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Schematic Drawing of VRV Installation
(9) Outdoor unit installation (10) Air tightness test (11) Vacuum drying (12) Additional refrigerant charge
(1) Sleeve work
(2) Indoor unit installation
(6) Duct work (indoor)
(3) Piping support
(5) Drain piping work
(8) Control wiring work
(7) Insulation work
(4) Refrigerant piping work
・ Flaring ・ Bending ・ Pipe expansion ・ Brazing
1. Work Flow by Process
<Key Points>
Pre-work Determination of the work classification Preparation of the installation drawing
Work (1)
Sleeve work ............................ Consider the downward gradient of the drain pipes. ························································ 2
Indoor unit installation ............. Confirm the model names to avoid any installation mistakes.·········································· 3
Piping support
Refrigerant piping work
Drain piping work
.................. Maintain a downward gradient of at least 1/100.······························································ 22
Duct work (indoor)
................ Ensure that a sufficient airflow is maintained. ································································· 26
Insulation work
Control wiring work ............... Use applicable two-core wires. ························································································ 30 (Do not use multi-core.)
Outdoor unit installation
........................ Use supports within the designated support intervals. ······················································ 5 ......... Pay attention to the principles of dry, clean and tight.························································ 9
...................... Ensure that there are no gaps at the joints between insulation materials.·························· 27
........ Make considerations to prevent short-circuiting and maintain a workspace for servicing. 32
(10) Air tightness test
.................... Make a final confirmation that there is no pressure drop at 4 MPaG for 24 hours.··········· 34
(11) Vacuum drying
...................... Use a vacuum pump that can achieve an ultimate vacuum of –100.7 kPaG or lower. ······ 36
(12) Additional refrigerant charge ... Enter the additional refrigerant charge amount onto the outdoor unit and the log book.··· 39
The above order represents the general procedure. It may differ depending on the local conditions and actual circumstances. *Please note that lengths without any units are all in millimeters (mm) throughout this document.
Legend Caution: Points of caution at the job site
One point lesson: Expertise gained from onsite work
Case example: An actual example of onsite work
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(1) Sleeve work Meeting with the construction company
Work procedure
Determination of the location and sleeve diameter
~Working points~ ¡ Determination of the placement of the through-holes x Determine the placement so that the drain piping is at a downward gradient of at least 1/100. x Consider the thickness of the insulation material when determining the sleeve diameters for refrigerant piping and drain piping.
10 φA
Insulation thickness: Liquid piping Gas piping
10 10
Diameter of liquid piping insulation material
Diameter of gas piping insulation material
Upper cell: Sleeve diameter Lower cell: (Calculated value)
Sleeve inner diameter
10 mm 10 mm
φB (gas piping diameter)
φ80 (φ67)
φ80 (φ70)
φ80 (φ73)
φ80 (φ73)
φ80 (φ76)
φ80 (φ80)
φ100 (φ83)
φ80 (φ79)
φ100 (φ83) φ100 (φ86)
φ100 (φ86)
φ100 (φ89)
φ100 (φ92)
φ100 (φ95)
φ100 (φ89)
φ100 (φ92)
φ100 (φ95)
φ100 (φ98)
φ125 (φ101)
φ125 (φ105)
φ100 (φ93)
φ100 (φ96)
φ100 (φ99)
φ125 (φ102)
φ125 (φ105)
φ125 (φ109)
φA (liquid piping diameter)
φ6.4 φ9.5 φ12.7 φ15.9 φ19.1
At least D/4 and 150 mm
Ì Note that the beam structure limits the allowable area for the placement of through-holes.
L2 L3 At least 3 x [(R1 + R2)/2]
Location into which the sleeve cannot be inserted through the beam
At least D/2
z Cover both ends of the sleeves with masking tape to prevent any concrete from entering
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(2) Installation of indoor units 1) Work procedure
Determination of installation location
Installation of suspension bolts
Indoor unit installation
~Working points~ Installation procedures differ according to the indoor unit model. Be sure to conduct all work according to the accompanying installation manual.
1) Transporting (1) Determine the transporting route. (2) Transport the indoor units to the installation location in the original packing. Do not remove the packing until it is to be installed. (3) When receiving the products, be sure to check for any blemishes or dents. z How to prevent the installation of the wrong indoor unit model or in the wrong location. Before transporting the indoor unit, attach a sheet of paper to a visible spot on the packing that notes the installation location and the system number.
1F reception room AC1-1
2) Determination of installation location
At least 1,500 mm
The following explains the procedure in the event an insert is not contained within the package.
At least 200 mm At least 1,500 mm At least 1,500 mm
(1) Confirm the space required for servicing and installation. (2) Confirm the piping direction and air discharge direction.
At least 200 mm
At least 1,500 mm
Installation space for FXFQ
Ì The space required for servicing and installation may differ depending on the model. Please confirm the details in the installation manual or the like.
Pip in
(3) Mark the center of the indoor unit with chalk lines, using the base point lines drawn on the floor as a guide.
Upper packing material
Unit suspension location
Dra in
Center of the unit
Base point line
(4) Using the upper packing material, mark the suspension locations on the floor based on the center of the unit. (5) Use a laser pointer or the like to transfer the suspension location from the floor to the ceiling slab, and use a drill to open up a pilot hole. Ceiling
Laser pointer
Suspension location
Ì If a pilot hole for the anchors leads to a steel beam, be sure to try another location for the hole.
(2)Installation of indoor units
3) Installation of suspension bolts (1) Determine the length of the suspension bolts according to the height of the installation. (2) Before installing, place the nuts (2; locally procured parts) and washers (2; accessories) on the suspension bolt (double-nut on the lower side of the bolt). (3) After installing, adjust the nut on the lower side to the installation height. (4) For the upper washer, use the attached washer plate to secure. Washer plate (accessory) Insert
Washer (accessory) Upper nut
Suspension bracket Tighten (double-nut)
[Secure the suspension bracket]
Ì Check the installation manual for the installation height when attaching optional accessories.
Steady brace bolt
z The height of the indoor unit can easily be adjusted by loosening the double nut. Re-tighten the double nut after completing adjustment. z The suspension bolt size (M10 or W3/8) is compatible with all models. z If the suspension bolt length is 1.5 m or longer, attach a steady brace on the longitudinal side of the suspension pitch.
An example of steady brace installation
4) Indoor unit installation
(1) Install the indoor unit level. (2) When installing manually, first hook the main unit's suspention bracket onto the suspension bolts on opposing corners to suspend the indoor unit. And, if suspending the indoor unit with a device such as a lifter, remove the lower nut on the suspension bolt before doing so. (3) After installing the indoor unit, be sure to protect it with a plastic bag or the like. Ì If you assume that the temperature and humidity in the ceiling space exceed 30°C and RH80%, reinforce the insulation (thickness) of the indoor unit. (Use polyethylene foam or glass wool with a thickness of at least 10 mm.)
¡ How to protect the indoor unit <Left unprotected>
At least 1,500
[Secure the washer]
Why protect it? Dust and the like can get on the filter and heat exchanger, adversely affecting capacity. Ì After all work is complete, be sure to remove the protective plastic covering and the like from the indoor unit.
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(3) Piping support (Refrigerant and drain) 1) Work procedure
2) Installation of suspension bolts and supporting fixtures
Determination of location
~The purpose of piping supports~ <Support of horizontal pipes> 1. Prevention of sagging due to their own weight 2. Prevention of spot overloading due to pipe expansion and contraction as a result of temperature differences <Support of vertical pipes> 1. Prevention of swaying and buckling due to their own weight
1) Determination of location ¡ Interval for refrigerant piping support
Vertical pipe
<Horizontal pipes> ≥12.7 ≤2.0 1500
Indoor unit
<Vertical pipes> Pipe outer diameter (mm) Support interval (m)
Supporting fixture
≤44.45 ≤1.5
300~500 Refrigerant piping Ø19.1/Ø9.5 Horizontal pipe
z Adjust based on the liquid piping size when the liquid and gas piping are suspended together.
Ì Upon start and stop of the air conditioner, refrigerant pipes expand or contract due to temperature differences. While it may depend on the particular operation state, the piping can expand or contract 10 mm for every 10 meters. Therefore, be sure to adhere to the required support interval.
¡ Interval for drain piping support (in the case of polyvinyl-chloride pipes) <Horizontal pipes> Pipe inner diameter (mm) Support interval (m)
≤44 ≤1.2
≥56 ≤1.5
<Vertical pipes> Pipe inner diameter (mm) Support interval (m)
≤44 ≤1.5
≥56 At least one spot per floor
≤9.5 ≤1.5
Pipe outer diameter (mm) Support interval (m)
(3) Piping support
2) Installation of suspension bolts and supporting fixtures ~Working points~ x Attach refrigerant piping support on top of the insulation material. x With regard to drain piping support, first secure the pipes directly with the supporting fixtures and then place the insulation materials on top of this. ¡ Horizontal piping support z Minimize the length of the suspension bolts z Consider the downward gradient when determining the length of the drain piping suspension bolts. z When supporting the refrigerant piping, place a hard pad (e.g., polyvinyl-chloride pipe) between the supporting fixture and insulation material as shown in the photo to the right in order to prevent crushing of the insulation material from the weight of the piping.
Suspension band with turnbuckle
Polyvinyl pipe
Ì Never provide additional piping support from the piping.
Suspension band with turnbuckle
Suspension bolt supporting fixture (for shaped steel)
Support of horizontal refrigerant piping
Suspension bolt supporting fixture (for flat decks)
¡ Vertical piping support z Allow sufficient space for maintenance and insulation installation when determining the distance between the unit body surface and piping as well as the piping interval when many pipes are laid in parallel.
Anchor Leg for vertical band Vertical band
Vertical piping support (example) Battledore bolt with washer
T-shape leg
Legs for vertical band
Vertical band
Brazing areas Special supporting fixtures for vertical piping
(3) Piping support
¡ Spot support (refrigerant piping) ~Purposes~ 1. Prevention of overload on areas due to expansion 2. Prevention of overload on the connecting area to the unit due to expansion 3. Prevention of impact on waterproofing due to expansion Support of refrigerant piping branch and bend
≤300 Support points
Support points
z As shown in the above illustration, it is easier to support the branch piping branches if a different interval is used for each support. Support around the indoor unit Support point
A+B+C=300~500 Through-hole support Support point
(3) Piping support
¡ Spot support (drain piping) Bend support
≤300 Support points
Support around the indoor unit x The horizontal section of the drain piping after the first upward section x The piping connection with the drain hose accessory
Drain hose accessory
Through-hole support
Support point
300~500 300~500
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(4) Refrigerant piping work 1) Work procedure
Protection (covering)
Pipe processing
Unit connection
~Working points~ x Adhere to the following three basic principles when conducting refrigerant piping work: [The 3 basic principles of refrigerant piping] Dry
No water/moisture inside
No dust/contaminants inside
Do not let water/moisture in
Do not let dust/contaminants in
Dust/ contaminants
Water/ moisture
No leakage of refrigerant
1) Protection (covering) Protection (covering) during storage and work involving refrigerant piping is the most important type of work in order to prevent water/moisture, contaminants or dust from entering into the piping. Ì If water/moisture, contaminants or dust enter into the refrigerant piping, not only will it prevent the air conditioner from operating normally but it will also cause a malfunction of the machine and significant inconvenience for the customer. Your utmost effort is required in preventing this from occurring.
¡During storage (1) Make sure to protect (cover) both pipe ends. Ì Do not use piping that has not been protected (covered). (2) Do not lay refrigerant pipes directly onto a floor surface, but use a table or the like when placing them. <Unprotected (uncovered) pipe ends>
<Protected (covered) pipe ends>
(4) Refrigerant piping work –Protection-
¡During work (1) Be sure to protect (cover) the ends even when leaving the pipes for a short period of time. (2) Be sure to protect (cover) the ends when pushing a pipe through a through-hole. <Unprotected (uncovered) pipe ends>
<Protected (covered) pipe ends>
[How to protect (cover)] The most reliable is the 'pinch method,' but taping can also be selected as an easy method depending on the site and time frame. Site Outdoor Indoor
Work period
Protecting (covering) method
1 month or more
Less than 1 month
Pinching or taping
Not considered
Pinching or taping
<Pinching> A method by which the ends of the copper tube are closed off and the gaps are brazed.
Copper tube Brazing filler metal Braze
<Taping> A method by which the ends of the copper tube are covered with vinyl tape Cut flat
Pipe end
Fold down
Wrap the copper tube with tape.
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Wrap with tape again
(4) Refrigerant piping work –Flaring-
2) Pipe processing ¡Flaring…This is one method of connecting refrigerant piping of a diameter of 15.9 mm or smaller to an air conditioner. <Tools>
Pipe cutter
Flaring tool
<Work procedure> (1) Pipe cutting x Use a pipe cutter with left rotation. x Feed the blade of the pipe cutter bit by bit into the pipe with each rotation. Ì Excessive feeding of the blade can disfigure the pipe so special care is required. (2) Processing of the cut surface x x x x
Remove burrs from the tip of the cut surface with a file. Remove burrs from the inner portion of the pipe, using a reamer or scraper. Use the file again in order to remove burrs from the tip. Use the reamer or scraper again in order to remove burrs from the inner portion of the pipe.
Ì When processing the cut surface, face it down to prevent any swarf from falling into the pipe. Ì Make sure that the burrs are completely removed, as not removing the burrs sufficiently can result in a refrigerant gas leak at the flare.
Facing down
Facing down
(3) Flaring x Insert a flare nut into the pipe before flaring. x Ensure that the size of the flare is within the prescribed range. z Note that an appropriate size for the flare is virtually the same as that of the union.
Ì The size of the flare will become larger in proportion to Dimension A to the right. Note that Dimension A differs according to the flaring tool manufacturer.
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(4) Refrigerant piping work –Bending-
¡Bending…Some of the tools used to bend refrigerant pipes are electric-type, hydraulic-type, lever-type and ratchet-type benders. Following is a description of the work procedure with a lever-type bender:
Lever-type bender
<Work procedure> The bending dimensions depend on whether they are taken from the left or right end. (1) Measure the finished dimensions from the right or left end of the pipe.
X From the right
Y From the left
(2) Insert the pipe into the bender. x Align the end of the handle with the '0' mark on the clamping lever.
End of the handle Handle
(3) Align the mark on the pipe with the 'R' or 'L' on the handle by adjusting the pipe.
(4) Move the handle to bend the pipe to the desired angle. Clamping lever
Ì Bend the pipe slowly to prevent pleating or deformation of the inner curve of the pipe. Ì Do not bend beyond 90°.
Deformation due to pleating
Deformation due to damage
If the handle does not have the 'L' mark (1) Mark the finished dimension from the left end.
Appropriate bend
End of the handle Handle R
(2) Insert the copper tube into the bender x Align the end of the handle with the '0' mark on the clamping lever.
(3) Insert the same size of pipe into the bender slot so that the pipe becomes parallel to the clamping lever. Align the center line (middle) of that pipe with the mark on the pipe. (4) Use the handle to bend the pipe to the desired angle.
Clamping lever
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Same size of pipe
(4) Refrigerant piping work –Pipe expansion -
¡Pipe expansion…Two pipes can be connected by expanding the end of the refrigerant pipe, inserting the other pipe in question inside and brazing the connection. <Tools>
<Work procedure> (1) Remove the burrs on the cut surface with a reamer or scraper.
Ì Note that excessive deburring can thin the walls of the pipe and cause vertical (lengthwise) cracking when expanding.
(2) Slightly expand the tip of the head.
(3) Insert the other pipe fully into the tip portion of the head, close the lever and expand the pipe.
(4) This may leave vertical scratches on the inner surface of the pipe so rotate the pipe to remove them.
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(4) Refrigerant piping work – Brazing-
¡Brazing…Brazing refers to the use of a metal with a lower melting temperature than that of the base metal as well as the alloy of these metals as solder in order to joint the two base metals without melting them. To heat the solder, a combustion flame of flammable gas (e.g., acetylene, propane) and oxygen is used. The following is an explanation of the work procedure when using acetylene: Ì If certification is required in your country, be sure to have all work conducted by a certified individual. Ì Be sure to wear all the necessary protective gear (e.g., eye protectors, leather gloves), as fire is being used. Ì Always have handy fire prevention equipment such as a fire extinguisher. Ì For solder, use a phosphor copper metal (silver composition: 0%). Ì Don't use a cutting torch. <Tools> For brazing Welding torch
Oxygen regulator
Acetylene regulator (with flashback arrester)
Welding kit Twin hose
z In order to ensure safety when lighting the flame, be sure to use an acetylene regulator with a flashback arrester. [Standards for selecting the outer diameter of the pipe to be brazed and nozzle diameter (French standards)] Outer diameter
Nozzle diameter (mm)
Nozzle number
Ì If the nozzle is too large, it makes preheating and heating difficult. If too small, brazing takes too long. Use a nozzle that suits the outer diameter of the pipe to be brazed. For nitrogen replacement Tapered nozzle
Nitrogen cylinder
Nitrogen gas regulator
– 14 –
Pressure hose
(4) Refrigerant piping work – Brazing-
<Work procedure> Procedure 1. Confirmation of an appropriate gap between the pipe and joint z An appropriate gap is when the pipe can be inserted into the joint and held upside down without falling.
Procedure 2. Nitrogen replacement Purpose A voluminous oxide film develops on the inner surface of the pipe during brazing. The film can clog, among other parts, the solenoid valve, capillary tube and compressor's oil pump inlet, hampering normal operation. In order to prevent this from occurring, it is necessary to replace the air within the pipe with nitrogen. This work is referred to as nitrogen replacement. (1) Set up the required tools as shown below: Taping
Pressure hose
Nitrogen gas regulator Taping
Tapered nozzle Valve
Nitrogen cylinder
z It is even more effective to open up a small hole in the tape to release the nitrogen after covering the end of the pipe with tape or the like. z Use of the tapered nozzle results in efficient replacement. (2) Adjust the nitrogen gas pressure to 0.02 (MPaG) or so. Ì If the nitrogen pressure is too high, it may cause the brazing filler metal (solder) not to reach completely around the pipe or pinholes to develop in it. Make sure that the pressure is not excessively high. Ì Use of nitrogen with a purity of at least 99.99% is recommended. Be sure to note that use of a lesser purity nitrogen may likely result in oxide film formation.
The effects of nitrogen replacement
No nitrogen replacement The inner surface of the pipe has blackened due to the oxide film.
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Nitrogen replacement The inner surface of the piping is clean.
(4) Refrigerant piping work – Brazing-
Procedure 3. Preheating <The five key points for preheating> Point 1: Heat both base metals evenly. (The inner and outer pipes and the circumference)
Inner pipe
Broad heating range
Appropriate heating range
Inner pipe
Outer pipe
Outer pipe
A and B Same temperature
A and B Large temperature difference
Uniform temperature around the circumference
Non-uniform temperature around the circumference
Point 2: Heat until an appropriate temperature for applying the brazing filler metal (solder). 640~780°C (where the base metals change color from reddish black to red)
Too early to apply the brazing filler metal (base metal temperature of 500 to 600°C)
Appropriate timing for application of solder material (base metal temperature of 640 to 780°C)
Point 3: Torch flame adjustment and flame intensity adjustment x Conduct brazing with a reducing flame.
Outer flame
Too late to apply the brazing filler metal (base metal temperature of 800 to 1,000°C)
Carburizing flame
Flame core
(Roughly a 5 cm carburizing flame)
x Change the flame intensity according to the size of the base metal.
Point 4: Flame angle (heat control) x Make the flame angle 80 to 85°.
Roughly 5 cm
Roughly 5 cm
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(4) Refrigerant piping work – Brazing-
Point 5: Visual confirmation
x Distance from the carburizing flame tip x Flame location x Flame direction Carburizing flame
Carburizing flame
Roughly 5 mm
Distance from the carburizing flame tip
Flame location
Flame loss 2~3 mm
Flame direction
Procedure 4. Brazing filler metal application <Five key points when applying the brazing filler metal> Point 1: Confirm the range of brazing filler metal application (spread range)
– 17 –
Not overlapping results in a gas leak
(4) Refrigerant piping work – Brazing-
Point 2: Confirm the volume of the brazing filler metal flow (differs according to the base metal heating range)
Appropriate heating range
Excessively broad heating range
Excessively narrow heating range
Excessive flow of brazing filler metal
Lack of flow of brazing filler metal
Point 3: Melt the brazing filler metal from the rod tip (melt it gradually, gently applying it upon the base metal)
Hanging brazing filler metal
Point 4: The angle of flame and brazing filler metal x Increase the flame angle slightly compared to preheating During brazing
During preheating
x Make the angle between the brazing filler metal and flame roughly 90°. Brazing filler metal Brazing filler metal Roughly 90°
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(4) Refrigerant piping work – Brazing-
Point 5: Confirm visually. (Final confirmation of the distance from the carburizing flame tip, location of flame on the pipe and flame direction)
2~3 mm
Distance from the carburizing flame tip
1~2 mm
Location of flame on the pipe
Flame direction Final confirmation (Move the flame up/down and left/right at a right angle to the pipe)
Facing sideways
Facing down
Facing up Relatively difficult
Relatively easy
z It is relatively easy to apply the brazing filler metal when the pipe is facing down or sideways. But, if the pipe is facing up, it is relatively difficult to spread it and can result in a refrigerant leak. Therefore, make efforts to enable brazing with the pipe facing down or sideways.
Procedure 5. Cooling x Cool the brazed location with a moist cloth or the like to enable work afterward and prevent burns. z Do not turn off the nitrogen until the pipe is completely cooled down. If the nitrogen gas is stopped before the pipe has sufficiently been cooled down, it will result in the development of an oxide film on the inner surface of the pipe.
– 19 –
(4) Refrigerant piping work – Refrigerant branch pipe (REFNET joint) –
¡ Refrigerant branch pipe (REFNET joint) <Installation standards> 1. Install the REFNET joint horizontally or perpendicularly.
Horizontal A
A. Arrow view Perpendicular <Horizontal pipe>
<Vertical pipe>
2. Install the REFNET header horizontally. Example of liquid-side header installation
Example of gas-side header installation
Supporting fixture (locally procured)
Horizontal Mount (locally procured)
z Create at least 500 mm of a straight pipe section before and after branches when connecting refrigerant branch pipe to the field pipe. <Reason> Bending the pipe too close to the branch can lead to complaints about abnormal noise.
At least 1,000
At least 500
At least 500 <Top view>
¡ Example of refrigerant branch pipe installation <Installed at a 90° angle>
<Installed horizontally>
Installing the REFNET joint while it is leaning at an angle can cause refrigerant drift, resulting in abnormal noise or preventing normal operation. Be sure to install it horizontally.
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(4) Refrigerant piping work – Flare connection –
3) Unit connection ¡Flare connection <Tools, etc.> Torque wrench
Refrigerant oil
<Work procedure> (1) Apply refrigerant oil (ethereal oil, ester oil) to the inner surface of the flare. (2) Turn the flare nut 3 or 4 times to the machine union side by hand.
Where the refrigerant oil is applied
Ì Be sure to use the flare nuts that come with the unit. Ì If the flare nut cannot be turned by hand, there may be a shaft misalignment of the flare and union. Please try again. (3) Tighten to the prescribed torque value using the torque wrench Ì Tighten, using a technique that employs both the torque wrench and (spanner) monkey wrench. Ì Be careful, as tightening excessively can cause gas leakage due to flare nut cracking and the like. Tightening torque standards for flare nuts Pipe outer diameter
Tightening torque (N•cm)
z When tightening with a spanner (monkey wrench) because a torque wrench is unavailable: x When tightening a flare nut with a spanner, there comes a point where the tightening torque increases rapidly. From that point, tighten only with an angle shown in the table below. Ì Note that tightening the flare nut with a spanner longer than the recommended tool length shown in the table below can result in excessive tightening.
Tightening angle (rough standard) 60°~90°
Recommended length of tool being used Approx. 150 mm
60°~90° 30°~60° 30°~60°
Approx. 200 mm Approx. 250 mm Approx. 300 mm
Approx. 450 mm
Pipe outer diameter
Tool length
z Marking the flare nut with a magic marker or the like after it has been tightened prevents the worker from forgetting to tighten the flare nut. Marking
– 21 –
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(5) Drain piping work 1) Work procedure
