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They're Up to Their Knees in Nobody's Blood What the relegation of Rangers Football Club means for the city of Glasgow Thomas L. McCarthy Rangers Football Club of Glasgow has a long history as a cultural and economic powerhouse in Glasgow. However, last year the club filed for bankruptcy and disqualified itself from first division and pan-European football for at least one season. This indefinite hiatus is being hailed as one of the most significant tragedies for the Glaswegian economy. However, the hiatus also presents the city with an absence of the bitter and infamously violent rivalry, known as the Old Firm, between "Nationalist-Protestant" Rangers and their Glaswegian neighbors, the "IrishCatholic" Celtic Football Club. This paper seeks to examine and (where possible) quantify the economic, sociological, and criminological impacts that Rangers relegation will have, and argue that while undoubtedly negative for Glasgow's economy, it may offer positive opportunity for the city to reassess its perception of the issues and how to remedy them, as well as the rivalry's influence, for better or worse, on the culture. "Hello, you'll know us by our noise; we're up to our knees in Fenian blood," has long a commonplace chant in Ibrox Stadium, home to Glasgow Rangers Football Club, especially on "derby" days; matches versus their greatest rivals, Celtic Football Club, turning the term "Fenian," formerly a reference to a member of Irish fraternal organization, into a bigoted insult. To be sure, the vitriolic chants were not one-sided; Celtic's "Green Brigade" of hardcore fans chant about the glory of the Irish Republican Army, particularly their exploits during the Troubles, wherein they used bombs against law enforcement and civilians in an attempt to gain independence. Indeed, the Glaswegian rivalry, or "Old Firm" as it is commonly known as, was called "the oldest, and the most dangerous, crosstown rivalry in all of sports" in the American newspaper The New York Times (Burns 2011). However, as the derby (the British term for a rivalry match, usually between two clubs from the same city) has increased in international recognition, the Scottish Parliament has since passed legislation imposing criminal sanctions on sectarian and bigoted chants (BBC 2011). While the match does bring volatility to Glasgow in a way which is unprecedented in most sporting rivalries, it is also alleged to be a major economic force for Scotland. A recent report by the University of Strathclyde's Frasier of Allander Institute claimed that the two clubs generated almost $200 million in economic activity for the country (BBC 2005). While the economic benefits for private commerce have been well-documented, the Scottish government is also suffering from the effects of the global recession, and as it looks for ways to reduce governmental expenditure, Rangers' relegation may have inadvertently provided them with some relief (Fraser 2012). On February 13th, 2012, Rangers Football Club filed for administration, declaring itself bankrupt and effectively disqualifying itself from participation in Scotland's highest footballing division. In doing so, the club eliminated at least four matchups between their rival each season 1
for an indefinite period. It is the effects of this relegation which are to be examined. First, historical background of the rivalry will be summarized to generate a context by which the severity of bigotry can be analyzed with a proper perspective. Then, the effect on crime in Glasgow with direct correlation to the rivalry will be examined in order to quantify the impact on crime without the contention coming to a head on match day. Then, the economic effect will be examined, attempting to establish a perspective between the relevance of the numbers at the time of publication of the oft-cited report in 2005 and today's economic climate in Scotland. The Origins In their book "Fear and Loathing in World Football," Gary Armstrong and Richard Giulianotti chronicle the history of sectarianism in Glasgow as it relates to the two football clubs (2001). Founded in 1873, Rangers Football Club originally had no (or at the very least, a thin) religious or national disposition. According to most historians, the club's adoption of a pro-Protestant, pro-nationalistic stance was merely in response to the alignment of Celtic (whose own formation was a response to the dominance of Protestantism). Celtic, founded in 1888, was born out of sectarian ideals from its establishment. A Marist brother named Brother Walfrid, a Northern Ireland man who immigrated to Glasgow to teach at a Catholic institution, founded Celtic Football and Athletic Club with the intention of raising money to provide meals to the impoverished Catholic children of Glasgow (Armstrong and Giulianotti 2001, 24-25). The success of the Protestant denomination in Scotland as a result of John Knox and the Scottish Reformation established Protestantism as the dominant sect in Scotland (Donaldson 1960, 1). Brother Walfrid feared that the hungry Catholic children would flock to the Protestant soup kitchens, where they would be indoctrinated with Protestant beliefs in return for a meal (Foer 2004, 44). Championships for Celtic in four of their first five seasons as a club sparked a surge in loyalty to the crown and Protestantism, which manifested itself in support for the other Glaswegian club, Rangers, leaving Celtic to represent of the Irish-Catholic contingency of Glasgow. While Celtic rejected a proposal to limit the number of non-Catholic players, Rangers adopted an all-encompassing anti-Catholic policy; even marriage to a Catholic could affect employment at the club, and there was an unofficial policy, recognized and adhered to by the board of the club, to not sign Catholic players even into the 1970's (Armstrong and Giulianotti 2001, 24-27). While the days of such policies have since passed, there remain tributes to the days of blatant sectarianism within each club; as recent as the turn of the 21st century, Rangers sported orange away uniforms, paying homage to the contribution of William of Orange in ousting the Catholic monarchy, while Celtic still use their 60,000-seat stadium to host Catholic Masses. Horror stories still circulate about people in Glasgow being denied jobs because of the club they support (Foer 2004, 36, 44-45). The match has become so prominent that men wearing jackets labeled "FBI" were seen monitoring the team areas on the sideline in a recent Old Firm match. The battle between clubs still rages on in Belfast, Northern Ireland, such is the historic nature of the rivalry (Foer 2004, 2
57). Legends of the sport like Brian Laudrup of Denmark and Gary Lineker of England, who have experience playing in other internationally renowned rivalries like El Clásico (Barcelona and Real Madrid), the Merseyside derby (Liverpool and Everton), Derby della Madonnina (Inter Milan and AC Milan), and the North London derby (Arsenal and Tottenham) all attest to the Old Firm's pole position as the most culturally significant rivalry in the world, with Lineker remarking, "I can testify that there is nothing to compare with them in terms of intensity and ferocity, not to mention the sheer noise" (Wilson 2012, 20-24). The Sectarianism and Crime The derby's infamous reputation is often talked down by those involved, with Neil Lennon, the manager of Celtic, saying of the group of hardcore Celtic supporters called the "Green Brigade," "I just wanted to say thank you to them because they have, week in, week out, created a great atmosphere," although he continued, "sometimes they are a little bit controversial" (McCarthy 2012). These remarks came a mere six months after Celtic was fined for chants reverberating from the Green Brigade's corner, praising the acts of the IRA, a group classified by the University of Maryland's National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism as a terrorist organization against British civilians and civil servants (Sportsmail reporter, 2011). To be sure, Lennon was accurate about the atmosphere: NFL commissioner Roger Goodell admitted that the contribution of European fans on game day is totally unparalleled by sporting atmospheres in the United States (Wahl 2012). Whether for sensational reasons or otherwise, attending the derby (or even being in Glasgow on derby day) is always discussed as a dangerous adventure; tourists are advised by hotel staff to avoid dressing in orange, blue, or green on Old Firm day, lest they be mistaken for being a supporter of the "wrong" team in a certain neighborhood (Foer 2004, 49). On December 14th, 2011, the BBC announced that the Scottish Parliament passed the Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications Act of 2012, which aims to curb not just violence, but even vocalization of sectarian bigotry aimed at inciting violence. In doing so, Parliament made Scotland the only country in the world to pass an anti-sectarian law (Wilson 2012, 11). The Act aims to ban chants that sing the praises of the IRA and the bombings during the Troubles, the slaughter of Catholics during the Glorious Revolution, taunting references to the potato famine ("the famine is over, why don't you go home?"), as well as the pedophilic scandal surrounding the Catholic church, or calling Rangers fans "huns." While there are varying degrees of opinion on what is simple banter, the fans themselves, of both clubs, claim that there remains little actual religious vitriol in the rivalry, but that sectarianism as a pretext for division has simply been transposed from generation to generation, and as such, remains a key element of the rivalry (Vice 2012). A 2008 study by the University of Strathclyde entitled, "Territoriality and Sectarianism in Glasgow: A Qualitative Study" by Ross Deuchar and Chris Holligan attempted to determine the source of such hooliganistic activity. The findings of this study mirrored those theories held by supporters about themselves; the study, whose demographic under scrutiny was 16 to 18 year 3
olds in Glasgow, found that these young people had little interest in religion, and religion in turn played a very minimal part in recruitment for local "gangs." However, the study found that violence between rival gangs would manifest itself under religious pretenses, an event which was hypothesized by the authors as transpiring under the guise of sectarianism due to the intertwined nature of the clubs and religion, which provides a convenient excuse for an altercation; however, religion was not necessarily a fundamental pretext for the altercation (Deuchar and Holligan 2008). What this study also revealed was that even these teenagers had a sense of territories; that is, areas in which it is safe, or unsafe, to be seen wearing certain colors (the orange or blue of Rangers, the green of Celtic), indicating that the stories about neighborhoods in which you should avoid donning certain colored apparel are not simply sensationalized anecdotes but rather very real warnings, and the adoption of this territorialism by such young members of society and (their admission that these beliefs are tradition passed down in each family) would indicate that the problem is well-cemented in the cultural identities of certain areas of the city (Wilson 2012, 11; Deuchar and Holligan 2008). While the sectarianism and national allegiance might not still exist as a preeminent motive for violence, the historical magnitude of the divide establishes a perfect backdrop for committing violence in the name of the club, country, and religion. As recently as 2011, four mail bombs were intercepted by the Glaswegian police, sent to the manager of Celtic, Neil Lennon, and to several prominent Celtic supporters (Burns 2011). Some reports tabulate increases in hospital admittances as much as nine-fold on Old Firm match nights, with the police attributing eight deaths directly to the Old Firm in the last seven years (Foer 2004, 36-37). According to data assembled by the Strathclyde police department (whose territory of responsibility includes Glasgow), the average weekend will generate about 67 violent abuse calls. However, on weekends during which an Old Firm match is occurring, that average rises to 107 calls (Cramb 2011). According to data broken down by the British Broadcasting Corporation, the total estimated cost of policing a year's worth of Old Firm matches was roughly £2.4 million, or about $3.9 million. This averages to about $650,000 per match, with the clubs contributing a mere 12.5% of that total. In contrast, other domestic league matches cost the police a mere $27,000 to maintain and monitor (Cook, 2011). While the math clearly shows that in 2011, Old Firm matches were more than 24 times more expensive to police than other average matches, that number still does not include expenses accrued by the government from incarcerating, prosecuting, and punishing arrested individuals. According to the chairman of the Scottish Policing Federation, Les Gray, the actual cost per serious assault is over $403,000 per case, with that number estimating the total expenses accrued between police, the courts, hospitalization and prolonged health care (such as rehabilitation for victims), as well as social services (responsible for monitoring probationary sentences). Mr. Gray himself estimates that there are roughly 30 to 50 "serious assaults" each derby (Cook 2011). Assuming that there are 30 serious assaults, this equates to an additional cost of nearly $12 million in governmental expenses, not just annually, but per match. While there is the possibility of over exaggeration for the sake "sticker shock," no reports have repudiated this claim. Mr. 4
Gray also estimates that "a straightforward murder investigation can cost the taxpayer £1 million," or roughly $1.6 million. Neither of those numbers count the cost of simple assault arrests; even when there is no hospitalization of the victim, an arrest still requires that the suspect be apprehended, transported to the holding facility, booked, held, and sentenced. After an Old Firm match on February 20th, 2011, every single jail cell in Glasgow was reported as occupied. Ambulance dispatchers reported an 18% increase in calls. An unidentified police officer claimed to a reporter that the 2010/2011 season, in which there were seven Old Firm derbies, could cost as much as $65 million for the year, with expenses covering the cost of policing as well as both the legal and medical aspects of an assault (Stewart 2011). The violence has had such a catastrophic affect on the Scottish government's coffers that the police have called for an end to the violence by banning the Old Firm all together (Stewart 2011). The police already invoked legal authority over the clubs by banning evening matches, theorizing that midday kickoff times would prevent fans from spending the entire day consuming alcohol, and data shows that midweek fixtures (matches on working weekdays) lead to a lower crime rate for the same reason (Johnson 2011). While the violence has stained Scotland's international reputation and cost the government exorbitant amounts of money to manage, ensure justice, and mind the injured, the success of the two clubs does contain a beneficial side. The Economy The cost of violence, in terms of hard dollars, has been estimated by the police and produced a staggering number. However, the positive effect of the Old Firm on the economy of Glasgow has also been scrutinized. Attention will shift temporarily away from the derby and towards the effect at large of the two clubs on the economy of Glasgow. An oft-cited study by the Fraser of Allander Institute at the University of Strathclyde by Grant Allan, Stewart Dunlop, and Kim Swales published in 2004 attempted to quantify the monetary value of the Old Firm according to revenue generated by fans alone during the 2003-2004 season. The study determined that the Old Firm clubs were worth almost £120 million per year to the Scottish economy, or nearly $200 million, calculated using a conversion rate of 1.6 United States dollars per British pound sterling (CNN n.d.), This contribution "[generated] triple the cash brought in by the Edinburgh festivals, [creating] 3,056 jobs along the way" (BBC 2005). There are several concepts which are foreign to American sports which require comprehension to follow the rest of the paper. One such phrase is "domestic competition." To understand the usage of the phrase, an explanation is in order: American football progresses in unidimensional fashion, with round-robin league play determining seeding for tournament play, or the "playoffs." The Scottish Football Association formats its competitions using the European model, with league play running concurrently with not one, but two playoff-style tournaments (one open to league clubs only, the other open to all association clubs). Hence, when the term "domestic competition" is mentioned, it refers to both league and cup tournaments occurring simultaneously. Table 1 compares the two league formats.
Table 1. Comparison of the progression of play in each format League play Playoffs AMERICAN FORMAT: League play League Cup EUROPEAN FORMAT: Association Cup Secondly is the concept of "relegation." In American professional sports, there is only one division (the National Football League, Major League Baseball). Franchises in these sports do not change leagues. However, in European football, the structure is more akin to the sports system of American Universities, with different divisions. Every season, the most successful clubs (the exact number is decided by each country's Football Association) are promoted to the next division up (called the Premier League in Scotland), while the least successful are demoted, or "relegated," to the next division down based on their performance in the league (Culpepper 2007, 14-15). Oddly, while the Premier League is the top division, the next one down is called the First Division, with the third league called the "Second Division," and the fourth league is called the "Third Division," (based on and identical to England's organizational structure, but on a much smaller scale) (Culpepper 2007, xv-xvi). While Rangers have always qualified for the top division, the declaration of bankruptcy resulted in a revocation of their "license to operate," so to speak, and they had to reapply for a place in the Scottish football league system after the Premier League voted not to readmit them, finally being accepted into the Third Division (BBC 2012; Majoribanks 2012). To return to the Premier League, Rangers must finish at least fourth in each division, and unless they are first (who are promoted outright, must go through a playoff phase with the other top finishers (the Scottish Football League n.d. 1). Because the Third Division is technically the fourth-ranked league, this means that it will take Rangers no fewer than three years to regain promotion into the Premier League. With regards to the Strathclyde study, there are two considerations to make. First, it must be prefaced that the study was referential to all matches involving either Celtic or Rangers, not just the traditional Old Firm derby. While this may not have directly relevant data on the effect of derby matches, it can speak to the effect that the relegation of Rangers will have on Glasgow. Second, the inclusion of Partick Thistle Football Club (also from Glasgow) in calculating sports tourism expenditures in Glasgow may have diluted the results a bit for Glaswegian spending in Glasgow, such as Rangers supporters going away to Thistle but still spending in Glasgow, or Thistle supporters playing away to Celtic, again, still in Glasgow. However, as focus was on the two Old Firm clubs, supporters of the clubs going to away fixtures outside of Glasgow would not be affected, nor would calculations about spending in Glasgow by non-Glaswegians, who were only asked about spending habits relative to matches versus either Celtic or Rangers. However, the concern here is not the effect on the Scottish economy as a whole but on the Glaswegian economy specifically. 6
