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Consumer interest in locally grown produce continues to increase in the USA. Small, diversified vegetable farms, including those managed organically, have been important contributors to meet this growing demand for local product. To be profitable in these markets, farmers must be able to appropriately price their products to cover production costs and provide themselves and their employees a living wage. Questions remain, however, as to the most effective method of assessing the cost of production of specific crops on these farms, in part due to the variability in labor inputs associated with diversified farming strategies. This study used a participatory approach to investigate both methodologies for varied widely, with high coefficients of variation calculated for all values, indicating high farm-to-farm variability in labor required for seasonal activities. Farmers reported both challenges with data collection, as well as successes in using data analysis to guide management decisions. This ongoing work highlights the value of collecting farm-specific data for use in cost-of-production determinations.
Better management of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers in conventional agricultural systems laid the foundation for feeding the increasing world's population since the Green Revolution. However, excessive reliance on inorganic fertilizer has resulted in environmental degradation issues. Difficulties in soil nutrition management in organic cropping systems often results in lower and variable yields, also raising questions of sustainability. Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is thus of key importance to overcome environmental concerns in conventional systems and production limitations in organic systems. The differences in the two farming systems have impacts on crop traits and N cycles, making it difficult to enhance NUE with a single strategy. Different approaches need to be adopted to improve NUE in each system. Extensive efforts have been made to better understand mechanisms to potentially improve NUE in cereal crops under both systems. This review suggests that NUE may be improved through a combination of management practices and breeding strategies specific to the management system. Diversified crop rotations with legumes are effective practices to optimize the N cycle in both conventional and organic systems. Best Management Practices coupled with nitrification inhibitors, controlled release products and split-application practices can reduce N loss in conventional systems. In organic systems, we need to take advantage of available N sources and adapt practices such as no-tillage, cover crops, and catch crops. Utilization of beneficial soil microorganisms is fundamental to optimizing availability of soil N. Estimation of soil organic matter mineralization using prediction models may be useful to enhance NUE if models are calibrated for target environments. Cereal crops are often bred under optimum N conditions and may not perform well under low N conditions. Thus, breeders can integrate genetic and phenotypic information to develop cultivars adapted to specific environments and cultivation practices. The proper choice and integration of strategies can synchronize N demand and supply within a system, resulting in reduced risk of N loss while improving NUE in both conventional and organic systems.
Natural herbicides approved in organic agriculture are primarily nonselective burn-down essential oils applied POST. Multiple applications are often required due to their low efficacy. To address this problem, the in vivo herbicidal activity of manuka oil, the essential oil distilled from manuka tree (Leptospermum scoparium J.R. and G. Forst), was tested on selected broadleaf and grass weeds. While manuka oil exhibited good POST activity when applied in combination with a commercial lemongrass oil–based herbicide, it ultimately demonstrated interesting PRE activity, providing control of large crabgrass seedlings at a rate of 3 L ha−1. Manuka oil and its main active ingredient, leptospermone, were stable in soil for up to 7 d and had half-lives of 18 and 15 d, respectively. The systemic activity of manuka oil addresses many of the current limitations associated with natural herbicides. Additionally, its soil persistence opens up a multitude of new possibilities for the use of manuka oil as a tool for weed management and may be a potential bridge between traditional and organic agriculture.
The influence of management practices at a system level is rarely studied in weed science, even though weed communities respond to the cumulative effect of farm management systems. On-farm visits and detailed grower surveys were used to objectively classify 59 Indiana tomato fields into management systems. Fields were chosen to represent a range of practices used to grow conventional and organic tomatoes. Multivariate statistical analyses identified five distinct management systems based primarily on differences in hours spent hand-weeding, use of plastic mulch, irrigation, row spacing, and whether tomatoes were staked. Farmers generally reported many more hours of hand-weeding for organically managed fields than for fields in the other groups. This finding may reflect a trade-off between the use of herbicides and the need for hand-weeding. However, some organically managed fields were grouped with conventional fresh market fields, suggesting that management practices besides herbicide inputs can be used to reduce hand-weeding. Although some fresh market fields used to produce organic or conventional tomatoes had similar management systems, there was little overlap between fields in fresh market or processing tomato production. Further research is needed to determine underlying relationships among management systems and weed control in Indiana tomato production.
Canada thistle is a perennial spreading weed that is difficult to control in farming systems with reduced reliance upon herbicides for weed management. Experiments were conducted from 2006 to 2008 at Champaign, IL, to evaluate the combined effects of summer annual cover crops and mowing on Canada thistle growth and survival. Whole plot treatments were fallow, buckwheat, sudangrass–cowpea mixture (MIX), and sudangrass. The subplot treatments were mowing frequencies (0 to 2 times). Cover crop and mowing did not interact to suppress Canada thistle. MIX and sudangrass produced more standing biomass, greater regrowth, and more surface mulch following mowing than the buckwheat. A single season with sudangrass or MIX reduced Canada thistle shoot density and mass to less than 20% of the initial values through two growing seasons. Mowing alone only suppressed Canada thistle shoot density and mass on the site with greater initial density. A sudangrass or MIX cover crop alone or combined with mowing suppresses Canada thistle, but intensive management must continue for several years to eliminate patches.
Weed management remains a high priority for organic farmers, whose fields generally have higher weed density and species diversity than those of their conventional counterparts. We explored whether variability in farmer knowledge and perceptions of weeds and weed management practices were predictive of variability in on-farm weed seedbanks on 23 organic farms in northern New England. We interviewed farmers and transcribed and coded interviews to quantify their emphasis on concepts regarding knowledge of ecological weed management, the perceived risks and benefits of weeds, and the perceived risks and benefits of weed management practices. To characterize on-farm weed seedbanks, we collected soil samples from five fields at each farm (115 fields total) and measured germinable weed seed density. Mean weed seed density per farm ranged from 2,775 seeds m−2 to 24,678 seeds m−2 to a soil depth of 10 cm. Farmers most often reported hairy galinsoga and crabgrass species (Digitaria spp.) as their most problematic weeds. The proportion of the sum of these two most problematic weeds in each farm's seedbank ranged from 1 to 73% of total weed seed density. Farmer knowledge and perceptions were predictive of total seed density, species richness, and proportion of hairy galinsoga and crabgrass species. Low seed densities were associated with farmers who most often discussed risks of weeds, benefits of critical weed-free management practices, and learning from their own experience. These farmers also exhibited greater knowledge of managing the weed seedbank and greater understanding of the importance of a long-term strategy. Targeted education focusing on this set of knowledge and beliefs could potentially lead to improved application and success of ecological weed management in the future, thus decreasing labor costs and time necessary for farmers to manage weeds.