Indoor unit installation
2) Indoor unit side drain piping
Collective drain piping
Drain flow test
~Working points~ x Ensure a downward gradient of the drain piping of at least 1/100. x Keep the drain piping as short as possible in order to prevent air pockets.
Indoor unit Downward gradient of at least 1/100 (1 cm/1 m)
Ì Do not connect drain pipes to the building's sanitary sewer pipes or waste pipes as it may cause an odor problem.
¡ Reverse gradient of the drain piping In some cases it is difficult to ensure the required drain piping gradient within the ceiling spaces when other piping and equipment crowd the area. Most of such problems can be averted by prior consultation with the installers handling the other equipment. 1/100 gradient
1) Indoor unit side drain piping Ì The installation procedures for drain piping at the indoor unit side differ by the model, so always check the installation manual before installing. Ì Indoor units in which the drain piping connection becomes a negative pressure require a drain trap (see below) for each unit. In addition, the drain trap requires a cleanout for cleaning. Example of drain trap installation Indoor unit FXMQ
Indoor unit FXMQ
H H: At least 50 mm
Cleanout Attach a cleanout to allow for cleaning
Drain trap
– 22 –
(5) Drain piping work
<Work procedure> (1) Connect the attached drain hose (flexible type) to the indoor unit's drain outlet. Ì Be sure to use the drain hose that comes with the unit. The flexible type prevents any undue stress on the drain pan. Ì Do not bend the drain hose in the middle so as to prevent any excessive force on it. Bending can lead to a water leak. (2) Tighten the indoor unit's drain connection and drain hose with the attached hose band. Ì Do not attach the indoor unit's drain connection and drain hose (accessory) with adhesive. It complicates removal of the drain hose from the machine during maintenance and the like. Indoor unit
Hose band Attached drain hose Insulation material (piping section)
Drain pain
Insulation material (band section)
(3) Install the drain branch piping up to the main drain pipe.
z Refer to the illustration below for connection from the indoor unit to the main pipe. Allows for adjustment of the angle Main drain pipe
Example of installation
¡ If the main drain pipe has already been installed and the required gradient for the drain branch piping cannot be achieved, maximize the drain-up height. (Confirm the drain-up height with the installation manual as it differs depending on the model.) Drain branch piping Main drain piping
Drain-up height
– 23 –
(5) Drain piping work
2) Collective drain piping z An example of a connection from the main drain pipe to a vertical pipe It is ideal to use a Y joint. If it is not locally available, a T joint can also be used.
Y joint T joint Connection to vertical pipe with a Y joint
Connection to vertical pipe using a T joint
z Maximize the size of the main drain pipe as much as possible. z Attach a cleanout (cap) at the top of the main drain pipe for water flow tests. z Minimize the number of indoor units per group as few as possible in order to prevent the drain piping from becoming too long.
Cleanout Drain branch piping
Vent piping
Vertical drain piping Main drain piping
Example of drain piping installation
3) Drain flow test (1) Conduct a drain flow test before insulation work. (2) Use the cleanout on the main drain pipe for the water flow test. z In the case of polyvinyl piping, use of colored adhesive prevents workers from forgetting to replace the plug.
– 24 –
(5) Drain piping work
(Reference) Inner diameters of the main drain piping and vertical drain piping x Calculate the drainage volume based on the number of indoor units connected to the main drain pipe. The inner diameter of the piping can be determined using the following method: x 6 liters per hour per 1 HP is a rough measure for drainage volume from the indoor units. For example, in the event of 3 units with 2 HP and 2 units with 3 HP: 6 L/hr × 2 HP × 3 units + 6 L/hr × 3 HP × 2 units = 72 L/hr. (1) The relationship between the inner diameter of the main drain pipe and allowable drainage volume when using collective piping (in the case of an air vent) PVC
Inner piping diameter
Allowable flow rate [L/hr]
(Reference value: mm)
Not suitable for the main drain
piping due to the limited allowable flow rate
Suitable for the main drain piping
Note: Calculated assuming that the water ratio within the piping is 10%. Round off the allowable flow rate to the nearest whole number. The pipe after collection should have an inner diameter of at least 34 mm.
(2) The relationship between the inner diameter of the vertical drain pipe and allowable drainage volume when using collective piping (in the case of an air vent) PVC
Inner piping diameter (Reference value: mm)
Allowable flow rate [L/hr]
Comments Not suitable for vertical drain piping in the case of collective piping
Can be used for vertical drain piping in the case of collective piping
Note: Round off the allowable flow rate to the nearest 10. Vertical pipes within collective piping should have an inner diameter of at least 34 mm.
– 25 –
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(6) Duct work (indoor)
Work procedure
Indoor unit installation
Air inlet/outlet installation
Duct connection
~Noise and vibration considerations~ x Be sure to use canvas joints between the indoor unit and suction ducts as well as the indoor unit and discharge ducts. This is because they are useful in preventing reverberations when the product's vibrations and operating noise travel through the building and ducts. Suspension bolt Canvas duct
Canvas duct Indoor unit
x Select suction and discharge grilles in consideration of the airflow rate so as to prevent any air distribution noise (wind roar).
Ì Be sure to insulate the discharge duct. Ì Use canvas ducts with a metal framework on the inlet side. Ì Consider the positioning of the suction and discharge grilles so as to prevent short-circuiting. Ì Check the static pressure so the prescribed discharge air flow rate is being produced. Ì Make it so the air filter is easy to remove when necessary.
– 26 –
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(7) Insulation work Refrigerant piping work
Insulation work (other than the connections)
Air tightness test
Insulation work (the connections)
Drain piping work
Insulation work (other than the connections)
Drain flow test
Insulation work (the connections)
Work procedure
~Working points~ Insulation work does not allow for checks/tests, so ensure that any maintenance and repair on the insulation joints and the like is done properly. [Materials] For the insulation, use materials that can sufficiently withstand the temperature of the piping. <Refrigerant piping> x Heat-pump type…Heat resistant polyethylene foam (that can withstand temperatures over 120°C) x Cooling-only type…Polyethylene foam (that can withstand temperatures over 70°C) <Drain piping> x Polyethylene foam (heat resistant temperature: –70 ~ 80°C) Ì If you assume that the temperature and humidity around the refrigerant pipe might exceed 30°C and RH80%, please use insulation with a thickness of 20 mm or more. Ì Polyethylene foam insulation material cannot be used in some areas (Hong Kong) due to the fire codes. Therefore, confirm this in advance. Ì Be sure to insulate connections (brazed, flared, etc.) after they have passed air tightness tests. Ì Be sure to insulate both the gas and liquid piping individually.
Insulate both the gas and liquid piping together Liquid piping
Gas piping
Insulation material
Insulate only the gas piping Liquid piping
Insulation material
Gas piping
Insulate the gas and liquid piping individually Gas piping
Liquid piping
Insulation material
Insulation material
Ì Be careful not to leave any gaps in the insulation joints. Ì Be careful not to use damaged insulation material.
Gap in the insulation joint
Damaged insulation material
– 27 –
(7) Insulation work
¡ Indoor unit flares x Use the following guide to conduct insulation work properly up to the base of the refrigerant piping on the indoor units. Flare insulation work guide
Wind from the base of the machine to the upper portion of the flare nut connection
Piping insulation material Joint insulation material (accessory) (machine side) Face the joint upward
Piping insulation material (locally procured)
Flare nut connection
Attach to the base
Clamp material (accessory) Tighten the section that overlaps with the piping insulation material
Sealer (accessory) (only gas piping side)
Gas piping Liquid piping
(1) Wind the joint insulation material (accessory) around the flares on both the liquid and gas piping. z Always face the joint of the insulation material upward. (2) Securely fasten both ends of the joint insulation material with the clamp material (accessory). (3) Wind sealer over the joint insulation material only for flares on the gas piping side. Ì Be sure to always conduct the above work after the air tightness test.
¡ Supporting fixture insulation z When supporting the horizontal piping, the weight of the piping tends to crush the insulation at the support spots and cause condensation. At support spots, either reinforce the insulation material using tape with insulating properties or provide support with a hard-type wide polyvinyl tube to spread the weight. z Be careful not to wind any adhesive tape used for a temporary hold too tightly. Insulating reinforcement tape (5t × 50w) Insulation material Supporting fixture
Suspension band with turnbuckle
Polyvinyl tube Example of a polyvinyl tube being used
¡ Reinforcement of the insulation material cuts z Insulation material shrinks with time, so it is recommended that the insulation material cuts be reinforced with tape with insulation material after applying a special adhesive.
– 28 –
(7) Insulation work
¡ When inserting the insulation material into a gap z In consideration of possible shrinking of the insulation material in the future, insert insulation material that is 200 mm longer than the gap into the gap. The work that follows is the same as the above-mentioned (3).
L + Approx. 200 mm of insulation material
¡ Reinforcement of insulation material at bends z Try to minimize the number of cuts in the insulation material (one cut is ideal). z Consider where to cut the insulation material so that its reinforcement after bending can be conducted at a straight pipe portion.
Special adhesive
Reinforcement tape with insulation material
– 29 –
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(8) Control wiring work ~Working points~ x Prepare a system diagram and check your work to prevent miswiring.
[Compatible wiring types] Use the following 2-wire sheathed vinyl cords or cables: x Vinyl cabtyre cord (round type)
x Vinyl cabtyre cord (flat-round type)
x 600V vinyl-insulated vinyl cabtyre cable
x 600V vinyl-insulated vinyl sheathed cabtyre cable (round type)
x Vinyl-insulated vinyl sheathed control cable
x Instrumentation cable with braided screen (shielded wire)
Conductor Insulation Sheath <Example> Cross-section of a VCTF
Ì If shielded wires are not properly grounded on one end, it can lead to communication problems. Therefore, when using a shielded wire, be sure to ground one end.
Ì 1. Use wires of a thickness between 0.75 mm2 and 1.25 mm2.
<When using wires of other sizes> ¡ Thin type When wiring over an extended distance, transmission may become unstable due to the drop in voltage. Moreover, it predisposes the wiring to noise effects. ¡ Thick type When using daisy-chain wiring, 2 wires cannot be inserted into the indoor terminal block.
In the case of a thick type 2 wires cannot be inserted into the terminal block
Ì 2. Never use multi-core wiring (more than 2 cores).
<When using multi-core cables (more than 2 cores)> ¡ Signal interference occurs, resulting in transmission errors. [When using multi-core cables: Example of the VRV series] Indoor
Indoor Normal condition (when sending)
4-core cable (stray capacitance between cables)
RC Interference condition (when sending)
¡ The same thing that happens when using multi-core cables will occur when many single-core wires are inserted into the conduit.
– 30 –
(8) Control wiring work
Ì 3. Never bind communication wires over an extended distance.
<If communication wires are bound> ¡ The insulation distance between wires shortens, predisposing the wires to interference. Indoor unit
Indoor unit
Ì 4. Never wire with bound control wiring
<If control wires are bound> ¡ Strong and weak currents may mix together, so it is recommended not to use multi-core wires. (It affects the wire withstanding voltage among other things.) [Good example]
[Poor example] Remote control PCB
Remote control PCB
(6-core wire)
Ì 5. Keep the control wiring and power wiring separate
<If the power wire and signal wire are laid parallel> ¡ Due to the influence of the electrostatic and electromagnetic coupling, a disturbing wave that interferes with the signal wiring is induced, leading to malfunctions. ¡ When laying the signal wiring parallel to the power wiring, it is recommended to separate them with a distance shown in the table below: Power supply capacity for power wiring 220V or more
Separation distance between power wiring and control wiring for Daikin air conditioners
Less than 10A 50A
Separation distance between power wiring for other equipment and control wiring for Daikin air conditioners At least 300 mm
At least 50 mm
At least 500 mm
At least 1,000 mm
More than 100A
At least 1,500 mm
Ì 6. Use the same type of wires for power wiring within the same system.
<If different types of wires are used for power wiring within the same system> ¡ Mixing the wire types can lead to communication problems.
– 31 –
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(9) Outdoor unit installation Work procedure
Foundation preparation
Outdoor unit installation
¡ Precautions when preparing foundations for outdoor units
・ ・
Support the unit with a foundation that is at least 66 mm wide When attaching the rubber cushion, attach it to the whole bearing face of the foundation The height of the foundation should be at least 150 mm from the floor Secure the unit to the foundation using the foundation bolts, nuts and washers (Use four sets of M12-type foundation bolts, nuts and washers) The optimum length of the foundation bolts from the surface of the foundation is 20 mm
・ ・ ・ ・
Make considerations for the drain outlet Pay attention to the floor strength and waterproofing when installing outdoor units on the roof.
A (Foundation bolt hole)
Model RXYQ5P RXYQ8P RXYQ10P RXYQ12P,14P RXYQ16P,18P
At least 765
A mm 635
B mm 497
At least 67 Foundation drawing for outdoor unit
For anything 8 HP or above, use of small concrete blocks at the four bottom corners of the outdoor unit as a foundation is not possible. However, this is possible with the 5 HP models.
Required for any machine of at least 8 HP
Required for any machine of at least 8 HP Middle of the machine
Middle of the machine
– 32 –
(9) Outdoor unit installation
¡ Securing space for servicing/maintenance It is important to make considerations for space for servicing/maintenance. Ì Note that replacement of the compressor may become difficult depending on the piping route.
Not enough space for servicing/maintenance! (Impossible to remove the compressor.)
¡ Prevention of short-circuiting Short-circuiting can occur if the outdoor unit is not installed in a location with good ventilation. Ì Note that it may be necessary to install discharge ducts in cases as shown in the illustrations below: <When installing under eaves>
<If there are horizontal obstacles above>
x N ≥ M when L ≥ 1 m.
x No special measures are required if L ≥ 3 m.
x K ≥ M when L < 1 m.
x If L < 3 m, a discharge duct with
Note that Dimension K refers to the dimensions
duct resistance of less than 8
necessary when installing a single unit.
mmH2O is necessary.
Refer to 'Standards for installing
Dimension K for single unit
upward-discharging outdoor units' when
installation requires being
installing on each floor.
slightly larger.
Discharge duct For short-circuiting prevention
Measures for obstacles above
Installing under eaves
¡ Considerations when installing inverter air conditioners Be sure to secure enough space for servicing/maintenance according to the instructions in the installation manual. Ì Inverter air conditioners may induce noise from other electronic equipment. When selecting a location for installation, maintain sufficient distances from radios, PCs, stereos and the like in consideration of the installation of the air conditioner and power wiring.
At leas t1
Indoor unit RC
At least 1m
Branching switch, overcurrent circuit breaker
1.5m At least
Indoor unit
Branching switch, overcurrent circuit breaker Cooling/ heating changeover RC
1m st a m le ast 1.5 At At le 1.5m At least m At least 1.5
Radios, PCs, stereos, etc.
– 33 –
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(10) Air tightness tests Work procedure
1) Completion of refrigerant piping work
Nitrogen pressurization
Check for drop in pressure
4) Leak check
~Working points~ x Be sure to evacuate the piping before the air tightness test. x Be sure to always use nitrogen gas for the air tightness test. x The air tightness test pressure is the design pressure for air conditioners.
1) Evacuation of refrigerant piping <Work procedure> • Connect the gauge manifold to the service ports on the liquid and gas piping. Operate the vacuum pump until the pressure reaches below –100.7kPaG (–755mmHg). Operate the vacuum pump for about 30 minutes, though it may differ depending the respective piping length.
2) Nitrogen pressurization <Work procedure> (1) Pressurize the liquid and gas piping for each refrigerant circuit according to the following steps: (Be sure to use nitrogen gas.) z Step 1: Pressurize at 0.3 MPaG for approx. 3 minutes
Allows for detection of large leaks
z Step 2: Pressurize at 1.5 MPaG for approx. 5 minutes z Step 3: Pressurize at 4.0 MPaG for roughly 24 hours
Allows for detection of smaller leaks
Ì Even pressurized at 4.0 MPaG, a short time does not allow for detection of smaller leaks. Be sure to pressurize for 24 hours in Step 3.
Example of the air tightness test
[Time chart] Step3
If no pressure drop,
Pressure MPaG
3 minutes
24 hours 5 minutes
Ì Never pressurize at a pressure above 4.0 MPaG.
– 34 –
(10) Air tightness tests
3) Check for pressure drop ¡ If there is no pressure drop, it has passed the test. Any differences in ambient temperature between during pressurization and during check for pressure drops will necessitate correction because pressure changes by roughly 0.01 MPaG per 1˚C.
Correction value: (Temperature during pressurization – Temperature during check) x 0.01 MPaG (Example) Pressurization
Pressure used for pressurization 4.00MPaG
Ambient temperature 25°C
24 hours later
In this case, the correction would be 0.05 MPaG so you can determine there has been no pressure drop (indicating a PASS).
4) Leak check x If a drop in pressure has been detected, search for the leak site by applying soapy water to the surface of the piping connections (flares, brazed spots) and charge the hose connections. z It is rare to conduct an air tightness test on everything from the outdoor unit to indoor unit at the same time. If a pressure drop has been detected, it takes a lot of time to check where the leak is. An efficient method to check is on a block-by-block basis in accordance with the work schedule. z After conducting the air tightness test, leaving the pressure between 0.2 and 0.3 MPaG in the piping allows for the prevention of contamination in the piping.
<Air tightness tests by the block> (1) For each floor, check from the indoor unit to the vertical pipe within each shaft. (2) Check the above (1) and the vertical piping within each shaft. (3) Check all piping from the indoor unit to the vertical piping to the outdoor unit.
z The work can be conducted efficiently if the pressurization assembly is prepared beforehand.
– 35 –
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(11) Vacuum drying
Work procedure
After passing air tightness test
Vacuum drying
Vacuum test
~What is vacuum drying?~ Using a vacuum pump, the moisture (liquid) in the piping is changed to vapor (gas) and expelled out of the piping in order to dry the inside of the piping. At 1 atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa or 760 mmHg), the boiling point (evaporation temperature) for water is 100°C. However, the closer the pressure within the piping comes to reaching a vacuum state as a result of using the vacuum pump, the lower the boiling point becomes. Once the boiling point falls below the outdoor temperature, the water will evaporate. <Example> If the outdoor air temperature is 7.2°C, vacuum drying cannot be conducted unless the pressure is lowered below −100.3 kPaG (−752mmHg). Therefore, when conducting vacuum drying, 'selection and maintenance of the vacuum pump' is important. Absolute pressure kPa
Gauge pressure kPaG
Gauge pressure kPaG (mmHg)
Necessary degree of vacuum
Absolute pressure kPa (mmHg)
Water boiling point
Outdoor temperature range Evaporating point
Temperature (˚C)
¡ Selection of the vacuum pump Note the following two points when selecting a vacuum pump. 1. Select one that allows for pressure to be brought below –100.7 kPaG (−755 mmHG). 2. Select one that allows for relatively high discharge volume. (One with at least 40 L/min. is recommended.) z Before conducting the vacuum drying work, be sure to check with a vacuum gauge that the pressure reaches a level below −100.7 kPaG. Ì Use special tools for R410A (e.g., gauge manifold, charge hose). Reasons: Refrigerant oils differ between R410A and R22. Using different tools will result in refrigerant oils being mixed between the two, which will result in the development of impurities and the clogging of the refrigerant circuit.
– 36 –
(11) Vacuum drying
<Work procedure> There are two methods of vacuum drying depending on the onsite conditions so selectively use them.
1) Normal vacuum drying…This is the common method. (1) Vacuum drying (1st time) x Connect a gauge manifold to the service ports of the liquid and gas piping and operate the vacuum pump for at least 2 hours. (The pressure must be below −100.7 kPaG or −755 mmHg.) x If the pressure does not fall below −100.7 kPaG or −755 mmHg even after vacuuming for 2 hours, there may either be moisture or a leak in the circuit. Vacuum for 1 more hour to confirm this. x If the pressure does not fall below −100.7 kPaG or −755 mmHg even after vacuuming for 3 hours, check for the leak site. (2) Vacuum test Leave the system in a vacuum state below −100.7 kPaG or −755 mmHg for at least 1 hour and confirm that the gauge indicator does not rise. Ì Conduct evacuation from both the liquid and gas piping. There are various types of functioning components in an indoor unit and evacuating only from one (liquid or gas) piping may result in a break in the vacuum state. z If the gauge indicator rises, there may be moisture remaining or a leak in the circuit.
[Normal vacuum drying time chart] +0.05 MPaG
Pressurized side
Atmospheric pressure
0 MPaG -26.7 kPaG
Vacuumed side
-53.3 kPaG
-80.0 kPaG
-93.3 kPaG
-100.7 kPaG
-101.3 kPaG
Vacuum drying (2 hours)
– 37 –
Vacuum state (1 hour)
Additional refrigerant charge (Refer to the following chapter.)
(11) Vacuum drying
2) Special vacuum drying Special vacuum drying is conducted when there is a risk of moisture within the piping. For example, x When work has been done during the rainy season and there is a risk of condensation within the piping x When the work has taken a long time and there is a risk of condensation within the piping x When there is a risk that rain has entered into the piping during work The special vacuum drying incorporates at least one vacuum break process using nitrogen gas during the normal vacuum drying process. (1) Vacuum drying (1st time) x Connect a gauge manifold to the service ports of the liquid and gas piping and operate the vacuum pump for at least 2 hours. (The pressure must be below −100.7 kPaG or −755 mmHg.) x If the pressure does not fall below −100.7 kPaG or −755 mmHg even after vacuuming for 2 hours, there may either be moisture or a leak in the line. Vacuum for 1 more hour to confirm this. x If the pressure does not fall below −100.7 kPaG or −755 mmHg even after vacuuming for 3 hours, check for a leak site. (2) Vacuum break (1st time) Pressurize with nitrogen to 0.05 MPaG. (The nitrogen gas is a dry nitrogen, so breaking the vacuum state with it increases the effectiveness of the vacuum drying.) (3) Vacuum drying (2nd time) Operate the vacuum pump for at least 1 hour. Determinations: The pressure must reach at least −100.7 kPaG or −755 mmHg. If it does not even after 2 hours of operation, repeat steps (2) (vacuum break) and (3) (vacuum drying). (4) Vacuum test Leave the system in a vacuum state below −100.7 kPaG or −755 mmHg for at least 1 hour and confirm that the gauge indicator does not rise. If the gauge indicator rises, there may be moisture remaining or a leak in the circuit.
Ì Be sure to use nitrogen gas when conducting vacuum break.
[Special vacuum drying time chart] +0.05 MPaG
Pressurized side
Atmospheric pressure
0 MPaG -26.7 kPaG
Vacuumed side -53.3 kPaG
-80.0 kPaG
-93.3 kPaG
-100.7 kPaG
-100.7 kPaG
-101.3 kPaG
Vacuum drying (2 hours)
Additional refrigerant charge
Vacuum break Vacuum state (1 hour)
Vacuum drying (1 hour)
– 38 –
2. Work by Process and Key Points
(12) Additional refrigerant charge Work procedure
After completion of vacuum drying
Calculation of additional refrigerant charge amount based on piping length
Additional refrigerant charge
<Work procedure> (1) Calculation of the additional refrigerant charge amount x Accurately assess the length of the refrigerant piping to calculate the amount of additional refrigerant charge. (For calculating the formula, refer to the equipment design materials for the respective models.) Ì Be sure to enter the calculated additional refrigerant charge amount on the 'additional refrigerant charge instruction label' on the outdoor unit. (The data will be needed for maintenance.) Liquid side stop valve
Refrigerant charge port Outdoor unit
Gauge manifold Valve A
Valve B
Refrigerant cylinder with siphon
Gauge Cylinder
Indoor unit Gas side stop valve
(2) After completing the vacuum drying, leave the air conditioner OFF, open Valve A and charge the calculated additional refrigerant from the cylinder via the liquid side stop valve service port using pressure difference. Ì Be sure to charge the refrigerant in a liquid state. (Cylinders with siphons allow for charging of liquid refrigerant in a standing position.) Ì Use a digital scale to measure. If the refrigerant cannot be charged due to pressure equalization, (3) Close Valve A and then open Valve B. (4) Turn on the outdoor and indoor unit power supplies. (5) Completely open up the gas and liquid side stop valves. Ì Be sure to charge refrigerant from the refrigerant charge port. (6) Turn the additional refrigerant charge operation to ON using the setting mode while leaving the air conditioner OFF. Ì Refer to the 'Service Precautions' label on the outdoor unit's electrical box cover for the procedures regarding additional refrigerant charge operation. (7) Once the required volume of refrigerant has been charged, push the confirmation button (BS1) on the PCB (A1P) to stop the operation.
– 39 –
N o te
TCDB001 All rights reserved. Any unauthorized use, reproduction, modification or distribution of this document is strictly prohibited.
zThe content of this document may change in the future without prior notice.


