text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 22, 2008
|Filing date
|Dec 11, 2002
|Priority date
|Dec 11, 2002
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Zhigang Liu
|Original Assignee
|Nokia Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Non-Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (10), Classifications (11), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to a method and a network element for conveying data packets in a network.
The present invention relates to compression of payload carried in data packets, e.g., IP (Internet Protocol) packets and/or UDP and TCP packets. The purpose of such compression is to reduce IP traffic throughput, especially over bandwidth limited links (e.g. air interface, radio links).
The compression/decompression can be performed either a) end-to-end, or b) only on a segment of the packet traversal path that has limited bandwidth. For example, the compression can be performed in a router and/or central network elements like GGSN (Gateway GPRS Supporting Node, GPRS=General Packet Radio Service) or SGSN (Serving GPRS Supporting Node), for example.
In certain architectures, the compression is not performed end-to-end. Instead, it is applied in an intermediate node on the traversal path of IP packets. If the source or another node before the compressor already applied encryption, compression will not reduce the packet size due to the nature of encryption. Therefore, the Central Processing Unit CPU resource is simply wasted.
This may occur, for example, in the above-described architecture b) when UDP/TCP packets carry data encrypted by TLS/SSL, as described in Dierks, T. and C. Allen, "The TLS Protocol", IETF RFC 2246, January 1999. Namely, in architecture b), a compressor may not be located at the packet source. Therefore, the compressor may receive UDP/TCP packets carrying data that has been encrypted by TLS/SSL. If it blindly compresses those packets, it will not reduce packet size and thus the CPU resource and memory resource are simply wasted.
Another example for the applied encryption is ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) which is described in Kent, S., and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload", RFC 2406, November 1998.
Thus, there is a problem in the prior art that compression of data packets is performed although it would not be necessary.
Thus, the object underlying the present invention resides in improving the performance of the compression function when handling data packets that have already been encrypted before the compressor.
This object is solved by a method for conveying data packets in a network, comprising the steps of
Alternatively, the above object is solved by a network element adapted to convey data packets in a network, wherein the network element is adapted to examine whether a received data packet is encrypted,
Thus, according to the invention, compression of payload of a data packet that has already been encrypted is avoided. Namely, a good encryption algorithm tends to remove pattern (i.e. redundancy) from the original data. Thus, a compression of encrypted data will not reduce the data size and, thus, would be a waste of CPU resource.
This is in particular important for a compressor located in a router that needs to process large amounts of IP packets at very high speed.
Hence, the performance of the compression function is improved.
The examining step may be performed by detecting whether the use of a particular encryption algorithm is indicated in the header of the data packet. Thus, a decision whether a data packet is encrypted can simply be performed by checking the header of the data packet, which needs to be read anyway by, for example, a router which forwards the data packet.
The particular encryption algorithm may be Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP).
In case it is decided that the data packet is encrypted, before the compression step, the following steps may be carried out:
In this way, a problem which occurs on using a so-called NULL encryption algorithm can be handled. Namely, the encryption can be indicated in the header of the data packet, for example, such that this would lead to the impression that the data packet is encrypted, even if the encryption algorithm used is the NULL algorithm. However, the NULL encryption does nothing with the data packet, so that a compression thereof would be effective. Hence, according to this aspect of the invention, the data packet encrypted with the NULL encryption algorithm is compressed although it is encrypted.
Information regarding the group of data packets may be listed in a lookup table, wherein the information may comprise at least a destination address of the data packet and the compression indication. Thus, the corresponding data packets encrypted with the NULL algorithm can easily be identified by the destination address, and from the compression indication it can easily be derived whether the particular data packet is to be compressed or not. The compression indication may be a flag.
Furthermore, the data packets may be identified by the above destination address and a Security Parameters Index (SPI) which is also to be stored in the lookup table. That is, the group of data packets may be identified by using the concept of Security Association (SA).
In case the data packet does not belong to a group of data packets encrypted with the NULL encryption algorithm, a new entry in the lookup table may be created, wherein the group of data packets may be identified by a destination address of the packet, and wherein
In this way, the table can reliably be updated.
The result of compression is evaluated by checking a percentage of compression. Namely, a certain threshold X %<100% can be set, and wherein in case the percentage of compression is smaller than X, it can be decided that the compression was successful and that the other data packets belonging to that particular group identified by the destination address should also be compressed.
Moreover, a table for fragmented data packets may be provided, a data packet being identified therein by at least a source address, a destination address and a compression indication indicating whether this data packet should be compressed or not, wherein in the examining step, the following steps may be carried out:
In this way, the problem of fragmented data packets can be handled, the headers of which do not indicate whether they are encrypted or not. By providing the table for fragmented data packets, the fragmented data packets can be identified and it can be decided from the table (i.e., the compression indication, which may be a flag) whether the data packet should be compressed or not.
In case it is examined that the data packet is encrypted, a new entry in the table for fragmented data packets may be created, wherein the compression indication is set depending on whether the encrypted data packet should be compressed or not.
Thus, the table for fragmented data packets can reliably be updated.
Furthermore, in the examining step it may be checked whether the data packet belongs to a group of encrypted data packets, and when the data packet belongs to a group of encrypted data packets, the data packet is not compressed.
Thus, groups of data packets may be formed, for which it is clear that compression is to be performed or not to be performed. Hence, it is not necessary to carry out further examination whether this particular data packet is encrypted or not.
It may be checked whether the data packet belongs to the group of encrypted data packets by checking the source and/or destination connection type of the data packet. That is, the data packet may be identified by the connection type.
Furthermore, a table may provided in which connections in a network using encryption are stored, wherein for each entry a source address, a destination address and a destination connection type indication is stored.
Thus, whole connection types may be identified which convey only encrypted data packet. For example, such a connection may be TLS/SSL (Transport Layer Security/Security Sockets Layer).
In the examining step, the following steps may be carried out:
In this way, the data packets identified by the source and destination addresses and connection type can be left uncompressed, since it is known from the table that packets of this group are encrypted.
In case the data packet is received via a specific connection type and no match is found, the data packet is searched for an indication of a specific encryption procedure, and in case the indication is found, a new entry is created in the table with the source address, destination address and connection type of the data packet.
The connection type may be defined by a port number. For example, in IP, the "normal" port number for the HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Layer) protocol is 80, whereas HTTP protocol over TLS uses port number 443.
The specific encryption procedure may be a Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. In particular, the indication for this may be a specific message included in a data packet, e.g., a so-called 101 response.
