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Legal Companies India makes no warranties both implied or expressed as to the trxdemark or accuracy of this data and doesn't make any claims as to the usage of this information attorbeys any explicit goal(s). Some legal professionals are normal lawyers who can deal with multiple cases, while others practice in a specialized area. Actually, the ability to end a marriage utilizing no-fault procedures has led to criticism that divorce has develop into too easy to obtain, allowing couples to abandon a wedding at the patent and trademark attorneys robert bates attorney johnson city tn of marital discord. When notified a few claim being filed or inquiry made, most physicians instantly start reviewing the patient's information. Reproduction in entire or in part with out permission is prohibited. By 1987, all fifty states had adopted no-fault divorce, completely or as an choice to traditional fault-grounded divorce. 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Hampton Roads/Virginia Beach Chapter
From the President's Desk
Welcome to the Hampton Roads Chapter of FFB! We all share the same goal, to fund the research that will one day cure the retinal degenerative diseases of more than 10 million Americans. We also serve as a support system for each other. It is imperative that no one feel alone in the struggles of living with these diseases or in the fight to cure them!
This chapter covers Eastern Virginia from Williamsburg to Virginia Beach. We have been very successful in the past by staging a very exciting VisionWalk!
A cure is in sight!!
Come join the fun and spread the word. Your ideas and excitement are what is needed. Your ideas on how to attract sponsors and friends are needed. There is great support for any idea you may have and brain-storming is greatly encouraged. No idea is too small.
Follow Hampton Roads on Facebook!
VisionWalk Update
Thank you for an amazing Hampton Roads VisionWalk!
Our Hampton Roads VisionWalk took place Sunday, April 30th and was a great success! We had sunny skies, smiling faces, and over 700 people in attendance at 31st Street Park on the Boardwalk.
Together we have raised almost $50,000 for retinal disease research and donations are STILL coming in! Every dollar collected through June 30th will count toward our 2017 goal.
Any checks received can be sent to:
Foundation Fighting Blindness
Hampton Roads VisionWalk
7168 Columbia Gateway Drive, Suite 100
Columbia, MD 21046
Our Walk Day photos have arrived and are ready to be shared! Check out the full album on our Facebook page HERE. If you have photos from the walk, please share them with us! We would love to see them. Please post them to the Hampton Roads VisionWalk and Chapter Facebook Page or email them to firstname.lastname@example.com! If you would like a specific picture emailed to you, please also contact Connor.
Video Links
Watch: Dealing with the Diagnosis - Mom's Perspective
Watch: My RP Retinitis Pigmentosa v2
Tech Talk
Amazon Smile
Get online and type in AMAZONSMILE.COM to shop and raise funds for FFB! Amazon has a program that enables you to shop and donate 0.5% percent of your purchase to your favorite organization. All you need to do is go to AmazonSmile.com and set up your account with the organization you would like to support. Then you can donate your shopping to the FFB, on the screen where it says other organizations, type in Foundation Fighting Blindness and hit the SEARCH button. Then a list of organizations will pop up, make sure it is the one that on the right hand side of the screen reads, Columbia, Maryland, founded 1971. Then go to the right hit the button, and you are now registered to shop and donate to FFB!
Contact Us:
Get involved and make a difference to a loved one or friend. Become a member of the Hampton Roads/Virginia Beach Chapter. Help us to educate, raise awareness and aid in raising funds for research. Get involved!
Kelsey Miller,
Event Director
Mary Ann Subleski
Director of Chapter Development
(847) 680-0100

subset: commoncrawl


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Call: (239) 652-0434
Secure online donations can be made to a general fund, specific projects and as a tribute.
Habitat partners with qualified families in need to provide decent, affordable homes.
Attend a monthly Habitat 101 luncheon to learn more about the Habitat mission.
View Our 2017 Habitat For Humanity Brochure


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Preschool Of The Arts
Scroll down to seek out links to MORE BOOKS ABOUT DRAWING than you ever knew existed! Meaning funding for national arts and humanities could decline, or worse yet, all however disappear. Different pure therapeutic arts schools provide coursework in naturopathy, homeopathy, power therapeutic drugs (Reiki, touch therapy, chakra balancing, etc.), holistic nutrition and skincare, holistic practitioner modules, and the like. Located inside the Gateway Arts District in the Artists by the Tracks" section of Mount Rainier, Otis Avenue Arts Project serves as artist studios, exhibition area, and a inventive incubator for these interested by a dynamic, supportive, and community oriented work surroundings of skilled artists.
Nothing improper with a bit of glitter, however it's no substitute for a top quality artistic arts programme. Speaking of expertise, after everyone left the children introduced their expertise in either a group or solo act. The humanities and our respect for and nurturing of the arts are key to our lives as Americans. The youngsters may have so much enjoyable enjoying tic tac toe with this leaf and bugs set. Finger knitting is a a lot easier and safer means for teenagers to knit than to use needles, and it improves guide dexterity and hand-eye coordination.
What is also impossible is this: Twenty-two % of American children dwell in poverty , and the emphasis of recent school reform ignores this fact As long as that is the case, educating needy children who do not have Gahn as their principal shall be impossible. We have … Read More . . .


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Creek Chub Pop & Dunk #6300 with Box
A CCBC Pop & Dunk, Pikie finish, #6300, end stamped box, excellent condition.
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Register for free !
JOC News Service
Feb 15, 2017
Over the next decade, Herman said, there will be over one million job openings in B.C. 123,000 of those will be for trades occupations, and he majority of those trades will require apprenticeship training. Many of these trades are in construction and many that aren't directly related, such as machinists, have some ties to construction.
Sponsoring an apprentice benefits employers in that it meets demand, gives a financial advantage, aids in succession planning and "creates pride in the next generation," Herman said.
Apprenticeship also diversifies your workforce, Herman said, because the larger your pool of qualified candidates, the better chance an employer has of finding the right people with the right skills at the right time. His encourages consistent hiring practices, he said, which "builds a loyal and dedicated workforce."
To retain apprentices, a safe and welcoming workforce is needed as are adaptable communication styles. Consistent job expectations, check-in and follow-up are also important, Herman said.
"Once you get your ticket, the opportunities are unlimited," Herman said, citing starting one's own company, going into senior management or specializing in a skilled trade.
The ITA has a Champions of Apprenticeship program which highlights employers who make an effort to take on apprentices, Herman said, which is an area of training that isn't normally focused upon.
Herman also pointed towards innovative practices in the trades, such as flexible delivery, partnerships, student supports and regional access.
The Southern Interior Construction Association, for instance, incorporates work experience in to training, with students matched with employers with an option to continue past their training.
BC Hydro, Herman said, has partnered with the College of New Caledonia to deliver online learning on electrical training.
The ITA, Herman said, has also fostered industry engagement with 11 sector advisory groups and a team of industry relations specialists, including two for construction and one for construction associations, as "they have somewhat differing views regarding apprenticeship."
ITA also has industry relations managers, who work to "get the pulse of what's happening around the province in various sectors," Herman said, and also publishes a guide on employing women in the trades, as well as a best practices guide for attracting employing and retaining aboriginal people in the trades.
There is also an apprentice job match tool at itabc.ca/jobmatch, which Herman termed as a "eHarmony for apprentices" where employers and potential apprentices can connect.
Key take aways on apprentices are that BC is poised to leverage opportunities in skilled trades, and the ITA is working to engage he industry and create a responsive skilled trades raining system, he added."Take advantage of the benefits of sponsoring apprentices to help grow your business, and use best practices and ITA tools and resources to help you attract, train and retain apprentices," Herman said.
Feb 15, 2017
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Or register to be able to comment.