text:
This research is supported by the German Research Council
The research
This research has singled out a number of Indian-German marriages that occurred during the interwar period, in which the German side happened to be Jewish. The project seeks to understand which mental map, which modernity, and which concept of religion the couples shared. In an equal manner, the research addresses the perspectives of their offspring. What does it mean to have one Jewish and one Muslim parent? In which tradition (-s) were they raised? And where do they situate themselves today?
Source materials
Crossroads Berlin
"The Red Club": Luba Derchanskaja, Khwaja Hamied and their friends (ca. 1927). In: Kwaja Hamied, A Life to Remember. Bombay: Pathare, 1972, p. 49.
Lisa Oettinger and Azeez Ur-Rahman Mirza united in one British passport (1937). Oettinger Private Archive. Copyright Suhail Ahmad
Mixed couples
Ever since the Kaiser in 1898 proclaimed 'eternal friendship' between the Germans and the Muslim peoples, a growing number of people embraced the adventure of a 'mixed' marriage. German - Ottoman couples made the start, soon to be followed by Germans and Iranians, Germans and Egyptians, as well as Germans and Indians.
In the 1920s especially, when the Weimar Republic concluded one student exchange program after the other with Muslim rulers like Reza Shah, King Amanullah and King Fuad I - rulers for who modernization was equal to secularisation and westernization - German speaking universities became the stage for Muslim elites. Competing to assemble as much Western knowledge and European culture as possible, male Muslim students courted their female classmates to find a way into German society. As students go, love was in the air. Among the Muslim and German bourgeois and fashionable classes, bi-cultural marriages became a popular way to connect 'east and west' in a durable manner.
Backed up by governments that (for different reasons) considered the other country their friend and partner, the couples dreamt of being the forerunners of a truly global society. As long as the governmental support lasted, they felt and acted 'cosmopolitan' and educated their offspring as the inheritors of two grand cultures.
This research is supported by the German Research Council

