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Accountant vacancy, Bradford
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Accountant vacancy, Bradford
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Job Status: Full Time Job,
Remuneration: Attractive,
Location: Lagos, Nigeria
Primary responsibility is to coordinate and manage finances and accounts if the board.
Facilitate and complete monthly close procedures
Analyze revenues, commissions and expenses to ensure they are recorded appropriately on amonthly basis
Receipt of all monies due to the Board and rendering proper accounts of all such monies collected;
Disbursement of funds to meet the Boardâs operational needs;
Preparing the Boardâs Financial Statements;
Building a comprehensive financial and accounting data of the Boardâs activities for the relevant users;
Formulating Budget plans and preparation of Annual Budgets for the Board;
Liaising with Banks and other financial Institutions on behalf of the Board;
Control of the Boardâs Revenue and Expenditure estimates;
Payment of Wages and Salaries to the Boardâs staff.
Proficient in reading / interpreting financial statements for the purpose of underwriting credit
Ability to work independently and as part of a team and take on new tasks with a high level of difficulty.
Thorough understanding of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Knowledge of Statutory accounting principles.
Intermediate to advanced knowledge of major accounting software packages for both general ledger and statutory accounting. Great Plains and Freedom preferred.
Bachelorâs degree in Accounting from a recognized institution. A masters degree will be an added advantage
Must be a Chartered Accountant
A minimum of 10 years post-qualification experience of which 5 years must be in a financial leadership role.
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FMMUG is pleased to announce that Facility and Reliability guru, Terrence O'Hanlon will be giving the kick-off keynote presentation at the 2017 Facilities Management Maximo User Group Workshop and Annual Meeting in New Orleans, February 7-10, 2017.
Terrence O'Hanlon, CMRP is the Publisher of Reliabilityweb.com®, RELIABILITY® Magazine and Uptime® Magazine. He is a Certified in Asset Management by the Institute of Asset Management and is a Certified Maintenance & Reliability Professional by SMRP. Terrence is the acting Executive Director of the Association for Asset Management Professionals (AMP). He is the executive editor and Publisher of the 5th Edition of the Asset Management Handbook.
Terrence is also a voting member of the US TAG (PC251) for ISO 55000 - ASTM E53 Asset Management Standards Committee. More recently Mr. O'Hanlon has been selected as the sole US Representation through ANSI for ISO Working Group 39 to create a standard for competence in assessing and certifying Asset Management programs known as ISO 17021-5.
Mr. O'Hanlon is also a member of the Institute of Asset Management, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, The Association of Facilities Engineers, Society of Maintenance and Reliability Professionals and the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers.
Feb 11-14, 2018
Renaissance Downtown Seattle
Madison Street
Seattle, WA
Aug 1, 2017
FMMUG Breakout
Dolphin Hotel
Orlando, FL
JFC and Associates
A3J Group
Aquitas Solutions
Cohesive Solutions
Interloc Solutions
KTran Consulting
Maven Asset Management
Technology Training & Consulting, Inc
For general information about FMMUG, including registration, please contact us at:

