text:
Biotech Articles
Publish Your Research Online
Get Recognition - International Audience
Request for an Author Account | Login | Submit Article
|Nexa Collections (Advt.)
Transgenic Animals: A Short ReviewBY: Komal Ramchandra Pawar | Category: Biotech-Research | Submitted: 2017-02-28 11:44:39
Article Summary: "Animals those contain foreign gene are known as the transgenic animals. Until now there are different transgenic animals produced like mice, pig, cattle, fish, sheep, etc. These animals are produced for the study purpose, for the trait enhancement, or for the transgenic protein production..."
Transgenic Animals: Mini Review
Authors: Komal Ramchandra Pawar1*, Swapnil Gorakh Waghmare2
1VDCOAB, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani-431402
2CPBMB, Kerala Agricultural Univrity, Thrissur-680656
A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome. In the early 1980, Ralph L. Brinster and Richard Palmiter developed the techniques responsible for transgenic mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and pigs. This process of transgenic animal is slow, tedious and expensive.
The first transgenic animal was produced is mice, by injecting DNA to mouse embryos then implanting the embryos in female mice.
Applications of Genetically modified animals:
• To yield industrial as well as consumer product
• To research human diseases
• To produce pharmaceutical products and tissue for implantation
• Also to improve the health of animals for disease resistance
• It can also be used for experimental models to perform phenotypic
• For the development of proteins that are used in medical treatment are produced by altering DNA or transferring DNA to an animals
Transgenic Mice
The first genetically modified organism i.e. mouse was created by Rudolf Jaenish in 1974. For the gene transfer technology mostly chosen animal is Mouse. Mouse has features that their tissues and organs are similar to that of a human. Furthermore, they carry virtually all the same genes that operate in humans. Moreover, it reduces cost of research.
The transgenic "Super Mice" is developed in 1982. It was hereditarily transformed to produce the human drug, tPA (tissue plasminogen activator to treat blood clots).
Fig: Transgeneic Mice Production
File Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/292262701_fig25_Figure-26-Genetic-mouse-models-A-Transgenic-mice-are-generated-by-pronuclear-injection.
Transgenic Pigs
The amount of transgenic manufacture in pig is lower than in mice. In 2006, a pig was engineered to yield omega-3-fatty acids through the manifestation of a roundworm gene. In swine during microinjection method for transformation, swine ova contains a large amount of lipids, which makes the poor or very difficult visualization of male pronuceli. However, centrifugation of pig ova enables visualization of pronuclei, which allows microinjection of DNA into the male pronuclei. Fluorescent pigs have also been produced for study of human organ transplant i.e. xenotransplantation or considered for being potential source of different organs for the xenotransplantation. Sperm mediated gene transfer method is highly efficient for production of transgenic pig.
The chief objectives of transgenic pig production are increased growth and meat production and xenotransplantation. In addition, the gene for human histocompatibility have been studied in transgenic pigs.
Fig: Transgenic pig
Image source: http://arbg.missouri.edu/labs/prather/history.php
Transgenic cattle
The microinjection of fertilized ova is the successful transfection technique in cattle. Main objective of production of transgenic cattles are increased milk production, meat production and molecular farming.
Several human genes have been successfully transferred in cows and expressed in the mammary tissue. The most important application is to treat disease like mastitis. Lysostaphin kills the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, which causes mastitis in cow. This lysostaphin is secreted in milk of transgenic cows consequently, they show resistance to mastitis.
Fig: Transgenic Cattle production
Image source: https://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-new-macdonald-pharm/
Transgenic sheep:
The main significant objective of transgenic sheep production is better growth and meet production, for this Human Growth Hormone gene is inserted in sheep. Furthermore the key research efforts of transgenic sheep is increased wool production and improved wool quality. To achieve this genes involved in keratin biosynthesis are being identified and cloned. In addition, the two bacterial genes concerned with cysteine biosynthesis cysE and cysM have been introduced in sheep by cloning. In merino sheep, the single major autosomal gene for fecundity the Boroola fecundity (Fec B) gene identified responsible for increase ovulation rate.
Fig: Transgenic Sheep production
Image Source: https://www.animalsciencepublications.org/publications/af/articles/3/3/14
Transgenic fish:
Transgenic fish are used for scientific research and as pets and an aquatic pollution sensor. Some fish are successfully transformed such as gold fish, catfish, common carp, rainbow trout, atlantic salmon etc. There are two species of fish such as zebrafish and medaka are commonly modified because they have optically clear chorions (membranes in the egg) rapidly develop and the one cell embryo is easy to see and microinject with transgenic DNA. The salmon or rainbow trout growth hormone, chicken δ-crystallin protein, winter flounder antifreeze protein these are transfored into fish. Also the E.coli β-galactosidase and E.coli hygromycine resistant gene is transferred.
Fig: Transgenic fish production
Image Source: http://tgfish-zgenebio.weebly.com/transgenic-service.html
• Transgenic creates new medicines and treatments for illness.
• Benefits agriculture and industries by being more profitable
• Construct disease resistant animals and humans
• This will lead to more discoveries in science, for researchers it will helpful for further study
Disadvantage :
• Animals have a low survival rate
• Usually leads to breeding problems
• Leads to mutations and functional disorders
• A new disease could be created
• Ethical issues
Singh B. D. (2004). Biotechnology expanding horizons. Kalyani publishers. Pp. 347-349.
About Author / Additional Info:
Research scholar in VDCOAB, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Agricultural University.
Comments on this article: (0 comments so far)
Additional Articles:
• A Proteomic Road to Acquire Improvement in Crop Productivity [PDF]
• Environmental Biotechnology: Role and Scope
• Changing face of Agricultural Biotechnology and its Uses
• Chemical Engineering as a Job Option
Latest Articles in "Biotech-Research" category:
• Human Longevity: A Revolution in Biotechnology and Nanotechnology.
• Nanoparticles as Delivery Device For Gene Therapy
• Biotechnology as a Tool in Medicine: Focus on Artemisinin
• Tissue Cells and Skin Cells Reprogrammed Into Embryonic Stem Cells:-
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (or PCR) - Technique For Amplifying DNA
• Treatment of Heart Disease With Stem Cells
• Biological Activities and Bioassays
• DNA Sequencing: Maxam Gilbert Method
• PCR Aspects and its Future | PCR versus Cloning
• Plasmid as Vectors For Plant Transformation
• Gene Isolation and Characterisation
• Apoptosis and Cancer: A Review
• Extraction of Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA) From Plant Tissues
• Stem Cells From Bone Marrow and Vein Leftovers Can Heal Damaged Hearts
• Gene Transfer Techniques: Biolistics, Bacterial and Viral Transformation
• Breast Cancer: Cactus For Womens Life
• Mtt Assay: Assess The Viability Of Cell In Culture
• Medicinal Plants: Source Of Medicine
• Biotechnology Impact on Alzheimer's Disease
Important Disclaimer: All articles on this website are for general information only and is not a professional or experts advice. We do not own any responsibility for correctness or authenticity of the information presented in this article, or any loss or injury resulting from it. We do not endorse these articles, we are neither affiliated with the authors of these articles nor responsible for their content. Please see our disclaimer section for complete terms.
Copyright © 2010 biotecharticles.com - Do not copy articles from this website.
| Disclaimer/Privacy/TOS | Submission Guidelines | Contact Us