In the following, preferred embodiments are described by referring to the enclosed drawings.
Compression of payload in data packets (e.g., IP packets) is an effective approach to reduce IP traffic throughput, especially over the air interface where bandwidth is limited.
As already described in the foregoing, in certain architectures the compression is not performed end-to-end. Instead, it is applied in an intermediate node on the traversal path of IP packets. An example is shown in
According to the first embodiment, a procedure is employed by which compression of IP packets that have already been compressed is avoided.
In the following, ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) is used as an example to describe the scheme since it is the current standard in Internet Task Engineering Force (IETF) for encryption at IP layer. However, the embodiment can be applied to IP packets encrypted by any other encryption protocols developed in the future as long as they can be identified by checking IP headers.
Moreover, as an example the compressor incorporated in the router as shown in
In the following, the procedure according to the first embodiment is described by referring to the flow chart shown in
1.) When the compressor receives an IP packet, it first checks whether the packet is encrypted in step S1. In detail, the compressor checks if ESP has been applied to this packet. This can be done because the protocol header (Ipv4, Ipv6, or Extension) immediately preceding the ESP header will contain the value 50 in its Protocol (Ipv4) or Next Header (Ipv6, Extension) field. This is defined in Kent, S., and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload", RFC 2406, November 1998. So, the compressor can simply check those header fields to see if its value is 50. The decision is illustrated in step S2.
2.) If the compressor has found that the data packet is encrypted in step S2, i.e., if the ESP header is found, the compressor will not compress these IP packets (i.e., the payload of the packets) as shown in step S4. However, if the packet is not encrypted, i.e., the ESP header is not found, the packet will be compressed, as illustrated in step S3.
The procedure according to the first embodiment works perfectly in case the encryption can be reliably recognized by checking the header. However, there is one minor problem in case the so-called NULL encryption algorithm is used for an ESP packet. The NULL encryption algorithm is described in Glenn, R., and S. Kent, "The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its Use With Ipsec", RFC 2410, November 1998.
Essentially, NULL encryption algorithm does nothing. That is, the NULL algorithm can be defined mathematically by the use of the Identiy function I applied to a block of data b:
It is a convenient way to represent the option of not applying encryption. Compression should still be applied to payload carried in ESP when NULL encryption is used. Otherwise, some compression efficiency will be lost.
According to the second embodiment, it is described how it can be figured out whether NULL encryption algorithm was used in an ESP packet. Note that there is no self-identifying field in IP and ESP headers to indicate which encryption algorithm is used. That is, it is not possible to identify the kind of encryption algorithm, so that also the NULL algorithm is identified as a normal encryption algorithm although it actually does not encrypt.
One way to tackle the problem is to use the concept of Security Association (SA). The Security Association is described in Kent, S., and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
An SA is uniquely identified by a triple <Security Parameters Index (SPI), destination IP address, security protocol identifier>. The security protocol may be ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) as described above, for example. One can derive the SA for any given IP packet since all of the three values are carried in headers (SPI in ESP header and the other two in IP header). In addition, the encryption algorithm (among many other security parameters) does not change for packets that have the same SA. Therefore, if the compressor can detect or guess if NULL encryption is used for the first ESP packet associated with a particular SA, it then knows whether it should compress the subsequent packets for that SA.
The procedure according to the second embodiment which is based on this idea is referred to as Scheme B.
1.) The compressor maintains an SA lookup table that conceptually has three columns: destination IP address, SPI, and a C-flag. C-flag is to indicate whether packets for this SA should be compressed.
(Note: there is no column for security protocol identifier in the table as it assumed in this example that ESP is the encryption protocol. If new encryption protocols are developed in the future in IETF, the compressor can have two options: a) add protocol identifier to the lookup table and use the same table for all encryption protocols; or b) maintain a separate lookup table for each encryption protocol. Option b) is better since in reality, the number of IP encryption protocols should be very small. ESP will be probably the only IP encryption protocol for the foreseeable future.)
2.) Initially, the SA lookup table is empty.
3.) When the compressor receives an IP packet, it first checks if the packet carries ESP following the step 1) in Scheme A according to the first embodiment (i.e., steps S1 and S2 in
4.) If, however, the packet carries ESP (yes in step S2), the compressor will search the SA lookup table for an entry with the same destination IP address and SPI as carried in the packet (step S5).
If a matching entry is found (yes in step S6), the process proceeds to step S7 in which it the value of the C-flag is evaluated. In case the C-flag is set to true, the compressor compresses the packet (step S3). On the other hand, if the C-Flag is not TRUE, i.e., set on FALSE, the compressor will not compress the packet.
5.) If no matching entry is found in Step S6, the compressor will create a new entry in the SA lookup table using the destination IP address and SPI carried in the packet (step S8). Then, it will compress the IP payload (step S9).
Thereafter, the size of the compressed packet is evaluated in step S10. For this, an implementation parameter X may be defined, with X %<100%. If the compression yields a smaller packet whose size is equal to or less than X % of the original one, it will assume NULL encryption algorithm was used for this SA and set the C-flag in the entry to TRUE (S11). Namely, if the packet size is considerably reduced, it can be assumed that no encryption took place. Otherwise, it will set C-flag to FALSE (S12).
6.) The existing entries in the SA lookup table can be deleted. This is an implementation issue. For example, the compressor can choose the timeout approach by deleting an entry that has not been matched after a certain period of time. In addition, if the table size reaches some predefined upper bound, the compressor may need to delete an existing entry to make room for a new one. Different replacement policies can be used here. For example, the compressor may replace the least recently used (LRU) entry in the table.
It is noted that in the scheme B according to the second embodiment, an over-simplified structure of lookup table is used above to illustrate the concept. However, a real implementation should use the standard techniques such hashing and binary search to speed up the SA lookup in Step B4). With those techniques, the CPU cost of the SA lookup should be negligible compared to that of compressing an IP packet. This means that even a small "hit" (i.e. the lookup result is not to compress) rate will lead to a gain in reducing the overall CPU consumption. Note that the worst-case scenario in which all SAs use NULL encryption (i.e. hit rate=0%) is unlikely in practice.
Moreover, it is possible that for an SA using NULL encryption, the first packet coincidentally carries uncompressible data. In that case, Step B5) will lead a compressor to believe incorrectly that the SA uses non-NULL encryption algorithm. The result would be that the compressor does not compress the subsequent packets for that SA although they may be compressible. However, such possibility is too small to have any significant impact over the overall compression ratio.