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§0 In my previous article (PDF), I considered the issue of linguistic relativism.[1] The issue is whether the language we speak shapes the thoughts we have or whether language is merely a device for the communication of thoughts. The former view enjoys widespread popularity. Many people "know" that the Inuit have many words for snow. In fact, this is a myth whose history is well-documented. This is not to say that the former view is wholly mistaken but that the issue is more subtle and complex.
In this article, I want to consider a different angle on the language-thought relation. Many philosophers believe that animals, lacking language, lack thought as well. This strikes many people as outrageous. I shall consider an argument put forward by Donald Davidson in support of this conclusion. In so doing, I shall touch on Wittgenstein's thoughts on the relation between thought and language and the position in the philosophy of mind known as instrumentalism.
§1 A 15 pound New Jersey cat by the name of Jack recently earned himself a brief moment of global attention by chasing a 15 stone black bear (twice) up a tree for straying into his territory, being the garden of his owner, Donna Dickey.[2] Speaking to the press, Ms. Dickey said of Jack that "he doesn't want anyone in his yard" and that he probably mistook the bear for her "barrel-chested chocolate Labrador retriever, Cocoa". Ms. Dickey's neighbour, Suzanne Giovanetti added her comments on the cat who also played in her yard almost every day. She and Jack had never "fully bonded", as Jack's personality could change from "friendly" to "aloof".
We speak of animals in terms that we would equally well apply to each other. We attribute our pets personalities. We attribute a wider class of animals the same kinds of mental states that we have. Ms. Dickey said that Jack's behaviour was expressive of a particular desire not to have intruders in his territory, a desire we all have ourselves. She said that he make a mistake. A mistake arises when one has a belief that is not true. Beliefs and desires are commonly considered by philosophers to be the two most general types of mental state.[3] A belief is a representation of how the world is. It is an accurate representation, or true, if the world is that way and an inaccurate representation, or false otherwise.[4] A desire represents how I would like the world to be. For example, if I want it to be sunny on Saturday, I want the world to turn out that way on Saturday. If I believe it will be sunny on Saturday, I think that the world will be that way.
We have more mental states of the same type. I might hate, hope, wonder and fear that it will be sunny on Saturday. These are more "specialised" and sophisticated states than the general states of belief and desire. To hope that it will be sunny is to not simply to want it to be sunny but to also believe that there is a chance it will be sunny and to believe that one cannot do anything to ensure that it will be sunny. It is unclear whether we would say, even informally, that a cat could hope for something. It is more natural to say a cat could hate: people often say that cats hate water. Likewise, people say that cats fear dogs and are seen wondering whether they can make the jump from the roof to the wall. But what of other animals? Can a fish wonder? Can a weasel be suspicious? Can a caterpillar expect?
§2 There are many who think that it is proper to attribute animals beliefs and desires and the capacity to think. There are others who think that it is not. It is understandable, perhaps unavoidable, that we talk of non-human animals in human terms but we are not speaking truthfully. They no more have beliefs than the computer that thinks the printer is not installed. They no more have desires than the shopping trolley that always wants to veer to the left. These people number many philosophers amongst them from across history. Aristotle defined man as an animal but a rational one, the latter quality separating us from the rest of the beasts.[5] By "rational", he meant one with the capacity for reason, or thought. Descartes famously argued that animals lacked minds and were complex machines.[6] Wittgenstein wrote:
Wittgenstein's point is that there is nothing a dog can do to display this belief. Only linguistic behaviour can manifest this belief. I can believe someone will come the day after tomorrow because my language allows me to express this incredibly detailed idea. A dog, lacking language, cannot. To reply that a dog could nevertheless have the belief without the means to express it is to commit what Wittgenstein would regard as a central mistake. The idea that a creature could have a complex mental life full of intelligent thoughts and yet not reveal this in its behaviour is incoherent. Animals do exhibit non-verbal forms of communication but this is not sufficiently language-like to support a claim that they have sophisticated thoughts. Animal "languages" are highly inflexible things with small vocabularies (such as a range of calls).
Wittgenstein was arguing against a view of the mind that stemmed from Descartes.[8] Descartes did not think of the mind as a physical thing. Descartes argued that he could identify himself as essentially a mind - a "thinking thing". He then argued that he could conceive of himself as such a thing existing without a body. So, a body could not be essential to his being. A body is an example of a physical thing. Descartes argued that the essence of physical things was to be "extended" or to take up space. Since a mind can exist without a body, it lacks the essential quality of a body, namely extension. So, in conclusion, a mind is something that occupies no space and is non-physical. This makes it a rather puzzling thing. Yet it is not obviously wrong. Although you may feel located behind your eyes, you are not aware of the length or depth or breadth of your mind.
Furthermore, physical things are public things. The desk before me is a public object because it is something anyone can in principle see or feel. Your mind strikes you as a private place. Sitting silently and motionless on the train, you can retreat to your inner world and flick through your memories of childhood, dream of climbing Mt. Everest and wonder whether geese can hop. No one can get inside your mind to see what you are thinking. The sharp separations between the inner world of thought and the outer world of the behaviour you choose to display and between the Cartesian mind and the physical world attract one another.
Wittgenstein thought that the image of the mind as somehow inner and inaccessible to others (except when you choose to reveal what you're thinking) was confused. There is a much closer connection between your mind and your behaviour. To talk of someone's mind is to talk about how they may behave. If there were not a tight connection between "public" behaviour and "private" thoughts, we would never be able to learn what it means to say that someone believes this or desires that. We learn the meanings of words such as "cup" and "television" by being shown public objects - cups and televisions. How could people learn the meaning of words if there were not something both teachers and students could see or hear? So, to learn the meanings of expressions like "believes that there is a badger in the garden" and "desires that it be sunny this weekend", we need something public too, this being each other's behaviour - including our verbal behaviour. It is important to see that this public behaviour isn't essential merely as a means to learning. It is essential to learning the meaning of words that you are not unconscious but this isn't reflected in the meaning of our words. Wittgenstein's point was that the meaning of mental terms involves reference to patterns of behaviour
We display what we think through our behaviour. We can lie and we can hide our feelings and we can lock ourselves away in our private worlds but these are special behaviours, not normal behaviours. Our normal behaviours express our thoughts. When someone runs from the bus to their front door frantically clutching an opened umbrella as the heavens rain down on them, we see that they believe that it is raining and that they desire to stay out of the rain. Don't think of them having these "inner thoughts" and choosing to react in certain ways as a consequence. Think rather that to have this belief and this desire is to some extent to behave in these ways. I say "to some extent" because to have a mental state is not simply to behave in a certain way.One way we know this is that you can keep your thoughts to yourself. A second way is that there is no obvious connection between a belief and a behaviour. We may all believe that it will rain tomorrow but react in very different ways. The link between having a mental state and behaving in certain ways is tight but not so tight as to mean that every mental state someone has can be read from their behaviour. It is not so loose as to mean that there is no connection between having a thought and being disposed to behave in certain ways.Quite how to explain the right tension in the connection is something Wittgenstein scholars still debate.
We shall not pursue Wittgenstein's lines of thought. Suffice it to say that if there is a strong connection between mental states and behaviour, then the complexity of one's mental life will be reflected in the complexity of one's behaviour. The dog simply cannot behave in a way that shows that it has a concept of tomorrow. We can. We have language. Linguistic behaviour is the means by which we inform each other in great detail about what we are thinking and feeling. So, without language, the thoughts you can have are rather crude and impoverished.[9]
§3 I want to consider in more detail a bolder thesis put forward by the philosopher Donald Davidson. He claims that only creatures capable of speech have thoughts. He does not deny that non-human animals behave in sophisticated ways. He denies just that it is proper to use words like "belief" and "desire" when talking about such things.[10] Davidson argues that the connection between thought and speech runs both ways. We can express the two claims as follows:
Claim (A) is not controversial. Suppose someone says, "there is a badger in your garden." Why did they say this? They wanted to tell you something and believed that by uttering these words that you would believe that something. What abilities did they need to make this utterance? They had to believe that the right words to use to express their belief that there is a badger in the garden are "there is a badger in the garden". In other words, they had to have knowledge of the meanings of their words. So, they must have had these thoughts at least. But consider what is entailed by their having knowledge of meaning. To be able to use the word "badger" requires them to have the concept "badger" and this requires them to have lots of beliefs about what badgers are. They know that badgers are creatures with a certain appearance that live in gardens, don't fly, are four-legged, don't visit cinemas often, and so on. Although we may dispute what you do and don't have to know to grasp the concept of a badger, it seems clear that you must have plenty of other concepts and beliefs. Put another way, it is not possible to be a creature who has just a single concept.
§4 Claim (B) is the controversial claim. At the centre of Davidson's argument for this claim is his understanding of what it is to be a belief. If I say that I believe that there is a badger in the garden, I give you the content of my belief (there is a badger in the garden) in words of English. (I could equally well give you the content of my belief in words of another language, such as Polish: jest borsuk w ogrodzie). This may encourage us to think of beliefs as sentence-like things. In your head are stored lots of these sentence-like things. They may be compared to strings of data in a computer's memory.
Davidson argues that this is the wrong way to think about beliefs. Strictly speaking, there are no such things as beliefs. If this seems like an odd thing to say, consider the following. You have infinitely many beliefs. You believe that 1+1=2. You believe that 1+2=3. You believe that 1+3=4...and so on, ad infinitum. An infinite number of beliefs requires an infinite memory. Yet if you agree with the opinion of most philosophers, psychologists, biologists and doctors that your mind is just your brain, you have to accept that your mind is finite because your brain is finite. It occupies a finite volume of space and is made out of finitely many neurons with finitely many connections. So, you have a contradiction.[11]
A second example is the following. Suppose you walk down Oxford Street on a busy day and see someone running out of a shop clutching a stack of CDs. They run into the road, narrowly miss being run over, trip, fall and are apprehended.
What do you believe? You believe that someone stole some CDs. You believe that someone was not looking where they were going. You believe that the person apprehended them was a store guard. You believe that had they been hit by the car that narrowly avoided them, they would have been seriously hurt. And so on. Are these beliefs mental sentences that your mind wrote down one by one as the events unfolded? Or did it only start to compile its beliefs when the drama came to an end? Neither answer is sensible.
We should instead think of a belief as a way of expressing something about the mind of the individual. We each have minds that have knowledge of basic mathematics, as a consequence of which we will behave in the following ways. When confronted with the sum of 3 and 4, we shall say 7: we believe that 3+4=7. When dividing 16 by 4, we shall say 4: we believe that 16/4=4. And so on. To say that you have each of the beliefs about the Oxford Street incident is to select and present a bit of the information you have recorded about the incident.[12] It is also potentially to draw all the "background information" you have - potentially all the information in your head. For example, to have the belief that they were nearly hit by a car requires you to have beliefs about what cars are, how they behave, and so on.[13]
We may say that when we attribute beliefs to someone, we are making a map of their mind. We may now understand what Davidson calls the holism of the mental. It is the idea that our mental states are essentially interconnected. It is not possible to have just one concept or just one belief. If I believe that cars are machines, I must have other beliefs about what cars are and machines are. For example, I must believe that cars have wheels and cannot fly. I must have beliefs about wheels and what can fly. The beliefs and the concepts that feature in them multiply. Davidson is not implying that to have one concept is to have every concept possible. This is clearly nonsense. We start off with very few concepts and spend much of our formative years learning new concepts. During this time, we can still think. Davidson is claiming just that to have one belief is to have many other beliefs and to have the capacity for forming many more.
§5 Davidson now makes the following claim. The concept of a belief emerges only within the practice of interpreting a language. In order to explain what this means we will need to look a bit at Davidson's views on language.
Suppose that you travel to a foreign country whose people speak a language you don't understand. These people don't speak English. How would you go finding out the meaning of their words? You would have to observe how they use their words. Suppose, for example, that every time a badger appears, they point at it and say, "borsuk!" good guess here would be that "borsuk" means badger. But notice what you are doing automatically to reach this conclusion. You are attributing these people certain beliefs. You are supposing that they believe that there is a badger in front of them, that they believe by pointing at it that you will be drawn to it and that they believe you will be able to see it. So, to interpret someone's words requires you to attribute them beliefs.
But how can you be sure that you are attributing them the right beliefs? How can you tell what they believe? You will have to ask them what they believe. As we saw above, only through language can you express the complexities of what you believe. So, to interpret someone's beliefs requires you to interpret their words. But we just said that to interpret someone's words requires you to attribute them beliefs. Are we going round in a circle? No, says Davidson. What we are seeing is that talk of beliefs and talk of language is inseparable. To understand these people requires you to guess at what they believe and what they mean simultaneously. There are many guesses you could make and many will be wrong. You will find this out when you try to use a sentence of their language thinking you understand it correctly and finding that you get the reaction you expected.
Although this is a situation of "radical " where you had to start from scratch to find out what a group of people mean, you are fundamentally doing the same thing when you communicate with those around you. When someone says to you, "there is a badger in the garden", you immediately know what they mean. But you must be attributing them the belief that there is a badger in the garden and that they think that by using these words, you will form that belief too. Of course, you don't go through this process consciously. These are all natural assumptions you make or beliefs that you "tacitly" attribute. It would be unnecessary to worry about what other people believe if I simply thought that everyone sees the world the same way as I do. If I believe that there is a badger before us and someone says "borsuk!" then I can jump straight to the conclusion that they mean badger by "borsuk".
