text:
July 2012
TRADEWINDS Monthly magazine on National and International Trade
Wheat Enough to "Eat"?
Company Profile Noble Group
Vendor Selection Analogy
Logistics Outsourcing
All is "Not Well" for STEEL Industry in India email@example.com. All rights reserved.
Industry Speaks Santosh Pillai
July 2012
Editor's Desk
Inside this issue NEWS Snippets………………………..2 Industry Speaks ……………...…….8 All is Not Well for Steel……..…...10
Team Trade Winds is proud to bring to you the latest edition of IIFT's monthly trade digest. In the coming days, the outlook of the Indian economy seems to go any way other than up. Drought in US, failing monsoon in India and other such adverse weather conditions around the world will deeply affect the global commodities in the months to come. In this issue, we bring all the latest news in this sector over the last month. Our students bring about analysis of commodities such as Steel and Wheat. In our constant endeavor to provide a diverse knowledge, we have come up with an article on different levels of logistics providers and an article on the Vendor selection analogy faced commonly. In the company profile section we bring to you a snap-shot of the Noble group. We hope you would gain industry insight on working in Africa from the excerpts of the interview with Santosh Pillai, Managing director of Food production at Wilmar for West Africa and a distinguished alumnus of IIFT (2000-2002). - S.V.Praneet Varma
Write to us at email@example.com
Wheat Enough to Eat? ….…….…12 Logistics Out-sourcing…..……….15 Vendor Selection Analogy……….18 Company Profile—Noble …..…....20
"Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things that you didn't do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines. Sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover."-- Mark Twain
SHIP SCRAP CHAOS HITS INDIA The world's largest ship scrapping site in Alang is said to be in turmoil after the Supreme Court blocked the import for recycling of vessels containing toxic waste. "The court order is basically insisting that all inbound vessels must be cleaned of all hazardous materials at origin prior to arrival," said one demolition broker. What is being described in India as a "landmark" judgment follows the filing of a lawsuit by the Research Foundation for Science Technology and Natural Resources through its director, the environmental campaigner, Vandna Shiva. The judgment, which is being appealed by the country's ship breakers' association, amounts to a ceasing of recycling in India for any vessels not yet arrived, says industry sources. India's Supreme Court has ruled that the Basel Convention covering the trans-boundary movement of waste
must be strictly followed by all concerned players before vessels are allowed to enter India's territorial waters and be beached along its coastline. The judgment comes at a critical time for the shipping industry because owners are expected to dispatch a record number of vessels this year to the Indian sub-continent in response to overtonnaging and weak freight rates. It also raises questions over India ratifying the new Hong Kong Convention on the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships which is designed to raise scrapping standards and safeguards in countries such as India and overcome the confusion surrounding the Basel Convention. A firm date is still to be set for the ship breakers' association appeal and until then vessels failing to conform with the pre-cleaning order will not be permitted to enter any Indian port for recycling.
NATURAL GAS DISCOVERED IN CHINA'S BOHAI BAY China National Offshore Oil Corp., known as Cnooc, said on Thursday that it has discovered natural gas at an offshore deep well after drilling more than 5,000 meters in northeastern Bohai Bay. This is the first gas discovery in Bohai, it said in a state-
ment on its website, adding that it was a "technological breakthrough." The company didn't mention the volume of the discovery. Five offshore oil discoveries were made in Bohai in the first three months of this year and the area will remain the company's major growth engine in the future, Cnooc Ltd. (CEO) Chief Financial Officer Zhong Hua said in April.
Did you know:
Global 2012/13 rice production and ending stocks are projected at 465.1 million tons, still a record despite decreases totaling 1.4 million mostly due to reductions for India and Ecuador.
GLENCORE IN NEGOTIATIONS TO TAKE OVER AACL HOLDINGS Australia's biggest corporate grain grower AACL Holdings has hit another difficult patch, reversing its forecast profit of $2.1 million to a forecast loss of around $7.2 million. The company has
also announced to the Australian Stock Exchange that it has entered into a heads of agreement with Swiss commodities trader Glencore, which is a major funding partner of AACL. That means that Glencore will look to buy the AACL Pty Ltd business, which is the project manager and investment operations company, that runs the projects in Australia. 60 per cent of AACL's business is done in WA, the remainder is in the eastern states.
LOUIS DREYFUS SUED BY TRADER OVER COTTON SQUEEZE Commodity trading giant Louis Dreyfus Commodities BV has been sued by a former senior trader at rival Glencore, who alleges that Dreyfus illegally cornered the cotton market last year as prices tumbled from record highs. In one of the highest-profile commodity market-manipulation lawsuits in more than a decade, the trader, Mark Allen, accused Dreyfus of violating antitrust law by artificially inflating prices of Inter-continental Exchange cotton futures contracts expiring in May 2011 and July 2011. Other defendants in the case include Dreyfus's Allenberg Cotton and Term Commodities units, and several individuals including Allenberg's chief executive, Joseph Nicosia, collectively considered
the biggest cotton traders in the world. The "defendants' price control over the May 2011 contract and the July 2011 contract reflects monopoly power and collusion," according to the complaint filed Friday afternoon in the U.S. district court in Manhattan by Allen, who lost his job as the top cotton trader at Glencore last November after the trading firm lost more than $300 million in the market. The lawsuit is a response to the upheaval in the cotton market last year, when prices in March reached their highest level since the U.S. Civil War in 1860S and then more than halved by July. In that period, Dreyfus affiliates took delivery of most ICE cotton futures contracts at expiration.
GREAT EASTERN SHIPPING ADDS A VERY LARGE GAS CARRIER TO THEIR FLEET India's Great Eastern Shipping Company Limited has signed a contract on July 3rd to buy a Very Large Gas Carrier (VLGC) of about 49,700 dwt (75,000 cbm). The 1990-built vessel is expected to
join their fleet during Q2 FY2013. Great Eastern's current fleet stands at 32 vessels, comprising 22 tankers (9 crude carriers, 13 product carriers) and 10 dry bulk carriers (1 Capesize, 3 Kamsarmax, 1 Panamax, 4 Supramax, 1 Handymax) with an average age of 8.7 years aggregating 2.55 million dwt.
SRI LANKAN TEAS FETCH WORLD'S HIGHEST AVERAGE PRICE Sri Lankan teas continue to fetch the highest average price at auctions among teas from all countries, reveals an analysis of the latest data available with the different auction centres around the globe. In the first four months of current calendar, the Island's teas, of the current calendar year, fetched an average price of $3.02 a kg at Colombo auctions — 14.20 per cent less compared to $3.52 got in the same period of last year. Kenya's teas fetched the second highest price of $2.69 at Mombassa auctions — 3.58 per cent less compared to $2.79 got last year. Bangladesh's teas came third at $1.89 at Chittagong auctions — 17.11 per cent less compared to $2.28 last year. Indonesian tea price averaged $1.84 at Jakarta auctions – 9.04 per cent less compared to $2.02 last year. Closely following this, Indian teas at country's different auction centres fetched an average price of $1.83, a whole 10.29 per cent less than $2.04 got last year. North Indian auctions lost 12 per cent to average $1.98 (last year: $2.25) while South Indian auctions, 7.19 per cent to average $1.55 ($1.67). Malawi's tea fetched the lowest price average of $1.68 at Limbe auctions, but it was the only centre to post an increase over last year — 3.52 per cent more compared to $1.63.