Flame weeding is often used for weed control in organic production and other situations where use of herbicides is prohibited or undesirable. Response to cross-flaming was evaluated on five common weed species: common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, shepherd's-purse, barnyardgrass, and yellow foxtail. Dose-response curves were generated according to species and growth stage. Dicot species were more effectively controlled than monocot species. Common lambsquarters was susceptible to flame treatment with doses required for 95% control (LD95) ranging from 0.9 to 3.3 kg/km with increasing maturity stage. Comparable levels of control in redroot pigweed required higher doses than common lambsquarters, but adequate control was still achieved. Flaming effectively controlled shepherd's-purse at the cotyledon stage (LD95 = 1.2 kg/km). However, the LD95 for weeds with two to five leaves increased to 2.5 kg/km, likely due to the rosette stage of growth, which allowed treated weeds to avoid thermal injury. Control of barnyardgrass and yellow foxtail was poor, with weed survival > 50% for all maturity stages and flaming doses tested. Flame weeding can be an effective and labor-saving weed control method, the extent of which is partially dependent on the weed flora present. Knowledge of the local weed flora and their susceptibility to flame weeding is vital for the effective use of this method.
Field pea cultivars often differ in weed competition. In several crop types branching has been cited as one of the characteristics conferring competition with weeds. The objective of this study was to determine the difference in weed competition among field pea cultivars differing in basal branching and other characteristics. Ten field pea cultivars with divergent basal branching ability were seeded at 50 plants m−2 under weedy and weed-free conditions to evaluate their competition with weeds. Branching did not differ greatly between cultivars and was not associated with the weed competiveness of the field pea cultivars. The forage pea cultivars, which were leafed and had longer vines, were much more competitive than the semi-leafless grain cultivars. As a result, the forage cultivars were better able to suppress weeds and maintain their yield under weed presence. However, the absolute seed yield of the forage pea cultivars was low, making them a poor choice for seed production. Vine length and the leafy characteristic may be important genetic characteristics associated with competition in field pea cultivars.
The ecological significance of species diversity within agroecosystems has become a point of interest in recent years. Although the time and spatial scale at which diversity is measured may influence the interpretation of its functional importance, little research has been conducted on methodological approaches to assess the number and relative abundance of agricultural plant species. In this study, we (1) evaluated the applicability of the species-area curve to examine plant species richness and α and β diversity in conventional no-tillage and organically managed spring wheat systems, and (2) assessed temporal changes in plant species richness across systems. Measurements were obtained at three times during two growing seasons in experimental plots and at three times during one growing season on commercial farms in Montana. In accordance with previous studies, management system affected species richness and diversity. In eight of nine studied cases, we detected a positive relationship between species richness and sampled area. In these eight cases, intercepts (α diversity) were higher for the organic systems than for the conventional no-tillage systems. Slopes (β diversity) were higher for the organic system in six of nine cases studied. Species richness declined as the season progressed for both systems, with the organic systems consistently having more species than the conventional no-tillage systems. Despite differences in the species composition and between the experimental plots and commercial farm field size, the patterns of species richness and α and β diversity were relatively constant, suggesting that the processes responsible for the assembly of plant communities in agroecosystems of the Northern Great Plains are similar at a range of spatial scales.
Organic grain growers rely on cultural practices and biological control to regulate pests, and the implementation and timing of cultural practices can affect many characteristics of the cropping system as a habitat for natural enemies of arthropod pests. Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in particular are important insect and weed-seed predators, and are sensitive to crop rotations, tillage and environmental complexity. In a reduced tillage system in transition to organic management, we evaluated the effect of cover crop species and termination date, crop rotation and high residue cultivation on ground and tiger beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) activity-density, community composition and size and trophic groups. The 3-year experiment included a sequence of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A mixture of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) preceded corn, and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) preceded soybean, and each crop sequence was present in each year (full-entry). We compared three cover crop termination (and cash crop planting) dates by terminating the overwintered cover crops with a roller-crimper, and immediately or soon after, we no-till planted corn and soybean through the mat created by the rolled cover crops. In the corn and soybean phases of the rotation, we also compared inter-row cultivation as a pest management strategy to a control treatment (no inter-row cultivation in corn, and an alternative row-spacing in soybean). Wheat was planted on a single date in each year into tilled soil. Carabids were sampled using pitfall traps 2 weeks after termination of the two cover crop treatments, and in mid-June in wheat. Carabid activity-density and species richness increased across the experimental site during the 3-year transition, and community evenness across the experimental site increased by the third year. Crop species influenced carabid community composition, and by the third year, the carabid community was comparable between wheat and hairy vetch-triticale cover crop. The late cover crop termination date was positively associated with higher activity-densities of large carabids in rolled hairy vetch-triticale and rolled cereal rye; carnivorous beetles in rolled hairy vetch-triticale; and granivorous beetles in rolled cereal rye. Inter-row cultivation occurring in corn and soybean resulted in a significantly higher proportion of small beetles in the wheat phase of the rotation, with a significantly higher proportion of large beetles in wheat treatments, which had not received inter-row cultivation in corn and soybean. Results have strong implications for management during the transition to organic, including the importance of plant residue, reduced tillage and timing of cover crop termination dates for augmenting carabid populations.
Green manure crops must produce high biomass to supply biological N, increase organic matter and control weeds. The objectives of our study were to assess above-ground biomass productivity and weed suppression of clover (Trifolium spp.) green manures in an organic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation in eastern Nebraska in three cycles (2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14). Treatments were green manure species [red clover (T. pratense L.) and white clover (T. repens L.)] undersown into winter wheat in March and green manure mowing regime (one late summer mowing or no mowing). We measured wheat productivity and grain protein at wheat harvest, and clover and weed above-ground biomass as dry matter (DM) at wheat harvest, 35 days after wheat harvest, in October and in April before clover termination. Winter wheat grain yields and grain protein were not affected by undersown clovers. DM was higher for red than for white clover at most sampling times. Red clover produced between 0.4 and 5.5 Mg ha−1 in the fall and 0.4–5.2 Mg ha−1 in the spring. White clover produced between 0.1 and 2.5 Mg ha−1 in the fall and 0.2–3.1 Mg ha−1 in the spring. Weed DM was lower under red clover than under white clover at most sampling times. In the spring, weed DM ranged from 0.0 to 0.6 Mg ha−1 under red clover and from 0.0 to 3.1 Mg ha−1 under white clover. Mowing did not consistently affect clover or weed DM. For organic growers in eastern Nebraska, red clover undersown into winter wheat can be a productive green manure with good weed suppression potential.
This study identifies clusters of certified organic operations in the United States and determines the form of spatial autocorrelation present in the operations' distribution. We identify large hot spots of organic operations along the West Coast and in the Midwest and Northeast with some variation based on how we define an organic operation. Further analyses suggest that organic operations do not necessarily follow the same geographic patterns as nonorganic agricultural and general business establishments. Spatial autoregressive models confirm the presence of significant spatial dependence in the distribution of certified organic operations for a number of different definitions of an organic operation.