text:
Firefox 3.7 betaFree
The Web is all about innovation, and Firefox sets the pace with dozens of new features, including the smart location bar, one-click bookmarking and blindingly fast performance.
Top Features:
- Password Manager
Remember site passwords without ever seeing a pop-up.
- One-Click Bookmarking
Bookmark, search and organize Web sites quickly and easily.
- Improved Performance
View Web pages faster, using less of your computers memory.
- Smart Location Bar
- Instant Web Site ID
Avoid online scams, unsafe transactions and forgeries with simple site identity.
- Full Zoom
See any part of a Web page, up close and readable, in seconds.
- Platform-Native Look and Feel
Browse with a Firefox that's integrated into your computer's operating system.
What's New In Firefox:
- now available in more than 70 languages
- Improved tools for controlling your private data, including a Private Browsing Mode.
- Better performance and stability with the new TraceMonkey JavaScript engine.
- The ability to provide Location Aware Browsing using web standards for geolocation.
- Support for native JSON, and web worker threads.
- Improvements to the Gecko layout engine, including speculative parsing for faster content rendering.
- Support for new web technologies such as: HTML5 and elements, downloadable fonts and other new CSS properties, JavaScript query selectors, HTML5 offline data storage for applications, and SVG transforms.
Mozilla Firefox is the popular web browser that allows the safe navigation of Internet at the highest possible speed with a maximum security against various types of attacks.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Elements of Morphology: Standard Terminology for the Ear Alasdair Hunter,1* Jaime L. Frias,2 Gabriele Gillessen-Kaesbach,3 Helen Hughes,4 Kenneth Lyons Jones,5 and Louise Wilson6 1
Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
Department of Pediatrics, Birth Defects Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida Institut f€ur Humangenetik, Universit€atsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus L€ubeck, Germany
3 4
Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
Division of Dysmorphology and Teratology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College London, London, UK
Received 9 September 2008; Accepted 15 October 2008
An international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the ear and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the ear. Ó 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
words: nomenclature;
INTRODUCTION General This paper is part of a series of six papers defining the morphology of regions of the human body [Allanson et al., 2009b; Biesecker et al., 2009; Carey et al., 2009; Hall et al., 2009; Hennekam et al., 2009]. The series is accompanied by an introductory article describing general aspects of this study [Allanson et al., 2009a]. The reader is encouraged to consult the introduction when using the definitions.
Anatomy of the Ear The anatomy of the external ear, also known as the auricle or pinna, is complex [Hunter and Yotsuyanagi, 2005] and remarkably inaccurately described by most authors. The major landmarks of the external ear are depicted in Figure 1. The external ear consists of skin (with adnexa), cartilage, and six intrinsic muscles. The anatomy of the various components of the ear are described below, and illustrations are shown each time in the section describing the various features of the components (Figs. 3, 13, 18, 24, 28, 46, and 68).
Ó 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How to Cite this Article: Hunter A, Frias J, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Hughes H, Jones K, Wilson L. 2009. Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the ear. Am J Med Genet Part A 149A:40–60.
Antihelix: A Y-shaped curved cartilaginous ridge arising from the antitragus and separating the concha, triangular fossa, and scapha (Fig. 3). The antihelix represents a folding of the conchal cartilage and it usually has similar prominence to a well-developed helix. The stem (the part below the bifurcation) of the normal antihelix is gently curved and branches about two thirds of the way along its course to form the broad fold of the superior (posterior) antihelical crus, and the more sharply folded inferior (anterior) crus. The inferior and superior crura of the antihelix can vary both in volume and degree of folding. Antihelix, inferior crus: The lower cartilaginous ridge arising at the bifurcation of the antihelix that ends beneath the fold of the ascending helix, and separates the concha from the triangular fossa (Fig. 3). The inferior antihelical crus runs in an anterior and slightly superior direction, is usually sharply defined, and appears less variable than its superior counterpart. A synonym is anterior crus of the antihelix. Antihelix, superior crus: The upper cartilaginous ridge arising at the bifurcation of the antihelix that separates the scapha from the triangular fossa (Fig. 3). The superior crus runs in a superior and slightly anterior direction and is usually less sharply folded than the
*Correspondence to: Dr. Alasdair Hunter, 529 Clarence St East, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 5S4. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Published online 16 January 2009 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/ajmg.a.32599
Note: Individuals are free to copy, distribute and display this work and to make derivative works for noncommercial purposes so long as the work is given proper attribution per the Creative Commons License 3.0. Any derivative works so made should contain the following legend ''This is a derivative work of [full cite], made pursuant to Creative Commons License 3.0. It has not been reviewed for accuracy or approved by the copyright owner. The copyright owner disclaims all warranties.''
41 Lobe: The soft, fleshy, inferior part of the pinna. It is bounded on its posterosuperior border by the end of the descending helix, on the anterosuperior border by the inferior border of the antitragus and superiorly by the incisura (Fig. 46). The earlobe is highly variable in size and in the degree of attachment of the anteroinferior portion to the face. Scapha: The groove between the helix and the antihelix. Tragus: A posterior, slightly inferior, protrusion of skin-covered cartilage, anterior to the auditory meatus. The inferoposterior margin of the tragus forms the anterior wall of the incisura (Fig. 68). Triangular fossa: The concavity bounded by the superior and inferior crura of the antihelix and the ascending portion of the helix.
Anatomical Variation FIG. 1. Normal anatomy of the external ear.
lower portion and inferior crus. A synonym is the posterior crus of the antihelix. Antitragus: The anterosuperior cartilaginous protrusion lying between the incisura and the origin of the antihelix (Fig. 13). The anterosuperior margin of the antitragus forms the posterior wall of the incisura. Concha: The fossa bounded by the tragus, incisura, antitragus, antihelix, inferior crus of the antihelix, and root of the helix, into which opens the external auditory canal. It is usually bisected by the crus helix into the cymba superiorly and cavum inferiorly (Fig. 18). Frankfurt horizontal: A plane connecting the lowest point on the lower margin of each orbit and highest point on the upper margin of the external auditory meatus [Farkas, 1981]. The Frankfurt horizontal or Frankfurt plane is used as the general horizontal plane of the head and as reference point for other planes and structures. Helix: The outer rim of the ear that extends from the superior insertion of the ear on the scalp (root) to the termination of the cartilage at the earlobe (Fig. 28). The helix can be divided into three approximate parts: the ascending helix, which extends vertically from the root; the superior helix, which begins at the top of the ascending portion, extends horizontally and curves posteriorly to the site of Darwin tubercle (vide infra); the descending helix (sometimes called posterior), which begins inferior to Darwin tubercle and extends to the superior border of the earlobe. The lower portion of the posterior part is often non-cartilaginous. The border of the helix usually forms a rolled rim but the helix is highly variable in shape. Lange [1966] developed a graphic classification of folding variants (Fig. 29; modified from Lange [1966]). Figure 30 illustrates some variation in the helix observed among a small group of colleagues. Helix, crus: The continuation of the anteroinferior ascending helix, which extends in a posteroinferior direction into the cavity of the concha above the external auditory meatus (Fig. 1). The average crus helix extends about one half to two thirds the distance across the concha. A synonym is crista helicis
Anomalies of the ear include quantitative traits and qualitative features of the entire ear, and of the individual components. (1) Variation in size (macrotia; microtia; anotia). (2) Variation in position (low-set ears; posterior angulation of the ear). (3) Variations of the individual anatomical parts: antihelix; antitragus; concha; helix; lobe; scapha; tragus; triangular fossa. (4) Named ear anomalies (crumpled ear; cryptotia; cupped ear; lop ear; preauricular and auricular pits; preauricular and auricular tags; preauricular ectopias; prominent ear; question mark ear; detachment of ascending helix; satyr ear; shell ear; Stahl ear). The various features are listed alphabetically. If a feature is indicated in bold-italics, the feature is listed and a definition is available. This can be in the present or one of the accompanying papers. The terms are alphabetized based on the physical feature, not the modifier. The appearance of facial morphology varies considerably with the position of the observer and observed person, and facial movements. In assessing morphology, the head of the observed person should be held in the Frankfurt horizontal, with the facial and neck muscles relaxed, eyes open, lips making gentle contact, and a neutral facial expression. The face of the observer should be at the same height as the face of the observed person.
DEFINITIONS Anotia Definition: Complete absence of any auricular structures (Fig. 2). objective Synonym: Ear, absent
Antihelical Shelf Definition: Antihelix protrusion directed more anteriorly than laterally, forming a shelf overlying the posterior concha (Figs. 3–4). subjective Comments: In marked cases this often appears to be associated with lack of lateral protrusion of the antihelix. Synonym: Conchal shelf
FIG. 2. Anotia.
FIG. 4. Antihelical shelf.
Antihelix, Absent
Antihelix, Angulated
Definition: No discernible ridge between concha and triangular fossa, and helix (Fig. 5). objective Comment: This finding is common in a Protruding and Cupped ear, where the superior and inferior parts of the antihelix are often absent. This is distinct from partial absence of the antihelix as may occur in, for example, Underdeveloped inferior crus of the antihelix.
Definition: Antihelical ridge that forms an acute angle between the antitragus and its bifurcation (stem) instead of a gently curving arc (Fig. 7). subjective
Antihelix, Additional Crus Definition: Supernumerary ridge or crus of the ear arising from the antihelix (Fig. 6). objective Comment: The supernumerary crus usually emanates posteriorly from the antihelix at, or just above, the point of its bifurcation, but may have a different origin. In the former case, the finding is termed Stahl ear [Yamada and Fukuda, 1980].
Antihelix, Inferior Crus, Broad Definition: Increased width of the inferred cross-section of the inferior crus (Fig. 8c). subjective Comment: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 8. The inferior crus is usually sharply folded giving a narrow profile. Antihelix, inferior crus, hypoplastic: see Antihelix, inferior crus, underdeveloped Antihelix, inferior crus, hypotrophic: see Antihelix, inferior crus, underdeveloped Antihelix, inferior crus, hyperplastic: see Antihelix, inferior crus, prominent
FIG. 3. Anatomy of antihelix.
FIG. 5. Absent antihelix.
FIG. 6. Additional crus of antihelix (Stahl ear). The additional crus is indicated in each panel by an arrow.
FIG. 8. Variation in width of the inferior crus of the antihelix. a: Narrow. b: Average. c: Broad.
Antihelix, inferior crus, hypertrophic: see Antihelix, inferior crus, prominent
Antihelix, stem, hypotrophic: see Antihelix, stem, underdeveloped
Antihelix, Inferior Crus, Prominent
Antihelix, Stem, Prominent
Definition: Increased protrusion of the inferior crus relative to the prominence of the antihelix stem (Fig. 9c). subjective Comment: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 9. Replaces: Inferior crus of antihelix, hyperplastic; inferior crus of antihelix, hypertrophic
Definition: Increased protrusion of the antihelical ridge, proximal to its bifurcation, relative to the prominence of the helix (Fig. 10d,e). subjective Comments: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 10. The relative prominence is attributable to either increased volume of the cartilage and/or the acuteness of the folding angle. Interpretation of relative antihelical prominence may be difficult when the conchal anatomy is distorted, for example a Cupped ear. Replaces: Antihelix stem, hyperplastic; antihelix stem, hypertrophic
Antihelix, Inferior Crus, Underdeveloped Definition: Decreased protrusion of the inferior crus relative to the prominence of the antihelix stem (Fig. 9a). subjective Comment: This finding is highly variable. Replaces: Inferior crus of antihelix, hypotrophic; inferior crus of antihelix, hypoplastic Antihelix, stem, hyperplastic: see Antihelix, stem, prominent Antihelix, stem, hypertrophic: see Antihelix, stem, prominent Antihelix, stem, hypoplastic: see Antihelix, stem, underdeveloped
FIG. 7. Angulated antihelix. Note also the presence of a bifid lobe in the left panel.
Antihelix, Stem, Serpiginous Definition: Posterior curving of the antihelix from its origin at the antitragus, traveling initially almost perpendicular to the descending helix and obscuring some of the concha (Fig. 11). subjective
FIG. 9. Prominent and underdeveloped inferior crus of antihelix. a: Underdeveloped. b: Average. c: Prominent.
FIG. 10. Variation in protrusion of the antihelix stem. a: Marked underdevelopment. b: Mild underdevelopment. c: Average development. d: Mild prominence. e: Marked prominence.
Antihelix, Stem, Underdeveloped
Antihelix, Superior Crus, Prominent
Definition: Decreased protrusion of the antihelical ridge, proximal to its bifurcation, relative to the prominence of a normal helix (Fig. 10a,b). subjective Comments: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 10. The degree of prominence is attributable to the volume of the cartilage and/or the acuteness of the folding angle. Interpretation of degree of antihelical prominence may be difficult when the conchal anatomy is distorted, for example a Cupped ear. Replaces: Antihelix stem, hypotrophic; antihelix stem, hypoplastic
Definition: Increased protrusion of the superior crus relative to the prominence of a normal antihelix stem (Fig. 12d,e). subjective Comment: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 12. There may be an inverse relationship between the relative sizes of the superior and inferior crura, but these should be coded separately. Replaces: Superior crus of antihelix, hypertrophic; superior crus of antihelix, hyperplastic
Antihelix, superior crus, hyperplastic: see Antihelix, superior crus, prominent Antihelix, superior crus, hypertrophic: see Antihelix, superior crus, prominent Antihelix, superior crus, hypoplastic: see Antihelix, superior crus, underdeveloped Antihelix, superior crus, hypotrophic: see Antihelix, superior crus, underdeveloped
Antihelix, Superior Crus, Underdeveloped Definition: Decreased protrusion of the superior crus relative to the prominence of a normal antihelix stem (Fig. 12a,b). subjective Comment: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 12. There may be an inverse relationship between the relative size of the superior and inferior crura, but these should be assessed separately. Replaces: Superior crus of antihelix, hypotrophic; superior crus of antihelix, hypoplastic Antihelix, third crus: see Antihelix, additional crus and Stahl ear
Antitragus, Absent Definition: Absence of the anterosuperior prominence of the area between the bottom of the incisura and the inner margin of the antihelix (Figs. 13 and 14a,b [line 0]). objective Comment: The size of the antitragus is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 14b [modified from Lange, 1966].
Antitragus, Bifid Definition: Double rather than single peak of the antitragus (Fig. 15). objective Synonym: Antitragus, double FIG. 11. Serpiginous stem.
Antitragus, double: see Antitragus, bifid Antitragus, enlarged: see Antitragus, prominent