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Attention Race Fans! It's time for the annual Short Track Spring Championship races at Dixie Speedway in Woodstock, Georgia. It all kicks off Saturday night April 8th at 7PM. It's a Full Racing Program with Championship features in all divisions! The 120mph, 800 horse powered Super Late Models, Steel Head Late Models, Crate Late Models, Super Bombers, Econo Bombers and Street Stingers will battle on the red clay! Gates open at 5 PM – racing 7PM
Dixie Speedway is located off of Hwy 92 in Woodstock Ga.
at 150 Dixie Dr.
Office hours M-F 10 to 5


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Christmas gifts for black girls
For instance, purchase a costume for her and slip in a present certificate for a nice restaurant inside of the box. New to Volt's 2015 range, this lovely, 250W e-bike covers up to 55 miles on a single charge and comes fitted with an LIQUID Christmas gifts for black girls DISPLAY cycle pc, Shimano Alivio eight-pace gears, security power reduce brakes, front and back lights, a lithium polymer battery and much more. Don't worry, you don't have to be Van Gogh to make a wonderful present she'll love. The reward of an expertise though will be sure that he remembers it for a very very long time. This multipurpose piece of furniture with accordion-fashion pleats can help a half ton of christmas gifts for black girls, but it folds down to a 13-by-7-inch e book you'll be able to tuck underneath your arm. The purpose of at the present time is to honor fathers and make them feel that how particular they're. 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Here's what I say you do, learn the next article, and by the end of it, you will have what you want from among the many Valentine's Day gifts for guys. Thank You. All of the anecdotes on this e book are about small coincidences that had a serious influence on historical past. Few things are extra valuable than reminiscences, and a photograph book stuffed with treasured memories is a present that the birthday celebrant will take pleasure in for years to come back. In spite of everything, it's not a birthday cake if there is no name on it. Birthday items for teenage girls are particularly essential. They will love whipping up a new recipe whereas carrying a personalised kitchen apron or displaying the peerlessly chosen charcuterie plate on a custom-made cheese board. Not the worth however your immeasurable love will matter to her. Should you wish to substitute a damaged product, we'll ship you a brand new one. Purchase this as a present for a girl christmas gifts for black girls needs just a little me time. IMO, people are badly confused about what constitutes actual men. For those with more expensive tastes, you can get a 38-inch by 25-inch framed picture of the Cleveland skyline and landmarks. And here is what Christmas gifts for black girls found…they are extra grateful for the presents they do get…they keep in mind every present and we new mexico gift basket ideas to spend more time collectively as a family instead of selecting up wrapping paper. While christmas gifts for black girls non-obligatory, it is a advisable gesture for the groom to supply a tip in the 10 to 20 vary of their charge, which usually averages between 150 and 200. Unfold, and proceed the design on each towel, including loopy cursive labels and seasonal details. Discover out - from her, and even her family and friends if want be - all her favorite dishes. Two ties and a pocket square in an assortment of patterns and color schemes come packaged in a field, able to gift.More...
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solar energy project financing Events
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The 5th edition of the Microgrid Global Innovation Forum, September 4-6, 2017 in Barcelona, focuses on microgrid advances, case studies and applications in EMEA, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. The emphasis is on maximizing the effective use of renewable and distributed energy resources, refining the positive business model for a range of microgrid ...
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Bamuna Clothing Hong Kong
Surprisingly, you can get discounts of up to 4% when purchasing Bamuna Clothing online! Plain Ruffle Hen Sleeveless Dress, Printed Short-Sleeve T-shirt and Bow Sleeveless Dress are among the most famed models of Bamuna Clothing. Looking for a Bamuna Clothing? Find good ones not only from Bamuna Clothing but also from Asos, trendsgal and Missguided. Can you believe they are only HK$ 104.00 - HK$ 453.00 for Bamuna Clothing on iprice? Depending on your preferences and budget, you can choose between Dresses, Tops and Skirts. To suit your home, most Bamuna Clothing are manufactured with either Multicolour.


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Latest Articles
BLACK UHURU Comes to Fox Theater 9/26
by BWW News Desk - July 31, 2017
Derrick "Duckie" Simpson the "Gong Gong Gullie" is the founder and leader for reggae's BLACK UHURU. Although going through numerous lead singers and musicians they have remained to be one of the most recognized and prolific reggae band for over 50 years.... (more...)
RAC's New Album 'Ego' Out Now via Counter Records
by BWW News Desk - July 14, 2017
In collaboration with Counter Records and Anjos, Ujo Music—an Ethereum-based blockchain project—is creating a custom store where fans will be able to purchase EGO. The Ujo Music Store is the first of its kind allowing artists to sell their work directly to fans using Ether, the currency of the Ether... (more...)
RAC Debuts New Song 'The Beautiful Game' featuring St. Lucia
by BWW News Desk - June 20, 2017
Grammy award winning artist RAC (pronounced Ar-Ay-Cee)—known as André Allen Anjos—releases a new song, "The Beautiful Game," featuring vocals from St. Lucia.... (more...)
RAC's 'I Still Wanna Know' Video featuring Rivers Cuomo Premieres on Consequence Of Sound
by BWW News Desk - June 12, 2017
Grammy award winning artist RAC (pronounced Ar-Ay-Cee)—known as André Allen Anjos—premieres a new music video for his track "I Still Wanna Know" on Consequence Of Sound... (more...)
24th Annual Balcones Heights Jazz Festival Headed to San Antonio
by BWW News Desk - May 30, 2017
For over two decades, the Balcones Heights Jazz Festival has been a summer highlight captivating jazz aficionados from across Texas with a free stellar line-up of renowned jazz stars from across the country. This year's performance features a diverse line-up of headlining and special opening acts, n... (more...)
GREAT GOOD FINE OK Comes to the Fox Theatre
by BWW News Desk - April 17, 2017
Is it possible to be nostalgic for the future? Brooklyn synthpop duo Great Good Fine Ok met one evening in 2013 and by the next morning had written their first song together, 'You're the One for Me,' a gauzy, heart-thumping anthem that hit #1 on Hype Machine twice in one month and instantly establis... (more...)
VEVO Premieres One Of A Kind Global Video 'Ringer' Video From The Unlikely Candidates
by BWW News Desk - March 27, 2017
Today, VEVO is world premiering the new music video from Fort Worth, TX alternative rock band, The Unlikely Candidates for their song "Ringer."... (more...)
The Unlikely Candidates to Release EP 'Bed Of Liars'; Headline Tour Starts Tomorrow
by BWW News Desk - February 16, 2017
Fort Worth, TX alternative rock band, The Unlikely Candidates will release Bed Of Liars, a six-song EP, tomorrow, February 17, 2017.... (more...)
The Unlikely Candidates Announce Headline Tour; Listen To Entire EP Now
by BWW News Desk - January 30, 2017
Fort Worth, TX alternative rock band, The Unlikely Candidates will release Bed Of Liars, a six-song EP, on February 17, 2017 – the band is currently streaming the entire EP on their website and on soundcloud now... (more...)
BottleRock Napa Valley Announces Daily Lineup; Single Day Tickets Available, 1/10
by BWW News Desk - January 09, 2017
Single day passes for the fifth annual BottleRock Napa Valley music, wine, food, and craft brew festival, presented by JaM Cellars on May 26 - 28, 2017, will be available Tuesday, January 10 at 10:00 a.m. PST and may be purchased at BottleRockNapaValley.com and Eventbrite.com. Fans are strongly enco... (more...)
Foo Fighters, Tom Petty, Maroon 5 Headline 5th Annual BottleRock Napa Valley This May
by BWW News Desk - January 03, 2017
BottleRock Napa Valley 2017, presented by JaM Cellars, announces its fifth annual lineup today, including headline artists Foo Fighters, Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers, and Maroon 5.... (more...)
BottleRock Napa Valley 2017 Announces Festival Lineup - Foo Fighters, Tom Petty and More, 5/26-28! Tickets on Sale 1/4
by BWW News Desk - January 03, 2017
BottleRock Napa Valley 2017, presented by JaM Cellars, announces its fifth annual festival lineup today, which includes headline artists Foo Fighters, Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers, and Maroon 5. The three-day music, wine, food, and craft brew festival will take place in the heart of the City of Nap... (more...)
LABA: A Laboratory for Jewish Culture Announces 2016-2017 Fellows
by BWW News Desk - November 11, 2016
LABA: A Laboratory for Jewish Culture announces the 2016/2017 LABA Fellows, consisting of a group of twelve culture-makers-a mix of visual artists, writers, dancers, musicians, actors and others, who are brought together to study classic Jewish texts in a non-religious, open-minded setting centered ... (more...)
Tigertown Premieres PAPERNOTE from Newly Announced EP, Ahead of European Panic! At the Disco Tour
by BWW News Desk - September 29, 2016
Today, Sydney alt pop foursome Tigertown release their brand new single "Papernote" of their forthcoming EP of the same name, which arrives next month via Neon Gold / Atlantic Records ahead of a sold out European tour supporting Panic! At The Disco. Popjustice premiered the track here, describing it... (more...)
Rihanna & Coldplay to Headline 2016 'Budweiser Made In America' Festival
by BWW News Desk - June 20, 2016
'Budweiser Made In America,' the JAY Z curated two-day music festival and staple of Labor Day Weekend, returns to Philadelphia for a fifth season. The festival's Rocky, Liberty and Tidal stages will be live streamed in their entirety on TIDAL.... (more...)
STAGE TUBE: HAMILTON Actress Stars in Jimkata's 'Jumping Out of Airplanes' Video
by Stage Tube - April 28, 2016
Upstate NY electro-rock trio Jimkata have premiered 'Jumping Out of Airplanes' exclusively with Popwrapped. The captivating visual stars Hamilton actress Carleigh Bettiol and is featured on the band's fourth LP In Motion released in February. Click below to watch the music video!... (more...)
VIDEO: St. Lucia Perform 'Dancing on Glass' on TONIGHT SHOW
by TV News Desk - January 25, 2016
On Friday night's TONIGHT SHOW, music guest St. Lucia performed 'Dancing on Glass' off their sophomore album 'Matter.'... (more...)
Concert Data Provided by Pollstar