LATE RAINS MAY DAMAGE COTTON CROP Cotton increased by about Rs 400-500 a candy of 356 kg due to delay of monsoon in the production areas. Prices may rise further if the wait for rains prolongs. The market was worried as late rains may damage the crop. Buying by mills and exporters has pushed up the prizes of the fibre crop. Though the supply is restricted, export demand is also low. The Sankar-6 variety was traded at Rs 34,800-35,000 a candy and the new V797 variety at Rs 28,000-28,500. About 9,000 bales of 170 kg each arrived in Gujarat, while 21,000 bales arrived in the rest of the country. Kapas or raw cotton gained Rs 20-25 to Rs 800-905 for a maund of 20 kg. In Maharashtra, A grade low micronaire (29 mm) quoted at Rs 34,700-35,000 a candy and high micronaire at Rs 35,000-35,700.
SCI halts China runs Shipping Corp of India (SCI) is scrapping its boxship services to China. The state-owned company views the route as unviable in the downturn. SCI started its Chinese loops 12 years ago, but according to an official these services on the India-China route will stop because they are not viable. Although SCI has a good volume of cargo coming to India, the ships go empty when going back to China."The exit of SCI will leave one less competitor for lines like Maersk, MOL and NYK in the trade. SCI is trying to turn around losses of INR 4.28bn ($78.16m) in its last financial year. 4
India's Sugar exporters to gain from delayed harvest in Brazil
India's sugar exporters are likely to gain from rain delayed Brazilian harvest and lower supplies for exports amid rising demand for the sweetener across the globe. Rains in Brazil have also disrupted the loading of sugar in its ports for exports. Also the production drop of corn crop has increased the domestic demand of sugar canes for producing ethanol. All these factors have added to the rising price of the commodity in the global market. Meanwhile, in India, sugar production is expected to be around 26 million tons for 2011-12 and consumption estimated at 22 million tons. With the exports of the surplus produce, the exporters have an opportunity to tap the global sugar market and gain profit. 5
LOW ARRIVALS DRIVE TURMERIC TO 8MONTH HIGH Spot turmeric prices touched an eight-month high of Rs 5,000 a quintal as arrivals were the lowest this year. Prizes (hitting Rs 5,000) is purely unexpected for both traders and turmeric growers. On November 9,2011, the finger variety was sold at Rs 5,034 a quintal at the Erode Turmeric Merchants Association sales yard and on November 10, 2011, the crop was sold at Rs 5,009 a quintal at the Gobichettipalayam Cooperative Marketing Society. Further July 9th arrival of 7,100 bags is the lowest for the current year. Turmeric prices have not appreciated in other North Indian markets where it is still selling at Rs 4,300 a quintal. If rains fail and no water is released into the Lower Bhavani Project canal after August 15, turmeric prices will surge. On July 9th the finger variety increased by Rs 900 a quintal and the root variety by Rs 300 a quintal. Of 7,100 bags that arrived, 90 per cent of the stocks
were sold. About 95 per cent of this was procured by stockists. At the Erode Turmeric Merchants Association Sales yard, the finger variety was sold at Rs 2,399-5,026 a quintal and the root variety Rs 2,399-4,009. Salem Crop: The finger verity fetched Rs 4,986-5,616 and the root variety Rs 3,9094,636. Of 945 bags that arrived, 498 were sold. At the Regulated Marketing Committee, the finger variety was sold at Rs 4,679-5,119 and the root variety Rs 4,5995,100. All the 1,160 bags on offer were sold. At the Erode Cooperative Marketing Society, the finger variety was sold at Rs 4,009-5,499 and the root variety Rs 3,980-5,116. Of the 1,167 bags of turmeric on sale, 1,164 were sold.
Did you know: 
Global oilseed production for 2012/13 is projected at 465.7 million tons, down 5.1 million from last month. Lower soybean, cottonseed, and sunflowerseed production estimates are only partly offset by increases for peanuts and rapeseed.
TANJUNG PELAPAS BULKS UP Malaysian port to splash out on capacity expansion as box throughput hits record numbers. The Port of Tanjung Pelapas (PTP) is planning to spend MYR 1.5 billion ($470 million) on new cranes and berths over the next three years as box throughput numbers reach record levels. PTP says it handled a total of 679,617 TEUs this past June, the highest number in a single month ever recorded at the port. The port says it is on course to handle a total of 8 million TEUs this year. With its main customers Maersk and Evergreen now building a new generation of giant containerships, PTP plans to spend MYR 250 million on new cranes capable of servicing these ships. Two new berths capable of handling large containerships will also be built. PTP, which is located in the southern Malaysian state of Johor, was completed in 1999. The project was designed to compete against Singapore as Southeast Asia's main box transhipment hub and got off to a successful start after winning over Maersk and Evergreen, two of Singapore most important liner company customers. Transhipment now accounts for 95% of PTP's business, although PTP's Chairman Datuk Mohd Sidik Shaik Osman notes that the volume of cargo originating from Malaysia is rapidly increasing.
SANCTIONS SQUEEZE FORCES IRAN TO CUT OILFIELD FLOW Tough Western sanctions are forcing Iran to take drastic action and shut off wells at its vast oilfields, sinking production to levels last seen over two decades ago and costing Tehran billions in lost revenues. Iran struggled to sell its oil in the run-up to the European Union ban on July 1, yet it managed to sustain oilfield flows at lofty rates above 3 million barrels per day (bpd) by stashing unwanted barrels in tanks on land and on ships in the Gulf. But oil sales have now slumped to half the rate of last year and storage is running out. As a last resort, Tehran is carrying out "enforced" maintenance at its ageing reservoirs, say Iranian and Western oil sources, dropping output below 3 million bpd. It's a step that could make Tehran look as if it is caving in to the West and, in any case, leaves it trailing former rival Iraq in the ranks of the world's top oil producers. And if a big volume of oil is closed down, it will be difficult to bring it back online when it's needed, say Western oil experts. Oil shipments have declined steadily as buyers cut imports to comply with U.S. and European Union sanctions imposed due to concerns that the country is attempting to build a nuclear bomb. Iran says its nuclear activities are peaceful. Last month, Iran acknowledged that exports had fallen sharply - down 20-30 percent from normal vol-
SAUDI ARABIA IMPORTS CHEAP OIL FROM EUROPE SINGAPORE–Saudi Arabian Oil Co., or Saudi Aramco, is shipping fuel oil from Northwest Europe to the Red Sea to meet Saudi Arabia's peak domestic summer demand, taking advantage of arbitrage economics that have been favorable up until recently. The first cargo from Rotterdam this year– believed to have been bought from Litasco– aboard the 100,000-deadweight-ton Montego is due to land at the Red Sea port of Yanbu this week, and the company is on the hunt for a second cargo in Europe, but a deal has yet to be finalized, several traders said. "They are just taking advantage of being able to land Rotterdam barrels into the Red Sea more cheaply than their own Middle East barrels," according to a senior European fuel oil trader. But since it loaded the first cargo around midJune from Rotterdam, the East-West spread has narrowed sharply, closing the arbitrage window for most players, and it remains to be seen whether Aramco can still find value in the move. The exit of large volumes of fuel oil from Rotterdam in first-half July and weaker sentiment in the Asian market have helped shut the arbitrage. The East/West spread for August was valued at $35.25 a metric ton Friday. In the meantime, Aramco is heard to have chartered the 90,000-ton Ioannis to ship fuel oil from Ras Tanura to Yanbu loading mid-July,
which will be at least its t h i r d s h i p ment of fuel oil from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea. Earlier, Aframax Poul Spirit was heard to have loaded from Jubail end-June and is currently on its way to Yanbu, while Aramco is believed to have chartered the 80,000-ton Neverland Dream for the Ras Tanura-Yanbu voyage loading around June 10. Aramco has sharply cut fuel oil exports, as the country is burning more of the residual fuel this year to generate power. It was heard to have sold only one fuel oil cargo in June and has not offered any cargoes for July so far, said a senior Middle East trader. Barclays Capital projected earlier this year that Saudi Arabia could turn into a net importer of fuel oil instead of exporting an average volume of 775,000 tons a month. But exports out of the country aren't likely to dry up. Royal Dutch Shell and ExxonMobil have continued to offer fuel oil for export out of the country as tax issues discourage Aramco from buying and re-importing those barrels. Saudi Aramco typically buys fuel oil in the Middle East or ships cargoes from the Mediterranean to meet peak summer demand.
