text:
Posted on October 21, 2016
Congratulations on your decision to own a pet parrot! These fun-loving animals make wonderful companions that will provide you with a new perspective on life. From the small parakeet to large Macaw, parrots are truly exceptional creatures that make wonderful pets. If this is your first time raising a parrot, though, you'll want to avoid the myths and common misconceptions about pet parrots.
Contrary to popular belief, parrots are not dirty and spend a large portion of their time grooming and cleaning themselves. Parrots are actually incredibly clean animals and spend a large portion of the day grooming themselves. Like all pets, though, you'll need to clean their environment on a regular basis. If you fail to clean their cage on a regular basis, then yes, your parrot will likely become dirty; however, this is easily prevented by routinely changing changing the newspaper or shavings in their cage and wiping it clean with an all-natural disinfectant.
If you're concerned about the cleaning requirements of a pet parrot, choose a cage with a convenient slide-out tray. Rather than than trying to awkwardly clean their cage by sticking your hands inside, you can simply pull the tray out. Trust me, this otherwise simple feature will make cleaning your parrot's cage ten times easier. Cleaning their cage every couple of days will prevent the growth of bacteria, which in turn reduces the chance of your parrot becoming ill.
If you're going to adopt a parrot, make sure you purchase a cage that's suitable for the respective breed. Like most animals, parrots need ample room to move around. Failure to provide your parrot with a spacious cage could result in muscle loss and even depression (yes, parrots can become depressed).
Feel free to browse through our site here at BirdCagesNow.com to access a wide variety of bird cages in all shapes and sizes at prices that can't be beat.
This is arguably one of the most common misconceptions people have about pet parrots.
Another all-too-common myth is that parrots are loud. Certain parrots are known for their vocal abilities, but you can train them to keep their volume down. You might walk into an exotic pet store only and notice a large Macaw or Amazon screaming "HELLO" right on your face. Yes, there are plenty of parrots which are highly vocal and enjoy mimicking sounds in their environment, but there are also some quieter species.Focus on positive reinforcement by rewarding your parrot for maintaining suitable noise levels.
Here's a list of some of the quieter types of parrots:
You really have one of two different options when it comes to a pet parrot's diet: you can either feed them seed or a pellet mix. The general belief among first-time parrot owners is that seed is the healthier choice, but the truth is that pellets yield a higher level of nutrition, making them the better choice.
Why is an all-seed diet bad? The problem with all-seed diets is that it often lacks certain key nutrients that parrots need for proper growth and development. Parrots typically feed on a variety of foods in the wild -- seeds, insects, nuts, fruits, vegetables, leafs, etc. -- and only giving your parrot seeds will restrict vital nutrients from their diet.
Parrots will certainly eat a cup of seeds if you place it inside their cage; however, they also enjoy fruits, nuts, vegetables, crackers and other 'goodies.' Don't assume that a seed-only diet meets the nutritional needs of your pet parrot. Most experts will agree that it does not cover all of their base nutrition, and it could even result in a vitamin A deficiency.
A good rule of thumb is to limit your parrot's diet to a maximum of 20% seeds. The rest should come from pellets, fruit, vegetables, etc. You can also try using a premium pellet or pellet and seed mix. Pellets are specially formulated with crude protein, vitamins and other beneficial nutrients. This offers a more balanced level of nutrition that encourages healthy growth and development.
A fourth myth that we're going to debunk involves talking parrots. There are parrots with an uncanny ability to learn words, phrases or even entire sentences, but most of the smaller species that individuals and families prefer to own, such as the parakeet, do not talk. If you want a talking parrot, one of the best species to own is the African Grey.
Parrots are social creatures by nature, so it's important for owners to provide this social stimulation to their feathered friends. Thankfully, this is fairly easy, as talking, playing and petting your parrot on a daily basis will suffice. Of course, you can also purchase a harness and leash combo to take them on walks outside for additional socialization.
Parrots aren't like cats, and squirting them with a water bottle will only make them more reserved and unapproachable. Rather than punishing your parrot when it's bad, reward them for good behavior. A treat followed by lots of petting and praise goes a long way in training a pet parrot.
To Conclude
There are a number of everyday household products that are completely fine for humans but potentially deadly to parrots.Teflon-coated pans and cookware, for instance, releases a type of gas that can kill nearby parrots when inhaled. This is why it's a good idea to clear out your kitchen beforehand to ensure there are no Teflon products before adopting a parrot.
Other products that you'll want to avoid using with a parrot in the home include scented candles, air fresheners, bleach, and bleach-based cleaners. A safer cleaning alternative is filtered white apple cider vinegar, which is completely safe to use in and around your parrot's cage.
There's a lot of misinformation floating around on the subject of raising pet parrots. Unfortunately, this bad information often sends first-time parrot owners down the wrong path. If you're thinking about owning a pet parrot, you should take the time to educate yourself on how to raise these amazing animals as pets. Only then can you provide your feathered friend with a happy, healthy environment. Whether it involves their diet, behavior or physical characteristics (or a combination of the three), you've probably come across some of the myths and misconceptions mentioned above.


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Misfit Flash fitness tracker adds IFTTT supportPocket-lint
Misfit has added a stack of new features to allow you to turn its Flash fitness tracker into a basic remote control for your home, as well as give users of its Shine device access to data via the web rather than just an app.
For the Flash tracker users will be able to connect the device to IFTTT and access thousands of "recipes". Those recipes will include double or triple pressing Flash to email or message anyone, blocking out time in diaries, or tracking workout hours for example.
The company has also said that users of the Logitech Harmony Remote Control will be able to connect the tracker to over 225,000 smart home devices, including home cinema devices. That means they'll be able to control lights, locks, thermostats, tv, and more at the press of a button.
Homeowners can also enable Harmony activities, which let individuals combine multiple actions with a simple double or triple press.
For Shine users a new dashboard will let users view their Misfit data from Shine, Flash, or Beddit on a web browser and use it to easily compare steps, calories, and distance data and zoom in on weekly and monthly trends.
For iOS users, Misfit has now added HealthKit integration, with sleep and weight data now visible in the HealthKit app.
The new update is available for users from today.
- Samsung Gear Fit 2 Pro leak reveals swim tracking and offline Spotify support
- MyZone MZ-60 gives you clear feedback during workouts
- TomTom may exit the wearables market following poor sales
- Amazon Prime Day 2017: Best UK fitness tracker and smartwatch deals
- Nokia introduces new connected health products following Withings takeover
- Which Fitbit is right for me?
- Getting fit with the Huawei Watch 2: Phone-free fitness, direct from your wrist
- The best TomTom Sports devices: Spark, Touch, Golfer and Adventurer compared
- Best fitness trackers 2017: The best activity bands to buy today
- Suunto Spartan Sport Wrist HR review: Great multi-sport watch misses a beat

