text:
by Axel Arturo Barceló Aspeitia
Many philosophers of mathematics have been puzzled by the fact that mathematicians' notebooks and blackboards are full of diagrams, but they rarely appear on published research materials. Until recently, the traditional explanation was that diagrams were good enough for heuristic purposes, that is, to informally understand, explain, explore and teach phenomena, but not fit for rigorous mathematical work. In more recent years, however, a competing account has emerged, where diagrams have been shown to be as rigorous as formulas and where their exclusion from the finished results of mathematicians is presented as based on a prejudice against non-formal methods in mathematics.
My take on the phenomenon, however, is different. I agree with the traditional account that diagrams are better fit for heuristic work than for the needs of published work; however, I also agree with the more recent re-assessments of diagrams in their assessment that they are as fit for the development of rigorous mathematical proofs and theories as formulas. This is because I take it that presenting proofs and theories is a task of a fundamentally different sort that understanding, explaining or teaching them. Thus the requirements for one are substantially different from the other, and the difference is so large that it does not boil down to one being more rigorous than the other. In particular, presenting proofs and theories is a communicative task and as such requires our representations to be easily understood by many, while exploring theories and finding proofs in them is the kind of work that is done either by ourselves and in close proximity with others, in other words, they are tasks that take place in heavily contextualized situations. Consequently, the representations we use in these situations can fruitfully exploit the information available in such contexts and need not be meaningful outside them. In other words, it does not matter if the diagram on the board is not understandable by anyone outside the discussion it was drawn for. However, diagrams in printed media, require being more explicit, not so much in themselves, but in their written context. In other words, in order to properly interpret a diagram in a written context, the contextual information necessary for their interpretation has to be mostly explicitly given in the text. This makes other synthetic means of putting that same information across, like formulas, a more efficacious tool. Thus, the difference is not one of rigorous vs non-rigorous, but between widely and narrow audiences, between poor and rich contexts.
When writing about diagrammatic reasoning, it is not rare to make a difference between what I elsewhere (2016) called the epistemic and ergonomic aspects of visual representations, which roughly corresponds also to the distinction Larkin and Simon (1987) make between their information content and its computational character, i.e., how is such information extracted from them, and in particular, how quickly and easy it is (the same distinction appears in Zhang 1997, Kulvcvki 2013, and Bechtel 2017). Thus, the reasons why diagrams are better suit for the mathematical notebook and blackboard that for the pages of the research journal are not epistemic, but ergonomic: in the context and for the goals of exploration and analysis, diagrams are easier to use than formulas; in the context son and for the goals of a published research paper, it is easier to use formulas. Diagrams could also be used, but they would be too cumbersome.
by Axel Arturo Barceló Aspeitia
I am currently reading a very interesting paper on the history of the semicolon [Cecilia Watson's 2012 paper "Points of Contention; Rethinking the Past, Present, and Future of Punctuation", Critical Inquiry, 38, pp. 649-672] and it says something very interesting fact about the historical development of English Grammar: that as the written English language developed its autonomy from speech, the way grammarians conceived of its rules – in particular, its rules of punctuation – also changed from:
Thus, for example, the semicolon used to be at first explained as corresponding to a pause (longer than the comma, but shorter than the point) that is, as corresponding to an element of speech. Then, it became something writers used for several different purposes, while now we conceive of the semicolon as a resource of the written language that has a proper rule-governed function and that we can use to better get our message across. As is written in the Chicago Manual of Style:
"Punctuation should be governed by its function, which is to make the author's meaning clear, to promote ease of reading, and in varying degrees to contriobute to the author's style". (1982, pp. v11, 132; apud. Watson 2012, 668)
The particular case of the semicolon is not important in itself, but what it tells us about rules in general is very profound, I think. It tells us a lot about the roles rules play in practices and how these roles change as the practice matures and becomes autonomous (or not). So we can hypothesise that as practices mature, the roles rules play in them change accordingly:
Consider an example I have worked on for a long time: the adoption of algebraic methods in geometry. In the beginning, descriptions of the method by mathematicians emphasized its relation with more intuitive and better known ways of doing geometry, thus a lot of talk of curves, lines, movement, etc. However, as the practice became more common among geometers, it also started to become more and more autonomous, and so geometers felt embolded to adopt new conventions regarding their use. Finally, once algebraic methods achieved their total autonomy from other (arithmetic, diagramatic, constructive and mechanic) ways of doing mathematics, its rules started to be conceived as revealing an underlying logic. Nevertheless, remannants of the original conceptions remained for long, as mathematicians (and logicians) struggled with issues like what is a function? or what do variables mean? etc.
Of course, to be fair with Profr. Watson's assessment, it is important to point out that this is, at most, one of the factors that shape our rule-making practices. Rules have many functions and uses and thus they are shaped by many forces, many of them contingent on historical circumstances and even tastes and fashions (I have written on this topic here and here).
By Axel Arturo Barceló Aspeitia
Yesterday, I was having an advising sessions with one of my graduate students. We were reviewing the concluding pages of her – awesome – dissertation, and I suggested she should improve her final sentences. After all, these would be the last words she and her readers would share after a long trip together and so, I thought, they should leave her reader with the impression that something was indeed accomplished, but that also is worth keep thinking about. In order to illustrate what I meant, I picked up some books from my shelf at the office to look for examples. I was looking for something like this:
My hope is that the beginnings sketched here are compeling enough to inspire those cleverer and more knowledgeable than myself – to correct my errors, to fill what's been passed over in the case against V=L, an to extend naturalistic mehtods to the evaluation of higher and more controversial hypotheses.
Penelope Maddy (1997) 234
You can change "V=L" and/or "naturalistic" for any other hypothesis and method and find here a nice blueprint for ending any piece of research. Graham Priest offers us a similar example here:
What will happen to this account in the future, and what consensus, if any, will emerge in the twenty-first century, only time will tell.
Graham Priest (2001) 230
However, while looking for these canonical examples, I also find other interesting ways contemporary philosophers have ended their books. Here is a small selection, feel free to share your favourite examples in the comments section:
Philosophical knowledge … is not the product of successful encounters with the skeptic. It is the product of the continuing dialectic among nominalists, conceptualists, realists, positivists, empiricists, and rationalists.
Jerrold Katz (1998) 211
The laws of thermodynamics doom the universe to heat death. Everything, everywhere, will end in silence.
Roy Sorensen (2008) 290
Reflective understanding and constructive critique should, I believe, replace both sleepy complacency and Luddite rage. The philosophers have ignored the social context of science. The point, however, is to change it.
Phillip Kitcher (1993) 391
What are your favourite ways contemporary philosophers have ended their books? Please share
by Axel Arturo Barceló Aspeitia
A few weeks ago I was invited to give a talk on the annual conference on hate speech at the National Museum of Memory and Tolerance in Mexico City. Here are some of my notes:
by Axel Arturo Barceló Aspeitia
The issue of whether deduction can gives us new knowledge is one of extreme philosophical awkwardness. On the one hand, almost anyone with some knowledge of logic or mathematics would find the question triffling in so far as it is obvious that at least some genuine knowledge must be obtained through competent deduction. However, finding a good example has proved an ellusive endeavour. The holly grial would be to find a simple, straightforward deduction that would certainly deliver new knowledge. But this seems almost impossible, in so far as if the deduction is simple, then the consequence must be obviously contained in the premises and as such, it would be difficult for anyone to have conscious knowledge of the premises without also knowing the conclusion. Nevertheless, in a recent talk, profrs. Héctor Hernández Ortíz and Víctor Cantero just gave what I think is the best example in this regards: a straightforward simple deduction from very intuitive premises – or, at least, premises that anyone with even the most rudimentary knowledge of arithmetic would accept – to a very unintuitive but true conclusion – in this case, a conclusion that only people with some sophisticated knowledge of arithmetic would accept. The arguments is as follows:
Controversial conclusion to prove: 0.999999999… = 1
Uncontroversial premise: 1/3 = 0.3333333333…
We multiply both sides by 3: 3(1/3) = 3(0.3333333333…)
An we immediately get the desired conclusion: 1 = 0.999999999…
According to Hernández and Cantero, this is a case of a non-vicious circular agument. But where exactly is the circularity, and is it actually non-vicious? Or is it question begging instead? Here is my take on where to find the ciruclarity in the argument. The key step is:
3(0.3333333333…) = 0.999999999
Presumably, the reason why we find this step uncontroversial is because it is based on the very elemental arithmetic fact that 3 times 3 is 9. However, it is not part of our basic arithmetical knowledge how to multiply infinite decimal expressions, and since this is a multiplication of an infinite decimal series a finite number of times, the issue in the background is how do we extrapolate from what we know about the multiplication of finite expressions to infinite expressions. One way of solving this would be to reason by some kind of informal induction thus:
3 x 0.3 = 0.9
3 x 0.33 = 0.99
3 x 0.333 = 0.999
3 x 0.3333 = 0.9999
3 x 0.33333333… = 0.9999999999…
Presumably, this, or something relevantly similar, is behind why we find the claim that 3 x 0.33333333… = 0.9999999999… very intuitive. However, one could question the validity of this induction by appealing to something also very basic, i.e., something we learn in elementary arithmetic lessons about how to multiply numbers in decimal system. As you all might recall, we do not start multiplying large numbers from the left to the right, but from the right to the left. However, this is what seems to be happenning in this case: since we cannot start multiplying from the right, because the series in infinite, we start from the left. Nevertheless, there is a reason why we do not start from the left: because numbers might "carry over" from the right and this might mess up our result. In other words, the numbers to the right might add up to more than ten (or a hundred or a thousand, depending on the size of the number) and this would require us to revise our result. For example, 371 times 2 does not start with 6, but with 7 because 71 times 2 is more than a hundred, so the one from the one hundred carries over, so to speak, to the left. In contrast, 312 times 2 starts with 6 because 12 times 2 is less than a hundred and so nothing gets carried over to the left. In a little more formal terms, the general rule when multiplying in decimal notation is that,
For any digit D occupying the nth place (from right to left) of number C expressed in decimal notation, the product of C times N expressed in decimal notation has digit (D times N) [or the rightmost digit of D times N expressed in decimal notation if D times N is larger than te] if and only if the decimal expression to the right of D (that is, the decimal expression composed of the first n-1 digits of C counting from right to left) times N is strictly less than the number corresponding to the numeral in decimal notation of a one followed by n-1 zeroes.