Furthermore, it is noted that scheme B according to the second embodiment requires additional memory than Scheme A according to the first embodiment, since the SA lookup table has to be stored. However, this is not be a problem for two reasons. First, the lookup table only needs about 9 bytes per entry for IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) and 21 bytes for IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), for example. Second, for each entry corresponding to an SA that does not use NULL encryption algorithm, the reward is the savings of CPU consumption that would be wasted otherwise to compress all packets belonging to that SA. This benefit outweighs the cost.
In certain cases, it may be desirable to use scheme A according to the first embodiment instead of scheme B according to the second embodiment for its simplicity. The choice depends on the trade-off between memory, CPU and compression ratio (or equivalently the throughput after compression). If a %=percentage of IP packets received by a compressor that are encrypted, and b %=percentage of those encrypted packets that are encrypted using NULL algorithm, the degradation of overall compression ratio is in the order of a %*b % when Scheme A is used. If the degradation is small or tolerable, a system may choose Scheme A to reduce memory and CPU cost.
Note that the cost reduction is due to both the absence of SA lookup table and the fact that a %*b % packets are not compressed.
It is noted that in the third embodiment the Security Association (SA) is only an example for a group of data packets which can be identified by at least the destination address. Other groups are possible, which can reliably be identified.
In addition, it is possible that there are fragmented ESP packets. In particular, it is possible that an IP packet encrypted using ESP may be fragmented before it reaches the compressor. In that case, the ESP header will be carried only in the first fragment and not in the subsequent fragments. Consequently, the compressor cannot identify the subsequent fragments as encrypted and will not avoid compressing them.
However, ESP fragmentation has negligible impact on effectiveness of the invention. It has been measured that only about 5% of ESP packets are fragmented on Internet links. This is described in Shannon, C., Moore, D., and K. Claffy, "Characteristics of Fragmented IP Traffic on Internet Links", Proceedings of the First ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Measurement Workshop November 2001, for example. Assuming two fragments per original ESP packet (which is also observed as the most typical case in the above-mentioned document), only about 2.5% of all encrypted packets will be not be identified by the invention. It is noted that it is not to be expected that the fragmentation rate will increase in future because IP fragmentation is considered harmful to Internet and is therefore avoided whenever possible.
According to the third embodiment, a procedure is presented to solve the problem regarding the handling of fragmented ESP packets. This solution is presented in the following by referring to a flowchart in
Namely, the procedure according to the first or the second embodiment can be extended with a fragmentation lookup table (similar to the SA lookup table). Each entry of the table consists of tuple <source IP address, destination IP address, IP Identification, protocol, C-flag> in case of Ipv4, or <source IP address, destination IP address and IP Identification, C-flag> in case of Ipv6. Note that the tuple uniquely identifies all fragments belonging to one original IP packet.
Upon receiving an ESP packet, the compressor creates an entry in the table corresponding to the packet. When receiving a non-ESP packet, the compressor searches the table for a match. If a match is found, that means the received packet is a fragment of an original ESP packet even though itself does not carry an ESP header. Then the compressor can decide whether to compress it according to the C-flag.
That is, in the procedure according to the third embodiment as shown in
In case of the second embodiment, steps S5 and subsequent may follow. Depending on whether the compression of the data packet was actually carried out, the C-Flag is set in step S27. That is, in case the packet was compressed in step S26, the C-flag is set true, otherwise the C-flag is set false.
If a non-ESP packet is received (no in step S21), it is possible that this packet is a fragmented packet. Hence, the fragmentation lookup table is searched for the same source IP address, the same destination IP address, the same IP identification and the same protocol in step S23. If a match is found in step S24, then the compression is carried out according to the C-flag (S25) which is part of the found entry (part of the above-described tuple). On the other hand, if no match is found, the compression is carried out as described above in the first or second embodiment.
In the third embodiment it is described that the a fragmented data packet is identified by the tuple <source IP address, destination IP address, IP Identification, protocol, C-flag> in case of Ipv4, or <source IP address, destination IP address and IP Identification, C-flag> in case of Ipv6.
In the following, a fourth and a fifth embodiments of the invention is described.
The fourth and fifth embodiments are related to compression of payload carried in UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) packets. In particular, according to the fourth and fifth embodiment procedures are employed which detect and avoid compression of UDP/TCP payload that has been encrypted by TLS/SSL (Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer).
Two procedures will be described below which solve the problem in two different cases. The first one is described in the fourth embodiment and applies to various applications, while the second one is described in the fifth embodiment and is specific to HTTP/1.1 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/1.1). Note that they are independent to each other and can be implemented either together or individually.
The procedure according to the fourth embodiment (in the following also referred to as "procedure 1") filters TLS packets based on port numbers.
In TCP/IP and UDP networks, a port is an endpoint to a logical connection. The port number identifies what type of port it is. The historical practice of deploying TLS/SSL is to assign parallel (with respect to "normal") secure port numbers for applications running over TLS/SSL. This allows an endpoint to easily disambiguate between packet flows over TLS/SSL and those that do not. For example, the well-known "normal" port number for HTTP protocol is 80 while HTTP protocol over TLS uses port number 443.
The above practice makes it possible for a compressor to filter out TLS/SSL packets based on port number. This procedure is described in the following by referring to
A compressor maintains a list of well-known or registered secure port numbers (see below about where to obtain them). When a UDP/TCP packet arrives, the compressor detects the source and destination port number of the packet (step S31). Thereafter, the compressor searches the port number list for the same source and destination port number of the packet (step S32). That is, if either the source or the destination port number equals one of the special value, this is considered as a match. I.e., it is sufficient if only one of them matches. If a match is found (yes in step S33), the packet carries TLS/SSL encrypted data and should not be compressed (step S34). Otherwise (no in step S33), the compressor can compress the packet (S35). Preferably, however, the compressor can base its decision whether to compress the packet or not on other factors (e.g. current CPU load and/or acceptable processing delay).
The well-known and registered secure port numbers can be found at http://www.iana.org/assignments/port-numbers, for example. Below is the list as of Jul. 19, 2002. Note that the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) has deprecated the above practice of issuing parallel secure port numbers to avoid running out of port number space. However, this does not affect the applicability of the procedure according to the fourth embodiment to those port numbers already assigned to TLS/SSL.
