text:
Vadose Zone Journal
- Published in Vadose Zone Journal2:154–167.
Surfactants may occur naturally in the subsurface or may be introduced anthropogenically. Because of their ability to reduce surface tension and modify the solid–liquid contact angle, surfactants affect capillarity in unsaturated porous media. We review the current state of knowledge regarding surfactant effects on unsaturated flow and transport in water-wetted porous media. Surfactant effects on moisture retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are reviewed, as well as experimental evidence of surfactant effects on unsaturated flow. Surfactants can cause significant flow perturbations that do not occur in constant surface tension systems. Noteworthy effects include surfactant-induced unsaturated flow that arises from surfactant concentration-dependent surface tension gradients, as well as capillary fringe depression proportional to the surfactant-induced relative reduction in surface tension. Most of the available data is from laboratory experiments; consequently, questions still remain about the relative importance of surfactant-induced effects on field-scale flow and transport processes. Numerical models that account for surfactant effects on flow provide useful tools for assessing the importance of these effects and should prove useful for designing surfactant-based remedial schemes. We review simulations of unsaturated flow and transport in systems containing surfactants, as well as models that may be useful for conducting such simulations. Comparisons of simulated and experimental data indicate that hysteresis and dispersivity effects on simulation results can be important considerations. Future research directions should include the collection of additional field and laboratory-scale data and expanded modeling efforts.
- DNAPL, dense nonaqueous phase liquid
- LNAPL, light nonaqueous phase liquid
- MA, myristyl alcohol
- NAPL, nonaqueous phase liquid
- PCE, tetrachloroethylene
- TRI, Texas Research Institute
- 1D, one-dimensional
- 2D, two-dimensional
- Received November 26, 2002.


