text:
Website : http://ico.encryptotel.com/
BitcoinTalk Thread : https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1848180.0
What is EncryptoTel?
Encrypto Telecom offers radical new answers for correspondence, contributing widely to the progressing worldwide level headed discussion around security and common freedoms. Encoded correspondence is the sensible future for every customary media transmission.
Your protection is in great hands with EncryptoTel. Our organization offers a full scope of broadcast communications administrations in light of an inventive cloud PBX. We utilize front line arrangements in the circle of advanced innovations, including encryption through open, demonstrated calculations and the utilization of blockchain innovation.
In our beta rendition we have executed an underlying level of movement encryption in light of SIP/TLS advances. Customer server applications can set up an association and stay away from sound block attempt and unapproved get to. Besides, SRTP and ZRTP conventions give security to VoIP administrations and insurance from sound capture attempt.
We are right now taking a shot at the advancement of our own safe association arrange, which depends on two system forms, inside and outer, and incorporates a few sorts of servers, for example, affirmation expert, association of VPN, dispersed scrambled document framework and HTTPS server. Later on we will additionally build up our own security conventions.
What we want to do
Target #1: $100,000+
Production of stable, completely practical PBX with solid encryption and refreshed UI for more noteworthy availability.
Target #2: $250,000+
Acknowledgment of EncryptoTel's own movement encryption convention in light of blockchain innovation, including arrival of portable applications for Android and iOS for sheltered and simple correspondence inside a PBX.
Target #3: $1,000,000 – $3,000,000+
Access to the global market with a forceful strategy of extension, enabling EncryptoTel to involve a more critical portion of the media communications industry, including passage into PBX models that are as of now arranged and altered for the most widely recognized assignments in the B2B, B2C and B2G areas. Obtaining of the essential licenses to furnish clients with broadcast communications benefits and designate numbers to them ourselves.
Benefits for investors
Most extreme markdown on organization administrations
Basic leadership
Capacity to partake in vital business choices
Need STATUS
Need preparing of bolster tickets and buy orders
Individual ACCOUNT
Individual speculator account, in which financial specialists can track organization insights, current quarter benefits, and installments history
The EncryptoTel token (ticker: ETT)
Will be the local money for our telecoms biological community and administrations, offering rebates and different points of interest. All tokens used to pay for administrations will be scorched, decreasing the general supply of tokens available and driving up request and cost after some time.
Call redirection. Capacity to divert an approaching call to another telephone number.
Case: The client can divert calls to a neighborhood number, or to various nearby numbers in view of who is calling and when.
Two-calculate validation (2FA). An extra layer of security will be offered for administrations, for example, trades and crypto-wallets.
Case: notwithstanding username-secret word login, clients will get a call, instant message or other verification subtle elements before get to is conceded.
Encryption and movement insurance. Activity is dependably scrambled and ensured with the most recent encryption conventions.
Case: For examples, for example, essential business arrangements or for people worried about security for any reason, this usefulness will shield information from sound capture attempt and man-in-the-center (MITM) assaults.
Free correspondence. Each supporter will get a free interior number for the system.
Illustration: Talk inside a system, one-on-one or with a gathering, for nothing out of pocket.
Conceal a telephone number. Telephone numbers utilized for active calls will be veiled from discovery by an accepting gadget.
Illustration: Conduct arrangements and other correspondence without uncovering your immediate supporter's number.
Situation execution. This makes it conceivable to make situations that are executed through SMS/MMS and calls.
Case: Users can send cryptocurrency to foreordained address by calling an assigned number and entering a stick code through their telephone's keypad.
Multiplatformity. EncryptoTel can be utilized with every working framework, IP-telephones and portals.
Case: Users will have admittance to sending and control of their PBX by means of any gadget – portable terminal, desktop workstation, tablet, and so on.
Discussion recording and information stockpiling. Recordings of discussions or other essential information can be safely put away.
Case: Optionally turn on capacity for all transactions and documents. This put away information must be decoded by the proprietor utilizing EncryptoTel's incorporated 12 blockchain innovation.
Call following. Screen activity assets.
Case: It is conceivable to make a one of a kind number for each commercial asset. Insights can be downloaded and advance observed from the client's record.
IVR (intelligent voice reaction). Voice acknowledgment offices.
Case: Create pre-recorded directions for individuals who call you, upgrading preparing for approaching calls.
Video call. Up close and personal calling.
Case: Call somebody utilizing a camera or start a live to – camera communicate.
Updates. Synchronize your application with your date-book.
Illustration: Prompt updates for vital occasions by means of call or SMS.
Programming interface. Cooperate with the EncryptoTel benefit toward the back level.
Case: Integrate your CRM or another framework with EncryptoTel's PBX and access every one of its administrations, with the chance to manufacture new offices on top of it.
AI and content communication. Perform essential set-up and control for well known delivery people utilizing EncryptoTel's computerized reasoning bot.
Case: Initialize a call by means of Telegram, XMPP/Jabber customer with the assistance of a straightforward message, for example, 'Call the number +1 … 1 from the USA zone number, then get back to me on the number +1 … 2'.
Bitcointalk account : ankit10


text:
POLICE are hunting for a city centre sex attacker today after a woman in her 30s was subjected to a serious sexual assault.
The woman was attacked on Carver Lane, a side street linking West Street and Division Street, in the early hours of yesterday.
Shocked workers at nearby shops and businesses were unable to use the road, which was taped off yesterday for several hours from 6am, with police officers guarding each end.
A city centre councillor today requested an increased police presence in the area following the incident, which he described as 'frightening'.
Sheffield Central councillor Mohammed Maroof told The Star: "I have asked for more police presence in the area.
"I am quite surprised myself that in a busy area like this, something can happen. It is a frightening situation.
"But mostly I have been assured the police will do everything they can to make sure local people are safe - and residents are absolutely assured there will be more of a police presence."
A South Yorkshire Police spokesman told The Star: "Police are investigating an allegation of serious sexual assault, that occurred in the early hours of Wednesday at a location near West Street in Sheffield city centre.
"The investigation is in its early stages, and officers are currently making inquiries."
Workers at shops near Carver Lane said they were worried.
Nabeel Asker, aged 30, who owns Carousel News on Division Street, said: "It's quite a shock to hear of this.
Becky Wheatley, 19, who works at the Perfect Kitchen sandwich shop next to the side street, said lots of customers had been asking what was going on.
She said: "It's awful to think that it happened just around the corner.
"Everyone has been coming in and asking us what's happened."
A young female student, who did not want to be named, added: "It's such a shock to think that happened. I thought Sheffield was such a safe place as well.
"I can't believe it."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Blog Posts by rathna1232003
Page# 2 Blog Entries
Oct 21 2011 (17:20)
rathna1232003 1 blog posts 1 correct pred (100% accurate)
What is RLGN
Journey: Sun Oct 30, 2011 @ 21:3012861/Visakhapatnam - H. Nizamuddin Link SF Express
Class: AC 3-tier - 3A | Tot Seats: Avbl 7
Travel: BZA/Vijayawada Junction to NZM/Hazrat Nizamuddin | 1747 km / 2097 km
Entry# 262963
Posted by: rathna1232003 1 blog posts 1 correct pred (100% accurate)
PNR: 630-xxxxxxx | Similar PNRs
Posted Status as of: Oct 21 2011 (17:09)From: Vijayawada Junction/BZA
To: Delhi Hazrat Nizamuddin/NZM
Date of Journey: Sun Oct 30, 2011 @ 21:30
Class: AC 3-tier - 3A
Passenger 1: Waitlist# 1 (Booking Status: W/L 1,RLGN)
Chart NOT Prepared
Please analyze this PNR, and predict the final Charting Status. Thanks.
Latest Status as of: Oct 30 2011 (02:44)Passenger 1: Can/Mod (Booking Status: W/L 1,RLGN)
Chart NOT Prepared
Page# 2 Blog Entries
ARP (Advanced Reservation Period) Calculator
Reservations Open Today @ 8am for:
Trains with ARP 10 Dep on: Mon Aug 28
Trains with ARP 15 Dep on: Sat Sep 2
Trains with ARP 30 Dep on: Sun Sep 17
Trains with ARP 120 Dep on: Sat Dec 16
Leading Polls
Top Trending Posts
Rail News
New Trains
Site Announcements
Admin Blog Links
Scroll to Top
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Disclaimer: This website has NO affiliation with the Government-run site of Indian Railways. This site does NOT claim 100% accuracy of fast-changing Rail Information. YOU are responsible for independently confirming the validity of information through other sources.


text:
Response to "Two Faces and Big Lies" by Eric S. Raymond*
This afternoon I received "Two faces and Big Lies," your article on the ethical issues surrounding the Napster fiasco. I found this document very interesting, especially your comments on the Napsterities who consider their file-sharing activities as revolutionary.
I will not comment at length on the first half of your document; suffice it say that I essentially agree with you about the real motives of the DVDCCA and the entertainment industries in regard to DeCSS - the issue is about retaining a monopoly on production of DVD players by a handful of electronics corporations, and not about the potential threat of video piracy.