Did you know:
Global wheat supplies for 2012/13 are reduced 5.1 million tons with lower world production more than offsetting a 1.6-million-ton increase in beginning stocks.
INDUSTRY SPEAKS AN INTERVIEW WITH SANTOSH PILLAI SUPPLY CHAIN – The Enabler Santosh Pillai (A distinguished alumnus of IIFT), has more than 15 years of experience in Africa and India, mainly in the consumer goods with a consistent track record of delivering business results and managing people in challenging environment. His main expertise is in Strategic planning, operations, turnarounds and experienced in managing M&A's and JV's. Currently he is the Managing director of Food production, at Wilmar, managing West Africa countries.
Over the years, what are the major changes that you have seen with respect to agriculture and its allied industries in Africa? There aren't many organized agricultural activities. Commercial farming on a large scale is very rare. That has primarily to do with 1) Regulatory factors 2) Right labor availability 3) Lack of sufficient allied industries to support agriculture 4) The presence of a trading mindset, where it is easier to import and substitute for local production. 5) The high cost of doing agriculture in this land. In the recent years, there has been a shift in focus. There are larger firms coming and investing in Africa. They are seeing the right kind of opportunities due to Africa being the last frontier of this world. There is plenty of agricultural land available. With the right kind of incentives and support from the regulatory authorities and government, agriculture can be made into a profitable business. Probably this is the only part of the world where there is enough land available for agriculture. We will see lot more firms coming and investing in Africa.
Over the past few years, volatility in prices has been very high. How does Wilmar cope up with this? Wilmar has a unique business model. We are a fully integrated agro business group. We don't just trade, we have our own plantation. One of the largest plantations worldwide. We have our own refining complexes. Over 300 of them worldwide. This does not end with refining. We pack them ourselves and distribute them ourselves. Thus our brands are amongst the leading brands. In India, Fortune is the leading brand. We have 46% of the Chinese market. Our brands are the leading ones in the East and West African market. So one way of managing volatility is to ensure that your operations are such that you are least impacted by the volatility and delist your product from the commodity and currency price fluctuations.
We know that many companies give job placements in African countries. How are the opportunities shaping up for the students of IIFT per se in Africa ? In terms of opportunities, there are many in Africa. Whether IIFT students are geared up for this? Yes, they are. The curriculum and the training program are definitely geared to ensure that IIFT is adapted to this
environment. The only issue is that there are not many professional firms operating in this part of the world. The awareness level of the opportunities, existing in Africa, also is very low in India. The inclination of the students of IIFT coming to Africa is not very high. So there is a combination of many factors. This has to do with understanding education and also the fact that many more firms will have to come to this part of the world to understand the kind of opportunities existing in Africa. I know many IIFTians who are in firms that are already in Africa. On a similar level, the person here in Africa handles much more responsibilities than his counterpart in India and thus has greater opportunities .
How has the two years at IIFT helped you in your career till now? It prepares you for the professional world. It gives you a great grounding in the basics of finance or marketing or international trade. Obviously we had a great interaction with the faculty, visiting faculty on how the professional world operates etc. It also enhances your ability to analyze situations, cases, numbers, facts business scenarios etc. The grounding is set in these two years. It helps you to understand the nuances of how exports and international trade operate out of India. Basic things like incoterms, going through the grind of summer internship and not to miss the fact that you are studying with a set of very competent peer group. It all adds to the whole environment and finally you are prepared for the professional world .
For students who are interested in Trade and agri-business etc. What would you suggest to those students to equip themselves to the challenges in the real world ? My view on this a bit different. Many people do not know what they are interested in, until they sit through the campus interviews etc. There would be very few who are interested in this side from the start. To those people my suggestion is that there are plenty of journals, materials, research projects etc in internet where they can channelize their interest. If I were such a student, I would try to do a lot of interactions with people in the field to understand how the companies operate. I would try to understand how Wilmar grew to be a $4 billion company in a short time. If I had an inclination towards edible oil, I would interact with people from Adani Wilmar or Marico etc. to understand their business and check if I can do a project with Adani Wilmar. There are many ways to channelize the interest. Obviously internet is a great source, but more than that one-to-one interaction with the Alumni or executives who are in similar fields would be a great learning experience
What are the common obstacles you face in your day to day work life in Africa ? Briefly speaking there are plenty of challenges in Africa. Everyday throws up a new obstacle. You have political crisis, commodity crisis, foreign exchange volatility, regulatory challenges etc. This region is very unique and the lack of stability brings out new opportunities. The key success factor here is to see whether you are able to navigate through these challenges and operate very well in ambiguous situations. There is never a B-school kind of case here. You need to be ingenious, creative and survival instincts need to be very good. That gives you the edge required to perform well in this region.
'ALL IS NOT WELL' FOR STEEL by Mohammad Farhan (MBA-IB—2011-2013)
Steel even today is a vital component of a country's economy and is considered as the crux of modernization. Being the basic material for development of economic and social infrastructure, it is closely linked with various sectors of the economy. As a result, there is a direct relationship between the GDP and the demand for steel. What did budget bring to the table? The steel sector has plenty to cheer in the Budget 2012-13. There was some thrust for the infrastructure sector which is conducive for growth of the steel industry. Segment
Budget Expectation
Excise Duty
Iron Ore
Infrastructure sector
Hike of 2%
Cut in Import duty on thermal coal
Hike in import duty on Steel
Structure of the industry on the basis of routes of production Budget Outcome Duty hiked to 12% from 10% Import duty on thermal coal reduced to NIL from 5% Customs duty on goods required for Coal mining projects is reduced to NIL Import duty of coated and uncoated non-alloy flat steel products hiked to 7.5% from 5%
Cut in Export Duty of low grade Iron Ore Export duty on Iron ore kept unchanged at 30% Customs duty on imported plant Tax holidays for Iron ore Pellet making and machinery used in the industry units has been cut from 7.5% to 2.5% Significant increase in allocation for infrastructure.