text:
Wednesday, February 5, 2014
throwing roses into the abyss
"Arranging a bowl of flowers in the morning sun can give a sense of quiet in a crowded day - like writing a poem, or saying a prayer."
- Anne Morrow Lindbergh
"Don't wish me happiness
I don't expect to be happy all the time...
It's gotten beyond that somehow.
Wish me courage and strength and a sense of humour.
I will need them all."
- Anne Morrow Lindbergh
"Poets are damned but they are not blind.
They see with the eyes of angels."
- Williams Carlos Williams
"...throw roses into the abyss and say: 'here is my thanks to the monster who didn't succeed in swallowing me alive."
- Friedrich Nietzsche
So, let me tell you, I've very earnestly and happily been throwing flowers into the abyss lately, in grave thanks. I've heard some good news lately, which I'll share soon, but suffice to say, I've not been swallowed by the monsters in the abyss, I've staved them off. Which for a writer is the most one can ask for.
I've not yet found my copy of Anne Morrow Lindbergh's book on my shelves. Which is driving me nuts, actually. I used to loan books out quite a lot, but now I never do. This sounds stingy but I know better. If it's a book I like enough to recommend, then, I'm unlikely to want to be without it. There was an instance, years ago, when I loaned out my favourite book - The Stream of Life by Clarice Lispector. The person kept it for such an interminably long time that I started to get twitchy about it. And so I just bought myself another copy. Eventually the person returned the book, and so then I had two copies. Each is marked up in different ways.
I like what she says about happiness and maybe it brings to mind the lines by Rilke where he says, "I basically do not believe that it matters to be happy in the sense in which people expect to be happy."
It's up to us do define what happiness means for ourselves. And in truth, many days we will not be happy in the conventional sense. To be able to see the world, in all its beauty and horridness, is a sort of wretched happiness. To do what you feel you must be doing, though it may include sorrow and angst, this too, we can call happiness.
I think that we too often wish others happiness when we should be wishing for them, courage, strength, and a sense of humour, as AML says.
I've been working at my writing for over twenty years now. I suppose many would think it's been an odd pursuit - I'm not famous or rich because of the work I've done. I've experienced my fair share of angst, despair, sorrow in the writing life. But I've always been able to continue working, and therein lies the happiness, which isn't how most people would expect to find it.
4 comments:
Those roses are exquisite. Thank you. If one throws roses into an abyss, is it still an abyss? I suppose so, but perhaps the terror has been slightly abated.ReplyDeleteReplies
Good question :) Must def. minimize the dread.Delete
I love that quote by Nietzsche, while I'm not in general agreement with all the philosophical conclusions he draws, he sure does get it, this whole life experience, this struggle with the monster. I look forward to hearing your good news. Wishing you a lovely day!ReplyDeleteReplies
Agreed, and thank you! hope your day was lovely, too!Delete
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 9, 1993
|Filing date
|Mar 10, 1992
|Priority date
|Mar 10, 1992
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Bodil E. Braren, Eugene J. M. O'Sullivan, Alejandro G. Schrott
|Original Assignee
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (36), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application relates to the formation of thin metal films on insulating material such as polyimide. The resultant products are useful in the manufacture of, for instance, microcircuits and chips. The present invention also relates to an improvement in electroless plating of metal onto a metal substrate, through the use of laser light under carefully controlled power and fluence conditions.
Previously published attempts to incorporate lasers in processes for plating metal onto substrates have been characterized by a cumbersome series of steps or by the employment of conditions tending to raise the temperature at the substrate surface, thereby introducing the possibility of thermal gradients and distortion at the substrate-metal interface.
For instance, Japanese published application 63-83279 (Abstract) describes producing a plated metal film on a non-metallic substrate from a palladium chloride solution. The thus plated substrate is then dipped in a copper plating solution to form a copper plated film on the substrate. The process forms a predetermined pattern on the substrate, by moving the substrate in a plane which intersects the beam of laser light. The description shows no recognition of the significance of the power and fluence of the laser. The laser light is evidently applied to the substrate in a focused beam, which thus would render the solution subject to pyrolytic (i.e. thermal) decomposition.
Alternatively, according to Japanese published application No. 60-149782 (Abstract), a solution containing palladium chloride is sprayed onto the surface of a substrate while a laser beam irradiates the surface of the substrate. The laser beam heats the substrate and the palladium is deposited by interaction with the heated regions of the substrate.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,633 employs a high energy beam such as a laser to irradiate a substrate under conditions which heat or thermally activate the surface of the substrate.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,544,626 employs high energy ultraviolet radiation to promote photopolymerization on a surface. The process cannot avoid generating heat but attempts to relieve the effects of the heat by circulating a cooling medium across the heated surface.
Japanese application No. 62-141678 (Abstract) applies a photo sensitive resin to a substrate before exposing the assembly to high energy light beam. The process thus requires additional steps, to apply the resin and to remove the resin following the exposure to the radiation.
In the aforementioned procedures, it is generally accepted or even encouraged that a not insignificant amount of heat is generated within the substrate, and at the substrate surface, upon the exposure of the substrate to the high energy radiation or laser light beam. In those embodiments in which the substrate surface is exposed to a solution, such as a solution containing ions of the metal desired to be deposited upon the substrate surface, the use of the high energy light source will also heat the solution, particularly in the region of the substrate surface. Indeed, in some deposition mechanisms it is strongly desired that the solution be heated at and near the substrate-solution interface, to promote deposition of the metal.
However, the generation of heat poses drawbacks which up to now it has been considered necessary to tolerate. The generation of heat will invariably create thermal gradients, which contribute to an undesirable lack of precision and uniformity in the deposition conditions and, accordingly, in the deposited film. The gradients will, for instance, increase the difficulty of controlling the deposition at any particular point in the desired pattern. In addition, the generation of heat can introduce localized stresses, particularly within the substrate, which also contribute to a lack of precision and uniformity in the formation of the desired pattern on the substrate. The need to cope with such stresses can lead to imperfections even in a film whose tolerances are relatively forgiving. But in applications such as micro electronics, where the deposited film is required to exhibit thicknesses and widths having very precise and minute dimensions, even the slightest variation simply cannot be tolerated.
Thus, there remains a need for a process for depositing thin films of metal upon an inert substrate surface which takes advantage of the benefits of the laser, but does so in a way which permits the operator to avoid the imprecision in finely detailed operation and procedures which result from the employment and/or generation of heat.
These and other objectives apparent within are realized by the process of the present invention which forms a deposit of metal on an inert substrate, the process comprising the steps of contacting the surface of the substrate with a solution containing ions of the metal to be deposited, providing a source of laser light having a wavelength capable of being absorbed by said substrate, and exposing said surface to said laser light through said solution at a wavelength absorbable by said substrate while simultaneously maintaining a fluence and power density level effective to release electrons to reduce said ions of said metal at said surface without causing thermal activation of the solution or the substrate. In another embodiment of the invention, the surface is exposed to said laser light through said solution under conditions effective to cause the substrate to absorb said light and to emit electrons which reduce said ions to metal, without causing thermal activation of said solution or of said substrate.
FIG. 1 is a schematic side view illustrating a method in accordance with the present invention.
As indicated, the present invention is useful in forming metal deposits of exacting dimensions on the surfaces of inert substrates, i.e. materials which are not electrically conductive, and with a band gap (intrinsic or due to defect states) less than the energy level of the laser radiation to be applied. Preferred exemplary substrate materials include polymers with strong absorption of ultraviolet laser radiation as described herein, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyimide; other examples include silicon dioxide and oxidized tantalum. The preferred substrate is polyimide which will be exemplified in the following description.
The various polyimides that may be employed as the polymer according to the present invention comprise those that are characterized by the presence of the phthalimide structure in the polymer backbone and are conventionally synthesized from dianhydrides and diamines to form poly(amicacid)s which are thermally or chemically cyclized to the polyimide. The precursor polyamic acid or ester is generally soluble whereas the cyclized polyimide is insoluble in solutions customarily employed. Conventional dianhydrides employed in this respect generally comprise pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) or benzophenonetetra-carboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) whereas typical diamines comprise meta- or para-dianiline; 4,4'-diamino-diphenyl propane; 4,4'-diamino-diphenylmethane; 4,4'-diaminodiphenylether (oxydiphenylene-diamine, or oxydianiline, or ODA) and the like.
The various polyimides that may be employed according to the invention are disclosed and described further in Edwards U.S. Pat. No. 3,179,614; Lindsey U.S. Pat. No. 3,361,589, Dunphy et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,770,573 and the various United States Patents cited therein; and Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, Vol. 18 pp. 704-719 and the various references cited therein all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Generally, the substrate surface will be flat, although other shapes may also be treated in accordance with this invention. The surface can be smooth or contoured, e.g. etched, in which case the practitioner will make the appropriate adjustments readily within his ability to provide the laser power and fluence described below to the sites at which the desired metal deposition is to occur.
The process of the present invention is useful with any metal capable of forming ions in solution, provided that the ion-metal equilibrium potential of the solution is less than the Fermi level of the substrate material which has been activated by application of the laser as described within. The preferred metals are those which, having been deposited upon the substrate surface, can be used in a subsequent electroless plating step to deposit a second desired metal onto the surface. The second desired metal can be any metal that normally can be electrolessly plated such as copper, cobalt or nickel. The most preferred metal meeting these criteria for deposition pursuant to the process of the present invention is palladium. The palladium is present in solution as a salt, preferably as the chloride, sulfate, acetate, nitrite or nitrate. Other metals meeting these criteria include platinum, gold, iridium and rhodium. The most preferred solutions are aqueous, since they are compatible with the ionic form of the metal and are relatively transparent to the laser radiation.
The concentration of the metal in solution is not critical, but must be high enough to permit effective deposition to occur within a reasonable period of time and not so high that the solubility limits of the metal are approached nor so high that the laser radiation is blocked or absorbed by the solution components. Concentrations on the order of 10-4 to 10-2 moles/liter of the metal are satisfactory. The pH of the solution can be from about 0 to 6, and is preferably about 0 to 3. In general, higher pH values within the indicated range are preferred in order to obtain greater deposition of the metal from solution. The upper limit of the pH range is indicated by the limits of solubility of the metal ions and by the need to avoid hydrolysis of the metal ion. The pH can readily be adjusted with, for instance, mineral acid such as sulfuric acid or a strong base such as sodium hydroxide. Other functional ingredients such as a soluble alcohol (i.e. isopropanol, at a solution of 1 to 5%, preferably 4%) can be present in the solution to facilitate the reduction of the metallic species. The process can be carried out at room temperature, i.e. about 25� C.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a schematic side view illustrating a method in accordance with the present invention. In order to carry out the process of the present invention, a substrate 10 having a surface 12 is immersed in a solution 14 having the characteristics described above. Immersion can be carried out in any number of ways. For instance, the substrate 10 can be placed in a tank or other container 16 holding the solution 14 with the desired surface 12 facing a laser light beam 18. Alternatively, a number of substrates 10 can be placed on a belt (not shown) which conveys the substrates 10 below the surface 20 of solution 14, in order to be exposed to the laser light 18 and which then carries the substrates 10 out of solution 14 following exposure to laser light 18. A laser 22 produces the laser beam 18 which is deflected off of reflector 24 to impinge on the desired surface 12 of substrate 10. The metal in solution 14 will be deposited on substrate 10 only on those areas of surface 12 which are illuminated with laser light 18.
Since it will generally be desired to deposit the metal onto the substrate 10 in a predetermined pattern, it is preferred and convenient to interpose a mask (not shown) between the laser light 18 and the substrate surface 12 which permits laser light to fall only on those regions of the substrate 10 on which it is desired that the metal should be deposited. The materials from which such a mask may be formed, and the techniques for interposing it so as to expose only the desired regions, are well known to those of ordinary skill in this art.
It has been determined that the desired metal can readily be deposited onto the substrate by using laser light having a wavelength that is effective to permit absorption of the laser energy by the substrate and by applying the laser light at a power level per unit of time and a fluence (i.e. power per unit of area of substrate exposed to laser) which are effective to stimulate electrons within the substrate and cause reduction of the metal ions in solution by interaction of the ions with those electrons at the surface of the substrate, all without causing thermal activation of the solution or of the substrate. By "thermal activation" is meant causing the stimulation or emission of electrons within the substrate or the reaction or decomposition of the metal ion within the solution through an increase in the temperature of the substrate or the solution. Preferably, the substrate and solution will experience essentially no change in temperature although minor fluctuations in temperature of a few degrees can be tolerated. Notably, the process of the present invention can be carried out to the desired end of depositing fine, precise films with essentially no change in temperature. This aspect is entirely unforeseen in view of the prior art.
To accomplish this, the energy of the light emitted by the laser is equal to or greater than the band gap energy (intrinsic or due to defect states) of the substrate material in order to generate electron-hole pairs. The electrons that are excited to the conduction band and do not recombine are able to reduce the metal ions at the solid-liquid interface. The metal ions are reduced at the surface of the substrate by electrons which reach the substrate surface and do not recombine thereby raising the Fermi level at the surface of the substrate above the ion/metal equilibrium potential of the solution. The recombination rate can be controlled by adding a reducing agent such as isopropanol at a solution of 1 to 5%, preferably 4%.
As an illustrative example of the above, for the preferred substrate material, polyimide, which has a band gap energy of about 3.5 eV, laser radiation at an energy higher than that level (corresponding to a wavelength of about 308 nanometers or less) is used. Thus, a wavelength of 248 nanometers, or about 5 eV, is effective to produce the desired absorption by the polyimide and resultant generation of excited electrons. The corresponding energy level for other substrates can readily be determined, for instance by exposing a substrate to laser radiation under the conditions described herein at steadily decreasing wavelengths until the desired deposition is observed to occur.
The power level of the laser light in the required wavelength should be high enough to produce a large number of excited electrons within any given unit of time. This is required because of the high probability of recombination for an electron-hole pair. In general, power levels on the order of 100-500 mJ per pulse of about 10-8 seconds are effective. The duration of exposure to the laser radiation should be effective to promote the deposition without heating the substrate or the solution. Pulsed laser radiation is highly preferred. Pulses up to about 5�10-8 sec in length are effective.
Surprisingly, energy densities (fluences) of at least about 20 mJ/cm2 at these power levels and wavelengths are effective to produce the desired electron excitation and resultant metal deposition without thermal activation and the concomitant effects thereof. Thus, the corresponding preferred power density is at least about 4�105 watts/cm2 and more preferably at least about 106 watts/cm2. Fluences of this level under these conditions permit the laser beam to be expanded, thereby reducing all the more the risk of thermal activation and the resulting exposure to distortions and gradients.
These correlated conditions of the laser radiation can be maintained using a laser capable of emitting short pulses of radiation whose wavelength is in the ultraviolet region. The preferred source is an excimer laser, which is familiar to those of ordinary skill in this art.
The invention will be described in the following examples.
Three different aqueous plating solutions were subjected to the process of the present invention on two different polyimide surfaces. In all runs, the radiation was provided by an excimer laser at 30 mJ/cm2 at 3,600 pulses of 10-8 seconds each. In run A, the wavelength used was 248 nanometers, and the substrate was pyromellitic dianhydride-oxidianiline (PMDA-ODA). In run B, the wavelength was 308 nanometers on PMDA-ODA. In run C, the wavelength was 308 nanometers and the substrate was biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride-phenylene diamine (BPDA-PDA). Solution A contained 0.1 g/l PdSO4 and 1.0M H2 SO4, at pH=0. Solution B contained 0.1 g/l PdSO4 and 0.1M H2 SO4 at pH=1. Solution C contained 0.2 g/l Pd(CH3 CO2)2 and 10% CH3 CO2 H at pH=2. The relative amounts of palladium coverage for each run with each solution are set forth in Table 1 below (the values are ratios that are proportional to the area occupied by Pd over the total area):
TABLE 1______________________________________ SolutionRun A B C______________________________________A 0.04 0.06 0.2B 0.05 0.09 0.1C 0.0 0.03 0.06______________________________________
As can be seen, the amount of palladium deposition increased with increasing pH.
Metal deposits obtained in accordance with the present invention exhibit superior precision in the amounts deposited, superior control of the width and thickness of the deposit, and superior fidelity to the desired pattern when it is desired to form a pattern, by e.g. employing a mask as described above.
Substrates on which metal has been deposited in accordance with this invention can be used for electroless depositing of a second metal, such as copper, onto the substrate by suitable techniques familiar to those of ordinary skill in this art. Such techniques include washing the plated substrate with an aqueous solution containing ions of the desired second metal, or immersing the plated substrate in a solution containing the second metal. The second metal displaces the deposited first metal in accordance with known phenomena. Thus, the second metal must have an ionization potential relative to the deposited first metal which favors the desired displacement. In this way, a precise, uniform and coherent layer of, for instance, copper can be deposited by first forming a deposit of palladium in accordance with the invention described herein, and then immersing the substrate with the palladium film in a solution of a copper salt. Other metals that can be plated in this way include any metal that can be electrolessly plated such as nickel and cobalt.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which should be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Mar 10, 1992
Owner name: INTERNATONAL BUSINESS MACHINE CORPORATION, NEW YOR
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:BRAREN, BODIL E.;O SULLIVAN, EUGENE J. M.;SCHROTT, ALEJANDRO G.;REEL/FRAME:006070/0627
Effective date: 19920309
|Jan 27, 1997
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 5, 2001
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Nov 9, 2001
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jan 15, 2002
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20011109