IIOP Name Service over TLS/SSL
IIOP Name Service over TLS/SSL
http protocol over TLS/SSL
http protocol over TLS/SSL
nntp protocol over TLS/SSL (was
nntp protocol over TLS/SSL (was
ldap protocol over TLS/SSL (was
ldap protocol over TLS/SSL (was
ftp protocol, data, over TLS/SSL
ftp protocol, data, over TLS/SSL
ftp prot., contr., over TLS/SSL
ftp prot., contr., over TLS/SSL
telnet protocol over TLS/SSL
telnet protocol over TLS/SSL
imap4 protocol over TLS/SSL
imap4 protocol over TLS/SSL
irc protocol over TLS/SSL
irc protocol over TLS/SSL
pop3 protocol over TLS/SSL (was
pop3 protocol over TLS/SSL (was
xTrade over TLS/SSL
xTrade over TLS/SSL
With the procedure according to the fourth embodiment, the CPU and memory cost is extremely small and far outweighed by gain in resource savings due to the avoidance of wasteful compression.
Next, the case is discussed in which HTTP/1.1 over TLS is detected on a normal port number by way of a fifth embodiment of the invention.
As mentioned above, the historical practice to run HTTP (as described in Fielding, etc., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol 1.1—HTTP/1.1", IETF RFC 2616, June 1999, for example) over TLS/SSL is to use UDP or TCP port number 443 (as described in Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", IETF RFC 2818, May 2000). However, Khare, R. and S. Lawrence, "Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1", IETF RFC 2817, May 2000 introduces an upgrade mechanism in HTTP/1.1 to initiate TLS over an existing TCP connection. In particular, this means an HTTP server or client can send unsecured data over the well known port number 80 and later "switch on" TLS to carry secured HTTP data.
In this case, the procedure according to the fourth embodiment is not applicable since here the same port number is used for unsecured data (i.e., non-encrypted data packets) and for secured data (i.e., encrypted packets). However, a compressor can detect the upgrade event by scanning HTTP header fields and thus avoid compressing TLS data. The key is that before a TLS handshake starts, the HTTP server must send the intermediate "101 Switching Protocol" and must include an Upgrade response header containing "TLS/1.0" as the target protocol ("Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1", IETF RFC 2817, section 3.3):
Below is the detailed procedure for a compressor to detect TLS over TCP port number 80:
The compressor maintains a lookup table for HTTP connections over TLS. Each entry in the table will store a tuple <server IP address, client IP address, client port number>. Note that, since 80 is known as the port number at the HTTP server, it does not need to be included. Initially, the table is empty.
For each received TCP packet, the compressor will take the following procedure:
If source port number = 80 {
/* the packet is
sent from the HTTP server */
Extract <source IP address, destination IP
address, destination port number> from packet
Search the lookup table for a match
If mach found, the packet carries TLS encrypted
data, do not compress
Else {
Scan the packet, from the beginning, for
101 response as shown above (see below for
If found, add <source IP address,
destination IP address, destination port
number> to the lookup table
Else, do nothing
Else if destination port number = 80 {
/* the packet is sent from an HTTP client */
Extract <destination IP address, source IP
address, source port number> from packet
Search the lookup table for a match
If mach found, the packet carries TLS encrypted
data, do not compress
Else, do nothing
Else {/* the TCP packet does not carry HTTP data */
Do nothing
/* That is, the compression of the packet
is decided based on other factors, e.g., as in
method 1 */
The above procedure is also illustrated in the flowchart shown in
If a match is found (yes in step S45), the packet carries TLS encrypted data and is not compressed (step S46) and the routine ends. If no match is found, the packet is scanned for the 101 response in step S47. In case it is found (yes in step S48), a new entry is created in the above lookup-table in step S49. Otherwise, the routine ends.
If in step S42 the source port number is not 80, the procedure advances to step S51 in
If, however, the destination port number is 80 (yes in step S51), the source IP address, the destination IP address and the source port number are extracted from the packet in step S52. Then, similar to step S44, the lookup table is searched for a match in step S53. If a match is found (yes in step S54), the packet carries TLS encrypted data and is not compressed (step S55). On the other hand, if no match is found, the packet does not carry TLS encrypted data. Hence, it can be compressed (step S56) or the decision whether to compress it or not can be based on other factors.
Notes for searching "101 Switching Protocol" response in a TCP packet: a) the response must consist of 4 lines: 3 non-empty lines (see above) and the last line is empty; b) each line must be terminated with CRLF; c) search must be case-insensitive; d) "Switching Protocols" in the first line is not essential, i.e., it must still be considered a match if the first line contains different words or even no words after "101". It is noted that the above CRLF stands for CR—Carriage return (an SCII control character) and LF—Linefeed (an ASCII control character).
Moreover it is noted that the above scheme works for any port number (other than 80) that the compressor knows is carrying HTTP data. For example, a client behind a firewall may be configured to use a different TCP port number X, instead of 80, to talk to a proxy server in order to access external web sites. In that case, one can simply create another lookup table for the port number X and replace 80 with X in the logic described above.
The above scheme works also for transport other than TCP. Combined with above note, one can simply create a lookup table for each combination of (transport protocol, known HTTP port number for that protocol).
In implementation, the table lookup time can be reduced by techniques such as binary search and hashing. Creating multiple lookup tables as described above is already a good (divide-and-conquer) way of speed up the lookup procedure.
Although possible in theory, it is unlikely that a "101 Switching Protocols" response from a HTTP server will not appear in the beginning of the TCP packet carrying them. For simplicity and efficiency, the abnormal cases can be ignored, since these cases occur so rarely that a further procedure designed for these would not be efficient.
An entry of the lookup table can be deleted based on timeout since last time of access, or by detecting close of the connection (e.g. sniffing FIN in TCP header). (It is noted that FIN is a control flag in TCP header which indicates that there is no more data from the TCP sender. It is used in the procedure to terminate a TCP connection.)
It is noted that for the procedure according to the fifth embodiment, one table lookup for each HTTP packet and one scan into packet is necessary if the lookup does not return a match. The lookup tables also consume memory. However, this procedure is advantageous and effective in case a high percentage of HTTP traffic is present that initiates the TLS upgrade mechanism.
Moreover, the port number is only an example for a connection type. That is, in other network types, the connection type may be indicated in an other way.
The above description and accompanying drawings only illustrate the present invention by way of example. Thus, the embodiment may vary within the scope of the attached claims.
For example, the invention can be applied to the handling of IP packets encrypted by any encryption protocols at IP layer, including but not limited to ESP.
Moreover, the above embodiments can be combined arbitrarily.