subset: commoncrawl


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Employer Branding Account Manager
About the Job
Cielo is the largest independent provider of recruitment process outsourcing (RPO) and strategic talent management services worldwide, with more than 2,000 employees, serving 100+ clients in 57 countries.
We provide customized solutions that help clients align their talent strategy to business goals to find, recruit and retain the talent that fuels organizational success.
The Brand Practice is a growing and ambitious team with core members based in Houston, London and Milwaukee. We partner with organizations and help them achieve the people results they need to deliver the business results they are aiming for. We do this through employer branding, marketing and communications strategies.
An entrepreneurial and highly-respected practice within Cielo's wider consulting and outsourcing business, we have our own strategy, vision and remit which are aligned to Cielo's overall business vision.
Whether as part of Recruitment Process Outsourcing (RPO), talent consulting, or as a stand-alone program, we help clients around the world "wow" their target audiences and achieve measurable value from their investments. From a general perspective we focus on such components as:
• Research and insight generation
• Employer branding and employee value propositions (EVPs)
• Brand communications and creative solutions
• Digital strategy, build and managed services including Social Media
• Resourcing communications and talent management/activation
• Program and change management
As an innovative and tech enabled business experiencing hyper growth, the ethos of the brand practice is focussed on 'beyond':
• Thinking beyond convention
• Expertise beyond compare
• Solutions beyond expectations
• Reach beyond borders
• Results and value beyond the competition
The Client Services Manager – Brand & Digital is responsible for delivering employer branding solutions for Cielo customers. As such a CSM will manage projects involving research/insight, employer branding, recruitment marketing campaigns, digital and social marketing. Often people become subject matter experts in key areas but a CSM needs to have sufficient understanding of multiple areas to succeed.
The key result areas of this position are successful and timely delivery of all projects, implementations and programs supported; accurate and detailed documentation of all project administration and positive internal customer feedback.
Customer Growth & Optimization
Manage client attraction and direct hiring projects in line with Service Level Agreement.
Identify opportunities for efficiency/ revenue / margin gain with the commercial and operational acumen to then deliver innovative solutions.
Ensure successful and timely delivery of all projects, implementations and programs supported.
Accurate and detailed documentation of all project administration.
Build relationships with key client stakeholders to ensure positive internal customer feedback.
Recruitment Marketing
Support employer brand development (led by a Strategy Director) and its component pieces, such as insight programs and creative development.
Utilize expert knowledge of direct hiring tools and methodologies from Brand and Digital such as Clickcast, Broadbean, LinkedIn, Job Boards, Attraction channels, Media, Social Media, Copywriting etc.
Lead full-cycle recruitment marketing campaign development, from taking a brief to designing and overseeing the solution to successful outcome.
Manage partnership with social media shared service team.
Serves as a Technology super user (LinkedIn, Broadbean, etc.)
PO management and invoicing.
Leads Internal ROI reporting.
Supports content management across corporate and social media assets.
Support internal programs such as learning & development.
• Bachelor's degree strongly preferred. High school diploma required.
• 7 or more years of leadership experience in resourcing and talent marketing (either RPO / In-House or Brand/Recruitment Marketing Agency) required.
• Strong project management experience – ability to adopt best practice project management methodology and tools.
• Strong planning and organizational skills.
• Good working knowledge of various recruitment technologies such as ATS and TRM platforms.
• Excellent MS Office skills, especially PowerPoint and Excel.
• Proactive in increasing own knowledge - loves learning new things and keeping abreast of innovation in direct hiring, brand and communications strategy.
• Thrives on working in a fast moving, entrepreneurial environment.
Cielo is an equal opportunity employer and will not discriminate against any applicant for employment because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, age, genetic information, or any other status protected by state or local law for an individual who falls within the jurisdiction of such law. Applicants who require an accommodation throughout the application and interview process should request this in advance by contacting Cielo Human Resources at +1 877 797 3379 or at email@example.com


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Cadence® system design and verification solutions, integrated under our Verification Suite, provide the simulation, acceleration, emulation, and management capabilities.
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Driving efficiency and accuracy in advanced packaging, system planning, and multi-fabric interoperability, Cadence® package implementation products deliver the automation and accuracy.
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An open IP platform for you to customize your app-driven SoC design.
Comprehensive solutions and methodologies.
Helping you meet your broader business goals.
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Cadence offers various software services for download. This page describes our offerings, including the Allegro FREE Physical Viewer.
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Participate in CDNLive
A huge knowledge exchange platform for academia to network with industry. We are looking for academic speakers to talk about their research to the industry attendees at the Academic Track at CDNLive EMEA and Silicon Valley.
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I hope you have all seen by now, Accellera has announced
the official production release of the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM)
1.0 standard. My colleagues Richard
Goering, Stan
Krolikoski and Adam
Sherer have already blogged about the release and its contents so I'll
refer you to their posts rather than cover the same ground here. What I really
want to do is to congratulate the Accellera VIP Technical Subcommittee (VIP-TSC)
for accomplishing something that some in the industry doubted could ever
an occasional gadfly on the VIP-TSC's progress, there have been times when I
have been doubtful myself whether our dream of a true verification methodology
standard would come true in a timeframe short enough to matter. In my last blog
on the matter back in September, I dared to suggest that the VIP-TSC consider
dropping a feature or two to get UVM 1.0 out before the end of 2010. I
identified the register package as having the greatest risk, from which some
concluded that Cadence didn't want a register package in the UVM. Of course we
did; our customers were clear that it was higher priority than some of the
other possible additions.
happened was that Accellera dropped none of the proposed major new features for
UVM 1.0, although they did wisely trim off some details, and ended up releasing
three months later than their original target. Yeah, I predicted that when
I sized up the UVM status back on September, but I've kept silent until now
because it was clear that the VIP-TSC was making good progress and that all parties
remained strongly committed to the new standard. But this is not an "I told you
so" blog post; in fact it's just the opposite.
mix metaphors rather badly, this gadfly is eating a little crow right now. I was really worried that trying to fit the register package, simulation phasing, TLM
2.0 support, and a few other new features into UVM 1.0 was too ambitious,
risking a delay well into 2011 or even a complete failure to converge on a
standard. But Accellera pulled it off! For the register package in particular,
for which all three major simulation vendors originally had their own approach,
the VIP-TSC seems to have arrived at a standardized solution that everyone can
truly support.
the grand scheme of things, a few months of slip (especially with two weeks of
widely celebrated holidays in the middle) don't matter much. The industry now
has achieved a true milestone for verification and for EDA standards. I give
all the credit in the world to the VIP-TSC members who slogged through the
trenches to arrive at the UVM 1.0 standard and to the leaders who kept their
eye on the end goal despite all the obstacles along the way. This is the
beginning of a whole new era and I couldn't be happier. Gadfly out.
Tom A.
The truth is out there...sometimes
it's in a blog.


text:
I know of someone who recently had gotten a dog. The name of the dog is Rocky. He is a very sweet, young blue nosed pitbull. The owner of Rocky only had gotten him for one reason. Not because he wanted a loving household pet for his two twins, or have a companion, but instead, to have a weapon.
I am not against having a dog for protection, but I believe this man is doing it in the wrong manner. Rocky isn't being trained by a professional trainer, but instead, the unskilled hand of his owner. From what I saw, this dog doesn't even know the basic tricks; such as sit, lay, and stay and he had the dog close to a year now. Instead, the man is trying to force the dog to be aggressive toward people he doesn't know. I would have no issue with this if the dog was being trained by a professional. Even the owner had said that he was trying to force the dog to be something close to a weapon.
Most Helpful Guy
Could if your in the us call the humane society to look into it. All you have to say is the adress and explain you can hear and see that the dog isn't geting proper training and that its getting abused.33|00|0
I will take a look into that. Thank you. :)
- Show AllShow Less
Even if I wanted to steal the dog, I don't think I could.
Bacon sometimes works lol...
Most Helpful Girl
I don't like the idea of it at all. Pitbulls are actually very warm and loving dogs and he looks like such a sweetheart :( this makes me really sad..11|00|0
thanks for MH! Did anything come out of this? I know a lot of people have said to call organizations.
You are welcome! And, not yet. I have been keeping an eye on them, though.


text:
Everyone knows that I rarely feel like being girly but just had one of those days where I felt like ditching the leather and busting out some pink (shocking, I know). My advice is when you're going to change it up, you need to commit fully- and have fun doing it! Accessorizing is key- I played with some vintage bangles, a pair of printed Louboutins and a colorful purse to add some pop to my otherwise Legally Blonde-esque look. I am for sure rocking this dress with some combat boots and a leather bomber in the future though!
And of course, if you're going to do pink- do it with your bestie. Check out Olga's fab pink moment!
On Marina Monroe:
Rene Caovilla shoes


