text:
Disputaser 2014 (antall: 19)
Andersen, Synne Marte
Interactions of arginine and polyamines on growth and metabolism in Atlantic salmon
Andersson, Malin
Urban basin deposit; the pollution history of Lille Lungegårdsvannet, Bergen
Eilertsen, Mariann
Non-visual photoreceptive systems in early development of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)
Fedøy, Anita-Elin
Structure-function analysis of isocitrate dehydrogenase subfamily II: Adaptions to hot and cold
Fortunato, Sofia Alessandra Valero
Gene loss, lineage specific expansions and dynamic expression of developmental transcription factors in calcareous sponges
Gomes, Ana Silva
Morphological and functional modifications of the gastrointestinal tract during metamorphosis in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)
Gunnarsson, Snorri
Environmental manipulation of land-based farmed Arctic charr; effects on growth, feeding and maturation
Liland, Nina Sylvia
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) sterol metabolism and metabolic health impact of dietary lipids
Mehl, Ingvild
Cultural landscape development in western Norway, potentials of using new methods in pollen analysis the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm and HUMPOL
Olsen, Bernt Rydland
Developing Molecular Tools to study Trophic Interactions in zooplankton and their implementation in a vent system
Penglase, Samuel
The effects of selenium on methylmercury toxicity in zebrafish
Remø, Sofie Charlotte
Assessment of risk factors for cataract development in farmed Atlantic salmon
Sele, Veronica
Method development and analysis of arsenolipids in marine oils
Tenningen, Maria Mikaela
Unaccounted Mortality in Purse Seine Fisheries. Quantification and mitigation of slipping mortality
Tsering, X
Nesting ecology in a Himalayan gallinaceous bird, the Tibetan Partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae)
Vike, Siri
Infectious salmon anaemia in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L. in Chile Transmission routes and prevention
Våge, Selina
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Cell cycle regulation of Oikopleura dioica


text:
What I learned from OutCasting was how to work in a team, and focus on a product for a general audience. The show taught me a lot about professionalism in calls and emails, doing long form interviews with experts on certain fields, and making good radio. My work on the show and conversations with our producer, inspired my play The End of Broadcast Radio and developed my deep love for the medium of radio.
Some of my favorite episodes include:
- My interview with Maggie Keenan-Bolger, the episode referenced by the Advocate
- Our coverage of the 2014 Olympics in Russia, featuring an interview I did with Greg Louganis
- Our in-depth look at the Boy Scouts of America's ban on gay scouts
Most recently, The Advocate wrote about OutCasting, saying:
In-depth, well researched, and punchy in the right ways, the spot had NPR-level production values, and Travis performed like a seasoned journalist.The article ran in the December 2014/January 2015 print edition, and is online here.
The show was first written about in a front-page article that ran in the lower Hudson valley's Journal News on the day OutCasting debuted in October 2011. In June 2012 NY1 featured OutCasting's executive producer Marc Sophos as their "New Yorker of the Week" and interviewed me along with some other OutCasters.
Please take some time to visit OutCasting online, and follow them on Twitter/Facebook. And if you can, donate.

subset: commoncrawl


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BuddyPress plug-ins are fast contributing to the success of online communities and social networking forums. They use the core features and functions of WordPress and also add components which are otherwise difficult to incorporate with BuddyPress elements alone. Are you keen to integrate BuddyPress plug-ins in your custom BuddyPress enabled networks and websites?
We at Multidots help you develop smart and innovative BuddyPress plug-in solutions—in a cost effective and efficient manner.
BuddyPress Plugin Development with Multidots
Multidots specializes in the development and deployment of BuddyPress plug-ins, which provide you quick and affordable access to custom built WDS and their functionalities. We also help you extend the existing functionality and features of your existing plug-ins. Our experienced team of BuddyPress plug-in developers are well equipped to install, configure and manage out-of-the box features for member profiles, site activity, group pages and custom registration processes along with a host of other essential and power packed filters, hooks and features.
Benefits of Custom BuddyPress Plugin Development
BuddyPress plug-ins are custom developed to help in the integration of multiple social networks–with a singular installation of BuddyPress. Built on top of your WordPress platform, innovative plug-ins like NING enables our expert developers to:
- Create separate and custom define social networks and communities with one BuddyPress install.
- Separate the user base of a particular network from the others in your community.
- Help users become a part of more than one networks.
- Deploy tailor made solutions and individual activities, profile data, user bases, groups and site activity feeds on different networks.
Why Multidots?
We at Multidots boast of highly skilled BuddyPress designers and developers who have the expertise and experience to design custom BuddyPress plug-ins. We use sophisticated tools and techniques to build future-proof plug-ins which incorporate the best available coding standards in the industry. From handcrafting "skeleton components" for tailor made plug-ins to deploying highly complex and functional features into your networks and communities, we pride in providing timely, affordable and highly effective solutions—which cater to your individual needs and requirements in the best possible ways.
We also go a long way in helping you with the development of advanced BuddyPress plug-ins connected with group documents, group email subscriptions, forum topic movers, announce groups and so forth. Our PHP and BuddyPress plug-in developers add additional methods and access points to your online presence—to help you generate greater traffic, revenues and profitability.
Client testimonials
- CLIVE BETTERIDGE | BUSINESS MANAGER- LANYARDSTOMORROWThe project was to build a multi-language website that has a number of checkout options with a clean, easy to use but modern style. I would like to thank everyone at Multidots for delivering a fantastic professional looking website. I was impressed by their ability to make me feel like an important customer and from start to finish the team assigned to my project have been 1st class and couldn't be more helpful. Any questions and issues were resolved with a calm professionalism. After the work was agreed I was introduced to the team working on my website and was given access to a project management system to communicate all my questions, feedback and issues. This instantly showed me that Multidots prioritise the customer experience and it didn't take long to get to know the team and their roles. There is no task too big or too small, they are all happy to help. Now the website is finished and orders are coming in fast. We are now continuing to grow our business with Multidots by tasking them with SEO and mobile app development, I really consider Multidots as a part of my team. I now couldn't imagine using another developer and I look forward to future projects.
- ANDREW K. ANGELL | OWNER - ANGELL EYEI have been using Multidot's services to help build and maintain WordPress and WooCommerce plugins. I have been very pleased with the communication from the management team as well as the developers, and I've been surprised at how little "back and forth" we've had to do after code has been delivered. They understand what I'm looking for and they deliver accordingly. Highly recommended!