In detail, as described above, the implementations of the first to third embodiments basically are related to encryption at IP layer (i.e., ESP). The fourth and fifth embodiments are related to encryption at TCP or UDP layer, which is above the IP layer. Thus, preferably a compressor first checks whether a received packet is ESP. Only if not, it may further check if TLS is used. The other way round (i.e., checking if TLS is used and then checking whether an ESP packet is present) is not advantageous, since a packet encrypted by ESP at IP layer means that the TCP or UDP header is also encrypted.
The invention can be implemented as an enhancement to any compressor. Note that it is strictly a local optimisation and does not require any standardization. The invention can be used in any network element (e.g. in GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) network elements like GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) or SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) or router) that perform IP payload compression.
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|Fielding, R., et al, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol 1.1-HTTP/1.1", IETF RFC 2616, Jun. 1999, pp. 1-165.
|Glenn, R., and S. Kent, "The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its Use with IPsec", RFC 2410, Nov. 1998, pp. 1-6.
|Kent, S., and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload", RFC 2406, Nov. 1998, pp. 1-21.
|Kent, S., and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, Nov. 1998, pp. 1-62.
|Khare, R. and S. Lawrence, "Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1", IETF RFC 2817, May 2000, 13 pgs.
|Port Numbers (168 Pgs.), 2002.
|Port Numbers (168 Pgs.).
|Rescorla, E., "HTTP Over TLS", IETF RFC 2818, May 2000, pp. 1-7.
|Shannon, C, Moore, D. and K. Claffy, "Characteristics of Fragmented IP Traffic on Internet Links", Proceedings of the First ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Measurement Worskshop, Nov. 2001, 15 pgs.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jul 17, 2009
|Oct 16, 2012
|Microsoft Corporation
|IPSec encapsulation mode
|Apr 26, 2007
|Apr 9, 2013
|Microsoft Corporation
|Compression of data packets while maintaining endpoint-to-endpoint authentication
|Aug 31, 2010
|Oct 29, 2013
|Estsoft Corp.
|Forward compatibility guaranteed data compression and decompression method and apparatus thereof
|Aug 25, 2010
|Nov 26, 2013
|Estsoft Corp.
|Method and apparatus for compressing and decompressing block unit data
|Oct 17, 2013
|May 24, 2016
|Motorola Solutions, Inc.
|Methods, systems, and devices to reduce audio truncation during transcoding
|Apr 26, 2007
|Oct 30, 2008
|Microsoft Corporation
|Compression of data packets while maintaining endpoint-to-endpoint authentication
|Jun 1, 2010
|Dec 2, 2010
|Telecom Italia S.P.A.
|Transferring of SNMP Messages Over UDP with Compression of Periodically Repeating Sequences
|Jul 17, 2009
|Jan 20, 2011
|Microsoft Corporation
|Ipsec Encapsulation Mode
|Aug 31, 2010
|Oct 25, 2012
|Yun-Sik Oh
|Forward compatibility guaranteed data compression and decompression method and apparatus thereof
|Oct 17, 2013
|Apr 23, 2015
|Motorola Solutions, Inc.
|Methods, systems, and devices to reduce audio truncation during transcoding
|U.S. Classification
|370/521, 713/190
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 29, 2003
Owner name: NOKIA CORPORATION, FINLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LIU, ZHIGANG;REEL/FRAME:014012/0951
Effective date: 20030325
|Dec 5, 2011
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 22, 2012
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 12, 2012
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20120422


text:
EU Digital Manager
- Recruiter
- The Advocate Group
- Location
- Surrey
- Salary
- Competitive salary
- Posted
- 02 Jun 2017
- Closes
- 02 Jul 2017
- Ref
- Function
- Other Job Function, Sales
- Business Sector
- Food & Drink
- Hours
- Full Time
- Contract Type
- Permanent
EU Digital Manager
Are you someone looking for a new opportunity to be part of an extremely fast growing business? Somewhere you can make a real impact and develop your career? If that interests you, please read on!
My client is currently looking to appoint a digital manager to play a major role in enhancing brand awareness within the digital space as well as driving website traffic and acquiring new consumers.
Primary responsibilities:
- Devising and leading digital marketing strategies to drive online traffic to dedicated brand websites, utilising a range of techniques including paid search, SEO and PPC.
- Developing and managing online brand and product campaigns to raise brand awareness, to ensure they are delivered on time and within brand guidelines.
- Working closely with digital content specialists, to develop engaging and relevant content for brand websites and retailer sites.
- Ensuring branded websites support digital strategy in the areas of enabling sampling, couponing, e-commerce
- Tracking digital KPI's that will also help to inform ongoing maintenance and improvements to the website.
- Introducing quality assurance testing to verify the integrity of the user experience design.
The successful candidate:
- 6+ years Digital Marketing experience, in consumer branded business.
- Fluency in website structure and functionality.
- Fundamental understanding of Content Management Systems (particularly Sitecore).
- Understanding in current graphic design practices and other digital authoring tools.
- Experience with managing and relaunching large-scale and dynamic websites.
- Experience in utilising a range of techniques including paid search, SEO and PPC.
- Experience in defining and leading a digital marketing strategy.
- European marketing experience preferable but not essential.
- E-commerce experience is preferable but not essential.
To apply directly please send a copy of your CV and cover letter through to email@example.com or alternatively please apply via the link below.
Whilst we will always endeavour to respond to you, due to the high levels of applications we receive this isn't always possible. If you are not contacted within 3 working days, you have unfortunately not been shortlisted for this role.
Please note The Advocate Group is acting as an employment agency & business.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A husband and wife brought barbeque to the breakfast menu in Columbus from a food truck to a new restaurant. Together for 15 years, Dan and Caroline Kraus took on a new challenge and opened Baba's, a bakery and cafe that specializes in house-made smoked ...Read More »
Home » Tag Archives: thunderkiss coffee
Tag Archives: thunderkiss coffee
Ohio State student takes own spin on coffee
Routine morning cups of joe and mid-afternoon caffeine pick-me-ups can soon be supplemented with CafeButter — spreadable coffee created by Michael Arato, a fourth-year in food science. Arato said he invented the caffeinated spread with a similar consistency to Nutella when he was pondering a ...Read More »


text:
Accession Number : AD0870563
Title : Ignition Property Studies.
