text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 3, 2009
|Filing date
|Sep 28, 2006
|Priority date
|Sep 28, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Jay S. Sommer
|Original Assignee
|American Orthodontics Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (11), Classifications (6), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/721,392, filed Sep. 28, 2005.
The invention relates to brackets used in orthodontic treatment, more specifically to an orthodontic bracket having a clip or latch for releasably retaining an archwire in an archwire slot of the bracket.
During one type of common orthodontic treatment, a series of small brackets are fixed to a patient's anterior, cuspid and bicuspid teeth, and an archwire is inserted into a slot of each bracket. The archwire forms a track to guide movement of the teeth to orthodontically correct locations. End sections of the archwires are typically captured in tiny appliances known as buccal tubes that are fixed to the patient's molar teeth. Many types of orthodontic brackets have archwire slots that are open on one side for insertion of the archwire, and confined on remaining sides by the bracket tie wings or other structure. Brackets bonded to the patient's front tooth surfaces often have archwire slots that open on a buccolabial side (facing the patient's cheeks or lips) or an occlusal side (facing the outer tips of the teeth) of the archwire slot.
Ligatures such as elastomeric O-rings are commonly used to connect the archwire to each bracket and to urge the archwire into seating engagement in the archwire slot. However, ligatures are time-consuming to install, decay over time and can become stained and unsightly. As a result self-ligating brackets were developed wherein each bracket has a clip or latch mounted thereon for retaining an archwire in the archwire slot. Christoff et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,119, describes one such self-ligating bracket and contains an extended discussion of different types of known self-ligating bracket system in its background section. Voudouris U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,908,293 and 5,913,680, among others, illustrate that a wide variety of self-ligating bracket structures have been proposed.
Most known self-ligating bracket systems do not require complete removal of the clip when it is necessary to access the archwire slot. The clip or shutter can assume open and closed positions without being fully removed from the bracket. Known U-shaped clips slide into and out of these positions and use some form of detent to hold the clip in the open position. In the open position, the archwire slot is accessible, but the clip has not been fully removed from the bracket.
Build-up of calculus over time can make it difficult to remove shutters or clips that slide into and out of place, such as of the detent style. Hinged designs avoid this problem, but it is also desirable to avoid elaborate structures such as built-in hinges where possible, while still providing a clip that performs reliably, is easy to use and inexpensive to manufacture. The present invention addresses these needs.
An orthodontic bracket system according to the invention includes a bracket having a base contoured to engage a tooth surface, a body extending from the base, at least one first tie wing connected to the body, and a pair of second tie wings connected to the body and spaced from the first tie wing in an occlusal-gingival direction when the bracket is mounted on a tooth. An archwire slot extends between the first and second tie wings in a mesial-distal direction, wherein the first tie wing has an outwardly inclined rear surface proximate the archwire slot. A clip for use with the bracket has a retaining portion configured to fit beneath the first tie wing on the side thereof opposite the archwire slot, a locking edge portion remote from the retaining portion that fits into a recess beneath the second tie wings, a mid-portion that spans the retaining portion and the locking edge portion and covers at least a portion of the archwire slot in a manner effective to retain an archwire therein, and at least one arm that extends from the locking edge portion towards the retaining portion and is spaced from the mid-portion. During closing, the arm rides down against the inclined rear surface of the first tie wing and a portion of the clip (e.g., the arm, the mid-portion or both) bends resiliently, exerting a force that locks the locking edge portion of the clip in the recess beneath the second tie wings. During opening, the arm rides up against the inclined rear surface of the first tie wing as the locking edge portion of the clip is removed from the recess beneath the second tie wings. The clip is then moved to an open position to permit placement and removal of the archwire, and held in that position.
In preferred forms of the invention, the bracket has two pairs of first and second tie wings, and the clip is configured with two resilient arms that engage inclined outer surfaces of the first tie wings. The clip and first tie wings are also configured so that the clip can assume an open position wherein the archwire slot is accessible, but the clip remains mounted on the bracket in a pivoted-up position.
The invention further provides a clip for use in the foregoing bracket system which before installation comprises a flat, resilient sheet. These and other aspects of the invention are further discussed in the detailed description that follows.
In the accompanying drawing figures, like numerals denote like elements, and:
The invention is a self-ligating bracket system that relies on one or more arms or wings to lock the shutter or clip in place. Bracket systems are classified as either passive or active. A passive bracket system traps an archwire in the slot and creates an inflexible barrier when the archwire exerts force against it. An active or interactive bracket system is resilient, i.e. yields to some extent when the archwire moves against it, and exerts a counter force that tends to urge the archwire back into the slot. The examples discussed herein are of the passive type. The clip of the invention is resilient and bends when locking, exerting a resilient force. The resilient force is used to lock the clip, and it becomes a passive type of locking system.
With reference to
The bracket 10 used with clip 11 can vary in design depending on the intended purpose, but has certain features needed to interact with clip 11. The first tie wing(s) 14 have outwardly inclined rear surfaces 23 proximate the archwire slot 12. During and after installation of the clip 11, the resilient arms 21 ride up against these surfaces 23 and bend resiliently, exerting a force which locks the locking edge portion 16 of the clip 11 in slot 17 beneath the second tie wings 18. The mid-portion 19 of the clip 11 remains flat and effectively covers the archwire slot 12. The retaining portion 13 becomes lodged against the undersides of the first tie wings 14. Clip 11 is thereby held securely on both sides of the archwire slot 12.
As shown in
Clip 11 can be opened by lifting an exposed part of the locking edge portion 16 with a tool, pushing the clip 11 back and making the arms 21 ride up further along the inclined rear surfaces 23 of the first tie wings 14. The clip 11, once unlocked by sliding a short distance, can be moved to a position where the archwire slot is open and the clip is held in an open position on the bracket. In this case, clip 11 pivots along an inner edge 24 of retaining portion 13 to a position where resilient arms 21 resiliently engage rounded tops 26 of tie wings 14, holding clip 11 in an open position at an angle of about 60 to 90 degrees relative to its closed position. Rounded tops 26 have a cammed profile effective to hold clip 11 in the open position, i.e., once in the position shown in
Narrower arms 21 bend more readily, and the shape of clip 11 can be varied as needed to permit the self-ligating bracket to be opened and closed without difficulty, yet remain reliably closed while in use. Arms 21 are the only portion of the clip that must bend during installation and operation, and as such the rest of the clip can remain substantially flat throughout. Clip 11 can open either occlusally or gingivally, and as such, surfaces 23 can be either on the gingival or occlusal tie wings.
The invention is advantageous in that it rotates to open after a short initial sliding movement. This makes it more reliable after a long period of time in the mouth. The clip of the invention avoids use of springs, detents and pins, and can be fabricated from a unitary flat metal blank by conventional methods including stamping, laser cutting, and photoetching. It can be made of any of a variety of commercially available metals for making bracket clips, such as NiTi alloys, chrome cobalt, MP35N, stainless steel, and a cobalt-chromium-nickel alloy known as ELGILOY�. The bracket may be of the conventional metal kind, or could be made from single crystal ceramic or sapphire, and the clip can be coated with a tooth color coating, or made of a tooth color elastic polymer such as polyurethane and produced by molding. The thickness of the blank (and hence of the finished clip) preferably does not vary, it being more convenient to control the bending forces of the clip by varying the width of the different segments.
As shown in
In a preferred form of the invention as shown in
Referring now to
In the preceding embodiments, the curved undercut profile of undersurfaces 31 of gingival tie wings 14 assures that the clip 11 will remain locked in use.
Clip 81 used in this embodiment may omit the projection 27 and instead have a central rounded notch 86 in its locking edge portion 87 to permit insertion of a tool by the clinician to unlock clip 81. Clip 81 further has a pair of additional outer spring arms 90 which extend from the retaining portion in parallel with mid-portion 88. Outer spring arms 90 may be flat, but are preferably pre-bent as by thermoforming so that they actively engage archwire 91 at opposite ends of the archwire slot.
As shown in
While certain embodiments of the invention have been illustrated for the purposes of this disclosure, numerous changes in the method and apparatus of the invention presented herein may be made by those skilled in the art. Such variations are within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 27, 1984
|Jan 8, 1985
|Augusta Developments Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket
|Oct 22, 1996
|Jan 27, 1998
|Hanson; G. Herbert
|Self-ligating orthodontic brackets
|May 7, 1998
|May 25, 1999
|Hanson; G. Herbert
|Self-ligating orthodontic brackets
|Apr 3, 1997
|Jun 1, 1999
|Voudouris; John C.
|Orthodontic bracket
|Nov 12, 1996
|Jun 22, 1999
|Voudouris; John C.
|Orthodontic bracket
|Feb 3, 1999
|Jun 6, 2000
|Damon Family Limited Partnership
|Self-ligating orthodontic bracket
|Dec 22, 1998
|Jun 6, 2000
|3M Innovative Properties Company
|Dual mode self-ligating orthodontic bracket
|May 2, 2001
|Sep 19, 2002
|Voudouris John C.
|Orthodontic bracket
|Feb 25, 2003
|Aug 26, 2004
|John Devincenzo
|Orthodontic bracket and clip
|Feb 26, 2004
|Sep 2, 2004
|Wolfgang Heiser
|Orthodontic bracket
|Mar 8, 2005
|Jul 12, 2007
|Voudouris John C
|Orthodontic bracket
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 23, 2010
|Oct 4, 2011
|Robert Lokar
|Self-ligating orthodontic bracket
|Dec 27, 2011
|Jan 13, 2015
|American Orthodontics Corporation
|Assembly formed by a bracket, a clip and a base for an orthodontic apparatus, and orthodontic apparatus comprising same
|Jun 4, 2012
|Apr 28, 2015
|Justin Parker
|Orthodontic appliance anchoring method and apparatus
|Dec 27, 2011
|Jul 19, 2016
|Clip-base-bracket assembly having a base for an orthodontic apparatus and orthodontic apparatus comprising same
|Mar 14, 2014
|Oct 18, 2016
|American Orthodontics Corporation
|Self-ligating bracket
|Dec 27, 2011
|Nov 22, 2016
|Assembly formed by a self-ligating bracket and an elastic clip, for an orthodontic apparatus
|Mar 14, 2014
|Sep 18, 2014
|American Orthodontics Corporation
|Self-Ligating Bracket
|May 13, 2011
|May 22, 2012
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket
|Oct 29, 2013
|Jan 27, 2015
|Rmo, Inc.
|Orthodontic bracket
|Jan 17, 2013
|Apr 7, 2015
|Rmo, Inc.
|Dental instrument for a self-ligating orthodontic clip
|Apr 22, 2014
|Mar 1, 2016
|Ormco Corporation
|Rotating clip orthodontic bracket
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 28, 2006
Owner name: AMERICAN ORTHODONTICS CORPORATION, WISCONSIN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SOMMER, JAY S.;REEL/FRAME:018356/0516
Effective date: 20060928
|Mar 18, 2013
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Apr 26, 2017
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Accession Number : ADA309923
Title : The 'Hybrid' of Taiwan's Airspace -- Close Up on Taiwan's IDF Fighter,
Corporate Author : NATIONAL AIR INTELLIGENCE CENTER WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH
Personal Author(s) : Daoming, S. A.
PDF Url : ADA309923
Report Date : 04 APR 1996
Pagination or Media Count : 20
Abstract : On the basis of introductions in the recent Taiwan press, the 8th flight squadron of the Taizhong Qingquangang KMT air force base held a delivery ceremony on 28 December 1994 for the first batch of 20 IDF fighters. Beginning New Year's Day 1995, they begin formal utilization to carry out combat readiness missions. As far as the Taiwan air force IDF, that is, in English--Indigenous Defense Fighter, as it is abbreviated--is concerned, it was developed by the Taiwan Zhongshan Science Institute's aviation industry development center. It is a type of supersonic multiple use fighter. The prototype model has already been named the 'Jingguo'. The local press has called it one of the Taiwan air forces four types of second generation combat aircraft. The other three types are the F-16A/BMLU (a middle life improved model), the Mirage 2000-5 fighter, and the E2-T aerial early warning aircraft. Based on the analyses of relevant personages, it goes without saying that IDF fighters--from exterior shape to internal equipment--have, in all cases, integrated and applied good amounts of designs and equipment associated with other fighters and can be said to be a 'hybrid'. Its appearance gave rise to interest from a number of readers. For this reason, we will here make a preliminary introduction with regard to such things as its development background and design requirements, development processes and applied technologies, primary characteristics, as well as future utilization, and so on, in order to provide a reference.
Descriptors : *FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY, *INTEGRATION, *JET FIGHTERS, *TAIWAN, *HYBRIDIZATION, FIGHTER AIRCRAFT, AIR FORCE, AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY, DEFENSE SYSTEMS, MILITARY AIRCRAFT, COMBAT READINESS, PROTOTYPES, AIR SPACE, MISSIONS, TRANSLATIONS, AIRCRAFT MODELS, COMBAT FORCES, CHINESE LANGUAGE, SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT, FOREIGN LANGUAGES.
Subject Categories : Attack and Fighter Aircraft
Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 20, 2011
|Filing date
|Mar 28, 2007
|Priority date
|Mar 28, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Elliot N. Linzer, Leslie D. Kohn
|Original Assignee
|Ambarella, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (8), Classifications (13), Legal Events (2)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is related to co-pending application Ser. No. 11/692,513 filed Mar. 28, 2007 and Ser. No. 11/692,733 filed Mar. 28, 2007, which are hereby incorporated by referenced in their entirety.