It's the second half of your article, detailing your thoughts on the motivations of over 22 million Napsterites, that interest me. In many ways, I agree with you, and I have said as much in articles and messages to Napster, Inc. In fact, when it appeared Napster would be shuttered last Friday, I posted comments on the Dimension Music forum stating my belief it would be a good thing if Napster shut down and went out of business. An immediate and conclusive shuttering of the Napster service would return a sense of proportion to the activity of anonymous file-sharing. Essentially, if not for Napster, the habit of sharing music files would have remained in the exclusive province of IRC, FTP, and temporary websites. It would not have become the "overnight sensation" it now is - complete with media hype, high-powered lawyers, congressmen, and millions of college kids. In other words, it would have remained anchored obscurely in the domain of the hacker and a relatively small number of others possessing the required knowledge and skill.
On the other hand, Napster has advanced the idea of distributed, peer-to-peer file-sharing, an alternative method of network computing that has lived in the aging shadow of traditional server-client computing for years. In the short span of several months, Napster has brought not only media attention to so-called P2P, but also a bevy of hungry venture capitalists desperate to cash-in on what they believe to be the next big Internet horse race. The result may be more of the same - corporate privatization, proprietary code, business plans, the whole smug dot-com mentality - yet in the process an alternative (and some would argue preferable) method of computing is advanced.
If not for Napster, chances are Gnutella would have never escaped the AOL/NullSoft labs to become the dreaded Frankenstein it now is. Granted, many will use Gnutella for questionable practices - trading unauthorized copies of copyrighted music, film, and literature - while others will utilize the software for file-sharing research documents or trading family videos. I am opposed to Lars Ulrich, the RIAA, MPAA, et al, all of whom would outlaw or litigate technology out of existence merely based on the perception of threat. Frankly, the argument, which you seem to support, that Napster (or Napster-like technologies) pose a threat to the ownership of music - or, rather, the ownership of a digital copy of the music - pales in comparison to the threat of multi-national corporations dictating the shape of technological innovation.
You mention "ownership" in your article - artists own their music and thus should be the ones to decide how that music is released, be it on the Internet or pressed on archaic vinyl discs. I certainly agree with you - the ultimate yea or nay should come from the artist. Yet the vast majority of artists are contractually prevented from any direct decision on how their music will be distributed or used. I am not citing this an excuse for the massive trading of music files via Napster, but rather to point out that many artists believe Napster, in theory, is an effective way to promote and distribute music. Of course, Napster has not asked for permission, or do they sincerely believe they need to ask for permission (i.e., "fair use"), but the fact remains: Napster has increased the incomes of many artists without their explicit consent or participation.
In fact, with the current state of chaos within the world of online music, I believe asking for explicit and contractual permission to freely distribute music is nearly impossible (what with the ASCAP, BMI, mechanical rights publishing model firmly entrenched). The industry has expressed little interest in reformatting these models to accommodate what is a completely different way to distribute music. Again, Napster may pose crucial ethical issues, yet the push factor of the technology will force what is a monopolistic industry to accommodate consumers who want music delivered online.
Yes, file-sharing may be a bad deal for some artists, particularly well-known artists like Metallica, yet it is an effective and revolutionary tool for others, such as myself. I have shared my music via both Napster and Gnutella. Of course, the success of that exposure has been limited, even disappointing, and this is more related to my innate talent as a musician than anything else. Regardless, I resent the RIAA attempting to deny me access to this channel simply to insure their own market dominance and financial margins. I realize that I am in the minority - an MP3 trader dealing in his own work and not that of others - yet I am compelled to defend Napster, even with all its warts and defects. Is this selfish? Possibly. But I believe there are negative consequences in outlawing this technology that transcend my own personal reasons for supporting it.
In your article, you encourage the hacker community to make distinctions when crafting technology. My question to us is: if Napster and Gnutella technologies are a threat to ownership of IP, would you discourage the development of those technologies based on such ethical considerations? Granted, Shawn Fanning developed Napster for one primary reason - to reduce the hassle of broken links and missing files when searching for music files over the Internet. Napster is based on one premise - sharing music files, be they copyrighted or not. Gnutella, on the other hand, allows a person to share all file types, not strictly MP3 files. Sure, people trade mostly music files with the application, but it was not exclusively designed to facilitate trade in music files. If a technology, such as the telephone, has the potential for misuse, what should the reaction of an ethical developer be in possibly designing and programming telephone network software? In fact, some may argue - either rightly or wrongly - that the Internet itself was devised under a corrupt and unethical premise: facilitating the communication of network data under the stress of nuclear war.
Kurt Nimmo
Eric S. Raymond responds to the above:
> In your article, you encourage the hacker community to make distinctions
> when crafting technology. My question to us is: if Napster and Gnutella
> technologies are a threat to ownership of IP, would you discourage the
> development of those technologies based on such ethical considerations?
No. I am not arguing for the suppression of the technology. I am arguing for individuals to be more careful and ethical about the choices they make in using it.
Eric S. Raymond's original document
DeCSS. Napster. These are two faces of a revolution -- a technological wave that is sweeping through the media industry, theatening to upset billion-dollar business models as though they were cockleshell boats. As with every power shift in progress, these technologies have attracted vocal partisans and bitter enemies. Also as usual, the first casualty of ideological warfare is the truth. The kids chanting "power to the people" and the corporate executives blustering about piracy are both oversimplifying some deep and complex issues. And both sides -- yes, I said, *both* sides -- are telling some Big Lies, trying to get their propaganda positions accepted as truth by endless repetition in tones of righteous indignation. Let's look at some of those lies. Here's our first: that the DVD Copy Control Association's attempt to suppress DeCSS lawsuit is or was ever about piracy. Yes? If that's so, why wasn't the DVDCCA up in arms about DVD-ripper programs eighteen months ago? It's come out in the 2600 trial in New York that the DVDCCA knew about these programs perhaps as far back as that -- and the rippers do exactly what the DVDCCA says DeCSS is for, which is allow people to make digital copies of DVDs that can be shipped over the Net and burned into writeable CD-ROMs. Even more to the point, if piracy is the issue why isn't the DVDCCA trying to outlaw pirate stamping presses instead of software? Forget kids making one-at-a-time copies on their PCs with DVD rippers or DeCSS or anything else; the real revenue threat to the movie studios is factories churning out thousands of CDs a month. The real pirates laugh at content scrambling, because they go straight to the physical level and copy the pattern of pits and bumps on the disk, encryption and all. So what's the truth? The truth is that the war on DeCSS was never about piracy at all. What it's really all about protecting the DVD player monopoly -- and the DVDCCA, which is run by a cartel of consumer-electronics companies, has been playing Jack Valenti and the Motion Picture Association of America for patsies. If the MPAA hadn't been grabbed by its territorial instincts and stopped thinking, it might have figured out by now that cheaper DVD players (and free DVD-playing software on PCs) actually mean a bigger market for the DVDs themselves. Yes, that's right; content scrambling is actually *hurting the studios' profits*. But if they're clueless about this, they're at least consistently clueless; they were wrong in pretty much the same way about the VCR. So much for corporate con-jobs. Now let's look at another kind -- the kind that masquerades as populist idealism. Here's our second Big Lie: that Napster doesn't rip off the artists. The people pushing this line often claim that it's OK because musicians don't make money on album sales anyway, the real money is in concerts and tie-ins. Courtney Love gave this crowd a lot of ammunition in a July Salon Magazine piece -- a blisteringly funny rant which dissected in detail all the scabrous scams that record companies routinely use to rip off the bands who actually make the music they sell. It was all true. But it's only half the story -- and I know both sides, because I was a rock musician once and I've got friends who are still. I've been in a couple groups, recorded on a few albums. I've been there, playing bars for peanuts and desperately hoping to get scouted by some toothy-grinned A&R guy so we could at least get ripped off somewhere higher up on the food chain. And you know what? To the little guys and indie bands out there, CD and tape sales can make a hell of a lot of difference. Like, between playing and practicing full time or having to hack a day job. Courtney, three platinum records later, doesn't have to care about *that* angle any more. There's a basic disconnect in the pro-Napster position. OK, so let's suppose the whole recording game is a total rip-off and the artists get nothing from album sales. You're going to fix that, *how*? By ripping off the record companies? Excuse me, I missed something there. Not one starving artist is ever going to get a nickel more money because you *didn't* pay for his album. But even that misses the real point. The real point is that by "sharing" without the artist's consent, *you deprive him of the right to control and dispose of his work*. Forget the record companies; for this issue they are just big bloated red herrings, a noxious excuse, a convenient distraction. The real question is this: are you going to support the artists, or steal away the few shreds of autonomy they might have left? It's almost superfluous to add that the Napster guys themselves are monstrous hypocrites, as Lee Gomes has well described in a recent Wall Street Journal article. Napster's inventor, that cute rebel kid Shawn Fanning, is basically a mascot they trot out for photo-ops; the real decisions come from Fanning's uncle and an unsavory cabal of fat-cat investors -- and that's where the money goes, too. And those are the guys who will threaten and sue you if you feel like "sharing" *Napster's* intellectual property -- like, say, by reverse-engineering your owner Napster-protocol client or server. And yes, I know that Gnutella is much cooler and will bypass the central-point-of-suckage model that Napster has now. And I know that Napster-like technology has lots of legitimate uses. But still. There's a basic difference between the ethics of DeCSS, as it's normally used, and Napster or Gnutella as they are normally used. DeCSS is mainly about how you use your own property -- *your* DVD, *your* machine. Napster and Gnutella, are mainly about how you use *other peoples'* property. We in the hacker culture have a special responsibility, and a special need, to be very clear about the difference. We have a special responsibility because we are the king toolmakers of the digital age; our work and our values will have a large part in shaping the future of communications and media everywhere. We have a special need because the way these intellectual-property issues work out will come back to haunt us more than most if we get then wrong. One of our possible futures, if the press and the courts and the public decide we got it badly enough wrong, is an Intellectual Property Enforcement Association that's a worse nightmare than the DEA or the BATF -- jackbooted thugs with no-knock warrants battering down peoples' doors to seize their computers on suspicion of information theft. Our community must speak out on the basic differences between "our property" and "other peoples' property", loudly enough to be heard and clearly enough so the press and courts and public can understand. We must help form a new consensus that is staunch for liberty while condemning theft. Otherwise, we may well get that grim future -- and deserve it. -- Eric S. Raymond [President Clinton] boasts about 186,000 people denied firearms under the Brady Law rules. The Brady Law has been in force for three years. In that time, they have prosecuted seven people and put three of them in prison. You know, the President has entertained more felons than that at fundraising coffees in the White House, for Pete's sake." -- Charlton Heston, FOX News Sunday, 18 May 1997
<< Back to TOC


text:
This dazzling estate bracelet is crafted in solid 18K white gold. This exquisite piece is is accented with 22 genuine oval cut high quality sapphires approx: 31.70cttw, all prong set.and 44 genuine round cut diamonds approx: 2.49cttw, F-G color, VVS clarity. This elegant piece would sit beautifully on the wrist and comes with a security insert clasp and security chain.
