns
The Queensland Council of Social Service says there is an onus on the State Government to address homelessness in Cairns as part of a new three-year plan.
Its CEO, Mark Henley, says it is the first time agencies have collaborated on the issue, which is more prevalent in Cairns than any other Queensland city.
He says it will look at issues like the accommodation shortage and how expertise from mental health and other organisations can be used to prevent homelessness.
"Half of all of the actions, there's 34 actions that have been developed and 17 of them are to be led by government, so they have a key role in this as a key stakeholder," he said.
Topics: homelessness, programs-and-initiatives, cairns-4870


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Portable Cattle Chutes & Equipment
A range of portable cattle handling equipment with the versatility to create a system suited to your operation. Each piece is designed to work together seamlessly to create a complete cattle handling system.Find your closest dealer
Portable Adjustable Alley
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* When purchased with a head holder or head sweep and sternum bar. Com-Catch 61 Series excluded. See your local Authorized Arrowquip dealer for full details.


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An interesting design pops into your mind. Start the Mac and rev up this beast design software. A little bit of this and a little of that, and there you go. There it is. Its cooler so far creation, you think. That seems incredible in my shirt, you think. The design is so large, even embarrassed the printer, what you think. You stroll down to the nearest printer, and with absolute horror, the hours you have to design just gone waste. Well, it has happened to the best of us, right?
When it comes to graphic design and graphic design for t-shirts, which is a completely different ball game. The many details and complexities of trade can drive someone crazy. But there is nothing to worry about. These 6 steps in printing shirt will help you make a good start: 1.
PMS colors are a better choice: It is quite common for designers to use an RGB or CMYK scheme. But if you want a better finish and smooth color separations using PMS color is your best bet. Sometimes the printer can give pieces of fabric and print samples so they can match the colors and texture according to your needs.
2. Outlines and text: Some computer art works mismatch and sources and often replace some sources Some optional software sources as they often mismatch fonts and artwork. This is one of the most common problems of trade. In order to avoid this, make the work broadly. This ensures that the computer is the work of art as an image.
3. Designs
Real size: It often happens that the design you have in mind, and that the printer assumes are completely different. Therefore, it is advisable that the design is made to the original size of the shirt T. In such a situation, your own shirt and long scale will come in handy. The scale will help to give the printer an estimate of the work created.
4. The use vector: Side stepping the mine Vector debate between the plot, it is safe to say that a vector mode printing will give you a clearer separation of color and small print.
Expansion 5. Race: Once the colors are set in samples of PMS, print samples work perfectly. This is a source of error that is often overlooked in the design of the shirt.
Halftone and color PMS: The use of high-resolution images and full color shades can be a costly affair. Budget constraints often require the use of halftones. This can be achieved by sliding color scale down to the percentage of PMS color.
T shirt printing is both an art and a science. It's almost impossible to get a good design without working knowledge of both fields. This simple tutorial will go a long way in making a professional print shirt and you will see yourself printing and get those cool and wonderful designs in no time. To add to the business reputation add services such as custom printing, delivery and cash on delivery services.
I get questions every day about how to start a business shirt and thought it might address any of these questions start here. Rises along. . .