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Issue 4 (also known as Part 4 and Book 4) of Murkoff Account was released on February 22, 2017.[1]
The Pauls arrived at Boulder, Colorado in search for Waylon Park, only to discover that Park had burned down his house and fled with his family in order to escape Murkoff's clutches. In the wreckage, Paul found Park's family photo, expressing his discontent for the Whistleblower's situation, as he wasn't a fan of their targets having families. Glick made a sarcastic remark that Murkoff doesn't target women and children before apologizing as Paul glanced in her direction.
The two traveled east to Washington, D.C. to look through Miles Upshur's apartment. One of Upshur's neighbors claimed to have seen him recently, noting that the man in question riled up her dogs that were usually fond of him, but the Pauls expressed their disbelief.
List of characters in order of appearance:
- Waylon Park (Pictured)
- Lisa Park (Pictured)
- Pauline Glick
- Paul Marion
- Simon Peacock (Background)
- Miles Upshur (Mentioned)
- Alison Marion (Flashback)


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Presto FryDaddy 05422 Deep Fryer Reviews
- Other Deep Fryers:
- Average: 4.2
- High: 5.0
- Brand:
- Presto
Read 1 Review
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®by PowerReviews
Reviewed by 1 customer
Comments about Presto FryDaddy 05422 Deep Fryer:
Oh how I love my fry daddy!! I have had other 'newer' deep fryers but none of them even come close to comparing my fry daddy! It heats quick and evenly. It has an easy to read fill line. I also dont have to worry about the temp being to hot pr cool becuae the fry daddy does not have a temp selecter. some might find that annoying or not like it but for me I think it makes it easier to use. we use ours for so many different things. I have more then one so the size of it doesnt bother me to much. It would be nice if it was a little bigger but then it would be the fry pappy. Which we also have. The fry daddy is also so easy to clean. You just unclick the cord and you can submerge the whole thing. It does get stained and worn looking after while. But overall I do love my fry daddy!
The fry daddy heats up so fast I love it. It cooks evenly and never gets too hot.
Ease of Use
so simple to use. Of course it should be, being there is not even an on and an off. you just plug it in
I have used mine more then I probably want to admit. It has never let me down and I dont think it ever will.
Ease of Cleaning
It is one of the easiest small appliance that I own to clean. All you have to do is unplug it and you can submerge the whole thing in the water.


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Kumiko (art technique of assembling small wooden pieces without nails) by Shinichi Sugawara from Iwate, Japan. (wasaku.org)
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CNC - Halftone portrait - YouTube


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Nov. 18, 2004
LARAMIE, Wyo. -
The 100th season of Wyoming Basketball will tip off this Friday night, Nov. 19 at 7 p.m. with the first regular-season game of the year against Alcorn State University of Lorman, Miss.
Wyoming won both of its exhibition games heading into Friday's regular-season opener, defeating Colorado School of Mines, 76-72 in overtime on Nov. 9, and the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs on Nov. 13 by a score of 99-50.
Alcorn State enters Friday's contest with an 0-2 record, having lost to Creighton, 40-74, and to Northern Arizona, 61-70, in the Guardian Classic at Creighton University.
After Friday's season opener, the Cowboys will come back on Monday, Nov. 22 and host Princeton. The Princeton Tigers return four starters and 12 letterwinners from last year's team that won the Ivy League Championship and advanced to the First Round of the 2004 NCAA Tournament. This year's Princeton squad is coached by former Air Force head coach Joe Scott, who is a Princeton alumnus and former assistant coach for the Tigers. Princeton will bring a 1-1 record into Monday's game. The Tigers defeated Bucknell, 61-48, in the Coaches vs. Cancer Classic at Syracuse on Nov. 11, and then lost to host Syracuse on Nov. 12, 45-56. Syracuse was ranked No. 6 entering that game. The Wyoming vs. Princeton game is also scheduled to begin at 7 p.m.


text: > > It is strange that the scan does not find the /dev/hdd volume, > > but the display manually finds the same data. > Actually, I found that using lvm.conf, I can tell it to > scan for the disk, and then the disk is found, and the > vg1 is created. This closes my problem. But it is still > bad that pvscan can't find the disk after other disks > have been exchanged. Maybe this is a bios problem. Debian users in particular often report problems like this because of an incorrect symlink connecting /dev/cdrom to /dev/hdd and an lvm.conf filter ignoring cdrom. Alasdair -- agk redhat com