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Chicken Crescents
Recipe by Christine_ca
This is a good weekend recipe. I got it from Recettes du Quebec. I haven't tried it but on the site someone said the recipe was also good with tuna instead of chicken. The chicken spread can be used with bread or a pita. The use of cream cheese instead of mayonnaise is a good idea.
Top Review by megs_
wow!! this is so delicious!! I lightened the recipe up a bit by using reduced fat crescent rolls and light cream cheese/butter. my chicken was heavily seasoned so I left out the salt/pepper/gren onions. these make a wonderful snack/appetizer, they were especially good right out of the oven. this is a keeper for sure!! thanks for sharing!
See Discussion:2 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 (318 g) packageof giant refrigerated crescent dinner rolls
- 1 (125 g) package cream cheese
- 2 tablespoons melted butter
- 2 cups cooked chicken, cut in pieces
- 1⁄4 tablespoon salt
- 2 tablespoons pepper
- 2 tablespoons milk
- 1 tablespoon green onions or 1 tablespoon chives
Directions See How It's Made
- Undo the cream cheese and add the melted butter.
- Mix in the chicken, the salt, the pepper, the milk and the onion.
- Spread the crescent roll dough and put the chicken mixture on top.
- Close the crescents by folding the sides with a fork.
- Cook in the owen on a cookie sheet at 350F (180 C) for 20 minutes.


text:
The third official Hippolytans Sports Day and Alumnae Dinner is being held on Saturday 18th March 2017. This is a wonderful opportunity for current students to host and meet alumni.
The sports day will take place from 1pm - we will meet in College first and then head over to the sports pitches. It will be a very informal afternoon, with an opportunity to play some of the old sports you enjoyed in College.
A champagne reception will be held in the Old Combination Room from 7pm, followed by dinner in Formal Hall at 7.30pm.
The evening will cost £37.00 without wine or £49.00 with wine.
The menu for dinner is:
Roast Tomato Soup with Basil Cream
Lemon Sorbet
Roast Rack of Lamb with Herb Crust
Pescatarian: Supreme of Salmon Chef's Style
Vegetarian: Portobello Mushroom & Blue Cheese Mille Feuilles
Bouquet of Vegetables - Parmentier Potatoes
Trio of Petit Desserts
French Cheeseboard
Tea, Coffee & Mints
Booking has now closed.
St Andrew's Street, Cambridge, CB2 3BU, UKPhone: (0)1223 334900 | Fax: (0)1223 firstname.lastname@example.com
Christ's College is a Registered Charity No.1137540


text:
Recent changes:
Improved voice quality
Content rating: Everyone
Spice Stellar Mi-508 smartphone was launched in August 2014. The phone comes with a 5.00-inch touchscreen display with a resolution of 480 pixels by 854 pixels.
The Spice Stellar Mi-508 is powered by 1.3GHz dual-core it comes with 512MB of RAM. The phone packs 4GB of internal storage that can be expanded up to 32GB via a microSD card. As far as the cameras are concerned, the Spice Stellar Mi-508 packs a 8-megapixel primary camera on the rear and a 2-megapixel front shooter for selfies.
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- Check the Android version to verify compatibility of Mosip1.2 with Spice Stellar Mi-508.
Find Android version: go to "Settings" - "About the phone" - "Android version". Make sure Mosip1.2 is compatible with Spice Stellar Mi-508.
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text:
This Ford Mondeo has has a full bodykit fitted. It includes a cool front bumper with massive air intakes. The front bumper includes a built in front spoiler which helps to channel more air into the engine bay. The alloy wheels chosen are a simple 5 spoke and fit the arches nicely.
Category Archives: wheels
Smoothed euro look clio
The Clio has always been popular for modding and styling, we don't often get to see modified examples of new models and this is the first of this Clio series we have seen. Continue reading Smoothed euro look clio
VW Polo with checkered wheels
It seemed only right to follow on from yesterdays Polo with another one today. This one has 5 spoke white alloys which have had a checker pattern added to the outer rim. Continue reading VW Polo with checkered wheels
Black coated wolfrace alloys for a Ford Fiesta.
Wheel designs continually evolve as this photograph shows. These black fiesta Wolfrace alloys look great, the V pattern sets them apart from the norm. Continue reading Black coated wolfrace alloys for a Ford Fiesta.
BMW bodykit and spinners
Really nicely finished BMW with full bodykit, front splitter, side skirts, badboy bonnet and spinners. Continue reading BMW bodykit and spinners
TVR Deep alloy wheel
In a high power rear wheel drive car you will benefit from wider alloys to give better traction. This is a great look and it works well on this TVR. The Wheel style is a 5 V spoke design in a highly polished chrome. To keep the shine you must keep a layer of protective wax over the wheel unless it is lacquered. Continue reading TVR Deep alloy wheel
Purple TVR Cerbera with 5 spoke alloys
The TVR Cerbera looks pretty good in standard form but this modified example just blew us away. It looks great in purple but the most significant modification to this car are the rear lights which have been converted to afterburner style lights. Continue reading Purple TVR Cerbera with 5 spoke alloys
Escort RS Turbo orange wheels
Here we have a lovingly preserved and uprated Escort RS Turbo from the 80's. Continue reading Escort RS Turbo orange wheels
2009 Dodge challenger SRT
Most of the pictures around of the Dodge Challenger SRT shows a red car with the standard wheels and a fake carbon fibre bonnet. Continue reading 2009 Dodge challenger SRT
Drift spec Nissan 350Z
This drift spec Nissan 350Z shows a number of popular styling themes. The alloys have been painted in a bright red which positively upsets most cameras. 🙂
Plymouth styling, wheels and bonnet vents
Big and beutiful are not usually the words used to describe the plymouth but this owner is getting close. Keeping the nice cleann lines of the original he has added a vinyl roof cover, some bonnet vents and black alloy wheels. Continue reading Plymouth styling, wheels and bonnet vents
Saxo wide bodykits with chrome rims
Due to its diminutive site and relatively potent engines the Saxo is a popular first car and good candidate for a tuning or styling project. This photo shows a work in progress with a primed bodykit on a Citroen saxo ready for painting. Continue reading Saxo wide bodykits with chrome rims
DC5 Integra Type R styling
The Honda Integra DC5 type R needs little introduction. Arguably one of the best front wheel drive NASP cars around the Type R is the ipitome of Hondas race spec ethos. All parts are stripped out and tuned to the max to give a no compromise fun car for the enthusiast. Continue reading DC5 Integra Type R styling
Stunning Blue Lambo MR2
This MR2 is quite simple amazing. It has the lights from a Celica in dark smoked black. The colour has been kept simple with blue and black. Even the alloy wheels follow this simple and striking colour scheme. Continue reading Stunning Blue Lambo MR2
Wide body BMW with custom wheels
The angle of this photograph allows us to fully appreciate the flared arches on this BMW. It is, however, the alloys that we are most interested in. Continue reading Wide body BMW with custom wheels
Lets play guess the car.
Look at the massive 20 inch rims, the vented wings and the subtle flared arches. We always say the ultimate car styling project hides the original identity of the car and the owner creates something unique so here it is. What car was this originally?
Awesome Fiat Punto split opening bonnet
Who says that bonnets have to be hinged at the front or back. This enterprising Fiat Punto owner has taken an angle grinder to his bonnet to produce a really cool split opening bonnet. Continue reading Awesome Fiat Punto split opening bonnet
Modified Mitubishi Evo
The Mitsubishi Lancer EVO is a great car, the electronics make it handle like it is on rails and the engine is very strongly and relatively easy to tune up. Add in a boost controller, remap, larger turbo and a few breathing mods and you have a serious track day car. Continue reading Modified Mitubishi Evo
Spinners on Alloy wheels
A new feature on alloy wheels is the spinner. This is a freely rotating disc over the standard wheel which freewheels after the car is stopped. These spinners can look fantastic but you really need the right car and you need to have other quality styling mods to avoid it looking tacky.
Above: Flame spinners fitted to a BMW.
Cleaning alloy wheels with spinners can be difficult as there are now 4 surfaces to clean and the spinner cap will need to be removed. Keeping it polished will protect it and help it to resist brake dust and corrosion. If you notice the outer rim in the picture above the spinner is not proud of this so if you hit a kerb you will scuff the rim of the wheel but not damage the spinner.
S2000 Carbon fibre body styling
We are big fans of the S2000 and this example got us a bit excited. Honda have managed to squeeze a silly amount of power from a NASP 2.0 engine and produced an exciting, if a little tail happy in the wet sports car. Continue reading S2000 Carbon fibre body styling