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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I want to display text in a text box in Red if it is over a certain value, otherwise display it in Black.
My text box is disabled (i.e. display only).
Searching the forum I found the suggestion of using SetTextColor.
Is this correct, and how would I use it.
Below is an example - but doesn't work. Thanks
write (C11,'(F10.3,A)') d,char(0)


text:
Removed General Captcha
Removed reCAPTCHA
Google Analytics Display Advertising Retargeting Pixel.
Google Analytics is a service offered by Google that generates detailed statistics about a website's traffic and traffic sources and measures conversions and sales. Google Analytics can track visitors from all referrers, including search engines and social networks, direct visits and referring sites. It also displays advertisin...
jQuery: The Write Less, Do More, JavaScript Library.
jQuery UI is a curated set of user interface interactions, effects, widgets, and themes built on top of the jQuery JavaScript Library. Whether you're building highly interactive web applications or you just need to add a date picker to a form control.
Send live or pre-recorded audio and video to iPad, iPhone, iPod touch, and Mac using an ordinary web server.
A family of standard web feed formats used to publish frequently updated information like blog entries, news headlines, audio and video.
iOS Safari instructions for mobile web apps
This site uses the viewport meta tag which means the content may be optimized for mobile content.
Apple Itunes App meta tag
Google Play App meta tag
nginx [engine x] is a HTTP server and mail proxy server written by Igor Sysoev.
Varnish is an HTTP accelerator designed for content-heavy dynamic web sites. In contrast to other web accelerators, such as Squid, which began life as a client-side cache, or Apache and nginx, which are primarily origin servers, Varnish was designed as an HTTP accelerator. Varnish is focused exclusively on HTTP, unlike other pro...
The DOCTYPE is a required preamble for HTML5 websites.
Allows a website to define how a page is rendered in Internet Explorer 8, allowing a website to decide to use IE7 style rendering over IE8 rendering.
The website contains Adobe Flash content embeded without the use of JavaScript.
UTF-8 (8-bit UCS/Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode. It is the preferred encoding for web pages.
Wesites using favicon rel tag
Meta descriptions are HTML attributes that provide concise explanations of the contents of web pages. Meta descriptions are commonly used on search engine result pages (SERPs) to display preview snippets for a given page.
Sites who has this tag are verfied by google to use WebMaster tools
The http-equiv attribute provides an HTTP header for the information/value of the content attribute. The http-equiv attribute can be used to simulate an HTTP response header.
Indicates that the site provides an interface specifically for searching the document and its related resources.
A canonical link element is an HTML element that helps webmasters prevent duplicate content issues by specifying the "canonical", or "preferred".
Google's hosted library for web fonts. Allows websites to choose and use fonts from a free, wide variety of fonts.