To generate a crude estimate of the effect each club will have on the city, their individual affects on tourism to the city must be proportioned. For the 2003/04, Celtic had an average attendance of 58,000 spectators per match, while Rangers averaged 49,000 (Scottish Premier League n.d.). Based on these figures, Rangers averaged 85% of the attendance compared to Celtic. As mentioned above, it should be noted that the study does not discern between spending by Rangers or Celtic supporters attending matches against each other's clubs versus those of Partick Thistle Football Club, another Glaswegian team. However, the following calculations will make no attempt to discern between any potential Partick Thistle contribution to the Glaswegian economy and that of Old Firm matches, as this produces a worst-case scenario. According to the Strathclyde study, participation in the pan-European competition in the season observed generated GDP of roughly £12.22 million for Glasgow over 12 matches during the 2003/04 season. This equates to £1.02 million per match. As noted previously, Rangers' stadium has 85% of the capacity of that of Celtic, so Rangers matches were responsible for about £937,000 per match to Celtic's £1.10 million. Participation in a pan-European competition guarantees at least three home matches against a foreign club, and this number increases with every round the club progresses through, not to mention any potential qualifying matches. Additionally, the study estimated that the tourism generated by these intra-continental matches created 661 full-time jobs during the 2003/04 season, with roughly £18,500 in GDP creating one job. With Rangers' relegation rendering the club ineligible to participate in intra-continental European matches for at least one season, this would equate to a loss of about £2.81million annually from three matches, totaling to about $4.5 million, which could result in the loss of 150 jobs per year for every season Rangers do not host European sides. Table 2 shows the results from European participation during the 2003/04 season based on the averages. Table 2. Intra-continental contributions to Glasgow's economy Averages per match
2003/04 season
GDP (in £000)
Full-time jobs per GDP
Intra-continental matches
Total contribution to GDP/jobs
Celtic FC
Rangers FC
Note: totals may not sum due to rounding of GDP and jobs to a whole number.
The only way for Rangers to participate in an intra-continental competition next year is to win the Scottish Cup; a prospect adjudged by betting companies as having a likelihood of 8% (Oddschecker n.d.). Failure to win the cup would require that the club regains promotion to the Premier League and finish in the top four, which can take no fewer than three seasons, totaling a deduction of from the Glaswegian GDP of £8.43 million (roughly $13.5 million). While this revenue is theoretical in the sense that it is not already calculated into Scotland's economy, a fraction of it is also a total loss; foreigners supporting European clubs are not likely to spend 7
money elsewhere in Scotland without a football match at the Ibrox providing a reason to travel to the country, unlike supporters from around Scotland. An example of this loss can be demonstrated by examining the hospitality sector of the Glaswegian economy, granting that two general assumptions be made. First, it must be assumed that the clubs acted in accordance with UEFA's ticketing guidelines for away matches, allocating 5% of the stadium's capacity to away fans (Mitten 2012). This would equate to 2,500 away seats at the Ibrox and 3,000 at Celtic Park. Second, it must be assumed that away supporters travelling to Glasgow all stayed at hotels, including supporters of Manchester United (from the English city of Manchester, only 215 miles away from Glasgow), who Rangers played in the group round of the Champions League during the 2003-04 season. According to the Strathclyde study, the average reported amount spent on a hotel in Glasgow was £59 per night. This averages out to about £147,500 per match spent on hotels per Rangers home match. This calculation means that Rangers' discontinuation of participation in pan-European competitions could equate to a loss of at least £442,500 annually on hotels alone (or roughly $708,000) in foreign, non-displaced expenditure in Glasgow (that is: money which is not assumed to be circulating in the Scottish economy until it is actually spent), and more if the club was to advance to the latter stages of the tournament. Domestically, Rangers' demotion has an even greater effect on Glasgow. With the Strathclyde study calculating that two clubs generated £33.46 million in GDP over the course of the 2003/04 season in domestic competitions alone, and 54 home matches between them, each match contributed an average of £620,000 to the GDP of Glasgow. Adjusting the figures to reflect the 15% difference in average attendance, Celtic contributed £670,000 per match to the GDP while Rangers contributed £570,000 per match during the season studied. With Rangers' relegation to the Third Division, their home attendance average has dropped from 49,000 to 37,000 (as of October 1st, 2012), constituting a roughly 25% decrease in admissions. It is unclear if the reduction in attendance is due to a decrease in travelling support (supporters of Third Division clubs may not be able to afford to travel to watch their club play at the Ibrox) or due to apathy towards Third Division football from some Rangers fans. Regardless of the reason for the decrease, this reduction sees Rangers' estimated average drop to £427,500 per match, which is a per match loss of £142,500, still a significant loss for Glasgow. To put this amount into context, clubs are to play 19 home matches per season (Scottish Premier League 2012). With Rangers playing nineteen home matches in the Premier League, this would equate to £10.83 million annually. However, with reduction in attendance for Third Division football, the total after nineteen matches is £8.12 million, meaning the annual loss in GDP for Glasgow as a result of Rangers' relegation is £2.71 million, or about $4.34 million per year, a number which does not include cup matches. The study also calculated that the £33.46 million in GDP the clubs generated created 1761 full-time jobs in Glasgow per annum. This equates to £19,000 in GDP per job. With £2.71 million eliminated from the Glaswegian GDP per each season Rangers remains relegated, this means that as many as 142 jobs could be eliminated per year. 8
Table 3. Differences in Glaswegian economy relative to Rangers' division Rangers division Premier League 2003/04 Third Division 2012/13* Annual GDP of Glasgow £10.83 £8.12 (in millions) Full-time jobs in Glasgow 1761 1619
Total loss -£2.71 -142
.Note: based on league play only (19 home matches, 19 away matches). *Predicted totals for the current season, in progress s.
The losses in GPD and jobs have particular impacts on certain industries. During the 2003/04 season, there were 54 matches played in Glasgow between Rangers and Celtic over the three domestic competitions. Table 4, below, (replicated from the Strathclyde report and adjusted to present GDP generated from domestic matches only) contains several pieces of data: the "sports tourism expenditure" column shows the amount of expenditure generated by football supporters (both home and away in Glasgow) for each sector. The "displaced expenditure" column indicates the amount of expenditure which would have been spent elsewhere by Glaswegians had there not been a football match. The third column represents the net total. The "displacement effect" requires an explanation; it is, according to the Strathclyde study, a calculation of an event "where local supporters of the Old Firm were not attending games there would be alternative local expenditures;" that is, purchases made by Glaswegians which would have occurred in the respective sectors had they not spent it at a football match. This column only applies to Glaswegian expenditure, including Partick Thistle supporters attending matches as away fans at the Ibrox or Celtic Park, but not Partick Thistle supporters when they host Rangers or Celtic at their home ground in Glasgow. As such, those matches in which Rangers or Celtic hosted Partick Thistle would account for slightly higher displacement than matches in which only the home support (Celtic or Rangers supporters) is from Glasgow. However, assuming that 5% of fans were away supporters for the four matches between Rangers and Thistle or Celtic and Thistle, the effect is nominal and any inclusion would dilute the negative impact on the economy, producing a more beneficial effect for Glasgow than predicted here. All totals in table 4 have been adjusted from the unweighted net average between Celtic and Rangers to reflect the 15% difference between Rangers' and Celtic's average attendance, then calculated to show Rangers' contribution over 21 home matches in all domestic competitions. Table 4. The effect on Glasgow's GDP from Rangers' total home matches (21) in all domestic competitions for the season of 2003/04 Sports tourism Displaced Net impact Sector expenditure expenditure (in £ millions) (in £ millions) (in £ millions) Primary and manufacturing 0.17 -0.05 0.12 Utilities and construction 0.34 -0.17 0.17 9
Per match
£5,500 £8,300
Food and drink Wholesale and retail Hotels and restaurants Transport Private business services Public services Total
0.58 4.68 5.28 1.08 1.74 0.46 14.33
-0.04 -0.58 -0.20 -0.07 -0.88 -0.35 -2.34
0.54 4.10 5.08 1.01 0.86 0.11 11.99
£25,900 £195,600 £241,900 £48,000 £40,700 £5,400 £571,300*
Note: all quantities designated as "(in £ millions)" are rounded to the nearest 10⁴. *Previously rounded to £570,000.
Table 3 shows that the average loss in annual GDP for Glasgow as a result of Rangers' relegation is roughly £2.71 million per season of normal league play (19 home matches), which equates to about £142,500 per match. Like Partick Thistle, Queen's Park Football Club (currently in the Third Division with Rangers) also resides in Glasgow (the Scottish Football League n.d. 2). As with Thistle, any potential effect they may have will be ignored for the same reason; any such effect would be positive for Glasgow. Therefore, assuming that average attendance holds and that expenditure calculations from the 2003/04 season are relatively equivalent to the expenditure of Premier League supporters today, the effects of relegation on certain sectors can be estimated. As calculated above, Rangers in the Third Division are averaging 75% of the attendance previously averaged in the Premier League. Sectors with the most apparent relation to football tourism could see decreases as follows: Wholesale and retail: -£48,900 per match (-$78,200) Hotels and restaurants: -£60,500 per match (-$96,800) Food and drink (such as pubs): -£6,500 per match (-$10,400) Transportation: -£12,000 per match (-$19,200) While "food and drink" may appear to be a negligible sum, it is worth considering that these expenses are incurred over, at most, two days, typically, with only the most "hardcore" supporters spending multiple days in Glasgow drinking, or families turning a trip to Glasgow for football into an excuse to shop (Foer 2004, 57-58). Thus, these sums are particularly impressive for one or two nights of business. Conclusion While the economy will surely hurt, the elimination of the Old Firm (with the possible exception of intra-divisional cup matches) should certainly lead to a decrease in crime. As noted, there is little left of the sectarian vitriol beyond remnants in the form of chants and songs learned growing up (with the acrimony still present likely existing as hatred for a club based on its history and ideals, but not for a person's faith), but the religious aspect undoubtedly provides a pretext for violence, even amongst adolescents (Deuchar and Holligan 2008). This historical context which is both so divisive and so central to the rivalry will always elicit emotions
concerning one's background, and because no one enjoys being insulted and demeaned, the emotions will produce actions. The research shows that an individual with peers who participate in hooliganistic activities will themselves demonstrate a proclivity to participate, and when they are old enough to drink alcohol, it only gets worse (Deuchar and Holligan 2008). The hiatus between the two clubs could mean that with the impatient nature of youths and the impressionability of developing minds, the inexistence of the Old Firm eliminates an excuse to clash with each other against a backdrop of hooliganism. As such, the adolescents who are currently bearing the torches for the clubs' "ultra" factions may grow bored of the inactivity and move on to other excuses for engaging in adolescent deviant behaviors. Eliminating the Old Firm from the equation removes any religious aspect (regardless of how minimal a part it actually played) and these adolescents can be regarded as juvenile delinquents in need of treatment, not as religious zealots aiming to execute religious genocide in downtown Glasgow. Based on the calculations, the Glaswegian economy should anticipate fairly substantial trauma; one season devoid of pan-European football means as much as $4.5 million in decrease to the city's GDP, which could cost as many as 150 full-time jobs per year. Domestically, the demotion in league play alone could result in a decrease in GDP for the city to the tune of around $4.34 million annually and 142 jobs eliminated. Together, the annual impact could be as severe as a. $8.84 million decrease in Glasgow's GDP and 292 full-time employment opportunities rescinded. However, with Rangers playing in a different league from Celtic comes the elimination of at least four Old Firm matches, each of which have been estimated to cost the government as much as $12 million per match in the form of legal and medical fees, as well as the initial policing of the event with the goal of preventing the requirement for the former two expenses in the first place. While the clubs' finances in terms of sponsorships and broadcasting deals was not discussed, the revenue generated from corporate taxes on the clubs surely cannot cover the entirety of costs incurred by the city for just one 90-minute football match, and even if the taxes are sufficient, there is a myriad of alternative uses for the revenue which could do far more good for the city, and country, than prosecuting 90-minute bigots and suturing knife wounds. Still, the effect on the private sector cannot be ignored; the potential effect this loss of revenue may have on small businesses like restaurants and pubs is very hard to digest, and the exacerbation of the problem by placing Rangers in a scenario which requires no fewer three years to return to their prior level may be too great for smaller establishments to survive. However, the international image of Glasgow, once synonymous with slums and hooliganism, is on the rise (Carrell 2008). This indefinite hiatus from regularly scheduled Old Firm matches give the city an opportunity to focus on continuing to improve its international image as well as time develop contingency plans in preparation for the eventual return of Rangers to the Premier League and recommencement of the Old Firm. With relegation to the Third Division eliminating four Old Firm derbies per season, Celtic and Rangers supporters must certainly be craving a good old Glasgow derby in a way they have never before, and the city has ample time to prepare. 11
References Allen, Grant, Stewart Dunlop, and Kim Swales. 2004. The Economic Impact of Regular Season Sporting Competitions: the Glasgow Old Firm Football Spectators as Sports Tourists. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde. Armstrong, Gary, and Richard Giulianotti. 2001. Fear and Loathing in World Football. Oxford: Berg. BBC. 2005. "Old Firm On the Ball for Economy." BBC. June 29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/4635535.stm (September 18, 2012). BBC. 2011. "Anti-Bigot Laws Passed By the Scottish Parliament." BBC. December 14. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-16138683 (September 18, 2012). BBC. 2012. "Rangers Newco Refused SPL Entry After Chairmen Vote." BBC. July 4. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18703183 (October 4, 2012). BBC. n.d. "Football: Rangers." BBC Sport. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/teams (September 20, 2012). Burns, John F. 2011. "Mail Bombs Are Prelude to a Soccer Showdown." The New York Times. April 23. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/sports/soccer/24scotland.html?_r=1andpagewanted=all (September 20, 2012). CNN. n.d. "Foreign Exchange Rates and Currency Exchange Rate Calculator." CNNMoney. http://money.cnn.com/data/currencies/ (October 3, 2012). Carrell, Severin. 2008. "Lonely Planet Guide Rates Glasgow As One of the World's Top 10 Cities." The Guardian. October 14. http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/oct/15/glasgowscotland (October 4, 2012). Cook, James. 2011. "Cost of Policing Old Firm Fixtures Was Almost £2.4m." BBC. July 12. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-14251800 (September 20, 2012) Cramb, Auslan. 2011. "Domestic Abuse Incidents Double After Old Firm Game." The Telegraph. September 20. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/8776180/Domestic-abuse-incidents-doubleafter-Old-Firm-game.html (September 20, 2012). 12
Culpepper, Chuck. 2007. Bloody Confused!: A Clueless American Sportswriter Seeks Solace in English Soccer. New York: Broadway Books. Deuchar, Ross, and Chris Holligan. 2008. Territoriality and Sectarianism in Glasgow: A Qualitative Study. Glasgow: Education Scotland. Donaldson, Gordon. 1960. The Scottish Reformation. Cambridge: University. Foer, Franklin. 2004. How Soccer Explains the World. New York: HarperCollins. Fraser, Douglas. 2012. "Scottish Economy in Double-Dip Recession." BBC. July 18. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-18882137 (October 4, 2012). Johnson, Simon. 2011. "Revealed: Full Scale of Old Firm Football 'Madness'." The Telegraph. March 11. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/8376041/Revealed-full-scale-ofOld-Firm-football-madness.html (September 30, 2012). Majoribanks, Brian. 2012. "Rangers Voted into Third Division." The Daily Mail. July 13. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2173130/Rangers-voted-Third-Division.html (October 4, 2012). McCarthy, David. 2012. "Celtic Boss Neil Lennon Pays Tribute to Hoops Support as SPL Party Gets into Full Swing at Parkhead." The Daily Record. May 14. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/celtic-boss-neil-lennon-pays-877865 (September 30, 2012). Mitten, Andy. 2012. "Away Days Are Special for the Loyal Fans." The National. October 12. http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/sport-comment/away-days-are-special-forthe-loyal-fans (October 1, 2012). Oddschecker. n.d. "Scottish FA Cup Betting Odds." Oddschecker. http://www.oddschecker.com/football/scottish/scottish-fa-cup (October 4, 2012). Scottish Football League. n.d. 1. "Constitution and Rules Index." The Scottish Football League. http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/docs/009__034__constitution__rules__SFL_Constitution __Rules__1346425915.pdf (October 4, 2012). Scottish Football League. n.d. 2. "Third Division: Clubs." The Scottish Football League. http://www.scottishfootballleague.com/clubs (October 4, 2012). 13
Scottish Premier League. 2012. "Rules of the Scottish Premier League." http://www.scotprem.com/content/mediaassets/doc/RULES%20EFFECTIVE%2016%20JULY% 202012%20(CLEAN).pdf (October 4, 2012). Scottish Premier League. n.d. "SPL Average Attendance: 2003/04." Scottish Premier League. http://www.scotprem.com/content/default.asp?page=home_statistics (October 3, 2012). Sportsmail reporter. 2011. "Celtic Fined by UEFA for Pro-IRA Chants in the Europa League." The Daily Mail. December 12. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2073192/Celticfined-UEFA-pro-IRA-chants-Europa-League.html (September 20, 2012). Stewart, Stephen. 2011. "Police Call For an End to Old Firm Derbies in Bid to End Bloody Mayhem." The Daily Record. February 27. www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/policecall-for-an-end-to-old-firm-1096142 (September 20, 2012). University of Maryland. n.d. "Terrorist Organization Profile: Irish Republican Army." University of Maryland: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism. http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=55 (October 1, 2012). Vice 2012. "Football's Most Dangerous Rivalry." Youtube. July 4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cggTbCcbcNA (September 20, 2012). Wahl, Grant. 2012. "Roger Goodell Knows It; the 2012 Tournament in Poland and Ukraine Shows It: There's Something About Fútbol That Football Lacks." Sports Illustrated. June 25. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1200927/index.htm (October 1, 2012). Wilson, Richard. 2012. Inside the Divide: One City, Two Teams, the Old Firm. Edinburgh: Canongate.
Published on Oct 4, 2012
This paper analyzes the social, criminological, and economic effects on city of Glasgow as a result of the relegation of Rangers Football Cl...