The present invention relates to a method and/or architecture for digital photography generally and, more particularly, to fixed pattern noise correction with compressed gain and offset.
An electronic sensor (CCD or CMOS) is commonly used in digital still and video cameras for converting an optical signal into a digital representation of the image in the optical signal. The digital image, as measured at each pixel, is not exactly proportional to the amount of light incident on the sensor as a variety of factors contribute noise to the measured value. The sensor noise can be broken down into two components, a fixed pattern noise (FPN) and non-fixed noise.
Fixed pattern noise is noise that depends on the pixel location (spatial dependency) as well as the amount of light incident on the pixel (signal dependency). The noise is substantially invariant over short periods (i.e., almost unchanged over a few seconds). Fixed pattern noise is commonly a function of temperature and so will change as the sensor heats up or cools down. Furthermore, fixed pattern noise changes very slowly as the sensor ages (i.e., over months or years).
Non-fixed noise is noise that has no statistical dependence from picture to picture. The noise is naturally created within the sensor and associated analog electronics. Stray background light and radiation also contribute to the non-fixed noise.
Black frame subtraction is a conventional technique used to cancel fixed pattern noise. The black frame subtraction technique captures a picture with the camera shutter closed. Since no optical signal is incident on the sensor while the shutter is closed, a resulting black frame records only noise. The black frame is then subtracted from future pictures to cancel the fixed pattern noise.
Referring to
Conventional black frame subtraction techniques have several drawbacks. For example, black frame subtraction can only eliminate signal independent (additive) fixed pattern noise because the black frame only measures noise when no light is incident on the sensor. The black frame subtraction techniques cannot reduce signal dependent noise. Furthermore, the black frame itself is typically large. For example, an 8 million pixel sensor using 12 bits/pixel creates a 12 megabyte black frame. Therefore, storing the black frame is usually expensive. The storage is typically implemented in a large, high-bandwidth memory. The bandwidth criterion is particularly high for high-speed high-resolution still cameras and video cameras (typically processing 60 pictures/second). Furthermore, the time used to compute the black frame (i.e., capture and process the black frame) reduces the usability of the camera. The black-frame capture can take the form of increased start-up time if done when the camera is first powered up or increased picture-to-picture time if done after the picture is taken. If the black-frame capture is done when the camera is first powered up, the sensor will typically be cool, but as the camera is used the sensor will heat up thus changing the noise pattern. Fixed pattern noise models and bad pixel masks measured at low temperatures may be quite inaccurate if used at high temperatures.
The present invention concerns a method of pixel correction. The method generally comprises the steps of (A) calibrating a per-pixel correction model of a sensor at a plurality of different illumination levels, (B) generating a plurality of pixel values from the sensor in response to an optical signal and (C) generating a plurality of corrected values by applying the per-pixel correction model to the pixel values.
The objects, features and advantages of the present invention include providing a method and/or architecture for fixed pattern noise correction with compressed gain and offset that may (i) correct for fixed pattern noise as a function of illumination levels, (ii) correct for fixed pattern noise and bad pixels as a function of temperature, (iii) reduce a size of a fixed pattern noise model, (iv) reduce a bandwidth to a memory device storing the correction noise information compared with conventional techniques, (v) calibrate a sensor during a power down routine, (vi) avoid camera startup delays due to calibration and/or (vii) avoid delays between the button press and picture capture due to calibration.
These and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and the appended claims and drawings in which:
Referring to
The device 100 may illustrate several features of the present invention. Overall, the features generally include, but are not limited to, uses of compressed correction models, uncompressed signal models, signal-dependent correction models, signal-independent correction models and temperature-dependent correction models. A camera implementing the present invention may incorporate one or more of the above features with or without one or more of the other features. For example, the device implementation shown in
The device 100 generally comprises a lens 102, a shutter 103, a circuit (or module) 104, a circuit (or module) 106, a circuit (or module) 108, a circuit (or module) 110 and a circuit (or module) 112. An optical signal (e.g., LIGHT) may be received by the circuit 104 through the lens 102 and the shutter 103. A signal (e.g., RAW PICTURE) may be presented from the circuit 104 to the circuit 106. Another signal (e.g., INDEX) may be presented from the circuit 110 to the circuit 112. The circuit 112 may present a signal (e.g., MODEL) to the circuit 106. A signal (e.g., CORRECTED PICTURE) may be presented from the circuit 106 to the circuit 108. The circuit 108 may present a signal (e.g., PROCESSED PICTURE).
The circuit 104 may implement an electro-optical sensor. The circuit 104 may comprise an array of pixels that are operational to convert the optical signal LIGHT into the electrical signal RAW PICTURE. The signal RAW PICTURE may comprise a digital signal containing a raw digital value for each of the pixels (e.g., 8 million pixels) of the circuit 104. The raw digital values may be proportional to the intensity of light striking the respective pixels.
The circuit 106 may implement a corrector (or correction) circuit. The circuit 106 may be operational to generate the signal CORRECTED PICTURE by adjusting the raw amplitude values in the signal RAW PICTURE using information received in the signal MODEL. The signal CORRECTED PICTURE may be a digital signal. The adjustments generally correct for fixed pixel noise and/or bad pixels. The signal CORRECTED PICTURE may have multiple corrected values, one for each of the raw digital pixel values.
The circuit 108 may implement one or more processing circuits. The circuit 108 may perform additional processing on the electronic images formed in the signal CORRECTED PICTURE. The processing may include, but is not limited to, gain for color corrections, offset adjustments for black-level calibrations, filtering, resizing and color space conversions. The signal PROCESSED PICTURE generally comprises a still image (e.g., JPEG) or a video bitstream (e.g., ITU-R BT.656-4) having a sequence of images (or pictures).
The circuit 110 generally implements a memory circuit. In some embodiments, the circuit 110 may be a dynamic random access memory circuit. In other embodiments, the circuit 110 may be a nonvolatile memory (e.g., FLASH memory) circuit. Operationally, the circuit 110 stores a map of the pixels in the circuit 104.
Each index of the map generally comprises a multi-bit (e.g., 4 bit) index value in a one-to-one relationship with the pixels. The index values may be presented in the signal INDEX to the circuit 112.
The circuit 112 may implement a decompression circuit. The circuit 112 is generally operational to decompress a compressed correction model received in the signal INDEX to recreate the fixed pattern noise model (e.g., a decompressed per-pixel correction model). The data of the decompressed fixed pattern noise model is generally presented to the circuit 106 in the signal MODEL. As such, the compressed information received from the circuit 110 may be smaller (e.g., fewer bits per pixel) than the decompressed information presented to and used in the circuit 106.
A first aspect of the present invention uses signal-dependent correction models to account for fixed pattern noise in the signal RAW PICTURE. A fixed pattern noise correction model may be applied to each pixel of the circuit 104. Differences between the corrected pixel values (e.g., CORRECTED) and the uncorrected pixel values (e.g., UNCORRECTED) are generally dependent on an amplitude of the uncorrected pixel value. The correction of each uncorrected pixel value may take a form of an offset and a gain. For example, for a particular pixel at row Y and column X in the picture, the corresponding corrected pixel value may be defined by equation 1 as follows:
CORRECTED(Y,X)=UNCORRECTED(Y,X)�GAIN(Y,X)+OFFSET(Y,X) Eq.(1)
A difference between the uncorrected pixel value and the corrected pixel value at the location Y,X is defined by equation 2 as follows:
DIFFERENCE=UNCORRECTED(Y,X)�(GAIN(Y,X)−1)+OFFSET(Y,X) Eq.(2)
Where GAIN(Y,X) is not equal to 1, the difference between the uncorrected pixel value and corrected pixel value at the location Y,X generally depends on (e.g., varies as a function of) the uncorrected pixel value at location Y,X.
The use of both a gain and an offset applied to each pixel value generally improves the performance over existing methods (e.g., black frame subtraction). By using a more advanced correction method, the fixed pattern noise in the signal RAW PICTURE may be adjusted more accurately, leaving a corrected picture in the signal CORRECTED PICTURE with less residual fixed pattern noise, thereby improving the image quality.
Referring to
A second aspect of the present invention generally uses compression to reduce the size of the fixed pattern noise models. The fixed pattern noise models may be stored in the circuit 110, decompressed in the circuit 112, and then used to correct the picture in the circuit 106. The compression generally limits a number of possible combinations (e.g., 16) of gain value and offset value pairs.
Referring to
The table 140 generally comprises an array of gain values and offset values addressed by an index value in the signal INDEX. The index value (e.g., address) may be represented as a small multi-bit (e.g., 4-bit) value. The gain values and the offset values may each be represented as large multi-bit (e.g., 12-bit) values.
A first compression embodiment may operate as follows. A fixed number of bits (e.g., B=4 bits) may be used to represent a model for each pixel. The table 140 may have 2B entries to store multiple gain/offset pairs of the model. For example, for B=4 and using the gain/offset models described above, the table 140 may hold 16 pairs of gain values and offset values. The actual combination of gain values and offset values may use more bits than the B bits of the index value. For example, 12 bits may be stored for each of the gain values and each of the offset values. In the example, a 4-bit compressed version of the model may be decompressed into a 24 bit gain/offset model.
In a second compression embodiment, the fixed pattern noise models may be compressed jointly with per-pixel bad pixel information. For example, a table similar to the table 140 may be used to store both (i) compressed fixed pattern noise information and (ii) bad pixel information. Marking of the bad pixels may be accomplished using one or more of the following methods. In a first marking method, each bad pixel accounted for in the circuit 110 may be identified by a flag index value (e.g., 15 decimal) in the signal INDEX. The flag index value in the signal INDEX effectively bypasses the table 140 for the bad pixels by referencing a predetermined pair (e.g., OFFEST15, GAIN15) in the table 140. A second marking method may store a flag gain value (e.g., a maximum gain) and a flag offset value (e.g., a maximum offset value) in the table 140 for the bad pixels. Other marking methods may be implemented to meet the criteria of a particular application.
Using the compression/decompression aspect of the present invention generally reduces the amount of storage space consumed as well as the bandwidth used to load the model information from the circuit 110 to the circuit 106. For example, where 4 bits are used in the signal INDEX to represent 24-bit models in the signal MODEL, storage and bandwidth may be reduced by 87.5% compared with non-compressed techniques.
Referring to
The device 160 generally comprises the lens 102, a shutter 103, the circuit (or module) 104, the circuit (or module) 106, the circuit (or module) 108 and the circuit (or module) 110. A difference between the device 160 and the device 100 may be that the circuit 110 presents the signal MODEL directly to the circuit 106. Another difference may be that the circuit 110 in the device 160 may contain signal-dependent information for each pixel of the circuit 104, instead of an index value.
Sometimes a particular pixel is so "bad" that the particular pixel may not be properly corrected using information about the fixed pattern noise. Such "bad pixels" may be corrected by interpolating the value at the bad pixel location from neighboring pixels. In correcting a bad pixel (unlike fixed pattern noise correction) the actual bad pixel value in the signal RAW PICTURE may be completely ignored and a new pixel value in the signal CORRECTED PICTURE is generally estimated using neighboring pixel values.
A bad pixel mask (e.g., a per-pixel correction model) may be used to identify the locations of the bad pixels. The bad pixel mask generally comprises a validity value for each pixel on the circuit 104 indicating if the respective pixel is bad or good. The bad pixel mask may also be stored in the circuit 110 and conveyed in the signal MODEL. The circuit 106 may respond to a bad pixel indication by generated a new pixel value in the signal CORRECTED PICTURE that completely replaces the original pixel value received in the signal RAW PICTURE.
Both the fixed pattern noise model and the bad pixel mask may be black-level calibrated for a particular circuit 104. Black-level calibration may be achieved by taking a picture with the shutter 103 closed (e.g., black frame) at one or more times. A first time may be when the device 160 is powered on before a picture or video is taken. A second time may be just after a real picture is taken. A third time may be shortly after the device 160 has been commanded to power off but before the electronics actually lose power. Black-level calibration information extracted from the resulting black frame may be stored in the circuit 110 for later use.
The temperature at which a sensor is fixed pattern noise calibrated and the temperature at which the fixed pattern noise calibration is used generally effect an accuracy of the fixed pattern noise correction. In a first temperature calibration technique, the circuit 104 may be temperature calibrated when the camera is first powered on. The resulting information may be stored and then used until a next temperature calibration time. In a second temperature calibration technique, the calibration may be performed at a time close to the corresponding correction and so may be very accurate. For example, the circuit 104 may be calibrated just after a still picture has been taken and the temperature calibration information subsequently used to correct the just-taken picture. A difference in the sensor temperature between the calibration time and the use time may have a material impact on the accuracy of the fixed pattern noise correction and/or the bad pixel correction.