- DOUG JONES & DAN SCHUESSLER | CO-FOUNDER - ABUV MEDIAHi I am Doug Jones co-founder and CEO of ABUV Media and I am Dan Schuessler co-founder and CEO of ABUV Media. We have been working with Multidots for two years from now. Multidots was our third and hope fully last development team. They handle a lot of our business. They handle front-end, backend, all of the QA and QC process. Big part of our design and implementation phase and lot of data structure in the backend. They offer full technical-services in the back end for entire business. We have lot of websites in WordPress. And They have been doing fantastic job and supporting us for last few years for all our WordPress websites and requests. If we have to think about what makes relationship successfully between business and development organisation like Multidots. I find three things which comes in my mind. First quality of work and I think that has been exceptionally strong regarding. Second is communication and liability. They are able to communicate very frequently and also is very reliable on scheduling deadline – it's really very imports for us. The third piece is emergency response like any technical crises related problem they give prompt response and attend the situation. Overall, Team Multidots is phenomenal.
- MR. SCOTT MORGAN | OWNER - 3RDII am Scott Morgan. I wanted to build a mobile app called 3rdi. We immediately selected the Multidots. They were a phenomenal company to work and they still are. We were particularly impress with their responsiveness. We said that here are the wire-frames and they immediately helped us flush those out and make those reality. It was just a black and white and they come up with stunning graphics and animation for our 3rdi app, which was very important. They immediate came up with lot of new idea along the way. If we stop at something they come up and say how about this so they were creative in that aspect. I think the best part was team "the people" – they are unbelievable charming and genres to work with. They are easy with Skype call. If there was one small problem, it is 10 hours difference between us and them. But They are always available for skyping for clarity and many emailing. I really like their Project Management System which keeps us notified about everything on progress of the work. We have an incredible positive experiences with them and we have good relationship with them this days.
- FRANK ABRAMS | FOUNDER & CEO- ZEN PEAKMy experience with Multidots was began in year of 2013. I set out to build some mobile apps and first step that I took was to go through evaluation phase to decide who I was gonna work with, this is something I've done before and it's a strategy that I used to really determine if the company or the developers can handle all aspects of what's going to be required. So, I went with an evaluation phase with Multidots and I was very pleased with them. We had Skype sessions, we had emails, we had scoping-up of the work and they were chosen over three other really good companies. And my experiences with them was very impressive. I've got a good group of people to handle, virtually all the technical side without any kind of difficulty with Multidots. They are not only doing the mobile app development for us but they also handle other web services and WordPress integration. I am very impressed with their capabilities and what they have done for me.
- SANJAY HIRA | DIRECTOR - HIRA GROUPWe're impressed by this young & energetic team with professional work attitude, prompt response and high team spirit. We envisage working together on many more of our projects to come!


text:
145 KING W, Littlestown, Pennsylvania
$125,0004 Beds2 BathsActive
$125,0004 Beds2 BathsActive
145 KING W, Littlestown, Pennsylvania 17340 - Great Investment Opportunity! This All-Brick Duplex offers positive cash flow with two separate units, each with two bedrooms and one full bath. First floor laundry, replacement windows, porch, and deck. Separate utility meters and plenty of parking! Nice level yard too!!
View Virtual Tour
Listing Courtesy of Long & Foster Real Estate, Inc.
"The ups and downs of a real estate search and transaction can be daunting and draining. Having a trusted team of professionals in your corner for counsel, reinforcement, perspective, and friendship is essential in both reaching your real estate goals and also keeping your sanity during the process. They are knowledgeable about everything from financing to marketing to the local market trends and, most importantly, are a pleasure to deal with every day. They helped us navigate a few very perilous last minute developments during our purchase and never lost their cool and reasoned approach to moving forward. All in all, DC Home Buzz is a tremendous advocate for their clients. We recommend with the highest confidence."


text:
Clubs Gather at CHS Club Fair
Sam Ciesielski and Sacha Verlon
September 21, 2016
Filed under CHS ANNOUNCEMENTS, NEWS, SCHOOL
CHS students rabbled the Craft Theatre on Friday, Sept. 16 to get a sneak peak on what all of Community's clubs have to offer. The start of the new school year brings in new students with a plethora of interests, and school clubs were anxious to capture them. The annual Club Fair took place on the secon...
Dec. 8 Poetry Reading
Sophia Werthmann
December 27, 2015
Filed under NEWS, SCHOOL
On Dec. 8, Community High students and staff gathered in the craft theatre for the Poetry Reading which covered many topics including politics, gun violence, one's name, love and hate. Eve Zikmund-Fisher was one of the poets who read a poem concerning politics. "I'm getting really scared about...
Nate Marshall Reads at Community
Sophia Werthmann
May 6, 2015
Filed under A & E, BOOKS
On April 28, Nate Marshall, a poet from Chicago, visited Community High School to do a reading. Inside Craft Theatre, Marshall performed poems and raps.
Shorts on the Ledge, 2013
Sofia Kromis and Nick Hagopian-Zirkel
April 25, 2013
Filed under A & E, CREATIVE WRITING, STUDENT ARTS, VIDEO
Tuesday afternoon instead of a normal class period, many forums gathered to listen to their friends, classmates, and even teachers read poems at the Poetry Club's event, Shorts on the Ledge. Poetry Club, a relatively new group at Community High School, coordinated and hosted the event. However, th...
Review of CET's Julius Caesar
Susan LaMoreaux, Writer
March 23, 2013
Filed under A & E, LIFE, STUDENT LIFE
At 7:30 p.m. on March 21, the curtain rose on Community Ensemble Theater's mid-year production of "Julius Caesar" by Shakespeare. As with previous productions, CET worked to bring Shakespeare's words into a modern context. Although the text of the play was not changed and actors mentioned Rome ...
CET Brings 'Evita' to Community
Nick Hagopian-Zirkel
October 3, 2012
Filed under A & E, ART, FRONT PAGE, LIFE, NEWS, STUDENT ARTS, STUDENT LIFE
Community Ensemble Theatre (CET) is by far the smallest theatre group out of all the Ann Arbor high schools. It is a black box theatre that seats just over 100 people. This gives Community High a unique challenge. They have to take everything and make it their own, but they can't do this in the...


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Physiological changes associated with aging and the complications seen in the hospitalized elderly patients
Physiological changes associated with aging and the complications seen in the hospitalized elderly patients - Research Paper Example
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Physiological changes associated with aging and the complications seen in the hospitalized elderly patients
The researcher states that the normal aging process in the human body is not a disease, yet involves functional degradation, susceptibility to disease, and progression to the death of the individual. With death of the individual inevitable, the interest in ageing lies in the susceptibility to disease and the interval to death. Gompertz law suggests a pattern for susceptibility to death, which is that in the modern world human death rate doubles with every eight years of advance in age, as a consequence of the aging processes in the human body. There are gender differences in the susceptibility to death from aging in humans. The susceptibility is higher in the male gender than in the female gender. The human body is a functional system. In evaluating the consequences of aging, the concept of failure in the system becomes relevant. From the perspective of the reliability theory, failure of the human body system is the outcome of deviation from the "optimistically anticipated and desired behavior". There are two most often used classification for this failure in the human body. They are degradation failures and catastrophic failures or fatal failures. Degradation failures are those failures in the human body, wherein a component or group of components of the human body no longer functions at the proper levels. Catastrophic failures or fatal failures in the human body occur when a component or group of components in the human body cease to function. ...