Impact Steel prices to move up but manufacturers unsure about passing the hike entirely Slightly Positive for Power Companies; Imports may not rise sharply Positive for upcoming Coal mining projects Slightly Positive for Domestic Steel Companies Iron ore exports may fall further especially from Goa which exports low grade Iron ore Positive for upcoming Pellet plants
Infrastructure investment to go up to Positive for the infrastructure Rs 50 lakh crore & taxfree bonds of Rs sector. Steel demand from Infrastructure 60,000 crore are also announced sector may also improve
What's going wrong? Globally, the production and demand has been sluggish owing to the Euro zone crisis and tight liquidity scenario in China- world's biggest steel consumer and producer. The growth in world crude steel production has almost halved from peak 15% in 2010 and the capacity utilization ratio has dropped from the peak 83.3% in Jan to reach 71.7% in Dec 2011. The domestic steel industry has struggled due to moderate demand from auto and construction sector coupled with the scarcity of iron ore in the country. Currently, domestic steel prices are hovering around Rs 32,000 per tonne.
India's per capita steel consumption has increased by around 25% in the last 5 years to 57 kg in 2011 against 45.8 kg in 2007. However, it still lags far behind the world average of 214.7 kg and China's average of 459.8 kg. I don't see softening in steel prices in coming months although demand for long steel will fall with the onset of monsoons and the consequent slowdown in construction activity. The profit margins of the manufacturers would improve slightly but may not be sustainable as fall in input prices may not continue for long. The 10% price hike in May by NMDC, India's largest iron ore miner, would increase the cost of producing steel by 3-5% affecting the steel producers.
"The depreciation of the rupee no longer makes it viable, although international iron ore prices are coming down. There is an acute shortage; prices of what's available are being hiked in the run-up to the rainy season." Essar Steel CEO Dilip Oomen Further, the US has imposed a preliminary anti -dumping duty on import of the circular welded carbon steel pipe from Indian firms which were suspected of selling them at 48.43% below the fair market value. In 2011, the US imports of pipes from India stood at USD 64.6 million. The dwindling supplies and a country-wide clampdown on ore production due to illegal mining have forced the steel companies to do the unthinkable - import iron ore which India has in abundance. This will threaten to increase their dependence on overseas supplies of crucial mineral resources and eventually erode their competitiveness.
With its existing land area, the sector could ideally produce 300 million tonnes instead of today's 75 million tonnes and should not need extra land till 2025. - CSE Report I propose the following measures to address these issues: 1) The current uncertain macroeconomic environment demands collaboration between the players. I was disappointed to read about Tata Steel and NDMC's proposal of an alliance failing to see the light of the day. NMDC with its iron ore resources and Tata Steel with its steel making prowess could have been a perfect match. 2) The government needs to support the companies for certain strategic alliances. The $ 2.1-billion Bolivian project of JSPL which now stands officially stalled would have provided a major boost to its raw material security as the company had plans to mine 20 million tonnes of iron-ore annually and export half of it.
3) We must do everything possible to revive business and investor sentiment. I am talking about the by far the largest FDI proposal for India, POSCO's Odisha project which has run into repeated hurdles since 2005. Many multinational steel companies with similar plans are caught in the regulatory quagmire. 4) With GDP falling to its lowest in 9 years, there is an urgent need to put infrastructure projects on the fast track. The growth rate of core industries (having combined weight of 37.90% in the IIP) has slumped to 2.2% in April. An investment of $1 trillion is needed over the next 5 years in infrastructure and therefore more public-private partnerships. 5) The government should grant the infrastructure status to the steel industry which would ensure long term funds and tax holidays. 6) Improvements are required in the policy and regulatory performance for achieving existing global benchmarks by using appropriate technologies to ensure clean and sustainable development.
"India, which has nearly 80 mt per annum of installed capacity, will be among the emerging economies to drive demand of steel globally this fiscal" - Tata Steel It would indeed require nerves of steel to make it happen!
WHEAT ENOUGH TO "EAT"? by Vanshul Arora (MBA-IB—2011-2013)
India, a nation which had its record bumper harvest for the third consecutive year, should ideally be celebrating. But that isn't the case. Travelling to the villages of Punjab and Haryana you understand the reason – warehouses are overflowing with stock of previous season's grain and fresh arrivals cannot be accommodated. As per estimates, Punjab has stored majority of its wheat produce (65000 tonnes) outside in the open because existing warehouses are already full and still need to be cleared of previous year's stock. India, a country where 2.5mn people die of hunger every year (according to United Nations World Food Program report) and one third of the worlds hungry live here, it is disheartening to see people suffer from chronic hunger when grain rots in the open and is consumed by rodents. So what is the problem over here? Governmental policies or distribution of grains? Production and Consumption The problem of the starving poor cannot be attributed to the fact that there is low production of wheat in the country. Supply has always met domestic demand. India is expected to produce a record 90.23mn tonnes of wheat this year, according to farm ministry data. The country consumes about 76mn tonne of wheat a year. It grows one wheat crop, which is planted in Nov-Dec and harvested in March-April.
It is the third largest producer of wheat in the world. This is because the crops used in China and EU are GM crops which have higher yield per hectare. Reasons There are various reasons for the huge stockpile of grain:
Policy of Govt: The UPA government's National Food Security Scheme (NFSS) which it proposed to provide highly subsidised food grain is one of them. The govt. created a comfortable buffer stock of food grain before the scheme became operational. The plan failed as the launch of the scheme was delayed and food grain piled up in the godowns.
Exports: Trade in agricultural products is not stable as it is switched on and switched off by the Indian govt. Such an approach towards exports neither helps in tapping the global market to fetch better prices, nor to steady domestic commodity markets. This can be seen in 200203 when govt was in favour of wheat exports, in 2005-06 when export of wheat was banned and finally in 2011 when wheat exports have been allowed again. The production and procurement of wheat has outstripped demand for several years now, causing an acute shortage of space. The decision to export wheat has been held back until international prices began to soften. As a result, wheat exports lost much of their profitability. In the present scenario, FCI 2000-2005 Present has a shortage of storing Decreasing stocks due to: Overflowing stocks due to: 12mn tonne. The govt. will 1) Increasing PDS from 20kg to 1) Official stats state rotting of have procured 75mn tonne 35kg 6mn tonne of grain of grain by the end of June 2) Giving out 2 lakh tonne for 2) Low exports food-for-work while the total storage capacity is at 63mn tonne. In3) Allowing wheat export dian wheat has lost its competitiveness to cheaper Russian and Australian varieties in the global market. Indian wheat is priced around $270/tonne whereas the Australian and Russian varieties are available for $240/tonne. Therefore, unless the govt is able to export the grain at competitive prices or develop a proper mechanism for distributing grain under social schemes such as NFSS or MGNREGA, the rotting of grain is go-
ing to be a persistent problem. Procurement and Distribution of Grain The question we have to ask is the management policy for procurement of grain efficient or not?
Let us review the existing system. The government follows a dual pricing policy in the agricultural sector. It sets two prices – a procurement price at which it would purchase grain from farmers, and a ration price (lower than retail price) at which it would sell limited quantities of grains through the Public Distribution system (PDS). The PDS system at grass root level is a well defined and organized sector at state level. FCI is the major player in wheat procurement and distribution, buys 18% of the wheat from growers and maintains a buffer stock in the Capital Pool. The balance 82% of wheat produced is marketed through channels such as commission agents, retailers, stockists, semi-wholesalers and large manufacturers of bread makers. The Govt. is the largest organized buyer in this segment; therefore it greatly influences price of wheat in the entire market. The phasing out of government's involvement would result in an increased participation of Private Sector in this market. This would lead to a two fold benefit of – reduction in food subsidy and alleviation of government's burden in this area. Conclusion To reduce rotting of grain the following solutions can be employed:
Freeing inter-state movement of grain. The Essential Commodities Act modeled in the 1950's prohibits the private stocking and movement of grain due to fears of hoarding. These are rules of a bygone era as this is the age of surplus production.