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Hi guys! It's May! Hurray! Let's see what fun things and events this month holds in stock for us!
L.A. Signorina – extraordinary pizza in Stuttgart at Marienplatz
Hi guys! If you are a pizza-enthusiast who is always looking for something new and special, you should check out L.A. Signorina at Marienplatz! Some say they serve the best pizza in Stuttgart…
Great Asian restaurant in Stuttgart
Hi guys! Today I would like to introduce you to one of my favorite – if not the favorite – Asian restaurant in Stuttgart: the Floating Market!
Lunch at "Academie der schönsten Künste"
Hi guys!
I hope you're enjoying this long Easter weekend. I can't believe how lovely the weather was today. Unfortunately, it's supposed to rain tomorrow. And the day after. And the day after that… Well, if you're in need of a place for a nice breakfast or lunch in order to hide while it's raining cats and dogs, you should try "Academie der schönsten Künste" at Charlottenplatz!
This place has been around since the 70s – in those days it was known as "Bernd's Lädle". Ever since it has been an institution when it comes to French style breakfast and a cozy atmosphere. Even today, artists, students, business people, and freelancers meet at "Academie der schönsten Künste".
Recently, I met my friend Julia there for lunch and I wanted to share my fond feelings for this place with you guys. Let's have a look inside:
You fall in love with "Academie der schönsten Künste" right when you enter. Look at all the artwork on the walls and the ceiling! My favorite is the mermaid/fishbone that is hanging from the wall in the center!
In addition to all the art, they also offer a nice lunch menu. It comes with a side salad…
… a main course (of course ) – in my case pancakes stuffed with mushrooms:
… and a dessert! Hmmmmmm, yummy.
In summer you can also sit outside, at the back of the building. But I have to admit, I prefer sitting inside, in between all the paintings. Makes me feel like a little bit of an artist myself
More information about:
Academie der schönsten Künste (only in German)
Vietnamese cuisine at Takeshii's
Last week, I was introduced to a great Vietnamese restaurant in downtown Stuttgart: Takeshii's. It has been there for a while but I never went there before – what a shame, actually! I have missed many good dinners!
The interior is cozy and relaxed – a bit dark maybe but also very stylish.
I checked their menu for vegetarian options and chose the summer roll with fresh vegetables and noodles.
The waiter served me a bowl full of vegetables, a plate with salad, herbs and noodles, a tiny plate with fried onions and a small bowl full of soy sauce. And then there were the plastic plates with the rice paper on them.
Now it was time to roll some summer rolls
Tatatataaaaaa, I proudly present my first self made summer roll:
Even though it doesn't look like it, the roll tasted fantastic.
Next to yummy and fresh food, Takeshii's offers a great selection of cocktails, too. Definitely a place to spend a fun night!
More information about:
Did you know Stuttgart has a beach?
There are many nice beer gardens along the Neckar. One of my favorite ones is the "Stadtstrand" in Bad Cannstatt.
OK, it's not right at the river bank but hey, it has sand which kind of makes it a Strand (beach)!
Great thing for me as a vegetarian – they have a very nice veggie burger! But of course they have a variety of meaty burgers as well. Their Hawaiian burger is supposed to be great, too.
If you feel sporty, a beach volleyball court is close by. However, I prefer to lay in one of the beach chairs and watch the sun set behind the Neckar .
More information about:
Lunch at the Weindorf
Guys, it's Weindorf time again! This wine festival is held in Stuttgart for 39 years by now and is a very relaxed, fun event. While most people visit the Weindorf in the evening, I went there for lunch last week and had a great time. The good thing about visiting the Weindorf during the day is that it's not as crowded as it is in the evening and you find a seat at every Laube (stand) you wish.
My friends and I went to the Schillerplatz, next to the Old Castle. I have to admit it was quite tricky to find vegetarian dishes but we finally sat down at "Die Württemberger", Laube No. 4. I had Kaiserschmarn (pieces of pancake) with apple sauce and my friends went for Käsespätzle (cheese noodles). While my meal was not too big, their Käsespätzle were huge and came with a side salad.
As it was during the day, we had "Neuer Süßer" instead of real wine – fermented grape juice that thus contains less alcohol than wine.
As on every food festival, prices are quite high, but I like the relaxed atmosphere of the Weindorf, and I can totally recommend going there during the day!
Have you been to the Weindorf yet? Which is your favorite Laube?
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Visit the store or purchase this set online, in our Seasonal selections, for the vanilla lover in your life.
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Ayida granted an interview to Thelca Wilkie during which he talked about his Toke.
''She's going to keep flying, she's going to soar. She's a great person.You guys just haven't seen anything yet,'' Ayida said.
He also talked about his baby, his career and the life he's trying to build.
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Theory Throws a Tantrum at the Store is a GoAnimate! episode made by SuperMalechi.
Barney and his friends tease Theory for not having a bear. Theory is furious and can't take it anymore. He tells his mom to get a bear. When they get there, Theory wants it. But his mom says "It costs 1 penny and has only haft of it". Then Theory throws a tantrum, crying so much loud, as everyone is staring at the two. His mom is angry and takes him home, grounding him for 2 months.
- Barney (Kidaroo)
- BJ (Kimberly)
- SuperMalechi (Eric)
- Woody (Brian)
- Theory (Eric)
- Theory's Mom (Kate)
- Barney has his Season 3 voice and Late 1993/1994-1997 costume.
- BJ has his Season 3 voice and 1997-2002 costume.
- The Barney costume used in this episode was also seen in "Up We Go!".
- Barney is wearing a grey Nike jacket with a hoodie.
- Barney: Hey look, it's Theory, the worst guy ever of all. Does he have a bear?
- Theory: Um, I don't have it.
- Barney: You always get grounded.
- BJ: I agree with Barney.
- SuperMalechi: Me too.
- (all laugh)
- Theory: (400% loud voice) SHUT UP YOU JERJS! I WILL BEAT ALL OF YOU UP IF YOU KEEP THIS UP!
- Barney: You are too much of a nuisance.
- Theory: Gosh, I can't take this anymore!
- (he leaves)
- (at home)
- Theory: (400% loud voice) Give me a fucking bear now!
- Theory's Mom: Not if you speak like that young man!
- (they arrive at the store)
- Theory: We're here!
- (inside the store)
- Theory: I was talking about this.
- Theory's Mom: Theory, it costs one penny. I had only haft of that much.
- Theory: (whiny) But Barney and his friends have bears! I need I've too!
- Theory's Mom: (400% loud voice) I said, no!
- Theory: (400% loud voice, sobbing) Teddy bear!! (bawls in a 400% loud voice) BWAAAAAAAAAAAAAA! I WANT A TEDDY BEAR!
- Theory's Mom: (400% loud voice) Stop crying loud! If you continue this, we go home!
- Theory: (400% loud voice) Bwaaaaaaaaaaa!!! I want it now!
- Theory's Mom: That's it! We are going home!
- Theory: (400% loud voice) NOOOOOOOOO!!!
- (as Theory's mom carries him home)
- Theory's Mom: Stop crying Theory! You have thrown this big crying tantrum so sorry doesn't cut it!
- Theory: Mom can we please at least go back and get half a Teddy Bear?
- Theory's Mom: (400% loud voice) Nope! (normal voice) You are grounded for 2 months! You will go to your room when we get in the house!
- (at Theory's bedroom)
- Theory's Mom: Theory get in bed! (leaves)