FIG. 12. Prominent and underdeveloped superior crus of antihelix. a: Absent, very indistinct. b: Slightly indistinct. c: Average. d: Slightly more distinct. e: Very distinct, sharp.
Antitragus, Everted
Antitragus, Prominent
Definition: Positioning of the antitragus at an angle perpendicular to the plane of the ear (oriented away from the plane of the ear) (Fig. 16). objective Comment: This is a common feature.
Antitragus, hypertrophic: see Antitragus, prominent
Definition: Increased anterosuperior prominence of the area between the bottom of the incisura and the inner margin of the antihelix (Figs. 14b [line 3], 17c). subjective Comment: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figures 14 and 17. Synonym: Antitragus, enlarged Replaces: Antitragus, hyperplastic; antitragus, hypertrophic
Antitragus, hypoplastic: see Antitragus, underdeveloped
Antitragus, small: see Antitragus, underdeveloped
Antitragus, hyperplastic: see Antitragus, prominent
Antitragus, hypotrophic: see Antitragus, underdeveloped
FIG. 13. Normal anatomy of antitragus.
FIG. 14. Variation in size of the antitragus. a: Absent antitragus. b: The size of the antitragus is divided into 4 , of which 0 indicates absence, 1 is underdeveloped, 2 indicates the average size, and 3 indicates prominence (Fig. 14b adapted from Lange, 1966).
FIG. 15. Bifid antitragus.
FIG. 17. Prominent and underdeveloped antitragus. a: Underdeveloped. b: Average. c: Prominent.
Antitragus, Underdeveloped
Conchal shelf: see Antihelical shelf
Definition: Reduction in the anterosuperior prominence of the area between the bottom of the incisura and the inner margin of the antihelix (Figs. 14b [line 1], 17a). subjective Comment: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figures 14 and 17. Synonym: Antitragus, small Replaces: Antitragus, hypoplastic; antitragus, hypotrophic
Constricted ear: see Question mark ear
Concha, Extra Fold Definition: Folds or ridges within the concha that are distinct from the crus helix (Figs. 18–19). objective Comment: These folds may occur in the absence of a well developed crus helix and can be distinguished by their separate origin and position.
FIG. 16. Everted antitragus.
Cosman ear: see Question mark ear
Cryptotia Definition: Invagination of the superior part of the auricle under a fold of temporal skin (Fig. 20). objective Comments: There are associated anomalies of the upper antihelix and crura. The upper one-third of the auricle is primarily affected and there is an inferomedial displacement of the Helical Darwin tubercle. Two types are recognized: Type I, the antihelix and superior crus are reduced in size (Fig. 20a); Type II, it is the antihelix and inferior crus that are affected (Fig. 20b) [Hirose et al., 1985].
FIG. 18. Normal area of concha.
FIG. 19. Extra folds in the concha.
FIG. 21. Crumpled ear.
Ear, absent: see Anotia
Ear, devil: see Satyr ear
Ear, additional crus: see Antihelix, additional crus and Stahl ear
Ear, dog-bite: see Helix, underfolded
Ear, bat: see Ear, protruding
Ear, dysplastic: The term ''dysplastic'' is no longer accepted as a descriptor for an ear with unusual morphology. Each specific anatomical component of the ear should be described when the ear is thought to be ''abnormal'' in appearance.
Ear, capuchin: see Ear, cupped Ear, cockleshell: see Microtia, second degree Ear, constricted helix type IV: see Microtia, second degree
Ear, Focal Absence Ear, Crumpled Definition: Distortion of the course of the normal folds of the ear and the appearance of supernumerary crura and folds (Fig. 21). subjective Comments: This is distinct from Stahl ear and Shell ear, with which the term has sometimes been conflated. The appearance often changes markedly after birth.
Definition: Absence of a localized portion of the ear, when that cannot be described by a more precise term (e.g., absent ear lobe) (Fig. 23). objective Comment: This definition is in the terminology set to acknowledge that there may be particular instances of absent structures not captured by the included terms. The specific affected area should be noted. For example, focal absence of the triangular fossa. Ear, grade II dysplasia: see Microtia, second degree
Ear, Cupped
Ear, grade III dysplasia: see Microtia, third degree
Definition: Laterally protruding ear that lacks antihelical folding (including absence of inferior and superior crura) (Fig. 22). subjective Replaces: Ear, Capuchin
Ear, hypoplastic, group II: see Microtia, third degree
Ear, cupped, severe/type III: see Microtia, second degree
FIG. 20. Cryptotia. a. Type I; b. Type II.
Ear, long Definition: Median longitudinal ear length greater than two SD above the mean (Fig. 24). objective OR Apparently increased length of the ear. subjective
FIG. 22. Cupped ear.
FIG. 23. Focal aplasia of ear.
Comments: Ear length is determined by the maximal distance from the superior aspect to the inferior aspect of the external ear. Normal values are available from birth to 16 years of age [Feingold and Bossert, 1974; Hall et al., 2007] and birth to 18 years of age [Farkas, 1981] specific for sex. Adult values for length and width, separated by sex, are published from a sample of US Army personnel (Tech Report NATICK/TR-89/027, pp 89–90) but these are difficult to obtain. Adult Japanese data are also available [Itoh et al., 2001]. Both adult sets suggest ears increase in length into adulthood and ears in males are larger than those in females. Ears probably more often look large in relation to a small head than actually are large. For this reason we strongly support measurements in assessing ear length. Subjective assessments of ear length should only be used if unavoidable. We encourage recording ear width as well [Farkas, 1981]. In fact, the commonly used term Macrotia is a bundled term comprising increased length and width (surface area).
Ear, Low-Set Definition: Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal passing through the inner canthi and extend that line posteriorly to the ear (Fig. 25). objective
FIG. 24. Lines illustrating maximal longitudinal ear length and ear width.
FIG. 25. Ear positioning. Please note that the position of the ears is normal in both graphs despite the difference in positioning of the outer canthi.
Comments: The position of the ear can be determined in four different ways [Hall et al., 2007]. There is some controversy regarding objective assessments of ear position as methods do not place the ear with respect to a fixed plane [Hall et al., 2007]. The Frankfurt plane uses the position of the auditory meatus as a landmark and thus can not be used to assess ear position. If palpebral fissures run horizontal they can be used to guide the plane. The definition used here minimizes the problem whereby the position of the subject's head relative to the observer may influence the subjective impression of the position of the ears. Subjective assessment of ear position is unacceptable since it is unreliable and often confounded by changes in head shape, size and tilt or changes in ear anatomy, especially the superior portion. Ear, mini: see Microtia, second degree Ear, peanut: see Microtia, third degree
Ear, Posterior Angulation, Increased Definition: Angle formed by the line perpendicular to the Frankfurt plane and the medial longitudinal axis of the ear (the two most remote points of the ear) greater than 2 SD above the mean for age (Fig. 26). objective
FIG. 26. Measurement of posterior rotation of the ear. Angle * is presently used to determine the degree of rotation.
FIG. 29. Variations in folding of the helix in cross-section [adapted from Lange, 1966]. FIG. 27. Protruding ears.
Comments: Normal values are available [Farkas, 1981; Hall et al., 2007]. The mean angle is near 20 used the Frankfurt plane is compromised if the ear is also low-set. Subjective assessment of ear rotation is unacceptable because it is unreliable and often confounded by changes in head position. Abnormalities of ear shape may make it difficult to reliably determine the medial longitudinal axis of the ear. In such cases, it is probably unwise to make an assessment of the rotational status of the ear. Synonym: Ear, posteriorly rotated
Ear, Protruding
Ear, posteriorly rotated: see Ear, posterior angulation, increased
Definition: Angle formed by the plane of the ear and the mastoid bone greater than the 97th centile for age (Fig. 27). objective OR Outer edge of the helix more than 2 cm from the mastoid at the point of maximum distance. objective Comments: Normal values are available [Farkas, 1981; Hall et al., 2007]. In mild cases the superior crus of the antihelix is deficient; in more severe cases the lack of normal folding may be more extensive, but these should be recorded separately. Ears that are protruding may give the appearance of increased size, but this should be assessed separately. Synonym: Ear, prominent Replaces: Ear, bat
Ear, prominent: see Ear, protruding
Ear, shell: see Microtia, second degree
Ear, posterior helical groove: see Helix, posterior pit Ear, posterior helical notch: see Helix, posterior pit
FIG. 28. Normal anatomy of the helix. a: Ascending part. b: Superior part. c: Descending or posterior part.
FIG. 30. Variation in helix formation among the group of clinical geneticists involved in defining morphology.
FIG. 31. Cleft helix. In b, the term notched helix is also used.
FIG. 33. Absent crus of helix.
Ear, Short
Helix, Cleft
Definition: Median longitudinal ear length greater than 2 SD below the mean (Fig. 24). objective OR Apparently decreased length of the ear. subjective Comments: Ear length is determined by the maximal distance from the superior aspect to the inferior aspect of the external ear. Normal values are available from birth to 16 years of age [Feingold and Bossert, 1974; Hall et al., 2007] and birth to 18 years of age [Farkas, 1981] specific for sex. Adult values for length and width, separated by sex, are published from a sample of US Army personnel (Tech Report NATICK/TR-89/027, pp 89–90) but these are difficult to obtain. Adult Japanese data are also available [Itoh et al., 2001]. Both adult sets suggest ears increase in length into adulthood and ears in males are larger than those in females. Subjective assessment of the length of the ear is markedly influenced by the other craniofacial dimensions and easily distorted. For this reason we strongly support measurements in assessing ear length. Subjective assessments of shortness of the ear should only be used if unavoidable. The commonly used term Microtia is a bundled term comprising decreased length and width (surface area).
Definition: Defect in the continuity of the helix, which may occur at any point along its length (Figs. 28, 31). objective Comment: This may take the form of a sharp cleft as in Figure 31a, or a less well-demarcated area as in the outer upper portion of Figure 31b. This should be distinguished from a Question-mark ear. If the defect or notch occurs at the junction of the superior and descending portions of the helix, it should be coded as Darwin notch of the helix. Synonym: Helix, notched
Helix, Crimped Definition: Linear, circumferential indentation in the convexity of the outer surface of the helix (Fig. 32). subjective Comment: The crimp is usually found in the middle third of the descending helix. The helix has the appearance of having been pinched or flattened along its posterior margin. The crimp may distort the free margin of the helix. Synonym: Indented helix.
Ear, snail: see Microtia, second degree
FIG. 32. Crimped helix.
FIG. 34. Crus helix connected to antihelix.
FIG. 35. Expanded terminal portion of crus helix.
FIG. 37. Degree of development of the crus helix. a: Underdeveloped. b: Average. c: Prominent.
Helix, Crus, Absent
Helix, Crus, Prominent
Definition: Continuum between the tragus and ascending helix, without any evidence of a posterior extension (crus) towards the concha (Fig. 33). subjective
Definition: Development of the crus helix to the same degree as an average antihelix stem or helix (Fig. 37c). subjective Comments: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 37. Judgment of prominence is highly subjective and may be influenced by the relative development of the other ear components. There appears to be a correlation between the length of the crus helix and its relative prominence, but these should be coded separately. Replaces: Hypertrophic crus helix; hyperplastic crus helix
Helix, Crus, Connected to Antihelix Definition: Extension of the ridge of the crus helix across the ear and connection of the crus to the antihelix (Fig. 34). objective
Helix, Crus, Expanded Terminal Portion Definition: Widening, rather than tapering, of the crus at its posterior border near the antihelix (Fig. 35). subjective
Helix, Crus, Horizontal Definition: Main axis of the crus of the helix perpendicular to the medial longitudinal axis of the ear, instead of sloping inferoposteriorly (Fig. 36). subjective Comment: The term ''railroad track sign'' has been used to describe prominent horizontal crus of the helix in combination with prominent and parallel inferior crus of the antihelix. It is preferable to simply describe each component separately. Helix, crus, hyperplastic: see Helix, crus, prominent Helix, crus, hypertrophic: see Helix, crus, prominent Helix, crus, hypoplastic: see Helix, crus, underdeveloped
Helix, Crus, Serpiginous Definition: Curving course of the crus of the helix, approaching or joining the antitragus (Fig. 38). subjective
Helix, Crus, Tragal Bridge Definition: The anterior origin of the crus encompasses the superior margin of the tragus, the crus overrides the upper portion of the conchal cavum and ends at the antihelix (Fig. 39). subjective Comment: The antihelix can also be anomalous, but this should be coded separately.
Helix, Crus, Underdeveloped Definition: Flatter and/or shorter crus helix than average (Fig. 37a). subjective
Helix, crus, hypotrophic: see Helix, crus, underdeveloped
FIG. 36. Horizontal crus of helix.
FIG. 38. Serpiginous crus of helix.
FIG. 39. Tragal bridge of crus of helix. Note the crus helix is also attached to the antihelix, which is under-developed in its lower portion.
Comments: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 37. There appears to be a correlation between the length of the crus helix and its relative prominence. Replaces: Hypoplastic crus helix; hypotrophy crus helix
Helix, Darwin Notch Definition: Small defect of the helical fold that lies at the junction of the superior and descending portions of the helix (Fig. 40b). objective Comment: Defects at other points along the helix are coded as Cleft helix.
Helix, Darwin Tubercle Definition: Small expansion of the helical fold at the junction of the superior and descending portions of the helix (Fig. 40a). objective
FIG. 40. Darwin tubercle (a) and Darwin notch (b).
FIG. 41. Detachment of ascending part of helix (reprinted with permission from Park and Roh, 1999).
Helix, Discontinuous Ascending Root Definition: Interruption between the ascending helix and the crus helix, allowing the ascending helix to be attached directly to the mastoid area (Fig. 41). objective Comments: This is an uncommon feature. Replaces: Helix, ascending, detachment Synonym: Anomalous origin of ascending most of the helix. Helix, indented: see Helix, crimped Helix, notched: see Helix, cleft
Helix, overfolded Definition: Excessive curling of the helix edge, whereby the free edge is parallel to the plane of the ear (Figs. 29 [example 3], 42). subjective Comments: This is most often seen in the superior helix where it must be distinguished from a Lop ear (where the usual convexity of
FIG. 42. Overfolded helix.
FIG. 43. Pits in posterior helix.
the posterior border of the ear is lost). Helix folding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figures 29 and 30.
Helix, Posterior Pit Definition: Permanent indentation on the posteromedial aspect of the helix that may be sharply or indistinctly delineated (Fig. 43). objective Comment: They are usually linear to a narrow oval in shape and may be single or multiple [Prescott and Hennekam, 2007]. Replaces: Ear, posterior helical groove; ear, posterior helical notch
FIG. 45. Localized underdeveloped helix.
Comment: This is not to be confused with Lop ear or Satyr ear and may represent an underdevelopment of the upper third of the pinna. This is usually associated with a short ascending helix.
Helix, Underfolded Definition: Underdevelopment of the helix that either affects the entire helix, or is localized (Fig. 45). subjective Comment: Helix folding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figures 29 and 30. To use this term, the affected area must be too long to be considered a Cleft helix. Underdevelopment of part of the helix can lead to the impression that the scaphal area is enlarged. Replaces: Ear, dog-bite
Helix, Squared Superior Portion Definition: Flattening instead of curving or rounded superior helix, allowing the superior helix to run more horizontally than usual (Fig. 44). subjective