The notion of industrialized agriculture has been a dominant theme in the applied economics literature. More recently, the debate has entered the realm of organic agriculture, with some suggesting that the organic sector has strayed from its agrarian roots. The terms "industrial" and "agrarian" are widely used, yet few have given precise definitions of what the terms mean. This paper puts forth testable hypotheses for agrarian and industrial agriculture. Then, using census data from the 2008 Organic Production Survey, we examine the evidence to assess whether the organic farm sector fits an agrarian or industrial model. Overall the evidence is mixed, yet suggests that the organic sector is less agrarian than expected.
Cover crop-based reduced tillage (CCBRT) has achieved positive impacts in organic row crop systems, contributing to the conservation of soil resources and the facilitation of weed management. This technique, which uses cover crop residues as mulches to suppress weeds, has shown more variable success in organic vegetable production systems. This experiment examined CCBRT for small-scale organic vegetable production in the upper Midwestern USA, specifically evaluating weed suppression, labor inputs and crop yields. Cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were fall-sown in 2012 and 2013 in a strip-plot design, including control treatments with no cover crop and spring-applied oat straw mulch. Cover crop plots were strip-tilled in mid-April to establish a planting zone, with cover crops terminated in late May at anthesis with a hand-tractor mounted sickle-bar mower. Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L. var. 'Revolution'), snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. 'Tavera'), and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. var. 'Red La Soda') were hand-planted either as transplants or seed in each treatment immediately following cover crop termination. During each summer growing season, weeds were completely eliminated from each plot by hand approximately every 10–14 days, with time for manual weeding recorded for each treatment. Vegetable crop yields and quality were measured at harvest during 2013 and 2014. Cereal rye and winter wheat produced similar biomass at the time of termination. Greater weed biomass was collected in the wheat treatment as compared with the cereal rye, increasing the in-season labor required for manual weeding. Bean yields were decreased in the all CCBRT treatments compared with control treatments in both years of the study. Pepper yields did not differ in CCBRT treatments as compared with the control in both 2012 and 2013, although the CCBRT treatments did yield lower marketable peppers compared with the straw mulch plots. Potato tuber yields were not different in the CCBRT treatments as compared with the control in 2012, but were lower in 2013. These data indicate that, if CCBRT is to be more widely adopted in small-scale vegetable production, further optimization of the system must be achieved to ensure consistent and adequate weed suppression while maintaining crop yield and quality.
Uganda is the largest producer of organic commodities in Africa. While most of the literature associate the start of organic agriculture in Uganda with the first certified project, no accounts exist about non-certified organic agriculture before 1993. Both in Europe and in the USA, pioneers drove non-certified organic agriculture as a response to economic, ecological and social crises. Uganda suffered two decades of civil war ending in 1986 causing multiple crises. We explore how post-war conditions influenced the emergence of organic agriculture in Uganda. We conducted individual semi-structured interviews with 12 organic agriculture experts from Central and Southwestern Uganda. Interviews were held in English using interview guides informed by a transition theoretical perspective. Interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed and analyzed using deductive and inductive coding. Our analysis shows that the degraded environment, food insecurity and economic instability after the war created a sense of urgency for the rehabilitation of livelihoods. Pioneers, including civil society activists, farmers, entrepreneurs and researchers, responded by promoting low-cost, resource-conserving technologies and agronomic practices to smallholder farmers. Economic liberalization, decentralization and institutional vacuum eased pioneers' activities, despite facing opponents from the government and research. Through experimental learning, demonstration farms and cooperation with the Catholic Church, public extension services, researchers and international development-oriented non-governmental organizations, pioneers reached out to farmers in Eastern, Central and Southwestern Uganda. As challenging as post-war crises may be, they offer opportunities for changing development trajectories. Therefore, reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts can accommodate sustainability concerns and allow the introduction of course-changing measures in any sector.
Organic agriculture is developing worldwide, and organic rabbit production has developed within this context. It entails raising rabbits in moving cages or paddocks, which enables them to graze grasslands. As organic farmers currently lack basic technical information, the objective of this article is to characterize herbage intake, feed intake and the growth rate of rabbits raised on grasslands in different environmental and management contexts (weather conditions, grassland type and complete feed supplementation). Three experiments were performed with moving cages at an experimental station. From weaning, rabbits grazed a natural grassland, a tall fescue grassland and a sainfoin grassland in experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Rabbit diets were supplemented with a complete pelleted feed limited to 69 g dry matter (DM)/rabbit per day in experiment 1 and 52 g DM/rabbit per day in experiments 2 and 3. Herbage allowance and fiber, DM and protein contents, as well as rabbit intake and live weight, were measured weekly. Mean herbage DM intake per rabbit per day differed significantly (P<0.001) between experiments. It was highest in experiment 1 (78.5 g DM/day) and was 43.9 and 51.2 g DM/day in experiments 2 and 3, respectively. Herbage allowance was the most significant determinant of herbage DM intake during grazing, followed by rabbit metabolic weight (live weight0.75) and herbage protein and fiber contents. Across experiments, a 10 g DM increase in herbage allowance and a 100 g increase in rabbit metabolic weight corresponded to a mean increase of 6.8 and 9.6 g of herbage DM intake, respectively. When including complete feed, daily mean DM intakes differed significantly among experiments (P<0.001), ranging from 96.1 g DM/rabbit per day in experiment 2 to 163.6 g DM/rabbit per day in experiment 1. Metabolic weight of rabbits raised on grasslands increased linearly over time in all three experiments, yielding daily mean growth rates of 26.2, 19.2 and 28.5 g/day in experiments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The highest growth rate was obtained on the sainfoin grassland despite lower concentrate supplementation. Thus, it seems possible to reduce complete feed supplementation without reducing animal performance. This possibility requires improving our knowledge about organic rabbit production systems and especially grazing and animal health management.