This bracelet remains in excellent condition!!!
Weight is approx: 27.8 Grams
Measures approx: 7″ length X 7mm wide
This bracelet comes with a professional appraisal for the amount of: $62,000.00


text:
Restaurant Rush + Cracked
Anonymous and Free Direct Download 300GB+
Torrent info
Name:Restaurant Rush + Cracked
Total Size: 44.23 MB
Magnet: Magnet Link
Seeds: 0
Leechers: 0
Stream: Watch Online @ Movie4u
Last Updated: 2015-12-02 12:11:25 (Update Now)
Torrent added: 2008-10-06 16:35:11
Alternatives:Restaurant Rush + Cracked Torrents
Torrent Files List
iNFO.txt (Size: 44.23 MB) (Files: 2)
iNFO.txt0.57 KB
resto rush.exe44.23 MB
Announce URL:
Torrent description
The long-awaited sequel to Burger Rush is almost here! In Restaurant Rush, help Heidi open her own cooking school and cook more than 50 international recipes such as BBQ Ribs, Dim Sum and Filet Mignon. Visit the new Farmer's Market for fresh ingredients, compete in Cooking Showdowns and use the Jukebox to please a zany new cast of customers. With more than 80 levels in 2 Game Modes, Restaurant Rush is twice as addicting as Burger Rush!
Restaurant Rush is published and created by Gamenauts, the game studio behind the hit games Burger Rush and Cate West - The Vanishing Files.
related torrents
Torrent namehealth leech seeds Size
Bigfish Games Restaurant Rush *FULL/Cracked*0 0 44.49 MB 0
RESTAURANT RUSH Cracked Version [ Big Fish Games ]1 0 45.02 MB 0


text:
ntegrity academy - 12 week digital marketing training
ntegrity agency
Friday, 8 September 2017 at 8:00 am - Friday, 1 December 2017 at 10:30 am (AEST)
Event Details
Are you...
- A marketer wanting to increase your digital marketing skills?
- A small business owner that needs to improve their digital marketing results?
- Looking for a new job and need to increase your skills?
- A marketing student that needs to learn what universities are not teaching?
Then ntegrity academy is for you!
Unlike any other digital marketing course, you learn from 8 digital experts from ntegrity agency (including our CEO) teaching subjects according to their digital speciality. Over 12 weeks, you'll have a choice of 16 workshops including advanced subjects.
Course Schedule
Defining Your Digital Vision & Mapping Your Customer Journey
Website & UX
Building Your Measurement Plan
Google Analytics Fundamentals
Content (Marketing) Is Queen
Building Your SEO Plan
Social Media Fundamentals
Data-driven Social Advertising
Google Adwords Fundamentals
Create Great Emails
Automate Your Digital Marketing
The Art of PR & Influencer Marketing
Managing Digital Teams (workshop directly after core subject)
Build the Career You Want (workshop directly after core subject)
Advanced Google Analytics (workshop directly after core subject)
Turning Conversations Into $$$ (workshop directly after core subject)
Find more information about our courses here.
The Schedule
Core Subjects: 8:00am - 10.15am every Friday
Elective Subjects: 10.30am - 12.45pm on selected Fridays
Why pick ntegrity academy over other courses?
- Immersive digital training at an unbeatable price
- You're choice of 12 workshops across 16 topics
- Workshop-style 'take to work' classes with 8 specialist teachers.
- Small class size, ability for 1:1 mentoring
- Top notch croissants & your coffee order because we're in Melbourne, right?
Save This Event
Event Saved
When & Where
Level 1
482 Bourke Street
Friday, 8 September 2017 at 8:00 am - Friday, 1 December 2017 at 10:30 am (AEST)
Add to my calendar
ntegrity agency
Whether it's analysing current performance, creating strategy to make it better, or providing tools and training for staff, ntegrity is here to help. We're here to empower, not to takeover. Our clients span the world's largest not-for-profits and Australian brands we believe in.
Our staff have experience at top brands around the world and are passionate about measurable results. We don't sell theory or abstract ideas. We implement solutions that have worked for us.


text:
"I prefer to have people read books for me and then summarize them in a few sentences. It's the same as if I had read them myself, except it takes longer."
― Bauvard, The Prince Of Plungers
Ha. Words of a lazy reader. Me, I like to hear or read a summary because it helps me decide if the full book is worth reading. Usually, I don't finish the summary if I find it intriguing, I simply skip on to the book.
So, we can say I'm risking showing you a summary of outfit posts this year, so that hopefully you will stay on the ride with me next year. ;-)
And below we have October 2014 outfits.


text:
651-423-4402 | Home | Contact Us | Map & Directions
The Parish Council is the guiding body of the Church of St. Joseph. The Parish Council consists of three members at large: Joanie Somes (Chairperson), Lori Hannasch, Dave Berg, six Commission representatives, our Pastor: Fr. Paul Kammen, and our parish director, Randy Haney.
Parish Council position description 10-11.pdf
Church of St. Joseph | 651-423-4402 | 13900 Biscayne Ave. W. Rosemount, MN
Copyright ©2017 Church of St. Joseph | Powered by Webaloo


text: O.K. this has bothered me forbad while now. When I first got my iPad (O.S. 3.2) I wanted to jailbreak so I went to backup my SSH blobs. i either started with Tiny Umbrella and failed or I went to Cydia and used the "Make My Life Easier" button. I don't remember which. Either way I received an error message that said You are simply too late. Cannot save your blobs. No way to fix... etc. I was unhappy but went ahead with the jailbreak w Spirit. It worked. Later I attempted SSH backup w Tiny Umbrella and it succeeded. Cydia also says it has my blobs and I've continued to work, but I keep wondering two things: 1) Why did it fail to backup the blobs before I jail broke and more importantly 2) If I save the blobs AFTER I do the jailbreak will they still work???????? I don't want to go to restore and discover that I have no way to get my mods back. Any advice or insight?


text:
Quick Links
RSS 2.0 Feeds
Lottery News
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Latest Forum Topics
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RSS info, more feeds
Topic closed. 17 replies. Last post 12 years ago by Blackapple.
Hey, Blackapple any pick3# for NJ ? Please let me know the tips or stratagies. I cannot able to understand yet. Please provide me with any help so I can pick the right# to play here in NJ.... Thanks
Thank you BA
Thanks Blackapple, I'm all over the 050.
Thanks Blackapple for your picks.
059Bx----Ga. Day 7/22
149St------Pa. Day 7/22
WTG Ba hope you got a piece of the Pie....