FIG. 44. Squared superior portion of helix.
Lobe, Absent Definition: Absence of fleshy non-cartilaginous tissue inferior to the tragus and incisura (Figs. 46 and 47). objective
FIG. 46. Normal anatomy of the lobe.
FIG. 47. Absent lobe.
Comments: See Attached lobe for a finding that should be distinguished from Absent lobe.
Lobe, Anterior Crease(s) Definition: Sharply demarcated, typically linear and approximately horizontal, indentations in the outer surface of the ear lobe (Fig. 48). subjective Comment: Shallow grooves or indentations are quite common, especially in large lobes. Ear lobe creases may arise postnatally [Chitayat et al., 1990]. Posterior helical pits can be a related finding but should be assessed and coded separately.
FIG. 49. Attached lobe.
Comment: The cleft is often more visible if the lobe is pulled forward or when seen from behind. Tears acquired from earrings should be distinguished. Synonym: Bifid lobe; notched lobe Lobe, fleshy: see Lobe, large
Lobe, Forward Facing
Definition: Attachment of the lobe to the side of the face at the lowest point of the lobe without curving upward (Fig. 49). objective Comment: The earlobe does not have a dependent portion.
Definition: Positioning of the anterior surface of the ear lobe in a more coronal plane than the remainder of the ear (Fig. 51). subjective Comment: The lobe should be viewed from the front. This feature is distinct from the situation where the entire ear is forward facing and prominent (as shown in Fig. 27). The lobe normally lies more or less in the same plane as the remainder of the ear. This feature should be distinguished from Uplifted lobe.
Lobe, bifid: see Lobe, cleft
Lobe, hyperplastic: see Lobe, large
Lobe, Attached
Lobe, Cleft Definition: Discontinuity in the convexity of the inferior margin of the lobe (Fig. 50). objective
FIG. 48. Anterior creases in lobe.
Lobe, hypertrophic: see Lobe, large Lobe, hypoplastic: see Lobe, small Lobe, hypotrophic: see Lobe, small
FIG. 50. Cleft lobe.
Lobe, Uplifted Definition: Lateral surface of ear lobe faces superiorly (Fig. 53). subjective Synonym: Lobe, upturned Lobe, upturned: see Lobe, uplifted
Lop Ear
FIG. 51. Forward facing lobe. Note that in (c) the lobe is also uplifted.
Definition: Anterior and inferior folding of the upper portion of the ear that obliterates triangular fossa and scapha (Fig. 54). subjective Comments: Mild forms are limited to the superior ear, more severe forms affect the superior and posterior ear. The concha may be excessively concave. This should be distinguished from an Overfolded helix where the external contour of the ear is normal.
Lobe, Large
Definition: Increased volume of the earlobe (Fig. 52d,e). subjective Comments: All gradations in size of the earlobe may be seen from absent to clearly enlarged compared to average. This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 52. Lobe size increases throughout adulthood [Ferrario et al., 1999; Itoh et al., 2001]. Replaces: Hyperplastic lobe; hypertrophic lobe; fleshy lobe
Definition: Median longitudinal ear length greater than 2 SD above the mean and median ear width greater than 2 SD above the mean (Fig. 24). objective OR Apparently increase in length and width of the pinna. subjective Comment: This is acknowledged to be a bundled term but retained here because of its usefulness in practice. Ear length is determined by the maximal distance from the superior aspect to the inferior aspect of the external ear. Normal values are available from birth to 16 years of age [Feingold and Bossert, 1974; Hall et al., 2007] and birth to 18 years of age [Farkas, 1981] specific for sex. If only length is increased the term Long ear should be used. Normal values for ear width are available [Farkas, 1981].
Lobe, notched: see Lobe, cleft
Lobe, Small Definition: Reduced volume of the earlobe (Fig. 52a,b). subjective Comments: All gradations in size of the earlobe may be seen from absent to clearly enlarged compared to average. This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figure 52. Replaces: Hypoplastic lobe; hypotrophic lobe
Microtia, First Degree The definitions of microtia below follow a widely used, surgically based, classification of ear anomalies outlined by Weerda [1988]. As
FIG. 52. Variations in volume of the earlobe. a: Very small. b: Small. c: Average. d: Large. e: Very large.
FIG. 53. Uplifted lobe; note that (b) is also forward-facing.
microtia indicates at least both decreased length and width, and in more severe forms it includes abnormal shape of structures, all forms are acknowledged to be bundled terms, but are retained here because they are well established. Definition: Presence of all the normal ear components and the median longitudinal length more than 2 SD below the mean (Fig. 55). objective Comments: See Short ear for a discussion of altered ear length. A better assessment of size would include both length and width (i.e., an estimate of surface area). Normal values for width and length measurements are available [Farkas, 1981; Hall et al., 2007].
Microtia, Second Degree Definition: Median longitudinal length of the ear more than 2 SD below the mean in the presence of some, but not all, parts of the normal ear (Fig. 56). subjective Replaces: Ear, grade II dysplasia; ear, cupped severe, type III; ear, cockleshell; ear, constricted helix type IV; ear, snail; ear, shell; ear, mini
Microtia, Third Degree Definition: Presence of some auricular structures, but none of these structures conform to recognized ear components (Fig. 57). objective Comments: This malformation is commonly associated with atresia of the external canal, but that anomaly should be coded separately. Complete absence of the ear should be coded as Anotia.
FIG. 54. Lop ear.
FIG. 55. Microtia, first degree.
Replaces: Ear, grade III dysplasia; ear, hypoplastic, group II; ear, peanut
Pit, Auricular Definition: Small indentation in the lower part of the ascending helix, concha, or in the crus helix (Fig. 58). objective Comment: The location of the pits is the plane of fusion of the first branchial cleft [Wood-Jones and I-Chuan, 1933].
Pit, Preauricular Definition: Small indentation anterior to the insertion of the ear (Fig. 59). objective Comment: The location of these pits is the plane of fusion of the first branchial cleft [Wood-Jones and I-Chuan, 1933]. Polyotia: see Pretragial ectopia Pretragal duplication: see Pretragial ectopia
Pretragal Ectopia Definition: Variably shaped, cartilage-containing tissue anterior to the external auditory meatus (Fig. 60). objective Comment: These structures are frequently complex and should be distinguished from Preauricular tags. They may be difficult to distinguish from striated muscle hamartomas or Tragal duplications. Pretragal ectopias often appear helix-like (Fig. 61a), and in such cases may be called Polyotia (Fig. 61c).
FIG. 56. Microtia, second degree.
FIG. 57. Microtia, third degree.
Synonyms: Pretragal duplication; polyotia Replaces: Accessory tragus
Quelprud Nodule Definition: Small cartilaginous prominence on the posterior concha (Fig. 61). objective Comments: This is best visualized when the lobe is tilted anteriorly.
Question Mark Ear Definition: Cleft between the helix and the lobe (Fig. 62). subjective Comments: Relatively few cases have been reported [Priolo et al., 2000]. Variation from a small notch to complete separation of the helix from the lobe is noted, there may be unilateral or bilateral involvement. The lobe is relatively laterally recessed compared to the upper portion of the ear and the scapha may be absent. This is distinct from a Cleft helix where the cleft is within the helix. Synonym: Cosman ear; constricted ear
Satyr Ear Definition: Sharp pointed superior portion of the ear, with variable overfolding of the helix (Fig. 63). subjective Comments: The satyr ear appears to have an abnormally small upper-lateral portion. More extensive underdevelopment continuing down to and including the lobe produces a more extreme anomaly that, unfortunately, has been called Devil ear. Replaces: Ear, devil
FIG. 58. Auricular pits.
FIG. 59. Preauricular pits.
Shell Ear Definition: Absence of the superior antihelical crus, and broadening of the inferior antihelical crus, which runs more horizontally with a sharper ''take-off'' from the helix than usual (Fig. 64). subjective Comments: This is a bundled term, consisting of absence of the superior antihelical crus, broad inferior antihelical crus and abnormal orientation of the antihelix. As the term is much used in practice it is kept. In addition, the helix may show variable abnormalities of folding. The crus helix may be more protruding and extend further across the concha than usual.
Stahl Ear Definition: Third crus arising at or above the normal bifurcation of the antihelix (Fig. 65). objective Comments: The helix is often poorly formed. Four types have been recognized in the surgical literature [Yamada and Fukuda, 1980], but are not further delineated here. Synonym: Antihelix, third crus; ear, additional crus
Tag, Auricular Definition: Small protrusion within the pinna (Fig. 66). objective
FIG. 60. Pretragial ectopias; in (a) note the resemblance of the ectopia to normal helix; in (c) there is clear duplication of hyoid components in this example of polyotia. Note the hair on part of the duplication in (b), which is typical of the infant helix but not the tragus. Note also that neither figure shows presence of a normal tragus. ((c) Courtesy of Dr Sergio B. De Sousa).
FIG. 64. Shell ear. FIG. 61. Quelprud nodule.
FIG. 62. Question mark ear in (a); (b) represents a minor form. c: Courtesy of Dr Alison Stewart.
Comment: The tag can be located on either side of the pinna.
Tag, Preauricular Definition: Small non-cartilaginous protrusion anterior to the insertion of the ear (Fig. 67). objective Comment: The location of these tags is the plane of fusion of the first branchial cleft [Wood-Jones and I-Chuan, 1933]. At times it can be a challenge to distinguish other pedunculated lesions in this area; specifically duplications of ear components, Pretragal ecto-
FIG. 63. Satyr ear.
FIG. 65. Stahl ear.
pias, or a striated muscle hamartoma. Preauricular tags usually lack hair, are limited to the plane of fusion, and do not contain striated muscle.
Tragus, Absent Definition: Lack of convexity or prominence of the contour of the ridge between the bottom of the incisura and the confluence of the ascending helix and crus helix (Figs. 68 and 69). objective
FIG. 66. Auricular tag. Both panels show a postauricular tag; (a) is in a question mark ear. a: courtesy of Dr Alison Stewart.
FIG. 67. Preauricular tags in (a) typical. In (b), the location outside the plane of mandibular-hyoid fusion suggests this is a duplicated tragus rather than a preauricular tag.
Comment: See Lange [1966]. This appears to be unusual in an otherwise normal ear, and is most often seen in microtia with atretic auditory meatus, but those findings should be coded separately. Tragus, accessory: see Tragus, duplicated
FIG. 69. Variability in the size of the tragus. a: Absent tragus. b: The size of the tragus is divided into 4 , of which 0 indicates absence, 1 is underdeveloped, 2 indicates the average size, and 3 indicates prominence (modified from Lange, 1966).
Synonym: Accessory tragus Tragus, enlarged: see Tragus prominent Tragus, hyperplastic: see Tragus prominent
Tragus, Bifid
Tragus, hypertrophic: see Tragus prominent
Definition: Increased height of the tragal ridge with a shallow indentation at the apex, giving the appearance of a double peak (Fig. 70). objective Synonym: Tragus, notched
Tragus, hypoplastic: see Tragus underdeveloped
Tragus, Duplicated
Tragus, Prominent
Definition: A complete or partial duplication of the tragus; expected to lie anterior to the normal tragus (Fig. 67b). objective Comment: It is unclear how often, or even whether, this feature which would represent a duplication of mandibular components, occurs. More common occurrences in this region would include preauricular tags and pretragial duplications of hyoid origin.
Definition: Increase posterolateral protrusion of the tragus (Figs. 69 [line 3] and 71d). subjective Comment: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figures 69 and 71. Synonym: Enlarged tragus
FIG. 68. Normal anatomy of the tragus.
Tragus, hypotrophic: see Tragus underdeveloped Tragus, notched: see Tragus, bifid
FIG. 70. Bifid tragus.
FIG. 71. Degree of prominence of the tragus. a: Very underdeveloped. b: Mildly underdeveloped. c: Average. d: Prominent.
Replaces: Hyperplastic tragus; hypertrophic tragus Tragus, small: see Tragus underdeveloped
Tragus, Underdeveloped Definition: Decreased posterolateral protrusion of the tragus (Figs. 69b [line 1] and 71a,b). subjective Comment: This finding is highly variable, and the range is illustrated in Figures 69 and 71. Synonym: Small tragus Replaces: Hypoplastic tragus; hypotrophic tragus
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are pleased to thank Astrid Sibbes, Medical Photography and Illustration, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam for all drawings. This paper was reviewed and edited by the co-Chairs of the International Dysmorphologic Terminology working group (Judith Allanson, Leslie G Biesecker, John Carey, and Raoul CM Hennekam). This review and editing was necessary to increase the consistency of formatting and content among the six manuscripts. While the authors of the papers are responsible for the original definitions and drafting of the papers, final responsibility for the content of each paper is shared by the authors and the four co-Chairs.
Farkas LG. 1981. Anthropometry of the head and face in medicine. New York: Elsevier. Feingold M, Bossert WH. 1974. Normal values for selected physical parameters: An aid to syndrome delineation. BDOAS X 1–15. Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Ciusa V, Serrao G, Tartaglia GM. 1999. Morphometry of the normal ear: A cross-sectional study from adolescence to midadulthood. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 19:226–233. Hall BD, Graham JM Jr, Cassidy SB, Opitz JM. 2009. Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the periorbital region. Am J Med Genet Part A 149A:29–39. Hall JG, Allanson JE, Gripp KW, Slavotinek AM. 2007. Handbook of Physical Measurements, 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Hennekam RCM, Cormier-Daire V, Hall J, Mehes K, Patton M, Stevenson R. 2009. Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the nose and philtrum. Am J Med Genet Part A 149A:61–76. Hirose T, Tomono T, Matsuo K, Katohda S, Takahashi N, Iwasawa M, Satoh R. 1985. Cryptotia: Our classification and treatment. Br J Plast Surg 38:352–360. Hunter AGW, Yotsuyanagi T. 2005. The external ear: More attention to detail may aid syndrome diagnosis and contribute answers to embryological questions. Am J Med Genet Part A 135A:237–250. Itoh I, Ikeda M, Sueno K, Sugiura M, Suzuki S, Kida A. 2001. Anthropometric study on normal human auricle in Japan. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 104:165–174.
Lange G. 1966. Familieuntersuchingen uber die Erblichkeit metrischer und morphologischer Merkmale des ausserer Ohres. Z Morphol Anthropol 57:111–187.
Allanson JE, Biesecker LG, Carey JC, Hennekam RCM. 2009a. Elements of morphology: Introduction. Am J Med Genet Part A 149A:2–5.
Park C, Roh TS. 1999. Congenital upper auricular detachment. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:488–490.
Allanson JE, Cunniff C, Hoyme HE, McGaughran J, Muenke M, Neri G. 2009b. Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the head and face. Am J Med Genet Part A 149A:6–28.
Prescott TE, Hennekam RC. 2007. Posterior helical pits. Eur J Med Genet 50:159–161.
Biesecker LG, Aase JM, Clericuzio C, Gurrieri F, Temple IK, Toriello H. 2009. Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the hands and feet. Am J Med Genet Part A 149A:93–127.
Priolo M, Lerone M, Rosaia L, Calcagno EP, Sadeghi AK, Ghezzi F, Ravazzolo R, Silengo M. 2000. Question mark ears, temporo-mandibular joint malformation and hypotonia: Auriculo-condylar syndrome or a distinct entity? Clin Dysmorphol 9:277–280.
Carey JC, Cohen MM Jr, Curry CJR, Devriendt K, Holmes LB, Verloes A. 2009. Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the lips, mouth, and oral region. Am J Med Genet Part A 149A:77–92.
Weerda H. 1988. Classification of congenital deformities of the auricle. Facial Plastic Surg 5:385–388.
Chitayat D, Rothschild A, Ling E, Friedman JM, Couch RM, Yong SL, Baldwin VJ, Hall JG. 1990. Apparent postnatal onset of some manifestations of the Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. Am J Med Genet 36:434–439.
Wood-Jones F, I-Chuan W. 1933. The development of the external ear. J Anat 68:525–533. Yamada A, Fukuda O. 1980. Evaluation of Stahl's ear, third crus of antihelix. Ann Plast Surg 4:511–515.