We conducted a cropping systems experiment in central Pennsylvania, USA, to determine the effects of initial cover crop species and soil management on the abundance and composition of the ground-dwelling arthropod community. We hypothesized that we would detect legacy effects of the cover crops planted in year 1 of a 3-yr crop sequence on the arthropod community in the subsequent 2 yrs, and that these effects would be influenced by the intensity of tillage. We compared four systems in a factorial combination of perennial sod and legumes or annual cereal grain and legume as initial cover crops and moldboard or chisel plow tillage implemented in soybeans followed by maize in the subsequent 2 yrs. The entire experiment was initiated twice in adjacent locations, starting in 2003 (Start 1) and 2004 (Start 2). We quantified soil arthropod activity-density and community composition and identified all arthropods to order or family, and the ground and tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to species. In Start 1, but not Start 2, arthropod activity-density increased with each year following implementation of organic management. We observed few legacy effects of cover crop or tillage intensity on arthropod activity-density. The composition of the soil arthropod community was primarily defined by the initial cover crop in the first year, and by the interaction between cover crop and tillage intensity in the second and third year. A legacy effect associated with a yr-1 cover crop of cereal rye was observed for Scarabaeidae beetles and Formicidae (ants) in yr 2 and Carabidae beetles in yr 3 of Start 1, but not Start 2. Weed indicators contributed significantly to the variation in the soil arthropod community that was explained by the environment in yr 2 in Start 1, and in yr 3 in both Starts. Our observations support the concept that both immediate and legacy effects of management shape arthropod communities during the organic transition period, suggesting that transitioning systems could be managed in ways that conserve or enhance natural enemy populations.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the formation of hotspots of organic operations (geographically close areas that have positively correlated high numbers of organic operations), paying particular attention to the role of the organic certifying agent. We analyze the association of county-level factors related to policy, economics, demographics and organic certifiers with the probability that a county is in a hotspot or coldspot (geographically close areas that have positively correlated low numbers of organic operations) of organic operations. The results suggest that a high presence of government run organic certifying agents, as well as a high presence of private organic certifying agents who provide outreach services, are both positively associated with the probability that a county belongs to a hotspot. Other factors, such as the level of property taxes and the distance of the county from the nearest interstate, are also significantly correlated with the probability that a county is in a hotspot. Understanding factors associated with organic hotspots is important given the surge in momentum in the organic industry and the concerns that demand for organic products may be outpacing domestic supply. In particular, understanding the role that certifiers play in the formation of organic hotspots is important, as certain services provided by certifiers may be indicative of the level of communication between organic operations and their communities. The results of this paper may encourage public institutions that approve and regulate organic certifiers to provide incentives for offering outreach services, and private institutions interested in promoting organic operations to work more closely with certifying agents as a means to boost organic hotspots.
There is a need to design intensive cropping systems that can reap multiple benefits from annual forages including animal feed, soil fertility and weed control. Considering pea/oat (Pisum sativum cv. 40–10/Avena sativa cv. Legget) as a standard green manure, this study investigated the productivity, weed competitiveness, utilization and nitrogen (N) benefit from grazed and ungrazed green manures to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Waskada) and fall rye (Secale cereale cv. Hazlet). A set of 3-year experiments was carried out in Carman, Manitoba, Canada in 2009, and was repeated in 2010 and 2011. Green manures were grazed by 2–3 ewes and 2–5 lambs for 24 h (1111–1667 sheep days per ha). Averaged over experiments pea/oat mix, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.) and sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis cv. Norgold) above-ground dry matter (DM) production were 5036, 5032 and 4064 kg ha−1, respectively. Lentil (Lens culinaris cv. Indianhead), a mixture of seven species and soybean (Glycine max cv. Prudence) produced the least amount of DM over 3 years; 3589, 3551, 3174 kg ha−1, respectively. Pea/oat and hairy vetch were the most weed-competitive species and, averaged over 3 years, contained less than 15% weed DM. Utilization of green manures by grazing animals varied little among species across years and ranged from 28 to 86% for individual species and years. When combined across experiments grazing increased N availability to the wheat crop. The grazing effect was significant for wheat DM production, N uptake and grain N, but not significant for yield across experiments. Averaged over 3 years, wheat took up 107 kg N ha−1 from grazed plots versus 98 kg N ha−1 from ungrazed plots. A significant species×management interaction for total (wheat+fall rye) N uptake in 2009 indicated that increasing the proportion of legumes in the green manure increased N benefit from grazing. Fall rye productivity was not affected by grazing. We recommend pea/oat and hairy vetch as two green manure species to enhance the overall system performance to achieve high level of DM production, good weed competition, utilization by sheep and provision of N benefit to the following wheat and fall rye crops.
The greatest challenge for agriculture is to reduce the trade-offs between productivity and long-term sustainability. Therefore, it is interesting to analyse organic agriculture which is a given set of farm practices that emphasise ecological sustainability. Organic agriculture can be characterised as being less driven by off-farm inputs and being better embedded in ecosystem functions. The literature on public goods and non-commodity outputs of organic farms is overwhelming. Most publications address the positive effects of organic farming on soil fertility, biodiversity maintenance and protection of the natural resources of soil, water and air. As a consequence of focusing on public goods, organic agriculture is less productive. Meta-analyses show that organic agriculture yields range between 0·75 and 0·8 of conventional agriculture. Best practice examples from disadvantaged sites and climate conditions show equal or, in the case of subsistence farming in Sub-Saharan Africa, higher productivity of organic agriculture. Hence, organic agriculture is likely to be a good model for productive and sustainable food production. Underfunding in R&D addressing specific bottlenecks of organic agriculture are the main cause for both crop and livestock yield gaps. Therefore, the potential for improving the performance of organic agriculture through agricultural research is huge. Although organic farming is a niche in most countries, it is at the verge of becoming mainstream in leading European countries. Consumer demand has grown over the past two decades and does not seem to be a limiting factor for the future development of organic agriculture.
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We love introducing instaFreebie readers to great stories and big ideas. Take a chance on new authors and try great stories from old favorites. See it first every day with instaFreebie and be free to discover authors you'll love. We're thrilled to share the latest and greatest from our mystery and thriller genres!
Ghost Story
The Lighthouse Keeper by Valerie L. Ravenscroft
After a terrible event, Jonah wakes up in a strange house owned by an even stranger man named "Sticks". A new reality sets in: he is stranded on an island in the middle of the Atlantic! Waiting for a boat to come rescue him, Jonah takes part into the island's everyday routine, but odd occurrences start to pile up and the truth becomes undeniable: this is no ordinary island. And what started out as a surreal dream will soon turn into an all-too-real nightmare…
"What would you do at the edge of the world?"
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Incredulity by Kathy Zebert
Torn between the love for a Texas cowboy and the love for her profession, Callie, a widowed court reporter, must make difficult choices when both worlds come crashing together in what seems to be a hopeless set of circumstances. Could her second chance at romance come crashing down when her gorgeous, old-fashioned cowboy is arrested for murder? An even bigger secret unfolds, and doing the right thing becomes tricky for Callie. In her search for the truth, she discovers an inner strength she never imagined possible. Incredulity is full of over-the-top, sweet romance, with murder, mystery and corruption thrown in. The plot doesn't stop twisting until the end… maybe not even then.
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Hard Duty by Mark E Cooper
Hostile aliens nearly eradicated humanity. Will the next encounter finish the job? Sixteen billion dead in the last alien invasion of the Alliance's colony worlds.When survey ship Captain Jeff Colgan discovers a new alien race, he's required to investigate.
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This was our second year staying at the B&B on our way through to OBX with our family. The first year we stayed when our daughter was 9 months old and this time we stayed with our 1 year old son and daughter (now 2)....More
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About : You Really Want To Know About Me ?