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Group calls are a reliable, efficient way of getting a message out to a group of any size. They can be used for anything from simply waking up a travel group, to notifying an entire community of an emergency situation.
To order a group call, you can either enter all the phone numbers individually (if the group is small enough), or you can simply upload a pre-completed document (Excel, or CSV file) that already contains the numbers. The number of people in your group is equal to the number of calls you need. For example, if you are leading a group of 50 people, and you wish for them all to receive a wakeup call, that would be 50 calls.
Additionally, calls may be applied to different groups, and you don't have to call the same people all the time! For example, if your travel group has decided to split up the next morning, and only 20 of the 50 travellers need to wake up, simply create a new Excel or CSV file that contains only the phone numbers of the people who need to be called (just copy and paste from the master list). And, your current balance can be applied to this other group- no need to register again! The next morning, when everyone is together again, you just re-select your master list. It's that simple! So, if you purchase a 10,000 call subscription, but you only use 5000 calls on one group, you can use the other 5000 on other groups, ensuring that your money does not go to waste!
Group calls are easy to send, as well! All you have to do to is enter the Call Date (even if that date is today), and the time you wish the calls to go out. So, if you are a superintendent, and you wake up at 5:30 to find that weather conditions are unsuitable for school, simply go to WakeUpLine.com, select your school's directory file, enter the date, select the time you wish the calls to go out, and type the message you wish to send or record it in your own voice. It doesn't get any easier than that!
To order group calls please follow this instruction:
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Size Guide
Magical Mushroom Species Reshaped 2 sided T-Shirt / Dress Sz. S
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Here are the Strack & Van Til deals for the week which look remarkably like last week's Ultra deals!! If I miss something please holler!
General Mills cereal 4/$11. Limit 4
Use one of a number of great coupons including$1/2 Cheerios Original, Honey Nut Cheerios, Frosted Cheerios, Fruity Cheerios, Multi Grain Cheerios or Apple Cinnamon Cheerios printable OR $0.50/1 Cinnamon Toast Crunch Cereal printable There's way more here.
Final Price: as low as $1.50/1
Nabisco Chips Ahoy cookies $1.99. L3
Campbell's Select soup 19oz $1.50
Use $1/2 from SS 1/18/12 OR $1/3 Campbell's Select Harvest Soup printable
Final Price: As low as 2/$2
Maxwell House 34oz $6.99
Arm & Hammer detergent $1.99. L4
Use $1/2 Arm & Hammer Laundry Detergent, exp. 3/1/12 (ALL YOU Jan '12) OR $1/3 Arm & Hammer Laundry Products printable
Final Price: $2.98/2
Cottonelle bath tissue ultra 12 pack $6.50. L1
use $1 off from SS 1/15/12
Final Price: $5.50
Oscar Mayer carving board lunchmeat 7oz $3.50.
Use $1/2 Oscar Mayer Carving Board Meat or Cold Cuts printable OR from SS 1/22/12
Final Price: 2/$6
Yoplait greek yogurt cup $.99
$0.50/2 Yoplait Greek Yogurt, exp. 3/17/12 (SS 01/22/12 R)
Final Price: $1.48/2
Birdseye steam fresh veg $.99
Use$1/3 Birds Eye Steamfresh Vegetables printable
Final Price: $1.97/3
Other Great Deals
- Chicken leg quarters $.79#
- Whole pork butt roast $1.79#
- La Preferida tomato sauce 8oz $.19. Crazy stockup price!
- Gatoradae singles $.79
- 8# potatoes $2.99
- Organic potatoes 5# $2.99
- Minneolas $.99#
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* Curious as to where the coupons are I'm getting? Read How To Get Coupons 411 and the best way to get newspaper coupons. To obtain coupons, you can check out coupons.com, RedPlum, Coupon Network and SmartSource. Check out the Mummy Deals Coupon Database
Strack's takes expired coupons. According to their printed coupon policy it's up to 30 days. They accept coupons 30 days past the expiration date on manufacturer Internet and Catalina coupons. Store coupons cannot be accepted past their expiration.


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Wind River for Suns UltraSPARC T2
After porting its Carrier Grade Linux (CGL) and Workbench developer environment to Sun's multithreading capable UltraSPARC T2 processor, embedded specialist Wind River says that it has laid down the tracks for the development of high-performance network components.
To reflect this, the solution has been dubbed "Wind River Platform for Networking Equipment, Linux Edition". It aims to give manufacturers an integrated and tested solution. The first examples of deployment of Carrier Grade Linux in connection with the UltraSPARC processor, are Sun's Netra rack server and ATCA series blades says Wind River .
The chip-multithreading capable (CMT) UltraSPARC T2 achieves higher throughput with lower power consumption and heat output.
Issue 202/2017
Buy this issue as a PDF
LibreOffice 5.4 Released
Comes with improved support for Microsoft Office file formats.
Red Hat to Drop Support for Btrfs
The company is building their own storage solution called Stratis.
Reinvent your network with DevOps tools and techniques:
Opportunities and Risks: Containers for DevOps
Automated Builds Using CentOS 7 and Kickstart
Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana – The ELK stack
Are you ready for DevOps? Try your luck with the beta version of Linux Professional Institute's new DevOps exam.
Kolab Now Integrates Collabora Online
Kolab Now subscribers now have access to Collabora Online.
Endless OS, a Distribution Without Internet
A new version of Endless OS has been released.
GitHub Announces Open Source Friday Program
They encourage people to take time out and work on open source projects on Friday.
System76 Announces Their Own Distro, Pop!_OS
Pop!_OS is based on Ubuntu and uses the Gnome stack.
Linus Torvalds Talks About His Motivation
He never tires of working on the Linux kernel.
Debian 9 Stretches Its Wings
The new release of Debian has a very strong focus on security.
Trojan Turns Raspberry Pi into a Cryptocurrency Mining Device
Two trojans in the wild are targeting Linux machines.