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Bernie Sanders' campaign wanted to commemorate the the 51st anniversary of the Selma march with a photo and caption on Twitter. Instead of tweeting a photo from the actual demonstration in 1965, however, someone from the Bernie squad posted a photo from the 2014 film, Selma.
Politwoops snatched the photo from Bernie's Twitter account before his campaign took it down. Take a look:
The tweet was removed from Bernie's account "26 minutes after it was posted," Politico reported. However, two related tweets remain active on the Democratic presidential candidate's account:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Whole Wheat Pancakes
1 cup milk (fat free if you choose)
¾ cup wheat
2 tsp. baking powder
½ tsp. soda
2 eggs (or egg beaters)
1/3 cup oil
2 TBS. honey
½ tsp. salt
1 cup chopped pecans (optional)
Put milk and wheat in the blender.
Blend on high for 4 minutes.
Add the remaining ingredients and blend again momentarily.
Add 1 cup chopped pecans.
Stir with a spoon.
Let sit for a 15 minutes (to thicken).
In skillet cook pancakes. Makes 12 pancakes.
Pairs Well With
Heathy, hardy and very yum!! My mother made this when I was growing up. Now my husband begs for it on Sunday mornings!
I mix it up and sometimes add slices of banana or frozen blueberries.
Disney's Tinker Bell "Secret of the Wings Cookbook"By BakeSpace Fairies
6 Recipes443 Downloads
A dash of local for every seasonBy slyasafox15
22 Recipes16 Downloads