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Baile (GNIS FID: 589681) is a populated place located within the District 11, New Windsor, a minor civil division (MCD) of Carroll County.
The elevation of Baile is 807 feet. Baile appears on the New Windsor U.S. Geological Survey Map. Carroll County is in the Eastern Time Zone (UTC -5 hours).
Carroll County: Subdivisions (MCDs) | Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
BIG Map |
Driving Directions |
Data Source - USGS GNIS FID: 589681
BOUNDARY MAPS: District 11, New Windsor | Carroll County
New Windsor, MD
(3.4 miles NW)
Westminster, MD (5.3 miles NE)
Union Bridge, MD (7.4 miles WNW)
Eldersburg, MD (9.6 miles SE)
Linganore, MD (9.6 miles WSW)
Middleburg, MD
(9.9 miles WNW)
Libertytown, MD (10 miles WSW)
Sykesville, MD (10.9 miles SSE)
Mount Airy, MD (10.9 miles SSW)
Taneytown, MD (11.7 miles NNW)
Narnia, MD
(< 0.1 mile)
Bowercrest Park, MD (< 0.1 mile)
Grahams Green Acres, MD (1.4 miles S)
The Hermitage, MD (1.4 miles NE)
Wakefield Estates, MD (1.4 miles NNE)
Ridgeview Estates, MD
(1.4 miles ESE)
Somerset, MD (1.4 miles NE)
Happy Acres, MD (1.4 miles N)
Hannleigh Heights, MD (1.4 miles WSW)
Warfieldsburg, MD (1.4 miles ENE)


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Gin is a computer hacker and Traveler for the Department of Parallel and Otherdimensional Travel, a top-secret black-ops program run out of Area 51. In a world called Paradise—which in her opinion is anything but—her team is attacked by a citizen turned Savage. The mysterious disease is affecting the population, and nobody seems to know how to cure it, or even how it's spread. Paradise's Central Computer surely has all the answers to help them protect themselves and save the afflicted. But the Paradisian government has put the Computer in lock-down, and short of storming the building, there's no way they'll be allowed in.
When a teammate falls sick with the Savagery, Gin knows the best teams in two worlds are working on the cure, but their efforts fall short. The team's choices are reduced to one: hack the Computer and learn how to save their teammate. But as it's the most safe-guarded building in any world, that's easier said than done. She'll need the help of the Chief of Constables, Tamory Landish, to even have a chance at getting in. Her only problem is that he's even more dangerous than the Savage. He's the one man that could steal from her, and the only thing she has to lose is her heart.
When another Traveler dies from the disease, they know time is running out. But can a con artist ever trust a cop? If Gin can learn to work with Tamory, not only could she end up with a cure for the Savagery, but the only man in the multiverse who's her match. But trust isn't something con artists do. Is it?
For more about Home World, the DEPOT, or the other worlds T36 explores, read exclusive extras here.
Warning, spoiler alert!
Buy it here:


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Kitten Shape Alloy Cuff Ring
Availability: Out of Stock
$ 4.10
$4.92 (17% off)
- Size:
- BUYER PROTECTION Learn More >>
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- Full or Partial refund if the iterm is not as described
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Metal Type: Alloy
Style: Trendy
Shape/Pattern: Animal
Diameter: 17MM
Weight: 0.022kg
Package Contents: 1 x Ring
We ship to over 200 countries worldwide through fast and reliable delivery partners. You can choose your preferred shipping method on the Order Information page during the checkout process.
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by Garcia Mar-21/2017 21:59:44
5 Mrs.Beautiful, very good quality work, much better than I expected, looks so delicate, yet so eye catching, super cute and it adjusts to any finger.
by Mojo Jojo Dec-05/2016 08:11:06
5 Adorable!It looks just like the picture, though not so quite like brushed silver as the first one--the shine is more accurate in the second picture, where the ring is on the stand. As is, it fits my skinnier ring finger perfectly and comfortably, so I didn't have to resize it! But this ring, unlike some other cuff-style rings, still look and feel the same when I widened it to fit my thicker index finger. For something so cute, it's rather elegant too, and I've been wearing it to work and parties to lovely compliments!
by Amy Hancock Nov-24/2016 01:10:15
5 RingLove the ring. Very delicate.
4 Cute asIt's very tiny even though adjustable. But it really is adorable.
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Runtime: 136 mins
Genres Action Adventure Fantasy Thriller
Actors Andrew Garfield, Emma Stone, Rhys Ifans, Denis Leary, Martin Sheen, Sally Field, Irrfan Khan, Campbell Scott, Embeth Davidtz, Chris Zylka, Max Charles, C. Thomas Howell, Jake Keiffer, Kari Coleman, Michael Barra, Leif Gantvoort, Andy Pessoa, Hannah Marks, Kelsey Chow, Kevin McCorkle, Andy Gladbach, Ring Hendricks-Tellefsen, Barbara Eve Harris, Stan Lee, Danielle Burgio, Tom Waite, Keith Campbell, Steve DeCastro, Jill Flint, Mark Daugherty
watch The Amazing Spider-Man 2012 online free After Peter Parker is bitten by a genetically altered spider, he gains newfound, spider-like powers and ventures out to solve the mystery of his parent's mysterious death.
The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) Watch Links
Tips: If movie does not play, please reload the page and try again important If u can not see the movie then please open the site with different web browser eg firefox/Chrome /puffin browser /Safari. NOTE plz do let the movie load like 10/15 mins otherwise u may get into buffering problem/freeze. still cant watch? check how to watch page for more info


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Use this page to discuss design and content changes to the main page. For general wiki discussion, please visit the Community Portal or Forums.
Main page Edit
Still working hard to get a nice main page to hook people in. And to get things going.--AOS 04:25, 19 March 2009 (UTC)


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Contemporary Giclee's: Out on a Limb
Contemporary Giclee's: Out on a Limb
28.00 36.00
Contemporary Giclee': Out on a Limb
A brand new contemporary design from Lary McKee Studio's. Original painted in Acrylics using over 12 layers to achieve the desired effect.
"Out on a Limb" is from the series called: Within Space, all signed, numbered Limited Edition Giclee's, using only Archival Dyes. One hundred percent to the original painting. Edition not greater than 250, all signed and numbered by artist Lary McKee.
Add To Cart