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This research is being carried out to evaluate and present age related changes in the human body particularly in such systems as cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, nervous, sensory, integumentary, urinary, gastrointestinal and endocrine systems…
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For the first time since the end of 1997/98 regular season, the OVC has a ranked team.
And again, it's Murray State.
The Racers are 23rd in this weeks Associated Press Poll, after capping off their 10th straight win on the road against Memphis on Sunday.
This week, the Racers will play Lipscomb and Central Arkansas at the CFSB Center.
In the Coaches Poll, the Racers are still on the outside looking in, 9 votes outside the top 25, unofficially 27th.
See Full AP Poll here
See Full Coaches Poll here


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Event Information
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Universal design for the web
Thursday 14 September 2017 from 9.00am - 12.30pm (half day)
In this workshop, you'll learn the core principles of universal design and how to apply them to digital interfaces with the goal of providing the best possible experience for all users, regardless of their abilities. We'll explore a variety of structural and interactive patterns for clear, flexible, inclusive user interfaces, and look at some examples of these patterns in use.
You'll then jump into a hands-on activity, working in groups to mockup designs for a web app with some challenging pre-existing constraints. Iterating on these mockups through a series of brainstorm and critique cycles with peers, you'll practice the universal design techniques you've learned and hone in on a design (or a few) that prioritizes usability for all. You'll also hopefully come away from this workshop with a good sense of where universal design fits into the product design/development cycle (spoiler: at every stage!).
This workshop is best suited for anyone who's part of a product lifecycle, whether that be at the research, ideation, design, or development stage.
This workshop will be delivered by Cordelia McGee-Tubb. Cordelia is a developer, designer, and cartoonist focused on making the web better for everyone. She's a lead accessibility engineer at Salesforce and previously led web accessibility at Dropbox. An advocate for digital literacy, Cordelia teaches basic computer and internet skills to senior citizens. In her spare time, she draws autobiographical comics and collects hats shaped like food.
NVDA and the web in 2017
Thursday 14 September 2017 from 9.00am - 12.30pm (half day)
In this workshop you will learn all about NVDA, how people use screen readers and how you can test your content using this free and open source screen reader. Plus you'll be learning all this from one of the creators of NVDA, Michael Curran.
This workshop starts at the basics of what a screen reader is and how it works, how to set up NVDA and using it to understand how your content works with this technology. There will be lots of opporutnities for you to practice your skills in hands-on activities and time to ask questions.
Here's what will be covered in this workshop:
Introduction to NV Access and NVDA
How a screen reader works
Installation of NVDA and getting it up and running
General usage of NVDA - navigating the operating system, focus, system caret, browse mode, and other common NVDA commands
Tools and addons that will help you test your content
From the web author to the screen reader - what happens in between?
Examples of accessible and inaccessible content and how the experience differs with a particular focus on HTML5 and ARIA
Q & A on specific problems people are having with using screen readers in testing. This is a chance for you to follow up with specifics.
This workshop is suitable for anyone who wants to learn more about how people use screen readers and testing with screen readers. A basic understanding of accessibility is desirable. Previous knowledge about screen readers is not required.
Your workshop facilitator is Michael Curran, a totally blind person who focuses on software development in the area of accessibility. Michael is very passionate about helping the blindness community in several ways. Michael has been able to merge both of these passions by creating the first and only free and open source Screen Reader for The Windows Operating System which allows blind and vision impaired people to use Windows for no more cost than their sighted peers. Michael continues to play a leading role in the NVDA screen Reader, both as a core developer, and as an Executive Director of NV Access Limited, the Australian charity he and others set up to promote and develop this now very well known Screen Reader. Through Michael's work with NVDA and NV Access, he has gained extensive experience in the field of accessibility, including vast knowledge of key accessibility standards, software APIs and best practices. He has fostered relationships with companies such as Mozilla, Microsoft, IBM and Adobe, and has contributed to the accessibility of their respective products.
Managing accessibility in digital projects
Thursday 14 September 2017 from 1.00pm - 4.30pm (half day)
This half-day workshop is designed for project managers, business analysts, product owners and others that want to embed accessibility into their digital projects in the most efficient and effective way.
This workshop will take participants through:
- Understanding why digital inclusion makes good business sense
- Making smart and justifiable decisions about approach and technology choices
- Understanding roles and responsibilities to embed accessibility strategically in your project
- Managing procurement of product and services from external suppliers
- Creating a test plan that includes prioritisation and risk management
- Communicating and maintaining accessibility post-launch
This workshop leverages local and international standards that enable organisations to make the most practical and information decision on embedding accessibility into its products. Standards and policies referenced in the workshop include the Disability Discrimination Act, the Digital Transformation Agency's Digital Service Standard, as well as the British Standard 8878, which is being utilised worldwide as a leading code of practice.
No prior experience with digital accessibility is required.
This workshop will be delivered by Intopia's Accessibility Services Director, Sarah Pulis.
ARIA and accessibility
Thursday 14 September 2017 from 1.00pm - 4.30pm (half day)
This workshop will give attendees an introduction to ARIA and accessibility, with a technical development focus. The workshop will be delivered by Russ Weakley. A detailed description and ticket registrations will be open shortly.
The A11y Camp workshops are held one day after the A11y Camp conference which will be on 13 September.
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text:
Know Your Breast Cancer Facts
By Fredrick C. Gehring
Breast cancer is regarded as 1 of probably the most typical cancers in females. At least 1 in every single eight girls in the USA develops breast cancer. Despite the fact that causes of breast cancer has not been identified, breast cancer details identified are a person's age, diet program, private well being history, or genetic elements could result in a person getting a breast cancer sufferer.
Delaying with having a child, having your 1st child after 35 years or in no way getting youngsters has been recognized as 1 of danger aspects. Self diagnosis, mammograms and also biopsies are method of checking out breast cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer seems to improve as the woman grows older which is why females needs to go for typical mammograms after age 35 years.
The reality is the fact that breast cancer are able to get anybody. As much as the prevalence is above the age of 35 years, younger girls can and do get it even at a tender age of 20 years. As much as white girls are far more likely to get breast cancer than some other cultural group, the fact is African American females are more most likely to succumb to it than the white females.
Males also are victims although approximately One out of every single 100 instances happens in them.
Prevention of breast cancer is not defined as no one is aware of the causes, but some actions which could be applied to reduce the danger incorporate reducing alcohol intake, doing exercises often, keeping a wholesome diet plan and healthy weight and also for the ladies, breastfeeding their young ones.