Well, where do I start... we creatives are supposed to like telling people what we do and what we've achieved. Only I'm not like that. I'm not keen on talking about myself and am the one who will always ask how you are and all sorts of random questions to find out more! However, being comfortable with your photographer is key to fantastic images, so here goes with a bit of background about me...
My name is Karl (the easy bit) and my peers class me as one of the top wedding photographers... but I shoot a whole lot more besides weddings.
I've been a photographer for a long time and if I told you how long I would sound old, which I'm not. Forty isn't old and in my mind I will never be old... darn it, I told you my age!
I enjoy mountain biking, water skiing, surfing and i'm completely nutty about my horse's, and for those that want to know what I drive, its either my pickup truck or my mini cooper GT
My music taste is vast and varied. A child of the 80's I have to say that era is best, though anything with good beat though is ok. Classical music calms me down while on the movie front, Top Gun and Dirty Dancing have to be two of my favourite films.
I'm married to my childhood girlfriend, and we have been together 27 years, with one teenage son William.
My professional achievements are pretty cool, reaching the pinnacle in 2011 being awarded a Fellowship with the British Institute of Professional Photographers (FBIPP). In 2015 I was invited to be a panel member with the Guild of Photographers as well as being awarded Master Craftsman status. I have also been awarded Midlands Professional Photographer of the year 3 years running, as well as many other awards for individual images.
Lecturing and seminars are a passion of mine, as well as traveling all over the country to teach photography workshops alongside holding classes at my Nottingham Studio.
Anything else you need to know? That's probably enough for now but by all means give me a call... I am always happy to chat.
Twitter and Instagram feeds
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Opening times for Nando's
- Visitor Information
- Opening times
Opening and closing times for ...
Today (Friday) closes at Midnight
Mon-Thu: 11.30am-11pm; Fri-Sat: 11.30am-12midnight; Sun: 11am-10.30pm
Location map of Nando's
Underground Stations
Railway Stations
Car Parks
Hotels Near
What's On Today
Near Nando's
Trouble With Men
Theatre | Until 20th August 2017
The King's Head 1 minute walk from Nando's
Coming Clean
Theatre | Until 26th August 2017
The King's Head 1 minute walk from Nando's
Kevin Elyot's landmark drama questions the nature of fidelity and the limits of love....More
The Medea Project
Concerts | On 18th August 2017
O2 Academy Islington 5 minutes walk from Nando's
This Tonbridge-based operation brings its mix of doom and progressive metal to the stage. Support from The Basilisk, Sectlinefor and ...More
Concerts | On 18th August 2017
O2 Academy Islington 5 minutes walk from Nando's
New York-based R&B girl group that formed in the early 1990s....More
LGBT+ Artists Programme Talking Genders
Exhibitions | Until 25th August 2017
Angel Underground Station 7 minutes walk from Nando's
Mrs Orwell
Theatre | Until 26th August 2017
The Old Red Lion Theatre 8 minutes walk from Nando's
Permanent Collection
Exhibitions | Until 31st December 2017
Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art 9 minutes walk from Nando's
Paintings by futurist and figurative artists including Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carra, Gino Severini, Luigi Russolo and Ardengo Soffici, ...More
Franco Grignani: Art As Design 1950-1990
Exhibitions | Until 10th September 2017
Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art 9 minutes walk from Nando's
Around 130 paintings and works on paper by the influential artist and graphic designer, on loan from private collections and ...More
White Heat Club
Clubbing and Nightlife | On 18th August 2017
The Lexington 11 minutes walk from Nando's
Resident DJs spin the best indie, new and classic disco, leftfield pop and new wave edits....More
Whines And Spirits
Theatre | Until 20th August 2017
Hen & Chickens Theatre 12 minutes walk from Nando's
A new comedy drama about a flamboyant clairvoyant's evening that goes terribly wrong. By Annie Burkin....More
New on LondonTown
RA Summer Lates: The Other Paradise
Exhibitions | On 19th August
The Royal Academy's next late-night event turns the ...More
Hassan Hajjaj: La Caravane
Exhibitions | From 5th October
This October, Somerset House hosts a homecoming exhibition on British-Moroccan artist Hassan Hajjaj. The exhibition will showcase his vibrant fusion of contemporary cultures, which he has picked up ...More
Red Star Over Russia: A Revolution in Visual Culture 1905-55
Exhibitions | From 8th November
Tate Modern looks at the dramatic history of ...More
Exhibitions | From 23rd November
This November, Tate Modern takes a journey through Amedeo Modigliani's career with a major new retrospective. Responsible for some of the most memorable art of the 20th century, Modigliani continuously evolved his career, developing his ...More
Lake Keitele: A Vision of Finland
Exhibitions | From 15th November
The National Gallery unites all four versions of Akseli Gallen-Kallela's Lake Keitele in its new exhibition, Lake Keitele: A Vision of Finland. Upon visiting Finland Gallen-Kallela fell in ...More
Zetter Townhouse Clerkenwell Afternoon Tea
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Zetter Townhouse Marylebone Afternoon Tea
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Ham Yard Hotel Afternoon Tea
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Southam Street
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Wyld Afternoon Tea, Mondrian London
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Royal Lancaster London
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Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Afternoon Tea
Swanky hotel One Aldwych takes inspiration from Roald ...More
Wait Until Dark
Theatre | From 4th September
An edge-of-your-seat thriller from the hand of Frederick Knott, best known for writing Dial M ...More
Fever Pitch: The Opera
Concerts | From 22nd September
The first musical version of Nick Hornby's book Fever Pitch, which famously follows the ups and downs of life supporting Arsenal Football Club, is staged at the Union Chapel, in the heart of north London ...More
Joe Moran / Dance Art Foundation: On The Habit Of Being Oneself
Dance | From 28th September
Sadler's Wells: Lilian Baylis Theatre
See the world premiere of an experimental work ...More
BooManchu: The Wellness Festival Weekend
Sporting Events | From 23rd September
Boutique cycling legends Boom Cycle have teamed up with cocktail bar Fu Manchu to present the BooManchu Wellness Festival Weekend. Running for one weekend, it invites guests to ...More
Chiswick Book Festival
Exhibitions | From 14th September
St Michael & All Angels Chiswick
A long weekend of literary discussions with the likes of Jeremy Vine, Clare Balding and ...More
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London Hotels
From cheap budget places to stay to luxury 5 star hotels see our special offers for Nando's hotels, including Radisson Blu Edwardian Kenilworth Hotel from 63% off.


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Krista Vernoff is credited with the introduction of the catchphrase, seriously into the dialogue of Grey's Anatomy episodes. Series creator Shonda Rhimes says that Vernoff used it frequently in the writer's room, and "said correctly, it can convey sarcasm, dismay, disbelief, a sense of moral and ethical superiority, and gentle chastising punishment, all at once."