But people do not all see the world the same way. We all have different points of view. This is so in a literal sense and a figurative sense. Literally, we all occupy different bits of space and so see the world differently. Figuratively, we all have different experiences, beliefs and perhaps concepts and we may end up having different beliefs about the world. In one sense, this is trivially true. You may have beliefs about Paris that I don't because I have never been there. In another sense, this is of crucial importance. Because we don't all see the world in the same way, there is the chance that people can make mistakes. Suppose that, in the foreign country, I am with three people when a badger appears in the distance. Two shout "borsuk!" and one shouts "pies!".[14] A little later, a dog appears and all three shout "pies!" If I supposed that we all had exactly the same point of view on the world, I'd be in trouble. For I'd have to say that we all believed we saw a badger and then a dog and yet one person used the word "pies" for both the badger and the dog. Perhaps in this language you can say "borsuk" or "pies". But then I find a badger, point to it and say "pies!" and these people shake their heads. So, my supposition is false. How can I make sense of what that third speaker said? The simplest explanation is that he made a mistake. He thought he saw a dog. He represented the world differently from the rest of us.
Davidson therefore argues that we only have the concept of a belief as an essential means of helping us interpret what people say. So, only language users have beliefs because it is only language users that have something to say that we need to interpret. So, non-language users don't have beliefs. Claim (B) has been established. Together with claim (A), we have the conclusion that a thinker is a language user and vice versa.
§6 It might seem that Davidson has moved too fast. It is true to say that we only have the concept of a belief to help us interpret one another. But it is one thing to have a concept of something and another thing to have the something itself. A badger does not need to have the concept of a leg to have legs. So, can't we say that a badger lacks the concept of a belief - and hence can't interpret anything - but that it nevertheless has beliefs? Davidson says no.
Davidson denies that a creature can have a belief without the concept of a belief. If you are a creature capable of having beliefs, then you are a creature capable of appreciating the difference between truth and falsity or between a true belief and a false belief. Why? Because the essence of a belief is that it is a representation of the world and it is a necessary feature of a representation that it may succeed and fail to represent. No representation is automatically guaranteed to be accurate.
If you can appreciate the difference between truth and falsity, then you must be a language-using creature. This is because the contrast between truth and falsity will only be apparent to a creature that is engaged in the practice of interpreting the language of other creatures. Why? To be able to interpret the language of other creatures requires you to see them as creatures distinct from yourself with a point of view on the world. If you lack this ability to interpret, then you lack the ability to see other creatures as having a point of view on the world. Other creatures are just like every other bit of stuff in the world. But once you lose the idea that other creatures have viewpoints, you lose the idea that you have a viewpoint. For a creature this simple, there is no difference between how the world is and how the world seems. So, there is no way for this creature to be right or wrong about the world. There is no difference between truth and falsity once language goes because the very idea that there are different viewpoints on the world goes with it.
This is a complex line of reasoning and one that might strike you as simply absurd. Take our badger. Surely it can make mistakes! Our badger spies what it thinks is an earthworm. It runs to it and starts to nibble it. But it isn't an earthworm, just a similarly-coloured shoe-lace. The badger realises its mistake and moves away. Davidson would ask us to look at this in a different way. There is no difference between the world as it seems and the world as it is for the badger. It seemed at one point to contain one thing that the badger associates with food and a bit later it seemed to contain another thing that the badger does not associate with food. From the badger's point of view, there is no way to differentiate the following two situations:
It cannot, in other words, distinguish a change in the world from a change in its representations of the world. It is not aware of a gap between appearance and reality because that gap only exists for a creature who is aware that it is not alone. To put it a little floridly, only when you realise that there are two of you do you realise that there's a common objective world you have in common and different representations of that world through being two different creatures.
This does not mean that the badger can't learn from his encounter. He might weaken his association between objects of that shape and foodstuffs. But it cannot in any way strike him that he got it wrong. He cannot tell, so to speak, whether he got it wrong or the world changed because there is no such difference for him.
§7 Let's attempt a summary of what's been said. The concept of a belief exists only for creatures who are language-users. As language-users, they need to work out the meaning of each other's words. This requires them to attribute each other beliefs to capture the fact that they have different viewpoints on the world. It is not possible for a creature to have beliefs without the concept of a belief. A creature with the concept of a belief has the concepts of truth and falsity. A creature with the concepts of truth and falsity must have the idea that it has a viewpoint on the world. An awareness that there is a gap between how the world seems and how it is only emerges when it realises that there are other creatures like it, who have different viewpoints. This realisation will only happen when those other creatures make themselves known to it. This will happen when they are seen by the creature as communicating. This requires the creature to be a language user, lest the very idea of communicating be beyond him. So, to have a belief is to be a language user and to be a language user is to be something with the concept of a belief, as language-users need that concept in order to attribute beliefs to others, this being essential for interpretation.
§8 Davidson's claim that beliefs are not real is the claim that a belief is not a discrete representation in the mind of a creature with a particular content. It is not something we could isolate using advanced neurological techniques (assuming that the mind is the brain, of course). It is not something that could be deleted from its memory or added to its memory without affecting anything else. We might say that we attribute beliefs to one another to map our minds or "measure" each others' minds. This view goes under the name of instrumentalism. Beliefs are like a system of measurement we have for each others' minds.
Consider how we impose lines of latitude and longitude on the world. This gives us a system of measurement that enables us to give the location of things in the world in a standard way and thereby to facilitate movement between places, for example. These lines don't really exist on the surface of the globe, of course, whereas the underlying surface does. In the same way, when we attribute beliefs, we are drawing lines on the mind of someone to make it easier to read. We attribute beliefs to make sense of the behaviour (linguistic and non-linguistic) we observe in each other. If I see you walking towards a spider, stop, scream and run away, one way to make sense of your actions is to say that you believed that there was a spider before you, you have a fear of spiders and that you wanted to run away. Of course, there might be other explanations. You may have just realised that you had left the gas on at home. The more I find out about you, the better position I am in to work out what is going on in your mind.
Davidson in effect argues that beliefs are instrumental devices that only language-using creatures have and have access to. He is a narrow instrumentalist. Another kind of instrumentalist - a wide instrumentalist, as I shall call him - takes a very different view. They will say that all sorts of things have mental states. Wide instrumentalists such as Dennett or McCarthy, will attribute mental states to anything whose behaviour is complex enough to require the attribution of mental states in order to make sense of it.[15] We make sense of a cat by attributing beliefs and desires to it. The cat sees its owner walking towards the fridge, drops the ball of wool it is playing with and runs into the kitchen. Why? One explanation is this. It believed food would appear soon and desired food more than to play with the wool. Another is this. As a result of light entering its eyes and sounds entering its ears, a series of complex electrochemical processes in the brain were triggered off (we would insert the details here) that lead to the cat moving into the kitchen and stopping by its food bowl. Both explanations are true but the former is simpler and more powerful. We can predict in great detail how complex objects will move and function through space and time just on the basis of knowing a few things about what they believe and desire rather than a mass of technical data on how their brains are wired.
How complex does a creature have to be to have mental states, in the instrumentalist sense? It is an open question. McCarthy argues that you can attribute beliefs to thermostats. When a thermostat believes that it is too hot, it turns the heating off. Of course, the thermostat can't tell you about its beliefs and isn't conscious of them, but neither are many other animals. What matters is whether we understand a system better by attributing it beliefs and desires and possibly other mental states too.
Instrumentalists face three questions. First, if there are no beliefs, why do we speak as if there are? Second, if there are no mental states, then what on earth am I doing when I tell someone what I believe about Descartes in a philosophy exam? Third, what is the underlying reality? When you say that we can attribute beliefs and desires to cats, is that because they are really there? If not, tell me what is there so that we can talk properly about the mind of the cat rather than in essentially fictional terms.
Instrumentalists may reply as follows.
First, we are not denying that beliefs are real but denying that beliefs are certain types of things. So, we're not saying beliefs are like ghosts - things that people are simply wrong in thinking are real. We're saying that beliefs are not individual packages like sentences in the head. Think of beliefs like habits. A car that has a habit of not starting on cold mornings doesn't have some object that causes this to happen. To say that it has a habit is to describe something about how it behaves. So too with beliefs.
Second, when I 'introspect' or look inside my mind, then it is true to say that I find out about my beliefs but it does not follow that I am reading out individual sentence-like packages. I am asking myself questions in the same way that someone else can. I am interpreting myself. I know myself better than anyone else because I ask myself more questions and I tend to be more honest with myself.
Third, the underlying reality is yet to be discovered. We store information in many different ways. For example, we store sounds and images. We store motor patterns - routines that we execute to perform motions, such as tying our shoe-laces. We store information in the form of remembered sentences, such as when we learn facts. We are wired up to be motivated and to react in many different ways that not only philosophers, but psychologists will need to tell us about. The reality is like a piece of land and our mental states are the map of it. We can map the land many different ways but it is not purely arbitrary how we map it. It is there, so to speak, to be mapped.
§9 One way, then, to argue against Davidson is to say that his concepts of belief, desire and thought are not quite right. He is right to stress how they are not things we literally have but wrong to think that they exist only for creatures that are language users. They exist where there is complexity.
For many specialising in animal behaviour, the debate between narrow and wide instrumentalism is irrelevant. Rather than debate whether animals really have beliefs or desires or not, we should accept that they are things that behave in ways complex enough for us to talk of them being minded. We should choose a more neutral vocabulary for describing what happens under their skin. We may say that they form representations, such as maps of their home environment, and that they are motivated in various ways, such as to eat, play, reproduce and so on. We should investigate animals as animals, rather than not-quite-humans.
Does this then become nothing more than a debate about how to use words? It should not. Words like "belief" and "desire" came into existence only with the emergence of human beings. We have a tendency - perhaps naturally evolved - to see minds everywhere. For much of human history, we explained why things happened by modelling things on human agents. For example, a storm in the sky was caused by its anger. It was an important advance to see natural process as mindless. So, we should constantly be on the look-out for trying to view animals through a human lens and, where this fails, to think of animals as nothing more than complex, instinct-driven machines. By rejecting the two options as exhaustive, it makes the considerable variety of sophisticated behaviours we observe in animals more worthy of appreciation.[16]
Matthew Carmody
Richmond-upon-Thames College
[1] See the Richmond Issue of Philosophy 11. [back]
[3] In Dennett's terms, the "least marked". See Dennett "Do Animals Have Beliefs?" in Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds (1998: MIT Press and Penguin). [back]
[4] There is the third option that it might be neither true nor false. For example, my belief that the badger is large could be neither true nor false because it is vague whether it is a large badger or not. See my article on vagueness in issue 7 of the Richmond Journal of Philosophy. [back]
[5] Aristotle, Metaphysics Z, ch. 10. [back]
[6] It's a mistake to think, as many do, that Descartes was dismissing animals as simple, senseless creatures that are no different in kind from inanimate machines like watches. Descartes argued that we were to a large extent machine-like as well and that this is something worthy of wonder. The abilities of men and cats to react to the world around them needn't require for their explanation the postulation of a mind but can be explained entirely in mechanical terms. Far from downplaying the importance of these abilities, it explains them in an enlightening way. For a discussion of Descartes' views on animals and references to Descartes' own views, see John Cottingham's article "Descartes' Treatment of Animals" in Descartes: Oxford Readings in Philosophy (Cottingham (ed.)1998: OUP). [back]
[7] Philosophical Investigations, §174. [back]
[8] This should not be understood as meaning that Wittgenstein was reacting to Descartes. [back]
[9] For more on this at an introductory level, see the chapter on other minds in Keith Maslin's An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind (2001: Polity Press). [back]
[10] There is no easy introduction to Davidson's philosophy. Ramberg provides an introduction of Davidson up to circa 1987 but Davidson did important work right up to his death in 2003. See Ramberg, B. Donald Davidson's Philosophy of Language: An Introduction (1989: Blackwell: Oxford). A more advanced survey is given by the articles in Ludwig, K. (ed.) Donald Davidson (Cambridge; CUP). The Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy has a good article on Davidson: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/davidson/ [back]
[11] One way of avoiding the problem without following Davidson's approach is to say that we have a finite number of explicit beliefs and the means of using these to produce a potential infinity of beliefs that we believe implicitly. See Fodor Psychosemantics (MIT Press), chs. 1,2. [back]
[12] If I have information in my head that is not held in the form of beliefs, then what format is the information in? This is the (very good) question of the "underlying reality" that I shall consider briefly in the penultimate section of the paper. [back]
[13] The example is inspired by a case Dennett analyses in "Beyond Belief", in his Intentional Stance (1987: MIT Press). [back]
[14] The words "borsuk" and "pies" are the Polish words for badger and dog. "Pies" is pronounced PEE-ess rather than to rhyme with eyes. [back]
[15] See Dennett & McCarthy [back]
[16] For an interesting and accessible introduction to animal minds, see Marc Hauser's Wild Minds (2001: Penguin). [back]