Fixed pattern noise corrections and/or bad pixel corrections may be improved by using a temperature-dependent noise removal technique. In a temperature-dependent noise removal technique, a temperature of the circuit 104 may be used to determine a change in the values of the pixels. As the temperature of the circuit 104 changes, the applied corrections may be adjusted accordingly.
Referring to
The device 180 generally comprises the lens 102, the shutter 103, the circuit (or module) 104, a circuit (or module) 106′, the circuit (or module) 108, the circuit (or module) 110 and a circuit (or module) 114. A signal (e.g., TEMP) may be presented from the circuit 114 to the circuit 106′. The signal MODEL may be presented from the circuit 110 directly to the module 106′. The circuit 106′ may implement a temperature-dependent version of the circuit 106.
In a first temperature-dependent embodiment, the circuit 114 may implement a thermometer or other temperature sensor disposed in, on or near the circuit 104. As such, the circuit 114 generally provides a direct temperature measurement or a proximate temperature measurement of the circuit 104. The better the thermal contact between the circuit 114 and the circuit 104, the more accurate the measurement. Based on the temperature value received in the signal TEMP, the circuit 106′ may adjust the corrections applied the raw pixel values based on the actual measured temperature value.
Referring to
Referring to
The circuit 116 may implement a selection circuit. The circuit 116 may be operational to generate an index value (e.g., an address) in the signal INDEX to select an appropriate offset value and gain value pair and/or bad pixel mask from the circuit 110 based on the temperature received in the signal TEMP.
In a first temperature/model-based embodiment, once a temperature of the circuit 104 has been determined by the circuit 114 and a corresponding index value for the temperature has been determined by the circuit 116, different bad pixel masks and/or fixed pattern noise models may be read from the circuit 110 for use in correcting the raw pixels in the circuit 106. The fixed pattern noise model and/or bad pixel mask that is applied by the circuit 106 may thus be based on the temperature of the circuit 104.
Referring to
The circuit 112′ may implement a temperature-dependent decompression circuit. The circuit 112′ may be a variation of the circuit 112. Operationally, the circuit 112′ may generate and present the signal MODEL based on both of the index value received from the circuit 110 in the signal INDEX and the temperature value received from the circuit 114 via the signal TEMP.
In a second temperature/model-based embodiment, fixed pattern noise information and/or bad pixel information may be stored in circuit 110 in a compressed form as described above. For different temperatures, the same compressed version of the fixed pattern noise/bad pixel model may be presented from the circuit 110 to the circuit 112′ for the current raw pixel being corrected. The circuit 112′ may then apply different decompression methods to the fixe pattern noise/bad pixel model based on the temperature value. For example, the compressed models may be decompressed by looking up indices from a lookup table for an appropriate correction model. The indices stored in the lookup table are generally programmed differently for each temperature value. The resulting temperature-dependent model may be transferred to the circuit 106 in the signal MODEL. The circuit 106 may use the model to correct/fix the current raw pixel.
The first temperature/model-based embodiment generally provides more flexible temperature dependent correction than the second temperature/model-based embodiment, since fully independent correction models may be used for each temperature. The first temperature/model-based embodiment may be appropriate for high accuracy applications. The second temperature/model-based embodiment generally uses much less storage than the first temperature/model-based embodiment, since the fixed pattern noise compressed fixed pattern noise models may use much memory than the lookup tables. Therefore, the second temperature/model-based embodiment may be more suitable for cost sensitive applications.
In a third temperature/model-based embodiment (i) multiple sets of models may be used based on the temperature values and (ii) the decompression method may also be based on the temperature values. For example, fully independent fixed pattern noise/bad pixel models may be stored for 50 degrees Celsius, 60 degrees Celsius, 70 degrees Celsius, 80 degrees Celsius and 90 degrees Celsius. For a current temperature, a particular fixed pattern noise/bad pixel model corresponding to the temperature closest to the current temperature may be used. Furthermore, the decompression method used for the particular fixed pattern noise/bad pixel model may also be modified based on the current temperature. Other temperature ranges and/or temperature step sizes may be implemented to meet the criteria of a particular application.
The device 220 may be configured to self-calibrate at different temperatures. In a fourth aspect of the invention, the per-pixel correction model corresponding to the circuit 104 may be temperature calibrated at each black-level calibration time. In a first temperature calibration embodiment, the temperature calibration may be performed when a command is received to power down the camera. A variety of temperatures would be expected when the camera is turned off (based on environmental temperature and duration of camera operation) and thus a variety of calibration points may be established and adjusted over time. In a second temperature calibration embodiment, the temperature calibration may be performed both (i) shortly after the camera is powered up and (ii) after the camera has been commanded to power down.
Referring to
The noise present in the raw pixel values may also be dependent on the illumination level incident on the respective pixel elements. In a fifth aspect of the present invention, the sensor response of the device 246 (e.g., the circuit 104) may be measured at different illumination levels. The substantially uniform target 244 may be illuminated by the light source 242 and calibration frames may be captured by the device 246. One or more methods may be used to vary the amount of light reaching the circuit 104 withing the device 246. First, an intensity of the light source 242 may be adjusted to change the strength of the light incident on the pixels of the circuit 104. Second, an aperture of the device 246 may be used to adjust the amount of light reaching the circuit 104. Third, a shutter time of the shutter 103 may be changed to vary the amount of light reaching the circuit 104.
For an illumination-based calibration, the target 244 may be illuminated at a number N (e.g., N≧2) of levels and calibration information recorded inside the device 246 at each illumination level. As such, the fixed pattern noise corresponding to the circuit 104 may be modeled as a function of the signal level.
Referring to
In the step 252, a level counter (e.g., K) may be initialized to a starting value (e.g., K=1). The target illumination level may be set to an associated value for the level counter K in the step 254. At each of the N illumination levels, a number of frames (e.g., F) may be captured in the step 256. The F frames may be averaged to make an average frame in the step 258. The averaging may be performed because the average frame generally has much less non-fixed noise than the individually captured frames.
For each pixel at each of the N illumination levels, an ideal value may be computed in the step 260 by combining several adjacent pixels. For example, a group (e.g., 5�5) of pixels neighboring a current pixel may be averaged to calculate the ideal value for the current pixel. The fixed pattern noise for each pixel may be calculated as the value of the pixel in the average frame minus the ideal value and then stored in a memory in the step 262.
In the step 264, the counter K may be incremented to indicate a new illumination level. A check of the level counter K compared with the N illumination levels may be performed in the step 266. If the level counter K has not exceeded the top illumination level (e.g., the NO branch of step 262), the method 250 may return to the step 258 and illuminate the target at the next level. If all of the N illumination levels have been captured (e.g., the YES branch of step 262), the method 250 may continue with the step 268.
The above steps result in N arrays of fixed pattern noise values at the N different illumination levels. The N fixed pattern noise values for each pixel of the circuit 104 may then be checked to (i) identify bad pixels and (ii) create fixed pattern noise models for the pixels. In the step 268, a pixel counter (e.g., P) may be set to a starting value (e.g., P=1). A maximum value (e.g., M) among the N fixed pattern noise values of the current pixel may be identified in the step 270.
In the step 272, the maximum value M of the current pixel may be compared against a threshold value (e.g., T). If the maximum value M is not above the threshold value T (e.g., the NO branch of step 272), the current pixel may be considered to be a good pixel. In the step 276, a fitting technique (e.g., a least square fit routine) may be applied using the N fixed pattern noise values of the current pixel. Parameters (e.g., A and B) may be calculated by the fitting technique in the step 274 to approximate N fixed pattern noise values of the current pixel at the N illumination levels. The fixed pattern noise approximation of the current pixel as a function of the level counter K (e.g., illumination level) may be expressed by equation 3 as follows:
Noise(K)=A�Pixel Value in average frame(K)+B Eq.(3)
The parameter A and the parameter B may then be converted into a fixed pattern noise correction model of gain and offset in the step 276. The gain value and the offset value may be defined by equations 4 and 5 as follows:
Gain=1−A Eq.(4)
Offset=−B Eq.(5)
The gain value and the offset value may be stored in the table 140 for subsequent use by the circuit 106 to correct for fixed pattern noise.
Returning to step 272, if the maximum value M of the current pixel exceeds the threshold value T (e.g., the YES branch of step 272), the current pixel may be marked as a bad pixel in the step 282. Marking of the current pixel may be performed by any of the techniques described earlier. After either (i) the parameters of the current pixel have been stored or (ii) the current pixel has been marked as a bad pixel, the current pixel counter P may be incremented to the next pixel in the step 278. If the current pixel is not the last pixel (e.g., the NO branch of step 280), the method 250 may continue with the step 270 to model the next pixel. After the last pixel has been modeled and the corresponding gain value and the offset value stored in the circuit 110 (e.g., the YES) branch of step 280, the method may be ended.
Referring to
The light source 292 may be physically located inside a housing of the device 292. The light source may be embodied as a light emitting diode (LED). The substantially uniform target 294 may be a back side (e.g., inward facing side) of (i) an automatic lens cover or (ii) a manual lens cap. In some embodiments, the light source 292 may illuminate a back side of the shutter 103. Where the target is a manual lens cap, a presence of the lens cap in front of the lens 102 may be determined by either a switch or by comparing the pixel data against a low-amplitude threshold.
In an illumination-based calibration, the fixed pattern noise and/or the bad pixels may be calibrated when device 290 is commanded to power down. When the user commands the device 290 off, the device 290 may automatically calibrate itself and then actually shut down. As such, the user generally does not even know that the device 290 is calibrating. The device 290 may appear to be "off" even though the illumination-based calibration is occurring. In some embodiments, the device 290 may black-level calibrate by capturing black frames.
Calibrating when the device 290 is commanded to power down may have the following benefits. For example, startup time is not lengthened by the calibration. Furthermore, the circuit 104 may be calibrated at a variety of temperatures, based on the sensor temperatures when the device 290 is powered down at different times. Therefore, the fixed pattern noise and the bad pixel corrections may use the appropriate calibration information based on the sensor temperature.
The function performed by the diagrams of
The present invention may also be implemented by the preparation of ASICs, FPGAs, or by interconnecting an appropriate network of conventional component circuits, as is described herein, modifications of which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art(s).
The present invention thus may also include a computer product which may be a storage medium including instructions which can be used to program a computer to perform a process in accordance with the present invention. The storage medium can include, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disk, optical disk, CD-ROM, magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, Flash memory, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 8, 1988
|Apr 24, 1990
|Xerox Corporation
|Offset, gain and bad pixel correction in electronic scanning arrays
|Apr 1, 1999
|Jul 31, 2001
|Raytheon Company
|Ambient temperature micro-bolometer control, calibration, and operation
|Dec 23, 2002
|Feb 7, 2006
|Dialog Semiconductor Gmbh
|Fixed pattern noise compensation with low memory requirements
|Feb 20, 2003
|Jan 8, 2008
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image data correction processing based on sensitivity
|Apr 25, 2003
|Oct 28, 2008
|Eastman Kodak Company
|Fixed pattern noise removal in CMOS imagers across various operational conditions
|Dec 18, 2003
|Feb 23, 2010
|Avago Technologies Ecbu Ip (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
|Adjustable spectrum flash lighting for image acquisition
|Oct 25, 2005
|Oct 12, 2010
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image processing apparatus adapted to correct image signal
|May 30, 2003
|Dec 2, 2004
|William Equitz
|System and method for efficient improvement of image quality in cameras
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 19, 2008
|Mar 20, 2012
|L3 Communications Integrated Systems, L.P.
|System for non-uniformity correction for image processing
|Apr 30, 2010
|Nov 13, 2012
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Methods of modeling an integrated noise in an image sensor and methods of reducing noise using the same
|Oct 26, 2010
|May 21, 2013
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image pickup apparatus and image pickup system
|Dec 21, 2009
|Jan 10, 2017
|Digimarc Corporation
|Method and apparatus for sensor characterization
|Dec 19, 2008
|Jun 24, 2010
|L3 Communications Integrated Systems, L.P.
|System for non-uniformity correction for image processing
|Apr 30, 2010
|May 5, 2011
|Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
|Methods of modeling an integrated noise in an image sensor and methods of reducing noise using the same
|Oct 26, 2010
|Jun 9, 2011
|Canon Kabushiki Kaisha
|Image pickup apparatus and image pickup system
|Aug 6, 2013
|Feb 12, 2015
|Raytheon Company
|Lower memory bandwidth video non uniformity correction technique
|U.S. Classification
|348/247, 348/241, 348/222.1, 348/246
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 28, 2007
Owner name: AMBARELLA, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LINZER, ELLIOT N.;KOHN, LESLIE D.;SIGNING DATES FROM 20070323 TO 20070328;REEL/FRAME:019078/0996
|Jan 22, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