Season 1Edit
Season 2Edit
Season 3Edit
- "Seriously… Seriously. seriously." -Meredith Grey in Let the Angels Commit
Season 4Edit
- "Seriously, no wonder we didn't work out" - Meredith Grey in Piece of My Heart


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Title: Conferring With the Flowers
Author: Jedi Buttercup
Rating: PG/K+
Disclaimer: The words are mine; the worlds are not.
Summary: Lorne might be able to survive a temporary beheading with no permanent harm done, but he was pretty sure removing half a brain was problematic for the long-term health of any sentient species. 1200 words.
Spoilers: Post-series for Angel, no comics; pre-series for Tin Man
Notes: Challenge fic. All other Oz allusions (book and movie both) are intentional. =)
Lorne would be the first to admit that he might have overreacted, just a little, to Angel's request the day they took down the Circle of the Black Thorn. Not in insisting that it was the last request he'd ever accept from his former friend and boss; Lorne's business had always been helping his clientele find their destinies, not playing judge, jury and executioner based on the darker possibilities he sensed. Angel and company had defied destiny far too often for him to feel comfortable drawing that line for anyone else, even a conflicted, self-centered knot of amorality like Lindsey McDonald.
But a promise was a promise; and Krevlorneswath of the Deathwok Clan paid his debts. He'd done as asked- and then he'd taken his adorable green buttocks out of town and went in search of a consoling drink. Surely that had been a reasonable response.
No, the overreaction had been in what happened afterward. While stewing in disillusionment and a little extradimensional intoxicant mixed into his Sea Breeze, he'd somehow come to the conclusion that his mother had been right to be ashamed of him after all, and had decided to catch a portal home to tell her so in person.
Lorne had started to sober up a little when the Vegas warlock he'd hired had conjured up a funnel cloud instead of the more familiar swirly tear in reality, but by then it had been too late to stop it. And really, it hadn't so much mattered to him in that moment where he was headed; the only thing that had mattered had been that it wasn't going to be anywhere his recent past could find him. And he'd more than succeeded on that score.
Unfortunately, the land at the other end of the rainbow was more like Pylea than Los Angeles, in more than just the dual suns burning overhead. Its natives called it the Oh Zee... but that was about the only similarity the Outer Zone bore to the magical land of Baum's fairy tales. For all that the Sorceress who ruled the place and her long-coated soldiers were as human as the majority of the subjects they commanded, or so he was told, they treated those subjects like the 'cow-scum' of his homeworld when they could catch them, and he didn't expect a noticeable Other Sider would be treated any better.
He might be able to survive a temporary beheading with no permanent harm done, but he was pretty sure removing half a brain was problematic for the long-term health of any sentient species, humans and Pyleans included. Magical land or not, he was surprised the victims could even remember to speak; if it happened to him, would he even remember how to sing?
Lorne shuddered at the thought and tugged gently at the arm of the young man he'd literally tripped over not long after his arrival. He'd rather burn in Tarkna. "This way, crumb cake."
He'd found Ambrose lying on his back in a field of gently waving grass, staring into the sky with a vacant, wistful expression. He could hum a few notes if prompted, which was how Lorne knew his name; but he had little in the way of long-term memory, and couldn't hold onto a thought for more than a minute at a time. He seemed able to converse normally in short bursts, but couldn't retain that clarity long enough to do much of anything. And he drifted to a halt whenever Lorne forgot and let go of him.
Ambrose tilted his head as he stumbled into motion again, wild curly locks standing out from his scalp everywhere except the slightly inflamed strip over the top, marked with an inset band of toothed metal. "It's a very nice way," he mused, catching himself against Lorne again as his left foot snagged in a hole in the brick-laid road. "Of course, it was pleasant the way we came, too. Do you suppose people go both ways?"
"I'm sure they do," Lorne replied, patting the brocade-clad arm. Whoever his new friend had been before the Sorceress' butchers remade him, he'd been somebody; but now he was nobody of any importance, not even to himself. Rather like Lorne, cut adrift from both clan and purpose; he hadn't heard a thing from the Powers That Be or any of their messengers since his arrival.
Maybe they weren't tolerated, either; that was certainly a possibility. If the OZ had ever been as open-minded about eccentricities as the Baum books suggested, there was little evidence left. That was the biggest problem Lorne had faced since the travel storm spit him out: the human-normative culture enforced by the Sorceress' minions. Barring a lost member of the old Royal Family turning up to take pity on him, it seemed unlikely that he would stumble into another tornado, find a pair of silver slippers, or unearth a Magic Belt to wish himself home. He would have to make a new home for himself yet again- and the best place to do that, according to rumor, was the one place that even the Sorceress had left alone. The Realm of the Unwanted.
He'd heard things about women with six arms, furry men that could read hearts, and leftovers of all sorts from the old regime- talking animals, mechanical men, and china folk that could have stepped out of Baum's tales- taking refuge there. If there was any place a neutral demon could make his own way in the OZ, that would be the one.
And perhaps someone there could take charge of Ambrose until he'd recovered enough not to die from neglect? If that was even possible. Lorne had hopes about that; Ambrose still had rhythm, so he at least still had instincts to build on.
As if to prove him wrong, the young man stumbled again, then turned bewildered brown eyes on Lorne. "I'm sorry, do I know you? My name's... my name's... my name's... I'm glitching, aren't I?"
Lorne managed a reassuring smile as he kept walking. "That's all right, sugar bun," he said. He'd told Ambrose his own name six times since they'd met, but he always forgot it immediately. "We've just met. Call me Lorne."
"Krevlorneswath?" the young man suddenly recalled, shaking his head to rattle the few marbles he had left, then gave an uncertain laugh. "Sorry. Sometimes my synapses don't fire right."
"Don't worry about it. None of us are who we used to be, these days."
And unlike a certain pair of souled vampires, the world was not going to bend over backward to put these Humpty Dumpties back together. They'd have to do the best they could on their own.
"Like a giant masquerade ball," Ambrose replied, slowing again to brush his hand through a patch of tall, nodding flowers bordering the road, each bearing a bland, sleeping face framed by chartreuse and vermillion petals. "But I don't like masks. I think. Oh, hey, are these your relatives?"
"I don't think so, muffin," Lorne replied with a sigh. Though they might as well be.
Somehow, he had a feeling he'd be sinking roots in the OZ for a long time to come.


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Choi Tae Joon and Bomi recently ended their 6-month on-screen marriage for 'We Got Married'. Regarding their departure from the show, Choi Tae Joon said, "After completing our last filming, I thought we were leaving the show pretty early but it turns out we filmed together for 6 months. There are couples who go longer but it's usually about 6 months."
SEE ALSO: AKP Talks Eric Nam collaboration and more with AOBeats
He continued, "It is kind of sad. I wanted to go on a honeymoon but we left the show before we were able to. But I had a lot of fun and enjoyed filming. It's sad that we had to separate when we just became close but I think it'll remain as a good memory."