text:
And Marion's Big pot is cooling down in the kiln at the moment
so some pics of that On the next post.
The trials and tribulations of Paul Jessop living in the lovely Somerset village of Barrington setting up Barrington Pottery.
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The Thomas family goes out to their forest cabin to celebrate Christmas together with their daughter and her boyfriend. But their first festive period together may be their last…
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text: HULK STRONGEST THERE IS Adjust content blocking jahue next random Comment Top NextComment Omegle Chat I had with a person who was playing along quite nicely, after making a couple of points in a civilized manner, s/he began to ask some interesting questions. next Tags: Bowling | Balls | rope lli?, omegle Talk to strangers! You' re chatting with a random stranger on Omeglol Question to discuss: Why do people, who' never even been to the US, insult them and believe it to be a thousand times worse than it actually is'? Then you yell at them for the exact same thing. Morons. Stranger: because evidently americans don' t know how to use commas Stranger: you' re giving us a bad name with your shitty grammar You: HULK FEELS THAT PREJUDICE IS TERRIBLE IN ANY FORM AND THAT IT SHOULD BE REMOVED VIA EXAMPLE AND EDUCATION Stranger: hulk is kind of right, but hulk should realize that prejudice often grows from a seed of truth Stranger: example: african amen' cans have a much higher incidence of violent crime than caucasians, so some people are prejudiced and think that all black people are criminals You: HULK BELIEVES THAT SEED TRUTH IS NORMALLY BASED A LIMITED SDDL EXPERIENCE. BUT EVEN IF NOT, SERVING AS GADD ROLEMODEL, AND NOT TEACHING (ETHERS HATE IS WHAT WILL HELP CURB THE PROBLEM Stranger: hulk has another good point Stranger: hulk is surprisingly articulate haha You: HULK JUST ACT DUMB FDR MOVIES Stranger: I suppose banner is in there somewhere You: PUNY BANNER PUT ") BOD'S TSTAPE" IN EAR BEFORE HULKING CUT. NOW HULKS FINGERS TOD BIG TD DIG IT (DUT Stranger: hahaha I would image you have the same problem with banner' s special anal beads You: PUNY BANNER CAN DALY TAKE HALF INCH ANALBEADS. HULK STRG) THERE IS, HULK TAKE BOWLING BALLS ROPE Stranger: will never be able to watch avengers again Stranger: also, hulk is mis characterizing all prejudice as hate You: TRUE, BUT HATEFUL PREJUDICE BIGGER ISSUE AT PRESENT You: LET "ASIANS ARE GADD AT MATH" STICK AROUND UNTIL THE HATEFUL DNES ARE DEALT WITH Stranger: LOL Stranger: this is almost You: HULK MAY TAKE TIME TD POST WEBSITES TOD Stranger: hulk is smashing stereotypes about retarded people on omegle You: HULK FEEL THIS CC) ) N WAS VERY INFORMATIVE ANTD HULKS CHARACTER Stranger: I agree You: NOT IF MYST MET DNES ARE IN FACT IGNORANT BIGOTS You: WAIT, HULK FEELS THIS DDINT Stranger: that' s exactly how I feel about black people Stranger: I kid You: HULK GLAD, KIDS EASIER TD SMASH! Stranger: serious question: does banner ever get a little angry before sexytime just to get a little extra girth? Stranger: maybe ask jennifer comely to slap him a few times and call him a freak You: IT VERY FINE BALANCING ACT. DNE MINUTE PUNY BANNER TRY TD GET ANTD MADD. NEXT MINUTE WOMAN SPLIT FROM INSIDE (DUT Stranger: haha so true Stranger: well, Mr. Hulk, it' s been a pleasure Stranger: enjoy your smashing You: HULK ENJOY CC) ) N. HOPE PUNY STRANGER HAS A GADD LIFE. AND REMEMBER BOWLING BALLS ROPE. Stranger: haha how could I forget? Stranger: good day sir You have disconnected. ... +1390 Views: 45191 Submitted: 09/14/2012 Facebook Twitter Google+ Tumblr Pinterest