text:
For a list of this year's "off site" service opportunities, please click HERE.
Primary Widget Area
This theme has been designed to be used with sidebars. This message will no
longer be displayed after you add at least one widget to the Primary Widget Area
using the Appearance->Widgets control panel.
- Log in


text:
Primary tabs
Johnathan is the Solar Powered Kiosk Intern for CITRIS at UC Merced. He is working on a project to create a kiosk on campus that will allow students a place to stop, chat, charge their cellphones and learn about CITRIS projects, all powered by the sun. Johnathan is interested in skiing, swimming and football, and he tutors math and science at the College of the Canyons back home in Santa Clarita.


text:
Write a Book
Ngân sách £1500-3000 GBP
help to write a short book - see scope of book for help required and a flavour of the scope
46 freelancer đang chào giá trung bình £1991 cho công việc này
I am an experienced and professional e-book writer and I have written several books. I can assure you about excellent quality, well research, creative, informative and error free. My work will be 100% plagiarism free a Thêm
Lifestyle writer and designer Claire Charters has a love affair with words and is always seeking and searching for the right words to help enchant and spark inspiration within others.
Hi, I would like to use my experience to serve you better. You can trust my sincere indulgence both in quality and time frame. I will ensure that you're satisfied. I'm really interested in the project since it's my are Thêm
As a Canadian copywriter, I believe in adding value by uncovering and distilling what makes your brand truly unique and spelling that out in the most compelling and engaging ways possible. Your tone of voice is what pe Thêm
Hello - I'd love to find out more about the book. Unfortunately, I am not seeing an attachment with the scope. But I would definitely like to chat with you about it! My approach to writing is based upon taking chances Thêm
Hi, You are looking for an eBook. I will ghostwrite your eBook with cover page design, images, clickable TOC, bookmarks, etc. If you want, I can also provide the flipping book. I'm really excited to share my passi Thêm
I try to ensure that my passion for writing comes through in what I write and I am dedicated to being the best writer I can be. I'm always looking to expand my horizons by learning new writing styles and genres and tak Thêm
Hello sir or madam. I have come across your project and see that you are in need of a book writer. I have many years of experience in writing and I'm familiar with a number of different writing styles and techniques. Thêm
Hello, I'm a seasoned native English copywriter with over ten years of experiences and I have clients all over the US, UK. I can do your project efficiently and timely. I am currently on the lookout for long-term clien Thêm
Hello there! I'm a native English speaker with over 10 years of experience writing blog content, article writing, Rewriting, copy writing, technical content, E-book content, product reviews, and more. I am available to Thêm
Hello, I can write 2000-3000 words in a day. I will write articles of up to 500 words, on any subject of your choosing. Maybe you: - Need help with a College project. - Need content for your new Website. - Need Artic Thêm
Hello. I am Ayana. This project is perfect for me. Hear me out. After a few years in the modeling industry, I decided to pursue writing as a career. I love writing about a wide variety of topics. I currently attend UCL Thêm