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was featured in a close-up shot on Fox and Friends, a national morning news show. The segment was about the new FDA guidelines for sunscreen packaging, as well as the recommendation to use sunscreens with physical ingredients, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. Click here to watch the Fox and Friends video.
are featured on More.com in a story about the beauty product picks of top dermatologists. The sunscreen is noted for being lightweight, non-clogging of pores and applying beautifully under makeup. The serum is recommended to even out skin tone and decrease signs of aging with its "powerful antioxidants and growth factor" formula. Click here to see the story on More.com.back


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Imagine vaulted ceilings and laminate floors, leather upholstery and glass furniture combined with beautiful fabrics in a functional living space that is light, airy and thoughtfully set out to maximise the use of space. Maybe a wall hung fire and plasma TV provide a pleasant focal point for the lounge, and stunning cream gloss kitchen with a contrast worktop and stainless steel appliances.
The bedrooms could be complimented by light oak furniture. Comfort and luxury is all important in these restful rooms and attention to storage solutions whilst not compromising the available space is a prerequisite in the cleverly designed layout.
An en-suite bathroom and family bathroom provide tranquil and practical areas for bathing. The possibilities are endless - you decide!
Twelve reasons to own a luxury holiday lodge at Flusco Wood:


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For Joseph Stefani, an avid skiier and hiker, putting one foot in front of the other has led to victories both on and off the Montana slopes and trails where he resides.
In May 2015, Joseph underwent open-heart surgery for a mitral valve repair, a strenuous procedure for even those who are in the best of health. The recovery period was certainly harder than Joseph imagined, but the