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Outfit Of The Day: Yellow and Teal Theme9:29 PMDollie DeVille
7 comments
I love your embroidered blouse. I have one in a similar cut, but with less embroidery. I may try my hand at embroidering some more details on mineReplyDeleteReplies
Thank you! I got that one and it was deadstock. That is why it still looks so crisp. I think it was made in China.Delete
oh I just love all the outfits...and wish that I had a housedress...you inspire me each and every day. :) Am LOVING the hutch behind you in many of the pictures...I saw one at the flea and it was sold :( but I am still looking for one for myself. If you ever come to Oklahoma you will have to shop at the true vintage shops here. Have a great day!ReplyDeleteReplies
Thank you! I love that hutch as well, I have two in my eat in kitchen. I painted them myself to match the kitchen. :)Delete
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24/7 Locksmith Services Can Make a Big Difference
High security locking frameworks are intended to forestall burglary or undesirable interruptions. This is the reason crisis locksmiths are required for the occupation. They can alter any sort of lock or key component that is common in these frameworks. With precise learning and stunning aptitudes, these locksmiths are known for managing any sort of lock related crisis regardless of what its size or many-sided quality. Security frameworks additionally utilize propelled advances with regards to bolts and keys. Crisis locksmiths can show the right method for utilizing and getting to the lock instrument in the security framework. Access to 24 hours locksmith administrations is an essential part of looking after homes, workplaces and even vehicles. All things considered, even your prized BMW has an auto locking framework. Prepared and ensured locksmiths know how to handle any sort of test paying little heed to the profundity of its intricacy.
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The farmworker movement of the 1960s led by the United Farm Workers and Cesar Chavez, inspired a traveling group of singers known as "el teatro campesino" that would travel to different fields in the Central Valley to sing to … Continue reading
The Women International Day
My name is Wasan Abu Baker. I am a Muslim woman and community leader, advocate for the Syrian refugees, FIRM staff member, Sunday school teacher and currently a fellow of AFSC Pan Valley's Tamejavi Cultural Organizer Fellowship Program (TCOFP). This … Continue reading
Cross Cultural Competency Session at UCSF
In May Wasan and Asim Abu-Baker were invited to speak at the UCSF Fresno Family Medicine program Cross Cultural Competency lecture series hosted by Dr. Liana Milanes and her family medicine colleagues. The aim of the UCSF Cross Cultural Competency … Continue reading
The Month of Ramadan
In just a few days, the month of Ramadan will arrive once again and millions of Muslims all across the world will come together as a community to partake in a month of fasting, self improvement, and spiritual reflection. Ramadan … Continue reading
Militarism and Migration Conference
From Friday, April 21st I took a long drive to City Heights neighborhood in San Diego to attend the Militarism and Migration Conference. The conference was an engagement of the community by academics at University of California, San Diego and greatly sponsored … Continue reading
Deema Kashak ; My Journey to America
Deema Kashak is a young Syrian woman living in Fresno . What follows is recount of her journey to America. By Deema Kashak I was born in 3/5/2002 in the city of Homs in Syria. My family and I lived … Continue reading
TCOFP Hosts Bryan Thao Worra in Reading and Discussion on Southeast Asian American Writing
The Tamejavi Cultural Organizing Fellowship Program will be hosting pioneer Laotian American writer, Bryan Thao Worra, this Friday, April 28th for a reading and discussion on Southeast Asian American writing. The purpose is to bring Southeast Asian American communities in … Continue reading
MAI Call for Submissions (volume 2)
Thanks to all who picked up or downloaded a copy of MAI volume 1 commemorating Women's Month. MAI – a zine on Southeast Asian America volume 2 will be accepting submissions throughout the month of April and May, 2017. THEMES: … Continue reading
TCOFP Fellow launches 'MAI' Zine
Tamejavi Cultural and Organizing Fellowship Program fellow, See Xiong, has been busy distributing the first volume of stories for the zine 'MAI.' Mai or Maiv is a name commonly used among Southeast Asians. Since it's launch in March, over 250 … Continue reading
វត្តពុទ្ធសាសនរង្សី Fresno Cambodian Buddhist Society, Inc. A California Non-Profit Organization ID#77-0144354 All Contributions are tax deductible 2355 N Valentine Ave Fresno California 93722 The Cambodian Community is honored to invite you to join us in our annual celebration of … Continue reading


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Both India and Australia are claiming, with a legitimate reason to back their beliefs, to have the momentum going into Dharamsala's series decider. Australia managed to keep India at bay in Ranchi after India came back strongly after losing the toss on a flat pitch.
In my opinion, India walk into this Test with a slight advantage by the virtue of really stretching Australia's resources and resolve in Ranchi. But still it won't be unfair to say that pressure is on the hosts to make all the moves and produce a result in their favour, for a series scoreline of 1-1 will help Australia retain the trophy.
In the light of Australia's meek surrender in Asia over the last few years, not losing a series against World's number one ranked team will be an outstanding feat.
Kuldeep Yadav Should be Given a Test Cap
After the loss in Pune, the Indian team shelved its successful five-bowler strategy for an extra batsman. Since India won the second game and the batting didn't fire as expected, they didn't consider revisiting the old tactic in Ranchi. And that seemed to have backfired, for it became quite apparent that Indian bowlers ran out of fuel towards the end of the third Test.
Ashwin and Jadeja have bowled over 700 overs each in this long home Test season and therefore might need some support to see through the final leg. While Jadeja is visibly fitter and therefore hasn't looked really tired, Ashwin's lack of penetration in the previous Test might have been due to a huge amount of workload.
The pitch in Dharamsala has donned a fairly brown look (a sign of being bereft of live grass and moisture) and that might be a temptation to add an extra spinner. While Jayant is ahead in the queue, I would like to see Kuldeep Yadav handed over a Test cap.
Take a Call Between Ishant and Shami
In the last 12-18 months, Ishant has looked at his best – the seam is coming out bolt upright and has also, started bowling a lot fuller. In addition to that, he's bowling at a good pace to go with his consistent lines. Unfortunately, the wickets column hasn't reflected his good work. He's taken only three wickets in this Test series at an average of 154.
Every other seam bowler who has played in this series has taken more wickets (Australia's Pat Cummins has played only one game and still has more wickets than Ishant). While Numbers Do Lie often, India might have to bite the bullet and drop Ishant for Shami in this game.
Recently, Shami who played two List-A games, was with the team in Ranchi and has traveled to Dharamsala. All this indicates, him coming back to fitness and even though it might be unfair on Ishant, it's more prudent to play Shami for the final Test.
Virat's Fitness and Rahane's Role
There's a serious question mark over Kohli's availability and therefore, the focus shifts on his deputy – Ajinkaya Rahane. Even though his half-century in the second Test laid the foundation of a famous comeback, he's some distance away from his fluent best.
If Kohli doesn't play, Rahane will have to shoulder the responsibility of holding the middle-order together. His role as a captain will also be under scrutiny, for India's bowling plans under him in the Ranchi Test was criticised.
Since India needs to do the running around for a result, the role of a captain increases manifold. He won't just be expected to score as much as Kohli but also, lead the team with the same energy and intent.
Also Read: In Stats: Virat's Perfect Record and Pacers Heaven in Dharamsala