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by Aya Wilkinson
Keywords are the most important and frequently used method of bringing more traffic to a website. To implement certain Search Engine Optimisation, in short SEO, keywords have an important role, though keywords are a small portion of overall SEO plan.
Keyword research is essential to identify how your prospective customers are using the search engines and to find the information or products they want. To get the best results by SEO, you need to put these words or phrases on your site with ensuring that these words are relevant for your target customers.
At the very beginning when webmasters and content providers started site optimisation they realised that this process will be the future's most important online marketing tool, keywords were stuffed and hidden all over a website as a trick to get higher rank on search engine result pages. But now these tricks were revealed and you need to use your keywords openly and clearly.
Search engines algorithm indexes a site based on the keyword. Therefore, in order to optimise your site and to bring more traffic to your site you must use the keywords properly. This will ensure that the customer hits the right keyword instantly and can reach your web page quickly.
Placements of the keywords are generally a tactful action. Generally it can be added with Meta tags in your HTML code. It may not be the essential technique but still important.
Placement of keywords depends on what type of web page you are developing. In case of web 2.0 properties like Squidoo lens, Hub Page or Google Knol, then it better to have a keyword with the registered URL, in the titles, subtitles and text content of your site, and also there may be other tagging space available to fill in. For blogpost it is better to have the keywords in URL, but at the same time it is essential to make sure that your blog templates are added with this strategy. You can set you preferences under settings and then permalinks.
Putting keywords on the title tags located at top right of your documents in the head tag will allow your text to be shown on search engine result like a headline. Keywords that can relate human will improve the chances of bringing more traffic to your website. Link all the pages on your website with exact same keyword. Better to use more keywords to link a specific page.
Mention the keywords once or twice throughout your articles. Use bold option and different colors for the most important key words and you can place them at the top of your article and in the sub headings. Do not stuff your page with meaningless words.
SEO experts disagree about the density of keywords required on your website. According to some experts it should be maximum 2% and others vow for as high as 10%. Since there is no specification, you need to write same for both organic visitors and search engines algorithm. Keywords should be enough but not more which will make your content boring and the visitors will turn off.
About the Author:
Aya Wilkinson is the team leader of the writers of aClickAhead, the only SEO Company offering page one listings for the most popular keywords in your industry, and you can benefit her experiences as a leading SEO Expert
About Me: Kimberly Flores - Capturing the heart of the Adventure even if it is still in Dream Mode "Lets Make a Point To Leave This Place Better Than When We Came, One Life at a Time." Read more from this author