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 25, 2008
|Filing date
|Aug 21, 2007
|Priority date
|Nov 29, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Tom Houtman
|Original Assignee
|Transcore Link Logistics Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (2), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/861,450, filed on Nov. 29, 2006. The full disclosure of this provisional application is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to communication methods used in satellite navigation systems. More specifically, the present invention is directed to improved methods of acquisition of spread spectrum satellite navigation signals that reduce the required computational complexity when compared to other methods.
One of the key problems in the use of satellite navigation systems such as GPS is detection of and synchronization to the signals from the satellites (often termed "acquisition"). As a minimum, receivers must measure the carrier frequency or spreading code phase (delay), or both; typically unassisted receivers must additionally determine and track the signal carrier phase to enable data demodulation. Receivers must decide whether a navigation signal is present and can be used to form a position, velocity and/or time solution.
A number of techniques have been used to solve this problem. Many GPS receivers use hardware correlators in a scan mode. For each code phase and carrier frequency hypothesis to be tested, and for each pseudonoise signal to be tested, a correlator effectively performs signal conversion to complex baseband, despreads the signal with the desired pseudonoise reference signal, and adds the output to determine the correlation energy for the given code phase and carrier frequency. The correlators are scanned over the time and frequency hypotheses until sufficiently high correlation energy is seen to indicate a successful detection at a given hypothesis set. In the more recent designs of this type multiple correlators have been used to reduce the search time.
Frequency domain convolution has also been proposed as an acquisition technique with the potential to reduce the search time. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,601,005 to Kilvington, such an approach is disclosed in which a digitized complex baseband signal consisting of the sum of signals from multiple GPS satellites as well as thermal noise is transformed via FFT to the frequency domain, multiplied by a frequency domain transformation of the pseudonoise signal from a GPS satellite, inverse transformed back to the time domain and then searched for a peak, the position of which indicates the relative code phase. With an efficient FFT processor such as a digital signal processor (DSP) this technique can provide much faster acquisition of code phase and carrier frequency than the hardware correlator approach. Because of the increased efficiency, it is also more feasible to increase the signal integration time, so the sensitivity of the receiver can be increased.
Although the frequency-domain approach is attractive, the amount of computation required can be very high, especially in unassisted receivers which have no side information (for example from a cellular radio link) on the receiver frequency error. An acquisition scheme with reduced computational complexity could provide faster acquisition or lower power consumption, or both.
Both time-domain and frequency-domain convolution suffer from a computational scaling issue with coherent integration. As the coherent integration period increases (providing better receiver sensitivity) the computation per time and frequency hypothesis increases in proportion. The loss due to frequency differences between hypothetical and true signal frequencies is increased; typically to maintain a fixed worst-case loss due to frequency offsets, the number of frequency hypotheses to be searched also increases proportionally to the coherent integration time. These two scaling effects combine so that the overall computational burden is proportional to the square of the coherent integration time.
One of the limitations to coherent integration is loss due to bit transitions in the navigation data. For example GPS broadcasts are direct sequence spread spectrum signals with a 1023-chip-long spreading sequence repeating every millisecond, multiplied by 20 millisecond long data bits carrying the broadcast data. If the coherent integration interval spans one or more bit transitions, the output correlation peak is reduced, and significant errors are introduced to carrier frequency estimates. This can be seen by considering a 40 millisecond coherent integration interval centered on a bit transition; with a noise- and interference-free input, the correlation energy is 0 at the correct time and frequency, reaching reduced maxima at the correct time but offset from the correct frequency. Any acquisition technique which removes the effect of bit transitions can make long coherent integration periods more feasible as a means of improving receiver sensitivity, and improves the effectiveness of integration even for short coherent integration periods.
Although it decreases per-sample SNR significantly, differential acquisition virtually eliminates the signal frequency offset and can strongly reduce the effect of bit transitions. This means that long coherent integration periods are feasible, which can more than mitigate the detrimental effect on SNR.
Thus, there is a need in the prior art to have systems and methods which provide acquisition in a computationally efficient processes and avoid the limitations discussed above. There is also a need for methods and systems that simplify and provide cost savings over the prior art systems.
To achieve the above and other objects, the present invention is directed to a method of acquiring signals from satellites in a Global Positioning System (GPS) is disclosed. The method includes receiving navigation signals from the satellites of the GPS, down-converting to complex baseband the received navigation signals to form a first signal, digitizing samples of the first signal, nonlinear processing of the digitized samples of the first signal to form a second signal, where the nonlinear processing comprises forming a weighted sum of products of pairs of the digitized samples at different relative delays, in which one of each of the pairs has been complex conjugated, coherent averaging the second signal over integer multiples or submultiples of a spreading sequence period of the navigation signals to form a third signal, performing circular correlation processing of the third signal with a representation of each navigation signal of the navigation signals and determining a timing offset at which a correlated output energy is maximized, based on the circular correlation processing.
Preferably, the step of nonlinear processing further includes discarding an imaginary component of the digitized samples of the first signal for short delay periods or small residual carrier frequencies. Also, the method may include rotating, on a complex plane, at least one of the second signal and the third signal so that the at least one signal falls on or near a real or an imaginary axis of the complex plane. The method may also include determining a chip timing drift rate for each of the received navigation signals and inserting or deleting samples in the digitizing samples step to compensate for the chip timing drift rate. Also, the inserting or deleting step may include passing multiple coherently averaged sections of the first signal though delay and advance filters.
Also, the method of acquiring signals from satellites may include estimating a carrier frequency the received navigation signals by dispreading the first signal with synchronized code, by determining a chip timing drift rate for each of the received navigation signals or by determining a phase angle of a detection peak of the third signal. The method may further include performing a single-pass interference cancellation process for each navigation signal. The single-pass interference cancellation process may include estimating a code phase, an amplitude and a chip timing drift for each navigation signal, comparing peak amplitudes of each navigation signal with thresholds, forming replica waveforms for each navigation signal at a test chip timing drift rate, based on the code phase, the amplitude and the chip timing drift, and offset from the test chip timing drift rate and subtracting the replica waveforms from the navigation signals.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a receiver for acquiring signals from satellites in a Global Positioning System (GPS) is disclosed. The receiver includes at least one antenna, a receiver, connected to the at least one antenna, configured to receive navigation signals from the satellites of the GPS and a processor, in communication with the receiver. The processor is configured to down-convert to complex baseband the received navigation signals to form a first signal, digitize samples of the first signal, process, nonlinearly, the digitized samples of the first signal to form a second signal, where the nonlinear processing comprises forming a weighted sum of products of pairs of the digitized samples at different relative delays, in which one of each of the pairs has been complex conjugated, coherently average the second signal over integer multiples or submultiples of a spreading sequence period of the navigation signals to form a third signal, perform circular correlation processing of the third signal with a representation of each navigation signal of the navigation signals and determine a timing offset at which a correlated output energy is maximized, based on the circular correlation processing.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be set forth in detail with reference to the drawings, in which like reference numerals refer to like elements or operational steps throughout.
The communication methods used in satellite navigation systems and a receiver for processing those signals, according to at least one embodiment, are illustrated in
The basic acquisition technique according to the present invention is as follows:
In its simplest form, the second signal formed by differential processing in step B is the product of the samples of the first signal with delayed, complex conjugated samples of the first signal. This is a well known technique of phase differencing. It should also be noted that the order of operations above is given as down-conversion followed by digitization followed by nonlinear processing of the digitized samples. There may be a further downconversion step after digitization, for example. In either case, the representation of the signal should be complex baseband (aka in-phase and quadrature) for the nonlinear processing step. This representation could be accomplished before or after digitization.
When applied with a GPS signal as an input, the phase-differenced signal has the following properties: 1) Due to the phase differencing, the output signal is not affected by the carrier phase of the input signal. 2) The phase of the desired navigation output signal is proportional to the residual carrier frequency of the input signal after downconversion, and to the delay between the input samples used to form the phase difference signal. Specifically
where φ is the phase in radians, D is the delay between input samples in integer increments of the sampling period, fc is the residual carrier frequency, and fs is the sampling frequency. The sign depends on which of the input samples is conjugated, and whether the sample pair spans a navigation bit transition. 3) The frequency of the output signal is proportional to the frequency drift of the input signal, and is extremely small. 4) The signal-to-noise ratio of the output phase-differenced signal is lower than that of the input due to squaring loss.
Although the decreased SNR is unattractive, the negligible frequency of the phase-differenced signal means that coherent integration can be performed over very long intervals. Also, because the integration is coherent, it can be performed completely before per-satellite correlation processing as shared computation, lightening the per-satellite computational burden.
In step C, time-domain coherent averaging is performed. For example, if a one millisecond averaging interval was selected, averaging was performed for N milliseconds and the sample rate was 2046000 (i.e. 2 samples per chip), then the output would consist of 2046 averaged values computed as:
In this equation Ak is the third (averaged) signal of step C, while D is the second (phase-differenced) signal of step B, output at a sample rate of 2046000 per second.
The choice of time-domain averaging interval in step C depends on the signals of interest and on available memory. For example, both GPS C/A and SBAS signals have pseudonoise sequence repetition periods of 1 millisecond, so averaging over a one millisecond interval is a natural choice. If the size of the averaging memory needs to be kept small, then a shorter integer-submultiple averaging period would be advantageous, for example 500 or 250 microseconds. In these cases there are two- and four-fold timing ambiguities respectively with GPS C/A and SBAS signals. Although no detailed or final Galileo system specification has yet been publicly released, the pseudonoise sequence repetition period for the open access signal at 1575.42 MHz has been reported to be 4 milliseconds. In this case an averaging interval of one millisecond might be chosen, which would provide unambiguous synchronization to the GPS C/A and SBAS pseudonoise sequences and four-fold-ambiguous synchronization to the Galileo pseudonoise sequence.
The representative signal with which the processed received signal is correlated in step D of the basic acquisition technique is a representation of an ideal navigation signal of interest after being passed through the nonlinear processing of step B. The signal is processed in a circular manner to generate the correlation signal.
For example, consider differential processing of the signal from GPS PRN 1 at a sample rate of 2046000 samples per second (two samples per chip), where the nonlinear processing consists of multiplying a sample with the complex conjugate of the sample which came two samples (one chip) before. The spreading sequence for PRN 1 is 1023 chips long starting with 11001 . . . and ending with . . . 10000. At two samples per symbol, an idealized baseband BPSK representation of this is the 2046-sample sequence S1=[−1 −1 −1 −1 1 1 1 1 −1 −1 . . . −1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1], where the choice has been made to map binary 0 and 1 to +1 and −1 respectively in the baseband signal. The nonlinear-processed idealized correlation waveform is then D1=[1 1 1 1 −1 −1 1 −1 −1 . . . −1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1].
In this sequence, the first sample was generated by multiplying the first sample of S1 with the second-last sample of S1; the second sample was generated by multiplying the second sample of S1 with the last sample of S1; the third was generated by multiplying the third sample of S1 by the first sample of S1; and so on. Since the idealized baseband signal is real, complex conjugation is not necessary.
Correlation processing can be performed in the time domain or in the frequency domain. In the time domain, the most convenient representation of the signals is with an integer number of samples per chip as in the example above. For frequency domain processing, the most convenient representation of the sequence would have a number of samples which is a power of 2, enabling the use of efficient, low complexity FFTs.
One procedure to generate the frequency domain sequences for correlation is to start by computing a time domain sequence having an integer number of samples per chip, and then using well established resampling techniques such as interpolation/decimation filtering to increase the sample rate such that the number of samples in the correlation waveform is a power of 2. The resulting sequence is then time-reversed and converted to the frequency domain via an FFT for frequency domain correlation with the received signal.
The phase angle of the differential signal is proportional to the delay between the taps used for the nonlinear processing in step B, and to the residual carrier frequency after downconversion to complex baseband form. This can be used to advantage to reduce computation.
For short delays and/or small residual carrier frequencies, the phase-differenced signal has a very small imaginary component which can be discarded. In this case the time-domain averaging and correlation processing of steps C and D can be performed on a real signal, significantly reducing computation. In a more general case, the delay and residual carrier frequency can be selected so that the signal falls near either the real or imaginary axis of the complex plane, in which case one of either the real or imaginary components can be discarded.
Even if the frequency plan and delay do not cause the signal to fall near the real or imaginary axis, computation can be simplified in other ways. One technique is to discard the real or complex part of the phase difference signal even though the signal does not fall on or near either the real or imaginary axis. Although this will cause a decrease in SNR, this may be acceptable in many applications. In the worst case the SNR will decrease by 3 dB; in most practical cases the loss will be less than this, especially because cross-correlation interference from different navigation signals than the one of interest will also have similar phase angles to the signal of interest, after the non-linear differential processing of step B and with short differencing delays. An example of this can be seen in
Alternatively, an off-axis complex signal could be rotated on the complex plane so that the signal falls on or near the real or imaginary axis. This rotation could be performed either between steps B and C or between steps C and D of the basic algorithm, following which the redundant signal component could be discarded.
The impact of navigation data bit transitions depends on the phase differencing delay. For short delays, the bit transitions can be ignored. For example, with GPS there is a bit transition every 40 milliseconds, on average. In this case, with a one chip (approximately 1 microsecond) phase differencing delay there is a random phase reversal of the phase difference signal lasting 1 microsecond and occurring on average once every 40 milliseconds; this leads to an average loss of 2�10−4 dB which can be accepted. Longer delays will cause increased loss which can be compensated by increasing the overall averaging period.
Due to Doppler shift and receiver clock frequency error, the timing of the pseudonoise sequence from each satellite will have some drift. For example, GPS satellites typically have chip drift rate offsets from the nominal chip rate in the range of �2.5 parts per million or more, just from the relative Doppler shift. The net effects will be to increase timing uncertainty and to decrease correlation energy, as the correlation energy of a signal is spread over more samples than in the nominal case. If the coherent averaging interval is short, chip timing drift can be ignored; for longer averaging or for best accuracy, chip timing drift needs to be handled.
Given a hypothesized chip timing drift rate, one way to compensate for the drift is to adjust the timing of the coherent averaging interval to match. This could be done by deleting samples from or inserting samples into the phase-differenced stream being averaged in a controlled manner dictated by the hypothesized drift rate.
Another way of dealing with chip timing drift is to use an approach in which multiple coherently averaged sections generated as in step C are passed through delay/advance filters. Each section would be averaged for a relatively short time, over which chip timing drift could be ignored. Each of these sections would then be filtered with a different delay or advance which would be proportional to the time difference between the start of averaging for each section and a reference time, as well as the hypothesized chip drift rate. These filters would be used to adjust the signal timing to the reference time (most conveniently near the beginning or the end of measurement, but any time could be used) such that the effect of chip timing drift is cancelled.
As a concrete example, consider such a system being used to receive a GPS signal with a +2.5 ppm drift rate (the sense of the sign is that the chip sequence is slightly faster than nominal), in which the received signal is averaged in step C of the basic acquisition technique 50 times with a 1 ms averaging interval. The 50-millisecond-averaged sections are each filtered to delay or advance the signal within the section, and 20 such filtered sections are added so that integration is effectively performed over a one second interval. In this case with the +2.5 ppm chip drift rate, the pseudonoise sequence advances 0.127875 chip between each subsequent 50 millisecond averaging interval, and 2.5575 chips over the one second overall integration period. If the last 50 millisecond section is unfiltered, the second-last is filtered with a filter providing a delay of 0.127875 chip periods (or 125 ns delay), the third-last is filtered with a filter providing 250 ns delay, and so on up to the very first 50 ms section which is filtered with a filter providing 2375 ns of delay, and the outputs of the filters are summed to provide a drift-compensated one millisecond long averaged data record, then the net effect is to cancel the effect of the +2.5 ppm chip timing drift (except for the small amount of drift over each 50 ms averaging intervals). The reference time to which all the sections are adjusted is 25 ms before the end of the one second averaging interval in this case.