Improvement of farm storage. According to reports by USAID improved farm storage capacity may lead to reduction in losses that maybe as high as 30%. This will have a direct impact over farmer household income as well as increased ability to be more active participant in the value chain.
Empowering of Regional General Managers (RGM) of FCI. Private godowns can be hired on yearly basis. These can be used to overcome the shortage in storage capacity of State Warehousing Corporations (SWC).
Forming Bilateral Trade Agreements to export excess wheat. Countries like Uganda, the Gulf, Afghanistan and Pakistan need wheat. Iran, a country that used to import Indian wheat but stopped due to fungal infection in wheat crops, is now on a wheat buying spree and is looking for prospective buyers.
"LOGISTICS OUTSOURCING- OFFERINGS AND ACTIVITIES" by Ankit Madan & Vikram Godbole (2nd year IIFT-Kolkata) What makes the Logistics one of the most interesting and complex field is the involvement of many unrelated (by ownership) parties who are required to be in the loop. Putting some light on the PL (Party Logistics) levels, various parties which are involved in Logistics are referred to as 1PL, 2PL, 3PL, 4PL and 5PL. 1PL (First Party Logistics) means that the seller, producer or supplier is taking care of the logistics activities in the organization. The organization's main business is production and supply of goods, but because of their own production and marketing requirements they need to invest in building a number of warehouses, transport vehicles, stations and even railway lines and other logistics infrastructure. A transportation company is an example of 2PL or Second Party Logistics. Second-party logistics provider is an asset-based carrier, which actually owns the means of transportation. They are: 1) Shipping lines which own, lease, or charter their ships 2) Airlines, which own, lease, or charter their planes 3) Truck companies, which own, or lease their trucks 4) Barge companies, which own, lease, or charter their barge 5) Rail companies, which own their trains 6) Warehouse owners THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS (3PL) A firm that provides multiple logistics services for use by customers. Preferably, these services are integrated, or "bundled" together, by the provider. Among the services 3PLs provide are transportation, warehousing, cross-docking, inventory management, packaging, and freight forwarding " Third-party logistics providers are: 1) Freight forwarders 2) Courier companies 3) Other companies integrating & offering 4) Subcontracted logistics and transportation services
It has become an ever increasing trend to outsource warehousing and distribution operations and take advantage of lower total costs, better quality and efficiency offered by 3PL providers. By this, the production and operation enterprises concentrate their efforts on core business and the logistics is taken care of by the specialists in the respective field. The ultimate advantage to the exporting companies is the reduction in the per unit cost of the transfer of product from exporter to the importer. While some claim that 3PL should manage a customer's supply chain, others state that it is solely focused with moving freight and less concerned with management and control.3PL may or may not use its own resources when executing these services .Taking this all into account the main idea is that the 3PL has the ability to carry out multiple functions for its customers' supply chain requirements. Parameters for the selection of Third Party Logistics Company:
Presence in countries concerned
Knowledge/Expertise of import formalities, routes, carriers, territories, infrastructure limitation, appropriate material handling techniques and machinery
Credible past record & experience in handling similar consignments
Resources and manpower to handle a job of this nature
IT capability to track the consignment on a continuous basis using GPS technology
Competitive cost vis-à-vis other players
Safety and Security standards of the company
Evaluation of Performance of Logistics Inventory related metrics: inventory in transit, inventory in hand, supplier routing compliance percentage, supplier on-time order shipping percentage Transportation related metrics: on-time pickup and delivery, claims ratio, billings accuracy percentage,3PL cost per shipment Warehousing metrics: inventory accuracy, quantity handled per man hour, rush shipments handled, on -time receiving and departure, no. of orders processed and accuracy FOURTH PARTY LOGISTICS (4PL) In 1996, Accenture first coined the term 4PL (Fourth Party Logistics Provider) and defined it as a 'Supply chain integrator that assembles and manages the resources, capabilities, and technology of its own organization with those of complementary service providers to deliver a comprehensive supply chain solution or 4PL can simply be referred as the logistics provided by the consulting firm's services.
These consulting companies need not to engage in specific logistics activities, not to build logistics infrastructure, but for the entire supply chain to provide integrated solutions. A lot of emphasis was placed on the 4PL provider being a single point of contact for the shipper, whilst becoming an integrated part of their business to the point of representing their Logistics department. Being non-asset based was also regarded as a fundamental feature of a 4PL provider as it would-in theory-ensure that they would be "neutral" in selecting the partners for the shipper. In general, the 4PL concept very much focuses on working together with client on transformation efficiencies, thus redesigning not only the supply chain but sometimes also the overall business process and internal organization. The key difference between the 4PL and 3PL providers is that the former offers a more strategic service to its customers. The 4PL is a strategic activity which involves not only the management of the client's supply chain, but also the development and improvement of their supply chain strategy.3PL service providers offer far more tactical services. The 4PL wants to position itself as an extension because it recognizes the role and need of IT in managing the process. Some of the 3PLs are solely focused on managing tasks rather than the full processes which has allowed for the evolution of the modern 4PL. FIFTH PARTY LOGISTICS (5PL) 5PL is an organization that will plan, organize and implement logistics solutions on behalf of the contracting parties by exploiting the appropriate technologies. Typically 5PL deals with the large customers whose supply chain entails a greater degree of complexity. Basically this intermediary strives to turn their customers' supply chain into and IT managed systems linking the sup-
pliers and the buyers. Fifth party logistics provider caters the information service provider to provide the main business of information processing facilities and equipment, technology and management methods, logistics information may only be part of the information it provides, it does not engage in any specific logistics activities, strictly speaking it belongs to the e-commerce or information intermediary companies. The road ahead With increasing trade leading to greater interdependencies in the world, it is imperative that the logistics providers focus on moving up the value chain by managing enterprise logistics process outsourcing instead of freighting / warehousing activities so as to create a sustainable and profitable situation.
VENDOR SELECTION ANALOGY-TO KNOW THE RIGHT VENDOR/SUPPLIER by Rahul Jayasankaran (2nd year IIFT-Kolkata)
Ever and anon, mankind has tried to seek something for its benefit. The earliest gatherers were always on the lookout for that extra animal they could kill and eat. Mother Nature was the first true vendor for the Neanderthals, who were the first customers. Since then, the roles of vendors and customers have changed drastically, with both sets of functions choosing each other with great care. Trade and operations have always been considered to be entirely different entities, and rightly so, lexically and functionally. Operations encompasses everything related to the production and dissemination of a good or a service, right from sourcing the requisite input materials to the final dispatch of the same. Trade, on the other hand, is more about getting a product/service from another entity, which is capable of providing it. However, both these crucial functions have one thing in common: finding the right supplier. THE CONUNDRUM So, how do we fix the right supplier for the job at hand? Obviously, this is not a job which can be solved with a snap of our fingers. A tremendous amount of effort, time and of course money needs to be expended to get how much of what we want, when we want and as we want. But finding the right supplier is a problem which plagues the best of firms in the trickiest of industries! Procurement of supplies is crucial because, without such endowments, a firm would get crippled and eventually shut down. Procurement is also more relevant in the 21st century simply because everyone is trying to locate the best stockpile of resources, many of which are dwindling (steel, conventional power plants, cement are a few industry examples springing to the mind). Trade is also similar in such aspects because internationally, industries and individuals are always buying and selling from similar entities across the borders. Thus, it can be inferred that they need to do a similar kind of research before taking the plunge. Research is the key word here because, like in operations, there is a lot at stake, and a single wrong choice can easily result in the company's coffers getting depleted by millions. Interestingly most companies tend to, after selecting the supplier, rate their performances, once the suppliers fulfill their commitments.