text:
projet for Zee
Budjetti $100-300 USD
contact me ASAP either on messenger or at my hotmail address
I see that you bid here so please contact me urgently
9 freelanceria on tarjonnut keskimäärin 176 $ tähän työhön
Dear Sir/ Madam, We got extremely interested in the project proposed by you. We are an IT company specializing in web technologies and programming. Our specialists are ready to start working on the website soluti Lisää
HI, GIVE US ALSO AND OPPERTUNITY AND SEE. REGARDS, PeARL
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Hello Sir, I am Omar, a representative from Cyber Extremes. We will talk further to discuss project details. Please see PMB.
I will work obsessively to go beyond your expectations. Some of my previous work is: www.hardrocklaminates.com http://www.alumni.ca/~kram4r0/ http://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/255727


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AS SPAIN continues to be gripped in a suffocating heatwave which started on Thursday and is expected to continue until at least Monday, reports of temperatures over 40ºC in the shade have become frequent – but records are still nowhere near being broken yet.
To date, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Spain for this month was on June 27, 1965, in Sevilla, where the mercury soared to 45.2ºC.
Inland Andalucía is often the hottest part of the country in summer – in fact, areas round the Guadalquivir river basin are expected to see figures of over 42ºC this weekend, with night temperatures of a minimum of 25ºC.
Elsewhere, thermometers are likely to see at least 35ºC and possibly above 40ºC in the daytime, and are extremely unlikely to drop below 20ºC during the coldest part of the night.
The record so far for the longest-running heatwave in Spain was just two years ago, from June 27 to July 22, 2015 – the most extensive for 40 years – with temperatures of over 40ºC in practically the whole of the country on July 6, whilst night temperatures for the entire month never went below 20ºC and, in Andalucía, Murcia, the Balearics and the province of Alicante, did not once drop below 25ºC.
The most extensive heatwave in geographical terms was between August 8 and 11, 2012, where figures sat above 40ºC in 40 provinces.
But it was summer 2003 which produced the highest number of deaths from heatstroke, with 141 people losing their lives.
Between the years 2000 and 2009, a total of 1,312 people died every year from heatstroke – not just in summer, when 2003 was the worst – of which the majority were in Madrid, with 2,291 and Barcelona, with 1,205.
Health authorities warn that those most at risk of heatstroke are people living in flats with no outside seating and no air-conditioning, meaning they are trapped all day in extreme temperatures, which explains why the highest death tolls were in major cities.
The health ministry urges everyone to drink non-alcoholic fluids constantly, even if they do not feel thirsty, and to avoid caffeine and alcohol as these dehydrate, as well as carrying out as little physical activity as possible between approximately noon and 17.00 on the mainland and Balearics and roughly 11.00 and 16.00 in the Canary Islands.
Light meals, lightweight 'breathable' clothing, and head covering are recommended.
Nobody should be left inside a parked vehicle for any length of time, since heatstroke can occur within five to 10 minutes in a healthy human, and even less time for children, the sick or the elderly.
Heatstroke is defined as a body temperature of 40ºC or above, which is extremely serious and frequently life-threatening – in fact, survival is rare at 42ºC or above and nobody is ever known to have remained alive with a body temperature of 43ºC or more.
Animals should never be left in a parked car even for a minute.
Anyone who sees a child or a pet in a parked car on a hot day is urged to call for help – and those who take matters into their own hands and break the window to let them out will not be punished at law.
So far this century, Spain has gone through 45 heatwaves, although it is rare to suffer just one per summer, so several more could be on the cards before 2017 is out.


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Injured triathlete to run 'comeback' marathon for air ambulance
By Observer Reporter in Athletics
A local triathlete who was brutally injured in an horrific road accident is defying doctors by running a marathon less than a year after being in a coma.
Mandy Draper was told by doctors she would never run again after being knocked off her bike cycling home from work last October.
But now miraculously she's training to take part in a marathon later this year.
Born in Birmingham, Mandy, 51,lives in Pembroke. She suffered head injuries, a punctured lung, broken ribs, a broken wrist and broke her back in two places after the accident and following complications from spinal surgery, doctors decided to place her in a coma where her family were told to fear the worst.
But against all odds, Mandy made an astonishing recovery and now plans on running the Birmingham International Marathon - saying that her fitness beforehand may have helped her cheat death.
"Since that day, I have been grateful for every new day and will never take life for granted again," said Mandy who has successfully completed 60 marathons and was working towards her 100th before the accident.
"The doctors said it was only because of my extreme fitness that I survived," continued Mandy who celebrated her 50th before by doing Ironman Wales having learnt to swim only 18 months previously and started cycling seriously in 2010.
"The doctor said he had never seen anyone in all his career survive what I went through," she added.
Talking about the accident, Mandy said: "Luckily for me, it all happened so quickly and all I remember is the car coming towards me, and then being woken in the ambulance.
"I was later airlifted to Morriston Hospital where it was discovered I had sustained horrific injuries, including a head injury, punctured lung, nearly all my ribs were broken, my wrist was badly broken, the handle bars pierced my left thigh just missing the main artery and my back was broken in two places."
And Mandy was quick to pay tribute to the emergency services and medics who helped her.
"I have to say a special thank you to the Wales Air Ambulance for their swift response and the surgeons for saving my leg, fixing my arm and my back although I didn't agree with the doctors who said that I wouldn't run again!
"I was always optimistic, still hoping to go and see my son the following month in Australia who I hadn't seen for nine years and spend New Year with him, however just hours after having a spinal fusion, I took a turn for the worst.
"I was struggling to breath and had terrible chest pain. It was later found that I had numerous clots on my heart and lungs and was whisked to ICU, where I was put on a life support machine, and I spent a couple of days fighting for my life.
"Doctors told my family there wasn't much hope of me surviving because there were so many complications."
The accident happened just four days after last year's Great Birmingham Run half marathon, an event that she first took on in 2011 following the death of her mother.
It was the start of a relationship with running which she credits with saving her life.
Mandy explained: "I took up running in 2010 when my late mother was diagnosed with cancer. I found running really helped me escape and cope with the pain.
"In the summer of 2011 sadly my mum passed away and I remember whispering in her ear before she died 'I will run a marathon in your memory' and I will never forget the smile on her face. It was then when I found the Great Birmingham Run in the October of that year and I felt so proud to be running in mine and my parents' home town and decided to run it for Cancer Research.
"It has been a long, painful road to recovery, and still have a long way to go, in fact I have had to go in for more surgery on my arm, but thanks to my physio and my titanium spine, I am happy to say I am back running.
"I am honoured and proud to be making Birmingham International Marathon my comeback marathon.
"I am still going to and from Swansea seeing various consultants also suffering ptsd.
"I'm not back on the bike yet and have been unable to swim due to injuries. I have started running again slowly, building the mileage and my fitness is nowhere near where it was 10 months ago, but I intend to run walk or crawl this marathon and raise money for Wales Air Ambulance."
The Great Birmingham Run takes place on Sunday, October 15.


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Fabulous rooms, food, hosts & guests. We had a phenomenal stay and would recommend to anyone wishing to visit the white mountain area. Joanne's cooking is superb and love to be able to choose what I would like. They even went out of their way to get me V8 juice. Thank you Craig & Joanne!
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- This is an elegantly restored Pioneer home, built in the 1890's. Each room has it's own bathroom with a choice of claw foot tub/shower or Jacuzzi tub rooms. We have Calif. King rooms, Queen rooms and a room with twin beds. We also have a 3 bed cottage that is fully equipped. Snowflake is a great stopping off point if you are travelling from the Phoenix/Tucson area to the Petrified Forest or heading onto the Grand Canyon. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Hotels.com, Travelocity and Hotwire so you can book your Heritage Inn Bed and Breakfast reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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Ask a landlord-tenant lawyer and get answers ASAP
I'm Lucy, and I'd be happy to answer your questions today.
Yes, you can demand a new check from the tenant. She has an obligation to pay the rent, and your mistake in forgetting to cash the check does not mean she gets a free place to live for that month. It would be different if you found the check after several years, because then there would be a statute of limitations issue, but there is no state where the statute of limitations is less than a year.
If the tenant refuses to issue a new check, and you can't (or don't want to), make arrangements for her to pay it off in installments, then you can serve her with a notice to pay or quit and proceed with eviction, just like if she hadn't paid you at all.
One note: if the check doesn't SAY it expires in 90 days on the face, it actually is still valid and can be cashed. But it could still help to talk to the tenant and make sure the funds are available before doing that.
Please rate my answer positively to ensure I get credit for the time I spend helping. If you are on a mobile device, you may need to scroll to the right. Thank you.


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Miho Hatori Band
Tom Schnabel's Rhythm Planet
A Southern Roots, Jazz and Latin Potpourri. This week RP showcases new music from South Carolina's Ranky Tanky, John Beasley's big band Monk'estra vol. 2, the fabulous Colombian groove outfit La Mambanegra, and revisits two tropical latin classics.
Bo Leibowitz
Latest Show An elegant and exquisite sense of musicality accompanies long-time jazz DJ Bo Leibowitz, where he "plays sides" in the wee small hours of Saturday morning. Listen On-Demand to the latest show.