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Re: [MedievalSawdust] website
Expand Messages
- ooooo, aaaaahhh
Conal O'hAirt Jim Hart <baronconal@...> wrote:http://www.bloodand sawdust.com/
just ran across this..... thought I'd share.
http://www.bloodand sawdust.com/
Aude Aliquid Dignum
' Dare Something Worthy '.
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I applied online. The process took 2 weeks. I interviewed at Malcolm Cisneros (Irvine, CA) in January 2017.
Relatively informal. I applied online through a job board and received an email about 2 days later. They asked me to fill out and email a formal application before later asking me to come in for an interview. I met with several individuals during the interview including HR, a current paralegal, an attorney, and one of the managing partner. I was asked to come back for a second interview several days later with a similar process. I received an email about a week following the second interview informing me that I hadn't been selected.
Interview Questions
Helpful (1)
I applied for the position online and received a phone call asking me to come in to interview. At the interview I met a few of the employees, who were extremely kind and people I knew I wouldn't mind working with. The interview went well and I received an offer for the position I went in for.
I applied online. The process took 1 day. I interviewed at Malcolm Cisneros (Irvine, CA) in April 2011.
I was first interviewed by Mr. Cisneros. I don't know if that's one of the founding partners or not. He seemed pretty adamant about the salary range as a take it or leave it. It was a brief interview and he didn't really ask any questions. After the short interview, he took me to the other building to meet one of the bankruptcy managers that I would be working for. He seemed to answer more questions. Environment seemed a bit relaxed. Took them 9 days to offer me the job via EMAIL. I was forced to call the attorney about what benefits, salary etc., but he didn't seem to know much more than the basics. He wanted me to quit right away and start but soon realized a 2 wks notice is the professional. I still do not know what hours I start working...
Interview Questions
I applied online. The process took 1 day. I interviewed at Malcolm Cisneros in August 2011.
First, I interview with Arturo Cisneros, one of the founding partners of the firm. He talked to me about the position and asked me a few questions on my resume. Then I spoke with Ernest Cisneros, a BK department manager. We talked about my resume and it was more conversational than interview. Lastly, I spoke with two BK supervisors. All three interviews seemed very casual.
Interview Questions
The pay was pretty straightforward. Little or no opportunity for negotiation.
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Going to explore the forest is always an adventure. Even if you have been to the same forest so many times before, every time you visit it's changed and it's very easy to get lost. Mostly for you, because you like to explore new paths where you haven't been before. So as you got lost […] ...190 votes, average: 4.68 out of 5
There is a rumor these day, that some stone caves have a mystical part. Some explorer went there to investigate these rumors, but couldn't find anything. Still you are convinced that there must be something, so you went to investigate on your own. As you entered the caves, you got trapped by some my ...140 votes, average: 3.79 out of 5
A coniferous forest is always a good place to spend some relaxing time. Here you can enjoy fresh air and maybe you are lucky enough to see some wild animals. But when you got lost in a forest like this, everything changes. In this game made by Airnars and Zeb for Escape Fan you will […] ...159 votes, average: 4.56 out of 5
What a wonderful day for visiting that amazing waterfall in the forest. Without thinking too much, you hit the road to the forest. As there was no way to drive through the forest, you left your car and started walking. It's true that you found the waterfall, but then this day turned into an escape [ ...199 votes, average: 4.36 out of 5
One day you were looking for a book to read in your grandfather's library. He has so many nice books and you alsways enjoy reading them. This time one specific book got your attention. So you started reading it and when got to the middle, there was a strange piece of paper. It had a […] ...229 votes, average: 4.57 out of 5
Magical things surround us in place where we don't even expect. This day started usual, with a nice walk in the forest. But after a few hours it took an unexpected turn and now it's about a way to escape this strange forest. It's called the horn forest and lots of mysterious things happen here. [&he ...193 votes, average: 4.56 out of 5
The medieval times are your favorite historical times. For weeks you stayed locked in the library and read everything that was about the medieval times. You would have loved so much to live back then. But you can still try to enjoy the medieval times. So you went on a trip to a castle where [&hellip ...153 votes, average: 3.82 out of 5
As a kid, your parents always tried to put you in harsh situations from which you could learn. As you grew up, the quests became harder and harder. Now you are almost an adult and ready to leave the house of your parents, so they decided to make a final quest for you. They want […] ...181 votes, average: 4.45 out of 5
Stone Forest is point and click for forest escape game created by Ainars and Zeb. Explore forest, find 8 stones and mushrooms for squirrel in order to escape. Good luck and have fun! ...211 votes, average: 4.40 out of 5
The climate of the world has been constantly changing in the last twenty years. The air pollution has started to tumble since the leaders of the world have made laws and regulations about the emission of poisonous gases given off by the factories. John is an expert in environmental disasters and he ...210 votes, average: 4.68 out of 5
Somehow you had an unexplained feeling. You felt the urge to go to the woods. It was like someone was controlling your legs and led you to an ancient building. It was destroyed long time ago, but some part of it still stood firmly. You entered through one of the doors. Suddenly, the wall started [&h ...128 votes, average: 4.60 out of 5
Everyone has secrets, we all know that. But it can be quite surprising that even a forest would want to hide something from the eyes of curious individuals. Of course, you can't just walk by and leave it alone. If you look around carefully, you can see patterns all over the place. I guess they [&hel ...232 votes, average: 4.47 out of 5