One more breast cancer truth is once 1 have been identified as having it, probabilities of survival are fairly very good, specially when the cancer is found early on. Approximately 90 percent of the diagnosed circumstances have got a 5 year survival rate, about 90 of 100 girls may survive for at the least the subsequent 5 years. That is exactly why early diagnosis is definitely an crucial step to obtain the cancer in its early stages.
Remedy depends on the stage. The cancer has evolved to and the sort of breast cancer 1 has. A doctor will definitely develop a therapy program once he/she has diagnosed breast cancer so as to get rid of or reduce the chances of cancer going back as well as migrating to other parts outside the breast location.
Reality is, not all the diagnoses wind up in surgery, therapy goes into stages and surgery is done if the cells have spread further more inside the breast along with the physician deems it essential so as to curb the spread. Breast cancer remedies are either local or systemic. Nearby involves removing or preventing the cancer cells in a distinct region and radiation and surgery fall in this therapy category.
Systemic therapy as an example chemotherapy, hormone therapy and biologic therapies are utilised to destroy all of the cancer cells all over the whole body. Following nearby breast cancer treatment, the doctor might determine to provide you with extra medication or prescribe chemotherapy to ensure that the cancer recurrence is kept to a minimal but this choice will probably be produced once he consults with the surgeon and also the oncologist.
Other information on breast cancer can also be found at Breast Cancer Facts and you might also like Breast Cancer Prevention.


text: Welcome to the home of the Vilnius International Christmas Charity Bazaar This year we were delighted to hold our 15th annual event on the 2nd December 2017 at the Vilnius Rotušė, under the kind patronage of Mrs. Silvija Skvernele, the spouse of the Prime Minister, and honourable ambassador Mrs Alma Adamkiene, former First Lady of Lithuania. The Bazaar, organised by the International Women's Association of Vilnius (IWAV) in cooperation with the international diplomatic and business communities and Lithuanian friends, has become the unofficial start to the Christmas season. Altogether the International Christmas Charity Bazaar (ICCB) has raised more than more than 1 million Euros since 2003 for the benefit Lithuanian charities. More than 40 Embassies and organisations participate each year, joining hundreds of volunteers and IWAV members in the organisation of the event. Last year more than 5000 people visited Vilnius Town Hall on the day of the event. Hundreds of contributors help the organisers prepare hand-made crafts, souvenirs and Christmas treats for the Bazaar. These gifts are offered in exchange for a donation to the beneficiaries, who are carefully vetted and selected by the organising committee. Visitors to the event can participate in a lottery to win exciting prizes donated by sponsors and enjoy live entertainment, as they search for unusual and traditional gifts from around the world. All of the money collected at the Christmas Bazaar and related activities is donated to the beneficiaries.


text:
A Unified Constraint Model for XML
Wenfei Fan
Temple University
Gabriel M. Kuper
Bell Laboratories
Jrme Simon
Bell Laboratories
Keywords: XML, XML Schema, Integrity Constraints, Keys, Object Identity, Subtyping, Constraint Reasoning
Copyright is held by the author/owner.
WWW10, May 2-5, 2001, Hong Kong
Abstract: Integrity constraints are an essential part of modern schema definition languages. They are useful for semantic specification, update consistency control, query optimization, information preservation, etc. In this paper, we propose UCM, a model of integrity constraints for XML that is both simple and expressive.
Because it relies on a single notion of keys and foreign keys, the UCM model is easy to use and makes formal reasoning possible. Because it relies on a powerful type system, the UCM model is expressive, capturing in a single framework the constraints found in relational databases, object-oriented schemas and XML DTDs. We study the problem of consistency of UCM constraints, the interaction between constraints and subtyping, and algorithms for implementing these constraints.
1 IntroductionXML has become the universal format for the representation and exchange of information over the Internet. In many applications, XML data is generated from legacy repositories (relational or object databases, proprietary file formats, etc.), or exported to a target application (Java applets, document management systems, etc.). In this context, integrity constraints play an essential role in preserving the original information and semantics of data. The choice of a constraint language is a sensitive one, where the main challenge is to find an optimal trade-off between expressive power (How many different kinds of constraints can be expressed?) and simplicity (Can one reason about these constraints and their properties? Can they be implemented efficiently?). The ID/IDREF mechanism of XML DTDs [3] (Document Type Definitions) is too weak in terms of expressive power. On the other hand, XML Schema [17] features a very powerful mechanism with three different forms of constraints, using full XPath expressions, and therefore the reasoning and implementation of XML Schema constraints has a high complexity.
In this paper, we introduce UCM, a model of integrity constraints for XML. UCM relies on a single notion of keys and foreign keys, using a limited form of XPath expressions. The main idea behind UCM is a tight coupling of the integrity constraints with the schema language. This results in a model which is both simple and expressive enough to support the classes of constraints that are most common in practice. UCM constraints are easy to manipulate in theory: we study the consistency of UCM schemas and how their constraints interact with subtyping. UCM constraints are easy to manipulate in practice: we illustrate their use with a number of examples and give simple algorithms for their implementation. In particular, we make the following technical contributions:
- We extend the type system of [13], along with the subtyping mechanism of [15], with a notion of keys and foreign keys. This constitutes UCM, a schema language for XML with integrity constraints.
- We show that UCM schemas can capture relational constraints, object-oriented models (with object identity and scoped references), and the ID/IDREF mechanism of DTDs.
- We show that, as for XML Schema, deciding consistency over full UCM schemas is a hard problem. We then propose a practical restriction over UCM schemas that guarantees consistency. This restriction is general enough to cover both the relational and object-oriented cases.
- We propose an algorithm for propagating constraints through subtyping. This mechanism is the basis for supporting the notion of object-identity of object models within UCM schemas.
- We present algorithms for schema validation in the presence of UCM constraints
2 Integrity constraints in existing modelsThe need to handle integrity constraints originating in a variety of different application domains imposes strong requirements on the expressive power of the model. To give a flavor of the various types of constraints that one needs to capture, we give examples of integrity constraints in some of the most popular data models, namely relational, object-oriented schemas and DTDs.