Typically it will be desirable to perform correlation processing for navigation signals at different chip timing drift rates. Even if the drift rates are known beforehand, usually signals from different satellites will have different drift rates and the receiver drift rate will be unknown, so it will be beneficial to perform processing at a number of different rates. If the drift rates are not well known, the benefits are even stronger. Given a system which performs the phase-differencing and time-averaging with a controllable relative drift rate using one of the techniques outlined here, processing could be performed in a serial manner for each hypothesized drift rate of interest; alternatively, the search could be performed in parallel by running several such systems simultaneously with different programmed drift rates. This approach is shown in
Typically the correlation processing performed in step D of the basic acquisition scheme would be performed in a circular manner, either in the time domain or in the frequency domain via FFT-multiplication-IFFT. In this case the delay-advance filters would need to be circular as well—for example with a filter providing exactly one sample of delay, the second output sample would be equal to the first input sample, the third output sample would be equal to the second input sample and so on, while the first output sample would be equal to the last input sample. This means that without loss of generality the delay/advance filters could be implemented as all delays, or all advances, as a design choice. For example, with circular filtering of a 2046-sample buffer, a filter providing a 4.5 sample advance would give the same output as a filter providing a delay of 2041.5 samples.
Typically the delay filter would be implemented for a given desired delay using a combination of finite impulse response timing interpolation filtering and input or output memory pointer offsets. The taps of the timing interpolation filter would be selected or computed to provide a desired fractional-sample delay which could be varied from 0 to 1 sample. This filter would typically also have an integer sample delay. The overall delay would be achieved by computing the start input offset from the desired integer delay and the filter integer delay, and then computing each output sample as a weighted sum of a set of a portion of the input samples the first of which is pointed to by the input memory pointer, incrementing the input memory pointer and output memory pointer by one (in a circular manner) for each output sample.
The code phase (pseudonoise sequence relative timing) and amplitude can be estimated by searching over the chip timing drift rate and timing hypotheses to find the peak value. The estimated amplitude can be formed as the difference between the peak value and the mean value, while the code phase is determined from the relative time offset of the peak within the detection output sequence.
Once the best chip timing drift rate and peak timing offset have been found, an improved estimate can be formed by polynomial curve fitting. For example, using data from the output sequence at the best chip timing drift rate, a parabola could be fit to the points around the peak, either as a direct solution (three points centered on the peak) or as a least-squares solution (more than three points centered on the peak). The improved peak timing estimate and amplitude can then be determined from the parabola coefficients.
In many cases it will be of interest to perform carrier frequency estimation on the navigation signals, both for the information they can provide on receiver velocity as well as for demodulator initialization (in unaided receivers). Within the context of the differential acquisition technique there are several ways this can be done.
Once the timing of the pseudonoise sequence has been estimated using the differential technique, the carrier frequency could be estimated for each navigation signal of interest by despreading the complex baseband input signal with a synchronized code. Typically this would be followed by sample decimation and frequency estimation using one of a number of well-known techniques (e.g. FFT).
Another technique is to derive the carrier frequency from the chip timing drift rate. GPS transmitters coherently derive the carrier and chip frequencies from a single clock source, while SBAS transmitters are constrained to 50 parts per trillion of relative fractional error between the code and carrier frequencies over 10 seconds. No Galileo specification has been published at this time but it is expected that the code and carrier frequencies will be derived coherently from a single source as in the GPS satellites. If a receiver is designed so that its RF local oscillator(s) and navigation signal sampling clock are derived from a single clock source, then the chip sequences and carrier frequencies can be considered to be coherent in the receiver.
This means that the same fractional offset from the nominal value applies to each of the code and carrier frequency. For example, if an L1 GPS signal has a code drift rate offset from nominal of +2.5 ppm, then the carrier frequency offset from the nominal value will be 2.5�10−6�1575.42�106, or 3939 Hz.
As the hypothesized chip timing drift rate approaches the true rate, the correlation peak changes in three ways. Firstly, the time offset of the peak changes. Secondly, the maximum value of the peak increases (with some corruption by noise and interference). Thirdly, the width of the correlation peak decreases as the correlation energy is spread over fewer samples of the correlation waveform. The second and/or third behaviors can be used in a multiple chip timing drift hypothesis receiver to select the best chip timing drift hypothesis, as the one with the largest peak or the narrowest peak. With multiple hypotheses, the chip timing drift estimate (and therefore the carrier frequency estimate) can be refined by fitting a polynomial to the peak widths as a function of timing drift and finding the value of timing drift which gives a local minimum for the polynomial. Similarly the estimate can be refined by fitting a polynomial to the peak values as a function of timing drift and finding the value of timing drift which gives a local maximum for the polynomial.
Some examples of correlation behavior are shown in
A third technique for carrier frequency estimation is to use the phase angle of the detection peak, if long phase-differencing delays and complex processing are used.
The chip timing drift and long-delay peak phase techniques of frequency estimation can be combined to form a reduced-error estimate in several ways. One way is to compute a weighted average of the two estimates. Another way of combining the two techniques is to use long-delay phase differencing, with chip timing drift giving a coarse but unambiguous frequency estimate and the peak phase angle giving a fine but ambiguous frequency estimate. The two estimates are combined to form a fine, unambiguous estimate.
For example, consider using these two techniques to estimate the L1 frequency offset of multiple GPS satellites, with a phase differencing delay of 1023 samples at a sample rate of 2046000 samples per second. The satellite carrier frequency offsets in this example are within the range of �4 kHz due to Doppler shift. Given the delay and sample rate, the carrier frequencies map into the complex peak phase angle range [−4π, 4π]. Since the complex peak phase angle has an unambiguous range of [−π, π] there is a phase ambiguity which can be resolved using the estimate obtained from the chip timing drift rate; the phase with resolved ambiguity gives an improved estimate of the carrier frequency offset as compared to the frequency estimate using an unambiguous shorter-delay phase-based estimate.
The behavior of cross-correlation interference from navigation satellites other than the one of interest is markedly different when using long- and short-delay phase differencing, as can be seen in
If the relative code phase, chip timing drift rate and signal amplitude of one or more of the transmitted signals present in the received signal were known, then the effects of the known signals could be canceled out. This would allow acquisition to occur with weaker signals, which would otherwise be drowned out by stronger, more easily detected signals.
A typical procedure for single-pass interference cancellation would be:
A multi-pass procedure which has more computation but offers better performance is given below:
The fourth step is repeated for each satellite signal of interest. It can be repeated more than once for the complete set of satellites. The improved estimates formed in each pass can be used to reduce cross-correlation interference further, which leads to even better estimates in the next pass.
Details of implementation are now discussed, where in all cases the implementation was partitioned between hardware and software. The hardware (implemented in an FPGA) performs the initial phase-differencing and time-averaging, while the software (implemented on a DSP) provides chip timing drift compensation, correlation processing, signal parameter estimation, detection decision-making and optional interference cancellation, according to at least one embodiment.
One hardware implementation is shown in
The input signal comes in as complex baseband at the desired sample rate. Downconversion to complex baseband may occur off-chip; alternatively the input signal may be at an intermediate frequency (IF) and the final downconversion could be in a different section of the FPGA.
The complex baseband signals are phase-differenced by complex multiplication of a delayed version of the signal with the complex conjugate of the undelayed signal. Complex conjugation can be performed on either the delayed or undelayed branch (but not both). The phase-differenced output can consist of the real or imaginary portion of the product, or both, depending on whether it is intended to process the output as real or complex data.
The phase-differenced signal is an input to an addressable accumulator. This module consists of an addressable memory to which data is either loaded or added. This module has two other inputs—the address of the data to be loaded/added to, and an input which controls whether the data is loaded or accumulated. Typically the input will be configured to load during the first pass through a section only, so that unwanted initial data within the accumulator doesn't corrupt the output. The number of addressable memory cells within the accumulator is greater than or equal to the number of samples in the time-averaged section. For example, if the sample rate is 2048000 per second and the averaging interval is 1 ms, then the accumulator would have 2048 addressable cells; if the sample rate was 2046000, the averaging interval was 1 ms and the desired number of samples per block was 2046 (for easy time-domain correlation) then the number of cells might be 2046 or 2048 (given that many implementations will be easier with powers of 2).
The addresses for the accumulator are generated by a counter which is incremented on every clock cycle by 0, 1 or 2. The address is incremented with modulo arithmetic; if the number of time-averaged samples in the output section is not a power of two, this needs to be explicitly designed in (for example to force increments modulo 2046 if the number of samples is 2046); if the number of samples is a power of two, then the address counter can be allowed to overflow naturally. The counter increment is controlled by another counter (acting as a numerically controlled oscillator, or NCO) which has a programmable increment. The NCO counter represents a signed binary number which can overflow freely without saturation. On each clock cycle the NCO increment is added to the NCO counter. If this does not cause a sign change in the NCO counter, then the address counter is incremented by 1. If it causes a sign change then the address counter is incremented by 2 if the sign of the counter increment is positive, and by 0 if the sign of the counter increment is negative. The increment is added to the current accumulate address (in a modulo manner as previously described) to form the next accumulate address. The effect of this is to jitter the accumulate address to achieve the desired effective sample rate.
Each time the accumulate address register overflows, a block counter is incremented. The block counter and a total block count register are inputs to the block average start/finish logic. This logic has three outputs. When the block counter value is 0, it sends a signal to the addressable accumulator to load, rather than accumulate, the input signal data. This state holds for the first pass through the block, at the end of which the block counter increments to 1 and the signal changes state to tell the addressable accumulator to accumulate. The second output is a data-available signal to a microprocessor (e.g. DSP). This is asserted when the block counter reaches the value within the block count register. The software within the microprocessor knows that it can read valid time-averaged data after this signal is received. At the same time, a clear signal is asserted to the block counter. This signal tells the block counter to reset to zero, rather than incrementing by one, the next time the accumulate address register overflows.
For example, consider a GPS receiver with time averaging over 1 ms blocks, with 40 milliseconds between the start of each averaging interval. The block count register is programmed to 39, and the block counter counts from 0 to 39 before repeating. During the first millisecond in each 40 millisecond section, the addressable accumulator stores the data rather than accumulating it; this clears the averaged signal from the previous section. For the 2nd through 40th milliseconds, the data is accumulated. After 39 milliseconds, the data-available signal to the microprocessor is asserted, and the microprocessor has 1 millisecond to read the data before the next section starts. At the end of the 40th millisecond, the block counter is reset to 0 and the process repeats
An improved hardware implementation is shown in
The input signal comes in as real samples at some intermediate frequency; they are downconverted to complex baseband and decimated via a complex integrate-and-dump filter. The output of the integrate-and-dump filter is passed through a complex delay line. The phase differenced signal is formed as in the previous implementation.
The sample rate is controlled by a counter with a programmable phase increment, as in the previous implementation. The output is a pulse which is high for a single clock cycle when there is a change in the most significant bit of the sample timing counter from 1 to 0. This pulse output is used in different subsystems for different purposes. For the integrate-and-dump filters, the pulse indicates that the current inputs should be loaded rather than accumulated; the new data will appear on the outputs of the IADs on the rising edge of the clock. In the complex delay line, the pulse is used as a shift enable signal. In the dual-port RAM which forms a portion of the addressable accumulator, the pulse is used as a write enable signal. Finally, the pulse (delayed by one clock cycle with a D flipflop) is used as an increment enable signal to the accumulate address counter.
The effective sample rate of the output is controlled by the sample timing counter increment register. Sample rates from 0 Hz to half the clock frequency can be set, in a resolution that is set by the sizes of the counter and increment register. For example, consider an implementation in which the sample timing counter and its increment register are each 32 bits wide, and are clocked at 16.367 MHz. If the increment register is programmed to 0x20000000 (where "0x" denotes that the number which follows is in hexadecimal notation), then the effective sample rate is 16.367 MHz/8, or 2.045875 MHz. If the increment register is programmed to 0x20008022, the effective sample rate is 2045999.99987 Hz, which is very close to 2046000—a convenient sample rate if time domain correlation is to be used. If the increment register is programmed to 0x20088243, the effective sample rate is 2048000.001523 which is very close to 2048000, a convenient sample rate if frequency domain correlation is to be used via FFT. The available resolution is 16.367 MHz/232, or 3.81�10−3 Hz. If the sample timing counter increment were to be used for chip timing drift compensation, at 2 samples per chip this design would offer
parts per billion resolution on the chip timing drift.
The address counter, block counter and block average start/finish are as they were in the previous version, except that the address counter always increments by 1 (modulo M, where M is the number of averaged samples in the block) and it only increments in cycles in which the increment signal is asserted.
The dual port RAM, multiplexer and adder form an addressable accumulator. Port A of the dual port RAM is used to perform addressed accumulation, while port B is used by the microprocessor to access the accumulated data. The DPRAM is synchronous, with the same clock as the rest of the circuitry. Data stored in the cells only changes on the rising edge of the clock, in cycles in which the write enable A signal is asserted. The microprocessor interface is read-only.
The read/write address is taken from the output of the address register. The write data is selected by the multiplexer to be either the phase-differenced signal or the sum of the phase-differenced signal and the contents of the DPRAM cell referenced by the address. The sum would be selected for accumulation, while the phase-differenced signal alone would be selected on the first averaging pass.
The software implementation performs the following processing steps: 1) common pre-processing, 2) per-satellite acquisition processing and 3) optional interference cancellation and improved per-satellite acquisition processing.
The pre-processing step consists of reading the time-averaged sections from the FPGA as they become available. This step can optionally also include circular delay filtering used for multiple hypothesis chip timing drift estimation as previously described. This step ends when the desired number of sections has been read from the FPGA, and passed through the optional circular delay processing. The per-satellite acquisition processing step consists of the correlation processing and signal parameter estimation which has been previously described. The optional interference cancellation processing has been previously described.
The foregoing description and drawings should be considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. The invention may be configured in a variety of shapes and sizes and is not intended to be limited by the preferred embodiment. Numerous applications of the invention will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is not desired to limit the invention to the specific examples disclosed or the exact construction and operation shown and described. Rather, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 14, 1982
|Jul 15, 1986
|The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland
|Receivers for navigation satellite systems
|Sep 10, 2001
|Apr 11, 2006
|Skybitz, Inc.
|System and method for fast code phase and carrier frequency acquisition in GPS receiver
|Sep 7, 2004
|Jul 28, 2005
|Krasner Norman F.
|Rapid acquisition methods and apparatus for GPS signals
|Sep 3, 2007
|Dec 27, 2007
|Sullivan Mark C
|System and method for fast code phase and carrier frequency acquisition in gps receiver
|Booth, "Interpolative Estimation of Pattern Motion Using Bilinear Functions", Oct. 26, 2006, http://www.abooth.co.uk/opt/bilin/bilin3.html.
|Schmid, et al., "Performance Evaluation of Differential Correlation for Single Shot Measurement Positioning", Proceedings of the 17th International Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation Ion GNSS, Sep. 24, 2004, pp. 1998-2009.
|Sousa, et al., "Partial Correlation Technique for the Acquisition of Weak GPS/Galileo Signals", Proceedings of the61st Annual Meeting, Ion, Jun. 29, 2005, pp. 543-552.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 18, 2006
|Jan 10, 2012
|Sirf Technology Holdings, Inc.
|Ephemeris download from weak signals
|Dec 18, 2006
|Dec 30, 2010
|Chi-Shin Wang
|Ephemeris Download From Weak Signals
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 6, 2007
Owner name: TRANSCORE LINK LOGISTICS CORPORATION, CANADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HOUTMAN, TOM;REEL/FRAME:020070/0478
Effective date: 20070821
|Nov 21, 2007
Owner name: TRANSCORE LINK LOGISTICS CORPORATION, CANADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HOUTMAN, TOM;REEL/FRAME:020146/0125
Effective date: 20071115
|Sep 1, 2009
Owner name: 2201028 ONTARIO INC., CANADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TRANSCORE LINK LOGISTICS CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:023163/0937
Effective date: 20090630
|May 17, 2012
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Year of fee payment: 8