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Comments:20.09.2016 at 06:06 Shajind:
I apologise, but you could not give more information.
24.09.2016 at 02:27 Dule:
I can not recollect, where I about it read.


text:
Advanced Search
Little Mia Cooper's ability to see the dead made her an outcast in her hometown. Several years later, she has finally managed to blend in, but her hard-won peace is threatened by the arrival of a bumbling team of paranormal investigators. Mia is drawn in reluctantly as an advisor on what, at first, seems to be a fairly straightforward case, only to discover that the Hollow has much more in store for her. An ancient evil is rising in Cold Creek Hollow. What begins as a ghost hunt will become a fight for survival.
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It isn't the chair rocking by itself that sends the young family fleeing in the middle of the night. It's when it stops rocking and all hell breaks loose. This family needs help. Enter PEEPs (Paranormal Entity Exposure Partners), armed with the latest hi-tech gear and the ghost communication abilities of Mia Cooper. But this isn't a normal case. Some of the ghosts aren't playing fair. Some of them are armed.
A sensitive and two ghost hunters walk into a bar. The barman is silent and the barflies long dead. It sounds like the start of a joke, but it's not. An active haunt in a derelict biker bar on Route 66 is a dream come true for the PEEPs team, until it turns violent. Join Mia Cooper and the PEEPs team on an adventure from the cultural confines of Chicago's Field Museum down Route 66 to Lucky's Bar, where evil is always on tap.