347ST-----Tristates nite 7/22
239Bx----Fla. 7/22
239Bx----Ca. nite 7/22
248Bx----Conn. nite 7/22
545Bx----Ill. nite 7/22
239Bx------Fla. 7/25
wtg blackapple 131 ky night
698BX----Mich. Day 7/26
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text:
817 E Main
Geronimo, OK 73543
Beds: 3
Baths: 2
Sq. Ft.: 1,300
Type: Single Family Home
Listing #147270
Property Features
Location Information
County: Comanche
MLS Area: GERONIMO
Interior Features
Rooms: Open Living
Interior: Washer Connection, Dryer Connection
Has Fireplace: No
Heating: Central, Electric, Heat Pump
Cooling: Central-Electric
Floors: Ceramic Tile, Carpet
Water Heater: Electric
Appliances: Electric, Range/Oven, Vent Hood, Microwave, Dishwasher, Garbage Disposal
Exterior Features
Construction: Brick Veneer
Foundation: Slab
Roof: Composition
Possession: Negotiable
Septic or Sewer: City
Water: City
Electric: Rural Electric Coop
Has Garage: yes
Patio / Deck Description: Covered Porch
Lot Size in Acres: 0
Documents Available: Photos
Energy Features: Storm Windows, Ceiling Fan
Is One Story: yes
Elementary School: Geronimo
Jr. High School: Geronimo
High School: Geronimo
Additional Information
Property Type: SFR
Property SubType: SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENCE
Year Built: 2008
Status: Active
$ per month
Year Fixed. % Interest Rate.
|Principal + Interest:
|Monthly Tax:
|Monthly Insurance:
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Monday, May 23, 2005
Nature, Nature, Man, and Nature
The next day it was raining again, so we went to the Mendenhall Glacier which you can actually touch as it recedes back into the Juneau Ice Shelf. Due to global warming, it's vanishing at some absurdly scary rate. A map showed the size of the glacier throughout history. A friend told me that when his grandmother came here, the glacier was right at the front door to the visitor center. Now it's a good 20 minute hike away from the visitor center. There's a glacier-fed diving hole nearby and our stagehand, Zori, wants to take us there to jump in sometime. Ha ha! Sure, why not?! The sun almost sets at 11:45pm and already starts to glow behind the mountains at 2:15am. Returning home at that hour strangely feels like you've been out drinking for seven hours. Anchorage is closer to the 60th parallel and we'll be there on the solstace for this barnstorming tour in June -- can't wait to see that.
And on Friday, we went whale watching with some free tickets (and more Austrailian toursits) courtesy of a lovely woman who owns her own boat and happens to have season tickets to the theatre. We saw eight whales -- four pairs of mothers with their cubs. A bunch of sea-lions, and countless eagles. The naturalist from a cruise ship Infinity joined us and wouldn't stop talking the entire time. Yes, his expertise was welcome, but you'd think he'd get tired of all this and stop shouting at the top of his lungs whenever a whale appeared: "THERE we GO! Two HUNDRED mile-an-hour BLOWHOLE EXHALATION! LIFE is GOOOOOOD!" That's a direct quote. The captain was a guy named Captain Larry. Larry has what can only be described as a sixth sense when it comes to humpback whales. He gently steared his boat out of Auck Bay and could read the ripples in the water (without the help of sonar or GPS) to tell when whales were approaching. Larry is something of a local celebrity, as it turns out. He was on some MTV extreme tundra challenge show or something.
I also learned that Juneau High School is built on a patch of land that no one wanted because it's in an avalanche danger zone. There's a movement afoot to build a new one, but no one wants to support it. Can you believe that shit? The principal sends out letters cautioning the parents against our play, out of fear of a copycat killing, when the whole place could be destroyed at any moment by falling ice. Yeah. Sorry we put you in danger, skippy.
We've been getting great houses now -- which is a rarity with the good weather. But it's still light out when the show finishes at 10:30pm, so I guess people don't miss too much of the bright sky when they come in for our crazy little opus at night.
I remembered I had a wayward * on the words New York in a previous post. And I wanted to follow up with something:
I don't get to the city as often as I'd like (or as often as I should) and as a DC actor who's seen too many crappy Julliard kids infiltrate the scene from up north, I've carried a petty chip on my shoulder for too long. I used to think that being a New York actor was a silly, nominal distinction -- not necessarily evidence of success or (from what I've heard) artistic satisfaction. Of all my friends in that city, I think only one of them has what they'd call a satisfying life in the theatre. And he does lighting design. And I used to think that DC was as close as you could get to a self-sustaining "regional" theatre town. The word regional is kinda insulting in its own way because it implies that we're just the outlaying provinces of the Center of the Universe, suckling at the benevolent teat of momma Broadway.
What I love about DC is its identity crisis. "Northern charm and southern efficiency"? Yeah, that's true. I always thought of DC as a place where people come for a brief period of time to make very permanent things. Laws, news, monuments and museums. And if NYC is the melting pot at its best, then DC is … well, a kind of chunky stew. We've got a theatre company for every demographic you can think of: African-American (1), Gay (1), Jewish (1), Latin (2), Asian (3) and so on. But there's not a lot of cross-pollination in either the talent or the audiences. Collectively, we have all this at our disposal -- but has anyone been to all of them?
And then we have three theatres with Shakespeare in the name. There's nothing wrong with all this, but I think the tribalism and the classicism are inspired (consciously or not) by the fact that we're in DC. You will see theatre that is either dutifully rendered or demographically balanced. You will see Hamlet at the Shakespeare Theatre, pass by the Navy Memorial on your way to the parking garage, return home to Missouri, and consider yourself done.
And so what if there's no such thing as a commercial production in town? True, Studio Theatre comes close with their ceaseless extensions and double-extensions. Despite the "House of Pain" rap it gets from actors and staff members, I still gotta admire the Zinoman-Industrial Complex for its shrewd business sense. For me, the fixed rotation of plays keeps the blood going. Now that I've been doing the same show for the better part of five months, I don't know if I want to be locked into a long-running commercial production as … lord knows what. I'm sure I'll come back to eat those words if I ever make the leap north and fail, but for now I couldn't be happier with the breadth of work I get to do in any given season. My training was in the liberal arts mold and I carried a psychology major far too long in the process, so I still learn more from each show than I give away.
But I think the one component missing from the DC theatre scene is indigenous playwriting. Many theatres have a play development mechanism in place -- Arena, Woolly, Signature, Charter, Round House, Rorschach, and the Kennedy Center. But with the exception of Charter and Rorschach, the submission specs require a level of advocacy that only established, represented (often NYC) writers have. That's fine, I guess, but here's my real problem. TCG and Samuel French will gladly write the world premiere cast into the front page, but they won't publish the damn thing until its had a New York premiere. In other words, even though a play was birthed, developed, and officially premiered down south -- it's still not technically born until it's been through any theatre in New York. The disconnect between development, production, and publication is what irks me. Granted, Anna In the Tropics catapulted to prominence before anyone in NY had seen it, and Chicago and Seattle house more contemporary playwrights than NY … so maybe the final challenge for all us "regional" houses is to declare a new work open when it opens. Not when it filters through some Byzantine rite of passage.
I've been watching this process with columbinus. We've opened and opened again. But we're clutching at a possible New York workshop before that bottle of champagne cracks. Why? PJ's already received dozens of requests to produce it a schools, universities, and smaller venues across the country. And the idea that this story will have a life beyond the seminal production excites me. But when it comes to having a sweet-smelling, handsomely bound copy of the damn thing, we have to wait for the Big Apple Blessing.
Oh well. Another thing I love about DC is how ridiculously artificial the town is. I'm talking geography here. Even though I've lived there for six years and still get lost driving to my own apartment -- I kinda like the mobius strip mentality m. l'Enfant had going … after he drank four bottles of port and started throwing blind darts at his design to decide where the traffic circles would go. Maybe it's my weakness for German expressionism in art, but the image of this rigid, immoveable diamond -- where money and corpses vanish every day -- never fails to make me laugh when I look at it on a map. We don't know what the fuck we are. A territory? A state? A ten square mile gift boutique? Never mind the half-million unrepresented black people who live here! As far as the rest of the country is concerned (or as far as they know from Fox News) we're a pissy little fiefdom that houses foreign diplomats, government employees, and poor people! Not exactly the crop of folk who get respect in W's America.
I always wanted to make a movie that takes place in DC and Johannesburg. There's another crazy, violent, artificial town forged by wacky white people! Like DC, Jo-burg is grafted onto mother earth where she clearly didn't want anyone living. We were stamped into a swamp to unify the country, geographically. And Jo-burg was burnt into a dustbowl to consolidate the colonial diamond/gold mining business. Jo-burg is the largest city on earth that isn't near a natural water supply. London, Paris, New York, LA, Rome, Tokyo, Jakarta, Cairo … you name it. At least they had water. A South African writer, whose name eludes me, tried to explain: "That's why we're all crazy here. We're thirsty!"
So anyway, the movie would be set in the 1980s and would compare life in two artificial cities. The Reaganite complicity with the Afrikaner government would make an good bridging narrative. In the end, the protagonist will escape to Cape Town and live happily ever after. I remember the garden route backpacking trip I took with my friends back in '99 -- chasing down the locales for all of Fugard's plays. That reminds me! We could warp between Bethesda and New Bethesda in the movie! Close-up on one of Helen's statues as we cross-fade to a lawn jockey in suburban Maryland! DAMN! The symbolism writes itself! Now we're cookin'! Can I get a green light from the hizzy, please?! No, hear me out! My pitch:
"In a city built on diamonds …
In another city … shaped like a diamond …
In a world … of … diamondy … shaped … things!"
And then something would explode. Also, there will be breasts. Working title? Birth of Bling?
7 comments:
theme song under closing credits..
Neil Diamond singing
"coo-coo-KAROO, Mrs.Robinson,
Heaven holds a place for those that pay...hey, hey, hey..."
(blow out your candles, little jockey. g'night) --Trillum
Hey Boys (and girls???),
While I very much appreciate your obviously giant (and very busy) brains, I think it's time to go out, have a few drinks, sing some karaoke and get laid. Too much light makes the baby go blind...
All in favor?