Choi Tae Joon also revealed, "I wasn't able to contact her after the show but I've recently contacted her and said that we should meet after I complete filming for MBC drama 'Missing 9'."


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Hooper ends Sweden's reign of terror
Canada (women) recorded its landmark first victory over Sweden in impressive 4–2 fashion in Blaine, Minnesota, July 18. Over 2,200 attended the match, held in conjunction with Schwan's USA Cup, which itself attracted 550 teams from 17 countries. The win ends a drought of one tie and nine losses to the 2003 World Cup finalist, who last beat Canada 2–1 in the 2003 World Cup Semi-final.
Hat trick Hooper
Canadian captain Charmaine Hooper scored two early goals (16', 20') in a cleanly played and exciting match that featured 22 combined shots on net, one of which Sweden's Victoria Svensson used in the 36th minute to halve Canada's lead.
After the break Canada shocked the Swedes with two goals in 60 seconds (58', 59'), via Hooper's third strike and a Christine Sinclair goal off a defence-splitting pass from midfielder Brittany Timko.
Canada used three forwards for most of the game, starting Martina Franko up front with Hooper and Sinclair. After the game Hooper noted, "It was a great win for us because we've never beaten Sweden before, and any win is a great confidence booster for us. We're trying to grow as a team and we get a chance to beat the second best team in the world!"
A Canadian revelation
Timko echoed the veterans feelings, "It's a big win for us. Sweden is one of the top four to five teams in the world and we played a really strong game tonight. It gives us more confidence going into our training for the Gold Cup. A couple of years ago, we'd go into this game just hoping to play well. Now we're going into games like this knowing that if we play well, we can beat any team on any given day."
Pellerud was pleased that his team remained undefeated in 2006 (five wins and one tie) especially since he has 10 roster players out with injuries. He noted that the team would be together full-time for training and friendly matches two and a half months ahead of the Gold Cup. On the basis of last night's display the team looked dynamic, fluid and powerful. They clearly are on track for World Cup qualification and another Semi-final in 2007.
ARTICLE: ©2006 World Football Pages/Tim Grainey, PHOTO (Timko): ©Bill Fowle
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Another Adobe MAX will soon be upon us and I am thrilled with what is coming up in the next few days! I'm writing this account of major event activities the day before my departure so everything is pretty well set in stone at this point. Also – Happy Hallowe'en ;) Having MAX in a city other than Los Angeles is very welcome. I've never visited San Diego before but am very much looking forward to spending a few days in what I've heard is a lovely city. Adobe Animate CC: Introduction to Animation and Interactivity Completely sold out forContinue reading »
Tag: Adobe
Adobe Education Leaders – Summit 2016
It's that time of year again – July means another AEL Summit is upon us. This year, we'll be meeting in New York City for the North American summit and I'm really looking forward to connecting with other AELs and members of the Adobe Education team! I'm able to give a short talk this year as well – which should be very interesting considering the past 5 years or so… Surviving Industry Disruption in Higher Education Joseph Labrecque This talk will explore how industry upheaval can affect institutional teaching and learning systems which make use of technology for media deliveryContinue reading »
Speaking at Adobe MAX 2016
Just a note that I will be speaking at Adobe MAX in San Diego this year… on Animate CC, of course! I'm scheduled to provide a lab which goes over the basics of animation and interactivity within Adobe Animate CC – so please do let people know that introductory sessions are available for those who are coming over from Edge Animate… who have neglected Flash Professional over the past few years… or even those new to Flash/Animate! All are welcome ;)Continue reading »
More on Adobe Mobile Apps
There has been a significant rush of positive news around Adobe mobile apps and Android recently. So much news that I have decided to just lump it all into this one post. Android Mobile Apps I've been highly, highly critical of Adobe over the past few years when it comes to their mobile strategy and choice of supported platform [singular]. Many of the reasons as outlined here, are historical. Many others – perhaps more – just simply make sense when looking at the current mobile landscape and the growing Creative Cloud adoption rates. Well Adobe has been working on AndroidContinue reading »
Adobe EdEx Group: Flash Exchange!
Flash Exchange is a group for discussion and resource sharing around the Adobe Flash Platform with a focus on education and educators. All Flash-related content and interest is welcome: Flash Professional CC, Flash Player, AIR, HTML5 Canvas and WebGL, animation, creative tooling, Adobe Connect, Adobe Media Server, ActionScript, JavaScript, Flex, Starling, Feathers, Away3D, mobile development, apps, games, video streaming, et cetera… http://edex.adobe.com/group/flx More about the Adobe Education Exchange: The Adobe Education Exchange is your online hub to help ignite creativity in your classroom. With instructional resources, professional development, and peer-to-peer collaboration, you'll find the support you need here.Continue reading »


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tina james
More ideas from tina
Homemade Veggie Nuggets: These are the perfect vegetarian alternative to the chicken nugget. Made with mashed carrots, broccoli, and golden beets.
step by step https://www.pinterest.com/DIYOriginalArt/step-by-step/
Something from this week :) #wedding #invitation #letterpress #weddinginvitation #heart #handwriting #handlettering
What happens when you combine wood and rose gold glitter? Why rustic glam wedding invitations of course! The Heather Suite from @engagingpapers is packed full of all the essentials including the save the dates, programs, menu and table numbers.
Gotta try
Dinner table
Wreath made with Orgensa cloth
Flower arrangement with Christmas colors


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performance, game
– Android App
In this performance, the children's game "Chinese Whispers" (also known as "telephone", "gossip", "operator", "messenger game", "Stille Post") - in which a message is whispered from one person to another - is played by smartphones using the default speech recognition (Google) and speech synthesis software of the devices operating system.
"Daisy, Daisy, give me your answer do. I'm half crazy all for the love of you."
"Daisy Bell" is the first song performed by computer speech synthesis (IBM in 1961), as later referenced in Stanley Kubricks 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Download Android App here:


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Dallas, TX
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Master's degree in Healthcare Administration preferred. Healthcare-specific experience, experience in Eclipsys Decision Support System, & demonstrated ability to effectively manage staff and departmental functions with healthcare management experience preferred.
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Meets or exceeds financial goals and objectives of the department.
Throughput and service line analysis
Financial analysis and modeling.
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Operational planning.
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Performs other duties as assigned.