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About the Book
Matt Hoyle's subjects have one thing in common, they all have character. From quirk to dignity, each of these photographic portraits evokes the strong color and character of each of Matt's subjects.
Features & Details
- Category Arts & Photography
Small Square, 7×7 in, 18×18 cm
28 Pages
- Publish Date Nov 06, 2008
- Tags matt hoyle, new york, portrait, photography, photographer, character, celebrity, quirky, photoshop, editorial, commercial
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Do you ever feel like once you start eating watermelon you can't stop? Because that's how I am! If there is a bowl full of watermelon sitting in front of me I will eat every single piece and will try to not share any of it. So instead of being greedy and keeping the whole bowl to yourself, just turn it into a popsicle that you don't have to share! And to make it even better, you can make it a sugar free popsicle!
Fruits are a must when sitting outside all day long. But sometimes it seems like my kids would rather be eating anything but fruits. I have learned you have to be sneaky with kids, and when they hear the word popsicle, not matter how healthy it may be, they will come running. I also take in consideration we are getting to the hottest months of the year and we need to beat the heat by staying hydrated and watermelon is 92% water which makes the perfect ingredients for a Popsicles. There's something about your 4 year old dripping popsicles all over her ten different outfits (because you have to keep changing her-thanks to the popsicles), that just really makes it feel like it's officially summer.
This no sugar added watermelon popsicle is the perfect summer snack or treat for your kids at the pool, the park, after a soccer game, or even for dessert! It is much healthier than eating a big bowl of ice cream or even any of those sugary popsicles. Plus your kids are getting the vitamins and nutrients that they wouldn't be getting from a processed or sugary snack. And like I said, it's all a mind game with little kids. Once they see it's a popsicle they will come running! You can feel good about what they are eating when you make this simple recipe with only few ingredients. Try it and your family won't be able to resist the sweetness of this recipe because I'm swapping the sugar for a better and healthier alternative Lite and Sweet is so sweet and perfect for anyone that wants to swap sugar from their diets.
No Sugar Added Watermelon Popsicle
¼ cup powder Lite and Sweet
5 cups cubed watermelon flesh (a little over 1 pound)
1 tbsp freshly squeezed lime juice
In a blender powder Lite and Sweet for 1-2 minutes until powdered. Next, combine all ingredients and puree until smooth. Assemble the popsicle, insert sticks and pour the watermelon puree until reach the fill line. Let freeze completely, then remove the pops with running water and enjoy.
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Doctor insights on:
Freeze Dried Acai Berry Powder Nutritional Facts
Is acai berry powder safe to consume during pregnacy?
Yes: Don't spend too much money on these berries. There's nothing magic about them. Congratulations on your pregnancy. This might be a great time to reacquire your taste for natural fruits and vegetables -- much cheaper, much more enjoyable and just as good for you. Best wishes. ...Read more
Can acai berries help make you healthier?
Antioxidant benefit.: Acai berry is very high in antioxidants, like pomegranate and blueberry. Contrary to popular lore, there's no magic to Acai berry other than its potent antioxidant power. It's a low calorie option for people losing weight, though. ...Read more
Can you tell me about using acai berry cleanse?
Scam: There's nothing magic about these little fruits. Your body and your internal organs clean themselves naturally. Anyone telling you to drink something weird or do something off-the-wall is at best deceived and at worst playing a cruel prank on you -- some of the "health cleanses" on the internet can land you in the intensive care unit. ...Read more
Did anybody have success with the acai berry diet?
Yes, but...: There isn't a specific acai berry diet, but rather dieters use acai berry in conjunction any other weight loss plan they prefer to follow. The acai berry is promoted primarily for its antioxidant effects. Other foods include blue berries and red wine. Advocates of the acai berry diet claim that these antioxidants will enhance general well-being and vitality which will support weight loss. ...Read more
Are acai berry pills really as effective as they say?
Reports : Although there is not research based evidence at this time, the acai berry contains antioxidants which are purported to reduce free radical formation & to help protect from some cancers. It is also reported to assist with weight loss and can be used as an oil in cosmetics. ...Read more
What to if I am thinking about trying an acai berry based diet. What makes them work so well?
Possibly fiber: 1 ounce of acai berry juice contains approximately 15.6 calories. The açai berry has about 247 calories per 100-grams. 50 grams of powdered acai pulp has about 26 grams of dietary fiber. Because dietary fiber can help one to feel full it may be helpful for appetite suppression. ...Read more
Do acai berries work to lose weight?
Anectdotal.: Although there is not reseach based evidence at this time, for acai berries helping with weight loss, it is reported anecdotally. The mechanism has yet to be explained. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
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Wt loss- antioxidant: The acai berry contains antioxidants (phytochemicals) which reduce free radical formation & are reported to help protect from some cancers. It is also reported to assist with weight loss however there is not yet scientific research to back this claim nor is a mechanism for weight loss known at this time. It is also used as an oil in cosmetics. ...Read more
Is that acai berry diet good for losing weight rapidly?
Antioxidant benefit.: Acai berry is very high in antioxidants, like pomegranate and blueberry. Contrary to popular lore, there's no magic to Acai berry other than its potent antioxidant power. It's a low calorie option for people losing weight, though. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
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Good question: A pretty good basic introduction to the "thyroid acai connection" is http://www.Ehow.Com/facts_5895174_acai-berry-thyroid-disease.Html hope this helps, dr. P. ...Read more
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Jihun Cho started piano when she was four. In 1992 she won the Kuminiibo Competition and Iwha Competition in South Korea. She studied at the University of Wisconsin with Myung-hee Chung. In 2001 she won the University of Wisconsin concerto competition playing the Rachmaninoff Second Piano Concerto. In 2000 and 2001 she attended the Bowdoin International Music Festival where she studied with Martin Canin. In 2003 she studied in Italy with Won-mi Kim. Currently she is working on her Master's degree at the University of Michigan.
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Welcome to the Chopin Project!These pages are a gateway to the complete solo keyboard music of Fryderyk Chopin. The Chopin Project began as an ambitious live-concert-and-symposium series at the University of Michigan's acclaimed School of Music, Theatre & Dance with added support from CREES (The University of Michigan's Center for Russian & East European Studies) and the Copernicus Endowment. Now we intend for this site to be a global clearinghouse that will let fans, students, and scholars alike look up their favorite Chopin works, and discover more about them. So look for YOUR favorite Chopin pieces, discover new favorites, and share your thoughts with us!
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Search Manuscripts/Mixed Material
Manuscript/Mixed MaterialOrderly book of the 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot, Catalog Record - Electronic Resource Available AMs orderly book of the British 66th (Berkshire) Regiment of Foot while stationed in Haiti during the expedition against the French in the West Indies. Written at headquarters, Port-au-Prince, and elsewhere. There apparently is some evidence to suggest that the volume is written in the hand of the British commander-in-chief, General Sir Ralph Abercromby.
- Contributor: Great Britain. Army. Regiment of Foot, 66th (Berkshire)
- Date: 1796
Manuscript/Mixed MaterialEnglish military report on St. Augustine, with plans and views of St. Augustine Castle, the Spanish watch tower on Anastasia Island, and Matance's Fort,
Plan & view of St. Augustine Castle and Matance's Fort | Plan and view of St. Augustine Castle and Matance's Fort Manuscripts with detailed watercolor views and a plan of the Spanish fort at St. Augustine, Fla., written by an Englishman, apparently a first-hand witness, three years after the failed attempt of Governor Oglethorpe to capture St. Augustine's main fort, at a time when Englishmen were barred from Spanish Florida. Includes a south prospect of St. Augustine Castle; plan of St. Augustine Castle; north prospect ...
- Contributor: Jay I. Kislak Collection (Library of Congress)
- Date: 1743
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CollectionMartin Van Buren Papers, 1787 to 1910 The Martin Van Buren Papers, one of twenty-three presidential collections in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, contains more than 6,000 items dating from 1787 to circa 1910. The bulk of the material dates from the 1820s, when Van Buren (1782-1862) was a U.S. senator from New York, through his service as secretary of state and vice president in the Andrew Jackson administrations (1829-1837), ...
- Contributor: Van Buren, Martin - Van Buren, John
CollectionSamuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793-1919 Approximately 6,500 items from the Samuel F. B. Morse Papers in the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress have been digitized, including correspondence, diaries, printed matter, maps, drawings and miscellany. These document Morse's invention of the electromagnetic telegraph, his participation in the development of telegraph systems in the United States and abroad, his career as a painter, his family life, his travels, and ...
- Contributor: Morse, Samuel Finley Breese - Clausing, Ludwig