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twogreenloons on Mar 29, 2016
5 out of 5 stars
When I saw this sweater I thought of a dear friend immediately. She LOVED it, and brought it with her on a trip to Italy two weeks ago. As she travels very light, I was so happy!
macc95 on Feb 11, 2016
5 out of 5 stars
Un bon contact avec le vendeur, la conformité du produit, la livraison appropriée. Je vous remercie.
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Daddy Day Care
Since this film is so obviously about kids, I think I have invented a game for kids to play. It's called "Count the Bombs". Here we go, boys and girls, now you try…"Showtime"…"The Adventures of Pluto Nash"…"I Spy"…well, kids, it is time to add one more to the list. Why? Because "Daddy Day Care" is a steaming piece of crapola, that's why.
Eddie Murphy, Jeff Garlin, and Steve Zahn are three 'down and out' dads, strapped for cash, who decided the best idea would be to open up a day care center for the youngsters. Why would the kids like it? Because they get to do whatever the hell they want to do, no strings attached. I was surprised they were not letting them play road hockey or something to that effect. Of course, there must be a villain, which I suppose is Anjelica Huston as Miss Harridan, but her day care looks pretty good from where I was sitting. The kids were reading foreign languages and seemed to be getting their money's worth, education wise. Besides, kids should not get to have that much fun growing up. That is what college is for.
Whoa to Eddie for this film. He keeps on shovelling more crap on his career, one flop at a time. At least this one will be successful at the box office. I am willing to bet it makes more money in it's first weekend than his previous three films did altogether. That still doesn't mean everything is kosher, because this film teaches terrible values to children and might even encourage some jackasses to open day care centres. We want Louise Fletcher from "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" watching our kids — we do NOT want the bumpkins from "Deliverance".
So, will kids enjoy this flick? Of course they will. For an hour and a half, they will get to imagine themselves in a world where normal, everyday concerns do not matter – where they can do whatever they want, whenever they want. That is until they get back home and Dad throws a boot at their head because their quoting lines from the flick and drowning out the wresting match on the tube.
After last week, when I find the comic gem called "A Mighty Wind", I was hopeful that comedies would be elevating their standards a little this year. After seeing this and "The In-Laws", I have this deep, sick feeling in the pit of my stomach. These last two films I have seen are not as good as "A Mighty Wind", but they sure as hell gave me one.


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Giving and receiving gifts etiquette
Two fabulous stationery inventions of our times are the e book studying giving and receiving gifts etiquette and the ebook holder. It is actually unusual that solely humans have chins, says James Pampush from Duke College. It was not till Margaret Chase Smith, a senator from Predominant, stated that it was unfair to honor moms and never fathers in 1957. Maybe an old school alarm clock is the proper selection. Ladies find jewelry romantic. Then shop our barware choice that includes many custom-made beer glasses, coasters, and beverage holders. Although this is a present for him, it's also for me. A tremendous experiment for families. Perfect Giving and receiving gifts etiquette Pro is nothing in need of genius. To make certain, shopper tech comprises some very massive ticket items, but understand that history has frequently demonstrated how stratospheric costs on tech items come down over time. I have simply forwarded this onto a good friend who had been conducting slightly homework on this. Parton walked out of that faculty together with her diploma on Friday night. Our assortment of gourmand baked giving and receiving gifts etiquette and artisan candies are the proper option to do exactly that. Thanks so much for being so. The eligible units includeВ Samsung Galaxy S6, Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge, Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge, and Samsung Galaxy Note 5 (of any configuration). Desire a favor that your friends will definitely use. The choices were many for the morning reward. And that is great. I do not think a child can ever be too younger to learn how to orientate receivijg. With spring finally here, it's time to begin dressing for surprise showers and puddles. sigh. I taught and have worked in training for a few years. These are all so fun. Trick your associate into believing the elf is real discovery cove online gift shop making it stand up to all types of mischief in the course of giving and receiving gifts etiquette night. Make sweet music, from your coronary heart beat. You should use them to store jewelry, keys, pins or different small bits and pieces. Or new set of cufflinks for him to point out off at the workplace. The perfect ending to emphasize. If not racing, even simply cruising around city by the power of your personal two legs is a satisfying endeavor. Cheese, sing the birthday tune, and have cake. Giving 1k to every child 10 years aside doesn't purchase the same things, for instance. Plus, the two of you may undoubtedly use this web to settle some 'no, you etquette the dishes' bets. This iswhat I believe Christmas is. Conference states that an anniversary reward should reflect the stage of the wedding the couple is in. Giving and receiving gifts etiquette including receiver's favourite themes gift set, present basket consisting of spa products rreceiving can make unique expression of their lives. Since there are few Christians in Japan, Christmas is seen extra as a time for spreading cheer than it's as a spiritual celebration. Giving and receiving gifts etiquette practical however uncommon reward is good if your dad and mom are out-of-doorways sorts who like mountain climbing, tenting or caravanning. 95, it is a fun and inexpensive reward for vacation events. He has original 50th birthday gifts on this for over a decade and has good efiquette of shoppers to provide him continued business. There are services the place carols are sung by candlelight. Wusthof knives are a few of the greatest in the world. Personalised items for youths are additionally great after they've labored exhausting at school and deserve a reward for their efforts - we can ice them a message on our personalised sweets and christmas gift shopping online uk that lets them know just how proud you're. Simply do not point out Sanrio's most popular character, no-one wants a lawsuit for Wtiquette. Finished. 10 giving and receiving gifts etiquette textual content-based mostly info. That's what you will be giving in the event you reward a subscription field this holiday season. Discover a etquette that describes your good friend's particular type of sarcasm. ethanol experiments.More...
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I've had some pretty fun New Year's Eves. Last year I had a low-key evening in Gatlinburg, starting the evening with Dolly Parton's Dixie Stampede (yes, that is a real thing), and ending it watching fireworks over the Smoky Mountains. The night of Y2K, I was in the basement newsroom of CBS News in New York City, taking in and logging live feeds of celebrations on the hour (and the half-hour in Newfoundland) as each time zone welcomed the year 2000. I've also performed at some crazy parties, and I've had loads of good times. Last night's Edinburgh celebration might have topped them all.
The party began on December 30 with the Torchlight Procession (see yesterday's blog), and it continues through tomorrow (Jan 2) with yet another day off work for employees here. That's four days of celebration, for those of you who can't do math with a hangover.
Last night, about 80,000 people attended the street parties on Princes Street, with thousands of other people taking to various other parties around the city. We joined some good friends for a viewing party on top of Calton Hill, where we had a clear view of the street party and the hourly (yes, HOURLY!) fireworks atop Edinburgh Castle. Not only could we see the light show from across town, but there were fireworks literally exploding above our heads, as Calton Hill was host to its own spectacular. Once the cannon (at the castle) fired at midnight, the fireworks lasted about five minutes, -- I know, it's nothing compared to the forty-minute Thunder Over Louisville -- but I must say that a five-minute show in a medieval city is plenty. The whole town looks like a fairy tale, and, I'm sorry, but I get bored with Thunder Over Louisville. Now if Louisville had a castle, maybe that would change, but...
Also, singing "Auld Lang Syne" with thousands of other folks in the country where Robert Burns wrote it was pretty cool. David attempted to follow-up "Auld Lang Syne" with the traditional singing of "New York, New York," but that didn't catch on for some reason.
Not having been familiar with Hogmanay, I know that most of you are in doubt that Edinburgh celebrates New Year's any better than other world cities. You are wrong. That is fact. Edinburgh hosts one of the largest New Year's parties in the world, and has a population of only 500,000. This party rivals the Kentucky Derby, and that's saying something.
And the Scots love New Year's! I haven't seen that much cheer and joy since the Yankees won the 1996 World Series -- complete strangers hugging on the street, introducing themselves, reveling, and making new best friends.
Also -- and this I still cannot fathom, despite having packed a backpack last night -- it's BYOB. Even the ticketed street party! It's as if the Derby Infield suddenly would allow you to bring in booze. Except the Scots are more well-behaved than Derby revelers...
If you want to read some more about the history of Hogmanay, try this article, which explains how Christmas was banned here for hundreds of years and why New Year's takes precedence. Now it's time to get ready for the New Year's Games ... Hangover Day isn't until January 2 in Scotland.
Happy New Year!
Here is a video I found on YouTube. It was filmed from the park across from our flat. But we were directly underneath the fireworks on the left of the screen. Also, there were several more fireworks displays in other parts of the city ... wild!
Sunday, January 1, 2012
New Year's Eve in Edinburgh = best party ever.
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Laundry is saving my sanity.
Family pic that has nothing to do with laundry, but aren't they all just delicious? Laundry. I'm going a little bonkers after we...
We were both so so so excited on election day at 9am. What a depressing week last week was. I'm still in denial. Followed by massive...
Our 3.5 year old was born in a Birthing Centre in Edinburgh, Scotland, where the majority of births are attended by midwives. This is not t...
One of my craziest appearances was when I was maybe 4 months postpartum with my firstborn and did my first public appearance in the United S...