text: New Promo For The Upcoming Pixar Film Wall-E A little gem we put together for our friends at Pixar. We don't think they'll enjoy this as much as we did. John Darko June 17, 2008 465 Views More Info Full Credits John Darko Uploader Additional Credits John Darko, Jason Baxter, Nick Bellinger and Anthony Cincotta. Stats & Data 11Funny23Die 465 Views June 17, 2008 Published Category Animation Clean Comedy Parody Tags Little Gem Don't Think funny sleeping prank pixar WALL E promo TV spot john darko friends disney Up Next: Funny Mouse Prank. Every Man Jack AUTOPLAY Up Next In: 10 Funny Mouse Prank. Every Man Jack Funny Sleeping Kitteh Matinee! Wall-E New In Town - TV Spot Follow Browse Related Comments Vaguely Related Videos Vaguely Related Pics & Words Advertisement Tags: Little Gem Don't Think funny sleeping prank Advertisement


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Hi I always wanted to know how old Do I look. Some people said that I look 16 years old (majority women) And males I think tend to lie more because they dont want to offend woman so they always say "Oh you look way more younger than you look, like 17-18". So that must be the reason I never had a boyfriend before. Thanks
I'm 21.
Most Helpful Guy
i'd have said 20. But, that would be a lucky guess, because I usually guess by decade. You're definitely not 10, and unfortunately not 30. So, I went with 20.00|00|0