-The Texan
Gee, thanks for the invite, par'dner, but if I start hitchikin' right now, I might just get there by...DECEMBER! So bend one at the elbows fer me and just keep singin'
"Where have you gone Joe DiMaggio? A Nation turns its lonely eyes to you...woo, woo, woo..What's that you say, Mrs. Robinson, 'Joltin Joe' has left and gone away?..hey..hey..hey" ...well, big fella, I know you can sing the rest of them lyrics..here's to ya! Please sing a round for ol' Trillum...and God bless ye!
- SadProfessor said...
Sounds like you're homesick!
No Neil Diamond.....it would make my soul fill up with little black specks of hate cancer.
"suckling at the benevolent teat of momma Broadway." THAT should go down in the annals of all things literary. Both Hysterical and Genius!
-ray kay
- LuckySpinster said...
effing brilliant.


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(Family Division; Hedley J; 14 July 2010)
A local authority sought leave to temporarily remove a child from the jurisdiction to enable her to spend the requisite period with her prospective adopters in the US.
Leave granted subject to undertakings for her return and acknowledgement of the continuing jurisdiction of the English court. S85 Adoption and Children Act 2002 should be read restrictively to apply only to permanent removals from the jurisdiction so that it can be read compatibly with the rest of the Act.
Family Law Reports are relied upon by the judiciary, barristers and solicitors and the reports are cited daily in court and in judgments.
They contain verbatim case reports of every important Family Division, Court of Appeal, House of Lords and European courts case, and also includes practice directions, covering the whole range of family law, public and private child law.
The Red Book is the acknowledged authority on practice and procedure
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KSON is the FOX affiliate that serves the Gravity Falls, OR area. It broadcasts on channel 9 and was owned by Krueger Broadcasting until they sold the station to BeloOne, and then sold to Bird Broadcasting. Syndicated programs airing on KSON include: The Real, Celebrity Name Game, Monopoly Millionaires' Club, Lauren Lake's Paternity Court, and America's Court with Judge Ross among others. On December 8, 2015 the BeloOne purchase was finalized. It was later sold to Bird Broadcasting on January 25, 2016.
KSON first began in 1962 as an Independent station one of the top rated independent stations in the Gravity Falls market. It became a charter Fox affiliate on October 6, 1986. KSON produces 36 hours of produced newscasts each week (including newscasts on Saturdays and Sundays). From August 1995 until June 1996, the station had no newscast at all due to a labor dispute. It was branded on the air as "Channel 9" from 1962 until 1986, and from 1986 until 1996 and since 2002, it has been branded as "FOX 9". From 1996 until 2002, it was branded as simply "FOX" with no channel number indicator.
Station Slogans
- KSON Channel 9, Your New Entertainment Station (1962-1970)
- Prime Time, All the Time! (1970-1979)
- Where Independence Is Fun (1979-1986)
- Fox 9, Gravity Falls' Clear Choice! (1986-1992)
- Where We Watch the Best (1992-1997)
- Just You Watch the Best (1997-present)
|Television stations in Gravity Falls, OR
|[[Template:{{{1}}}|View]] • [[Template_talk:{{{1}}}|Talk]] • [{{fullurl:Template:{{{1}}}|action=edit|edit}} Edit]
|Bird Broadcasting Inc.
| ABC affiliates:
CBS affiliates: KNCF | KJVF | WSPF | KAMP
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text:
As a child I would always ask the question; "why?". Why are watermelons green on the outside but red on the inside? Why is the sky blue, but sometimes also pink, orange and red in the mornings? Where does the rain falling on my face really come from?
I remember my mother complaining about my never-ending questions on more than one occasion, but secretly I enjoyed it. In my family I was always perceived as the curious kid. I wanted to know everything! And that didn't really change much as I grew older. I am just as curious now, as I was when I was a 9-year-old kid.
Join me here on Scholar of Life as I will dig deep into the questions that spring into my head on a daily basis, because why not? Learning is fun! And it will impress your friends the next time you play a round of Trivial Pursuit.
All of my sources for the informative posts that I make is incorporated naturally into the text and can additionally be found in the bottom of each individual post.


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Sludge Klear - Pond Sludge Remover
- Digests & Breaks Down Harmful Pond Sludge
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- Unique Sludge Remover That Works As Low As 4°C
Pond sludge builds up in winter, why wait till summer to clear it?
Envii Sludge Klear uses a unique blend of both enzymes and targeted bacteria to break down pond sludge and clear it. Sludge Klear is not only one of the most effective sludge clearing products on the market. It also contains unique targeted bacteria which start working at just 4°C. That is around 8 degrees colder than any other product on the market.
How do bacteria pond sludge removers work?
Sludge klear is a bacterial pond sludge remover. It is designed to spread through the ponds water, breaking down unwanted organic matter whether it's suspended in the water or decaying as sludge. Sludge Klear contains around 100 billion bacteria per tablet and each strain is chosen for its ability to target key components of pond sludge. It is also key that they live in both the aerobic environment of the pond and the anaerobic environment of the sludge. These super-active bacteria are activated when they meet the pond water. They will then act to break down the sludge that sticks to your pond by digesting and loosening it to enable the filter to catch it.
Why should you clear pond sludge early in the season?
Pond sludge is made up of decaying organic matter such as leaves, dead weed and fish faeces. Much of this organic matter starts to build up over autumn and winter months. These cold months are the time when most sludge removers will sit dormant due to the colder temperatures, yet this is the time you need to act. Envii Sludge Klear will start to break down the pond sludge before it gets compacted.
Dangers of pond sludge
To most of us pond sludge is unsightly but you may not realise that it is also potentially harmful. Pond sludge effectively forms an oxygen tight seal. This creates an anaerobic environment perfect for undesirable bacteria to grow. These bad bacteria feed on the decaying organic matter and give off hydrogen sulphide (known for its rotten egg smell). As well as hydrogen sulphide's bad odour it is also poisonous. It will start off by killing the naturally occurring helpful bacteria in the ecosystem which would normally help break down the organic matter before it settles at the bottom of the pond. This in turn increases the rate of sludge production, increasing the amount of hydrogen sulphide produced. As the levels of hydrogen sulphide increase it will gradually start to poison all aquatic life including fish and plants.
The anaerobic strains of bacteria contained within Envii Sludge Klear are designed to operate in the oxygen starved sludge breaking it down were other treatments cannot reach, the area where hydrogen sulphide is at it worse.
Help prevent blanketweed
Sludge Klear also helps prevent and breakdown blanketweed by removing the key nutrients that blanket weed need to survive and thrive - nitrates and phosphorous. Targeting these nutrients means that blanketweed struggles to survive and grow and their anchor point to the sides or base of your pond is broken by the bacteria.
Bacterial starter for your pond filter
Sludge Klear is ideal as a bacterial starter for filters or to enhance the bacterial activity in your filter. This is a great way of reducing the levels of ammonia in the water, just add the number of tablets required based on your pond size!
1 tablet treats 5,000 litres or 1,250 gallons of water, but we recommend a double or triple initial dose to really get the bacterial colonies active and starting to dominate the system with GOOD bacteria!
Give that sludge a nudge.
- Clean out filters prior to using Sludge Klear.
- Turn off UV light for 3 days during treatment.
- Remove any surface algae where possible.
- Use 1 tablet per 5,000 litres/1,250 gallons of pond water, add to bucket of pond water, stir and leave for a minimum of 2 hours for best results
- Stir again prior to distributing evenly over pond surface.
- For initial use we recommend an initial double/triple dose and then treat every 5-7 days.
- Badly affected ponds may benefit from higher dose levels until effect on water visible.
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Human vs. Animal Language
While both animals and humans use systems of communication, the use of complex symbols and open vocal systems is unique to humans.
Learning Objective
Name differences between human language and animal communication
Key Points
- Communication in both animals and humans consists of signals. Signals are sounds or gestures that have meaning to those using them.
- Human communication consists of both signals and symbols. Symbols are sounds, gestures, material objects, or written words that have specific meaning to a group of people.
- Key differences between human communication and that of other primates are that (1) humans have an open vocal system while other primates have a closed vocal system, and (2) humans have a larger bank of symbols to use in communication.
Any object, typically material, that is meant to represent another (usually abstract), even if there is no meaningful relationship.
A symbol that represents a word but is not necessarily indicative of the object referenced by the word; used in studies of communication.
A sound or gesture that has meaning to those using it.
- Examples of animal communication include whale songs, bee dances, and birds chirping.
Full Text
All animals use some form of communication, although some animal communication is more complex than others. Animal language is any form of communication that shows similarities to human language; however, there are significant differences. Some animals use signs, signals, or sounds to communicate. Lexigrams, or figures and symbols that represent words, are commonly used by chimpanzees and baboons, while animals such as birds and whales use song to communicate among one another. Bees uses complex "dances" to convey information about location. Other animals use odors or body movements to communicate.
Honeybee communication
Bees use body movements to communicate with one another.
Communication in both animals and humans consists of signals. Signals are sounds or gestures that have some meaning to those using them. The meaning is often self-evident based on context: for example, many animals roar, growl, or groan in response to threats of danger; similarly, humans may wave their arms or scream in the event of something dangerous. These signals in these situations are designed to let others in the species know that something is wrong and the animal or human needs help.