This sounds complex, but the idea is simple. Consider our previous sunple example: if we multiply by 2 a number starting with 3 (from left to right) and followed by, say, other two digits whatsoever (to its right), the result will start with 6 (from left to right) only if 2 times the number to the right of the 3 is less than 100 (that is, a one followed by two zeroes). That is, if we multiply 312 times 2, the result – 624 – starts with 6 – 3 times 2 – because the numer to the right of the 3 –12 – times 2 – 24 – is less than a hundred – a one followed by two zeroes, because there are two numerals to the right of 3 in 312; but if we multiply 371 times 2, the result – 742 – does not start with 6, because 71 times 2 – 142 – is more than a hundred. That is why we do not start multiplying from the left.
The rule is simple and basic. It is one of the first things we learn when we learn how to multiply expressions in decimal notation. However, when we apply it to this infinite case, we do not get the result that Hernández and Cantero wanted.
According to this rule, 0.33333…. times 3 would start with 0.9…. if and only if the number to the right of the leftmost 3, times 3, were strictly less that 0.1. This means that if 3(0.33333….) = 0.99999…., then 3(0.033333…) must be strictly less than 0.1. But if 3(0.33333….) = 0.99999…., then 3(0.033333…) is 0.0999999…. and thus 0.099999… would have to be strictly less than 0.1. Multiplying both sides of the inequality by ten, we get that 0.999999…. is strictly less than 1 which is in direct contradiction with our starting assumption – and Hernández and González desired result – that 0.999999…. = 1.
Thus, we have two different ways of extrapolating from the case of finite multiplication – that is, the multiplication of finite expressions in decimal notation – to infinite multiplication. Each one gives us different and inconsistent results. There is nothing wrong in adopting the first way and not the second, but there is nothing particulary right about it either. We must take other stuff in consideration to make the decision. And this is what should be meant when we say that this argument is circular but not viciously so. It is circular in so far as it is based on a step that is valid only if we reject other, equally suited ways of performing the relevant operation, inconsistent with it. It is not vicious in so far as it does establish a rational inferential link between the premises and the conclusion. Furthermore, it gives us new knowledge in so far as, as Hernández and Cantero correctly point out, the premises and operations involved in the argument are substantially more intuitive and uncontroversial than the final conclusion.
by Axel Arturo Barceló Aspeitia
Edouard Machery is in town, that is, Mexico City and has been a great opportunity, not only to catch up with an old friend but to think deeper about the cognitive aspects of normativity, a complex and severely understudied topic in philosophy. In particular, it made me aware of the common disregard, among many scholars, of the many role norms play in behaviour and cognition. People commonly talk of norms as if they were a single phenomenon, even though the evidence points towards there being important differences between:
In some of my previous work with my colleague Ángeles Eraña, we used to stress the importance between making a sharp distinction between norms of assessment and guiding norms, but the evidence seems to point towards the need for making even finer distinctions. Furthermore, there remains much work to be done about the relations between norms of all these kinds. For example, when we assess hypothetical behaviour, that is, how we (think we would) behave in hypothetical scenarios, do we drop a third person perspective on our own hypothetical behaviour or is it the other way around, i.e., we assess other people's behaviour by putting ourselves in their place, so to speak, through imagination, and then proceed to assess what we would do in such situations?The second issue Machery's visit – both his most recent talk on whether morality evolved and our conversation afterwards – brough to my awareness is the importance of making a distinction between the grounds of a norm and the mechanisms behind its compliance. The first one, of course, is a metaphysical issue, while the second one is of a more social, anthropological, historical and cognitive nature. We know from Benacerraff's famous lesson that both aspects must be closely linked. However, as Machery and others have emphasized, the connection might not be either simple or direct.
Consider the question of whether a particular norm is conventional. Is it a question about what grounds such norm or is it a question about how we go about complying to it? Or maybe we mean different things when we say that a norm is conventional. From the metaphysical perspective, we might mean that the norm is a norm – that is, that it has normative power over us, because we agreed to it, i.e., because there is a convention in our context to abide by it. From the cognitive perspective, in contrast, it might mean that it guides our behaviour by being explicitly represented as part of our knowledge on how to behave in the appropriate circunstances. This means, among other things, that we do not derive the rule from other considerations, for example, of what we value and what are our goals. At the social level, to say that a norm is conventional might only been that it is associated to a convention, but it does not tell us whether the convention is nothing but the externalisation of a rule already implicit in our common practices or the creation of a new norm.
This is something that has also been explored regarding the notion of authority, for example, when we need to explain the role of experts as epistemic authorities (this has been giving a lot of attention recently in the philosophy of science): when do we trust authorities because they have proved to be reliable and when we obey what they way just because they say so. In other words, when do authorities become authoritarian? Once again, the issue is whether authorites are playing a metaphysical role – creating norms, so to speak – and when are they playing a more pragmatic role, i.e., helping us follow some given set of rules which themselves are grounded in something different that their authority.
I certainly need to think more about this.
by Axel Arturo Barceló Aspeitia
This friday, I attended a thought-provoking talk by Katherine Dunlop about how Strawson and others (Ayer and Poincaré, for example) were interested in the relation between the following three questions:
Unless I grossly misunderstood Ms Dunlop, we usually call them all objectivity, but they are clearly different things.
If we are empirists, we are specially interested in the empirical versions of these questions:
However, I think we could do the same thing for non-empirical realms, like mathematics. In mathematics, there is also a confusion between three different ways of cashing out mathematicsl objectivty:
In mathematics, we also usually call them all objectivity, but they are clearly different things.
Furthermore, making this distinction might also help us understand why talk of "philosophy of mathematics" might be a misnomer, since different branches and practices of mathematics might require substantially different philosophical accounts. Consider mathematical reidentification. In arithmetics, it seems natural to think that there are no more than one for each number, i.e., that there are no more than two numbers three or two hundred and twelve. When we add two plus two, we do not think that we are combinign two different twos. However, as Marco Panza has recently stressed, the same cannot be said about Geometry, specially as it is developed diagrammatically (for example, by Euclid): when we draw a line or a triangle in a diagram, there is no way to tell whether such line or triangle is the same or different from any other line or triangle in any other diagram. Identiy is diagram-relative. We can tell figures within a single diagram apart, but not across diagrams. This is why Panza thinks Platonism cannot be the right metaphysics for Euclidean geometry.
A similar issue arises for formal independence. Constructivism seems prima facie more natural in certain branches of geometry and for certain periods of its historical development, while arithmetics and analysis seem to work on more realist assumptions.
By Axel Arturo Barceló Aspeitia
What do we mean when we say that a certain human (or even non-human animal) group X is marginalised (in a context C)?
The expression is ambiguous.
It could be a descriptive claim, meaning that
A. A (generic) X is at a disadvantage with respect to a (generic) non-X (most commonly a hegemonic group Y) in a common context C.
For example, to say that women are marginalised in Mexico might mean that women make less money that men, are less represented in positions of power, receive less education and health services, etc.
But it could also be an explanatory claim, meaning that
B. A (generic) X is at a disadvantage with respect to a (generic) non-X (most commonly a hegemonic group Y) in a common context C because she is X (and not Y).
In other words:
B. A (generic) X is A-marginalised (with respect to Y and C) because she is an X.
[From now on I am going to obviate saying that these claims must be read as generic and with respect to a hegemonic group in a common context. Also, in theses B onwards, marginalisation will mean A-marginalisation]However, B itself can be read, and has been read in at least two senses:
Weak-B. At least some of the causes of why the Xs are marginalised are that the Xs have certain properties that the Ys do not or they have them more frequently.
Prima facie, A is very good, yet defeasible, evidence of B. It would be quite a coincidence if the Xs were marginalised for causes that are more or less evenly distributed on the Xs and the Ys. However, some people take B to be a stronger claim:
Strong-B. At least some of the causes of why the Xs are marginalised are actions intended to marginalise the Xs.