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It's okay to stick that in your mouth – you know where it's been.
Is there any better time to reintroduce the joys of tooth-brushing to your kids than Halloween? I'm going to say no. Which gives me the perfect segueway to introduce all of you to the joys of Recycline's Preserve toothbrush. The handle is made entirely of recycled Stonyfield Farms yogurt cups (but don't worry, the bristles are brand new nylon). When you're done with it in a few months, send it back postage-paid and it will be turned into a picnic table. If you love the idea, and really, who wouldn't, Recycline also makes a dandy, colorful selection of tableware,...Read More


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Welcome to our new website! We feel so thrilled to have finally launched our brand, spanking new website. After trading for over five years and being one of the longest standing babywearing stores in Australia, our store was well and truly in need of an overhaul. We spent many, many, many months searching for the right platform that would work best for our needs. It's been many months of ups and downs but we are finally here! We want to make special mention to our website testers who jumped onboard to view our website and provide invaluable feedback, we couldn't have done it without you. We are excited now to focus on providing our customers a broad range of safe babywearing options and to help support you in your babywearing journey.
Enjoy your snuggles,


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Email with a link for your password recovery was sent to
Proceed to purchase and checkout through our e-shop. You can pay securely by invoice or credit card.
Oxford Genetics technologies revolve around a LEGO-like core DNA system, called SnapFast. Using this synthetic DNA system as a foundational platform, four technology areas are built around it that help us to discover, develop and improve biologics for our partners.
Oxford Genetics has patents and patent applications that cover technologies in all of these areas, allowing us to provide state-of-the-art services to our customers and improve the discovery, development and manufacturing efficiencies of complex biologics such as antibodies and viral vectors.


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Ultimately Sydney
It's Friday evening and I'm sitting in the lounge on the 31stfloor of the InterContinental Sydney gazing out over the spectacular harbour. The Bridge and Luna Park are just to my left, the Opera House directly in front, and North and South Head to my right. I've been invited to join an Ultimately Sydney Gourmet … Continue reading


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History of the Royal Navy
From Wikipedia
The History of the Royal Navy can be traced back to before the ninth century AD. However, the present Royal Navy was formally created as the national naval force of the Kingdom of England in 1660, following the Restoration of King Charles II to the throne. In 1707 it became the naval force of the Kingdom of Great Britain after the Union between England and Scotland which merged the English Navy with the much smaller Royal Scots Navy, although the two had begun operating together from the time of the Union of the Crowns in 1603.
The English Navy had no defined moment of formation; it started out as a motley assortment of "King's ships" during the Middle Ages assembled only as needed and then dispersed, began to take shape as a standing navy during the 16th century, and became a regular establishment during the tumults of the 17th century. The Navy grew considerably during the global struggle with France that started in 1690 and culminated in the Napoleonic Wars, a time when the practice of fighting under sail was developed to its highest point.
The ensuing century of general peace saw considerable technological development, with sail yielding to steam and cannon supplanted by large shell-firing guns, and ending with the race to construct bigger and better battleships. That race, however, was ultimately a dead end, as aircraft carriers and submarines came to the fore and, after the successes of World War II, the Royal Navy yielded its formerly preeminent place to the United States Navy. The Royal Navy has remained one of the world's most capable navies, however, and currently operates a large fleet of modern ships.


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11Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen.
The New Revised Standard Version, copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Enter another bible reference:
v 2.2.7
10 February 2011


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Saturday, January 18, 2014
Noah can walk more!
1 comment:
Hey Ryan - I recognize that I'm a complete stranger, but I just wanted to tell you how much I've appreciated reading through your blog. My daughter was born two weeks ago with HIE and so much of what you've written here has spoken to my thoughts, feelings, and experiences. You've made such an impact on me and I really appreciate it.ReplyDelete
I'm wondering if you'd be willing to share an update about Noahs' progress, be it privately or publicly. If not, I totally understand because we don't actually know each other, but I was just curious.
Thanks again and all the wishes in the world to you and your little dude. Take care.
justin.k.yan@ gmail.com
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Bell ringers - engaging and relevant quotes with thought-provoking questions for teens.
Posztolj verset az utcára 2017 – Idén is ünnepeljük rendhagyó módon a magyar költészet napját! – GITTEGYLET
I stay balanced and at my center at all times..*
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Thinking about painting something similar to this in chocolate brown on the wall over the crib
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Anti-Hunters is an organization who protects animals from anyone who is threat to its environment, treats animals badly, experiment on animals for research and/or destroys the environment for their own greedy purposes or either for their own hatred, rage, jealousy and/or fear against them.
The Anti-Hunters organization considers of hunting any human being who wants and/or desires to destroy and/or animals and its environment for their own greedy purposes. Each member has its own weapon and motto for killing their prey. Also almost every member uses something in their surroundings to kill them like a cord, fire poker or a gun, but they prefer to use the designs to kill them like the bud of a shotgun. The leader of the organization thinks a member using a gun violates the teams pride of protecting the animals, also its too flashy for a killer.
- Wolf Shadow Hunter:Leader who takes his work seriously, who is also a brilliant scientist and inventor.
- Fox Silent:Vice-Leader of the team who follows every order Shadow Hunter gives him.
- Stealth Cat:A long time best friend of Wolf Shadow Hunter who devoted herself to be apart of his team.
- Aiming Bird:A supreme marksman who uses a guns as his weapon, but thinks using it violates his own and the teams pride.
- Long Arm Strong:A aggressive member who kills his victims violently and aggressively in the name of his fellow species as a rabbit.
- Bluey Artist:A murder who uses enchanted art to kill her prey in the name of the "Blue Foxes" and her beloved deceased husband "Scarface."
- Shiny Sharp:Daughter of Bluey Artist who does out of her own free will in the name of the "Blue Foxes."
- Slither Reaper:A psychopathic killer who enjoys killing humans out of his own will in the name of the "Weasels."
- Dr.Kuroi Karasu:A desperate doctor who aids in Wolf Shadow Hunter's crimes.
- The team's names refers to Anti-hunting, a term which is (often informally) used to identify or describe persons or groups, generally in a political context, who stand in opposition to hunting.
- The team consists of 9 members. Three mutants who are humans. One human who has supernatural powers. Four mutants who are animals. One animal who is a non-mutant.
- They hunt humans down and kills them, the opposite of hunting an animals.
- Ironically the humans hunt down animals, but the team hunts down humans like animals.
- Each team has their own M.O. on how to kill their own prey.
- Each team is an alter ego.
Killers M.O.
Wolf Shadow Hunter:Kills his victims in the creative or similar brutal ways.
Fox Silent:Kills her victims in the creative or similar silent ways.
Stealth Cat:Kills her victims in the creative or similar stealthy ways.
Aiming Bird:Kills his victims using guns or other long range attacks.
Long Arm Strong:Kills his victims in the most violent ways.
Bluey Artist:Mostly kills her victims using explosive clay.
Shiny Sharp:Kills her victims by impaling, slashing, or hacking them using her sharp fingernails.
Slither Reaper:Mostly slaughter his victims using his scythe.
Dr.Kuroi Karasu:Kidnapped his victims, puts them in various locations full of Shadow Hunter's traps, tortures them, then lets either the traps, Shadow Hunter to hunt and kill them or drive them to suicide so he doesn't deliver the final blow.
All:Videotapes them killing their victims.
Anti-Hunters Rhyme
One, two, the Anti-Hunters hunting you.
Three, four, there about to kill you.
Five, six, using guns is useless.
Seven, eight, forgiving's too late.
Nine, ten, never live again.