What is the advantage of rating our suppliers? Quite simply, once a supplier fulfils the commitment, firms would obviously decide whether to maintain the relationship with him, if he does a proper job of the prior assignment. Thus, based on the criteria which were indirectly referred to in the preceding paragraphs, firms rate their suppliers, and then refer to these ratings to decide whether a supplier is good enough to supply materials to a firm. As it turns out, every firm's operations function includes the criteria of delivery, quality and price to rate a supplier's performance. It can be inferred that the three highlighted parameters form the backbone of any firm or trading organization which is dependent on supplies of any kind. Why is that so? Countless research papers in myriad university journals have also arrived at the same conclusion. It does not take a lot of rocket science for a layman to understand the importance of these three parameters. For any procurement function, the recurring thoughts revolve around the problems, namely that the materials/services procured should arrive on time, in the right quantity, at the right cost, and of an optimum quality. And it is no big discovery that any trading firm would also be worried about the right quantity of the consignment, arriving at the right time, bought at the right cost and without any damage. Consequently, the distinct functions of trade and operations converge when it comes to the idea of suppliers, and it won't be stretching it too far to say that for firms which base their identities on their operations, or in its specialization as a trading firm, sourcing their supplies is the one thing they will never outsource (unless it is too late of course!), and neither will they turn a blind eye to any problems plaguing such a crucial task. CONCLUSION Sourcing is one of the toughest jobs on the planet, not because it is dangerous, but because we are dealing with the problem of scant resources, which cannot be increased in many cases. Also, the vast difference between trade and operations disappears completely, as has been discussed repeatedly earlier, when it comes to finding the right person to equip us with the materials we require. Suffice it to say that procurement has always been an important cog in the organizational wheel, and will continue to be so. As for trading, which is among the oldest businesses known to mankind, the idea of exchanging goods does not sound so primeval and primitive, because there is always going to be a vacuum of resources of different kinds in different regions of the world, and for our posterity to prosper, much like our ancestors, trade will also be as important as operations, the importance of which should not be lost upon anybody.
NOBLE GROUP by Pavan Chandramouli (2nd Year MBA-IB) Noble Group (SGX: N21) manages the global supply chain of agricultural and energy products, metals and minerals. Noble operates from over 140 locations, employing more than 70 nationalities. Noble manages a diversified portfolio of essential raw materials, integrating the sourcing, marketing, processing, financing and transportation of those materials. Noble owns and manages a portfolio of strategic assets, sourcing from low cost producers such as Brazil, Argentina, Australia and Indonesia and supplying to high growth demand markets including China, India and the Middle East. Today, Noble has interests in grain crushing facilities, coal and iron ore mines, fuel terminals and storage facilities, sugar and ethanol plants, ports, vessels and other key infrastructure facilities. Noble is one of the few companies in the world that manages such a diversified portfolio of raw materials and natural resources ranging from coal, coffee and carbon credits to soybeans, sugar and base metals. This wide product diversification has always been an integral component of the company's risk management strategy. Products
Did you know: 
World Steel industry directly employs about more than two million people worldwide, with a further two million contractors and four million people in the supporting industries. By sector, global steel recovery rates for recycling are estimated at 85% for construction, 85% for automotive, 90% for machinery and 50% for electrical and domestic appliances. This leads to a global weighted average of over 70% . 761Mt of coking coal and Pulverised Coal Injection (PCI) coals are used in global steel production, which is around 12% of total hard coal consumption worldwide. 20
Pipeline Strategy
Noble manages supply chains that span origination, transportation, storage, processing and delivery of key commodities, connecting low-cost producing countries
growth markets. Noble focuses its investments on key assets at select stages of the supply chain process, allowing the Group to extract additional value, manage risk and secure long-term
product flows. Facts about Noble Group: In late 2009, Noble achieved "Investment
(Baa3) from Moody's Investors Service and (BBB-) from Standard & Poor's, complementing its initial "Investment Grade" rating
from Fitch the
previous year. In addition, Noble Group is among the 30 securities listed on the Straits Times Index. Founded: 1986 Headquarters: Hong Kong Employees: 12000 (2011) Website: www.thisisnoble.com Chairman: Richard Elman CEO: Yusuf Alireza
About BLASH BLASH is the official International Trade Club at Indian Institute of Foreign Trade. The club focuses on providing a platform for the student community to learn and discuss about various aspects of International trade. Besides releasing the monthly newsletter, the club organizes various guest lectures, sessions, corporate interactions, quizzes, live-projects and competitions for the students at IIFT.
About IIFT Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT) is India's nodal institution of excellence in the field of International Trade and Business. Since its inception in 1963, IIFT has kept pace with the extremely dynamic Global business environment by focusing on International Trade and Logistics-related issues. The rigorous, extremely dynamic and up-to-date course curriculum stands testimony to this fact. Supplementing the classroom, IIFT organizes several events and discussions on currently relevant issues in the field of Trade and Logistics, which are graced by pre-eminent professionals, industry veterans and academicians, alike. Our students have maintained and sustained IIFT's rich legacy by successfully exhibiting their skills time and again in various Live Projects and Competitions. The institution has groomed international business managers for over 40 years and boasts alumni base spread over geographies and business verticals.
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF FOREIGN TRADE IIFT Bhawan B - 21, Qutab Institutional Area New Delhi - 110016
BLASH COORDINATORS: Amit Sharma (+919899219807, email@example.com) Kamal Raju Gotte (+919650637712, firstname.lastname@example.com) Puneet Garg (+917838872848, firstname.lastname@example.com)
Phone: +91 11 26853055 Fax: +91 11 2685 3956
Articles Invited for Next Issue of
TRADE WINDS EDITORIAL TEAM: S.V.Praneet Varma (+918447574308, email@example.com) Chief Editor
TradeWinds Send in your entries to email@example.com
Pavan Chandramouli (+919990925135,firstname.lastname@example.com) Editor
Published on Mar 11, 2014
Trade Winds is the magazine of the International Trade Club of Indian Institute Of Foreign Trade, Delhi & Kolkata


text:
I've seen alot of similar questions but none of them are the same as what i am experiencing.
Sequence of events: Firstly, installed spiceworks, no problems. Activated helpdesk, also no problems. Helpdesk login was setup not using the AD authentication. All e-mails (from ticket creation to comments & closing) was being delivered to the creator and the admins. After a couple of days, i switched to AD authentication on the helpdesk. Now none of the creators receive any e-mails but all the admins do.
All the mail settings are correct. I even switched from Exchange mode to SMTP to test, but still nothing.
This topic was created during version 4.1.
The latest version is 7.5.00101.
3 Replies
Sep 30, 2009 at 6:58 UTC
IT Journey, LLC is an IT service provider.