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A DOG walker is warning fellow pet owners to take extra care after her dog was taken ill in a suspected poisoning on Wednesday, February 15.
Emma Kendall's bloodhound Milly was rushed to the vets after eating from a "suspicious pile of biscuits" that were piled up on a green near Somerset Avenue in Yate.
The dog owner said: "I was walking my three dogs off-lead and noticed that Milly was up to something.
"When I went over, she was eating from a massive pile of biscuits that looked like they had been deliberately put there."
Just a few hours later, Milly developed a swollen stomach and began convulsing and foaming at the mouth.
She was rushed to a veterinary surgery in Bradley Stoke, where she was put on a drip and given charcoal to induce vomiting.
Emma said: "The vets can't confirm that it was due to being poisoned without expensive testing but it seems pretty obvious what happened to me – it's too much of a coincidence."
The emergency trip cost £800, but Milly is now back to normal, if "a little sleepy", according to the dog owner.
"She's a lovely dog and it's awful to think that she might have died," said Emma.
"I'm urging all dog owners to be extra vigilant and to pick up dog poo – don't give anyone a reason to hate dogs."
Emma added that she would like to thank all the staff that helped save Milly's life.


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US says 'may never know' if Iraqi leaders hit
The US military said on Tuesday that it destroyed a building where President Saddam Hussein might have been meeting in Baghdad but that it could be impossible to find out who had been inside.
"We believe the attack was effective in causing destruction of the facility," Brigadier General Vincent Brooks told a news conference at war headquarters in Qatar.
"As to who was inside and what their conditions are, it will take time to determine," he said. "We may never be able to determine who was present."
US aircraft dropped four 900 kilogram bombs on a building in a residential area of the capital on Monday after US intelligence reports indicated that Saddam and his two sons might have been inside with other Iraqi leaders.
There was no word on the fate of Saddam or his sons.
Brooks said "at this point in time I'm not aware of anyone from coalition forces that has walked to the site" to inspect it.
He also said that "we're not sure exactly who's in charge (in Iraq) at this particular point in time".
US forces were attacking central Baghdad with tanks backed by warplanes and artillery on Tuesday, the 20th day of the war.
President George W Bush, visiting Northern Ireland, said earlier that he did not know if Saddam had survived the attack or not.
Topics: unrest-conflict-and-war, iraq


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GiraffeCam 1.0 Soft ShortFocus | Endoscope Borescope Inspection Camera | Android PC Mac | 5.5mm Diameter | 6.5 Feet
We are the sole owner of the GiraffeCam brand and associated intellectual property. Any counterfeits or infringements will be vigorously pursued.*Not compatible with iPhones* Features The camera has a 5.5mm diameter housing that allows it to fit in tight places – 6 adjustable LED lights allows for different brightness settings to suit the usage environment – 0.3 megapixel, 640X480 resolution provides HD video and images – The waterproof design (rated IP67) allows it to be used in almost all environments User-friendly – True plug & play on Windows 10 and Mac devices. Just plug the camera in, pull up the default Windows or Mac camera software, and select 'USB2.0 Camera' to view and capture video and photos – On compatible Android devices, just download the app from the App Store, open the app, and plug in the camera. Compatible Smartphones -Android (4.4 or higher) systems with OTG function -Samsung Galaxy S3 (i9300, i9308), S4 (i9500, i9508), S5, S6; Note2, Note3, Note4; SONY Z2 L50H; SONY LT26i; Nexus 5 Multiple Applications -Automotive / Diesel Repair and Maintenance -Inspection of hard-to-reach areas -Plumbing, construction, restoration applications Specifications -Diameter: 5.5mm -Sensor: 0.3 Megapixel CMOS -Resolution: 640X480 -View angle:60° -Focal Distance:2′ – Infinity -Interface: USB2.0, Micro USB -Light: 6 Adjustable White LED Product Contents 1 x GiraffeCam SFT Camera 1 X Micro-USB to USB adapter 1 x Manual1 x Side-mirror accessory1 x Hook accessory1 x Magnet accessory
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The Southeastern Reporter, Volume 97
West Publishing Company, 1919 - Law reports, digests, etc
What people are saying - Write a review
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Common terms and phrases
action Albert Davis alleged amendment amount answer Appeal from Superior Appeals of Georgia appellees authority Bank BLOODWORTH brings error BROYLES cause certiorari charge City Court claim Code commissioners Company concur Constitution contract corporation Coun counsel Court of Appeals Criminal Law damages decree deed deed of trust defendant in error defendant's demurrer dence Drake Oil duty Easterling Error from Superior evidence executed fact fendant filed ground HARWELL held indictment injury instruction interest intestate issue Judgment affirmed jurisdiction jurors jury land liability lien Lumber ment motion negligence nonsuit North Carolina opinion overruled owner parties person petition plaintiff in error pleadings primary election question railroad reason road rule statute sufficient suit Superior Court supra Supreme Court sustained Syllabus testator testified testimony thereof tiff tion trial judge trust verdict voir dire witness writ
Popular passages
Page 44 - The cause of action in such case not to be deemed to have accrued until the discovery, by the aggrieved party, of the facts constituting the fraud or mistake.
Page 112 - Every holder is deemed prima facie to be a holder in due course; but when it is shown that the title of any person who has negotiated the instrument was defective, the burden is on the holder to prove that he or some person under whom he claims acquired the title as a holder in due course.
Page 434 - The provisions of this chapter shall apply to employers and employees engaged in intrastate, and also in interstate or foreign commerce, for whom a rule of liability or method of compensation has been or may be established by the congress of the United States...
Page 94 - This policy is made and accepted subject to the fore�For otder Ga.) (Ga. going stipulations and conditions, together with such other provisions, agreements, or conditions as may be indorsed hereon or added hereto, and no officer, agent, or other representative of this company shall have power to waive any provision or condition of this policy, except such as by the terms of this policy may be the subject of agreement indorsed hereon or added hereto...
Page 224 - That no man, or set of men, are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of public services; which, not being descendible, neither ought the offices of magistrate, legislator or judge to be hereditary.
Page 38 - ... a man who orders a work to be executed, from which, in the natural course of things, injurious consequences to his neighbour must be expected to arise, unless means are adopted by which such consequences may be prevented, is bound to see to the doing of that which is necessary to prevent the mischief, and cannot relieve himself of his responsibility by employing...
Page 405 - The real and personal property of any female in this State, acquired before marriage, and all property, real and personal, to which she may, after marriage, become in any manner entitled, shall be and remain the sole and separate estate and property of such female, and shall not be liable for any debts, obligations, or engagements of her husband, and may be devised, and bequeathed, and, with lhe written assent of her husband, conveyed by her as if she were unmarried.
Page 70 - We do not see how a better test can be applied to the question whether reasonable or not than by considering whether the restraint is such only as to afford a fair protection to the interests of the party in favor of whom it is given, and not so large as to interfere with the interests of the public. Whatever restraint is larger than the necessary protection of the party, can be of no benefit to either; it can only be oppressive ; and, if oppressive, it is in the eye of the law unreasonable. Whatever...
Page 10 - ... But where the second action between the same parties is upon a different claim or demand, the judgment in the prior action operates as an estoppel only as to those matters in issue or points controverted, upon the determination of which the finding or verdict was rendered. In all cases, therefore, where it is sought to apply the estoppel of a judgment rendered upon one cause of action to matters arising in a suit upon a different cause of action, the inquiry must always be as to the point or...
Page 9 - The language, therefore, which is so often used, that a judgment estops not only as to every ground of recovery or defense actually presented in the action, but also as to every ground which might have been presented, is strictly accurate, when applied Lockhart v.