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Lawn Care Guide
Your Plants Need Fertilizers to Grow
Have you ever wondered why gardeners often use fertilizers for their plant?
Fertilizers often incorporate chemicals to hinder or slaughter weeds and other plant pests, but if there is an option to use natural compost then go for it; otherwise it would be best to check out Fertilizing Layton for their services made available to gardeners and planters. Notwithstanding, having healthy plants cannot be obtained all on its own rather, it needs a little help and support in order to grow.
The desired healthy, green look for most planters is easy to achieve, as they believe that it is indeed better to have a place full of greens, foliage, and vegetation that enhances the whole look and feel of a humble abode.
Having solid roots is better because aside from enabling the plant to draw nutrients and water further, it also enables the plants to hold on to the ground stronger than ever. The good thing about using the fertilizers to the plants is the fact that, it supplements the much-needed nutrients that they are able to obtain from the soil thus enabling it to grow stronger and healthier, combating the possibility of weeds and other unwanted plants from sprouting too.
There are several approaches to accomplishing natural fertilizers at http://greencastlelawncare.com/landscape-services/fertilization/ for the yard, and one of them is by leaving the plant trimmings to cover the yard and decompose back to the soil - no longer requiring the need for supplemental fertilizers, unless absolutely necessary.
The fertilizer at http://greencastlelawncare.com/landscape-services/fertilization/ that must be used depends on the specific type of plant that the gardener has, because each and every compost have their own desired effects like grass development, greening, blooming, to combat the development of weeds, protect the plants from pests or sickness, improvement of roots and seedlings, and so on. In the warmth of the midyear, the plants need to be able to counteract the scarcity of available water, while in the wintry climes, the specified goal for the greeneries is to be able to survive the possibility of freezing and dying during the icy weather - and using the appropriate fertilizer helps in doing this.
As such, for gardeners desirous to see that their yards and garden are teeming with plant life, utilize the right kind of fertilizer is essential to help them counteract and combat any potential sickness and illnesses that may befall them, as well as ensure that the plants are strong and healthy enough to withstand the invasion of weeds, unwanted type of grass as well as bugs and insects too.


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- Trending Now: More Trending:
- Svengali syzygy hegemon repugnant white nationalist, white supremacist
Definition of parka
1 : a hooded fur pullover garment for arctic wear
2 : a usually lined fabric outerwear pullover or jacket
Recent Examples of parka from the Web
Sales gained 22 percent last quarter, the maker of down parkas and other luxury goods said on Friday.
Most are hidden in deep crevasses or covered by snow and ice, but some are visible and have become macabre landmarks, earning nicknames for their plastic climbing boots, colorful parkas or final resting poses.
The cruise ship provided waterproof boots and a heavy parka for each passenger to go ashore, but several layers of warm clothing, a good hat and waterproof gloves were necessary to stay comfortable and dry.
The key to wearing such a bright hue is to pair it with dark or neutral colors, so try a neon-green parka with a black sports bra and dark mulberry shorts.
Of course, other pluses including finally being able to put away that parka and wool hat - after months of use unlike anything they've been subjected to for quite a while.
Marsano said the dark-skinned man in an orange hoodie and a dark parka has been spotted on the Interstate for the past week, starting near the Utah border and continuing into Elmore County.
Our favorite item from the collection is the Albanny shirt, a crewneck that reimagines a Canada Goose parka as a pullover shirt, complete with water-resistance and down fill.
She's taken off her parka and even undone her giant braids.
These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'parka.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.
Origin and Etymology of parka
Aleut, from Russian dialect, ultimately from Nenets (Samoyedic language of northern Russia)
First Known Use: 1625See Words from the same year
PARKA Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of parka for English Language Learners
: a very warm jacket with a hood
PARKA Defined for Kids
Definition of parka for Students
: a warm windproof jacket with a hood
Learn More about parka
Spanish Central: Translation of parka Nglish: Translation of parka for Spanish speakers Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about parka
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up parka? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


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The Stingray Leather Band in Maldives is part of Meridio's Galuchat Collection, and is one of the most precious leathers on the market. Galuchat is a technique for making the skin of the ray bright and colorful, and was developed by J.C. Galuchat, an 18th-century craftsman at the court of Versailles. This luxurious and highly-resistant material is expertly hand-crafted to give this band a brilliantly shiny, pearly effect.
Italy is among the 'big-four' fashion capitals of the world: Paris, Milan, London and New York. Italian leather, however, is in a class by itself. Distinguished by its selection of high-quality hides and a centuries-old leather-making tradition, Italian leather can cost upwards of six times that of a lesser leather.
Florence is particularly famous for its leather and happens to be the capital of Tuscany where Meridio — makers of luxurious accessories for the Apple Watch — is located. Meridio's small assemblage of artisans hand-makes its bands in an ancient tannery there. The company prides itself on combining the practicality and innovation of the Apple Watch with the inherent quality of Italian leather manufacturing.
Available in 38 mm and 42 Apple Watch sizes with a choice of six adapter colors.
Each of Meridio's straps is produced in compliance with international laws regarding animal protection and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).
$29.95 $49.95
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The Cambridge Nylon Band is navy and white with matching stitching. Designed with nine holes to...
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The Draper Nylon Band is navy and green with matching stitching. Designed with nine holes to fit...


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HTML tag showing at the top of posts
All of a sudden after I seems to be having a problem with H1 tag showing at top of a post. Also if I use a plugin it is showing the code on the post. It is only this blog I am having this problem but I do not know how to correct it. It seemed to happen on the 3.1 update I am now using 3.1.1 but still have the same problem. I do not have it on my other blogs
[please use the 'code' button to mark even the smallest bit of code]
It shows like this
<H1>then the title. The only way I seem to be able to get around it is by taking off the H1 or strong tags or drop it down the page. It only seems to happen at the top. Also I have just installed a plugin and the code for that is showing at the top of the post before the post itself
[amzn_product_inline asin='B004JMZH3A']
the url is here http://danthegardener.com/black-decker-18-inch-36-volt-cordless-electric-lawn-mower-cm1836-2/
It is not just this new plugin as I was having the problem before like here where it is showing the strong tag http://danthegardener.com/black-and-decker-cm1936-19-inch-36-volt-electric-cordless-lawn-mower/
I have just put up a new test page here I have backdated it so it is not showing on my home page. As you can see as soon as I wrap a tag around the word it is showing on the post. It only happens at the top of the post.
Many thanks for your help
- The topic 'HTML tag showing at the top of posts' is closed to new replies.


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Rappers Who Have Adorable Daughters
There's certainly baby fever going on in hip-hop and I think we may have these cuties to blame. From Game's adorable little toddler Cali Dream to Diddy's 3 little women, hip-hop for sure has an abundance of cuties on the clock, with more on the way. Check out "Rappers Who Have Adorable Daughters."


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Where all things gone bad go... forever!
When is a life a life, and when is a life simply a blob of tissue we can dispatch to the incinerator at will? Why does the media praise a woman who...
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Use this control to limit the display of threads to those newer than the specified time frame.
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Munchkins and Flying Monkeys at war over Maggie Thatcher's funeral
DING! DONG! This was the day the newspapers decided to be more like The Onion. It is what Margaret Thatcher
Posted: 13th, April 2013 | In: Politicians Comment | Follow the Comments on our RSS feed: RSS 2.0 | TrackBack | Permalink