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 28, 1992
|Filing date
|Aug 3, 1990
|Priority date
|Aug 3, 1990
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Uziel Koren, Kang-Yih Liou
|Original Assignee
|At&T Bell Laboratories
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (51), Classifications (18), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to semiconductor optical amplifiers and, in particular, to an optical amplifier integrated on a substrate together with a monitoring photodetector.
This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/563,162 (Koren-Liou 11-3), which was filed concurrently herewith.
Conventional long haul communication systems comprise both optical and electronic components. For example, repeaters detect light photoelectrically, amplify the resulting current electronically and then use the amplified current to drive a semiconductor laser that reconverts the electrical signal back into an optical signal. The optical signal is then injected into an optical fiber to the next repeater in the system where the conversion from optical to electrical and back again to optical is repeated again.
In an all-optical transmission system, light once generated will be transmitted optically, received by optical detection and, more importantly, amplified optically such that there is no intermediate conversion from optical to electrical and then back to an optical form. Optical amplifiers afford direct optical amplification of an optical signal, which results in the elimination of the electronic processing. Accordingly, optical amplifiers will enable optical communication systems to have repeaters which have higher bandwidths, are physically smaller, simpler in design, more efficient to operate and more economically to produce.
Furthermore, with the performance of optical amplifiers relatively unaffected by changes in data bit rate or by the presence of additional channels at separate wavelengths, optical amplifiers will become key components in lightwave transmission and switching systems. Unfortunately, although optical amplifiers are integrable with other opto-electronic devices in photonic integrated circuits (PICs), it has been problematic to control the output power because the gain of an optical amplifier can be affected by both environmental effects, such as changes in source wavelength and polarization, as well as temperature variations and amplifier degradation. Accordingly, integrating a monitoring detector with the optical amplifier to monitor the output power therefrom seems to be a reasonable solution, other than utilizing bulk detectors and couplers, which are prohibitively lossy and expensive.
Unlike a semiconductor laser wherein a detector may be positioned on the back facet, no facet of the optical amplifier is available because both front and back facets are employed for ingressing and egressing optical radiation. As such, the only viable alternative is to employ an integrated branching waveguide, such as a Y-junction waveguide, to tap a fraction of the output power to monitor the amplifier. Because the injected optical radiation into the optical amplifier can be arbitrarily polarized, the power splitting ratio of the branching waveguide should be polarization invariant in order for the photogenerated current of the integrated detector to be used in a feedback configuration. Disadvantageously, optical amplifiers require more than 40 dB of optical isolation in order to suppress ripples in the gain spectrum resulting from residual Fabry-Perot resonances. Alternatively stated, the back-reflectivity of the Y-junction waveguide should be substantially smaller than the residual reflectivities of the anti-reflective coatings on the end facets of the optical amplifier.
Due to fabrication limitations, practical Y-junction waveguides have truncated wedge tips. See, for example, Sasaki et al., Electronics Letters, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 136-8 (1989). That is, a blunted Y-junction tip, which results in a substantial amount of optical back-reflection to the optical amplifier which has, because of deleterious effects to the amplifier, prohibited the monolithic integration of a coupled optical amplifier and monitoring photodetector via an optical branching waveguide.
In this invention, an optical amplifier and a photodetector are integrated on the same semiconductor substrate, the photodetector being optically coupled to the optical amplifier via a branching waveguide having low radiative loss and low back-reflectivity. Importantly, due to the low back-reflectivity, the branching waveguide is able to redirect a small portion of optical radiation from the optical amplifier to the photodetector without deleteriously affecting the performance of the optical amplifier. In particular, the branching waveguide is realized by employing between the branches of the waveguides, a junction region having a gradual decrease in effective refractive index such as to decrease the difference between the effective refractive indices at the optical interface of the truncated wedge tip as seen by optical radiation incident thereto from the optical amplifier.
Advantageously, the ability to monolithically integrate a photodetector and an optical amplifier affords an in-situ means to monitor the thickness of thin-film coatings deposited on the end facets of the amplifier. That is, the coating thickness may be optimized by maximizing the current from the photodetector.
With the gain of the optical amplifier dependent on the polarization of ingressing optical radiation, the device may further be used to measure the state of polarization of ingressing optical radiation incident on the optical amplifier.
A more complete understanding of the invention may be obtained by reading the following description in conjunction with the appended drawing in which:
FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an integrated optical amplifier, Y-junction waveguide and photodetector in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal cross section of the optical amplifier, the photodetector and the Y-junction waveguide illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a top plan view of the Y-junction waveguide illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIGs. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 show the effective refractive index profiles (X-axis) of the Y-junction waveguide of FIG. 3 for various planes along the Z-axis;
FIG. 9 shows a schematic diagram of the integrated structure of FIG. 1 in an feedback configuration with an external feedback loop for controlling the optical power output of the optical amplifier;
FIG. 10 shows the stabilized output power versus time profile for the feedback configuration illustrated in FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 shows the light versus current profiles for the integrated structure of FIG. 1 before and after anti-reflective coating an end facet; and
FIG. 12 shows the output power versus input polarization profile for the integrated structure of FIG. 1.
Optical amplifiers may be used in long-haul optical fiber communication systems where the information being transmitted is represented by encoded optical radiation which propagates through optical fibers. For error-free transmission, the intensity of the optical radiation should be maintained within a predetermined range, which is normally accomplished by diverting some of the optical radiation from the optical amplifier to a monitoring photodetector. In the prior art, the optical amplifier and photodetector are separate and distinct from each other, coupled externally by a bulk lossy fiber coupler. The monitoring photodetector measures the average power output from the optical amplifier, with a signal generated thereby to control a feedback circuit in order to adjust the optical output power within a desired predetermined range. Importantly, the control of the optical output power of the optical amplifier is necessary to compensate for environmental variations, such as changes in source wavelength and polarization, temperature variations and amplifier degradation. Although a separate monitoring photodetector is adequate for most application, it is highly desirable to have a photodetector integrated with the optical amplifier on the same semiconductor chip.
In this invention, an optical amplifier and monitoring photodetector are monolithically integrated, with the photodetector being optically coupled to the optical amplifier via a branching waveguide having negligible back-reflectivity. Importantly, the branching waveguide, which exhibits low radiative loss as well as low back-reflectivity, is realized by employing between the branches of the waveguide a junction region having a gradual decrease in the effective refractive index along the direction of optical propagation. In particular, this approach minimizes the effect of wedge tip truncation seen for incident optical radiation from the optical amplifier by reducing the difference in the refractive indices at the optical interface of a truncated wedge tip. It should be noted that the effective refractive index in the junction region between the branches specifically varies from the core index to the nominal cladding index of the branching waveguide. Advantageously, the low-reflectivity from the truncated wedge tip allows the optical amplifier to be monolithically integrated with and coupled to a monitoring photodetector because of the high optical isolation afforded by the branching waveguide's low back-reflectivity.
Turning to FIG. 1, there is shown a perspective view of an integrated optical amplifier 100 and monitoring photodetector 300 in accordance with the principles of the invention. A low loss, low reflection asymmetric Y-junction waveguide 200 optically coupled to amplifier 100 redirects a portion of the optical radiation from optical amplifier 100 to monitoring photodetector 300 with negligible back-reflection. The integration of optical amplifier 100 and photodetector 300 is predicated on the ability of Y-junction waveguide 200 to divert a portion of light from optical amplifier 100 to photodetector 300 without substantially reflecting any optical radiation from the truncated wedge tip back to optical amplifier 100. Typical lengths for amplifier 100, Y-junction waveguide 200 and photodetector 300 are 850 μm, 1640 μm and 170 μm, respectively.
Optical amplifier 100, photodetector 300, and Y-junction waveguide 200 are fabricated on n-type, InP substrate 160. In general, in order to fabricate Y-junction waveguide 200, it is generally necessary for the effective refractive index of the material surrounding the waveguiding regions (the cladding) to be less than the effective refractive index of waveguiding regions (the core) such that the structure can guide optical radiation of the appropriate wavelength from optical amplifier 100 by means of total internal reflection to photodetector 300. Y-junction waveguide 200 comprises straight output branch 240 and side branch 260 having a 3.5� bend thereto.
Integrated optical amplifier 100, photodetector 300 and Y-junction waveguide 200 are fabricated from III-V semiconductor materials. Other semiconductor materials, however, may be utilized which have appropriate refractive indices. Standard fabrication techniques such as melta-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and regrowth, wet chemical etching, and photolithography are employed to fabricate the structure. These fabrication techniques are well-known to those persons of ordinary skill in the art and, thus, not discussed in detail here.
In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 1, optical amplifier 100 is optical coupled to p-i-n photodetector 300 via Y-junction waveguide 200. Optical radiation which impinges on the front facet of optical amplifier 100 is amplified by active InGaAsP layer 130 (1.3 μm bandgap layer). Moreover, the confined optical radiation is then coupled to adjacent InGaAsP passive straight branch waveguide 240 (1.1 μm bandgap layer), extending from and underlying active InGaAsP layer 130, as shown in FIG. 2 illustrating the cross sectional thereof. It should be noted that active InGaAsP layer 130 is removed from passive waveguide areas. Straight branch waveguide 240 is used as an output port while side branch waveguide 260 extends to and underlies active InGaAsP layer 330 (1.3 μm bandgap energy layer), optically coupling about 10% of the incident optical radiation to p-i-n detector 300. Similar to a portion of straight branch waveguide 240 in the active amplifier section, side branch waveguide 260 in a portion of the photodetector section is adjacent to active InGaAsP layer 330 for coupling optical radiation to photodetector 300. It should be noted that the location of buried Y-junction waveguide 200, that is straight and side branch waveguides 260 and 240, are shown projected on the top surface by dotted lines.