Capturing constraints from legacy sources
CREATE TABLE Company ( co CHAR(20), stock REAL, PRIMARY KEY (co) ) CREATE TABLE Dept ( dname CHAR(20), co CHAR(20), topic CHAR(100), PRIMARY KEY (dname,co), FOREIGN KEY (co) REFERENCES Company(co) ) INSERT INTO Company ( co, stock ) VALUES( "Locent", 25; "IT&T", 25; "Maxihard", 25 ) INSERT INTO Dept ( dname, co, topic ) VALUES( "11358", "Locent", "Databases"; "11279", "Locent", "Languages"; "11358", "IT&T", "Visualization" )Note that each table comes with a structural specification, as well as with integrity constraints. The specification of keys and foreign keys is an essential part of a relational schema: they prevent erroneous updates, and are used for the choice of indices and for query optimization [16]. In the above schema, the name of the company (attribute co) is a key for the table Company, i.e., each row must have a distinct value for attribute co. Hence, the name of the company can be used to identify the company. A foreign key imposes the requirement that values of a particular (sequence of) attribute(s) in one relation must match the values of some (sequence of) attribute(s) in another relation. For instance, the co attribute of the table Dept must be a valid company name in the table Company. Foreign keys provide the means to represent references within the relational model.
class Company (key co) { attribute String co; attribute Float stock; } class Dept (key (dname,co)) { attribute String dname; attribute Company co; attribute String topic; }
In the ODMG model, every object has an identifier (Oid), which is unique across the whole database. This is a significant departure from the relational model, where keys are local to a table: in the above example, objects of class Dept and Company must all have distinct Oids. Oids can be used as a reference to the object. For instance, attribute co of class Dept is a reference to an object of class Company. The ODMG model also supports a notion of a local key (e.g., attribute co for the class Company).
It is important to note that in the context of information integration, both of these models, along with XML documents exported from other sources, may occur in a single XML database. For instance, some tables in a relational form may coexist with objects. This means that the constraint model must deal with several different sorts of constraints in the same framework, and therefore that the results presented in [12] are not directly applicable.
Reasoning with XML constraintsIntegrity constraints have been extensively studied in the relational database context [1, 16], which is a much simpler model than XML. Despite this, the experience with the relational mode shows that reasoning about constraints is a non-trivial task. Simple constraint languages can have high complexity, the best-known example of this being the undecidability of implication for functional and inclusion dependencies (the most widely used relational constraints).
For DTDs, determining whether a specification is consistent or not requires a complex analysis of the interaction between structural constraints, keys, and foreign key constraints [11]. A number of restricted cases with good complexity properties are proposed in [12], but none of the corresponding languages can capture all of the above uses of constraints in the same framework.
Following ideas in [11], one can easily define non-consistent XML Schema specifications. For instance, consider the following schema describing people and their parents.
<element name="root"> <complexType> <xsd:group ref="Person" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded"/> </complexType> <key name="personName"> <selector xpath="//person"/> <field xpath="@name"/> </key> <key name="parentName"> <selector xpath="//parent"/> <field xpath="@name"/> </key> <keyref name="parent_isa_person" refer="personName"> <selector xpath="//parent"/> <field xpath="@name"/> </keyref> </element> <group name="Person"> <element name="person"> <complexType><attribute name="name" type="string"> <element name="parent" ref="Parent"> <element name="parent" ref="Parent"> </complexType> </element> <group> <group name="Parent"> <element name="person"> <complexType><attribute name="name" type="string"> </complexType> </element> <group>Each person has two parents and an attribute name, and each parent has a pointer back to itself as a Person, which is described as a foreign key. This seemingly simple schema is actually inconsistent: there are no (non empty) documents that comply with it. The reason is that the key on Parent requires that each such object be uniquely identified by its name, and point to a Person with a different name. This means that the number of objects of type Parent is less than the number of objects of type Person, whereas the definition of Person implies that the number of objects of type Parent is at least twice the number of type Person.
The problem is made even harder by the fact that XML Schema [17] provides three different constraint mechanisms: ID/IDREF, unique constraints, and keys/foreign keys. Furthermore, it allows specifications using full XPath expressions, which include upward navigation as well as some form of recursion and function calls, each of these mechanisms having been introduced to simulate some of the constraints found in traditional models. As a result of this, even reasoning about consistency for these constraints is very hard.
3 UCM by examples
3.1 XML algebra supportThe UCM model relies on the XML algebra of [13] for the structural part of the schema language and for the semantics of integrity constraints. This algebra uses a type system that is similar to other proposals [2, 8, 14] and that captures the structural aspects of XML schema [17]. In this section, we review those features of the algebra that we use, and extend the algebra to support ID values.
Documents and types
The XML algebra uses a ``square brackets'' notation for types and documents. For instance, the following XML document and DTD:
<companies> <company co="Locent"> <stock>25</stock> </company> <company co="IT&T"> <stock>25</stock> </company> </companies> <!ELEMENT companies company*> <!ELEMENT company stock> <!ATTLIST company co #PCDATA #required> <!ELEMENT stock #PCDATA>are represented in the algebra as:
type Companies = companies [ Company* ] type Company = company [ @co [ String ], stock [ String ] ] let doc0 : Companies = companies [ company [ @co [ "Locent" ], stock [ "25" ] ], company [ @co [ "IT&T" ], stock [ "25" ] ] ]The notation doc0:Companies indicates that document doc0 is of type Companies. A tag prefixed by
@ corresponds to
an attribute. The type system uses regular expressions, as in
DTDs, with a
* to indicate a collection of elements.
is a wildcard, meaning that any element name is allowed. Similarly,
@~ means that any attribute name is allowed.
Path expressions and for loops
The XML algebra uses path expressions for navigating in documents and for loops for iterating over them. The following expression accesses the content of the co attribute of each company:
query doc0/company/@co/data() ==> [ "Locent", "IT&T" ] : String*The algebra supports a type inference algorithm which computes the type of each expression. In the examples, `==>' indicates the value of the expression and `:' its type (here a collection of String values). The ./data() notation is used to access the atomic value of an element, playing a role similar to that of ./text() in XPath.
The following for loop iterates over each company in the document, thus constructing a collection of elements, each of which has a tag k and contains the name of a company. Note that for loops can be used to express joins.
query for v in children(doc0) do k [ v/@co/data() ] ==> k [ "Locent" ], k [ "IT&T" ] : (k [ String ])*Representing and accessing ID types
In order to support DTDs, we need to represent the type of an object ID, a notion that is not in the XML algebra. To do this, we simply add a new data type, with name ID, and provide a syntax for values of this type. The following example adds an attribute compid of type ID to the previous schema and document:
type Companies' = companies [ Company'* ] type Company' = company [ @compid [ ID ], @co [ String ], stock [ String ] ] let doc0' : Companies' = companies [ company [ @compid [ ^c1 ], @co [ "Locent" ], stock [ "25" ] ], company [ @compid [ ^c2 ], @co [ "IT&T" ], stock [ "25" ] ] ]We indicate values of type ID by using identifiers prefixed by
^. In a similar way to the use of ./data() for other atomic values, ID values can be accessed using ./ID(), which selects all
children with type ID. For instance, the following expression
retrieves all ID values from companies, from within any attribute.
query doc0/company/@~/ID() ==> ^c1, ^c2 : ID*An important difference between UCM and XML schema is that the semantics of the
ID type in UCM is no different from the
semantics of any other data type: we shall see later how the
uniqueness of
ID values is enforced by an appropriate key
constraint, and how referential integrity is enforced by an
appropriate foreign key constraint.