text:
Bonds - Absolute Return GBP
Funds & Fund Managers
All calculations in CHF, unless stated
|Average Manager Total Return : 0.1% (31 July 2016 - 31 July 2017)
|Total Return
|1 of 2
|1 of 2
EdRAM crossover bonds strategy takes HY close to upper limit
Asset manager says high yield is benefiting from ECB's bond purchasing programme.
Vontobel bond chiefs: corporate credit and EM hot spots
Bond specialists on current positioning and key fixed income investment strategies for 2017.
Zugerberg Finanz strengthens PM team
Independent asset manager reinforces four-strong unit with new hire.
CS bond manager reveals three ways to capture alternative risk premia
Portfolio manager explains how he turns Swiss negative interest rates to his advantage.
Graubündner Kantonalbank launches global equity fund
Cantonal bank launches fourth strategy in its own fund range.


text:
Catching Fire Live Full Album Sheet Music
Download the full album Sheet Music for ICF Worship's album Catching Fire right here in one easy zip file.
This collection features songs from these albums...
Catching Fire
ICF Worship
This collection includes...
Catching Fire
|View in Library
Follow You
|View in Library
Face To Face
|View in Library
This Cry (All I Am)
|View in Library
|View in Library
|View in Library
More Than This
|View in Library
Rise Up
|View in Library
You Are Forever
|View in Library
Wonder Of The Cross
|View in Library
Not Forget
|View in Library
Seeking Only You
|View in Library
More resources for each song can be found in the song library
Available Downloads
Confirm Your Purchase
You are purchasing Sheet Music PDF Songbook. Your card will be charged $12.00. Your download will begin automatically once your card has been successfully charged.
You can try a sample for free buy clicking "Try". You can download anything you buy here again up to three times. Just come back to this page or go to "Your Downloads" on the top menu.
Log In or Join Now
In order to purchase downloads you need to log into your WeAreWorship account. If you don't have one yet, you can create one for FREE now by clicking the Join Now button below:
Please Add Your Payment Details
Once your card has been added clicking you can click on any PDF link to purchase that download.
Sign Up
Why Join WeAreWorship?
Weareworship.com has songs, resources, and inspiration from todays most established songwriters and ministries. Contributors include Matt Redman, Paul Baloche, New Life Worship, Gateway Worship, Israel Houghton, Jared Anderson, Darlene Zschech, Tim Hughes, Jon Egan, Martin Smith, Jennie Lee Riddle, and many more. WeAreWorship.com is a place to discover new songs, connect with the Churchs heritage of hymns, and be part of a global worship community.
Every year we give away over 80 free songs, each one with MP3s, chord charts and lyrics - all with the aim of strengthening the Church.
Song Library
Want more?
Check out the WeAreWorship Song Library - we have over 3000 of todays greatest worship songs - with chord sheets, sheet music and more!


text:
Set in a beautiful, quiet tree-line street in back of Greenwich.
Quiet retail/office in a quiet suburban street.
Unique opportunity to secure a beautifully maintained, versatile space in a quiet back street. The space has high ceilings and ample natural light window display area. Shared amenities (with one other tenant).


text:
Pensions Administrator/Pension Analyst - Financial ServicesChange & Transformation
Posted: 25/04/2017
Pensions Administrator/Pension Analyst - Financial Services
Our client, a large Financial Services organisation is looking for a Pensions Analyst/Administrator to join the organisation.
It a great time to join the organisation as they are experiencing a lot growth.
The prefered candidate will have strong analytical skills, experience producing MI reports for the business, highlight trends, along with considering where business process improvement can be made.
The preferred candidate must have good knowledge of pensions, and can come from a data analysis background or a pension administration background
Key Required Skills / Experience
- Pensions knowledge
- Excellent analytical skills
- Pension administration skills
- Experience producing MI Reports
- Ability to analyse and track trends
- Promote process systemn improvement
- Ability to highlight information in large volumes of data
- Excellent written communication
Please send Cv's to firstname.lastname@example.com
McGregor Boyall is an equal opportunity employer and do not discriminate based on race, religion, gender, age, sexuality, gender identification, or physical ability.


text:
Redhead patient gets banged by two doctors
Tags: ass dick erotic nipples
Kissing and pierced nipples at amateur sexgame
Tags: amateur college funny homemade kiss nipples teens
Pierced nipples babe railed by pawn man at the pawnshop
Tags: amateur babes nipples
Pierced guy wank sweet hard pierced cock nipples
Tags: amateur nipples
Patient blowjob doctors cock
Tags: anal ass blowjobs college dick doctor gays
Sweet patient jerkoff doctors dick
Asian twink patient riding doctors dick
Tags: asian couple dick gays hd riding twink
Patient sucks and fucks doctors cock
Tags: doctor doggystyle hardcore hidden cam sucking teens
Busty ebony patient sucks doctors dick
Tags: busty dick doctor ebony hidden cam sucking
Young euro patient rides doctors cock
Tags: blowjobs cumshots hd
Patient digs his cock into doctors ass
Tags: ass bisexuals blowjobs gays hardcore mmf sucking
Naughty teen patient wants the doctors cock
Tags: amateur blondes doctor hardcore hidden cam small tits teens
Patient hard rides doctors dick in office
Tags: amateur blowjobs brunettes dick hardcore hd office
Blonde patient strips on a doctors desk
Tags: blondes brunettes desk hardcore hd small tits teens
Horny patient pounds his doctors wet pussy
Tags: asian pussy wet
Asian doctors ass exam for twink patient
Tags: amateur asian ass gays toys twink uniform
Brunette patient sucking on her doctors hard cock
Tags: amateur blowjobs brunettes reality sucking uniform
Bigdick patient is treated by his nymphomania doctors
Tags: hardcore
Super sexy blonde patient in the doctors office
Tags: babes blondes blowjobs cute office pornstars
Sexy patient drained doctors dick in a fake hospital
Tags: amateur brunettes dick european hardcore hospital voyeur
Lesbian patient in a threesome with doctors part 3 (last)
Tags: french lesbians threesome
Pierced nipples
Tags: big tits fetish milf nipples piercing tits
Male doctors wanking patient gay I heard a lot of mischievous things
Tags: college doctor gays medical
TrafficHolder.com - Buy and Sell Adult Traffic|Trafficshop.com - Let your business grow|Contact Us|Webmaster
All content, including images, text, graphics, video and audio content contained in the website is protected under the laws of copyright, owned or under license to company or its designees,and represents proprietary and valuable intellectual property.
Contact Webmaster 18 U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement
Powered by Stream Rotator


text:
What's Your Come From?
I have shared here before that I try my best to follow the practices of The Four Agreements, an ancient Toltec wisdom. And for the most part, I do pretty well.
Let me remind you of the Four Agreements:
1 Be impeccable with your word – Speak with integrity. Say only what you mean. Avoid using the word to speak against yourself or to gossip about others. Use the power of your word in the direction of trust and love.
- Don't take anything personally – Nothing others do is because of you. What others say and do is a projection of their own reality, their own dream. When you are immune to the opinions and actions of others, you won't be the victim of needless suffering.
- Don't make assumptions – Find the courage to ask questions and to express what you really want. Communicate with others as clearly as you can to avoid misunderstandings, sadness, and drama. With just this one agreement, you can completely transform your life.
- Always do your best – You best is going to change from moment to moment; it will be different when you are healthy as opposed to sick. Under any circumstance, simply do your best, and you will avoid self-judgment, self-abuse, and regret.
(Taken from The Four Agreements by Don Miguel Ruiz, 1997, front inside cover).
It's amazing how, just as I thought I had a handle on numbers 1 and 4, I realized I still have work to do there. It is 2 and 3 that give me the most challenges, I thought. I'm doing better on number 3, but I still have a very long way to go.
It is number 2 – Don't take anything personally – that is the thorn in my side. I am an INFJ. If you are unfamiliar with that acronym, I encourage you to take the Briggs-Myers personality test. It will open your eyes. I had taken it a long time ago when I was in Science of Mind ministerial training. I just recently took it again.
As I read the description of an INFJ, I realized that one of my personality struggles is that I take everything personally. I am very sensitive to each and every nuance and word, or lack thereof. And I internalize those feelings.
This is where the struggle begins. As I internalize other's actions and reactions, I tend to become self-judging and self-critical, looking at those parts of me that I see as less valuable.
What I have learned is that I need to embrace when my feelings become so overwhelming and look at the other person's "come-from." We all have our own "come-froms" don't we? Whether your come-from is from a past trauma, your upbringing, your personality, your own experiences in life, it is important and a part of how you perceive yourself.
Understanding our come-from helps us to understand others. Ah, it's such a work in progress, isn't it?
The one point I take very seriously in all of this is: I will not apologize for how I feel, who I am, or where I am at any given moment or time. That what I wish for all of you who are reading this. Understand that I am not always strong, and I struggle each and every day, but I hold onto the challenge of being me,
regardless of how anyone else sees me. That is what I have. And that is what you have.
Join me in embracing our come-froms and embracing this wonder of life, even when things are at their darkest, and we are unsure if we even want to continue. Feel each emotion from your own come-from and be impeccable with your word to yourself. Find your courage to ask questions – even the most difficult ones.
Camille Wylde
Latest posts by Camille Wylde (see all)
- Kindness and Compassion - February 22, 2016
- Aha! - February 6, 2016
- Dance Your F—— Heart Out! - January 21, 2016