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Native Peoples Law is the area of law related to those peoples indigenous to the continent at the time of European colonization specifically Native Indians, Native Hawaiians, Alaska Natives and other native groups. Attorneys who practice native peoples law handle cases involving disputes related to the limited power of the federal government to regulate tribe property and activity, and cases involving unlawful discrimination against native peoples.
Watson is an unincorporated community in McCurtain County, Oklahoma, United States. It is located along State Highway 4 in northeastern McCurtain County. Although it is unincorporated, Watson has a post office, which was established on January 25, 1908. It remains operational and uses the ZIP code of 74963.
Native Peoples Law Lawyers In Watson Oklahoma


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Lather Shaving Cream (Formulation #C1147)
Croda 禾大
Lather Shaving Cream (Formulation #C1147) is a formulation that features products supplied by Croda. This traditional shaving cream forms a rich lather when applied to pre-wetted skin. The soap system is based on a combination of stearate and myristate soaps, superfatted with the Crodamol™ ester, Crodamol™ OHS. A mixture of sodium and potassium hydroxides is used to sponify the coconut fatty acids, while stearic acid provide a supperfatting action and assist the characteristic pearlescent appearance of the cream.
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类别配方 Categories
- 头发 - 脱毛和刮胡 ~ 刮须产品 ~ 膏状


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Discussion in 'Nen Master' started by Merryem, May 20, 2014.
just get nen cluster, ogil, 5 senses, gold cup, rosetta stone, babylonian earrings
yeah easy.
now you are at the point where you are just making up stories rofl. tell me again exactly how i got all my items? you know it better than i do.
but it seems that you are salty because you deserve epics more than i do because you were more experienced at the time. ok kid. what other stories do you have for me? stay more pissed off at a video game i guess?
wish i deserved a watch a tbh
??? They're your own posts, bro. I don't know why you're taking this so personally. I simply said it makes me salty as fuck that you're luckier than I am.
Spoiler: Well, you can't say he didn't warn you.
That said, take it to PMs if you guys are going to get any more heated than this. This isn't the place for it.
@Firaga i see u
Fnen discussion is fucking lit. I wish Fgrap was like this great find btw tsumugii u made it pal
Hey guys,wanted to play this class for a long time,and now that I have a little free time,just wanted to ask,can someone give me a quick heads up about gear/weapon , in general,what should I aim for,as currently I'm not good with $$$,and If it's not a bother to write what core skills should I max(I know there are inf. resets butidontlikeexperimentingtbh)
Edit: If someone still reads this,I forgot to ask what TP skills should I max/lvl?
Starting gear is pretty simple which you can easily get Haildom with either a Luminous Fist C2 set or Nen Cascade C3 set (both are good and will help you clear ancients much easier just depends if you rather have dop blast up until your gracia or not) Which then you can move on to running norie dailies to start working on your Gracia set and a Liberation Knuckle with ancient dailies. Gracia will be mandatory unless you have a really good various epic and sadly not many kncukles are that amazing outside epic knuckles so Lib is never a bad thing on nen. I guess supernova knuckle would work as I used it for awhile in kdnf but it's really nothing special outside being generally cheap.
Core is literally all your cubes and self/party buffs maxed. Like seriously max everything 35 and above save for dragon fury which can act as an sp dump later. And don't forget that nen guard!
Decided to get serious on my nen after some nice luck this weekend, what should my build be after getting these epics? What pieces of Gracia should I use and which epics? Thanks!
Just wear all of those shoes all at once. One pair for your hands. Another for your shoulders. Hell, wear shoes over your shoes.
But no. You can probably use the Native Ornamental Shoes, as they should proc fairly easily given how easy it is to get multi hits on F.Nen.
Red Fang Bottom is great for the 15% Crit Damage.
This way, you can keep 6pc of whatever you're using (Nen Cascade?) too.
Awesome thanks. Native Ornamental Shoes, Red Fang, Mana Burn top, superstar Ring, and 6pc Gracia. Sweet!
If you're going to get Gracia...
I'd probably just use Red Fang Bottom + Mana Burn Robe
Gracia Shoulder/Belt/Shoes/Sub-equip
and the last two pieces can be any combination of two from your accessory slots and magic stone.
Superstar Ring isn't worth using by itself.
Thanks, I'll take that route.
Is Knuckle Violence worth getting from the Box for F Nen to compliment Angelic Power and Raikiri?
Knuckle violence is the best solar shield swap knuckle so yes.
Spoiler: Yes. It's the best swap weapon for Solar Shield (+4)
If you have a +2 Title, Creature with +1 (Petit Nen Emperor, 15-20 pet, or 20-25 pet), Avatar Top +1, Platinum Emblems +2
That's +10 Solar Shield without using any other equipment slots, which leaves your equipment slots open for Nen Conduit 6pc and Light of the Divine Follower 3pc
The returns you get from stacking Solar Shield levels aren't humongous, but after a certain amount of gearing, it's a relatively effective way to increase your damage output.
For example, I currently have +5 Solar Shield, which gives ~54 Light Damage
6pc Nen Conduit and 3pc Light of the Divine Follower increases that to 71 Light Damage. 17 Light Damage difference.
I'd imagine +10 Solar Shield would give 72 Light Damage, totaling 93/94 Light Damage with the chron sets.
what skill do you guys have on your clone tops? I already have khai maxed without the clone top being khai.
Brilliant Nen and Nen Compress are the popular ones.
Also, if you're using equipment pieces to get +10 Khai, you could use a clone top for Khai (and a plat, if necessary) to replace them with tainted pieces.
Separate names with a comma.