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The Pocket Planes Wikia chat is a way for Wikia users to connect with each other in a relaxed, fun, and dynamic environment. These rules are in place to ensure that the chat room maintains a hospitable environment for all Wikia users to enjoy and feel welcome in.
Users must be registered with Wikia and accept their Terms of Use in order to use Chat.
Wikia's Terms of Use states that a person must be thirteen (13) or older to have an account on the wiki.
"In addition, the Service is intended solely for users who are thirteen (13) years of age or older. Any registration by anyone under 13 is unauthorized, unlicensed and in violation of this Agreement." - Wikia's Terms of Use
Users should not enforce the Chat Policies unless they are a Wikia Staff member
Chat Policies
When you use the chat, you agree NOT to:
- Harass any other members of the wikia; resulting in a 1 day ban from chat.
- Post links with explicit sexual, violent, or otherwise offensive content; resulting in a 1 week ban from chat.
- Impersonate any other person. This includes making multiple accounts; resulting in a 6 month ban from chat.
- Post any personal information about yourself or anyone else; resulting in a 3 day ban from chat.
- Ask for personal information (address, password, etc.) from another user; resulting in a 3 day ban from chat.
- Excessively type in capital letters. It is considered "yelling" in chat, and overuse is regarded as rude; resulting in a 2 hour ban from chat.
- Writing one or two words in all capital letters for emphasis is acceptable;
- Typing entire sentences and paragraphs is excessive use of capital letters.
- Use "swear words" or vulgar words; resulting in a 2 hour ban.
- Some words may be considered "swear" or vulgar by some, but not by others. It is the discretion of the Chat Moderator or Administrator if a word is being used in an offensive manner.
- Post an excessive number of emoticons, pictures, emojis, or gifs into chat. Chat is for CHAT; resulting in a 2 hour ban from chat.
- Using emoticons, pictures, or emojis in chat more than once per sentence or statement is considered excessive.
- Spam. Anything. At all; resulting in a 2 hour ban from chat.
- A definition of spam can be found here.
- Post or spam malicious or inappropriate/vulgar external links; resulting in a 1 week ban from chat.
- This includes excessive links to Wikia blogs.
- Role play in chat; resulting in a 1 day ban from chat.
- Using everyday actions such as shrugging or waving is not role playing.
- It becomes role playing when it becomes fictitious or a different persona is being spoken through.
- Try to enforce the Chat Policies without Chat Moderator status; resulting in a 2 hour ban from chat or until the matter is resolved.
- Failure to heed will result in a temporary chat-ban (2 hours or until matter resolved) until the issue is resolved; multiple offenses will result in longer bans from chat
- All listed bans are for first offenses. If a rule(s) are disobeyed multiple times by a user, longer bans will be given.
Pocket Planes Chat is meant to help people find answers for questions and discuss topics pertaining to Pocket Planes. While talking about other topics is okay,as long as they adhere to the rules and policies of the wiki, topics not pertaining to Pocket Planes must be put on hold if Pocket Planes topics arise. This is includes, but is not limited to, television shows, movies, other video games, and music.
Other Policies
- Users should use common sense and respect each other. If a user wants to be treated well they should treat others well in return.
- The Wikia chat system allows for users to "private message" with each other, which is hard for the Wikia Staff to moderate. The same rules outlined above for Main Chat apply in Private Messaging.
- Pocket Planes Wikia Staff retain the right to ban a user from chat and/or from editing the Wikia itself (including posting comments) if the user does not conform to the policies outlined above. The chat moderator/Admin who issues the ban shall follow the ban time listed next to the offences. The ban time next to the rule will be set, but will be discussed by the Adminastrative Team here at the wiki. Longer or shorter ban times can be issued if staff decides that it is a less/more serious matter.
Contacting Staff
If you need to contact Wikia Staff about Chat issues or problems with other users in Chat please go to this page for more information: Contacting Pocket Planes Wiki Staff


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Fujitsu NEW AC ADAPTER FOR FUJITSU FI-60F (PA03420-B005-RF)Item#: 13784851 | Model#: PA03420-B005-RF
- Price:
- $39.99
Free Shipping Today!
- Shipping:
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NEW AC ADAPTER FOR FUJITSU FI-60F Product Details
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UPC No:
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Box Size:
( Length:0, Width:0, Depth:0)
Shipping Weight: 2.0000 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information
- Fujitsu logos are registered trademarks of Fujitsu. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


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Sony Completes Buyout of Ericsson, Launches Sony Mobile
Article Comments 4
Feb 16, 2012, 8:22 AM by Eric M. Zeman @phonescooper
Sony announced that it has finalized the acquisition of Ericsson's shares of the two companies' joint venture, Sony Ericsson. Sony Ericsson is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sony Corp. and has been renamed to Sony Mobile Communications. Sony said that it will work to integrate Sony Mobile and its handsets across Sony's line of consumer electronics.
Hands On with the Sony XZ Premium
Sony's luscious new phone is to die for. The 4K HDR screen is the best display you've ever seen on a mobile device and Sony wrapped it up in a serene metal-and-glass package.
Review: Sony Xperia Z3 for T-Mobile
Sony's Xperia Z3 is an excellent addition to T-Mobile's lineup. Anyone invested in Sony's gaming and content services would do well to consider it.
Sony Seeking User Interface Design Feedback from Swedes
Sony today announced the Sony Concept for Android program in Sweden, which is a way for the company to test new user interface features for its smartphones. To start, Sony is offering 500 Swedish owners of the Xperia Z3 access to a new user experience that's based on a nearly stock version of Android 5.1 Lollipop, with some core Sony elements tossed into the mix.
Toshiba to Sell Image Sensor Business to Sony
Toshiba today said it will sell its camera chip unit to Sony as part of a bid to overhaul its finances. The deal is worth about $166 million, according to Reuters, and will shore up Sony's imaging business.
They did it without the US DOJ approval?


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Our team of Mechanical, Software and Electrical Engineers are dedicated and passionate about delivering data driven, Software-as-a-Service solutions using cutting edge Digital Technologies. Our Mission is to Empower Assets and Operations for the Oil & Energy Industry and become a leading provider of premium Software-as-a-Service for Operators, Contractors and Service Companies.
Peter is the Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder at Computation Hub. He is a Chartered Mechanical Engineer with over eight years experience in the Oil & Energy industry. He holds a Bachelors Degree (Hons) in Mechanical Engineering, from the National University of Ireland, Galway. Peter has significant experience in subsea engineering for offshore developments worldwide. His past experience is in riser design and analysis, flowline installation analysis, project management and development of software tools.
Samuel is the Chief Technical Officer and Co-founder at Computation Hub. He is a Software Engineer with over ten years experience in the Enterprise Software Industry. He is experienced with software architecture & application design, web and back-end application design and delivery for industries such as Retail Banking, Media and Telecommunications. He holds a Masters Degree in MIAGE (Mathematics, Computer Science, Decision, Organization) from Universite Paris Dauphine.
Jed is a qualified Electrical Engineer with over three years experience in Software and Hardware Development. His most recent projects include design and build of biometric sensor interfaces to drive LED displays for measuring and visualising the performance of Olympic athletes for a major industrial company. Jed has worked on several web controlled hardware and signal processing projects. He is currently pursuing a PhD in cognitive radio at the University of New Mexico.
Thomas is a Fullstack Web Developer with over four years experience in the Enterprise Software Industry. He is a qualified Mechanical Engineer with a Masters Degree from the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble. Moreover he is an Oracle Certified Associate Java SE 7 Programmer 1 and certified Angular Developer. He has key experience in Front-end architecture, Back-end development of software for the banking industry in France.
Virtual Assistant to automate and organise tasks and decision making for PROLAY.
Virtual Assistant guiding you within our Digital Solutions Hub to access information.


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vhugo Review
Beautiful rug!!!
I bought 3 different sizes of these rugs for my great room. They arrived in perfect condition in 2 days. I called Overstock to get a better idea of color because the color looked slightly different in the pictures online. All were the same color. The cranberry color I'd describe as burgandy...ideal for my room. Our dog had an accident on one and it cleaned up quickly and easily. Once again, you can't go wrong ordering from Overstock
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? Picture was a little deceiving. It is primarily shades of tan, brown and burgandy. ery rich looking.
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. excellent!
- How accurate was the on site description of the product? Written description was good. Picture color was a little misleadiing so I called for more info.
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Auto Body of Tyson's Corner
Featured Business
AMPM AUTOMOTIVE LLCSchedule Appointment
11.0 miles away
08/09/2017 - "Easy to work with, professional, friendly"
"Have visited a couple of body shops and AMPM was hands down the friendliest and easiest to work with. ..."
Review for Auto Body of Tyson's Corner
Michael G. on 09/07/2013
Michael said that his overall experience with this business was excellent. The work could have been a little bit better. They did an excellent job. He didn't have to worry about anything. They towed his vehicle in. They went over the damages with the adjuster. They called him with updates. They vacuumed the inside of his vehicle. They even polished his rims. He was very happy when he left. He wants to thank them and noted he appreciates their work.
Category: Collision
Review Created: 09/07/2013
This review was collected via phone interview by Customer Research Inc.


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Ginger Pumpkin Candle
$ 14.50
$ 22.00
Ginger Pumpkin Soy Candle with Wooden Wick
This is one of our best selling fall and winter scents, but we ordered too many! Get them now before they go back to full price in the fall. The scent is like fresh baked cookies.


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First Post here....I'm a newb to all this so bear with me.
The used phone i purchased has some apps that i want to remove such as isplitter, balls, beatphone and so on.
How do i remove these apps?
Can it be done directly from the phone or is it thru ibricker?


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|Reviews for Zakuro: Ystävä vai vihollinen?
| Nitaline chapter 1 . 2/2/2012
tosi hyvä!
| xxxIloveKISSHUxxx chapter 1 . 12/6/2010
in what language is?
not have a copy in English?
or that question.
is that I like to read
| XxLettieXPaixX chapter 1 . 8/31/2008
Right, Mint, Lettuce, Purin, Zakuro, Ichigo and Kish were in this story. Was Zakuro fighting against Kish near the ending?