Even though A is good evidence of weak-B, most current theories of marginalisation recognize that neither A nor weak-B offer but very weak evidence of strong-B.
Between weak-B and strong-B there is another thesis of marginalisation that has been important in recent debates on marginalisation:
C. A (generic) X that passes as Y is less marginalised than a (generic) X.
The idea is that passing for a member of a hegemonic group ameniorates some of the marginalisisng effects of belonging to a marginalised group. For example, gays that pass as heterosexuals are less discriminated that gays that do not. It is not obvious how to best characterise passing, for it depends on what it means to be an X or a Y. For example, it can mean to show the appearence of being a Y, or something stronger like perfoming the values of Y. Borrowing an example from Knobe and Prasada, one can say that Part of why Hillary Clinton has been able to rise as one of the main presidential candidates has been because she embodies masculine values and traits.
Now, I say that C stands between weak-B and strong-B because strong-B gives us good but defeasible evidence of C and of course, C, like strong-B, entails weak-B.
C is also important because it is usually linked to a different set of claims regarding the marginalisation of X. So far, A, B and C are all individualistic accounts of marginalisation. In other words, in them, for Xness to be marginalised is nothing above the Xs being marginalised. However, for Xness to be marginalised can be conceived in a non-individualistic way. In other words, so far X-ness has been conceived as a property (or set of properties) that individuals have or have not. But Xness can also be conceived as something else that emerges from the joint action and customs of the Xs. This anthropological sense of Xness is most obviously and readily applicable to ethnic groups, where Xness refers not to any property that the X have but to the links that bind them together as Xs, i.e., their cultural products, customs, etc.
For example, in a recent interview American celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain expressed concern that when people think of haute cousine they do not consider Mexican food, even though there is very good Mexican haute cousine. Indeeed, in Mexico, and outside Mexico as well, Mexican food is strongly associated with "antojitos", that is, comfort food and snacks, and not with haute cousine. Now, since comfort food and snacks are commonly valued less that haute cousine, this marginalises not (or not only) Mexicans as individuals, but Mexicanity itself.
Thus, we have:
D. Xness is devaluated (over Yness in a common context C).
As I mentioned, D-marginalisation is clear in cases of ethnic marginalisation, for example, of Kurds in Turkey, where there are explict measures to diminish the use of the Kurdish language and other similar cultural manifestations. However, it does not apply as easily to other marginalised groups, for example, women, because women lives are more tightly interwoven with the lives of non-women – not just because they live together, but because they commonky build string bonds of caring and other affects with them – that the lives of members of one ethnic group are related to the lives of members of a different ethnic group. To paraphrase Paloma Hernández, it is more common for a woman to have a non-woman child or life partner that an African-american having a non-African-american child or life partner.
D entails C, but D cannot be reduced to C. C is more of how D manifests at the individual level.
Furthermore, even though D generally causes A, it remains an open question whether, when they happen together, A or B is a more fundamental form of marginalisation.
Axel Arturo Barceló Aspeitia (changing just a few words from Irene Au's "Design and the Self")
Being simple may make us feel vulnerable, but simplicity is really an achievement — it follows from deep insight about what really matters, a result of hard-won clarity and focus. Developing simple explanations and theories require virtues such as nonstriving, nonattachment, and overcoming fear. Well developed explanations and theories, like their makers, are imbued with modesty: they don't try to attract your attention for no reason. They are happy to sit in the background and do the work.
Many of us have seen what the opposite of this looks like. Have you ever witnessed a philosopher that was afraid to turn away easy opportunities to adapt her theories to new fields, even if it didn't contribute to a better understanding of the phenomena? That is an outcome of greed.
Or how about the philosophers that keeps adding arguments and comments just because they can? That is an outcome of attachment, or striving.
Or maybe the philosopher that won't make the hard decision to change positions in a debate because they don't want to make their current allies angry? That is an outcome of fear.
Fear, greed, and attachment are just a few examples of ego-based afflictions that can plague any research. They dilute the purity of the true intention behind all research. For any organization or individual doing research, the clarity and simplicity of their results depend crucially on their ability to confront these issues.
A good philosopher has a clear intention, a commitment to quality over quantity. Many philosophers may make the same claim, but are reluctant to actually make tough choices. Consider how emotionally hard it can be to cut texts that have already been written or abandon positions already defended in print. A good philosopher must not be afraid of making a tough choice that would make him unpopular. She must be willing to risk her popularity with others in the pursuit of truth. She must transcend any feelings of greed, attachment, and fear that might accompany such a decision.
When we are fearful, greedy, or attached, our thoughts get manifested in the unnecessary complexity and clutter plaguing our theories. The more able we are to transcend our beliefs about ourselves, the better we can create great philosophy that clearly makes sense of the world.
by Axel Arturo Barceló Aspeitia
"Ideally, any effective genre chart—be it R&B, Latin, country, even alt-rock—doesn't just track a particular strain of music, which can be marked by ever-changing boundaries and ultimately impossible to define. It's meant to track an audience. This is a subtle but vital difference."
Chris Molanphy is not the first one to recognise the important distinction between two ways of understanding musical genres: by their stylistic musical features and by ethno-musicological features, i.e., by how they sound and by who listens, plays and composes them.
Arguably, neither is the right way of defining genres, and each one might be more appropriate for different purposes. Furthermore, it is a truism that, given that musical styles are not developed in a cultural vacuum, both ways of defining genres are intimately linked, i.e., similar people tend to like and make similar sounding music. In other words, stylistic differences become genres usually because they are reproduced in specific cultural contexts. Nevertheless, the relation between musical styles and audiences is not one-to-one, but many-to-many: people do not listen (or make) just one kind of music and musical styles tend to be liked, composed and played by more than one kind of audience. Thus, it is almost impossible than a musical style belong to a single audience and vice-versa.
In this context how are we to interpret a claim like Chris Molanphy's affirmation that Rhythm and Blues is African American Music?
From a political perspective, the affirmation cuts both ways. On the one hand, it serves as a statement of resistance against the threat of cultural appropriation by hegemonic groups (which is a genuine threat. Just consider Turkey's recent systematic efforts to erase and appropriate Kurdish culture) But on the other, it itself erases the experiences (and contributions) of other minorities, like for example, the experiences and contributions of not-African Americans to Rhythm and Blues as a musical style and tradition.
The problem is not only that such claims are inaccurate – it is impossible for any musical genre in the era of mass media to belong to a single culture or to have its main contributors come from a single ethnic group – but that they are exclusionary. To continue with the example of R'n'B, it has been well documented the fact that Rhythm and Blues was a huge element in the Chicano experience during the 50s and 60s (S J Loza 1993, p.134). So much that many Chicano bands of the 60s and 70s were, in fact, playing their own, innovative variant of Rhythm and Blues (Loza 1993, p. 95) that would later become very influential in the rest of Mexico (Arana 1985). Claiming that Rhythm and Blues is, primarily African American Music that has, nevertheless, "appealed to many listeners throughout America and abroad" (G. P. Ramsey 2003) would be erasing (or, at least, marginalizing) the experiences and contributions of thousands of Mexicans and Mexican Americans.
Just a few days ago I was having a snack at one of the most "traditional' Mexican food markets in Mexico City when a street musician stopped to play traditional Mexican love songs. Among them, he played "Tus Ojos" ["Your Eyes"], a Rhythm and Blues ballad from the early sixties by Mexican musician Raafel Acosta (who, by the way, lives not far from the Market itself). The songs is part of the Mexican musical canon, yet it is a songs in the canonical Rhythm and Blues style of the early sixties.
There is no question-begging way to keep the Rhythm and Blues that African Americans play and listen to within the Rhythm and Blues Canon while also excluding both the white-washed version at the top of the Billboard charts and the Mexican version people still listen to and play all over the country.
However, Chris Molanphy has suggested one. The idea is simple: the difference between a song like Justin Bieber's "Baby" and Ginuwine 's "Pony", for example, is that while people who listen to Justin Bieber do not listen to much other Rhythm and Blues, people who listen to "Pony" also listen to other Rhythm and Blues songs, that is, they form what Molanphy calls Rhythm and Blues' "core audience". Justin Bieber's "Baby" sounds like a Rhythm and Blues song but it is what is commonly called a crossover song, i.e., a song consumed by people who usually do not consume that kind of music (i.e., Rhythm and Blues).
Unfortunately, the proposal does not actually solve the problem, for the proposal si clearly circular: we cannot identify Rhythm and Blues' core audience without identifying core Rhythm and Blues music and vice-versa. The strategy might work for a few radical crossover cases – very few people who used to listen to Baha Men "Who let the dogs out" in 2000 or still dance to Banda Blanca's "Sopa de Caracol" are regular listeners of Soca music. But it certainly does not work when trying to draw the boundaries of such widespread musical genres as Rhythm and Blues, Jazz, Rock, Hip Hop, House, etc.


text:
Dealing With Spring Allergies
It has been a long winter and we're all looking forward to warmer weather and spring flowers. But for many spring is also the beginning of the dreaded allergy season.