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52 pcs Icing Piping Tips Nozzles Set Cake Decorating Sugar Fondant Dessert Tools
52 pcs Icing Piping Tips Nozzles Set Cake Decorating Sugar Fondant Dessert Tools
Click Photos to
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Product Description
Excellent and easy to use for varies cake tipping designs/patterns
High quality stainless steel with good durability
Includes a storage box to keep nozzles oraganized
Great products to have for making your own beautiful cakes, cookies or any kinda of pastries
Each unique nozzles are different, it has swils, rosette, flowers, leaves all kinds of tips with 52 designs
Please extra caution when using the nozzles, the top of the stander is very very keen. Please be careful and enjoy
Product Specifications
Nozzle Material: Stainless Steel
Measurment: Approx 14x0.7" (nozzles vary in different shapes, sizes are for reference only
Connector Material: Plastic
Storage Box Material: Plastic
What's in the package
52pcs Icing Nozzles
Payment and Shipping
Payment TERMS:
All Payment must receive in seven (7) business days or unpaid case will open automatically
Paypal and majority credit card are acceptable
shipping Terms:
Business Hours are Monday through Friday from 8am-5:30pm, excluded holidays
All merchandises ship from Compton, Ca within 24 hours of receipt of payment
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14-28 business days for delivery to any international countries
We have no responsibility to pay the tax or custom duty when you make an order from aboard.
All prices does not included any taxes, Vat, or other hidden charges
We guarantee provide free tracking number on any domestic shipment, except Guam, Hawaii, Saipan, etc (May applied extra shipping fee)
Economy Shipping: 5-10 business days (Estimated days)
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Express Shipping: 1-2 business days (Estimated days)
Inkfrog terapeak


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An executive recruiter provides a unique service to employers. They help take the guesswork and effort out of the recruiting and selection process by sourcing and interviewing candidates for difficult to fill positions. Before the recruiting process begins, it is important to have a thorough fee agreement in place that outlines the terms of service, the fees, and any guarantees.
Fee Structure
Typically, executive recruiters are contracted by an employer on a contingency or retained fee structure. The contingency fee structure is similar to a commisioned based pay. The recruiter sets a percentage rate, and the final fee is based on the new hire's first year salary. For example, if the company offers the new hire a $40,000 salary and the recruiters rate is 2 percent, the final amount due would be $8,000. Retained fee structures are a benefit to both the recruiter and the client. A retainer agreement allows for a set price to be paid at the onset of the search. This is beneficial for the recruiter as they have exclusivity to the opening, while the company typically benefits from a reduced price.
Recruiting Process
The recruiting process should be clearly outlined in the fee agreement to avoid unwelcome surprises. The agreement should include the methods in which the recruiter will source candidates, as well as any pre-screening requirements such as background or drug tests. If there are preferred sources from which the recruiter should source candidates or companies they need to avoid, this should be outlined in the agreement as well.
Time Line
The time line of the search is an often neglected point that can cause delays in the recruiting process. The time line should consist of two parts. The first part should document the recruiter's estimated time of completion, while the second part should detail the hiring process and time line from the point a resume is received until the employment offer is made. Many great candidates are lost to stalling tactics, and having these details in your fee agreement helps ensure timely completion of the project.
Even the most thorough recruiting and selection process can occasionally result in a hiring mistake. Often a newly hired employee will accept a counter-offer and return to work for their previous employer, or the client will decide the employee is not who they expected them to be once they are on the job. To protect the client, a reputable recruiter will offer a guarantee. Placement guarantees are traditionally handled in the form of a replacement or refund of the fee paid by the client. It is not unusual for the refund to be prorated by the number of days the employee stayed on the job.
If at any point during the recruitment and selection process additional changes, terms, or restrictions are agreed upon, an addendum to the original contract should be made. These changes should be clearly listed and the document signed by both parties to avoid complications.


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Company Info
Contact Us
Teledyne Companies
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Technical Service & Customer Support
Teledyne Coax Switches provides easy access to technical service and customer support. An innovative, integrated website makes it easy to find technical information, buy switches and even get e-mail responses within 24 hours. Design engineers who need switching solutions for their electronic system can find them easily in the United States at www.teledynecoax.com and in Europe at www.teledyne-europe.com
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12525 Daphne Avenue - Hawthorne, CA 90250-3384
Copyright © 2013 Teledyne Technologies Incorporated. All rights


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Originally posted on Celtics Town | Last updated 4/5/13
Despite a solid defensive effort against Kyrie Irving, the Celtics fell to Cleveland.You've heard the term "garbage time?" Tonight's matchup against the Cleveland Cavaliers was 48 solid minutes of garbage time for the Celtics, and it was a solid indicator as to how seriously Boston is taking the rest of the regular season. With a playoff berth clinched and a looming matchup that could be against the New York Knicks (who have given the Celtics plenty of problems so far this year) or the Miami Heat (who, honestly, might be best to face fresh in the first round), Boston has pretty clearly decided that, come what may, they want to give their aging, banged-up veterans some rest before the post-season begins.This might be solid reasoning, but it doesn't make for pleasant basketball in the meantime, and frankly, it doesn't make for happy fans who have to watch the team's role players try to play like starters and benchwarmers try to play like role players. This was the case tonight.Let's not drag this out; I already feel like I need a shower after that awfulness. Let's get to the bullets.Shavlik Randolph is the kind of rebounder Boston needs. He's aggressive, he positions himself pretty well, and he's undeniably tenacious (he's also foul prone, collecting six fouls in 13 minutes, but why ruin the fun?). The problem, of course, is that he isn't as strong as some other bigs in the league (see: Nikolai Pekovic from a couple of nights ago), so at times he can be muscled out of the way. But against most team's second units, Randolph should be able to pull down rebounds, which should earn him some minutes in the playoffs. Yes, Shavlik Randolph is going to get minutes for Boston. In the playoffs. Assume crash positions.Green had a quieter night offensively tonight with 23 points on 8-13 shooting (how fun is it that 23 efficient points is a quieter night for Green?), but he did grab nine rebounds. He even went after two or three aggressively in the first half, which is something we are not accustomed to seeing.Shavlik's fun performance aside, Tristan Thompson officially took advantage of the horribly depleted front-line. Thompson finished with 29 points (!) and 17 rebounds (!!) including seven offensive (ugh ugh ugh). The Celtics allowed Cleveland to pull down 15 offensive rebounds, and once again showed just how damaging second-chance opportunities can be. Boston actually managed to limit Kyrie Irving extremely well (4-20 from the field, 11 points) with a combination of Avery Bradley's tough defense and a series of double-teams, but a missed shot means nothing without a defensive rebound.Bradley left the game in the fourth quarter with a bruised left collarbone. This meant that he was holding his shoulder, which was enough to make everybody panic immoderately. The Celtics tweeted that he would return. Bradley says he's OK, and that it's not related to his problems last season. Thank goodness.Another 50% night for Brandon Bass (7-14, 14 points), who is slowly inching his way back to last season's form. Just at the right time, I might add.If I had Shavlik Randolph's energy and drive, I would totally make this recap longer, but after that game, frankly, I don't. That will have to do for tonight. The Celtics play Sunday against the Washington Wizards. Unless you really like garbage time, watch at your own peril.Follow Tom on Twitter: @Tom_NBA.
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