Descriptive Note : Final rept. 15 Jun-30 Nov 69,
Corporate Author : OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS AERONAUTICAL AND ASTRONAUTICAL RESEARCH LAB
Personal Author(s) : Diehl, Larry A. ; Rice, Eric E. ; Strauss, William A. ; Edse, Rudolph
Report Date : MAY 1970
Pagination or Media Count : 58
Abstract : The ignition delay times and the ignition temperatures of ethane-air and propane-air mixtures have been determined. The combustion properties of these fuels are compared with those of other potential scramjet fuels. The resonant wave patterns appearing in the fuel lines of mixing chambers have been examined by optical techniques. For mixing chambers without fuel flow (fuel line closed, which represents a simple resonance chamber ) it was observed that (1) shock waves travel into the fuel line, (2) the frequency and strength of these waves depends on the flow rate of the oxidizer, and (3) according to the data from the streak photographs, the temperature of the gas in the fuel line can exceed the thermal ignition temperature of combustible gas mixtures. Similar results were also obtained for low rates of gas passing through the fuel line. The relationship between unexplained autoignitions observed in flowing gas mixtures and the resonance phenomenon is discussed. (Author)
Descriptors : *IGNITION), (*HYDROCARBONS, (*COMBUSTION, SHOCK WAVES), AIR, MIXTURES, METHANE, RAMJET ENGINES, GAS IONIZATION, IGNITION LAG, AUTOIGNITION, OXIDIZERS, SCHLIEREN PHOTOGRAPHY.
Subject Categories : Combustion and Ignition
Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE


text: Offense is warming up on Sunday, 08 May 2005 04:24. Listed below are the regulars' OPS from highest to lowest. These still for the most part aren't very good, but they're a whole lot better than they were. We couldn't really blame Jordan and Mondesi for any struggles earlier because everyone else was struggling too, but now Mondesi and Jordan are well below the rest. With the offense scoring 33 runs in the last 5 games, it's been a lot easier on the pitching and the team is 4-1 since. The Braves have won 12 of their last 15 games. C. Jones 1.139 Giles .832 A. Jones .793 LaRoche .767 Franco .706 Furcal .664 Estrada .632 Mondesi .592 Jordan .583


text:
Quantity Surveyor
- Recruiter
- Nova Payroll Management Service T/A Pin Point Recruitment
- Location
- Middlesbrough
- Posted
- 21 Apr 2017
- Closes
- 24 Apr 2017
- Sector
- Engineering
Pin Point Recruitment currently have a fantastic opportunity for a Quantity Surveyor to work in the Teesside area to prepare and furnish up to date costs to the client and based on project re-measure.
- Work closely with the project planner to develop the Monthly progress applications
- Ensure all contract variations are captured from engineering deviations and site requests.
- Prepare in-house monthly commercial reports and ensure complete control over all commercial aspects of the project.
- To ensure participation in handover of construction meetings for any and all projects concerned.
- Ensure maximum profitability on projects under his / her control by pro-actively approaching your duties and exercising commercial acumen.
- Prepare cash flows and update as necessary - analyse timing of sales and costs.
- Ensure good working relationships with clients.
- Compile monthly reports as directed by the Commercial Manager / Operations Manager.
- Carry out monthly measure on site and prepare in term evaluation to include all values relating to labour materials management, plant and equipment and escalation.
- Monitor progress on site.
- Highlight to the Commercial Manager / Operations Manager areas in which target cost and sales are not being achieved by means of a monthly report.
- Comply with company procedures in relation to commercial matters.
- Assist in the development of the company by developing contacts within the industry.
- Any other adhoc duties as assigned from time to time
Education Skills & Experience
- Degree in Quantity Surveying and/or electrical engineering. Trade back-round is also an advantage.
- Experience in quantity survey functions for E&I contracting industry operations.
- Technical and practical knowledge of all phases of contract development, award, administration and close-out relating to a multi-discipline construction project.
- Knowledgeable of current industry and technical developments.
- Proven track record with recognised international standard contracting companies.
- Capability to accept responsibilities and accomplish project objectives in a timely manner.
- Computer literate especially with Microsoft Word and Excel
This job was originally posted as www.totaljobs.com/job/68535822


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TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY - Coursework Example
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1. You will be provided with a bright field image (Fig. 1), a dark field image (Fig. 2) and selected area diffraction pattern (Fig. 7) from the same sample. With the support of ray diagrams explain how the images were obtained. Your explanation must include comments about the location and use of the objective and selected area apertures. A TEM consists of condenser lenses to focus the electron beam on the specimen, an objective lens to form diffraction in the BFP (Back focal plane) and the image in image plane, and other lenses to magnify the image or the diffraction pattern on screen. In order to obtain images in TEM, we either focus on the central spot (direct beam), or on the scattered electrons (diffracted beam). This is done by inserting an aperture (selected area aperture) into the BFP of the objective lens followed by selecting the appropriate beam. Bright field image (Figure 1) The given micrograph depicts a dark MgO crystal on a light and bright background. The topography on the face of the crystal is very clear. Such an image is called a bright field image and has a very high contrast. ...
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Transmission Electron Microscopy has revolutionized the field of microscopy, touching a variety of aspects, both biological and physical. Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) comprise a range of different instruments that make use of the properties of electrons, both as particles and as waves…
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Author : harbergene
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2013 Ford Focus SE
2013 Ford Focus SE Sedan
Exterior Color: Sterling Gray Metallic
Interior Color: Charcoal Black
Stock Number: 216453
Mileage: 40,260
Engine: 2.0L Flex Fuel I4 160hp 146ft. lbs.
Fuel: Flex-fuel
Transmission: Automatic
Warranty: Full Warranty
CARFAX: FREE CARFAX Record Check
Sale Price: $9,500
Contact Information
Rayco Eurospec Motorcars
Main Phone: (570) 288-6459
Alt. Phone: (800) 407-2926
Email: email@example.com
Vehicle Description
This 2013 Ford Focus provides what its forerunner lacked in the eyes of the common car consumer; a perfect blend of economy, performance, and style. The Focus exhibits a uniquely fashioned body, merged with efficient performance capacities and an extravagant range of distinctive features. Ford has given the Focus a new and improved feel, particularly in the aspects of raw power and exclusive design. No doubt the engineers at Ford have put up an attractive piece for the buyers and something for the typical economy car to watch out for. The people over at Ford have succeeded in evolving the commercial family car by installing the missing capacity of speed and power into the 2013 Ford Focus. A 2.0-liter, four-cylinder engine ceaselessly works underneath the metal-body to generate 160 horsepower and 146 lb-ft. of torque. Moving away from performance capacities, the 2013 Ford Focus includes noticeable maneuverability and traction features that allow for a smooth and comfortable drive. A telescopic steering wheel adjustable for comfort and a traction control system are credible for providing the model with fine agility and grip. Before stepping inside the 2013 Ford Focus, an illuminated entry system plays its part in catching the eye. The interior is roomy enough for an average five-member family and with plenty of leg space. We're offering this 2013 Ford Focus SE cloaked in STERLING GREY METALLIC over CHARCOAL BLACK CLOTH with only 40,260 CARFAX Certified miles and comes with the 6-SPEED AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION W/POWERSHIFT an Extra Charge option worth $1,095 dollars. This vehicle also includes the Owner's Manual, 1 Smart Keys, Front Floor Mats. Comes comprehensively serviced and detailed by our highly regarded Bosch Authorized Service Facility. Comes with balance of 5 YEAR / 60,000 MILE FACTORY POWERTRAIN WARRANTY. Good Until 01/25/2018 or 60,000 miles. Trades Welcome.