Itchy throats, sneezing and watery eyes are the most common signs of seasonal allergies but some people even deal with fatigue, wheezing or difficulty breathing.
Tree pollen is usually the worst allergy offender but certainly not the only one. Learning how to identify and manage different types of allergies can help you minimize, or even prevent some symptoms before they begin.
Over the counter or prescription allergy medications and nasal sprays are the most common treatments. Others include using a dehumidifier, showering before bedtime, using high-efficiency air filters in your home and more.
See the guide below to learn more about seasonal allergies, when they are most common and how you can reduce suffering.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Yeamans, Yeaman, Basford
Hello, my name is Sandie Yeaman and I am researching the Yeaman family history from Nodaway Co MO.Levi Yeaman is one line that I am researching.
Yeaman (Yeamans) Basford family from Maryville MO. Elijah and Eliza settled in MO and had 10 children. They were born about 1839. Elijah was born in Illinois and Eliza (Peterson) was born Ohio His father was born in Kentucky and his mother was born in Kentucky. Her father was born in Ohio as was her mother.
They were on the 1900 Census
Their children were:
1) Louise
2) William
3) Lee
4) Flora..married Jebe one son Brandon
5) Robert..married Gladys ? one child unknown
6) Ora..married Hattie ?
4 children:
b)Marris married Alice?
c)Donald married Hazel?
d)Genevive married Herbert
7) Grace married Charles Blogg
6 children:
e)Charles Jr.
8) Emma
9) Minnie married Floyd Bradley
3 children:
a) Ralph
b) Virginia
c) Mildred
10)Roy married Nellie Marie Basford
5 children:
1) Paul Sr.
2) Veronica
3) Anna,
4) Margret
5) John Mark
I have more from here both ways up and down including the Basford line. I would be willing to share information.


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"We compare the cameras of LeEco Le1s and Honor 5X"
The camera is one of the most important features in a modern-day smartphone. As it is, smartphone cameras have successfully replaced our point-and-shoot cameras – may it be a vacation, a wedding or just an outing, your mobile camera is always there with you. Now how would you feel if you are capturing important moments of your life – your child's first birthday or your trip to Thailand… and the images turn out blurry or noisy? Hence having a capable camera in your phone is not a luxury, but a necessity. So let's see which one of the two popular budget devices, the Honor 5X and the LeEco Le 1s, has a better primary camera. Both of them come with 13-megapixel primary cameras and on paper, should be equals, but duels aren't won on paper… so let the showdown begin!
Let's start with the quality of colours these devices capture. Below are the images of our colour variance chart, clicked by the two contenders (Throughout the article the images on the left are clicked from LeEco Le 1s and the ones on right are from Honor 5X's primary camera. Click on the images, to see them in the full size).
As you can see for yourself, the colours from the Honor 5X's camera appear to be more true-to-life and real. On the other hand, the colours from the Le 1s appear slightly faded and washed out.
Next up, let's compare the two cameras outdoors.
Again, while the Honor 5X clicks the pictures in their natural tone, it seems that Le 1s artificially boosts up the colours. In fact, the images appear a bit warmer for this very reason.
While clicking in sufficient lighting is fine, this won't be the case always. There are times when you are in poorly-lit environments, and need to capture quality moments – say at a club or a party. So let's see which one of these two scores better in the dark. The first set is clicked with the flash turned off and the second one is snapped with the LED on.
The results speak for themselves… while both the pictures are dark, you clearly spot the object in the Honor 5X's sample, while the same object looks hazy and grainy through the Le 1s' lens. With the flashlight on, it's even clearer – the Honor 5X makes the plant look beautiful. Red is reddish and green is green. But on LeEco's smartphone, the object looks faded and colours appear washed out.
While similar in megapixel count (13-megapixels) both the shooters differ when it comes to capabilities. Honor 5X trumps the LeEco Le 1s in all areas of this test. In fact, if you take a closer look at the pictures, the Honor 5X is able to capture a wider shot, enabling one to gather more details of the surroundings. Hence, the Honor 5X emerges as the clear winner in this camera comparison, by displaying more prowess with its optics.


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Tag Archives: Antivirus
How To Update AntiVirus software
How To Update AntiVirus software
Keep updating the antivirus is highly recommended to keep your system safe. There are several new virus and threats are coming at rapid speed so encounter them properly you need to update your antivirus version so that it keep secures your system from virus. Thus, you just need to install the latest version antivirus then keep it updated. There is nothing like a rocket science to update the signature of the antivirus. You simply have to click on the update option. Generally you will get the update option in the start menu interface. However, there are several ways to get the update option. One thing is sure that you can easily access the update option to update your antivirus.
Usually, the entire antivirus applications provides simple format to update the version. However, there are some applications where you have to download and install the updated files. When it comes to the general process for getting the updated file of applications, you simply follow the below given steps.
Step1- When you install your antivirus program whether it is Norton or others, the small icon will be placed on the taskbar instantly. You simply right click on the icon where you will get the option to get update option.
Step2- Simply click on the update option and the update process automatically began to download and install the update files.
Moreover, you can enable the automatic update antivirus version that will automatically update the version of antivirus within the frequent time periods. Moreover, you can directly open the interface of the antivirus and choose the update options. It is quite simple to update your antivirus as most of them provide shortcut option to update. The process is very simple but you have to make sure that you have internet connection while updating the signature of antivirus. It is very important to update your version as it provides you more security in terms of detection of latest virus and malwares. Moreover, you can more instructions from the official website of the particular antivirus applications. They will provide you extra details and support you to take whatever actions you will take. However, you can easily update the version of the antivirus. The need of the updating the software is quite significant that it will provide you latest updates to detect and delete the viruses. Each antivirus application provides different update process according to their interface. You can scan the whole drives and internet files so that you can easily feel secure about your system. This information will help you in making decision that why and how you will update your antivirus application. It means you will be having the more secured anti virus so that no single virus will Attica your imperative data. In order to keep yore system safe you must blames abbe dray to update the virus versions.
Top 5 Best Antivirus Software for Windows PC and Mac
Antivirus software
Anti-virus is a software that eliminates and repairs any form of malicious or suspicious attack from your computer. It also prevents you from getting a virus on your computer and even if sometimes it fails to do so (because it is a new virus), as soon …
Best FREE Antivirus Test 2013 by Britec
Anti-virus is a software that eliminates and repairs any form of malicious or suspicious attack from your computer. It also prevents you from getting a virus on your computer and even if sometimes it fails to do so (because it is a new virus), as soon …
Best FREE Antivirus Test 2013 by Britec
Best FREE Antivirus Test 2013 by Britec What is the best free antivirus? in the basic test we will run a on-demand scan of 200 new virus / malware / trojans …
Antivirus software Video Rating: 4 / 5
Fake Antivirus Software Removal
Fake Antivirus Software Removal
Is your computer infected by the fake antivirus software and you are looking for fake antivirus software removal? This article aims to help you to remove all annoying malware/rogue program.
How do you know you have been infected by fake antivirus software?
Please check whether you have similar computer experience like the following:
1) "When I turn on my computer, a fake program comes up saying that my computer is infected and does a fake scan, called "antivirus scan." When I try to do anything on my computer, a balloon pops up saying that the file is infected and cannot be run."
2) "My computer keeps showing a popup that says such and such is infected. So I can't open the Task Manager, or the internet, and I can't uninstall anything, or open Windows Defender."
3) "When I try to open any program on my computer it comes up with an error saying that the program is infected or something like that. I tried to run my legitimate antivirus software but it won't open. I also tried using system restore but that had an error as well."
4) "Application cannot be executed. The file rstrui.exe is infected. Do you want to activate your antivirus software now?"
Do above cases sound familiar to you or the above cases exactly describe the problems that you are having on your computer?
If the answer is Yes, then it means your computer has been infected by the fake antivirus software and you will need to remove the malware/rogue program as soon as possible.
Is there any harm if you leave the fake antivirus software on your computer for a long time?
Of course! Most of fake antivirus software act on this way: infects your computer and creates fake alert continually -> blocks your internet connection or hijacks your web browser -> infect more personal files and system files on your computer and some of them can even reboot your computer every few minutes without your permission -> when some important system files are damage by the fake antivirus software, your computer will crash completely at last and what you can have is just a complete black screen with flashing cursors and all data on your computer will fully lose with your operating system.
Fake antivirus software removal –What should you do to remove the fake antivirus software from your computer?
Here are guides: 1) check what the name of the fake antivirus software is -> 2) you can Google like this: How to guide remove XX (fake antivirus software' name) -> 3) pay a visit to the website that provides removal method and then follow the instructions there. -> 4) If you don't mind spending a little bit money and want to keep safe completely or you are looking for a time-saving and best fake antivirus software removal solution according to your concrete situation,
here is a good and guaranteed choice: click- contact Tee Support's 24/7 online virus removal expertsand ask immediate virus removal help!