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Mark Brnovich's supporters in the Republican primary cast him as the best hope of keeping the Attorney General's Office in GOP hands following years of scandal from incumbent Tom Horne. The former prosecutor delivered on that optimism as he defeated Democrat Felecia Rotellini in one of Arizona's most hard-fought statewide contests.Read More »
AZ gubernatorial candidates DuVal, Ducey make final campaign push
The Republican and Democratic candidates for Arizona governor are making a final campaign push through the state as they try to seal a general election win and their parties pull out all the stops to get voters to the polls.Read More »
Dem candidate ends candidacy amid forgery allegations
Johnnie Robinson withdrew from the Democratic primary in Arizona's 7th Congressional District, hours after a legal challenge to his campaign claimed that at least 100 of the signatures he submitted were penned by the same person.Read More »
Sinema files re-election papers for 9th District
Democratic Rep. Kyrsten Sinema has filed nominating petitions to quality for the ballot as she prepares to seek re-election in Arizona's 9th Congressional District.Read More »
DuVal unveils plan for job growth
Presumptive Democratic gubernatorial nominee Fred DuVal unveiled a plan for spurring job growth in Arizona that includes improving K-12 and higher education, expanding tax credits for research and development, reducing regulatory burdens and giving preference to in-state companies that compete for government contracts.Read More »
House approves "academic intervention" bill
Students with poor grades may have to buckle down on their studies before they can play in the football game or dance on the cheerleading team if a bill approved by the House on March 4 becomes law.Read More »
AZ Dems under fire for Obamacare votes
When the federal government shut down due to a congressional impasse over repealing or delaying the Affordable Care Act, Arizona's three targeted Democrats in Congress took vastly different approaches to their votes on the health care law.Read More »
Democrats work to raise number of female governors
NEW YORK (AP) — The Democratic Party claims to be the natural home for women. The numbers tell another story when it comes to the nation's governors.Read More »
Medical marijuana businesses worry about legalization legislation
Phoenix Democratic Rep. Ruben Gallego's proposed legislation to legalize recreational marijuana in Arizona has some in the medical marijuana industry worried about losing their businesses.Read More »
Christie: GOP needs to 'show up' and engage groups that disagree
Believing that Republicans can win support from Hispanics just by supporting immigration reform "is insulting to Hispanic voters all over the country," New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie said Friday. "The fact is that they want a seat at the table, ...Read More »


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The media is again full of speculation on whether there will be a double dissolution. That is possible, but it all depends on what happens next week in the Senate.Let me go back to the beginning by quoting the first paragraph of Section 57 of the Constitution under which a dissolution of both the House and the Senate is permitted. I have highlighted the relevant passages.
S57: If the House of Representatives passes any proposed law, and the Senate rejects, or fails to pass , or passes it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree, and if after an interval of three months the House of Representatives, in the same or the next session, again passes the proposed law with or without any amendments which have been made, suggested, or agreed to by the Senate, and the Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree, the Governor-General may dissolve the Senate and the House of Representatives simultaneously. But such dissolution shall not take place within six months before the date of the expiry of the House of Representatives by effluxion of time.
What can we say about the current state of the CPRS legislation? The three month test has clearly been passed. If the legislation is defeated, then a trigger has been created. If the legislation is amended, and the government in control of the House of Representatives rejects the amendments, then a trigger for a double dissolution has been created.
But what is meant by fails to pass?
Odgers Senate practice provides a guide. All details on double dissolutiuons can be found at this index page. The relevant part I will quote from can be found at this page.
Double dissolutions have been granted over failure to pass. The first was in 1951, as odgers describes
In 1951, following the second passage of the Commonwealth Bank Bill through the House, the Senate, after second reading debate extending over several days, referred it to a select committee. This was said by Prime Minister Menzies to constitute "failure to pass", a phrase which encompassed "delay in passing the bill" or "such a delaying intention as would amount to an expression of unwillingness to pass it". The Attorney-General, Senator J.A. Spicer, wrote that the phrase, "failure to pass", was intended to deal with procrastination. Professor K.H. Bailey, the Solicitor-General, considered, inter alia, that "adoption of Parliamentary procedures for the purpose of avoiding the formal registering of the Senate's clear disagreement with a bill may constitute a 'failure to pass' it within the meaning of the section. The Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the House of Representatives, Dr H.V. Evatt, had previously been reported in the press as saying that referral of legislation to a select committee, being clearly provided for in the standing orders of the Senate, was not a failure to pass.
The next took place in 1974, but one of those pieces of legislation was later disqualified by the High Court. Again to quote Odgers.
In 1975, the High Court held that the proposed law creating the Petroleum and Minerals Authority had not, as claimed, "failed to pass" the Senate on 13 December 1973 and, as a result, it was declared not to be a valid law of the Commonwealth. The second reading was, in fact, negatived a first time in the Senate on 2 April 1974. In its judgment, the High Court held that "The Senate has a duty to properly consider all Bills and cannot be said to have failed to pass a Bill because it was not passed at the first available opportunity; a reasonable time must be allowed". In so deciding, the majority observed that the opinions of individual members of either House "are irrelevant to the question of whether the Senate's action amounted to a failure to pass". (Victoria v Commonwealth 1975 7 ALR 1)
Third occasion was in 1983, though as Odgers describes, the exact legality of the legislation used was never tested.
In 1983 nine proposed laws dealing with sales tax were deemed to have "failed to pass" the Senate after being first passed by the House of Representatives. These bills, being legislation which under section 53 the Senate could not amend but only suggest amendments, were in the possession of the House of Representatives prior to being discharged from its notice paper, the Senate having decided to press requests. As the government was defeated in the election it is not possible to affirm conclusively that the Senate had, in these circumstances, "failed to pass" the bills. It might be argued that pressed requests refused by the House are analogous to amendments to a bill by the Senate which are unacceptable to the House of Representatives and thus bring the proposed legislation within the ambit of section 57, but this argument was not advanced."
There is some similarity between the CPRS legislation and the 1951 double dissolution in the sending of a bill to committee. However, in 1951 this was done before the Committee stage, where the CPRS legislation has gone beyond this point and is still under consideration. Today it is normal to send a bill to a legislative Committee where it was not in 1951. In 1951 the bill had been in the Senate for far longer. Above all, the 1951 Commonwealth Bank Bill never went to a joint sitting so the High Court never ruled on the validity of whether it had failed to pass.
That is why the PMA case is very relevant. As Odgers quotes, the key point is" The Senate has a duty to properly consider all Bills and cannot be said to have failed to pass a Bill because it was not passed at the first available opportunity; a reasonable time must be allowed."
This is case law defining the interpretation of Section 57. Any legal advice to the Governor General from the Prime Minister requesting a double dissolution on failure to pass must address the question of whether the Senate has been given a reasonable time to consider the legislation before it can be judged to have failed to pass.
It may be the Governor General would listen to advice from the Prime Minister that the Senate has been given reasonable time, following the 1951 precedent
Certainly the Coalition could live to regret the one and two days of committee hearings it allowed on legislation between 2005 and 2007 when the Howard government controlled the Senate. I'm sure the Rudd government has a helpful list of how long the Howard government thought it was reasonable for a Senate committee to consider legislation.
So the Governor General could grant a double dissolution on an argument by the government that reasonable time had been allowed, though given the case law, it would have to be a good argument. However, as the PMA judgment makes clear, if the government holds a double dissolution on the CPRS legislation and later uses a joint sitting to pass it into law, the PMA case makes clear that the Senate must have been given reasonable time to consider the legislation. If the High Court ruled reasonable time had not been given, it could invalidate the entire CPRS legislation.
None of this would invalidate the granting of a double dissolution election or overturn the result. It would merely invalidate the legislation passed by any joint sitting. It would also not invalidate the legislation if it was passed as normal legislation through a new House and Senate. The High Court would only come into play if a joint sitting was the method used to pass legislation.
There are a huge number of 'ifs' here. We don't know what will happen next week. (I expect the bill to either pass with some Liberals supporting the bill, or for the bill's amendments to be sent to committee.)
We don't know if the government will call a double dissolution. It won't this year, it is too late. It could call one at the end of January for late February, but I think problems of term timing means the government would be more likely to use any trigger in July or August. That would give the government time to collect other DD triggers.
If the opposition defers the bill now, it will only extend the agony. For months the government has been playing with the opposition on the issue, messing with its collective mind. The longer the legislation stays in parliamentary limbo, neither passed nor defeated, the longer the pressure stays on the opposition.
In those circumstances, the government doesn't need a double dissolution. Like an overfed cat with a mouse, there's no need to devour your opponent when you're having so much fun playing with it.
UPDATE: Follow this link to an excellent publication by the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library. I found this publication after writing this blog post. Thankfully I'm yet to find any major discrepencies. The publication gives broader background and links to relevant legal texts and judgments.