text:
2017 Legislative Agenda
The Pharmacy Patient's Right to Care
Transforming access to healthcare for the pharmacy patient in New York State
Expand Patient Access to Care:
Protect Patients from the High Cost of Prescription Medications:
Protect the Safety of Patients:
Legislative Update (November 2016):
2016 Legislative Session Update (Sept 2016)
Focus areas:
Current Action Campaigns:
Recently passed legislation:
MAC Appeals Passes Into Law March 10, 2016
(members log-in required for full info)
Among the first bills to be transmitted to the Governor when the 2015 session ended was S4739-A Hannon, the bill that adds Tdap and moves the sunset to July 1, 2019 among other provisions. When he signed it into law it became Chapter 46 of the Laws of 2015.
'Outsourcing Facilities' that compound drugs for office use. This was adopted as emergency regulations effective June 29th, 2014. Click here to read the Regulations adopted June 24, 2014.
Other Focus Topics:
S2809 Lanza/A4036 Quart
Legislation amending the NYS Insurance Law requires insurers to cover prescriptions that are partially-filled when the pharmacy is synchronizing a patient's medications so that refills are all due on the same day each month. The bill requires the co-payment to be pro-rated but the full dispensing fee paid for each prescription. PSSNY support memo is available.
Remember Me
6/28/2017PSSNY Requests Delay in Emblem Health Network Changes
6/9/2017Annual Award Winners Announced!
3/17/2017CALL your State Senator and Assembly member about TWO budget items
8/29/2017PAWNY - CPR & Blood Borne Pathogen Training
9/13/2017PSSNY Board Meeting
9/13/2017NYC CE Program - Strategies to Vaccinate Adults for All Recommended Vaccines
9/13/2017WRSP CE - Updates on Novel & Traditional Agents Used for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes
9/14/2017Pharmacist Immunizer Role in an Influenza Pandemic
PSSNY, 210 Washington Avenue Extension, Albany, NY 12203 * 800-632-8822 * email@example.com