Avast Free Antivirus 2015 review
Antivirus software
For a free package, Avast packs in plenty of additional features, with a rescue disk tool for creating bootable USB sticks or CDs with antivirus software and the latest definitions preinstalled, and a browser clean-up feature that gets rid of …
For a free package, Avast packs in plenty of additional features, with a rescue disk tool for creating bootable USB sticks or CDs with antivirus software and the latest definitions preinstalled, and a browser clean-up feature that gets rid of …
Antivirus Software Package Comparison
Antivirus Software Package Comparison
The market for home design software has definitely grown over the past few years. The demand for do-it-yourself designer programs have increased and software developers have responded by coming out with loads of applications to choose from. Below are some of the more popular home design software in the market as well as a brief description for each.
Instant Architect
Instant Architect is a home design software designed and developed by IMSI Design. It is a CAD or computer-aided design program that caters to beginners. Although it may not have all the high tech features offered by most of its competitors, this program is still able to deliver useable outputs.
Creating floor plans, multi-perspective views, cost estimations, and the designing of gardens, bathrooms, kitchens, decks, and entire houses are all available on Instant Architect. Novice users will definitely have a ball using this program as inspiring elevation drawings can be completed I as little as an hour. It also happens to be very affordable; users can purchase the entire box kit for only around $ 30.
Home & Landscape Pro
Another CAD program developed by IMSI Design is Home & Landscape Pro. Compared to Instant Architect, this particular program is designed for the more advanced users. With a whole lot more features on board, users can come up with landscape designs, cost estimates, floor plans, as well as impressive 3D illustrations using Home & Landscape Pro.
While it does have its share of highly advanced and complicated features, this program can still be used by novice designers. The user manual included in the kit is very helpful and so long as it is reviewed thoroughly, users should be able to make use of a majority of the functionalities included in this program. However, interested parties will need to shell out a lot more money for Home & Landscape Pro as it retails for around $ 130 dollars online.
Home Designer Suite
Last, but definitely not least, on our list is a product of the team up between Better Homes & Gardens and Chief Architect Inc. The result is a masterful design program which is simply called Home Designer Suite. Basically, this program is an incorporated collection of cutting edge software tools that will help users design landscapes, bathrooms, kitchens, various rooms, and even entire households. Included in its expansive database is over 1,500 different sample plans, image galleries, design tips, as well as a myriad of simplified versions of CAD tools used by actual pros. The Home Designer Suite can be purchased for around $ 100 online.
How to Remove Computer Virus Without Antivirus Program. Software System Restore
Part of my Virus Removal Series and one of many ways to get your computer back! Use the links below to access the playlist which I will add all new computer …
Antivirus software Video Rating: 4 / 5
Malicious Apps Can Disable Android Os Anti-Virus Software
Malicious Apps Can Disable Android Os Anti-Virus Software
Android developers have another challenge on their hands. Privateer Labs has reported that a certain component in Android OS can be exploited by malware to subvert the anti-virus software rendering anti-virus scans on your Android device ineffective. The malware can even corrupt the anti-virus software and use it as a malicious app. Reiley Hassell, the founder of the security firm Privateer Labs, declined to identify the Android OS component that is vulnerable, since he is taking it up with Google.
While Android mobile applications have had a stupendous growth in range and depth, it has also attracted its fair share of threats. Android overtook Symbian as the most malware-targeted mobile OS in the 2nd quarter, McAfee has reported. Riley indicated the recent security vulnerability is "definitely an Android problem". The software from the Android development market is not checked beforehand by the marketplace and the users end up with malicious apps masquerading as genuine ones.
"App phishing" is another strategy of cyber criminals where the users are tricked into downloading and installing a genuine-looking app but that actually contains a Trojan, which alerts the developer when the user activates the app. In case of a banking app, the developer can hijack the session by posing a fake authentication screen stealing the login details, resulting in loss of personal and financial data. The TrojanizedmalwareZitmo also known as ZeuS acts as a legitimate banking activation application, accepts incoming SMS messages, and forwards them to a remote Web server. The onetime pass codes banks send to users via SMSes for two-factor authentication purposes can be stolen by Zitmo-like apps.
Riley opined that this is a "tough problem to solve" and further elaborated that this needs to be solved by the Android development community as a whole. Determining who is to police the sanctity of Android apps is a challenge per se. Chris Wysopal of Veracode, an application security provider, has called for scanning of Android mobile applications for malware before they appear on the market. A signature-based scanning for malware can be enforced. Google this year has already revoked malicious apps twice from the market, once in March when it removed over 50 malicious apps and then again in June it removed a 2 dozen. This high attrition can slow down the growth of Android mobile applications.
Unlike the closed development ecosystem of Apple OS, Google has followed an open architecture model, where anyone can develop an Android application and put it in the market. Local as well as offshore Android development has taken off in a big way resulting in multitude of apps that are half-baked and incomplete. Some Android users download apps from unauthorized online stores presenting a threat to the open source Android development architecture.
An Android mobile applications user can mitigate the risk of being targeted by malware by
Downloading apps only from trusted sources and from developers that are known by name and are rated
Checking permissions that the app requests and matching it against its stated purpose
Being alert for any unusual phone behavior like installation of unknown applications, sending of SMSes to unknown recipients, or automatic placement of phone calls.
MEX Maintenance Software introduces Maintenance Request iOS app
APP software
Built off the back of the proven MEX Ops Request and Purchase Requisition application, the MEX Ops iOS application is used in conjunction with the MEX Maintenance Software. With an easy to use interface, entering requests for maintenance is a breeze, …
Built off the back of the proven MEX Ops Request and Purchase Requisition application, the MEX Ops iOS application is used in conjunction with the MEX Maintenance Software. With an easy to use interface, entering requests for maintenance is a breeze, …
Finding the Best Antivirus Software Solution
Finding the Best Antivirus Software Solution
Viruses have existed before the advent of Windows operating systems. It only takes a few lines of code along with some creativity to make a software program that is self-replicating. Some of the more sophisticated viruses reside on the computer's boot sector making them more difficult to remove. As technology advanced, virus coders thought of more ideas on how to penetrate desktop security and even some third-party security software. You will need to equip your computer with the best antivirus software if you wish to keep these malicious threats at bay. It will take a few basic tricks that you must apply before you can find the best antivirus solutions.
Sticking with the Free Software
Many of the top companies that deliver quality antivirus still ask for a license fee and a subscription fee just to keep the updates rolling. While these programs are often piled with some useful features from in-depth scanning to firewalls and anti-spam filters, free software are quickly catching up in terms of basic and essential features. What matters most is that the system is protected from malware in real-time right after the free program is installed. This is exactly what the goals of the best free antivirus software programs, like Microsoft Security Essentials and AVG are.
Observing the User Interface
The web is full of critics that enjoy reviewing antivirus software because they want to help users make the decision as to what virus scanner to get. There are tons of antivirus programs available that promise total desktop security so these reviews can greatly help you make the choice. But users may have different opinions than the critics so it is best to judge each program yourself by looking at the screenshots. If you see that the interface is friendly for you, try the program out and see if it is easy to operate.
Experimenting with the Resource Usage
There are some desktop computers and netbooks that have low system specs so even running the best antivirus programs out there may cause more harm to the system because they take up too many system resources causing the system to bog down. It is better to go with the best free antivirus solutions in this case because they are lighter due to the stripped down features. Microsoft Security Essentials has its own advantage for deeply integrating itself with Windows. You can check how much memory the antivirus program is using by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Esc and then clicking the "Processes" tab and then look for the filename of the virus scanner and see how much RAM it consumes.
Security Performance Testing
When testing the performance of any desktop security program, you must make sure that the scanner is efficient in getting rid of viruses. You can test it if you have any spare USB flash drives that may have past infections. Although some people may be turned off with the programs that carry out operations slowly, long scans should be considered good because they often use bigger databases and search for every file.
TOP 10 Best Antivirus Software 2015
TOP 10 Free Antivirus 2015 – http://youtu.be/w0YsPw4Hqjc ▻ SUBSCRIBE now to watch new videos EVERY DAY. ▻ Thanks for watching and please LIKE, SHARE or COMMENT. Here are the TOP 10.
Antivirus software Video Rating: 5 / 5
Antivirus Software – Why Buy It?
Antivirus Software – Why Buy It?
If you are wondering why you should buy an antivirus program then you should probably ask another question first : what happens if you don't?
Well, a lot of that will depend on how savvy a computer user you are – I have a friend or too who claim they have never had a virus despite not having any security software installed.
(And, no, they are not Mac users before you make that suggestion!)
The average person, however, is not likely to be anywhere near as fortunate as that because there are something like 200 new threats created each and every day – viruses, worms, trojans and all sorts of other nasty surprises await the unprotected.
Would you like one of those malicious programs on your computer?
No, I didn't think so.
The answer then is to find a security product that can protect you from not only the current threats on the internet but also the new ones as they are created and released into the wild.
An antivirus program is what you need and you have two real choices here – a free antivirus program or one that you pay for.
Both options will afford you some level of protection but I would always recommend paying for your protection unless you are a very casual user of the internet.
Free antivirus programs can protect you but the paid for versions tend to offer a better level of protection in my opinion and are generally updated far more often.
Which antivirus program should you buy?