Human communication consists of both signals and symbols. Symbols are sounds or gestures that have a specific meaning to a group of people. This meaning could be cultural, group-related, or even related between two specific people. For example, two people may create a "secret" handshake, or a group may develop a passcode that only members are aware of. Symbols, unlike signals, must be taught and learned; they are not instinctual or self-evident.
The dog who knows 1,000 words
Meet Chaser, a dog that "knows" 1,000 words. Chaser's owners claim that he understands language, as evidenced by his ability to understand novel linguistic stimuli (such as the names of unknown toys). Critics claim that Chaser is not understanding language as humans can, but that he has been conditioned or trained to discriminate between certain phoneme sounds.
What about nonhuman primates, who share many similarities with humans? Nonhuman primates communicate in ways that are very similar to those used by humans; however, there are important differences as well. First and foremost, humans use a larger repertoire of symbols, and these symbols are substantially more complex. Second, and more importantly, nonhuman primates (and other animals who communicate with one another) have what is known as a closed vocal system: this means different sounds cannot be combined together to produce new symbols with different meanings. Humans, by contrast, have open vocal systems, which allow for combinations of symbols to create new symbols with a totally new meaning and therefore allows for an infinite number of ideas to be expressed.
Human language is also the only kind that is modality-independent; that is, it can be used across multiple channels. Verbal language is auditory, but other forms of language—writing and sign language (visual), Braille (tactile)—are possible in more complex human language systems.
One of the most famous case studies in the debate over how complex nonhuman-primate language can be is Koko the gorilla. Koko is famous for having learned over a thousand signs of "Gorilla Sign Language," a simple sign language developed to try to teach nonhuman primates complex language. Koko can respond in GSL to about two thousand words of spoken English. However, it is generally accepted that she does not use syntax or grammar, and that her use of language does not exceed that of a young human child.
Kanzi with lexigram
Kanzi is a bonobo, whose trainers claim that not only can he understand human language, but he can manipulate human language to create sentences. Here, Kanzi is in a research session at Great Ape Trust of Iowa using a lexigram with his trainer. There continues to be debate as to whether nonhuman primates, including bonobos, are actually learning and understanding languages or are simply demonstrating the effects of operant conditioning (learning to associate words and signs via reinforcement).
Parrot vs. Child: The Intelligence Test—Extraordinary Animals—Earth
It's Griffin versus the nursery school children in another bird brain test for this Extraordinary Animal. Subscribe to BBC Earth: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=BBCEarth BBC Earth YouTube Channel: http://www.youtube.com/BBCEarth BBC Earth Facebook http://www.facebook.com/bbcearth (ex-UK only) BBC Earth Twitter http://www.twitter.com/bbcearth Visit http://www.bbcearth.com for all the latest animal news and wildlife videos This is a channel from BBC Worldwide who help fund new BBC programmes.
Key Term Reference
- case study
- Appears in these related concepts: Psychology and the Scientific Method, Principles of Writing in the Sciences, and Case Studies
- grammar
- Appears in these related concepts: Introduction to Language and The Structure of Language
- mores
- Appears in these related concepts: Folkways and Mores, Counterculture, and Human Sexuality and Culture
- primate
- Appears in these related concepts: Environmental Impacts on Prenatal Development, Comparative Psychology, and Introduction to Human Language
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I consider this book a textbook for all those who choose to study the Teachings and practice of Grigori Grabovoi's Technology of Salvation. Using the Technology of Consciousness, it has been proven that even diseases such as cancer and AIDS in the last stage can be cured. He teaches all people in the world to use of the Technologies of Salvation, and our goal is to learn to save ourselves and others. Grigori Grabovoi has given a lot of unique and new information that humanity has not yet dreamed of. He teaches a tool to act as effectively as the Creator. In the lectures knowledge comes to him directly from the Creator.
Le informazioni nella sezione "Riassunto" possono far riferimento a edizioni diverse di questo titolo.
Yelena Loginova is a licensed teacher in the Teaching of Grigori Grabovoi in the United States. She is the President of the Research Center of Enlightenment in Boston, which opened in 2004. She is a citizen of the United States where she has lived since 1998. Yelena was born in Russia, in the Altai region of Siberia, where she also graduated with a Chemical Engineering degree from Polytechnic University. In 2005 she graduated with a nursing degree from Boston College, as well. She is the author of numerous scientific articles and books (including one called " THE WORLD TEACHER DISCLOSED"). She also deciphered the prophecy of Jane Dixon, whose vision in 1962 has a significant impact on us today. Yelena Loginova is called the "legendary woman" for her life is filled with many strange coincidences and unusual events. She has held seminars in the U.S., Canada, Germany, Serbia, Slovenia, and France.
Le informazioni nella sezione "Su questo libro" possono far riferimento a edizioni diverse di questo titolo.
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Da: Regno Unito a: Italia
Descrizione libro Path to Eternity. Paperback. Condizione libro: Brand New. 1st edition. 154 pages. 8.80x6.00x0.50 inches. In Stock. Codice libro della libreria zk0692219498
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Descrizione libro Path to Eternity, 2014. Paperback. Condizione libro: New. book. Codice libro della libreria M0692219498
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The functional significance of microRNA-9 (miR-9) during evolution is evidenced by its conservation at the nucleotide level from flies to humans but not its diverse expression patterns. Recent studies in several model systems reveal that miR-9 can regulate neurogenesis through its actions in neural or non-neural cell lineages. In vertebrates, miR-9 exerts diverse cell-autonomous effects on the proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells by modulating different mRNA targets. In some developmental contexts, miR-9 suppresses apoptosis and is misregulated in several types of cancer cells, influencing proliferation or metastasis formation. Moreover, downregulation of miR-9 in postmitotic neurons is also implicated in some neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, miR-9 is emerging as an important regulator in development and disease through its ability to modulate different targets in a manner dependent on the developmental stage and the cellular context.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, noncoding RNAs (~21–23 nucleotides) that destabilize or inhibit the translation of target mRNAs, mostly by binding to their 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs).1,2 Owing to their ability to fine-tune the levels of many target proteins, miRNAs are excellent candidates to regulate many complex biological processes. Indeed, recent advances in our understanding of miRNAs have firmly established the notion that this unique class of regulators of gene expression is critically important in many aspects of development and disease.3–9 On the other hand, numerous questions remain to be addressed. For instance, many miRNAs are enriched in the brain and their expression is spatiotemporally regulated.10–13 However, we still do not fully understand how evolutionarily conserved and species-unique miRNAs contribute to the morphogenesis and function of the diverse nervous systems in the animal kingdom.
In this review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the diverse roles of miR-9 in neuronal development and tumor formation in various model systems, including fruit fly, frog, zebrafish, chick, mouse and human embryonic stem cells. These findings illustrate the emerging theme that miR-9, and likely many other miRNAs as well, fulfills diverse functions that are dependent on the developmental stage and cellular context.
The mature miR-9 sequence is identical in insects and humans (Fig. 1A). Of 22 vertebrate species annotated in miRbase14 as containing miR-9, 17 have multiple copies of the gene. All vertebrate miR-9 orthologs are identical in their mature sequence, with the exception of Xenopus tropicalis, which possesses, in addition to three copies identical to those in the other vertebrates, a fourth miR-9 copy containing a single mutation at nucleotide 11 of the mature sequence (Fig. 2). However, this sequence annotated in miRbase needs to be confirmed and validated experimentally.
Between invertebrates, the mature miR-9 sequence is less stringently conserved. Of 30 invertebrates annotated in miRbase14 as containing miR-9 sequences identical to those in vertebrates (named as miR-9a), 22 also possess miR-9 copies that differ in their mature sequence from human miR-9. Based on precursor sequences (Fig. 1B), the relative similarities of different miR-9 homologs can be analyzed using the Close-Neighbor-Interchange algorithm16 (Fig. 2). Although it is difficult to construct a reliable evolutionary tree using relatively short miR precursor sequences, it does seem that different vertebrate pre-miR-9 homologs cluster into three sister groups (red, light blue and purple lines in Fig. 2), which likely have the same common ancestor as that of invertebrate pre-miR-9a (yellow lines in Fig. 2).
Vertebrate miR-9 precursors also produce a miR-9 star strand (miR-9*) that may behave as a functional miRNA (Fig. 1B). Interestingly, the sequence of the miR-9* seed region is identical to that of the invertebrate-specific miR-79. MiR-9/miR-9* and miR-79/miR-79* may share a common ancestor that duplicated and changed its strand expression preference multiple times during evolutionary history, while maintaining the function of both strands in vertebrates and insects.18
Despite the sequence conservation of miR-9, its expression patterns differ strikingly among species. At early embryonic stages in Drosophila, miR-9a is expressed in most epithelial cells except those in the ventral ectoderm. At stage 12, miR-9a is expressed in the ectoderm but not in the central nervous system (Fig. 3A).19,20 In sharp contrast, miR-9 expression in vertebrates appears to be largely confined to the nervous system (Fig. 3).