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This weeks episode of "That Digital Podcast" features one of my favourite people to follow on Instagram and Twitter, Mr Gus Silber. Gus has recently published Mobinomics (purchase a copy here) with Allan Knott-Craig of MXit and speaks to us today about his thoughts on mobile in the continent.
Thanks go out to the ever awesome Brandon Rogoff of Wired Media Productions for his always fantastic editing.


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'It's painful': Colombia boat tragedy victims honoured
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Even If It's True, That Doesn't Mean it's Permissible (100 Sec) Rabbi Ari Enkin
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A Train And It's Station Found On Mars!!! (Mars Mysteries)
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It's Impossible To Obtain! | My Favorite Weapon of All Time! | Destiny
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Crowded House – Don't Dream It's Over
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Neil deGrasse Tyson – Why It's Important to be Scientifically Literate
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Crowded House – Don't Dream It's Over Live (HQ)
Crowded House - Don't Dream It's Over. A very emotional last song from their farewell tour. So sad, Paul Hester is in tears. One of the best songs ever written. Thought I'd upload a decent quality version because the other videos on here don't do Discover A Lot More
How It's Printed: Booklets | Online Printing by PrintPlace.com
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Nick Viall Speaks Out on William Shatner Feud: 'It's Heartbreaking'
"The Bachelor" star Nick Viall is "heartbroken" over William Shatner's campaign to get him booted off "DWTS." Discover A Lot More
Crowded House – Don't Dream It's Over
Music video by Crowded House performing Don't Dream It's Over.
Cheerleaders Season 5 – Ep 29 – Drop it Like it's Hot
After Palm Springs, Nfinity Legend Santon McCray comes to whip the boys into shape. Meanwhile, it's time to get into gear for NCA, but one member is a bit homesick. Before I Fall in theaters NOW! Get tickets here -http://www.beforeifalltix.com/ Ep. Discover A Lot More
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Ride for the Band
Sunday, May 22, 2016
Ride for the Band starts and ends in Santa Fe, NM: the venue is at Christus St. Vincent Regional Medical Center at the corner of St. Michael's Drive and Hospital Drive in Santa Fe.
Riders may register online after January 1, 2016 on the Santa Fe Century website and in person at the venue on the afternoon of Saturday, May 21 and Sunday morning, May 22.
Ride for the Band riders will join the 2500 to 3000 cyclists who are riding the Santa Fe Century.
Riders who are registered with the SFCB event are riding to support the SFCB. The minimum pledge for Ride for the Band is $100.00 which includes optional fitness training, bike advice, maintenance, etc. to prepare them for the ride.
Riders are encouraged to raise funds from their family and friends by seeking donations on their behalf.The Santa Fe Concert Band is a 501(c)(3) organization, so all donations are tax-deductible.
The Ride for the Band event is sponsored by the
Santa Fe Century Bicycle Committee and the Santa Fe Concert Band
(SFCB) to raise awareness and funds for the band.


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Problem With Installing Windows 7
System Security BootMGR is missing - windows 7 (after trying the common solutions)Hello, I'm using windows 7, 64 bit. Yükleniyor... Jamie Wagner 526.103 görüntüleme 29:33 Cuando no detecta el disco sata el pc cargar controladores.wmv - Süre: 5:29. If you have multiple sticks of RAM then take as many sticks as you can out from the motherboard, but leave 1GB in for installation of Windows 7.#7 - switch up http://mysqlzine.net/windows-7/installing-windows-7-problem.html
That could be all your system needs.Some Aero features may be disabled in the Registry, though. Enter list disk Enter select disk n Enter list partition Enter select partition n Enter delete partition override Now try reinstalling Windows. My System Specs System Manufacturer/Model Number Custom OS Windows 7 Professional x64 CPU Intel i7 2600K OC'd @ 4620 MHz Motherboard Asus P8Z68-V Pro Memory 16GB GSkill Sniper 2133 Mhz (4x4GB) That being the case, here are some of the most commonly-encountered problems that arise when installing or upgrading to the new version of Windows, and how to solve them.
Windows 7 Installation Error Load Driver & Missing Cd/dvd
There is usually an option in the BIOS to reset to defaults, or something along those lines. Video kiralandığında oy verilebilir. This includes hard drives, video cards, USB devices, and expansion cards. Bu özellik şu anda kullanılamıyor.
Click Start, type Disk Management and choose the "Create and format hard disk partitions" link. But it's not sensible to be rude to those who are trying to help you - and it's not nice. Trending: App Dev Cloud Data Center Mobile Open Source Security Deep Dives Reviews Resources/White Papers Search infoworld Sign In | Register Hi! Windows 7 Installation Error 0x80070570 Problem: Error message "Setup was unable to create a new system partition or locate an existing system partition." What to try: Make sure that the partition is primary, active, and formatted
Oturum aç 378 Yükleniyor... Load Driver Windows 7 Installation Usb The drive labeled "Windows" is what Windows 10 will install to -- make sure you've got at least 20GB free, preferably a little more, just to be safe. You may be vulnerable to phishing attacks 5Windows 10 will be watching you – to lock your PC when you're away TechRadar is part of Future plc, an international media group http://www.sevenforums.com/installation-setup/34853-common-installation-problems-their-solutions.html Microsoft has released a fix...
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Load Driver Windows 7 Installation Usb
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Next Page 1 = __( 'of', 'digitaltrends' ) ?> 5 Low disk space ISO image issues Error codes Incompatible hardware Upgrade and fresh installations are free until July 29, 2016 TechRadar navigate here If you have multiple sticks of RAM then take as many sticks as you can out from the motherboard, but leave 1GB in for installation of Windows 7.#7 - switch up If you have a full storage drive, or a small one to begin with, you'll need to make some room. AHCI is for SATA components, HD, DVD etc. Windows 7 Load Driver Bypass
Too many Windows patches have caused too much grief over the years. Gezinmeyi atla TROturum açAra Yükleniyor... Fix Windows 10 problems with these free Microsoft tools You Might Like Shop Tech Products at Amazon Notice to our Readers We're now using social media to take your comments and Check This Out When i...
Yükleniyor... Windows 7 Installation Drivers Free Download Make sure that the HDD is detected in BIOS. Thanks again, Woody.
it was in japanese before so i change it to english but after the insatallation windows setup (EMS enabled) so i hit on it.
The iPhone is usually (though not always) recognised, but iTunes then complains that it can't connect to the unit because of an "unknown error", usually (though again, not always) 0xE8000065.Disabling USB Problem: Setup forces computer to reboot, and never finishes installation What to try: Sometimes setup fails when recovery partitions are still present. From CIO: 8 Free Online Courses to Grow Your Tech Skills You Might Like Notice to our Readers We're now using social media to take your comments and feedback. Windows 7 Installation Problems Completing Installation And waited.
Expand the Universal Serial Bus controllers section of the tree, right-click each USB Root Hub entry in turn, select Properties > Power Management, and clear "Allow the computer to turn off Here are the latest Insider stories. It's a long story, but the end result was that installing KB3133977 caused a Secure Boot Violation and Windows would not run. this contact form Uz-Source iXacker 74.528 görüntüleme 2:04 No detecta disco duro al instalar Windows 7 "SOLUCIÓN" - Süre: 3:23.
Deja vu all over again: Microsoft reissues KB 2952664, KB 2976978, KB 2977759 Video The Windows 8.1 user's guide to navigating Windows 10


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Celebrating Advent
Advent is upon us. While the world seems to be a frenzy of Christmas shopping, traveling, decorating and entertaining, the Church presents us with a unique traditional alternative: a season of reflection, preparation and penance as we anticipate the birth of Christ.
Contrary to popular practice and belief, Advent is more than a frantic countdown to Christmas. Even some Catholics may not fully understand the penitential spirit of the pre-Christmas season, as a time of fasting, prayer and almsgiving meant to prepare the faithful for Christ's birth. These traditional Advent practices date back to the earliest days of the Church.
The more faithfully the season of Advent is observed, the more joyful the season of Christmas will be. Without a time of fasting and self-denial, the joy of Christmas becomes routine and loses its value as a sacred feast.
The Church encourages participation at weekday Masses during Advent, because in the Eucharist we find the source and goal of our Advent preparation: Christ himself, whose sacrifice reconciles us with God.
The following are some further ideas and popular traditions for making Advent a time of anticipation and preparation for the joy and mystery of Christmas:


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RummyCircle collaborates with TechProcess to enhance customer experience
In an attempt to offer an advanced payment gateway to the customers, Play Games24X7 Pvt. Ltd.'s RummyCircle and India's leading payment platform, TechProcess have announced the renewal of their premeditated collaboration.
It is imperative for the prominent brands to invest in partnerships with value chain partners who share a common belief of customer-focus approach as the discontented customers tend to discard brand loyalty as well as vent their experience on social media. It is a matter of fact that the transactions particularly related to payments are of prime importance for online players. Thus, the brands need to realize that online payment processing companies are the backbone of all payments.
With over 2.5 million registered users, RummyCircle serves as an ideal example for online brands to realize the importance of having the right payment gateway partner that can ensure high performance, speed and accuracy.
"We care very deeply about user experience and analyse massive volumes of data on an ongoing basis in our endeavor to provide the best Rummy experience. A critical part of the player experience is the ease with which a player can transact with us. This makes the role of our payment partners almost foundational in our ability to provide the ultimate gaming experience," says Bhavin Pandya, CEO and Co-Founder of Play Games24x7 that operates India's largest grossing mobile gaming site, RummyCircle.com.
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Agreements: Whissell v. Whissell, 42 Fla.L.Weekly D1533 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017). Trial Court erred terming certain payments as alimony when parties prenuptial agreement waived alimony. Alimony: Hua v. Tsung, 42 Fla.L.Weekly D1019 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017). Trial court erred not applying rebuttable presumption in favor of permanent alimony in 17 ½ year marriage. In almost … Continue reading
Eddie Stephens named as 2017 Recipient of the Alberto Romero Jr. Making a Difference Award
Reported in the Sun Sentinel. Reported in the Palm Beach Post. Eddie E. Stephens, III has been awarded the Alberto Romero Jr. Making a Difference Award by The Family Law Section of the Florida Bar. Stephens was recognized for his dedication to the state's children and families. He was also given the Family Law Section … Continue reading
Local Law Firm Gets Slammed with $16.4 Million Judgment for Negligence and Breach of Fiduciary Duty
This past Friday a Jury Verdict was entered in the amount of $16,400,000 to the Estate of Oliver Wilson Bivins, Sr., and against two West Palm Beach guardianship attorneys. The jury found the local attorneys breached both their professional and fiduciary duties to Oliver Wilson Bivins, Sr., an incapacitated ward of the State of Florida. … Continue reading
Stephens' Squibs – June 2017
Alimony: David v. David, 42 Fla.L.Weekly D1441 (Fla. 1st DCA 2017). Trial court erred denying alimony in long term marriage without findings of fact and his imputation of income for Wife was not supported by record. Brown v. Brown, 42 Fla.L.Weekly D1376 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017). Appellate court unable to conduct meaningful review because judgment … Continue reading
Smokefest 2017 – 20th Anniversary
RSVP on our FaceBook Page You are cordially Invited to: SmokeFEST 2017 - 20th Anniversary! Hosted by Ritchie Shaner, Eddie Stephens, Mitch Simmons and Jeff Berlat To Benefit the Delta Sigma Pi Leadership Foundation Confirmed details: August 17, 2017 - 8:00pm to closing Dos Jefes Uptown Cigar Bar* (co-owned by Brother Ritchie "D-Day" Shaner) 5535 … Continue reading
Stephens' Squibs – May 2017
Alimony: Hanson v. Hansom, 42 Fla.L.Weekly D977 (Fla. 2nd DCA 2017). Court erred basing alimony on Husband's gross income, as opposed to net. Appeals: Stephens v. Whittaker, 42 Fla. L. Weekly D961 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017). Errors not raised in initial brief are waived. Attorneys' Fees: Hanson v. Hansom, 42 Fla.L.Weekly D977 (Fla. 2nd DCA … Continue reading
Associate Attorney (Family Law) Position Available at Ward Damon
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE - Associate Attorney (Family Law) Position Available at Ward Damon The Family Law Department of WARD DAMON is expanding it's Family Law Practice and is hiring an associate attorney. Associate will work directly with Eddie Stephens, Esquire. Requirements: Strong Moral Compass Strong desire to help people. Willingness to engage in Community Service. Empathetic. … Continue reading
Center for Child Counseling Elects Eddie Stephens as New Board Member
PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla. (June 6, 2017) – The Center for Child Counseling is pleased to announce the election of Eddie Stephens, Equity Partner at Ward Damon, to the Center for Child Counseling's Board of Directors. Mr. Stephens is a board-certified attorney in Family and Marital Law and a trained Collaborative Law attorney. He earned … Continue reading
Opponent Gets Hit with $47K in Rosen Fees for taking Unreasonable Position in Same Sex Divorce
I just finished my first same sex divorce that actually went the distance and went to final trial. The only thing unusual about the case were the issues one of the spouses was making. The parties were married 4 years but in a relationship for 20. The opponent spouse sought an equitable distribution of all … Continue reading
Eddie Stephens opposes American Academy of Matrimonial Law's Position on Hooker
by Tricia Erickson Originally Published in the Florida Record. TALLAHASSEE — A property dispute in a marriage dissolution case raised questions about "donative intent" and interspousal gifts. The Florida Supreme Court recently issued an opinion that upholds the trial court's interpretation and reverses an appeals court's decision that used a different evidence standard from the … Continue reading


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New reports on Red Cross in Haiti revisit the record of failed earthquake aid
By Roger Annis, June 10, 2015 On June 3, ProPublica and National Public Radio each published studies into the spending by the American Red...
How the American Red Cross raised half a billion dollars for Haiti and built six homes
By Justin Elliott, ProPublica, June 3, 2015 The neighborhood of Campeche sprawls up a steep hillside in Haiti's capital city, Port-au...
Haiti's promised rebuilding unrealized as Haitians challenge authoritarian rule
By Travis Ross and Roger Annis, published in the 'Speakout' feature section of Truthout.org, Monday, January 12, 2015 (This article...
Five years after the earthquake in Haiti, the sad state of human rights
Interview by Beverly Bell with Jackson Doliscar, community organizer and human rights defender, published on Other Worlds Are Possible,...
Haiti: Five years after devastating earthquake tens of thousands still homeless and desperate
By Amnesty International, Jan. 8, 2015 Many people who lost everything in the 2010 earthquake have faced renewed hardship as they are...
Fact sheet on housing in Haiti, December 2014
Dec. 19, 2014--Following the recent Haiti Housing Conference 'Fooling the Sun, Not Fooling the Rain: Housing and Shelter in Haiti Five...
U.S home reconstruction in Haiti: Another disaster
By Brianna Ehley, The Fiscal Times, December 9, 2014 Nearly five years after a disastrous 7.0 magnitude earthquake devastated Haiti,...
Latest UN figures on humanitrian situation in Haiti, Dec. 2014
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in Haiti publishes a monthly report that details conditions of...
Haiti: Housing effort said to lag
By Reuters, in New York Times, April 16, 2014 A post-earthquake housing program in Haiti financed by the United States Agency for...
U.S. housing effort in Haiti criticized — again
By Jacqueline Charles, The Miami Herald, April 16, 2014 The U.S. Agency for International Development says it will continue to work with...
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Great Plugin
Results are stored locally, no need of an external poll website.
I successfully customized my CSS.
There are all the options I was expecting, such as limiting the votes in time, limiting flooding and so on.
Thanks to the author(s).
- The topic 'Great Plugin' is closed to new replies.