Well, theres no easy answer to that as we all have our own skill levels and needs but you should choose a reputable company in order to get a quality product and also to avoid some of the rogue security software that is being sold these days.
The latest antivirus program that I have reviewed – F-Secure Antivirus 2011 – is effective and easy to use but I would suggest checking out all my antivirus reviews through the link below.
Is AVG Free Antivirus A Safe Program To Download?
Antivirus software
Consumers love free antivirus programs because they provide valuable features at no cost. Unfortunately, not all antivirus programs protect users or run as intended. Far too many people trust the first free solution they can find online. Doing so often …
How To Uninstall McAfee Antivirus
Consumers love free antivirus programs because they provide valuable features at no cost. Unfortunately, not all antivirus programs protect users or run as intended. Far too many people trust the first free solution they can find online. Doing so often …
How To Uninstall McAfee Antivirus
How To Uninstall McAfee Antivirus – Featuring John McAfee himself.
Antivirus software Video Rating: 4 / 5
Antivirus Software Can Slow Down Your Computer
Antivirus Software Can Slow Down Your Computer
Although there are plenty of factors that can cause a computer to slow down, some folks have a tendency to blame antivirus software for their PC-related woes. As the owner of Nerds of North Texas LLC, a PC repair company serving Dallas and Fort Worth since 2009, Marcel Gaudet says its an unfortunate fact that antivirus software can, indeed, cause a computer to start operating at a significantly slower speed.
You may be familiar with this type of scenario: Youre typing away on your computer in a desperate attempt to meet your deadline for your upcoming work-related presentation. Unfortunately, while your machine may have started out by performing reasonably well, you cant help but notice that it suddenly seems to have slowed down considerably. Now, whenever you hit a key, theres a solid five-second delay between the touch of your finger to the keyboard and the appearance of the appropriate letter on screen. At this pace, youll never finish your presentation on time!
When you sit there trying to figure out what the problem is, you cant help but wonder if your recently installed antivirus software could be to blame. After all, if your new software is constantly running scans and updating itself, then its likely to drain quite a bit of your computers memory in the process. You toy with the idea of uninstalling it to see if that will help, but then remember the reason you got that new software in the first place to prevent a virus attack. Frustrated, you start a pot of coffee, return to face your slow computer, and prepare yourself for the possibility of your first all-nighter in years.
Antivirus software can drain some memory of your computer.
In fact, most users experience some degree of frustration at one point or another as a result of having computers that are too slow (or, over time, become too slow) for their tastes. When you buy a new computer, youll notice that it comes with a certain amount of memory. The more memory your machine has, the faster it is likely to run. However, the more programs you have running on your computer, the more memory youll be draining in the process. Therefore, when you install antivirus software on your computer, you are essentially introducing yet another program that has to compete for your machines limited resources, and by running antivirus software, you can easily cause the rest of your programs to slow down.
Its never a good idea to simply go without antivirus software.
Keep in mind that the answer to the problem of having a slow computer should never involve ridding your machine of antivirus software altogether. By doing so, youll only end up putting your PC at risk for an unwanted attack. And, incidentally, nothing slows down a computer more than a nasty virus. Although its never a good idea to simply go without antivirus software, there are some options that are known to drain less memory than others. In fact, I tend to recommend freeware to customers who are fed up with the slowdowns caused by their name-brand antivirus programs.
Using freeware has both the upside and the downside.
Just as the name implies, freeware is software that is provided to users free of charge. The benefit of installing freeware is that since it tends to be very stripped down, it is less likely to eat away at your memory and slow down your machine in the process. The downside, however, is that if youre going to use freeware for antivirus purposes, then youll need to become an active participant in its use.
Most name-brand antivirus programs will run automatic updates on a continuous basis to ensure that your computer is constantly protected from new viruses. Freeware, on the other hand, will not usually update itself automatically. While a free program may send notifications alerting you that updates are available, it will be your responsibility to run these updates rather than ignore them. So if youre willing to put in the time to work with freeware, then youre likely to find that this option wont slow down your computer as much as your old antivirus software did.
If youd rather not have to deal with updates, however, then youre better off sticking to those name-brand options. No matter which type of antivirus software you choose, remember that running multiple types at the same time will only slow down your machine without offering much of an upside. After all, as important as it is to have some sort of antivirus protection in place, theres certainly no need to go overboard.
Lavasoft Releases Advanced Updates to Ad-Aware Web Companion Antivirus …
Antivirus software
Lavasoft, makers of Ad-Aware, the world's No. 1 free antivirus software, today released advanced updates to its free Web protection antivirus complement, Ad-Aware Web Companion, to enhance users' browser protection against the latest malware and …
The Worlds Best Antivirus Software For 2015 Is Now For Free
Lavasoft, makers of Ad-Aware, the world's No. 1 free antivirus software, today released advanced updates to its free Web protection antivirus complement, Ad-Aware Web Companion, to enhance users' browser protection against the latest malware and …
The Worlds Best Antivirus Software For 2015 Is Now For Free
Please Subscribe for More Videos.This Video Shows you which is the best Antivirus solution for your PC/Mac/Android in the year 2015. So that you can now down…
Antivirus software Video Rating: 4 / 5
How can fake antivirus software steal your identity?
How can fake antivirus software steal your identity?
Now that the Internet and the World Wide Web are indispensable, a lot of crooks are finding ways to abuse these technologies for their own personal gain. While the web has paved the way for a lot of services that are making people's lives easier, it has unfortunately been utilized by offenders to steal people's identities through deceiving software and programs. These programs get into your machines and devices, pretending to help you clean up your hard disk or optimize your computer's performance. Their real objective, though, is to get your credit card information and install some key loggers to make the job easier.
The truth is clear: identity theft through the use of electronic gadgets is a continuously growing problem. One of the most common crimes id thieves commit is identity theft using fake antivirus software.
Spotting the fake: how to tell
Awareness is the first step in avoiding this particular modus of identity theft, so you first have to understand how to spot fake anti-virus software. The first feature that you should take note of is that these programs are created to be professional looking with sophisticated user interface that will make it look like a legitimate and trustworthy application. The basic presumption here is that it may present itself in the same manner as legitimate antivirus software might do, but the judgment still rests on you. Will you trust a company that seems to shoving its product right at your face through irritating pop-up ads? Will it be safe to trust something that places ads on sites that are of questionable credibility too? Sometimes, plain common sense does the trick.
Understanding how fakes get into your system
Before you identify a fake antivirus program, it is essential to know that these frauds are well equipped to make them look like something you would want to avail and trust. So, how to these fake antivirus really works, and how do they steal your information? Here's how you might pick them up and accidentally install them on your computer:
You may visit an unsafe website that has a fake antivirus extension on it, ready to infect visitors. If you don't have genuine internet protection software installed, this will easily victimize you.
You may also click an email attachment that, in turn, launches the software.
You may also click on a pop-up warning or message that tells you that your computer is infected and that by clicking it, it will launch antivirus software that will clean it.
If you perform any of these actions, your machine will then be infected and listed to a botnet, which is a network of infected computers under a hacker's control.
Scammers may also mislead you into keying in your credit card information in exchange of a fake antivirus, and it will be easy for them to get the rest of your information from there. This underlines how crucial detecting fake antivirus is in protecting yourself from identity theft.
How will you keep yourself protected from such scams?
While it is good to have genuine antivirus installed in your machine, most of the time, plain good judgment is what it takes to prevent identity theft with fake antivirus from victimizing you. The key is to be skeptical of programs that appear extra persistent on wanting you to purchase now. Legitimate programs work by word of mouth and have effective marketing strategies that do not include distracting and irritating pop-up ads.
Windows 8 – How To Disable Anti-Virus Software Windows Defender
A simple tutorial on how to disable you little annoying Anti-Virus software Windows Defender. Be happy to take any question for Windows 8 in general. ASK any…
Antivirus software Video Rating: 4 / 5
Security Software in India – Antivirus
Security Software in India – Antivirus
The security software is very significant with regard to protecting the computer from the viruses that damage the computer. They can cause serious damages to the computer and can also totally fail the working of the computer. The idea of installing security software is to protect them from various types of viruses, block hackers, spyware, and keep the computer free of any hazardous attack that may take place in the computer. It is highly advisable that the computer gets the right kind of protection from such security software and thus keeps it safe from crashing totally.
The security software can actually prevent the entry of any virus that may attack your computer and can also clean those that has already entered. This makes it convenient as you do not have to lose important data or any personal information if the virus enters your computer. All types of computers need security software, without which the computers simply get damaged and stop working. There are many types of anti-virus software found in the market that are good and are affordable. Some of the most common and popular ones are the Quick heal antivirus, Bit defender internet security 3 user, Norton antivirus 2009, Kaspersky antivirus etc.
The Quick heal antivirus provides the best securities to the computer from the virus. There are various antivirus softwares available from the company to choose from. Software like the Quick Heal antivirus Pro 2012 can protect desktops a well as laptops and is very efficient to clean and clear all types of various. It can be bought for Rs. 510. The Quick Heal Total security 2012 is a great solution for the security of the computer that provides everything it has promised and you are free from the worries of antivirus attacking your computer. You can purchase the software for Rs. 1,180.