3.2 Keys and foreign keys in UCMWe are now ready to write our first UCM constraints. The following description captures the structural part of the relational database we saw in the introduction:
schema rel = root Companies,Depts type Companies = companies [ Company* ] type Company = company [ co [ String ], stock [ Decimal ] ] type Depts = depts [ Dept* ] type Dept = dept [ dname [ String ], co [ String ], topic [ String ] ]Note that each UCM schema has a root described by a type expression, in this example a sequence composed of the two tables. In order to represent the corresponding integrity constraints, we just have to declare appropriate keys and foreign keys:
key Company [| ./co/data() |] key Dept [| ./dname/data(), ./co/data() |] foreign key Dept [| ./co/data() |] references Company [| ./co/data() |] endThe first declaration corresponds to table Company's primary key. UCM constraints are similar in syntax and spirit to relational constraints. They are composed of a type name and a sequence of path expressions starting at the current node (.). Here, the key constraint states that for any two distinct objects of type Company their co sub-elements must have two different values. The foreign key states that any value of the co element in an object of type Dept is also the value of the co element in some object of type Company.
As a convenience, we allow keys to be named. For instance, the previous constraints could also be written as:
key compk = Company [| ./co/data() |] key deptk = Dept [| ./dname/data(), ./co/data() |] foreign key Dept [| ./co/data() |] references compkBut as opposed to XML Schema, UCM foreign keys do not have to refer to an explicitly declared key. We will see later on examples where it is useful to define foreign keys whose right-hand side is not declared, but can be inferred by the system.
As opposed to other approaches [4, 5], and especially XML Schema [17], UCM keys and foreign keys are defined over type names. The first argument for this choice is a logical one: type names play a role similar to table names in the relational model or to class names in object models. This makes them natural entities on which to add additional semantics by means of integrity constraints. The second argument is technical: (1) this approach takes advantage of the expressive power of the type system to define the set of elements on which a constraint applies, and (2) a minimal subset of XPath is then sufficient for the definition of components for keys and foreign keys.
3.3 Interaction between types and constraintsXML has a much more flexible type system than the relational model. Very often, XML documents have optional components, alternative structures, or allow repetition over certain sub-elements. Assume for instance, that companies and departments may have several alternative names (in attribute
@co and
@dname, as well as element
schema root companies [ Company* ], dept [ Dept* ] type Company = company [ @co [ String* ], stock [ String ] ] type Dept = dept [ @dname [ String* ], co [ String* ] ] let doc0 : Companies = companies [ company [ @co [ "Locent", "Locent Corp.", "Lo. Corp." ], stock [ "25" ] ], company [ @co [ "IT&T", "IT&T Corp." ], stock [ "25" ] ] ] dept [ @dname [ "Databases", "BL1135" ], co [ "Locent" ] ] key Company [| ./@co/data() |] key Dept [| ./@dname/data(), ./co/data() |] foreign key Dept [| ./co/data() |] references Company [| ./@co/data() |] endWe still want to be able to identify specific companies or departments, even though each of them may declare several variations of their name. The semantics of UCM constraints is such that any one of the values of attribute
@co is considered to be a key for
the company, and any pair of values
(@dname,co) is a key for
the department.
For example,
"Locent" and
"Locent Corp." are both keys for
Company, while
("Databases","Locent") and
("BL1135","Locent") are both
keys for
Dept. In the latter case, the foreign key then says
"Locent" must be one of the keys for some element of
One can exploit the typing of the XML algebra to better understand the structure allowed in elements of a key. In this example, the key for
Company has a unique element defined by the path
./@co/data(). The type of information reached from Company through this path is
String*, indicating several
values, each of which will identify the company. The static typing of
the XML Algebra can be used to enforce that components of a key are
unique and not empty, although this restriction is not required for
UCM constraints to work.
One must be more careful with foreign keys, for which it is important to check that the types of their components are type-compatible. In this example the type of each
co element of
Dept and of
@co attribute of
Company are both
String, so
the key is valid. If, on the other hand,
Dept had been declared
type Dept = dept [ @dname [ String ], co [ Integer ] ]then
foreign key Dept [| ./co/data() |] references Company [| ./@co/data() |]would not be valid due to an incompatibility between the types of the corresponding keys.
3.4 The UrSchema with ID typesIt is not surprising that one can capture relational constraints with a notion of keys and foreign keys. More surprising is the fact that UCM schemas can capture the semantics of the ID/IDREF mechanism. Once again, this is possible by exploiting the expressive power of the schema language, using a generic schema and imposing the appropriate constraints on values of type ID. This schema, called the
UrSchema, describes all possible documents,
enforcing uniqueness of
ID, and referential integrity.
schema UrSchema = (* atomic types *) type UrScalar = String|Integer|Boolean (* standard attributes and elements *) type UrTree = ~[ UrAttForest, UrForest ] type UrAtt = @~[UrScalar*] (* collections of elements and attributes *) type UrForest = (UrScalar|UrTree|UrTreeID|UrRef)* type UrAttForest = (UrAtt|UrAttRef)* (* element identified with an ID *) type UrAttID = @~[ID] type UrTreeID = ~[ UrAttID, UrAttForest, UrForest ] (* references *) type UrRef = &[ID] type UrAttRef = @~[UrRef] (* root documents *) root UrTree* (* key constraint for uniqueness of ID *) key UrTreeID [| ./@~/ID() |] (* foreign key for referential integrity *) foreign key UrRef [| ./ID() |] references UrTreeID [| ./@~/ID() |] endThe first part is similar to the
UrTree type in the XML
algebra, as used to captures XML Schema wildcards: trees are either
leaves with atomic values (
UrScalar), or elements with a name
~), any attributes (
UrAttForest) and an arbitrary
number of children (
We extend the notion of
UrForest to allow two other types of
objects: trees with an ID, and references. A tree with an ID
UrTreeID) is basically an
UrTree with a special
attribute at the beginning corresponding to the ID of the
object1. A reference is
simply an ID with a special tag `
&'. This syntactic separation
between ID values that identify elements, and ID values that
references them is necessary to avoid ambiguity in the schema,
i.e.,to ensure that a given document cannot be typed in multiple ways.
The key toward the end of the definition of
UrSchema ensures
that no two distinct objects have the same ID value. Note that an
attribute wildcard (
@~) is used to access the ID value of each
tree without requiring one to know the corresponding attribute
name. The foreign key ensures that every reference points to an
existing ID value in the document.