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Das Deutschlandlied ("The Song of Germany", also known as Das Lied der Deutschen, "The Song of the Germans") has been used wholly or partially as the national anthem of Germany since 1922. Outside Germany it is sometimes known by the opening words and refrain of the first stanza, Deutschland über alles (Germany above all), but this has never been its title. The line "Germany, Germany above all," which the author intended to mean that a unified Germany was more desirable than division of the Germanophonic countries (Sprachraum) into independent states. During the Third Reich, anti-German political propaganda claimed the anthem was a Nazi expression of racial superiority.
The music was written by Joseph Haydn in 1797 as an anthem for the birthday of the Austrian Emperor Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1841 the German linguist and poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the lyrics of "Das Lied der Deutschen" to Haydn's melody, lyrics that were considered revolutionary at the time.
The song was chosen for the national anthem of Germany in 1922, during the Weimar Republic. In 1952, West Germany adopted Deutschlandlied as its official national anthem, with only the third stanza sung on official occasions. Upon reunification in 1991, the third stanza only was confirmed as the national anthem.
The melody of the Deutschlandlied was originally written by Joseph Haydn in 1797 to provide music to the poem "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" ("God save Francis the Emperor") as a birthday anthem to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Habsburg. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, where Francis continued to rule as Austrian Emperor, "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser" became the official anthem of the emperor of the Austrian Empire and the subsequent Austria-Hungary until the end of the Austrian monarchy in 1918. Haydn also used the melody in the second movement the "Kaiserquartett", a string quartet that is still widely performed today.
The tune is often used in the English-speaking world for the hymn "Glorious Things of Thee are Spoken" by John Newton. In this context, the tune is called "Austria", "Austrian Hymn", or "Emperor's Hymn." The tune is also used for the hymn "Not Alone for Mighty Empire" by William Merrill.
Historical background
The Holy Roman Empire was already weak when the French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars altered the political map of Central Europe. Hopes for the Enlightenment, human rights, republican government, democracy, and freedom after Napoleon's defeat in 1815 were dashed, however, when the Congress of Vienna reinstated many monarchies. In addition, with the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, Chancellor Prince Metternich and his secret police enforced censorship, mainly in universities, to keep a watch on the activities of professors and students, whom he held responsible for the spread of radical liberal ideas. Particularly since hardliners among the monarchs were the main adversaries, demands for freedom of the press and other liberal rights were most often uttered in connection with the demand for a united Germany, even though many revolutionaries-to-be had different opinions whether a republic or a constitutional monarchy would be the best solution for Germany.
The German Confederation or German Union was a loose confederation of 39 states and republican free cities, with a Federal Assembly in Frankfurt. They began to remove internal customs barriers during the Industrial Revolution, though, and the German Customs Union Zollverein was formed among the majority of the states in 1834. Prior to the Deutschlandlied, Hoffmann wrote a song about the Zollverein[4], also to Haydn's melody, in which he praised the free trade of German goods which brought Germans and Germany closer.
After the March Revolution of 1848, the German Confederation handed over its authority to the Frankfurt Parliament, and Eastern Prussia joined. For a short period of time in the late 1840s, Germany was united within Hoffmans borders, with a democratic constitution in the make, and with the black-red-gold flag to represent it. The two big monarchies put an end to this, and later even waged the Austro-Prussian War against each other.
Hoffmann's lyrics
August Heinrich Hoffmann (who called himself von Fallersleben after his home town to distinguish himself from others with the same common name of Hoffmann) wrote the text in 1841 on vacation on the North Sea island Helgoland, then a British territory.
Hoffmann von Fallersleben intended Das Lied der Deutschen to be sung to Haydn's tune, as the first publication of the poem included the music. The first line, "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, über alles in der Welt" (usually translated into english as "Germany, Germany above everything, above everything in the world"), was an appeal to the various German sovereigns to give the creation of a united Germany a higher priority than the independence of their small states. In the third stanza, with a call for "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" (unity and justice and freedom), Hoffmann expressed his desire for a united and free Germany where the rule of law, not monarchical arbitrariness, would prevail.
In the era after the Congress of Vienna, which was influenced by Prince Metternich and his secret police, Hoffmann's text had a distinctly revolutionary, liberal connotation, since the demand for a united Germany was most often made in connection with demands for freedom of press and other liberal rights. Its implication that loyalty to a larger Germany should replace loyalty to one's sovereign personally was in itself a revolutionary idea.
The year after he wrote Das Deutschlandlied, Hoffmann von Fallersleben lost his job as a librarian and professor in Breslau, Prussia because of this and other revolutionary works, and was forced into hiding until being pardoned after the revolutions of 1848.


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Alternative Dispute Resolution is a mechanism by which different types of legal disputes are resolved through out-of-court processes like arbitration, and mediation as an alternative to civil litigation. ADR methods can be effective in reducing the time, money, and adversarial nature associated with traditional court-based proceedings.
Hereford is a city in Deaf Smith County, Texas, United States. The population was 14,597 at the 2000 census. It is the only incorporated Hereford in the country. It is the county seat of Deaf Smith County. Hereford's local water supply contains an unusually high level of naturally-occurring fluorine. Since fluoride is used to protect against tooth decay, Hereford earned the title "The Town Without a Toothache". High levels consumed by longtime or young residents results in staining, though. It is also known as the Beef Capital of the World because of the large number of cattle fed in the area (the city is named for the Hereford breed). The local economy is affected significantly by growth in the dairy industry and ethanol industry. The area is known for its semi-arid climate with heavy farming and ranching throughout the area sustained by irrigation from the Ogallala Aquifer and the saltier Santa Rosa Aquifer beneath it. A rich Western heritage includes the Las Escarbadas ranch house of the XIT Ranch located southwest of Hereford in Deaf Smith County. The restored historic structure can now be seen at the Texas Tech Ranching Heritage Center.
Alternative Dispute Resolution Lawyers In Hereford Texas


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At Cabarrus Country Club, we recognize that "details make the difference" and hold ourselves to the highest quality standard. We know that our services will meet your personal catering requirements.
Our Clubhouse consists of a Ballroom that can be divided into three separate rooms with a seating capacity of ten to three hundred. The Atrium features a beautiful hard wood floor and slate fireplace with elegant living room settings. The outside doors open onto a brick and wrought iron Veranda that overlooks the Club's golf course and offers a spectacular view of the Charlotte skyline. Combining the Ballroom and the Atrium allows a standing reception for up to five hundred people.
Our personal event planner will work with you to create a magical setting for your wedding day; florists, rentals, photographers, custom designed menus, personal chef tables, and a wide variety of gourmet foods. Executive Chef Keith Wilson can personalize your menu and prepare an exquisite array of selections to meet your unique style.
Membership to Cabarrus Country Club is not required to book your event at the Club.
For more information call Ally McLaughlin, Events Coordinator, at 704-786-3104 or email us via the form below.


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Native Plants
Q. Who is Mr. Smarty Plants?
A: There are those who suspect Wildflower Center volunteers are the culpable and capable culprits. Yet, others think staff members play some, albeit small, role. You can torture us with your plant questions, but we will never reveal the Green Guru's secret identity.
Did you know you can access the Native Plant Information Network with your web-enabled smartphone?
Ask Mr. Smarty Plants is a free service provided by the staff and volunteers at the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center.
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Sunday - December 16, 2007
From: Tacoma, WA
Region: Northwest
Topic: Diseases and Disorders
Title: Black leaves and dying kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
Answered by: Nan Hampton
QUESTION:My kinnikinnick has developed dark leaf spots and, in some cases the entire leaf has turned black or entire plants have turned black and died off. I'm worried about leaf spot, root rot and leaf gall as possibilities. My local plant spray services professional suggested it's a type of fungus which hasn't been identified yet. How do I figure out what this is and stop the spreading?
ANSWER:Despite his name, Mr. Smarty Plants doesn't know everything, but does know how to get you to someone who should be able to help you. Mr. SP could speculate on what the problem with your Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (kinnikinnick) is, but I think it would be more efficient and more useful to you to contact someone in your area that has more practical experience with the plants and might have seen this problem already.
There are a couple of good sources for questions concerning plants native to the Northwest. One of the best is the University of Washington Botanic Gardens Elisabeth C. Miller Library Plant Answer Line.
Also, your Washington State University Pierce County Extension Agent Master Gardener's program has Ask a Master Gardener.
Good luck with your kinnikinnicks and may they soon look as healthy as those pictured below!
More Diseases and Disorders Questions
Fungal root rot in non-native Shasta daisies in Channahon IL
July 21, 2009 - HELP! My Shasta daisies have fungal root rot. Is there any way to save them? I've been removing the browned stems. I'm so sad.
view the full question and answer
What to do about leaf spot on Vaccinium myrsinites in Clearwater FL?
June 24, 2010 - I have recently planted many Vaccinium myrsinites (shiny blueberry) in my yard. These plants seem to have many dead twig branches without leaves. The remaining leaves have red spots. I visited a na...
view the full question and answer
Mildew in Phlox paniculata
October 13, 2008 - I planted garden phlox (phlox paniculata) in my front landscaping and it is suffering from mildew. It is wet on that side due to a down spout and it may benefit from being split. Does anyone know of...
view the full question and answer
Mountain Laurel having trouble in AZ
June 07, 2011 - A Sophora secundflora (Texas mountain laurel) was planted to an Arizona north faced front yard last year in August under full sun. Starting early this year, I noticed its leaves turn to light green an...
view the full question and answer
Will mowing live oak seedlings contribute to Oak Wilt from Dripping Springs TX
June 14, 2011 - I live near Drippings Springs, TX. Will mowing live oak seedlings contribute to the spread of oak wilt?
view the full question and answer
|Support the Wildflower Center by Donating Online or Becoming a Member today.