Kaspersky antivirus 2012 is also a very good comprehensive security solution that has helped hundreds of people to get free from the virus and works efficiently to remove malware and other types of virus. You can buy Kaspersky Antivirus 2012 for Rs. 299, which is very affordable and it can also provides updates and scans out of sight. The Kaspersky internet security 2012 is another great product that can scan all the spam, hackers, Trojans and viruses as well. It is much faster and more effective due to its advanced technology and better protection from the various menaces. It will cost around Rs. 530 approximately.
New Glasses Make You Invisible to Facial Recognition Software
Antivirus software
AVG is a name well-known in the Windows world for its decent and free anti-virus software, but the company is apparently looking to expand outside of just software and protect people's privacy in the real world now. At Mobile World Congress, AVG is …
AVG is a name well-known in the Windows world for its decent and free anti-virus software, but the company is apparently looking to expand outside of just software and protect people's privacy in the real world now. At Mobile World Congress, AVG is …
Better Be Protected – Antivirus Protection Software
Better Be Protected – Antivirus Protection Software
Moreover e-mail, unauthorized downloads and security breaches work as transmitting medium for viruses. As a result installing antivirus protection software in the computer proves to be important step for all computer users and owners.
First of all, the most basic step is to ensure that we have antivirus firewall software on our computers. Installing an antivirus internet security software and firewall software is good till some extent at least it protects our system from cashing down due to virus attacks when we visited our last site. But you should also be sure that you not only remain dependent on firewall software, because firewall is safe up to some extent and in the end you will have need antivirus software protection to protect your system from malware attacks and many other harmful things that can affect your work.
In addition with installing the best antivirus software, they also provide with basic guidelines which helps in protecting computer from potential threats. Antivirus software protection allows only few verified or authorized users to access computer preventing viruses to spread. It is always recommended to keep back-up of data. Antivirus protection software helps by transmitting reports and updates on user's backup gathering. Moreover system processes also remain clean with these Back up program data. Protection software companies always keep on advising users to download only important data and that too from trusted sites and scan their pc's after every download.
Malicious software attack the user in many forms likekeystroke loggers,spyware and viruses. Antivirus security software always serves to protect the computer in first step. Moreover antivirus software also helps in detecting and removingviruses from the computer. However, in order to ensure continuous protection for your computer you should update your antivirus security software from time to time. Nowadays new viruses are released several times a month. Hence it is very important to update antivirus from time to timeto protect computer from these newly made viruses. On the other hand if your antivirus software does not have these updates it will not be able to protect against these newly made viruses. Looking at the importance of updates, much antivirus software makes it easy to download these updates from the internet. Nowadays if you have internet connection, this software automatically download updates and some also install them automatically while others ask for permission to install it. In addition to this updates also add new features like pop up blocking, Web link scanning and spam blocking.Thus Antivirus updates help the software in improving efficiency of the computer by removing known viruses from the system. Moreover antivirus security software also provide with technical support in order to solve the queries of the customer.
Avast, BitDefender and Panda – Top 3 Free Antivirus Programs for Keeping your …
Antivirus software
Online insecurity has grown to become one of the biggest threats of cyberspace. Today, it is very hard to find people using their devices without any form of protection, preferably an antivirus program. You can go around and ask anyone if they can keep …
Online insecurity has grown to become one of the biggest threats of cyberspace. Today, it is very hard to find people using their devices without any form of protection, preferably an antivirus program. You can go around and ask anyone if they can keep …


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'Beiter says he was trying to divorce himself from this year's Sabres team saying he just couldn't take it anymore, but he says the current group is just too likeable.'
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República Livre e Independente de Aros
Free and Independent Republic of Aros
|Free and independent blood, so we are! (Sangue Livre e Independente, Assim Seja!)
|Conventional short name
|Data codes
|Ingallish, Moranguese, Meritéan, Iranny
|Cocoa City, Tinto City, Viânia, Theobroma, Meerton City, Gichadia
|Government type
|Republican, Federative and Popular
|32 114 000 Arosians (316 census)
|Cacau CC$ (ASS)
|United Nations of Vexillium, Melanian Sea Treaty Organization
|Telephone Code
|+44 (in Continent)+449 (in Melanian A.)
|Time Zone
|CMT-12 (in Continent)
CMT-11 (in Melanian A.)
Aros, officially Free and Idependent Republic of Aros is a country located in East center of Fiarria continent, borders with Ordland, Sempervirens and Ferrata, besides Morania that has maritime border with Aros, where there is a flow of transactions between the Melanian Archipelago and cities of the coast of Morania.
Its coastline is bathed by Melanian Sea, same waters where is located the Melanian Archipelago. This fact allows Aros to participate in the MESTO, an organization that has great importance for the country's economy.
Main Articles: History of Aros, History of Meerton, History of Gichadia, History of Irans Civilization, Full Timeline of Aros
Timeline of Aros: Edit
- Before 147Bp: Native peoples of Aros
- 147Bp: Angliyans arrive and ocupation
- 122Bp: Battle of Salomon
- Plague Contamination
Revolts and conflicts: Edit
Main Article: Geography of Aros
Demography Edit
Population: Edit
Population Density:Edit
Most populous cities:Edit
- Queta
- Cocoa City
- Viânia
- Sagres
- Janu
- Meerton
- Luízia
- Nihel
- Méridi
- Theobroma
- Tinto City
- Nigel
- Meritéia
- Portie
- Vilhena
- Altador
- Zorba
- Gichadia
- Leyona
- Canaval
- Yovakas
- Son Guard
- Viva Vaca
- Alcara
- Safatle
- Tanaka
- Havannyas
- Cacaueira
- Amstel
- Costanova
Language: Edit
Ethnicity: Edit
Religion: Edit
Economy Edit
Main Article: Economy of Aros
The Cacau-CC$ (ASS) is the official currency of Aros and circulates throughout the national territory, the cacau has a subunit called Cacents-Cc$ equals 1/10 Cocoa. Is one little relevance on the world stage, but has a good recognition in the countries of Melanian Sea region. Besides Cacau, Aros has some local currencies, but little expression as, Mela Coins in Meerton Island and Broma in Gichadia Island that are only used by natives of these regions
The Aros economy is based on the primary sector of the economy, making Aros is a major exporter. Its main export products are cocoa, corn, soybeans and some ores, it is basically an agrarian country. But after the creation of the New Republic for the purpose of oppressing dictatorship, there is an increasing development in the industrial area including: Food products, automobiles, textiles, information technology, consumer technology and also areas from oil.
The tourism Aros was one of the sectors that grew most in Aros, and today is one of the main economic sources of the country that stands out for paradisiacal places, resorts and beautiful cities in which there is the bustling and festive life of the great metropolises, attracting a large number of tourists.
See Also: Economic History of Aros, Economy by Region of Aros, Stock Exchange of Aros, List of Arosians Companies, Cacau-CC$
Government and PoliticalEdit
Structure: Edit
Parties and Elections: Edit
Main Articles: Political Parties in Aros, Electoral system of Aros
Legislation: Edit
Programs: Edit
Foreign Relations: Edit
Military: Edit
See also: Political history of Aros, Governors of Aros, Political issues under discussion in Aros, Position of Parties for political issues
Infraestructure and Services Edit
Transporte: Edit
Energy: Edit
Water supply and sanitation: Edit
Health: Edit
Education: Edit
Security: Edit
Science and technology: Edit
National SymbolsEdit
National Flag: EditThe National Flag of Aros has 6 colors: Black (represents the mourning of the men who died in the struggle for freedom); Blue (represents the sovereignty of the people, characterized by the sea that has a grandeur that can not be controlled, as well as the people that can not be controlled by a minority); Green and Red (represents, respectively, Love and Hope); Yellow (represents the sun and the cultural richness of the people); Brown (represents cocoa in particular, trees and natural wealth of Aros).
The symbol located in the center-left of the flag, which has the colors yellow, black, brown and green, is also the official seal of Aros. This symbol is composed by the sun's hoops with black background (also representing the mourning), which contains the cocoa (fruit symbol of Aros) and an aroyoake crown at the top.
Coat of Arms: Edit
National Anthem: Edit
Main Article: National Anthem of Aros
Personifications: Edit
See Also: Flags of Aros, Coats of Amrs of Aros, Local Symbols of Aros
Main Article: Subdivisions of Aros
Aros is divided in 7 Federative States (Alana-AL, Cocoa-CC, Luízia-LZ, Nova Merité-NM, Januar-JN, Libra-LB, and Melanian Arquipelago-MA) separated into 3 Regions: West (LZ, JN, LB) ; Coastal (AL. CC. NM) ; and Maritime (MA).