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Lychee (Litchi Chinensis) is the sole member of the genus Litchi in the soapberry family. It is a tropical and subtropical fruit tree native to the Guangdong and Fujian provinces of China, and now cultivated in many parts of the world.[2] The fresh fruit has a "delicate, whitish pulp" with a floral smell and a fragrant, sweet flavor. Since this perfume-like flavor is lost in the process of canning, the fruit is usually eaten fresh.
Thai cherry
Parece gostoso
Fruits of Rowan tree
Sweetheart Cherries - A fairly new sweet cherry recently developed in Summerland, B.C. Sweethearts have large, bright red fruits with good sweet flavor and firm flesh.
Alternative Gardning Strawberries growing above on the trellis BEAUTIFUL
Peruvian fruit called: "Aguaymanto" known in the US as "Golden Berries"
Pear babies are growing on trees in China, with the help of plastic molds.
Green Apples


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Author | exchange4media Mumbai Bureau | Saturday, Sep 17,2005 8:10 AM
CRY (Child Relief and You) is back again with its corporate quiz. The 'Free a Child Today' (FACT) quiz, which tests both intelligence and emotional quotients, is now in its seventh year. CRY maintains that the quiz is considered to be one of India's toughest trivia quizzes.
It not only challenges one's grey cells, but also serves a social purpose as it allows the participants to help ensure that every child in India has the basic right to survive, to live well, to be educated, to be given a chance to express oneself and to not have to work or face harm of any sort. In short, every child's right to a childhood.
As in the previous years, well known quizmaster Derek O' Brien will be conducting the national finals. Also contributing to the fun this year, will be avid quizzer and popular cricket presenter Gautam Bhimani, who will conduct all the regional rounds.
Kicking off the regional rounds on September 27 from Kolkata, FACT 2005 footprints will cover Delhi on September 30, Chennai on October 1, Bangalore on October 2, Hyderabad on October 3, Mumbai on October 14, and for the first time Pune on October 15. The finals will be conducted in Delhi on October 28.
Started by a handful of corporate volunteers in 1998 to raise funds for CRY, FACT in 2005 is bigger than ever. It now reaches out to the corporate world across seven cities in India. These are companies that believe in contributing to the development of the society and display immense social responsibility.
FACT 2005 has already witnessed enthusiastic response from companies like Mahindra British Telecom, Rapidigm, KPIT Cummins Infosystems Ltd in Pune, where it is being held for the first time.
Said FACT regular, Rahul Sane from Tata International, "Last time, when we had to go to Mumbai, we had this question in mind – why not in Pune. Now since the quiz is here, we are delighted to participate as it will save us time and will give us an opportunity to network with our contemporaries in Pune."
Till date, 680 companies and over 1,600 quizzing enthusiasts have participated in FACT, helping CRY raise over Rs 50 lakh in funds, thereby initiating a constructive change in the lives of over 6,000 children. More significantly, it has changed the lives of all the participants, audiences and individuals associated with the event.
Reviving its commitment to children's rights is Maruti Suzuki, which is the presenting sponsor. Early confirmations on participation have come from Sify, Infosys, HP, Siemens, Wipro, TCS, ING Vyasa, McAfee, IBM, Daksh, Adobe and Moser Baer, among others.
Programming HeadRadio Mango


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Catania expect to lose duo
Catania have admitted it will be difficult to keep Matias Silvestre and Maxi Lopez at the club beyond this summer.
Last Updated: 13/04/11 2:50pm
Catania have admitted it will be difficult to keep Matias Silvestre and Maxi Lopez at the club beyond the summer.
Argentine defender Silvestre has earned rave reviews for his performances in Serie A this season and Catania general manager Pietro Lo Monaco concedes there is a lot of interest.
Lo Monaco feels the time is right for the 26-year-old to embark on a new challenge and is resigned to losing his services.
"Silvestre deserves an important stage and it will be very difficult for us to keep hold of him, so I think this will be his last year at Catania," Lo Monaco told Radio Blu.
"His price tag will be set at the right time. I can only say that there are two or three teams who want him."
English interest
Lopez's future has been the subject of speculation for some time, with a number of English teams previously connected with the striker.
And Lo Monaco accepts that he too is likely to be on the move when the transfer window reopens, saying: "The same issue as Silvestre applies to Maxi Lopez.
"He has the right to play for a big club and he will leave at the end of the season."
Catania are currently five points above the relegation zone in Serie A with six games of the season remaining.


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|Hepatitis and Lemon Zest
| Season 2, Episode 1
Total Episode Count: 23
|Air date
|October 30, 2014
|Written by
| Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eddie Gorodetsky
Teleplay by : Nick Bakay, Gemma Baker & Marco Pennette
|Directed by
|Ted Wass
|Prod. Code
|Episode Navigation
| ← Previous
"Smokey Taylor and a Deathbed Confession"
| Next →
"Figgy Pudding and the Rapture"
Bonnie is furious when Christy's poor financial decisions threaten the family's living situation. Meanwhile, Christy agrees to help out Jill, a woman who is newly sober.
Title MeaningEdit
(Hepatitis) Christy spreads a rumour about a rival waitress.
(Lemon Zest) Chef Rudy's taunts to Christy.
Episode Description Edit
Christy starts having recurring nightmares about relapsing and on Marjorie's advice takes new attendee Jill (Jaime Pressly) under her wing. When Bonnie learns from the landlord that Christy is three months behind on rent, Christy admits she gambled away what little money they had trying to win enough for the rent. Bonnie and Marjorie come up with enough money for one month's rent to keep the landlord at bay, but Christy, hearing Chef Rudy place a bet on a college football game, can't resist trying to multiply one month's rent into three months' rent: she wins her bet, but gets mugged after cashing in, forcing the family out of the house and into a motel.
Cast and Chararcters Edit
Main Cast/Characters Edit
- Anna Faris as Christy Plunkett
- Allison Janney as Bonnie Plunkett
- Sadie Calvano as Violet Plunkett
- Nate Corddry as Gabriel
- Matt L. Jones as Baxter
- French Stewart as Chef Rudy
- Mimi Kennedy as Marjorie Armstrong
- Spencer Daniels as Luke
- Blake Garrett Rosenthal as Roscoe
- First appearance of Jaime Pressly as Jill.
- First appearance of Mimi Kennedy as season regular.


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Like Dita Von Teese, fashionista Daphne Guinness doesn't think much of sweatpants. She told the Daily Mail, "You can tell the state of civilization by the way people dress. If the people who fought two World Wars came back to 2010 and saw all of us running around in tracksuits, what would they think? It is just about being sloppy. And it is not about the money -- it is a mindset."
Hmm...good thing it's too hot outside for pajama pants, anyway.


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Kissimmee florida
Utforsk lignende emner
Old Town, Kissimmee, Florida is a walking district full of shops, rides, food & entertainment. Classic car shows are a popular event. 5770 W Irlo Bronson Memorial Hwy, Kissimmee, FL 34746, USA. 10.00-23.00
5 Must See Kissimmee Roadside Attractions
Add Kelly Rock Springs Tubing to your list of Non Disney things to do in Orlando, Florida!
Lake Toho Lighthouse at Lakefront Park in Kissimmee Florida
Hot Air Balloon Dream with Orlando Balloon Rides in Kissimmee Florida
The Rattlesnake Zipline Roller Coaster in Kissimmee, Florida. Yes, we definitely want to try this.
Old Town in Kissimmee, Florida is not a real town, but a replica of small town streets with specialty shops, pubs and restaurants. There are also amusement park rides, a nightclub and its the home of the Saturday Nite Cruise, a classic car cruise through the streets of Old Town.
Got amusement park fatigue? Head to these beaches near Orlando.
The Secret Side of Orlando: 7 Tips on the Best Things to Do - Taylor Hearts Travel
Red Mini Lighthouse at Lakefront Park in Kissimmee Florida
Kissimmee Farmers Market & flea markets we used to sell plants from the OARC here!
The ten things we'd love to do in Kissimmee FL! A travel post from Seattle area family lifestyle blog Long Wait For Isabella.
The World's Second Largest Gator Roadside Attraction. Sadly, this attraction has been demolished.
Free Attractions in Kissimmee Florida; Free Things to do in Florida
Westgate Resort Kissimmee Florida
No Florida vacation is complete without a tiny sloth! Visit Wild Florida Airboats in Kissimmee, Florida to make some warm, fuzzy memories.