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Online Method
The sub agent's executive logs on to www.mahaveertravelsonline.in makes a respective search as per the schedule and budget of his customer.
www.mahaveertravelsonline.in ?Once the service is selected the agent's executive books the flight for his customer and subsequently makes the online payment and issues the ticket, which will be available in printable format or mailed within a short while after the payment is successful.
www.mahaveertravelsonline.in shall not be responsible for any statements made or data given by the agents to their customers.. www.mahaveertravelsonline.in shall release the confirmation vouchers to the agent only after receiving 100% money in its bank account. Or direct cash paid to our counter /credit limit to agent as mutual agreed terms.
Key Benefits:
01.Book Flights & Hotels online
02.Earn good commissions.
03.Competitive Rates, Personalized Service.
04.Online login Id & password.
05.Online booking confirmations.
06.Book Flights, Hotels,
07.Automated & streamlined booking process.
08.Printable e-tickets.
09.Faster service to your customers


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Find all the available flats.Post a free ad
Looking for a house or an apartment in Portugal? Find out more about renting a house or an apartment, leases and rental agreements.
Ask your questions and share info on the Algarve forum
Expatriate health insurance in AlgarveFree advice and quotation service to choose an expat health insurance in Algarve


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Chemistry, the forthcoming Malayalam movie by film maker Viji Thampi narrates the story of strong bonding among five girls in a campus. With campus based movies like Classmates and Chocolate doing well at the box office, the noted director has also decided to opt for the safe bet. To encash the pulse of the modern youth is the trend of the day.
Viji thampi has roped in Saranya Mohan and Shilpabala to essay the roles of two girls in the gang and he is on the look out for three others for his girl band. The movie will start shooting from the mid of July.
Nammal Thammil with Prithviraj, Indrajith and Geetu Mohandas was the recent release by Viji Thampi. However the movie had got a cold response with its weak story and not so appealing narrative. Avittam Thirunal Aarogya Shriman, Simhavaalan Menon, Janam, Journalist and Kunukkitta Kozhi are some of the movies which have been made by the film maker.


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Moving Truck Rental in Lancaster, CA at Westside Biz & Mail Stop
Moving to or from Lancaster CA 93534? Get FREE truck rental rate quotes at Westside Biz & Mail Stop.
Get FREE moving truck, pickup truck and cargo van rental quotes at Westside Biz & Mail Stop
Pickups Small jobs
Cargo vans Small jobs
10' truck Studio/Apartment
15' truck Apartment up to 2 bedrooms
17' truck Home up to 2 bedrooms
20' truck Home 2 to 3 bedrooms
26' truck 4+ bedrooms
Simply click on each moving truck shown above to view individual truck specs including: safety features, towing capacity, fuel economy and of course, the available space-per-truck size. Each rental truck is individually priced to help save you money, time and energy on your move to or from Lancaster, CA.
Cargo vans and pickup truck rentals in Lancaster, CA
U-Haul cargo van rentals and pickup trucks in Lancaster, CA are perfect for home improvement projects, deliveries and other small loads. Rent cargo vans or pickups to save money on local moving or deliveries. Cargo van and pickup truck rentals are popular with local business, college students and smaller housing moves in Lancaster CA 93534. Our moving van rentals include air conditioning, rub rails to protect your belongings and come equipped with a hitch to tow a trailer rental.
- Interior rub rails in cargo vans
- Automatic transmission
- Air conditioning
- Gentle-Ride suspension
- Fuel-efficient V-8
- SRS/air bags
Customer Reviews
Brenda H. on
Location was perfect, "Neighborhood drop" less than a quarter mile from home, there should be more like them..
Ruben c. on
The owner was helpful .
charles m. on
Thank you West side biz very professional . good customer service and the van was clean .
NORMAN C. on
Great customer service
anthony s. on
Very friendly
Rafik B. on
Good customer service...
STEVEN F. on
Excellent customer service and profisonl . definitely I will use them again.thank u west side biz.
James H. on
Vehicle smelled like cigarette smoke
joe r. on
Excellent service and friendly...
VICTOR R. on
Nice and profisonl customer service...I will use them next time....
Samantha W. on
Only thing is the sign of U-Haul is not easy to see and also the location is kind of hided in the corner without any sign of U-Haul, not so easy to find.
alaln s. on
very helpful with trailer hookup thanks
Ruben C. on
All was excellent...I will definitely go back when I need another U-haul.
Sara V. on
I went to return the truck only come to find out they were closed. Even though it's posted that they supposed to stay open til 7 pm. I parked the truck in the back lot (as instructed) and I was walking to the front of the lot some random car pulled up and asked if I am leaving a uhaul. I said yes and all she said was "we'll give me the keys, I will take it from here". She didn't identify herself as an employee and I did not see her there the day I rented it. I definitely wasn't comfortable handing over keys to a complete stranger. I tell her I wasn't comfortable giving her the keys and she got annoyed and told me "well it's closed and you will just keep getting charged". Then she drove off. Definitely won't be renting from here again
Armen M. on
Great Service.
Michael G. on
Manager very helpful.
Michael C. on
Nice owner and great service
Christopher B. on
The owner was exceptionally nice and helpful!
INgrid C. on
I made the reservation over the phone through uhaul customer service to rent a van for the following day at 8am. The pick up location dont open until 9am.. I called customer service since it was closed, i was told to go online to do "self pick up" and it will tell me where the key was hidden..? There is no such option in their website.. What a waste of my time... Luckly the guy at the pick up location was able to resubmit the pick up time.
Marie R. on
Ali, the shop owner was very nice and accomodating. Will come back for sure to do business again in the future. Very happy customer here! ÜÜÜ
Arnice G. on
Great service
KENYE J. on
The location is a cigarette shop/liquor store/uhaul rental. There was only 1 person working there. And when ever a customer came in to purchase something from the store, he would put my rental transaction on hold to assist the customers. It took almost 40 minutes to get out of there. Very unprofessional. The truck had mechanical issues. It would often fail to accelerate, and had difficulty starting. Trucks need to be inspected often and test driven by each location on a regular basis. I was moving out of state and the drive was long. The last thing I needed was have issues with the truck.
Jeff K. on
The trailer was in horrible maintinanced condition The wheel fell off while using. Thank God it didnt fall off on the freeway and kill someone And then the repair crew came out to the house at 11:00 pm and made all kinds of racket pissing off my neighbors Could not finish moving the vehicle Then when we went to return the trailer the uhaul place wanted us to take it to another place The whole experience was a nightmare and total BS that i still got charged and couldnt even finish the move Very pissed off right now
GINA E. on
The man that I had the pleasure of dealing with, "Ali", was very professional and very helpful. I wish more businesses had such a pleasurable people to work with. I will most definitely be bringing all of my future U-Haul business to this facility, above and beyond any U-Haul experience before.
Christine W. on
quick and easy drop off polite and courteous