Both side and straight branch waveguide 260 and 240, respectively, are passive InGaAsP (1.1 μm bandgap) waveguide mesas buried by a semi-insulating InP region 120. Angles other than 3.5� between the branches may be used for different desired power splitting ratio. Generally, the power splitting ratio is controlled by the widths W1 and W2 of straight branch waveguide 240 and side branch waveguide 260, respectively, and the angle θ between the branches. For higher optical power propagating to straight branch waveguide 240 than side branch waveguide 260, the width W2 should be narrower than the width W1. Furthermore, the angle may be chosen in accordance with the desired power division and is, generally, limited to a few degrees because of fabrication limitations and bending loss considerations.
Importantly, a gradual change in the effective refractive index along the Z-axis in junction region 280 between side branch 260 and straight branch 240 is employed to reduce the effect of the wedge truncation seen by optical radiation eggressing from optical amplifier 100. Typically, the refractive effective index of junction region 280 has a linear gradient index profile along the Z-axis, varying from the core index to the cladding index of straight and side branch waveguides 240 and 260, respectively. Other profiles may, however, be employed such as a parabolic, exponential or step function profile. It is contemplated that in the preferred embodiment, both side and straight branch waveguides are single mode waveguides.
A semi-insulating blocked planar buried heterostructure (SIPBH) waveguide with an active InGaAsP layer (1.3 μm bandgap energy) structure is employed for both optical amplifier 100 and p-i-n photodetector 300. A Fe doped semi-insulating InP region 120 is used for both current blocking and transverse optical confinement in optical amplifier 100 and photodetector 300. Note that the active layer is removed for passive Y-junction waveguide 200 and, thus, optical amplifier 100 and photodetector 300 are similar to Y-junction waveguide 200 except for active InGaAsP layers 130, 330 and p conductivity type layers 150, 350, which facilitate electrical contact to the respective active InGaAsP layers.
Importantly, junction region 280 between the branches of the Y-junction has a gradual change in the effective refractive index along the Z-axis, as discussed aboveherein, to reduce the effect of the wedge tip truncation seen by an optical mode propagating therein from optical amplifier 100. This may be accomplished, as is the case here, by a gradual decrease along the Z-axis in thickness of an InGaAsP region in Y-junction region 280 underlying InP region 120. Semi-insulating InP region 120 is also used for a top passive cladding waveguide region because it has a smaller absorption loss coefficient than p conductivity type layers 150, 350. As an example, passive InGaAsP straight and side waveguides 240 and 260, respectively, and active InGaAsP layers 130, 330 have respective thickness of 0.35 μm and 0.9 μm. Moreover, the widths of both the active and passive waveguides outside Y-junction area 290 are 2.5 μm.
In FIG. 3, a top plan view of Y-junction waveguide 200 is illustrated. For convenience of description, the direction from straight waveguide 240 toward side waveguide 260 is taken as the Z-axis and the direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing is taken as the Y-axis in order to define a X-Y-Z coordinate system, as shown in FIG. 3. The 2.5 μm width W of the straight branch waveguide 240 is tapered by a 80 μm tapering length for adiabatic mode propagation into Y-junction area 290. Power division occurs by mode conversion at the Y-junction, with the modal behavior dominated by the abrupt transition at the truncated wedge tip 210. The widths of the waveguides at junction tip 210 are 2.2 μm and 3.3 μm for side branch waveguide 260 and straight branch waveguide 240, respectively. Further, the width of truncated wedge tip 210 is 0.8 μm. In this exemplary structure, the widths of both waveguides are tapered back to a width W of 2.5 μm at about 100 μm outside of the Y-junction tip, as shown in FIG. 3.
The integrated structure of optical amplifier 100, p-i-n photodetector 300 and Y-junction waveguide 200 is realized by three epitaxial growth steps and by conventional photolithography and wet chemical etching. That is, a planar metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth for InGaAsP active layers 130, 330 and InGaAsP passive waveguide layers 240, 260 followed by two MOCVD regrowths for blocking layers 120 and cap layers 150, 350. After active layers 130, 330 and passive waveguide layer 240, 260 are grown on n-type InP substrate 160, 2-3 μm wide mesas are etched using a SiO2 mask in order to form active regions 130 and 330, and straight branch region 240 and side branch waveguide 260. In particular, Y-junction waveguide mesas and the active waveguide mesas are etched using a SiO2 mask with the straight sections parallel to the [011] orientation. It should be noted that passive Y-junction waveguide 200 will be similar to the active section, that is optical amplifier 100 and photodetector 300, except for active layer 130, 330 and cap layers 150, 350. Typically, the total height of the active waveguide mesas are 1.5-2 μm, and the height of the Y-junction mesa is less than 1 μm. Next, a MOCVD regrowth is performed for forming semi-insulating block InP region 120. The active waveguide is completely planarized with semi-insulating InP region 120, while the passive Y-branch is covered thereby. The SiO2 mask is removed and cap layers 150, 350 grown by MOCVD over active regions 130 and 330 of optical amplifier 100 and photodetector 300, respectively. Cap layers 150, 350 consist of a 1.5 μm p-InP layer followed by a 0.5 μm p+ InGaAs layer.
In order to obtain the effective refractive index profile along various points of the Y-junction waveguide as shown in FIGS. 4 through 8, the processing steps are different than conventional photolithographic steps. The passive InGaAsP between side branch waveguide 260 and straight branch waveguide 240 is only partially removed by a shallow etch when defining waveguide mesas 240 and 260, as discussed above. With the side and straight branch waveguides defined by silicon dioxide mask and the shallow etched Y-junction area covered by photoresist, a second deep etch produces the passive InGaAsP waveguide mesas. The thickness of the shallow etched InGaAsP layer which remains between the two branches is 0.2 μm and tapers to zero over a length of 100 μm from Y-junction tip 210. The regrowth of semi-insulating InP region 120 over the InGaAsP layer buries the passive waveguides, giving the effective refractive index shown in FIGS. 4 through 8. Active layers 130, 330, however, are subsequently covered by a third MOCVD growth of the p-InP and p InGaAs contact layers as discussed above. These layers in the passive waveguide and Y-junction areas are subsequently removed by chemical etching. All the etching steps above are done using standard selective etchants, such as a 2:1 mixture of HCl:H3 PO4 for InP and a 3:1:1 mixture of H2 SO4 :H2 O2 :H2 O for InGaAsP and InGaAs.
Those persons skilled in the art will readily note that optical amplifier 100 is formed by depositing antireflective coatings on the end facets. However, it is further contemplated that optical amplifier 100 may be made into a laser either by integrating a grating in order to provide distributed feedback or by utilizing the Fabry-Perot resonances from the end facets, if made to have a sufficiently high reflectivity. See, for example, K. Y Liou et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. Vol. 54 No. 2 pp. 114-6 (1989).
In operation, the current of photodetector 300 tracks the optical amplifier output power. FIG. 9 illustrates a schematic of an external feedback circuit that was added to integrated structure 10 to permit the output power to be automatically maintained constant over a specified range of input power levels and polarization. Feedback circuit 500 compares the current from photodetector 300 with a reference value at differential amplifier 510 that adjusts the bias current to optical amplifier 100. Shown in FIG. 10 is the recorded trace of the amplifier output power as stablized by feedback circuit 500. It should be noted that a constant output power of 3.5 mW is demonstrated with the input power (>30 μW) allowed to vary and the input polarization allowed to rotate about +/-25�. Alternatively, since integrated Y-junction waveguide 200 is polarization independent, while optical amplifier 100 is polarization dependent, a fiber polarization controller 520 may be utilized to optimize the optical gain by maximizing current from photodetector 300. That is, polarization controller 520 may be operated electrically via feedback circuit 500 such that the peak photocurrent can be used to automatically maintain maximum amplifier gain.
Before anti-reflective coating the end facets of the structure of FIG. 1, optical amplifier 100 operates as composite-cavity laser, having approximately a threshold current of 80 mA at 22� C. FIG. 11 illustrates the typical photocurrent generated by unbiased photodetector 300 as a function of the amplifier bias current Ib before and after anti-reflective coating an output facet of integrated structure 10. By coating both facets, a traveling wave amplifier is formed. With an injected current of 130 mA into optical amplifier 100, the spontaneous emission spectrum exhibits ripples of ˜0.4 dB due to residual Fabry-Perot resonances, with mode separation of 0.9 Å. This clearly indicates only residual reflections from the two facets occurs and, more importantly, that negligible reflection occurs at the Y-junction tip. Injecting optical radiation (1.3 μm wavelength) into active InGaAsP layer 130, the optical signal gain versus injection current was measured for both the TE and TM cases. These measurements indicate approximately a 20 dB gain for TE polarization, with the signal gain a few db less for TM polarization.
It is to be understood that the above described invention is not limited to an optical amplifier, but can be also be used with other devices. Regardless of the specific device use, it is important to be able to monitor and control the output power of the device. Clearly, device structures that incorporate a detector on the same chip as an optical amplifier or the like are important because such integrated devices can provide the full benefits which result from integration, such as compactness, reliability, low cost, and high performance.
It is important to realize that for the structure to be made into an optical amplifier, the end facts of the device must be anti-reflective coated. Otherwise, if the facets of the structure are partially reflective, spontaneous emission that results from current injection will resonate back and forth with each pass to produce lasing. As such, optical amplifiers are critically dependent on the residual reflectivity because any residual reflection causes ripples in the gain spectrum as a result of Fabry-Perot resonances. Currently, the end facets of prior art optical amplifiers are anti-reflective coated by thin film deposition. A primary disadvantage of this methods is that the thickness of coating for optimum performance cannot be accurately monitored in-situ by an external photodetector.
The ability to monolithically integrate a photodetector with an optical amplifier affords an in-situ anti-reflection coating technique. The coating material may be applied to an exposed facet while the amplifier is biased. In operation, the optimum anti-reflective coating thickness is determined when the photo-generated current from monitoring detector 300 reaches a minimum, for a specific bias current, according to the graph shown in FIG. 11. Note that if a high reflective coating is desired, such as for lasing, the coating thickness may be optimized by maximizing the photocurrent from photodetector 300.
Illustrated in FIG. 12 is the variation of the amplified output power with rotation of the input polarization. Electrically controlling the polarizer in a feedback configuration by the photocurrent realizes a polarization feedback loop which operates automatically to maintain a maximum amplifier gain if the photocurrent is maximized. Additionally, as illustrated by FIG. 12, the photocurrent generated is highly dependent on the polarization of the ingressing optical radiation. Thus, it is possible to measure the degree of polarization by correlating the photocurrent to the state of polarization vis-a-vis FIG. 12. That is, a polarization detector can be realized by utilizing the device of FIG. 1 and measuring the generated photocurrent. Of course, this assumes that the measured photocurrents are normalized.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 26, 1990
Owner name: AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:LIOU, KANG-YIH;KOREN, UZIEL;REEL/FRAME:005458/0794;SIGNING DATES FROM 19900918 TO 19900919
|Dec 21, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Dec 30, 1999
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Year of fee payment: 8
|Jan 16, 2004
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