I would completely remove the email settings that you have configured, restart Spiceworks and re-setup email settings and restart Spiceworks again.
Sep 30, 2009 at 8:03 UTC
I have done that. But no difference. New ticket mails still coming through, but users not receiving "Update" mails when changes are made to the tickets.
Oct 1, 2009 at 4:43 UTC
Solved it:
Seems that It was the "Force Send Confirmation Emails" under advanced settings:
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.

subset: commoncrawl


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Painted Autumn Photo Overlays
- 40 hand painted Autumn Photo Overlays {many brown/natural looking hazes and tones, beautiful borders & vigniettes}
8x11in each, 300 dpi, PNG files
Simply drag & drop the overlay over your pic layer, play with different modes and opacities, mix & match them to get new looks and tones !
This pack will work great with any Fall pics {great for any on location pics, with brown tones}.
These overlays will add some extra whimsy haze and softness into your pics & make them even more enchanted. Each overlay is hand painted !
Please check the additional previews and see more examples of these overlays in use.
Beautiful Photography courtesy of Annabella Photography & Karin Sanders Photography
* * Will work with any editing program that allows to use layers (PS,PSE, PSP, GIMP)
Please do not share or sell these files. Please do not claim them as your own design.


text: In this video I show you how to make the paper water bomb. The water bomb is a classical origami model. Every kid should know how to fold it ! Watch the steps and fold your own water bomb ! The water bomb is sometimes also called the paper balloon. For your information robh0629 (rob's world) did a video on this origami model. You can watch his video of the paper water bomb if you want. PS : thanks jeremyshaferorigami (Jeremy Shafer) for your comment !


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Mable John
... read moreMable John, sister of Little Willie John, was the first woman to record for Tamla/Motown, releasing her first single in 1960. Her records didn't meet with much financial success, and by '62 she was dropped from the label. John became one of Ray Charles' backing vocalists, The Raelettes, before going...
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Fulton County Public Schools superintendent Robert Avossa is at the top of a short list to lead the Palm Beach County, Florida school district.
More than 70 candidates applied, with Avossa ranking among the top three. Thursday afternoon, he'll answer questions from the Palm Beach County School Board during a public meeting.
Palm Beach County is the 11th largest school district in the U.S., and has about twice as many students as Fulton County.
Right now, Avossa earns more than $343,000 a year in salary and benefits. He has about two years left on his current contract, which the Fulton County School Board just extended in October.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 17, 1998
|Filing date
|Mar 27, 1995
|Priority date
|Mar 27, 1995
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Thomas Leyrer
|Original Assignee
|Texas Instruments Incorporated
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (22), Classifications (7), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates generally to microprocessor based data processing systems and, more particularly, to systems which have various levels of data storage including a first level cache and which use the microprocessor to transfer and modify long data blocks.
Emerging trends in microprocessor based systems like video and audio processing for multimedia applications and peripheral adaptation on the microprocessor bus require a very efficient processor-to-memory interface. FIG. 1 depicts a common architecture of a computer system. The microprocessor (or CPU) MP including a first level cache resides on the mainboard together with the system logic, main memory and adapter cards for peripherals. Optionally the mainboard offers a second level cache (not shown) to speed up system performance. Most of today's Personal Computers (PC) and Engineering Workstations are based on a two-level cache memory design.
With the faster growing speed evaluation on process technology compared to processor bus speed, the internal memory bus of the processor is typically 2-3 times as fast as the external memory bus, so the performance of the on-chip first level cache (1LC) becomes more important. The overall goal of a first level cache is to supply the processor core with information from on-chip memory with no wait states. The information transferred to the core can include instructions and data, and data can be written from the core to the system. Enhanced cache architectures are using a write-back mechanism to update data in the first level cache without updating the external memory system. This allows the core to write data into the first level cache without wait states. The slower external memory is updated from the core only if the data written by the core into the first level cache gets replaced by new data and would otherwise be lost. The processor works most efficiently when more than 90% of read and write requests match the content of the 1LC. A high hit rate of more than 90% can be achieved on processor benchmark programs using data calculation and transportation in blocks smaller than the size of the 1LC. With application software the hit rate of the 1LC is typically less than 90% due to larger programs and data blocks which exceed the size of the 1LC. It is of course important for the system performance to keep the hit rate of the 1LC as high as possible.
To keep pace with larger data blocks transferred from and to the peripherals, several techniques are used to increase the data throughput. For example, peripheral devices such as graphic adapters and hard disk controllers are connected to the microprocessor (MP) local bus to use the full bandwidth of the processor bus. In addition large memory buffers or cache memories are implemented on the peripherals to increase the data throughput of the system. For example, a hard disk might implement a hard disk (HD) cache. There are also programs that use a part of the main memory as a software (SW) cache to store frequently used data. The size of such caches is in general more than 10 times the size of the first level cache (1LC).
FIG. 2 shows a typical example of memory levels involved in hard disk operations with related memory size and maximum transfer rate. The second level cache (2LC) is based on static memory (SRAM) devices which have a faster access time than the dynamic memory (DRAM) devices of the main memory. Thus the SRAM can respond to CPU requests with no wait states whereas the DRAM of the main memory typically requires 1 or more wait states. Another memory level is inserted by hard disk cache programs that use part of the main memory as a software cache to store frequently used memory blocks from the hard disk drive. Larger disk drives use an on-drive cache memory (hard disk cache) which stores data blocks in advance. The slowest transfer rate in the FIG. 2 memory model comes from the magnetic disk drive which is limited by mechanical rotation. In general there is a compromise between memory size and transfer rate. The various memory levels mentioned above are used to improve the overall system performance. However, the function of data transfer from the hard disk to the MP could be also achieved without any cache memory, but at the cost of lower system performance.
FIG. 3 shows the basic data flow required to execute a typical application in the system of FIG. 1. This example indicates that for all tasks of the application the CPU is the device controlling the data flow. Every time the CPU reads information from the external system, the information is allocated in the 1LC. Transfers of data blocks which are multiple times the size of the 1LC (which is the case for all transfers shown in FIG. 3) have the following effect: 1LC gets completely filled with data which will be replaced by new data blocks before there is a CPU request on the same location; the effective 1LC hit rate is near 0% during transfers of large data blocks; and 1LC with write-back mode has to update dirty data from 1LC into slower external memory before the whole 1LC is filled with data.
It is therefore desirable to improve the 1LC hit rate during large block transfers to the CPU, and to reduce the need to update dirty data to external memory during large block transfers to CPUs having a write-back feature.
A data processing arrangement according to the invention prevents a long data read sequence from being allocated to a memory level if the block size of the data read sequence exceeds the size of the memory level.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional data processing system.
FIG. 2 shows size and data transfer characteristics of various memory levels within a data processing system such as shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 illustrates the data flow within the data processing system of FIG. 1 during execution of various application tasks.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram which illustrates how non-cache long data read (NCLDR) logic according to the present invention can be applied to the core logic and first level cache of a microprocessor.
FIG. 5 diagrammatically illustrates one exemplary embodiment of the NCLDR logic of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram which illustrates how another exemplary embodiment of the NCLDR logic is used in a data processing system.
FIG. 7 diagrammatically illustrates the exemplary NCLDR logic of FIG. 6.