3.5 Subsumption between UCM SchemasAll well-formed documents are instances of the
UrSchema and all
UCM schemas are required to be smaller (in terms of subtyping)
than the
UrSchema. We model subtyping using the notion of
subsumption introduced in [15]. Subsumption is a relation
between two schemas, that relies on a mapping between their type
names, and on inclusion between regular expressions over type names.
For instance, assume a schema with type Companies', as defined above, as a root. This schema is subsumed by the UrSchema, under the following subsumption mapping:2
Companies' <: UrTree Company <: UrTreeID ...For each two mapped types (here those in Companies and in UrTree), containment must hold between the respective element names (e.g., companies in
~), and their corresponding regular
expressions must be contained under the given mapping (e.g., here
UrTreeID* in
The reason for declaring a subsumption mapping is that it has an impact on the constraints that hold on the new schema. In our example, the fact that Company is subsumed by UrTreeID implies that all
ID values in the
company elements must be
distinct. This constraint is derived from the key constraint that
holds over elements of type UrTreeID. Propagation of
constraints through subsumption in fact provides a mechanism that
captures the nature of ID/IDREFs in DTDs (resp. object ids in object
models): i.e., uniqueness across the whole document (resp. the whole
Finally, consider the ODMG schema of Example 2.2. Once again, it is straightforward to convert the structural part of an object schema into an UCM schema. We use one type name for each class, and map each data structure to a simple XML equivalent. We also add a constraint for each key and a foreign key constraint that restrict the scope of ID references. This allows us to capture typed object references, and results in the following schema:
schema COMPANY <: UrSchema = root Company*,Dept* type Company = tuple [ @oid [ ID ], name [ String ], stock [ Float ] ] type Dept = tuple [ @oid [ ID ], name [ String ], co [ &[ID] ], topic [ String ] ] key Company [| ./name/data() |] key Dept [| ./name/data(), ./co/data() |] foreign key Dept [| ./co/&/ID() |] references Company [| ./@oid/ID() |] endNote the declaration of the subsuming schema (UrSchema) for the new schema (COMPANY). Once again, propagation of constraints from UrSchema makes sure that the @oid[ID] attributes behave like object ids, and that
&[ID] elements behave like
object references. The process of constraint propagation through
subsumption is described in Section 5. Together
with structured types, subsumption, and integrity constraints, UCM
covers almost every aspect of the ODMG model, with the notable
exception of multiple inheritance which can involve attribute
renaming: this cannot be handled due to the structural nature of
4 Syntax and semantics of UCM
4.1 Syntax of UCM schemasThe first part of the syntax is the type specification, which is summarized in Figure 1. This is similar to the syntax of types in the XML Algebra [13], with the addition of attributes, of the type ID, and of the special tag
&. The
syntax of types is based on attribute and element names, scalar types,
and the ID type. One can give names to types, construct elements,
attributes and references, and build regular expressions over
types using sequence, choice, and repetition (Kleene star).
The second important part of the schema language is the subset of path expressions that are used to define the components of keys and foreign keys. Paths used in UCM are given in Figure 2. These are only very simple paths, that perform navigation by selecting children, elements, attributes, or values of a given node. Note the use of ./ to denote navigation from the current node. Remember that one can use wild cards for navigation, selecting all the elements or attributes, while disregarding their names. ./ID() accesses all the nodes whose value is of type ID. This is indeed a very small subset of XPath [7], notably we do not allow: navigation among ancestors or siblings, predicates, recursive navigation (i.e., //), and function calls.
name a a1 | a2 | attributes, element name l ::= a element name | @a attribute name | ~ element name wildcard | @~ attribute name wildcard |
reference tag type name X X1 | X2 | scalar type s ::= Integer | String | Boolean ID type i ::= ID type t ::= X type name | s scalar type | i id type | l[t] element and attributes | t , t sequence | t | t choice | t* repetition | () empty sequence | empty choice
Figure 1: Types
Finally, Figure 3 gives the syntax of keys, foreign keys, and top level schema declarations. As we have seen in the introduction, the definition of keys and foreign keys is composed of a type name and a sequence of path expressions. A schema is composed of a root, plus a number of type, key and foreign key declarations.
path p ::= l name selection | data() scalar selection | ID() ID selection | l / p nested path path sequence ps ::= ./ p single path | ps , ./ p path sequence
Figure 2: Path expressions
Note that the syntax allows one to define schemas that would be out of the scope of the XML model (e.g., a complex attribute definition like
key name k k1 | k2 | schema name S S1 | S2 | schema item i ::= key X [| ps |] key | key k = X [| ps |] named key | foreign key X [| ps |] references X [| ps |] foreign key | foreign key X [| ps |] references k named foreign key | type X = t type declaration root r ::= root t root declaration schema U ::= schema S = r i... i end schema | schema S <: S = r i ... i end subsumed schema
Figure 3: Keys, foreign keys, and UCM Schemas
@a[@b[ID]*]. This allows us to keep the grammar as simple as
possible, while avoiding such erroneous schemas by forcing UCM
schemas to be subsumed by the UrSchema. By default, if no
subsuming schema is declared, it is assumed to be the UrSchema.
We will call element type names of a schema S, the subset of type names X of S whose definition is of the form type X = l[t]. We will use name() and regexp() for the operations that access, for an element type name, the tag and the regular expression over its children.
4.2 Semantics of UCM schemasWe now describe the formal semantics of UCM schemas, in terms of the set of documents that they validate.
4.2.1 Databases.Integrity constraints are used to identify nodes in XML documents. Therefore, we need to extend the data model of the XML algebra by a notion of node identity. In the following, we assume o to range over an infinite set of OIDs O. XML data is represented in the following simple data model.
Note again that the grammar of Figure 4 allows invalid XML documents. In the following, we will assume all documents are instances -- see definition below -- of the UrSchema.
int ::= | -1 | 0 | 1 | string
str ::= "" | "a" | "b" | | "aa" | boolean
bool ::= false | true ID
ID ::= ^c1 | ^c2 constant c ::=
int | c
str | c
bool | c
ID data d ::= c scalar constant | a[d] element | @a[d] attribute | &[d] reference | d , d sequence | () empty sequence database db ::= d , d , document sequence
Figure 4: XML data
4.2.2 Path expressions.In the XML Algebra, path expressions are defined using the more basic operations children() (that returns the list of children of a node), for loops, and match expressions. We will use the same static (typing) semantics for path expressions as the one given in [13], but we extend the evaluation semantics so it takes the notion of OID and the ID type into account.
Let o be an OID. We write val(o) for the value associated with the node o, name(o) for the tag of the node o, and children(o) for the list of OIDs that are children of o (including attributes which appear at the begining, ordered alphabetically by name), respectively.
Now that children() is defined over OIDs, we can reuse the same definitions for path navigation as in the XML algebra. For lack of space, we only give the corresponding rule that deals with navigation among ID values. See again [13] for more details about the semantics of the match expression.