The Federative States of Aros have self-government and self-administration, elect their leaders and political representatives by popular vote and govern its determinations following the Federal Constitution of Aros and the organization of the Federal Council
The Federative States distribute their political obligations among Municipal Districts, which have a certain political autonomy to resolve issues of lesser importance. In all, Aros has 156 municipal districts, Among them, the Federal District - Queta and the Independent Districts: Gichadia, Tanaka and Viva Vaca, in which have relative political sovereignty, because they are contained by the government forces of Aros. This fact creates instability in these territories, which reflect in political and social conflicts (such as the independence movements).See Also: Federative States of Aros, Municipal Districts of Aros
Food: Edit
Music: Edit
Arts: Edit
Sports: Edit
Aros is a country with many sports activities, due to some political incentives the country covers a range of competitive teams in various sports competitions. Among the most practiced, it stands out: Football, Rugby, Martial Arts, Beach Sports and Water Sports (Surf*).
Football is the favorite sport of the Arosians, in which the national competitions are highly concurred, existing a great numbers of clubs with many fans in love. Despite this, the Arosian soccer is not yet so recognized in the international scene. The National Aros Team, organized by the AFA, does not have a great achievement such as the IVEFA world cup, however it has a high potential for growth and is a great bet for future competitions.
Another sport that is gaining ground in Aros is Automobilism, a big bet of Vansen Motors Compania, an automobile company of Aros that aims to invest in the automobile cultural industry and popularize the sport. In the 317Ap season of ICARA, Vansen announced a completely arosian team in the competition, with the name of its subsidiary Garsa. In addition, the Tonico Arayujo rider who has no link with Vansen, and runs for the Gentry-Parmiyon team, has become an attraction for new fans of the sport.


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Stuff I post aboutA.T.Kearney advertising alabama amazon Associated Press Behavior Ben T Smith IV blog borland Brick and mortar business business metrics Carnegie Mellon CEO CodeGear Consumer davin deal and no deal deals Discovery shopping Disney east coast ecommerce Entrepreneur facebook find&save Find n Save Fishing funding game show network google GSD hot startups internet startups investment iphone Lee Enterprises local maples marketing Mark Zuckerberg Mass media McClatchy Company MediaNews Group merchantcircle Mergers mobile Mobile Devices Newspaper newspaper ads newspapers Online advertising Online Shopping relationships Retail Retailers Risk rustic canyon shopping silicon valley Smartphone social-media Spoke Software Startups tablet Tablets technology User Experience venture capitalists venture firm video Wanderful Media Washington Post web entreprenuer Yahoo
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- RT @peterjhasson: Reporters love Romney now but they smeared him nonstop when his opponents were Democrats https://t.co/55dC1Y8PrY 7 hours ago
- RT @MeghanMcCain: My father completed first round radiation/chemo. His resilience & strength is incredible. Fight goes on, here's to small… 7 hours ago
- RT @Breznican: They should teach this interview in journalism schools to show how you stop someone from lying on live TV. https://t.co/VZ6T… 8 hours ago
- RT @hadassz: like i'm fucking done with people not realizing how violentally antisemitic stalin and the ussr were. fucking hell, guys. 8 hours ago
- RT @scalzi: A fine story to interleave into your various bad news of the day. washingtonpost.com/local/traffica… 12 hours ago
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Hot off the Presses: The Launch of Wanderful Media
In June I introduced my new post as CEO of ShopCo Holdings. I am happy to announce today we have launched out of stealth, as Wanderful Media! Wanderful represents a media industry initiative to transform the $4 billion business of … Continue reading
Building a Shopping Solution
I have been involved in ShopCo Holdings just about two months now as the Chief Executive Officer. I figured it is about time I start sharing a bit about it. ShopCo Holdings is a company backed by 12 large US Media companies … Continue reading
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Wrap yarn around a letter made out a wood letter for a cute sign in the home! :) See more DIY ideas at CatchMyParty.com.
The parent bloggers at Renovation Tracker used a row of Fintorp caddies to house their children's art supplies.
Love these corner floating shelves. Been wanting some for a long time.
I like having creams and beiges for the master bedroom. It allows you to change pops of color for seasons, holidays or moods. You don't have to stick to just one color.
A little too monochromatic for me, but I really like the blend of glamorous and 'shabby chic'.
Ikea Besta units - I love the idea of a complete wall of units.Could be used in any room including a kitchen or playroom. The glossy finish reflects light back into the room and would hide a multitude of clutter. Great idea as they are not that deep and wouldn't take up much space. Placed floor to ceiling as shown makes it look built in and a lot more expensive than it actually is.
Childrens room ikea hack shelves and reading corner
Earthy teal wall color in this teen girl's room. Get the look with Dunn-Edwards Seaport DE5744 for your walls.
Grey contemporary geometric wallpaper | Simplicity Two Wallpaper by Brian Yates | Jane Clayton
Mosaic wallpaper for children's rooms designed in France by Minakani, as featured on Bobby Rabbit


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Crab stick.
Pickled radish.
Yellowtail and scallion.
Deep fried sweet potato with sweet potato and eel sauce.
Salmon and avocado.
Tuna and cucumber
Crab stick, cucumber, avocado, and tobiko.
Eel, cucumber and eel sauce.
Eel, avocado and eel sauce.
Smoked salmon, cream cheese and cucumber.
Eel, fried sweet potato, cucumber, black tobiko, with eel sauce.
Tempura fried shrimp and avocado in our special sauce.
Wonton wrapped shrimp, mango and crab with mango sauce.
Shrimp tempura, tobiko and eel sauce.
Fried sweet potato, cucumber, and avocado, with three types of tobiko and eel sauce.
Eel, cucumber, avocado, tobiko with shrimp and eel sauce.
Shrimp, eel, fried sweet potato and eel sauce.
Egg, cucumber, crab and pickle radish.
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Based upon several recent warnings from Google, it looks like they may be planning to target autoblogs this year in an attempt to clean up search results.
Autoblogs are blogs that use automated software routines to extract content from other sites without human intervention. Literally thousands of these sites exist on the web and many of them generate significant advertising commissions for the site owners.
There are basically two types of autoblogs. Some use legitimate methods for extracting content. This can be through syndicated feeds or RSS feeds where the authors have granted permission for others to republish their content. There are also illegitimate or rogue autoblogs that steal copyrighted content from sites without the owners' permission. If Google pursues this, what is not clear is how they will differentiate legitimate autoblogs from rogue sites.
Most site owners who operate autoblogs make their money through advertising. Google AdWords is a primary source of income for a large percentage of these site owners.
The warning shots about Google's intentions started with a posting about Unoriginal Content in their Inside AdSense blog on January 11, 2011.
The warning explicitly states that AdSense ads are not allowed on web pages with duplicated content. This is probably a surprise to people who have been earning commissions from AdSense using autoblogs for several years; however, it does indicate that Google may finally be getting serious about enforcing the policy.
They followed up with a warning in the January 27 AdSense newsletter where Google inserted a comment:
A third reinforcement came on January 28 when Matt Cutts, a Google Quality Engineer, posted the following in another blog post entitled Algorithm change launched: "we're evaluating multiple changes that should help drive spam levels even lower, including one change that primarily affects sites that copy others' content and sites with low levels of original content."
Targeting autoblogs would make sense if Google plans to clean up their search results. It is not unusual to find that eight out of the top ten search results for a search for a hot news item are duplicates. Removing the duplicates would make room for alternative viewpoints.
When further targeting duplicate content this would not be restricted to autoblogs. It would also include any sites that use the cut-and-paste method to copy and post content from other sites to their sites. However, there are so many automated sites on the web that they are likely a primary target. They are fairly easy to target because almost all of the content on the site is a duplicate of content found elsewhere.
The real problem will be in determining which site has the original content. In the past Google has used a duplicate content filter to weed out and eliminate much of the duplicate content on a random basis. The filter appears to run separate from the normal ranking algorithms. It looks like the new algorithm plans to take this a step further. It is very likely that in many cases Google's algorithm may target the wrong article and accidentally flag a duplicate as the original. In many cases, the same people who run autoblogs are also very experienced hackers, so a battle of wits may be in the works.


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Hillary Clinton slammed Wells Fargo today, holding up the bank's ongoing accounts scandal as an example of "egregious corporate behavior," and pledging to strengthen consumer protections and further scrutinize corporate America if elected. The remarks, made in Toledo, Ohio, bring renewed scrutiny to the bank, which has been in damage control
Clinton addresses Hispanic Caucus
'I lost. The ni**er won': Alabama GOP mayor gets racist on Facebook after losing to black candidate
The Republican mayor of Midland City, Alabama got nasty on Facebook after losing her seat to a black candidate in this week's mayoral election."I lost. The ni**er won," griped Mayor Patsy Capshaw Skipper when someone asked her how the election turned out.WTVY said that Skipper was defeated by Jo Ann
"What the Hell do you Have to Lose?"
Trump to black voters: What do you have to lose? CEO of Donald Trump's National Diversity Coalition, Pastor Darrell Scott, and assistant professor of public policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, Leah Wright Rigueur, join MSNBC's Joy Reid to debate Trump's recent appeals to African-Americans. ... more
Donald Trump Trails Hillary Clinton by Double Digits in New National Poll
Unable to consolidate support from steadfast Republicans and losing ground among white college-educated women, Donald Trump is trailing Hillary Clinton by double digits in a Monmouth University national poll released today. The poll shows Clinton leading Trump, 46 percent to 34 percent, among registered voters and finds a similar margin for