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text: Add Imagealt=Emma's Beetle appears in the ABC TV series Once Upon A Time. It could possibly be Herbie the Love Bug as revealed st comic con in 2012. Retrieved from "http://starcars.wikia.com/wiki/Emma%27s_Beetle?oldid=4880" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Star Cars Add category Cancel Save


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
How to fill out a JotForm in VR mode?Asked by Ee-lon on March 31, 2017 at 11:57 AM
Dear Sir/Mdm, i would like to create & integrate (embed) a JotForm into my VR (Google Cardboard) experience. However, would like to seek your advice on how best for user to input the Typeform whilst in VR mode - short of removing the phone from the headset and typing (breaks the VR experience). Is there a 'hack' to enable a more seamless experience? e.g. voice response? virtual keyboard typing etc?
Thanks much.
JotForm Support
As far as I can see, Google Cardboard will work only with certain apps, I'm not sure how it behaves while filling out web forms, if the keyboard is opened or if it works with voice commands. However, this does not seem to be a functionality that JotForm would have to apply, for example, the apps already developed to work in VR mode have already their own way to get the input data, so it seems most likely that the app developed to work in VR should handle the user's inputs.


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Jumbo Size Kraft Envelope, 22 x 27, Brown Kraft, 25/Box
Use for business correspondence, send checks, etc
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text: This article is a stub. You can help King's Quest Omnipedia by expanding it. King Louis was one of Telgrin's black knights. Telgrin stole his soul and infused it in black armor.[1] Behind the scenesEdit Louis was the name of several well known French kings. ReferencesEdit ↑ TFC, 122 Retrieved from "http://kingsquest.wikia.com/wiki/Louis?oldid=69176" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Article stubs Characters (TFC) Black knights Kings Add category Cancel Save


text:
A COUNCILLOR has pleaded not guilty to sexually assaulting a fellow female councillor.
Labour member Cllr Andrew Roddison (41) appeared at Leeds Magistrates' Court on Wednesday to enter a plea to the sexual assault charge.
The Advertiser exclusively revealed Roddison had been charged by police over the alleged sex attack, which is understood to have taken place in May at a high-profile council event.
The complainant cannot be identified for legal reasons.
Roddison's defence solicitor, Steve Smith, of Wilford Smith, successfully asked Rotherham Magistrates' Court – where the case was originally listed – to move the hearing out of the borough in the interests of a "fair trial due to the defendant's job and links with charities".
Roddison is due to stand trial at Leeds Magistrates' Court on November 22.
Roddison was elected as a borough councillor in the Brinsworth and Catcliffe ward in 2011.
He sits on the authority's planning board and health select commission.
Click here to view full article


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August 22, 2011
I write when the spirit moves me, and the spirit moves me every day. ~William Faulkner
John Gardner's On Becoming A Novelist
Fiction, poetry and screenplays
Everything...Garcia Marquez, Rushdie, Auster, Pynchon, Hemingway, Lahiri, Dostoevsky (of course!), and too many other novelists to list here. I read a good amount of poetry too! Rilke is one of my all-time favorites along W.S. Merwin and Galway Kinnell. Lately, I've read Louise Gluck, Tracy K. Smith, Jane Hirschfield, Stephen Dobyns, Jorie Graham and a host of others. My guilty pleasure, my mind candy when I need a break, is horror fiction (McCammon, Straub, King, Clegg, Rickman, and others).
My wife once asked me to choose between her and writing. That was over 15 years ago. I am still writing. Don't know what became of the wife... Recently, I completed my MFA in Creative Writing (my concentration was poetry).
I am writer who lives in Havertown, PA.
This group is thorough in their critiques and given everyone's diverse backgrounds I am sure that all members, including me, will benefit from sharing their creative work with PWMG. Thanks for making me feel so welcome!!
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Round table discussion: Brent Nongbri, Before Religion (2013)
All welcome.
All welcome.
Follow the students of the Faculty of Classics as they excavate the Roman theatre at Interamna Lirenas.
Faculty statement concerning ethnic diversity in Roman Britain
Access, Outreach and Alumni AdministratorJul 28, 2017
Details of how to apply for this post are now available online. Closing date: 25 August 2017.
British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship schemeJul 18, 2017
Details of how to apply for this scheme, for entry in 2018, are now available online.