text:
Every Season there seems to be a new a bag trend so much so that by the time you bought your bucket bag this mini superstar probably already stole its spotlight. As we all know the 90s are back, in fact, anything that your parents used to wear while teenagers are probably being worn around today. This mini backpack purse trend was one I always took note of but never wanted to commit too. For some reason just how small the backpack was (even though that is the whole point) looked silly to me. But after trying it for myself I now understand the obsession with these bags. This take on a purse makes it more practical than ever to carry around all your essentials in an effortlessly chic manner. This style of purse offers all the comfort of a regular backpack without the bulkiness and horrendous design that accompanies it.
I am wearing a TopShop mini backpack I recently purchased from Nordstrom (only $50!!!). The faux leather bag gives all the appearance of real leather and is oh so on trend with its blush color that people will practically be begging you where to find it! This bag is extremely roomie on the inside and probably allows you to hold more than your regular purse. This little buddy of mine was the perfect accessory for a fun casual Sunday brunch and it should be yours too!
Shop My Look: Purse|Mini Glasgow Faux Leather Backpack Hat|Aritzia Pelham Hat Shoes|Birkenstock Arizona Soft Footbed Dress| From last season (Ann Taylor)
Here is a list of similar mini backpacks that check off all the boxes for all your Summer needs!
Target| Women's Small Backpack – Mossimo Supply Co.™ Blush ($27)
Madewell| the lorimer mini backpack ($158)
Forever 21| Pebbled Faux Leather Backpack ($30)
Nordstrom| Ted Baker London Gem Gardens Backpack
Zara| Mini Fabric Backpack ($50)


text:
Scotty ATL drops the official Video for his buzzing new single "Cloud IX", produced by Dj Toomp and shot by Rashid from London, which was also premiered on MTV. Cameos by Big Gipp (Goodie Mob), Jazzy Mcbee (Streetz 94.5 ATL Radio), Dj Aaries, and more.
Home Uncategorized Video: Scotty ATL x DJ Toomp – Cloud IX
LEAVE A REPLY Cancel reply
Artist Of The Week: Detroit's Adam Reverie @AdamReverie
To kick off the new Artist of the Week series, I had to set the bar high and feature Detroit's Adam Reverie for the...
"The Shining" By New York's Rap Trio |@Alpha Faktion
Alpha Faktion made up of Azwun, Kraze ILLA, and DJ Enyoutee are noted in the music industry for culminating a skilled combination of Boom...
Hip Hop Is Officially Most Popular Genre for First Time Ever
For the first time in U.S. History, Hip-Hop is now the most popular genre in music, surpassing the previous title-holder of Rock & Roll. According...
5 Reasons Health and Fitness is Important in Hip Hop
Health and fitness is an important element of our lives that many of us forget to take seriously. It's obvious that we pay...


text:
Log In
Add Home
Sign Up
Collection by
Living on a Bed of Lava Rock
Each week, we tap into Dwell's Instagram community to bring you the most captivating design and architecture shots of the week.
The upstairs showers are particularly ingenious: Operable skylights loom above, and perforated, galvanized-steel...
When designer Barbara Hill decided to renovate her 1960s condo in Houston, Texas, she stripped the bathroom down to its...
Benjamin Moore's "Mountain Peak White" coats the western red cedar walls in the master bathroom, which is detailed with...
Renovating the old mill was a family effort, and Blee called on his sister Kate, a textile designer based in London, to...
In the bathroom, Roca wall tile in Rainbow Azul continues the citrus color scheme, and the floor is clad in ceramic...
In the bathroom, a teak live-edge countertop and custom yellow cabinet support a double wash basin by Duravit.
For the bathroom inside a renovated Hollywood bungalow, architect Noah Walker used a simple palette of gray and white...
In the bathroom beneath the stairs, copper fixtures and subway tile feel at once sensitive to the home's roots and very...
On the house's lower level, Schicketanz's guests have a bathroom complete with a steam shower to themselves.
In the upper-level bathroom, tiles painstakingly fired by DeSimio cover the walls and ceiling.
In the bathroom, the architects mounted a Kohler sink on a sloped, custom-slate countertop.
Adjacent to the bedroom, the bathroom features microcement-coated walls, along with a custom sink and vanity.
"Keeping the kitchen and bathrooms simple saved money for the important things," Harkness explains.
In the bathroom, plain white tiles line the walls and ceiling.
In the main bathroom, Art Deco crown molding reminds residents of the house's past.
White Thassos floor and wall tile from
lines the bathroom surfaces.
In the serene upstairs bathroom, Kennon paired Chinese Bluestone floors from Defazio with white ceramic wall tiles from...
A Carrara marble sink in the bathroom is surrounded by Brazilian pine and cypress.
The entrance is immediately flanked on its left by a mudroom for hiking gear and the bathroom.
Everybody loves feedback. Be the first to add a comment.
The author will be notified whenever new comments are added.
Save Comment


text:
"Life is a petty thing unless it is moved by the indomitable urge to extend its boundaries. Only in proportion as we are desirous of living more do we really live."
Related quotes
"There's nothing more you can do unless and unless, if you can move on by thinking your last love life also been a story like an ancient history!"
"To laugh often and much; to win the respect of intelligent people and the affection of children...to leave the world a better place...to know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived. This is to have succeeded."
"It's time to open your eyes, and notice.You are almost there, DON'T let YOUR pain and YOUR struggles, blur your vision. Keep that dream alive, for it is yours and only you can achieve it and bring it to life."


text:
Hellish Nightmare
Credits & Info
- Uploaded
- Aug 8, 2007 | 1:25 AM EDT
- File Info
- Song
- 3 min 33 sec
- Score
- 4.01 / 5.00
Related Content
Licensing Terms
Please contact me if you would like to use this in a project. We can discuss the details.
- Score:
- Rated 4.01 / 5 stars
- Plays & Downloads:
- 1,855 Plays | 131 Downloads
- Share Links:
- Genres:
- Metal, Rock - Heavy Metal
- None
Author Comments
Rated 4 / 5 stars
Drums could have been a little louder but overall still good.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Sweet as like a cherry on the top of the cake! xD
I have only one thing to say xD...
1- In the basic of music... The intro should be like 20% max of the main theme of music, the end... like 2 to 10% at max and the rest is th thrilling lol... Don't you think that ? ^^ in that case... that all screwed ROFL xD...
Well anyways, still a good job ^^!
haha well I just like to make my intros as thrilling as possible, and most of my songs don't really follow that pattern lol. Thanks for the review and kind words! :D
Rated 5 / 5 stars
the build up was intensely cool
all i gotta say
thanks for the review man..really glad you enjoyed the song dude, I really appreciate it.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Awesome. I've been forgetting to check your stuff out properly. This song is cool, the intro is the bees knees, and the leads rule. Good stuff!
It's cool man, thanks for the review though, glad you decided to check the song out too, and that you enjoyed it, thanks again dude.


text:
On July 10, 2001, Veteran Toronto businessman and active participant in the Canadian policy landscape, Jack Lawrence, HBA '56, announced a gift of $3.7 million to the Ivey Business School to fund a much-needed expansion. The gift will be used to build the Lawrence National Centre for Policy and Management, an expansion and addition of the current National Centre for Management Research and Development ("NCMRD") Building on the campus of The University of Western Ontario. Jack Lawrence is a strong believer in Corporate Canada's ability to affect the direction of public policy. Throughout his career Jack has been vocal in expressing his view to government and has been an active member of the Business Council on National Issues for many years.
In addition, $300,000 will be provided by the Ontario Superbuild Corporation, Government of Ontario. It will be a locus for research and teaching on issues of public policy. The Centre is scheduled to open early in 2002.
"Mr. Lawrence's initiative underscores his leadership in the Canadian business community today and his commitment to it tomorrow," said Ivey Business School Dean, Larry Tapp. "Thanks to his generosity and the assistance of the Ontario government, we will have a building that reflects the values and aspirations of Ivey's students, faculty and alumni."
"In Ivey, Western has the best business school in Canada and one that consistently ranks as one of the best in the world," said Dr. Paul Davenport, Western's President. "Mr. Lawrence's generous support and the commitment of the Ontario government will build on its existing strengths and benefit students for generations to come."
The newly renovated Lawrence National Centre for Policy and Management will add a floor to the existing structure, which will help ease the extreme space pressures caused by Ivey's rapidly growing student population. The third floor addition will allow for several new breakout rooms, which will enhance teamwork - an integral component of the Ivey learning experience. The expansion will also provide new faculty offices. The Lawrence National Centre for Policy and Management is expected to celebrate its official opening early in 2002.
Jack Lawrence is Chairman and CEO of Lawrence & Company, a venture capital, merchant banking and money management firm. Prior to that, he was Deputy Chairman of Nesbitt Burns Inc. and Chief Executive Officer of Burns Fry Limited and its predecessor companies for more than 20 years.
"This Centre will become a strong advocate for sound policy that will ensure a powerful future for Canada," says Mr. Lawrence. "It will provide a forum for the private sector - corporations, media, academia - to work with the government and actively participate in public policy issues… not only for their own benefit, but for the greater good of the entire country as a competitor in a global marketplace. I'm convinced that the Ivey Business School has the right image and profile to make this objective a reality."
Lawrence says he was happy to make the gift because Ivey gave him an important start in his career and helped him achieve success. "I'm glad to help Ivey provide similar experiences for future students - business leaders that this country needs."
According to Tapp, "We are very fortunate at Ivey to have alumni like Jack, who see the School as an important contributor to the Canadian business community and are willing to support it. I believe their confidence is well placed - just look at our performance in recent surveys in The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times and Business Week.
This expansion program reflects Ivey's continuing strategy to build upon its leadership position as one of the world's elite business schools. The School has recently been recognized as the premier provider of business education in a series of International surveys.


text:
All Day Warrior Tank TopKali Active
All Day Warrior Tank Top in black made with Coolbest* Technical Mesh. A slightly textured soft and lightweight mesh fabric will keep you cool and dry even during your intense workouts. A white graphic print on the fast drying fabric will keep you cool during your beast mode sessions.