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2017 World Series Packages
TBA: October 2017
Welcome to the Fall Classic!
It's the biggest ticket in baseball and possibly the most exciting thing to happen in October. With more than six months of practice under their belts, the last two teams standing will play the only 7 (or less) games that really matter.
The 2016 World Series was the perfect example of just how exciting this event really is. With most of the world rallying behind them, the Chicago Cubs finally ended their 108-year drought, winning the World Series in dramatic fashion: clinching it in the 10th inning of game seven. Baseball simply doesn't get any better. Join us in 2017 and witness history in the making at baseball's biggest event!
Be a part of the tradition and history. Our World Series experiences are fully customizable to let you see the series the way you want. Complete 2017 World Series packages available from $1,985 per person.
2017 World Series Package Inclusions
|Tickets to the 2017 MLB World Series
|Three days/two nights accommodations in your choice of 3-star, 4-star, or 5-star hotels
|Full breakfast daily
|Roadtrips gift
|Roadtrips ticket holder and lanyard
|Expert travel and concierge services of the Roadtrips At-Your-Service Desk™
|All taxes and service charges
Additional options and possibilities:
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Our Reputation
"You are all in the business of making dreams come true."
I cannot begin to tell you what a wonderful time the guys had. You may not know it, but you are all in the business of making dreams come true. Thanks again for all you did for Jerry and Jay. They truly felt blessed to be at the game and the wonderful services that you provided made it an experience they will never forget.
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text: Characters with the surname, Finn. Daredevil Barry Finn Huckleberry Finn Pap Finn Pages in category "Finn Family Characters" The following 3 pages are in this category, out of 3 total. D Daredevil Barry FinnH Huckleberry FinnP Pap Finn Retrieved from "http://pdsh.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Finn_Family_Characters?oldid=45694" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Family Group Characters