Vehicle Condition & History
Financing Information
Contact our Finance Department for a full list of financing needs or use the links below. We offer great rates!
|I Want This Car
|Get Pre-Approved
Vehicle Features & Options
Standard Features
Air Conditioning:
Air Filtration
Front Air Conditioning
Single Front Air Conditioning Zones
Second Row Rear Vents
Occupant Sensing Passenger Airbag Deactivation
Dual Front Airbags
Driver Knee Airbags
Front Side Airbags
Front Side Curtain Airbags
Audio System:
Mast Antenna
Bluetooth Auxiliary Audio Input
MP3 Playback In-Dash CD
AM/FM Radio
Speed Sensitive Volume Control
6 Total Speakers
Voice Recognition
4-Wheel ABS
Braking Assist
10.9 Front Brake Diameter
Ventilated Disc Front Brake
0.98 Front Brake Width
Power Brakes
9.0 Rear Brake Diameter
Drum Rear Brake
Comfort Features:
Carpet Floors
Front Floor Mats
Urethane Shift Knob Trim
Urethane Steering Wheel Trim
Convenience Features:
Capless Fuel Filler System
Cargo Area Light
Front Console With Armrest and Storage
Door Courtesy Lights
Cruise Control
Front Cupholders
Manual Day/Night Dimming Rearview Mirror
Keyless Entry Multi-Function Remote
1 One-Touch Windows
12V Front and Rear Power Outlet(s)
Power Steering
Front Reading Lights
Retained Accessory Power
Steering Wheel Mounted Audio Controls
Tilt and Telescopic Steering Wheel
Accessory Hook
Dual Illuminating Vanity Mirrors
3.82 Axle Ratio
Exterior Features:
Body-Color Door Handle Color
Body-Color Front Bumper Color
Black With Chrome Accents Grille Color
Body-Color Mirror Color
Body-Color Rear Bumper Color
Black Rocker Panel Color
Black Window Trim
In Car Entertainment:
Sync Infotainment
Digital Odometer
External Temperature Display
Tachometer Gauge
Trip Odometer
Lamp Failure, Low Fuel, Engine Oil, Coolant Warnings and Reminders
Auto On/Off Headlights
Manual Folding Side Mirror Adjustments
Spotter Mirror Side Mirror
Integrated Turn Signals Side Mirrors
Side Impact Door Beams Body Side Reinforcements
Child Safety Door Locks
Latch System Child Seat Anchors
Emergency Interior Trunk Release
Post-Collision Safety System Impact Sensor
Programmable Safety Key
3-Point Front Seatbelts
3-Point Rear Seatbelts
Front Seatbelt Pretensioners
Front Seatbelt Warning Sensor
Reclining Driver Seat Manual Adjustments
Adjustable Front Headrests
Bucket Front Seats
Reclining Passenger Seat Manual Adjustments
Adjustable Rear Headrests
Rear Seat Folding
60-40 Split Bench Rear Seat
Cloth Upholstery
2-Stage Unlocking Doors
Alarm Anti-Theft System
Power Door Locks
Stability And Traction:
Electronic Stability Control
Traction Control
14.7 Steering Ratio
2.6 Turns Lock-To-Lock
Gas Front Shock
Coil Front Spring
Diameter 24 Mm Front Stabilizer Bar
Macpherson Front Struts
Independent Front Suspension
Lower Control Arms Front Suspension
Gas Rear Shock
Coil Rear Spring
Diameter 19 Mm Rear Stabilizer Bar
Independent Rear Suspension
Multi-Link Rear Suspension
Bluetooth Wireless Data Link
Tires And Rims:
Inside Spare Tire Mount Location
Temporary Spare Tire Size
Steel Spare Wheel
Tire Pressure Monitoring System
All Season Tire
Alloy Wheels
Variable Intermittent Front Wipers
Front and Rear Power Windows
Rear Window Defogger
Installed Options
Drivetrain / Suspension:
6-Speed Automatic Transmission W/Powershift
Dealership Information
Rayco Eurospec Motorcars
Main Phone:
(570) 288-6459
Alt. Phone:
(800) 407-2926
Business Hours
|9:00 AM to 7:00 PM
|9:00 AM to 7:00 PM
|9:00 AM to 7:00 PM
|9:00 AM to 7:00 PM
|9:00 AM to 6:00 PM
|9:00 AM to 3:00 PM
715 Wyoming Ave
Kingston, PA 18704
Kingston, PA 18704
Disclaimer: *All advertised prices exclude government fees and taxes, any finance charges, any dealer document preparation charge, and any emission testing charge. While every reasonable effort is made to ensure the accuracy of this information, we are not responsible for any errors or omissions contained on these pages. Please verify any information in question with your Rayco Eurospec Motorcars sales consultant.


text:
The Olav Thon Foundation, Norway's largest charitable organization, has awarded its first international research award in the medical and natural sciences field to Novato-based Buck Institute for Research on Aging faculty member Judith Campisi and Tel Aviv University professor Yosef Shiloh.
Campisi, of Berkeley, was recognized for her pioneering work on the connection between aging and cancer and the process of cellular senescence, which is linked to chronic inflammation. The prize money, about $660,000, was split between Campisi and Shiloh. Campisi will go to Oslo, Norway to receive the award at a March 5 ceremony.
Campisi is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the recipient of numerous awards including the Longevity Prize from the Ipsen Foundation.