As an example for describing the invention, an on-chip 1LC is considered with a cache size of 16 KBytes and a write-back mode. The CPU controls the memory allocation on 1LC with a cache enable signal. Once a long data read sequence is recognized, the control logic of the invention disables memory allocation on 1LC by driving the cache enable signal inactive. This method avoids "flushing" the 1LC with ineffective data. In addition, the most frequently used instruction and data patterns remain in 1LC, the fastest memory of the computer system. Data which is flagged as dirty in the 1LC does not need to be updated into slower external memory.
Microprocessors conventionally have the capability to execute data block instructions. For example, microprocessors based on the so-called x86 architecture have an instruction prefix called REP which allows the repetition of a data transfer command. In a 16 bit device driver software the data transfer command can be repeated 65536 times, which results in a data block size of up to 512 KBytes for a single instruction. The present invention is applicable with microprocessors that have this capability of data block transfers with single instructions. Evaluation of conventional peripheral device driver and software cache routines confirms that data blocks of 8 KBytes to 64 KBytes are typically transferred in combination with the REP instruction prefix during execution of tasks such as those shown in FIG. 3.
In contrast, block transfers of a few hundred bytes up to about 8 K Bytes (half the size of a 16 K Byte 1LC) are used very seldom and have negligible effect on the system performance whether they are allocated in 1LC or not. When a program jumps to and returns from subroutines, the CPU internal registers are typically saved or restored with a single instruction, e.g. push or pop all registers (POPA instruction on x86 architectures). The size of the data blocks involved in such program flow control are dependent on the operating system. For a 16 bit operating system, the block size of this kind of data transfer is typically less than 64 bytes.
Based on the evaluation above, the size of a data block relative to the 1LC size can be predicted by counting the consecutive data read bus cycles. Once the count exceeds the block size typically used for program flow control, the probability of a data block read sequence at least as large as the 16 KByte 1LC of this example is very high. The probability of at least an 8 KByte sequence (half the size of the 16 K Byte 1LC of this example) is even higher.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram which illustrates an example of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows a core 41 and a first level cache 43 of a microprocessor, and a bus 51 for transferring information such as control signals, data, addresses and instructions between the microprocessor and system components external to the microprocessor, such as the system logic, main memory and other peripherals illustrated in FIG. 1. Also connected to bus 51 is non-cache long data read (NCLDR) logic 45. The logic 45 is responsive to information received from bus 51 to produce a processor cache enable signal PKEN which indicates to the microprocessor whether or not the first level cache 43 is to be utilized to cache a block transfer. FIG. 4 also illustrates that the logic 45 may be implemented on-chip with the core 41 and first level cache 43 of the microprocessor, or may be alternatively implemented externally of the microprocessor. More specifically, the dashed lines 47 and 49 illustrate alternative boundaries between the microprocessor and the remainder of the data processing system. If the logic 45 is implemented on-chip with the microprocessor, then the microprocessor/system boundary is defined by dashed line 47 in FIG. 4. If the logic 45 is implemented externally of the microprocessor, then the microprocessor/system boundary is defined by the broken line at 49 in FIG. 4. As will be apparent from the following description, the logic 45 functions the same whether it is implemented on-chip with the microprocessor or off-chip with the remainder of the system components.
FIG. 5 shows one example of the NCLDR logic. The `BUS COMMAND DECODE` block 53 has several CPU control signals from bus 51 as input. The address strobe signal (ADS) indicates that the CPU is starting an external bus cycle. This bus cycle is defined by the three control signals memory/io (MIO), data/code (DC) and write/read (WR). The latter three control signals are valid with ADS. The clock input CLK is the reference signal to sample the signals and check their status. The logic in this block 53 decodes two different types of bus cycles. The data read (data-- rd) output signal indicates that the CPU requests data information from the external system. The code read (code-- rd) output signal indicates that the CPU fetches code information, i.e. instructions. All other bus cycles such as input/output cycles, write cycles or special cycles are not decoded by this block 53. The output signals from logic block 53 feed the input of a `6 BIT COUNTER/DECODER` block 55. FIG. 5 shows that the data-- rd signal is connected with the count input of block 55 and the code-- rd signal is connected with the reset input of block 55.
The 6-bit counter in block 55 has three input signals with the following functions. The count input increases the counter state by one only when the hold input is not asserted. The reset input sets the counter state to zero independent of the other inputs. The counter remains in its current state if hold is asserted. The hold input of logic block 55 is connected with counter state 32 (c32) output from the block 55. The active high c32 output thus represents the maximum attainable count (32) in this embodiment. This means that the counter counts up to state 32 on data read cycles and remains at this state until a code read cycle is initiated by the CPU. So there must be 32 consecutive data read cycles without an instruction fetch (which would activate code-- rd and thus reset the counter) to activate the c32 signal. The c32 signal is inverted at 57 to produce the PKEN signal, and the microprocessor will not allocate any read cycles to 1LC while PKEN is low. Upon the next code read cycle, code-- rd will reset the counter to drive c32 low and PKEN high, thus permitting read cycle allocation to 1LC until the next instance of 32 consecutive data read cycles without an instruction fetch. In a 16 bit operating system, a data block of 64 bytes is required to activate the c32 signal (2 bytes/read cycle X 32 read cycles).
Referring again to FIG. 1, the system logic in many conventional computer systems generates a system cache enable signal SKEN which is input to the microprocessor and which normally enables the first level cache of the microprocessor, but also disables the first level cache when the microprocessor is accessing non-cacheable areas such as video memory. Thus, if the NCLDR logic is implemented externally of the microprocessor, and if the SKEN signal is provided as shown in FIG. 1, then the output of inverter 57 can be used to gate the SKEN signal and thereby provide a suitable PKEN1 signal to the microprocessor, as shown at 45A in FIGS. 6 and 7. The cache enable signal to the processor (PKEN1) is the output of an AND gate 59 which has the system cache enable (SKEN) signal and the inverted version of the c32 signal as input. When the counter state reaches state 32 indicated by an active high level on c32 , then PKEN1 is driven low by the inverted c32 signal output from inverter 57, and the 1LC does not allocate any data from read cycles until the next code fetch.
The exemplary logic 45 and 45A of FIGS. 5-7 can be implemented with, for example, a single programmable logic array (PLA) device, which PLA can be located within the system logic chip set, or separately therefrom as in FIG. 6. Although it is more cost effective to integrate the logic 45 into the microprocessor where the 1LC is located, the system performance is not affected regardless of whether logic 45 is integrated into the microprocessor, or logic 45 or 45A is provided externally of the microprocessor either within the system logic chip set or elsewhere.
In view of the foregoing, it should be clear that the present invention: (1) increases computer system performance with easy implementation by suppressing CPU first level cache on long data read sequences; (2) gets more efficient on systems using a) CPU local bus peripherals (video, audio, mass storage, network), b) Multimedia applications, c) CPUs with internal multiple clock operation (2-3 times as fast as external memory bus), d) CPUs with on chip write back cache, e) 2nd level cache (>64 kByte), f) large main memory (>8 Mbyte), and g) software cache for peripherals; and (3) reduces CPU power consumption on long data read sequences (no 1LC operations).
Although exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described above, this description does not limit the scope of the invention, which can be practiced in a variety of embodiments.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 2, 1995
Owner name: TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED, TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LEYRER, THOMAS;REEL/FRAME:007664/0994
Effective date: 19950515
|Aug 29, 2001
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