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Table of Contents
Search Inside
Demand for cotton wool/buds/pads has remained consistent over the years. The category is highly developed in Portugal, with low levels of technological innovation. As a result, consumers often struggle to perceive products as having added value, with private label achieving an 87% value share in 2014.
Euromonitor International's Cotton Wool/Buds/Pads in Portugal report offers a comprehensive guide to the size and shape of the market at a national level. It provides the latest retail sales data 2010-2014, allowing you to identify the sectors driving growth. It identifies the leading companies, the leading brands and offers strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market – be they new product developments, distribution or pricing issues. Forecasts to 2019 illustrate how the market is set to change.
Data coverage: market sizes (historic and forecasts), company shares, brand shares and distribution data.
Why buy this report?
* Get a detailed picture of the Cotton Wool/Buds/Pads market;
* Pinpoint growth sectors and identify factors driving change;
* Understand the competitive environment, the market's major players and leading brands;
* Use five-year forecasts to assess how the market is predicted to develop.
Get Industry Insights. Simply.
The report package Plastic Bathroom Ware Markets in the World to 2021 - Market Size, Development, and Forecasts offers the most up-to-date industry data on the actual market situation, and future outlook ...
The report package Plastic Household Ware Markets in the World to 2021 - Market Size, Development, and Forecasts offers the most up-to-date industry data on the actual market situation, and future outlook ...
This new 550-page report from VPGMarketResearch contains 65 tables, and presents a thought-provoking analysis of the performance, capabilities, goals and strategies of the major competitors in the worldwide ...
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Reportlinker.com © Copyright 2017. All rights reserved.


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Oysters bed (DP2M)
Started Sep 18, 2012 | Discussions thread
Robert F. Tobler • Senior Member • Posts: 1,149
Re: Oysters bed (DP2M)
In reply to succedane • Oct 7, 2012
One hint though: except for the photo with the white car, the images have a slight greenish tint (visible in the clouds). If you shot these in RAW (and I hope you did!), I suggest to use a Color Adjustment of 2M in Sigma Photo Pro.
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Call Us Today! (513) 753-3888
Landscaping Services
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We specialize in all forms of commercial and post-foreclosure residential property preservation. We provide a suite of offerings to ensure that vacant and abandoned properties are secure and protected . We understand the importance of getting a property into sellable condition and keeping it that way. That is why our property preservation services are vital--we provide the preservation, maintenance, and repair activities needed to allow you to sell you properties faster, at top dollar.
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Learn Spanish > Spanish lessons and exercises > Spanish test #79249
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I always wanted to do a sand ceremony. The Unity candles were always nice, and I've really fallen in love with the new wine ceremony even. But the sand ceremony seemed like something that went well with our theme of our wedding and it would be something that we could place in our home for years to come as a rememberence of uniting as one.
As time went on I slowly started getting over the idea -- mainly because I already felt that our ceremony could get lengthy and I want to keep it at around 20-25 minutes. Although I'm sure it would only take a minute or two, I just felt we were adding in so many other things already with the readings, communion, etc. That was until this morning when I saw this picture on a friends Facebook page:
Perfect. We are doing two readings at our wedding (which I'm writing a seperate post about), one is just a verse while the other is a short story/poem. I figure that would be perfect for us to do the ceremony possibly during the longer reading.
I still have the thought in my mind that it could be "too much" and I'm adding too many "events" into our ceremony because I definately don't want to overdue it. What do you think? Should I just kick this idea or should I try and roll with it possibly closer to the wedding when our ceremony is more laid out?


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This First Aid manual teaches Fortify 2. This First Aid ability increases a very close target's stamina regeneration by 8 and Dexterity and Endurance attributes by 3 for 1 hour. Costs 22 Stamina.
Item Level: 18
Weight: 0.5 kg
Requirement: First Aid 54
Sell for: 321 chips at Trumbull
Sold ByEdit
Beckett Falconeri, New Flagstaff, Loc=4480313, 5524521, 183436 Yaw=3074
Bearer Leebrick, Trumbull, Loc: 4833429, 4196065


text:
Coventry GUTTER CLEANING
Gutter Cleaning locally in Coventry at fixed costs shown on our special offer page.
Take a look at the information provided within this website and look at the great reviews we have.
CV1, CV2, CV3, CV4, CV5, CV6, CV7, CV8, CV9 postal codes covered for our cleaning service.
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Tumbled Rhodochrosite
Rhodochrosite is a stone of selfless love and compassion. A bringer of peace, a soul energizer and a heart chakra healer. Rhodochrosite is an Earth Element stone that is associated with the astrological signs Scorpio and Leo.
You will receive ONE high quality tumbled Rhodochrosite stone that will measure approximately 1" in size.


text:
Engineers Canada has a series of plans that guide its long-term, medium-term and short term activities. The purposes of Engineers Canada are set out by its member regulators in the articles of continuance. Annually, the Board creates the Strategic Plan for approval by our owners, the engineering regulators. The CEO creates a multi-year business plan to achieve the direction set by the Board and an annual operating plan and budget that detail how the outcomes of the business plan will be achieved.
New ideas
In addition to our structured and cyclical planning process, we are always looking for new ideas to help us achieve our goals for the public and for the engineering profession. The method we use to capture new ideas is a prospectus. This short and very simple document summarizes a new idea in such a way as to allow consultation with stakeholders to determine levels of support for the concept. If the necessary levels of support are present then the idea is incorporated into the established business planning and project management cycle. Examples of current ideas being considered appear in the list below:
|Accreditation Management System
|Preparing for consultation
|Discipline Handbook
|Consultation complete
|National Engineering Publication
|Consultation complete
|Online Competency Assessment
|Consultation complete
|Organizational Quality Management (OQM)
|Consultation in progress
|Online Ethics Course
|Consultation in progress
|Discipline and Enforcement Library
|Consultation in progress


text:
Wholesales Channel Manager
Skillpower Services (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
jobsDB ref: JTH300003001433896
- Develop Best-in-Class wholesale channel practice for reapplication in other key markets within the company
- Manage a team of Product Consultants and Wholesales channel sales reps to deliver targets
- Achieve sales objectives set by the management
- Recommend Wholesale contract structure for customers.
- Recommend unique wholesale assortments and SKUs.
- Ensure stock availability on POS level, according to the brand's guidelines
- Manage and rebalance stock levels across physical inventories within retailers if necessary
- Control quality of POS per agreed guidelines
- Develop, maintain and leverage relationships with local distributors
- Participate actively to all trade events
- Set-up and maintain tools to allocate product resources (backorders, stock report, sell-in/sell-out reports, quotas files)
- Perform sales forecast for the channel
- Bachelor's degree or higher in any filed
- Minimum 6-9 years of Sales experience. Min of 3-5 years of sales experience for Senior Sales Rep.
- Excellent English communication skills- verbal & written
- Strategic Thinking
- Salon/Distributor based Value Creation
- Execution Excellence
- Preferred inudstries Salon, prestige, FMCG, medical / pharmaceutical, insurance and other B2B industries.
Interested candidates should submit their full resume with recent photo to:
Khun Ampika Tel. 02-634-7273 #1423, 097-2416233
Unit 1,21th Floor, BUI Building, 177/1 Soi Anumanrachathon 1, Surawongse Rd.,
Bangrak, Bangkok 10500 Thailand
Website :http://www.manpower.th.com
jobsDB will send your application for review directly to Skillpower Services (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
About Skillpower Services (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Manpower Inc. is a world leader in the employment services industry, offering customers a continuum of services to meet their needs throughout the employment and business cycle. The company specializes in permanent, temporary and contract recruitment; employee assessment; training; career transition and organizational consulting services. Manpower''s worldwide network of 4,500 offices in 80 countries and territories enables the company to meet the needs of its 400,000 customers per year, including small and medium size enterprises in all industry sectors, as well as the world''s largest multinational corporations. The focus of Manpower''s work is on raising productivity through improved quality, efficiency and cost-reduction, enabling customers to concentrate on their core business activities. In addition to the Manpower brand, the company operates under the brand names of Right Management Consultants, Jefferson Wells, Elan, Brook Street and Empower.
Manpower Thailand is the nation's leading recruitment company established in 1998 to offer human resources management services to businesses in search of staff and people in search of job. The company currently has 10 offices in Thailand cover in Bangkok, Chonburi, Lamphun and Songkla to cover the needs of corporate clients and job seekers.
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