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Trinity United Methodist Church
Pastor: The Rev. Daryl Blanksma
Oregon-Idaho Conference
Bishop Elaine Stanovski, Resident Bishop
1505 SW 18th Ave
Portland, OR 97201-2599
Oregon-Idaho Reconciling United Methodists
UM Connector
to receive the Conference e-newsletter, contact:
Crater Lake District Superintendent
Rev. John Tucker
440 Maxwell
Eugene, OR 97404
Conference Camping
United Methodist Church web sites
www.umc.org (official church site)
www.methodx.org (spiritual formation, etc.)
Toledo Food Share Pantry
Reconciling Ministries Network
Toledo, OR
Newport, OR
Waldport, OR
Lincoln City, OR


text:
Otherwise known as how to snack like a Boss 101.
Recently while trawling the interwebs, I saw a recipe for buffalo-style cauliflower, and was immediately intrigued. I am a fan of all types of cauliflower concoctions because it's such a versatile vegetable. I was definitely inspired after looking at a few posts on buffalo cauliflower that I decided to try my hand at the game.
As someone who hails from Buffalo, NY, I don't take claims to 'buffalo style' food items lightly. Buffalo is known for its snow and its wings, but in between all of that it's a city with one of the most thriving arts scenes in the USA, and some of the tastiest food. I'm proud to say that these cauliflower bites are every bit buffalo-y to their chicken counterpart: tangy, salty, crispy, and slight notes of buttery heat with each bite. Best of all, they're baked so you can eat them by the dozen with a clear conscience.
The recipe below uses chickpea flour (or besan as it's commonly referred to in North India) which forms an outer 'skin' on the cauliflower once baked. I think this coating is essential to the recipe as it allows the sauce to adhere better and for the cauliflower to have a tasty crispy outer shell.
For true 'buffalo sauce' all you need to do is mix equal parts butter/margarine with hot sauce. That's all. Buffalo sauce is indulgent, salty, tangy with slight heat. For those who like things spicier, you can use a spicier hot sauce, but no need to embellish with a million other ingredients. Just make sure your hot sauce has some vinegar and salt in it- that's crucial to capture the tangy-ness of a real buffalo wing.
What I'm listening to
Goo Goo Dolls- A Boy named Goo
1 cup chickpea flour
1 tsp garlic powder
Dash of cayenne
¼ – ½ tsp salt (depending on your salt preferences)
1 ½ tsp Dijon mustard
Fresh black pepper
1 cup water
1 medium head cauliflower cut into 2 inch florets
¼ cup Earth Balance (or any other butter/margarine), melted
¼ cup Frank's Hot Sauce (Yes. I love Franks)
What I do
Preheat the oven to 450° and grease/spray a baking tray.
Make your coating: Mix chickpea flour, garlic powder, cayenne, salt, mustard and some freshly ground black pepper together in a bowl. Add the water ¼ cup at a time and mix until it forms a batter that is slightly thinner than American pancake batter.
Prepare cauliflower: Cut your cauliflower into equal sized florets (this allows them to cook evenly) of about 2 inches long. If you cut them smaller or thinner they might disintegrate before they're fully cooked. Dip the florets into the batter, and make sure they're evenly coated.
Repeat until you either run out of batter or run out of florets.
Bake the florets in the oven for 15 minutes, turning once halfway through. While they're baking, make your sauce by mixing the Earth Balance and Hot Sauce together.
Remove the Cauliflower from the oven and douse each piece with the hot sauce.
Once each piece is coated, flip over and coat the second side as well.
Bake in the oven for another 10 minutes.
Allow to cool for a few minutes before digging in.
Oh Yeah! Buffalo Cauliflower For the Win.


text:
E. Kim Coontz, email@example.com
Cooperation is fundamental to Knights Landing Children's Center. Community parents, the local elementary school, the school district, the local Family Resource Center, and current staff of the California Center for Cooperative Development worked together to make the Center's 2005 opening a success. Today, the Parent Cooperative Center continues to provide quality child care and preschool experiences for community children ages two to six. MORE >>
CooperationWorks! • email@example.com • Complete contact information
© 2009 CooperationWorks!


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Check on the progress of your application
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Job no: 637498
Work type: Permanent Full Time
Location: Sydney - Inner Suburbs & CBD, Brisbane - Inner Suburbs & CBD, Melbourne - Inner Suburbs & CBD
Categories: Marketing & Communications, Team Member, Pay Band 4
About the business
Suncorp Group includes leading general insurance, banking, life insurance and superannuation brands in Australia and New Zealand. The Group is a top 20 ASX-listed company with $96 billion in assets and aims to create engaging and simple propositions that focus on meeting customer needs and enabling them to manage their financial journey seamlessly.
About the role
As Customer Lifecycle Specialist, you will be responsible for assisting, defining and automating customer lifecycle and personalised communication programs, including onboarding, to achieve business outcomes.
More specifically you will
Knowledge and Experience
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Click to apply or for more information contact Daniel Kefalas on 02 8121 3220
Advertised: 10 Aug 2017 AUS Eastern Standard Time
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Mercedes-Benz automobile enthusiasts have come to expect a certain level of a reputation for strength when driving their E320 around town. You purchased your E320 because its a reputation for strength and European styling appealed to your senses; so why would you be okay with second best when it comes to the highest quality auto parts? Anyone who drives a Mercedes-Benz knows that when it comes to maintaining their vehicle only the absolute best replacement parts will do. The vehicle in your driveway is head and shoulders above the rest compared to all the other vehicles these days.
A relay is basically a switch that can be used electrically. Electromechanical relays are the most common ones on the market. They do their job by activating electromagnets that put into motion the entire set of contacts to turn on or off circuits. Relays also let you to perform your Mercedes-Benz E320 logical car functions and inputs. If your Mercedes-Benz E320 fails to start when you turn the ignition switch on, and if the engine light doesn't switch "ON" and "OFF", it indicates that the main relay is broken. You can repair it, or buy a new one in case you prefer a faster solution.
Don't let a broken Relay bring about the demise of your car, truck, or SUV, and don't risk lowering its resale value by installing anything but the highest quality replacement parts. At Car Parts Discount, we have live customer service members available with enough expertise to help you buy the correct Mercedes-Benz E320 part for your needs. Make all your future car parts purchases at carpartsdiscount.com and save time and money on all your upcoming repairs. Mercedes-Benz E320 Relay parts for 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994 vehicles are available here... just click your year to find them.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Is there a way to add photo thumbnails beside the upload field?Asked by ImreDatatel on June 19, 2017 at 01:16 AM
Still hasnt been done?
Come on JotForm it seems that all the things our company needs are things people already requested a long time ago but they were never implemented.
Some really great features are being asked but they are in limbo for years without any resolution. Makes it hard for us to jump into using jotform.
Sorry for all the troubles. I understand how long you have wanted to have this feature. I am afraid implementing this function requires complex changes at the backend, that's why iit took long for it to be implemented.
Rest assured, that we are doing our best to cater all request from our customers. In the meantime, if you have any other concerns, feel free to contact us anytime.