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- Authors who submit abstract should confirm that
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The selected papers on the basis of abstract and presentation quality will be asked for full length paper submission and after peer review will be published in the Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences (JAPS)/Pakistan Journal of Zoology (PJZ).
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All full length papers will be reviewed by the technical committee of the IFSE 2017. After acceptance of a manuscript subsidized publication charges of Rs 10,000 will be applied.
For further details visit: www.thejaps.org.pk


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|Quantity per Pack
|Primary Brand
|S&S Worldwide
|Instructions Included
|Youngest Recommended Age
|6 Years
|Batteries Required
|Assembly Required
|Allergen - Latex
|Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
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Comments about Stretch Rope Circular 8' :
I bought these to use during a workshop on arts integration. During a workshop I attended, we used these elastic bands to create shapes. The shapes were formed by stretching the bands over and around our bodies in as many ways as we could conceive. Very creative! Would be a wonderful activity with preschoolers.
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Printer Repair Questions? Ask IT Technicians for Answers ASAP
Welcome to Justanswer.com, my name is ***** ***** I will do my best to assist you.
It sounds like your printer was uninstalled, or other wise your computer is not reading it.. I can help you fix this.
To get started, I need to know what type of computer you're using.Windows XP, Widows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Or a Mac.If it's a Mac, please check the OSX version as follows.Click the apple sign at the top left of your screen, then click about this mac. And then where it says version, send that to me as a reply.
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Dustin S.Senior Technician and Network Switching Systems Operator / Maintainer.
There sure is.
Press and hold down the windows key on your keyboard ( Its two keys to the left of your spacebar )
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Release both. In the open / run box.. Type in exactly WINVER and hit enter.
let me know what it says~
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Youre welcome to request a refund, the page below will assist you with that process.
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Here to serve you.
SST's Customer Support team works diligently to help you attain your information processing goals. Customer support is available via phone, email or screen-sharing via our WebEx support page.
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There's a place prepared for you at The King's Inn at Sedgefield! Rich and powerful monarchs and rulers have worn amethyst since the beginning of time. Retreat in the traditional color of royalty from bath to bed. You're invited to retreat to any one of the inn's five suites: the Pearl, Emerald, Amethyst, Ruby, or Diamond. The King's Inn at Sedgefield is hidden away in the historic Sedgefield community of Greensboro, North Carolina.
- Wifi
- Restaurant Onsite
- Pets Allowed
- Property Size 5 units
- Conference Facility
- Kids Allowed
- Nearby City Greensboro
- Nearby Water N/A
- Open Dates All Year
See the world's wildlife at Asheboro Zoo, catch an unforgettable show at Greensboro Coliseum, get your feet wet at Wet and Wild Waterpark, or try a quiet game of golf at an area course.
Live like royalty for a day and marry your prince at Kings Inn at Sedgefield, your royal wedding destination! The Inn's elopement package takes out most of the work for you, making your wedding special and memorable. The bouquet, boutonniere, cake, a dinner, and two nights' stay comes with a basic package cost of only $989!
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FOREIGN FRIDAYS: '[Rec]' competes with U.S. horror titles
March 3, 2017
Hang on for a minute...we're trying to find some more stories you might like.
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Okay, so get this: Cloverfield….right? But in SPAIN.
[Rec] is shot entirely from the perspective of an off-the-clock cameraman, as he and an accompanying television reporter deal with a contagion causing people to become zombies. Yes, you heard me, zombies. I actually hesitate to say the word being that the sophisticated layout and execution of the film indicates its status as more than the cheap B movie status most "zombie movies" have.
The fact that the movie is presented in found footage format is actually extremely fascinating, I was able to form a stronger connection (dare I say bond?) with the characters this way, and I felt incredibly devastated when any harm would come there way. I was able to share their experiences and turmoil without being able to help it and it was awful.
I'd say that [Rec] sits somewhere between Cloverfield and Cannibal Holocaust in the realm of found-footage films; it's strong but not perfect.
Additionally, despite the pitchy (slightly annoying) Barcelona accent, I actually enjoyed the acting. Everyone in the film is, at least to me, largely unknown, meaning that I was able to see them as people and not movie stars. How am I supposed to feel anything about a movie star's frantic attempts to escape a contagion? I know they'll be fine no matter what. But with no previous knowledge of these actors, I was able to actually attach with them and feel true empathy.
[Rec] is a casual film that doesn't take itself too seriously, which is something that I genuinely appreciate. I recommend anyone who likes horror, even just a little bit, watch this movie. But don't watch the U.S. version, Quarantine. I only watched ten minutes of that film before I turned it off out of sheer annoyance.


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8月 24, 2014 合計視聴数:: 5134 今日は: 2 ★★★
Hotel Thai Modern Resort Phuket, Thai Modern Resort is located in Phuket's Chalong area, offering cosy accommodation amidst tropical gardens. A 30-minute drive from Patong Beach, it has an outdoor pool with sun terrace, free Wi-Fi and rooms with microwaves. エアコン完備, rooms feature contemporary Thai decor and a flat-screen satellite TV. Private balconies overlook the garden or pool. Attached bathrooms have a bathtub and hot water showers. Thai Modern Resort is a 45-minute drive from Phuket International Airport. It is a 20-minute drive from Central Department Store. 車のレンタルはフロントデスクで手配することができます. 無料駐車場が利用可能です. (Hotel Thai Modern Resort Phuket hotels booking).


text:
Nostradamus On India
This more or less Quatrain of Nostradamus is the one mentioning India and the Hindu religion a moment ago. This is a Quatrain which it appears confer on be conclude in the here future.We swallow direct out for the clear-cut dating tactfully.
Century 10-96
Theology du nom des mers vaincra,
Contre la secte fils Adaluncatif,
Secte obstin'ee deplor'ee craindra,
Des deux blessez par Aleph ">The Theology of the name of the seas confer on win out Not keen the faction of the son of Adaluncatif, The location lamented faction confer on be frightful The two disorganize by Aleph ">
This is one Quatrain of Nostradamus which form mentions the Hindu religion, as acquaint with no other religion named while the seas, the Wager on Mahasagar or the Indian Marine. This can moreover mean the Sindhu Stream while which Wager on is named, Wager on or Hindustan.
I swallow mentioned this Quatrain as unfolding to Kalki Avatar in my post nostradamus on kalki avatarBar I circle that some points swallow to be clarified.
Alif is the creative communiqu of the Urdu Alphabet, Urdu is the declare parley of Pakistan, and it resembles Hindi but is written in Arabic script.
Alif is moreover the creative communiqu of the Pashto Alphabet; Pashto is the parley of the Pathans, the pile of the countryside in Afghanistan.
From this it becomes positive that acquaint with confer on be a elevated confrontation relating India and the Al-Qaeda-Taliban assortment. This is a accommodating throw relating the Pakistani Taliban/Al-Qaeda and the Pashtos of Afganistan.The son of Adaluncati, described is the heir of Osama Bin Fraught. The two disorganize confer on be two parties one of which is India and the other a end ally. The two ill-treated parties confer on come together to tie revenge.
This is definitely a Quatrain to direct out for as the probability of its incident in the here future is high. This Quatrain confer on moreover compute with changes of an unprecedented bunch in India and the Hindu religion in more or less.As i swallow understood early the future of Pakistan is the Taliban/Al-Qaeda,who confer on grab power.
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I'm boycotting Obama for bringing this POS into our WH for a Christmas party.
FUBO and
I wouldn't watch anyway. Anything on tv even remotely involving the Gangsta-in-Chief and his homegirl is enough to make me ill.
I'm sure I will find something better to do...like maybe trim my toenails.
I'll put him on my forgiveness list, right under Jane Fonda's name.
maybe some patriot at the White House could take out the whole bunch with one of those belts the islamofascists use to kill each other ~ like who would know eh.


text:
Railroad worker injuries are covered under the Federal Employees Liability Act which requires that a railroad maintains their fleet, ensuring that their trains are in good working order and free of defects. If a railroad does not comply with these standards, they may be liable for injuries to their workers. Damages railroad workers may receive include medical treatments, present and future lost wages and mental trauma. An injury on the railway can range from a minor sprain to a spinal injury so severe that it leads to death. Some of the most common injuries that affect railway workers are head trauma, knee injuries, back injuries, neck injuries, carpal tunnel syndrome, brain trauma or spinal cord injuries. The Federal Employees Liability Act protects railroad workers and others as diverse as clerical employees whose day-to-day functions do not directly involve trains or outdoor activity.
Echo is an unincorporated community located in Summit County, Utah, United States. The eastern terminus of Interstate 84 is near Echo. There was not much left of Echo after the Great Depression in the early 20th century. There are a few buildings left today, a church, and some homes. A tavern is located nearby that sells cigarettes, food, and beer. Echo Canyon, also nearby is a magnificent spectacle with its high rock sides and colorful scenery. The canyon, on the east, ends outside of Wahsatch, Utah and begins near the town of Echo at the junction of Interstates 80 and 84. Image:Echocanyonvc. jpg|The visitors center, located on the westbound side of I-80 Image:EchoCanyon. jpg|Looking west, early 2008 Image:Echocanyonnorth. jpg|Looking north, early 2008
Railroad Worker Injury Law Lawyers In Echo Utah


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This property is no longer available.Search for Available Property.
80 acres in Mille Lacs County, Minnesota
This a very Secluded 80 acre property with Great Wildlife and Excellent Hunting! There is a good mix of high to low ground. Close to the Cities and Priced to Sell! Must see!
Go N. 5 miles from Isle, MN to east 18 approximately 2.3 miles to Minimum Maintenance Rd. Turn Right/Head S. 1.25 miles to property on the left. Timber Ghost Sign!
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NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.