In developing Xenopus embryos, miR-9 expression is restricted to the anterior nervous system and is absent from the spinal cord (Fig. 3E and F).21 In zebrafish, expression begins in the telencephalon as early as 24 h after fertilization and expands to most regions of the nervous system, including the spinal cord (Fig. 3C and D).22 Nonetheless, some areas such as the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) in zebrafish and Xenopus brains are devoid of miR-9.21,22 Although information about miR-9 during chick development is incomplete, it is strongly expressed across the nervous system, including the spinal cord (Fig. 3G and H).23,24
In mice, miR-9 is readily detected in the forebrain and hindbrain starting on embryonic day (E) 9.5.25 Initially, miR-9 expression is restricted to the medial pallium and caudal pallidum (E10.5) and subsequently extends to the ventricular zone of the ganglionic eminences and the cortical marginal zone (E11.5) (Fig. 3I and J). From E12.5, miR-9 is also expressed in the septum and in the differentiated zone corresponding to the prospective cortical plate.25 MiR-9 expression peaks between E13.5 and E15.5 and declines afterward but is detectable in both neurons and astrocytes.26,27 MiR-9 expression is retained in the adult subventricular zone, a neurogenic area of the mouse brain.12
As stated above, major spatial differences are observed across vertebrates, suggesting a high level of specialization in miR-9 functions. Thus, along the anteroposterior axis, miR-9 expression is restricted to the anterior nervous system in Xenopus21 but extends also to the spinal cord in the zebrafish, chicken and mouse13,23,25 (Fig. 3). Even in the same domain of expression, miR-9 can be differentially expressed in different cell populations. In developing zebrafish and mouse spinal cord, miR-9 is expressed in proliferating neural precursors.12,13 In the chick, miR-9 is transiently expressed in a pool of spinal motor neurons.24 Xenopus miR-9 seems to be confined to neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in both the forebrain and hindbrain but is expressed only in differentiated forebrain neurons.21
In Drosophila, sensory organ precursor (SOP) cells arise from proneural clusters that express proneural genes and prevent neighboring cells from adopting the SOP cell fate through a well-studied process called lateral inhibition.28 MiR-9a mutant flies have subtle increases in the number of sensory bristles and sensory neurons, which are differentiated from SOP cells, indicating that miR-9a negatively regulates early neurogenesis and ensures the precise specification of SOPs in flies.19 It does so by downregulating Senseless, a transcription factor that promotes SOP specification, in non-SOP epithelial cells.29 Thus, in Drosophila, miR-9 ensures accurate specification of NPCs through its actions in non-neural cell lineages. Drosophila also encodes miR-9b and miR-9c, whose seed sequences resemble those of miR-9a (Fig. 1A). It is not known whether their functions overlap with those of miR-9a.
In zebrafish embryonic brain, the MHB is an organizing center that patterns midbrain and anterior hindbrain development. Fibroblast growth factors secreted from the MHB are involved in the patterning of the surrounding neural tissue, and their activity is tightly controlled by negative feedback inhibition.30 MiR-9 is absent in MHB but expressed in adjacent neural tissue and targets several components of the fibroblast growth factor pathway, thereby limiting the organizing activity of the MHB.22 Loss of miR-9 leads to the expansion of the MHB. Furthermore, miR-9 promotes neurogenesis in adjacent regions by suppressing her5, an antineurogenic basic helix-loophelix Hairy/E(spl) transcription factor.22 Thus, miR-9 prevents the brain region adjacent to the MHB from adopting the MHB fate.
In vertebrates, miR-9 is highly expressed in NPCs, and its context-dependent functions in proliferation have been extensively studied in several model systems. In zebrafish embryos, although miR-9 over-expression leads to a pronounced decrease in proliferation, miR-9 knockdown does not seem to affect the proportion of mitotic cells positive for phosphorylated histone H3 in the ventricular zone.22 Both loss- and gain-of-function approaches reveal that miR-9 suppresses the proliferation of adult NPCs by downregulating the orphan nuclear receptor TLX, an essential regulator of neural stem cell self-renewal, by binding to its 3′UTR.31 A consensus remains to be reached whether miR-9 regulates TLX expression at E13.5.25,31
In contrast, miR-9 increases the proliferation of NPCs derived from cultured human embryonic stem cells at the neurosphere stage.32 Loss of miR-9 decreases proliferation capacity but results in precocious migration of hNPCs or rat embryonic NPCs out of neurospheres without affecting their progenitor identity.32 When hNPCs were transplanted into medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) of brain slices from E14.5 C57BL/6 mouse embryos or the striatum of immunodeficient adult mice 1 week after induction of permanent focal ischemia, more miR-9-deficient hNPCs migrated farther away than control hNPCs from the injection site toward the neocortex or the injury site.32 In NPC proliferation and migration, stathmin, a developmentally regulated cytosolic phosphoprotein that has catastrophe-promoting microtubule-depolymerization activity,33 is one of the key downstream targets.32
During brain development in X. tropicalis, miR-9 exhibits region-specific expression patterns. It is expressed in both NPCs and developing neurons in the forebrain, but is expressed only in NPCs in the mid- and hindbrain.21 Along the anteroposterior axis, endogenous miR-9 limits NPC proliferation through a single key target, hairy 1, a member of the Hes family of transcriptional regulators that is specifically expressed in neurogenic regions of the brain.21
All the studies described above used acute knockdown or overexpression approaches. A recent genetic deletion study in mice revealed further complexity in the context-dependent functions of miR-9 in vivo.26 In mammals, miR-9 is encoded by three genes that also produce miR-9* (Figs. 1 and and22). miR-9-2 or miR-9-3 knockout mice are viable and grossly normal; however, miR-9-2/3 double-knockout mice die within a week after birth.26 From E12.5 to E13.5, the number of mitotic cells that were positive for phosphorylated histone H3 and labeled by a 30 min pulse of bromodeoxyuridine is increased in the subventricular and ventricular zones, indicating increased proliferation, which correlated with the upregulation of Foxg1, a direct target of miR-9. However, by E16.5, Foxg1 is no longer regulated by miR-9, probably because of interference by Elavl2/HuB, an AU-rich RNA-binding protein whose expression is increased at this developmental stage.26 The absence of apoptosis and the reduced neuronal differentiation would lead one to expect that the total number of progenitor cells would be significantly higher at E16.5 in miR-9-2/3 double-knockout mice, although this was not examined directly. Interestingly, from E15.5 to E18.5, NPC proliferation in the pallium of miR-9-2/3 double knockout mice was significantly suppressed, which correlated with elevated expression of Nr2e1, also known as TLX.26 The regulation of Nr2e1/TLX by miR-9 at E16.5 but not at E13.5 seems to result from a difference in the cellular context due to elevated expression of Elavl1/HuR at E16.5.26 Thus, this genetic analysis suggests that miR-9 can either promote or suppress NPC proliferation through different targets at different stages of brain development.
In miR-9-2/3 double-knockout mice, the tangential migration of interneurons into the pallium was compromised,26 which is consistent with the observation that overexpression of miR-9 promoted outward migration of apparently differentiated neurons from embryonic ventricular zone.31 It remains to be determined whether and how the migration of other NPCs or newly generated neurons is regulated by miR-9 in vivo.
A key function for miR-9 is to regulate the generation of postmitotic neurons from NPCs. Ectopic expression of miR-9 in mouse cerebral cortex at E11.5 induces premature differentiation of Cajal-Retzius cells. Acute miR-9 knockdown at E12.5 reduces the number of these cells but has little effect on the number of cortical NPCs.25 This finding was largely confirmed in miR-9-2/3 knockout mice, which have greatly reduced numbers of Cajal-Retzius cells and other early born neurons.26 Although the total number of NPCs was not analyzed at this developmental stage in the knockout mice, the miR-9 phenotype in both studies suggests a role in neuronal differentiation, since Foxg1, which suppresses Cajal-Retzius cell differentiation, is a key direct target of miR-9 and is upregulated at E13.5.26 Consistent with this finding, miR-9 overexpression in the ventricular zone at E13.5 causes precocious neuronal differentiation,31 and miR-9 knockdown in mouse embryonic stem cells increases the number of glial cells at the expense of neuron production.34
MiR-9 is expressed not only in mouse embryonic NPCs but also in adult NPCs. Indeed, overexpression of miR-9 in adult NPCs promotes neuronal differentiation, which is mediated by the interaction between miR-9 and the mRNA encoding the nuclear receptor TLX.31 The effect of overexpressed miR-9 on TLX expression is relevant only in adult NPCs shortly before terminal differentiation is induced with retinoic acid or forskolin, suggesting that miR-9 alone rather facilitates, but cannot induce, neural differentiation of adult NPCs. Because acute inhibition of miR-9 activity does not affect the neuronal differentiation of adult NPCs,31 the exact physiological functions of miR-9 in adult mouse brain remain to be clarified.
The functional significance of miR-9 in neuronal differentiation has been demonstrated in other experimental systems. In zebrafish embryos, miR-9 knockdown reduces the production of HuC-positive postmitotic neurons, an action mediated in part by her5 and her9, 2 proneural transcription factors targeted by miR-9.22 During brain development in X. tropicalis, miR-9 is required for neuronal differentiation in all regions along the anteroposterior axis.21 In chick spinal cord, miR-9 has a dynamic expression pattern and regulates the differentiation of motor neuron subtypes by fine-tuning the expression of FoxP1, which defines motor neuron identity in lateral, medial and preganglionic motor columns.24 While miR-9 plays a central role in the differentiation of motor neuron subtypes, it does not seem to affect overall neurogenesis, as the number of NPCs and differentiated neurons remains normal,24 which is in stark contrast to its roles in the brains of several model organisms.