text:
Misty's challenger has a full party consisting of 6 Pokemon. In order to prevent Clefairy from singing to Dugtrio, the challenger only arranges his party such that the two are not adjacent.
a. 120
b. 240
c. 480
d. 720
Correct answer b. 240
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OSX El Capitan (10.11.5) dongle no longer recognised
I have upgraded the operating system of my MacBook to OS X 10.11.5 (el capitan) and my WiMAX usb (bm358) doesn't even get recognised, no light on it etc. is this a known issue?
How can it be fixed?
I have no knowledge of Mac's. But I would suggest a call to Tech Support : 1300 327 837
Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney Customers (local time):
Monday to Friday 9am-10pm. Saturdays, Sundays and Public holidays from 9am-9pm.
Perth Customers (local time):
Monday to Friday 8am to 9pm. Saturdays, Sundays and Public Holidays from 8am to 8pm.
Sorry Ellie, I am also quite illiterate when it comes to Apple gear.
I just went through vivid's support articles and found one suggesting that you need to install the driver for the USB modem to work on a Mac.
Go to the Mac support area mentioned on the page which is linked to this page: http://vividwireless.custhelp.com/app/downloads/list/c/214/header/mac
- Scroll down to the bottom of the page and it has a subheading "Macintosh® Users". Download the software package and refer to the installation guide.
Hopefully this is the problem, being that the driver just needs to be reinstalled on El Capitan. If not, I would refer back to Ozzcaddy's post - to contact tech support.
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Shipping and return policies for Malitia Mali Mob
- Shipping Info
Your order will typically ship out within 7 business days after it is received. We do not ship on most major holidays, please keep that in mind when placing your order. If you need an estimate just make an account, put something in your cart, and click "Checkout".
Additional exceptions to the return policy:
You are responsible for all return shipping and handling costs. Original shipping costs are not refundable
Returned items must be unused, meaning you didn't wear the shirt, open the CD, try on the underwear, let your cat sleep on the hoodie, etc.
Only unopened and sealed CDs, and vinyl albums may be returned.
Refunds are not offered for minor cosmetic damage on record packaging and posters, such as bent corners and cracked CD covers.
Certain sale and discount items are non-returnable.
- Return Policy
We want you to be 100% satisfied with your purchase. If you are not, you may return it to us within fourteen (14) days of the delivery date for a full refund.
contact / help
Streaming and Download help


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"No Boundaries Radio is pushing the boundaries of the rock genre....Because we can!!"
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Don't miss this great Dodge! Maximum utility meets passenger comfort in the fullsize segment! Comfort and convenience were prioritized within, evidenced by amenities such as: adjustable headrests in all seating positions, rear wipers, and more. It features an automatic transmission, rear-wheel drive, and a refined 6 cylinder engine. Our aim is to provide our customers with the best prices and service at all times. Stop by our dealership or give us a call for more information.
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Inaugural Toth/Lonergan Professor Appointed
Seton Hall University has appointed noted theologian Mark T. Miller as the first Toth/Lonergan Endowed Visiting Professor.
Seton Hall University has appointed noted theologian Mark T. Miller as the first Toth/Lonergan Endowed Visiting Professor.
Robert Enright leads a retreat on Aug. 19 titled "Forgiveness & the Journey of Healing" sponsored by the School of Theology.
The Archdiocese of Newark Permanent Diaconate Candidates Participated in First Annual Retreat June 23-25, 2017.
Six students were honored for their exceptional service and dedication as servant leaders.
Archbishop Bolen will discuss Towards Unity, a collection of essays in honor of Monsignor Radano's ecumenical work.
The School of Theology enables its graduate certificate students to bring the good news of Jesus Christ to their communities.
Last month, a group of 28 priests and seminarians embarked on a 12-day pilgrimage to Israel to walk where Jesus Himself did.
The Center for Diaconal Formation hosted a National Diaconate Convocation on November 5, 2016.
Learn more about Dianne Traflet, who will address the wives of deacons and candidates at the Diaconate Convocation on Nov. 5.
Hundreds of the Seton Hall faithful gathered to worship the Eucharist for the first ever "Pack the Green."
On Oct. 29, Immaculate Conception Seminary will present Missionaries of Mercy Msgr. Joseph Reilly and Rev. Paul Manning.
Deacon James Keating will deliver two presentations during the November 5 event. Get to know this accomplished author.
Professor Ines Murzaku was featured in a CNN Documentary entitled "Mother Teresa: Road to Sainthood."
Part of the Faith, Family and Forgiveness series, this presentation is given by Rev. Christopher Ciccarino on Sept. 17th
Anna Capizzi attended the GIVEN Forum for Catholic women this past June. Read about her experience in her own words.
Steven Smith, Ph.D., chats with the Center for Diaconal Formation in advance of his keynote speech on November 5.
"Chesterton & Eugenics:The Challenge of our Times" featured in Times of Malta, Vatican Radio, Catholic Register, et al.
Follow along with theology majors Luke Powers and Michael Wanta as they make their way through Europe this summer.
Seminarian Peter Gallagher addressed his fellow 2016 graduates during the Academic Awards Ceremony on May 15.
Anna Capizzi was one of only 300 women nationwide selected to attend GIVEN 2016, a Catholic Women's Leadership Forum.


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One day i will... 03/30/2011
one day i will:
be able to tell someone my secrets and know they will be safe.
be able to walk down the street and not be ashamed of myself.
be able to be be proud of my family name and not be ashamed of it.
one day i will marry a great bloke who understands me.
one day i will cradle a baby child and call it my own.
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Love bites!!! 03/30/2011
When someone says they love you there are four things you look for:
1. They look you in the eyes and says it. this is how you know they aren't lying to your face.
2. They promise to give you the world because they never, ever mean it.
3. They do the drugs and the booze. this is instant break up material because they never even notice you are in their lives.
4. And lastly, ask them if they promise to be honest with you all day, everyday if they say no, they aren't worth it.
i hope you enjoyed my advice.
hey guys,. be sure to check out my page dedicated to my newest favourite singer, REECE MASTIN!!!!!!!!!!!
March 2012


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Assistant Director, Marketing
Responsibilities include the development, coordination and administration of marketing efforts for all programs and services provided through the department. Supervises the development of all print materials, electronic media, sponsorships, and outreach efforts.
AA from Lincoln College. BS from University at Illinois Urbana-Champaign. MS from University at Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Previous service at Northern Illinois University and Illinois Community College Board. Joined the department in 2007.


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deaf ear
Definition of deaf ear
: whitened and empty heads of cereals (as those caused by wheat scab) —usually used in plural
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