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Reuters Business
Russia squares up over sanctions
Aug. 1, 2014 | 2:12
Russia's largest banks seek to reassure investors over EU moves that cut off access to capital markets, VTB saying they're ''incompatible' with a free market, while Moscow announces bans on certain EU food imports. Joel Flynn reports on the gathering momentum of Moscow's response to Western sanctions.
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Settings App Freezes
Show more Language: English Content location: United States Restricted Mode: Off History Help Loading... Close Yeah, keep it Undo Close This video is unavailable. No referral/affiliate-links. dgstorm posted Jul 20, 2016 Loading... http://elizabethandrew.org/windows-10/screen-freezes-intermittently.html
sharpuser, Jul 29, 2015 #10 amgd New Member Joined: Jul 29, 2015 Messages: 4 Likes Received: 0 Trophy Points: 1 My Device: None Another option that worked for me (after all Apple disclaims any and all liability for the acts, omissions and conduct of any third parties in connection with or related to your use of the site. Workaround: Open they gallery app, settings and bingo you're in. Your link to instructions say to click "Remove From Account" but there is no such option.
Settings App Crashes Windows 10
is there a drawing difference between these 2 kanji radicals? Looks like when I downgrade Google Play Services to the factory version, it will work. A full backup on iTunes is the most-preferred way of doing it.
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No, create an account now. Posted via the Android Central App 05-22-2016 06:52 PM Like 0 81,162 http://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=681979&s=ba69abd0ef062799c74a0278fe7dc2a3&p=5192305&viewfull=1#post5192305 B. Sign in Transcript Add translations 107,698 views 309 Like this video? Windows 10 Settings Keeps Closing Loading...
However, the battery of... Settings App Crashes Android YOU ARE THE BEST PERSON IN THE WORLD! System UI has stopped working0Unfortunately settings has stopped3"Unfortunately … has stopped"3Unfortunately settings has stopped working, can't get past Welcome setup0LG G4 Problem with "camera unfortunately stopped working"0Unfortunately, Settings (and others) has https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_10-other_settings/settings-app-crashes-in-windows-10/dac34ce6-4e39-4867-9c2d-98800654c106 Mar 24, 2014 8:50 AM Helpful (0) Reply options Link to this post Apple Footer This site contains user submitted content, comments and opinions and is for informational purposes only.
Advertisement Recent Posts older computer will not start... Iphone Settings Crashes Back To Home Terms & Conditions Android Central CrackBerry iMore Windows Central Tesla Central VR Heads MrMobile Modern Dad CREATE YOUR ACCOUNT ASK A QUESTION TRENDING: Samsung flops again S8 S8+2246How many people leeshor, Jul 29, 2015 #2 Modification Member Joined: Nov 10, 2014 Messages: 121 Likes Received: 4 Trophy Points: 18 I am having this same exact problem. I still have all my files and programs from before the upgrade.
Settings App Crashes Android
sharpuser replied Apr 6, 2017 at 4:40 PM Video watching screen glitch Turbo4AWD replied Apr 6, 2017 at 2:57 PM Not impressed Turbo4AWD replied Apr 6, 2017 at 2:45 PM How
While checking out the features and reviews, you feel that it would... Settings App Crashes Windows 10 Please type your message and try again. Kensterfly Level 1 (0 points) Q: Settings App crashes constantly iPhone 5, updated to 7.1 just yesterday. Unfortunately Settings Has Stopped Samsung Galaxy S4 I upgraded from Windows 8.1 Pro ghrimm, Jul 29, 2015 #6 Modification Member Joined: Nov 10, 2014 Messages: 121 Likes Received: 4 Trophy Points: 18 Still no solutions?
Sign in to report inappropriate content. check over here Obviously this method is only when you've been checking the Usage occasionally and know at what point it started crashing the Settings app. Most recently, we were bogged down with this problem both on an iPhone 4 and an iPad 3. Thanks again. Windows 10 Settings App Not Opening
dascrow posted Oct 26, 2016 Microsoft announces Surface Studio dascrow posted Oct 26, 2016 PSA: Windows 10 Will No Longer... What is this colored fiber in my chicken? No default program associated. his comment is here I'd like to try and avoid a factory reset if possible, so are there any steps I could try further before an entire factory reset?
Thread Status: Not open for further replies. Windows 10 Settings Closes Android is a trademark of Google Inc. I hope this helps.
Why use centipedes to assassinate Padmé?
permalinkembedsaveparentgive gold[–]TheFirstMeiFunny 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago(0 children)Fuck yes! No spamming, advertising. So the second time I chose the USB option in the Media Creation Tool. Windows 10 Settings Crash Fix Can a malicious actor lock the real user out by deliberately trying incorrect passwords every X minutes?
Modification, Jul 29, 2015 #7 Modification Member Joined: Nov 10, 2014 Messages: 121 Likes Received: 4 Trophy Points: 18 SOLUTION: I have found a very quick and simple solution online. Newer Than: Search this thread only Search this forum only Display results as threads More... All rights reserved. http://elizabethandrew.org/windows-10/screen-freezes-when-switched-on-showing-only-loading-logo-blue-circle.html Xeiver-D.-Pyron, Sep 7, 2016 #2 Florentine Thread Starter Joined: Sep 7, 2016 Messages: 2 Thanks for replying.
The Catch 22 to this is I cannot do a Restore because it requires you to turn off "Find My Phone" but, of course, I can't do that because I cannot Don't stress out as it's the sort of issue... At 100%, the whole thing just disappeared. How about in Safe Mode?
Short URL to this thread: https://techguy.org/1177669 Log in with Facebook Log in with Twitter Log in with Google Your name or email address: Do you already have an account? permalinkembedsaveparentgive goldaboutblogaboutsource codeadvertisecareershelpsite rulesFAQwikireddiquettemod guidelinescontact usapps & toolsReddit for iPhoneReddit for Androidmobile websitebuttons<3reddit goldredditgiftsUse of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. © 2017 reddit inc. Reset All Settings The only method that worked for us (on the iPad), however, was this: resetting all settings. Its on Android 5.0.1 05-22-2016 02:36 PM Like 0 81,162 http://forums.androidcentral.com/showthread.php?t=681979&s=ba69abd0ef062799c74a0278fe7dc2a3&p=5190456&viewfull=1#post5190456 B.
I don't know how, but the problem seems to have fixed itself after 2 days of trouble. This subreddit is suitable for both Office warriors and newbies. Stay logged in Sign up now! Typically, this seems to be an issue with an app that you have installed.
QuadCore_x_RV 59,953 views 2:05 CNET How To - Windows 10 settings you should change right now - Duration: 1:56. Windows Mobile - dedicated to Windows Mobile OS and discussions about it. Matikho replied Apr 6, 2017 at 12:33 PM Invasion of the Release Preview... All rights reserved.
Or is it just draining the last... Watch Queue Queue __count__/__total__ Find out whyClose How To Fix Windows 10 Settings App Launch Crash BTNHD Loading... Simply click the link and following the directions: http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/...he-store/ec439819-7ee4-4b4d-abdd-35d82e04c55f Modification, Jul 29, 2015 #8 leeshor likes this. asked 2 years ago viewed 151284 times active 1 year ago Linked 8 I changed my sim card - how do I find which app is sending sms messages to my
Technically I can get by without getting into settings for a while, but I'm worried that new updates won't be able to be downloaded if everything keeps crashing. GreyFox7 replied Apr 6, 2017 at 10:57 AM My surface 3 overheated and died boulderpa3 replied Apr 6, 2017 at 10:18 AM Surface 3 turns up but I have... Was long and annoying, but everything is working fine for me now. This installer also fixes the Xbox Store crash as well.Windows 10 Troubleshooter Installer - http://bit.ly/Windows10SettingsAppCra...Windows 10 How To Videos - http://bit.ly/Windows10HowToVidsSupport the video by giving it a "LIKE", it will help