text:
Neon Coral Feather Necklace
Sold Out
A vibrant hot coral colored feather necklace with feathers ranging from 4-6 inches long. Would be amazing for a flamingo themed birthday party or Valentine's Day photoshoot!
This necklace is ready to ship Price includes USPS Priority Shipping.
- lobster clasp
- kids: 14.5 inches long


text: Soulless Orc is a medium cost orc minion that gains extra attack if the friendly hero is a warrior; however, he also comes with Madness. Description Edit Madness(2) If your Hero is a Warrior, Soulless Orc gains 2 Attack. Retrieved from "http://orderandchaosduels.wikia.com/wiki/Soulless_Orc?oldid=9384" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Orc Minion Uncommon Minion 4 Cost Cards 12 Health Cards 10 Attack Cards Madness Add category Cancel Save


text:
Ralph Vacchiano, SNY.tv
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. -- The Sterling Shepard ankle scare is officially over.
Just 11 days after he was carted off the practice field with an ankle injury fearing the worst, Shepard practiced fully with his teammates on Sunday. There appeared to be very few restrictions on the second-year receiver, who also didn't seem to be favoring his injured ankle at all.
"They cut me loose today, so I am back to doing what I do," Shepard said in a statement released through the team. "I have been doing stuff leading up to this, so I felt like I was ready for a full practice."


text:
Félicité { fi-lis-i-tee }
n. "the state of being happy," in a high degree; bliss: from happiness.
Felicite is a lifestyle brand originating with soft easy wear shirting, which has now expanded into a full collection of 'Must Have' pieces for each season. Felicite Apparel strives to bring the consumer the highest quality garments at the best value.


text:
There are total 14 letters in Conservational, Starting with C and ending with L.
Total 2975 words created by multiple letters combination of Conservational in English Dictionary.
Conservational is a scrabble word? Yes (19 Points)
Conservational has worth 19 Scrabble points. Each letter point as below.
Words that starting with Conservational
Words that containing Conservational
Words that ending with Conservational
Definition of the word Conservational, Meaning of Conservational word :
a. - Tending to conserve, preservative.


text:
Manscaping Products For MenShopping for the best Manscaping kit to deal with extra or unwanted body hair? Here at www.manscapingkits.com we feature men's personal care products designed to deal with and properly manscape a man's furry bits anywhere on your body. Get the results of a professional manscaper yourself - and in the privacy of your own home.
State-Of-The-Art Manscaping KitsHere's two of our top male manscaping tool recommendations:
|Top-Selling Body Groomer
|Dual-Head Mens Trimmer
|Norelco Bodygroom Pro
Dual Trim/Shave Cutting Ends
|Men's Total Body Groomer
ManGroomer Pro Reversible
Above are two of the best-selling All-In-One bodygroomers for manscaping - and for a good reason. As a comprehensive, general manscaping kit, they feature both an adjustable body hair trimming end in the handle for the 1st pass - and with a flip - a 2nd-stage foil razor head for a complete shave. You can bulk remove long and thick body fur with ease with the trimmer, then flip it over and foil shave the remaining stubble down smooth. With rechargeable Lithium-Ion battery power, they can hold up through a long manscaping session with cordless safety and convenience.
Manscaping Kits For Back Hair RemovalGorilla-hairy men may need a specially designed grooming tool to help with backscaping. Here's two back hair trimmers of note.
|ManGroomer Back Razor
|Rechargeable Back Trimmer
|Mens Back Hair Shaver
Interchangeable Foil & Blade Heads
|Razorba Power Trimmer
3" Wide Blade
Exceptionally hairy men may need more specialized manscape tools to perform DIY Do-It-Yourself hairy back manscaping. With long or extendable handles, a growing range of back hair shavers and trimmers allow a guy to reach where he otherwise can't to get at that pelt of fur covering their shoulders, back and sides.
Total Body Manscaping KitsA range of general purpose men's beard and body grooming sets can handle many mens basic manscaping needs. Look for kits that include detail trimmer blades, foil shaver head, and a nose and ear hair trimmer for a broad range of body hair management tasks.
|Male Grooming Kit
|Mens Grooming Kit
|Wahl Groomsman Pro
Beard & Body Trimming
|Reminton 8-In-1
Multiple Trimmers & Guides
With multiple trimming heads and adjustable-length guide combs, All-In-One men's groomers can be great for a wide variety of male manscape, body and beard grooming tasks. For men with light or sparse body hair, or for just trimming scrotal and pubic hair when a full-bore manscaping tool isn't necessarily required.
Over the years, I've personally purchased a wide range of men's grooming tools and products to deal with my own copious body hair. I'm the sort of guy who isn't extremely hairy, but have body hair ALL OVER my body, both front and back.


text:
Sorry, this show has closed.
Important Dates
|jun 04, 2013
|jun 16, 2013
2 hours and 30 mins. (1 Intermission)
"Too good to be true!" raves the New York Post for Jersey Boys, the 2006 Tony, Grammy and Olivier Award-winning Best Musical about Rock and Roll Hall of Famers The Four Seasons: Frankie Valli, Bob Gaudio, Tommy DeVito and Nick Massi.
This is the true story of how four blue-collar kids became one of the greatest successes in pop music history. They wrote their own songs, invented their own sounds and sold 175 million records worldwide—all before they were 30! Jersey Boys features their hit songs "Sherry," "Big Girls Don't Cry," "Rag Doll," "Oh What a Night" and "Can't Take My Eyes Off You.".
The Jersey Boys creative team comprises two-time Tony Award-winning director Des McAnuff, book writers Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice, composer Bob Gaudio, lyricist Bob Crewe and choreography by Sergio Trujillo.
"The crowd goes wild!" cheers The New York Times.
*Please note: Jersey Boys is not recommended for all ages. The show contains smoke, gun shots, strobe lights, drug references, sexual situations and profane "authentic Jersey language."
Recent Buzz
- Watch the Tour Cast of Jersey Boys Reveal the 'Big Three' Hits That Get Audiences Dancing
- Oh, What a Night! Jersey Boys Begins Performances in Salt Lake City
- Nick Cosgrove and Nicolas Dromard to Join National Tour of Jersey Boys
- Richard Hester on Having Faith in Jersey Boys and Getting Sung to by Frankie Valli Over the Phone
Jersey Boys Photos
Capitol Theatre
50 West 200 South Salt Lake City, UT


text:
Captain Dan McSweeney's Year-Round Whale Watch
3-hour tours, specializing in professional year-round whale watches, learning adventures. Guaranteed sighting or come again free. Free 8z11 color whale photo. See Hawaii's abundant whales and dolphins with the people who know them best.
Phone Numbers
- Local Phone: (808) 322-0028
- US Toll Free: (888) 942-5376
Email:[email protected]


text:
Touching Darkness : Number 2 in series Paperback
by Scott Westerfeld
Part of the Midnighters series
The Midnighters of Bixby, Oklahoma, know that their town is full of secrets - especially since they keep the biggest secret of all: knowledge of the secret hour, the mysterious time at midnight when the world freezes, except for them and the creatures that inhabit the darkness.What they don't know is why earlier generations of Midnighters all disappeared, or why they are now the only Midnighters in town.
As they learn more about the secret hour's twists and turns, they uncover terrifying mysteries woven into the very fabric of Bixby's history, and a conspiracy that touches both the midnight hour and the world of daylight.At the same time, the Midnighters' own secrets start to emerge, including some that were never meant to come to light, changing the fragile dynamics among the five.
This time Jessica Day is not the only Midnighter in mortal danger.
If the group can't find a way to overcome their differences, they could lose one of their own - forever.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 336 pages
- Publisher: Little, Brown Book Group
- Publication Date: 03/08/2006
- Category: Science fiction
Other Formats
- Paperback from £7.25
- EPUB from £4.99
Free Home Delivery
on all orders
Pick up orders
from local bookshops
Showing 1 - 2 of 2 reviews.
Review by wyvernfriend
The Midnighters are forging themselves into a tighter unit and now they find that there are other adults that know something about the Secret Hour. The Darklings have a plan and some human help, the teenagers have to keep themselves alive and fight the evil.Interesting but a book that really needs you to have read the prequel relatively recently.
Review by Melumebelle
Another awesome book by Mr. Westerfeld! I love this series just as much as the other books he's written. (I also enjoy the fact that one of the characters has the same name as me... And she's a byotch. ;) ) A gripping and compelling story.. I couldn't put it down!
Also by Scott Westerfeld | View all
Also in the Midnighters series | View all


text:
Conference highlights human rights education to children
April 5, Kathmandu: The third South Asia Conference of Youth for Human Rights International (YHRI) concluded in the Kathmandu on Saturday stressing on the need of involving and educating youths for upholding human rights.
President of YHRI Dr Mary Shuttleworth said that there will no sign of improvements in human rights condition until and unless children were taught about human rights. Young people
"We have to teach young people to respect other's rights and then they will learn to take responsibility to that end," Shuttleworth said.
Gross human rights violations continue throughout the World with south-Asian countries more vulnerable due to illiteracy, poverty, under-development, conflict and political instability.
The United Nations defines human rights as "rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language or any other status."
Reena KC of YHR Nepal said that child labour, domestic violence, caste-based discrimination and gender disparity are rampant in the country.
"Though the constitution of our country does not discriminate against people on any basis, ground reality is different," lawmaker Keshav Badal said. "We have to change our mindset to bring about change," he said.
The Oslo Times


text:
- Home
- Shipping & Returns
Shipping & Returns
Shipping & Care
At the moment, we ship only to Contiguous United States (48 states), Alaska and Hawaii addresses. Our goal is to ensure your chocolate arrives at its destination in excellent condition.
We provide FREE shipping with USPS priority mail in an insulated box with ice packs
We strongly recommend chocolate to be shipped to warm weather locations (above 80°) via UPS Next Day Air® we charge a flat fee of $49.99 for all orders to Contiguous United States (48 states). Additional $20 will apply to Alaska and Hawaii for orders below $150.
If the weather is extremely hot at any point along the transit route ( 90 degrees and above), we have the option to provide overnight delivery with large cold bricks at additional charge or delay your shipment. If we need to delay or cancel your order for any reason, we will contact you at the email and phone number you provided during checkout. Please make sure your contact information is correct in case we need to reach you regarding your order.
We ship between Monday to Thursday, we do not ship on Friday or in a day where the chocolate would sit in a carrier warehouse over a weekend.
When you place an order, we will estimate shipping and delivery dates for you based on the availability of your items and the shipping options you choose. Depending on the shipping provider you choose, shipping date estimates may appear on the shipping quotes page.
Returns Policy
Orders can be cancelled prior to shipping only. Once orders are shipped, we do not accept returns of chocolate. If you are not happy about what you received, please e-mail us at email@example.com We want to know about it, and we want an opportunity to make you happy.