MiR-9 and miR-9* also seem to regulate the morphological differentiation of postmitotic neurons. Ectopic expression of miR-9a in Drosophila larval sensory neurons significantly increases dendritic branching.35 In mice, miR-9* targets the 3′UTR of BAF53a, a key component of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes.36 Expression of BAF53a does not affect activity-dependent dendritic growth of cultured rodent hippocampal neurons. However, BAF53a with a mutant 3′UTR lacking miR-9* and miR-124 binding sites was not regulated simultaneously by these miRNAs and inhibited this differentiation process.36 Thus, miR-9* together with miR-124 may contribute to activity-dependent dendritic growth by downregulating BAF53a.
A potential role for miR-9 in apoptotic cell death has been suggested by studies in some but not other model systems. Acute knockdown of miR-9 does not affect the survival of hNPCs in newly formed neurospheres or embryonic rat NPCs, as shown by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) analysis and a cytotoxicity assay.32 Similarly, the number of TUNEL-positive or active caspase3-positive cells was unchanged in the developing telencephalon of miR-9-2/3 double knockout mice.26 In contrast, treatment with antimiR-9 morpholino in the forebrain but not the hindbrain of stage 30 Xenopus embryos significantly increased apoptosis of NPCs.21 How miR-9 specifically affects apoptosis only in the forebrain is unknown, although it likely involves the p53 pathway.21 These findings suggest that, under certain circumstances, miR-9 helps to suppress apoptotic cell death in vertebrate NPCs.
A context-dependent role in apoptosis seems to be an ancient feature of miR-9 function. A prominent phenotype in miR-9a knockout flies is a completely penetrant notching defect in the posterior wing margin.19,37,38 MiR-9 is highly expressed in most, if not all, epithelial cells in the wing disc,19 but the notching phenotype is much more pronounced at the posterior than the anterior wing margin.19,37,38 The defect is caused by apoptotic cell death and the transcriptional regulator Drosophila LIM only (dLMO) is the key target of miR-9 in this process.37,38 Loss of one copy of dLMO rescued the apoptosis and wing margin defects in miR-9a mutants.37,38 It is not known why the posterior wing margin is more sensitive to miR-9a activity than the anterior wing margin.
Although much has been learned about the cellular functions of miR-9, we still do not understand how it contributes to brain function and dysfunction. In adult rat brain, alcohol increases miR-9 expression in supraoptic nucleus neurons and striatal neurons.39 A key factor in the development of alcohol tolerance is the large conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium channel. MiR-9 contributes to drug adaptation and adult brain plasticity by downregulating specific mRNA splice variants of this channel.39
The potential involvement of miRNAs in age-dependent neurodegeneration is suggested by findings in conditional dicer knockout mice in which specific types of neurons are lost;40–42 however, the exact mechanisms are unclear. In principle, loss of miRNAs can cause accumulation of toxic proteins and subsequent neuronal loss and might affect neuronal survival by changing the levels of trophic or prosurvival factors. Recent evidence suggests that miR-9 may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases. Increased miR-9 levels have been found in postmortem Alzheimer disease brains.43 MiR-9 and miR-9* are downregulated in motor neurons differentiated from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) carrying the SMN1 mutation. MiR-9 downregulation leads to increased expression of heavy neurofilament, which alters the intermediate filament dynamics in this model of spinal muscular atrophy.44 Interestingly, miR-9 levels are dramatically decreased after ischemia due to middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.45
In neuronal cells, RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is sequestered in the cytoplasm in part as a result of binding to huntingtin, the protein in which an abnormal polyglutamine expansion causes Huntington's disease. In non-neuronal cells, REST suppresses neuronal gene expression by binding to RE1 consensus sequences and recruiting CoREST and other corepressors.46 In Huntington's disease, polyglutamine expansions in huntingtin abolish binding to REST, which then translocates to the nucleus and represses the expression of neuronal genes, including miR-9-1, miR-9-2 and miR-9-3.46,47 Indeed, miR-9 and miR-9* levels are reduced in the early stages of Huntington's disease. Interestingly, miR-9 targets REST and miR-9* targets CoREST, providing a negative feedback loop between the REST silencing complex and miRNAs.46,47 It remains to be determined whether the deregulated expression of miRNAs is directly involved in disease progression and contributes to neuronal cell death.
Aberrant miR-9 levels have been reported in many types of cancer, suggesting that miR-9 is involved in tumor formation or progression. However, by regulating various mRNA targets, miR-9 may have opposing effects on proliferation in different types of cancer cells.48–63 For instance, miR-9 is overexpressed in human Hodgkin's lymphoma cells,51 primary brain tumors53,57 and CDX2-negative gastric cancer cells.63 MiR-9 knockdown inhibits the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells and overexpression of CDX2, a direct target of miR-9, has a similar effect.63 In contrast, miR-9 is downregulated in human ovarian tumor cells and overexpression of miR-9 suppresses their proliferation, in part by downregulating NFkappaB1.50,56 Overexpression of miR-9 in human neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma cells also inhibits cell growth.47,54
MiR-9 seems to be a useful marker for tumor metastasis, but its role in this process is also dependent on the type of cancer. For instance, miR-9-3 is downregulated in breast cancers with vascular invasion or lymph node metastases.48 MiR-9 expression is also significantly lower in metastatic than primary brain tumors.53 Reduced miR-9 expression due to hypermethylation is associated with metastasis of cancer cells in the lymph node52 and metastatic recurrence in patients with clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.61 In contrast, miR-9 expression is significantly higher in breast cancers with metastases than in those without metastases and seems to promote metastasis.60
MiR-9 induces epithelial mesenchymal transition in human epithelial cells and breast carcinoma cell lines by targeting the adherens junction protein E-cadherin.60 Cells overexpressing miR-9 lose contact with each other, and their motility and migration are enhanced in vitro. MiR-9 also induces transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor, in part by downregulating E-cadherin, which leads to release of β-catenin from the junctions and translocation into the nucleus. However, additional miR-9 targets might also be responsible for increased transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor and miR-9-induced migration, since E-cadherin knockdown does not mimic the miR-9 overexpression phenotype in vitro. When breast cancer cells overexpressing miR-9 are implanted in mice, the tumors show enhanced angiogenesis and grow faster than those formed by cells with low levels of miR-9. These findings imply that miR-9 promotes metastasis of epithelial tumors. Indeed, forced expression of miR-9 in nonmetastatic breast tumors facilitates the formation of pulmonary micrometastases and miR-9 knockdown inhibits metastasis of highly metastatic cells.60
There is strong evidence that miR-9 acts at different stages of neurogenesis and coordinates the complex genetic programs necessary for the proper generation of postmitotic neurons. The miR-9-2/3 double-knockout mice recapitulate many defects in cortical development observed in a mouse model in which cortical NPCs are devoid of all mature miRNAs,64 confirming the prominent role of miR-9 as an intrinsic positive regulator in this process. In contrast, Drosophila miR-9a seems to negatively regulate early neurogenesis through its actions in non-neural cell lineages.
MiR-9 can exert opposite effects on NPC proliferation, migration and differentiation, depending on the developmental stage and cellular context. Although miR-9 is enriched in vertebrate brain, its expression pattern is spatially and temporally regulated. Accordingly, miR-9 uses different targets to mediate its diverse functions. The recent finding that some RNA binding proteins can affect the interaction between miR-9 and its targets might also explain in part how different cellular contexts can influence miR-9 function.
In addition to its role in neurogenesis, miR-9 seems to be important for apoptosis in some developmental contexts. Moreover, aberrant expression of miR-9 in many cancer types makes it an important candidate as a diagnostic and prognostic marker. MiR-9 has also been implicated in other human pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration. However, it remains to be seen whether miR-9 contributes significantly to pathogenic processes. Further understanding of the functions of miR-9 and its target interactions in various cellular contexts will shed light on both development and disease.
We thank S. Ordway for editorial assistance, A. Wilson for help with graphics and lab members for discussions. We also thank Drs. S. Aizawa, L. Bally-Cuif and T. Sun for sharing the original high-resolution images reproduced in Figure 3. This work was supported by grant RO1 NS066586 from the National Institutes of Health (F.B.G.).
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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A sea of pink-clad breast cancer survivors and supporters took to the streets Downtown May 4 in the 18th annual Southern Nevada Race for the Cure. Starting off near the Fremont Street Experience, the race included a 5k timed run, 5k walk and one-mile fun walk. Participants raised close to $200,000 to fund national research through the Susan G. Komen Grants Program and increase breast health education and treatment in local communities.
Think Pink
Susan G. Komen's Race for the Cure draws thousands to Downtown
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Monthly Archives: May 2015
Mother's Day Giveaway
Mothers are very special people who deserve recognition for all they do. So this Mother's Day weekend, we're holding a special giveaway to Celebrate Mom! Three winners will receive a set of the Twinkle Twinkle Owl & Star plush toys … Continue reading
Teacher Appreciation Week Giveaway
We love teachers!! To show our appreciation for all of your hard work and dedication, we are giving away the entire Super Simple Songs CD collection to three teachers. To enter, look for the Teacher Appreciation Week Giveaway post on … Continue reading