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translation missing: en.socialshopwave.remember_my_choice_and_do_not_ask_anymore
translation missing: en.socialshopwave.can_change_sharing_setting_here_html
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Arlen Ness 10-Gauge Inverted Big Sucker Air Cleaner Kit
Item Number: 335596
- Fits:
- []
Edit Vehicle
Fitment Note:
In Stock –
Free Shipping
Fitment Guaranteed
Product Description
Arlen Ness 10-Gauge Inverted Big Sucker Air Cleaner Kit
For over a decade, Arlen Ness has led the air cleaner market with the patented Big Sucker. Inverted series air cleaners combine the patented Big Sucker technology and an inverted filter top that maximizes airflow by pulling in air from the face of the air cleaner, as well as the traditional method of pulling air from the sides. Each kit is machined entirely from forged billet aluminum to provide the best performance and style possible.
Forged billet aluminum backing plate:
- Constructed from forged billet aluminum
- Features the patented Big Sucker hidden breather technology. Each hidden breather is O-ringed at the heads and exits at the mouth of the injector/carb to provide efficient engine breathing and a virtually closed loop system. This eliminates the need for any external hoses or hardware
- Radius air inlet provides maximum performance by providing unobstructed airflow
- Aluminum breather hardware includes specially designed breather bolts and covers for clean mounting
Hand made filter element:
- Each Inverted Series filter is handmade in the USA
- Features synthetic material that never needs oil, just wash and reuse for long lasting performance
- Synthetic filters are water resistant eliminating the need for a rain sock
- Each filter features an inverted pleated top with pleated sides to maximize airflow by pulling in from every angle
- Synthetic material is black with a stainless steel jacket
Forged billet aluminum air filter housings:
- Machined from a single piece of forged billet aluminum for clean style, reduced weight, and improved ergonomics
- Features built in velocity stack that not only gives a unique look, but also increase performance by forcing air into the filters inverted pleated top
- 10-Gauge styling
Product Note:
|Varies (make selection above)
|Country of Origin
|Filter Type
|Stainless Steel
|Varies (make selection above)
Vehicle Fitment
Fitment is guaranteed or your money back plus free return shipping. Don't waste time installing a product that doesn't fit. We worked hard ensuring that this product is an exact fit on the vehicles listed below.
Harley Davidson
- FLD Dyna Switchback 2012-2016
- FLHR Road King 2000-2016
- FLHRC Road King Classic 2007-2013
- FLHRCI Road King Classic 2002-2006
- FLHRI Road King 2002-2006
- FLHRS Road King Custom 2004-2007
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- FLHT Electra Glide Standard 2000-2009
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- FLHTCI Electra Glide Classic 2002-2006
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- FLST Heritage Softail 2006
- FLSTC Heritage Softail Classic 2000-2014, 2016
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- FLSTF Softail Fat Boy 2000-2014, 2016
- FLSTFB Softail Fat Boy Lo 2010-2014, 2016
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- FLTR Road Glide 2000-2004, 2007-2009
- FLTRI Road Glide 2002-2006
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- FXD Dyna Super Glide 2000-2005, 2007-2010
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- FXDBI Dyna Street Bob 2006
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- FXDS-CONV Dyna Super Glide Convertible 2000
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- FXDWGI Dyna Wide Glide 2004-2006
- FXDX Dyna Super Glide Sport 2000-2005
- FXDXI Dyna Super Glide Sport 2004-2005
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- FXSB Softail Breakout 2013-2016
- FXST Softail Standard 2000-2007
- FXSTB Softail Night Train 2000-2009
- FXSTBI Softail Night Train 2001-2006
- FXSTC Softail Custom 2007-2010
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- FXSTS Springer Softail 2000-2006
- FXSTSI Springer Softail 2001-2006
- XL50 50th Anniversary Sportster 2007
- XL883 Sportster 883 2004-2008
- XL883C Sportster 883 Custom 1999-2009
- XL883L Sportster 883 Low 2005-2010
- XL883L Sportster SuperLow 2011-2016
- XL883N Sportster Iron 883 2009-2016
- XL883R Sportster 883R 2002-2007
- XL1200C Sportster 1200 Custom 1996-2016
- XL1200L Sportster 1200 Low 2006-2011
- XL1200N Sportster 1200 Nightster 2007-2012
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- XLH883HUG Sportster 883 Hugger 1988-2003
- XLH1200 Sportster 1200 1988-2003
Customer Reviews
Questions & Answers
Horse power
Does the breather give anymor horse power
By: Guest
There are certainly horsepower gains to be had when comparing this intake kit to the stock item. But, the key to unleashing that extra power requires a tuning adjustment in the form of either, a Dynojet Carburetor Jet Kit or a Vance & Hines FP3 fuel controller.
Arlen Ness claims that a properly tuned Arlen Ness Harley-Davidson Big Sucker intake kit will yield up to a 21% power increase!
By: Staff
How does an owner maintain or otherwise replace what I understand is the proprietary filter element? If it is to be replaced, what does it cost?
By: r
We offer awide variety of Arlen Ness Big Sucker replacement air filter elements in our store. Most of the time, that's not really required unless the filter element becomes physically damaged or it's excessively soiled. For the most part, you can clean it and re-use it by refreshing it with an Arlen Ness Big Sucker Filter Tune-Up Kit for Standard Filters. That particular cleaner restores your filter's effectiveness through cleaning and then oiling it.
By: Staff


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INFOplus Website Redo
Bajet $20-100 USD
I need my website redone. I want it professional, simple, and clean. The website is www.infoplusrecoveryservices.com. The current design was done with Yahoo sitebuilder. I will need one more page added. I will be incorporating soon and I need a logo. My business is Information Broker, Private Investigator and judgment recovery. I may be adding collection agency later.
Dianugerahkan kepada:
7 pekerja bebas membida secara purata $78 untuk pekerjaan ini
hi sir............i m ready for this project............Portfolio: http://www.kreative-studioz.com/portfolio.htm............contact me...............thanks
My company specializes in dynamic content, We can provide you a clean effective layout for your site that is easy to update. You can see samples at www.allshadesgray.com
Hi, Ready to start. Please visit us at www.bansalsetech.com Regards, Tanuj
Check out www.enchantedgc.com (my ecommerce website) - I had a hand in alot of the graphics and functionality and am confident that I can do a good job for you.


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As an energy trader New York ISO you are part of a dynamic network of energy generators and distributors who are lighting the way for the New York region. The New York Independent System Operator works with its stakeholders to ensure the reliability of the power grid while benefiting end-users by:
For an energy trader PJM is like a stock market with participants establishing electricity price by matching supply and demand. It is a dynamic marketplace and participating in it effectively can help your entity power past the competition and maintain itself as a reliable energy source on the bulk power grid.
Researching and analyzing energy industry reporting California iso can provide your energy entity with valuable market insights. The California ISO (also called CAISO) has a plethora of resources available for energy entities operating in the California ISO marketplace.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is an independent government organization within the U.S. Department of Energy that collects, analyzes and provides a comprehensive range of power industry data analysis for energy entities, the general public and policymakers. The aim is to promote efficient and effective policymaking, while supporting energy industry growth and economic development.
The California ISO is responsible for keeping the lights on 24-7 in the most of California and a portion of Nevada. As part of their responsibility both to power entities and to customers using the grid, the organization provides regular power industry reporting CAISO to its member affiliates and stakeholders.
If you are an energy entity operating in the California market, you know there are big changes on the horizon for energy industry reporting CAISO. The California ISO currently oversees the power grid in California and a portion of Nevada
Power industry entities operating within the California ISO territory are responsible for participating in the ISO by providing data related to outages, capacity, market activities and other relevant information to the CAISO power grid. Sharing this information and collaborating with other entities within the ISO's territory requires a power industry data management CAISO system.
Using data management tools can make your participation in the CAISO efficient and ensure that you are also taking full advantage of the data that CAISO shares to guide your business decisions.
Managing your data
Every five minutes the California Independent System Operator (CAISO) forecasts electrical demand, accounts for available energy and dispatches the least expensive power plant to meet consumer demand. The power generation CAISO is a critical piece of ensuring the reliability of the power grid and ensuring the lights stay on.
Merchant generators know the wholesale marketplace is competitive, dynamic and risky place. In order to minimize risk and maximize your profits for your investors, you need real-time information on your performance, your competition and the general market conditions.
The dispatch stack can be a helpful tool for bulk power generators. The dispatch stack lists the cost of production of power by each energy generation source (natural gas, renewables, nuclear, etc) from least cost to most cost. Since most bulk power generators rely on a variety of assets for energy generation, this tool can help your company maximize their assets and produce the most amount of energy for the least amount of money.