Last, we need to define the semantics of values accessed by the sequence of paths which compose keys and foreign keys. Recall from Section 3.3, that key components are actually compared through a cross product semantics. This is captured using a series of nested for loops that iterate over each key component.
4.2.3 Equality.Finally, our constraints rely on two different notions of equality: node equality, which is used to identify nodes in the document, and value equality, which is used to compare values of keys. Node equality is defined to be equality on OIDs. We assume that value equality is defined over atomic values in the straightfoward way.
Let o1 and o2 be OIDs. o1=vo2 iff o1 and o2 contain two atomic values that are equal, or (1) o1 and o2 have the same tag, (2) attributes(o1)=attributes(o2), and (3) if children(o1)=(o11 , ... , o1k) and children(o2)=(o21 , ... , o2l), then k=l and o1i=vo2i for all 1 i k.
4.2.4 Typing.Typing corresponds to the structural part of schema validation. Following the approach of [2, 15], typing consists of finding a mapping, or type assignment from OIDs to type names for which names match, and for which the children verify the regular expression defining the type of the parent.
Let D be a database and S a schema. We say D is of type S under the type assignment q, and write D:qS, iff q is a function from the set of OIDs in D to the set of element type names
Xn in S such that for each OID o
- name(o) satisfies the label (wildcard) of type q(o), and
- if children(o)=(o1 , ... , om), then the word q(o1) , ... , q(om) is in the language defined by the regular expression of q(o) over its element type names components.
Note that all the types involved in that definition must be element type names (i.e., describing elements), and require regular expressions to be over each element type names. The user syntax, however, allows the use of anonymous types, by nesting sub-elements, and therefore typing also requires type names to be generated. But as type assignment is only an internal structure, this can be done by the system, transparently for the user. Whenever we need to talk about such system-generated type names, we use strings preceded by '
_'. For example, the definition of the type Company could be mapped to:
type Company = company[_t1, _t2, _t3] type _t1 = @compid[ID] type _t2 = @co[String] type _t3 = stock[String]We assume that each schema is unambiguous, i.e., if q exists, it is unique. This is a necessary assumption for the semantics of constraints, reasoning, and any practical implementation.
We write Models(S) for the set of databases of type
i.e., {D| there exists q, D:qS}.
We write extD(X) for the extension of type X (with respect to schema S), i.e., the set of objects of D of type X, or extD(X) = { o | o in D, q(o) = X }.
4.2.5 Key and foreign key.We now give the notion of satisfaction for keys and foreign keys.
Let S be a schema, X a type of S, and k a key of S defined over type X with key component [| ./ p1 , ... , ./ pn |].
A database D satisfies the key k iff, for all OIDs o1 and o2 in extD(X), if there exist ke1 in o1 /[| p1 , ... pn |] and ke2 in o2 /[| p1 , ... pn |], such that ke1=vke2, then o1=o2.
Let S be a schema, X and X' types of S, and fk a foreign key of S from type X with component [| ./ p1 , ... , ./ pn |] to X' with component [| ./ p1' , ... , ./ pn' |].
A database D satisfies fk iff, for all OIDs o in extD(X), and all ke in o /[| p1 , ... pn |], then there exists o' in extD(X') and ke' in o' /[| p1 , ... pn |], such that ke=vke'.
4.2.6 Subsumption.Recall from the object-oriented examples in the previous sections that a complete definition of UCM requires constraint propagation through subsumption. We borrow the definition of subsumption from [15]. Subsumption is a relationship between types that is strictly more expressive than subtyping in XML schema, while still being easy to manipulate. Subsumption relies on an idea similar to typing, i.e., it is defined through a mapping between type names, called a subsumption mapping.
Let S and
S' be two schemas. We say that schema S'
S under the subsumption mapping
q, and write S <:q S', iff q
is a function from element type names in S to element
type names in S', such that:
for all element type names X in S,
name(X) is smaller3 than
- for all element type names X in S, q(
L(regexp(X))) subset of
L(regexp(q(X))), where L(r) is the
language generated by regular expression r.
- q( L(regexp(root(S)))) subset of L(regexp(root(S'))).
We write S <: S' if there exists a q such that S <:q S'.
4.2.7 Schema validation.Finally, we define the notion of validation of documents by UCM schemas with constraints.
Let D be a database and S an UCM schema whose type is subsumed by S'. We say D validates S under the type assignment q, and write D::qS, iff
- D:qS,
- D validates S',
- for all key k in S, D satisfies k,
- for all key fk in S, D satisfies fk.
The second condition is not as expensive as it may seem: we know already that S' subsumes S, and as a consequence we can deduce the extensions of the types in S' from the extensions of the types in S and from the subsumption mapping q4. Therefore, we only need to check that D satisfies the constraints in the subsuming schema.
5 Reasoning about constraintsIn this section we study several forms of reasoning about constraints. As already pointed out, this is, in general, a difficult task. We therefore concentrate on finding practical solutions for two important problems in our context. The first problem is to tell whether a schema specified by the user makes sense or not, i.e., whether there exists at least one nonempty database that satisfies the schema. The second problem is the propagation of constraints through subsumption, which, as we have seen, is needed to capture object-oriented schemas.
5.1 ConsistencyThe consistency problem for UCM schemas is to determine whether a given schema is consistent, i.e., whether there exists at least one nonempty database that satisfies the schema. This issue is important because one wants to know whether a schema specification makes sense.
Relational schemas (with keys and foreign keys) are always consistent if they are syntactically correct and do not have type mismatch. Under the same assumptions, object-oriented schemas are also consistent. But, as we have seen in Section 2, the situation is more complicated for XML schema specifications, as a schema can impose cardinality dependencies on elements, and these cardinality dependencies can interact in turn with the keys and foreign keys. As a result, the interaction between structural and integrity constraints makes the consistency analysis of XML schema languages much harder than it was for relational and object-oriented schemas.
This undecidability result suggests that we look for restricted classes of UCM schemas for which the problem is decidable. As a first attempt, one might consider schemas with unary keys and foreign keys, i.e., ones that contain only one path. This is the case, for example, for keys and foreign keys specified with ID and IDREF in XML. Unary keys and foreign keys are commonly used and have been well studied for relational databases. In particular, Cosmadakis, Kanellakis and Vardi [9] have shown that the finite implication problem for unary keys and foreign keys is decidable in linear time in relational databases (in contrast to the undecidability of the problem for multi-attribute keys and foreign keys). Another restriction we might consider is the primary key restriction, which says that at most one key can be specified for any type in a schema. One might expect that the consistency problem would become much simpler under these restrictions, but that is not the case. Decidability itself is an open problem, but we can show that even consistency is decidable, the problem remains intractable:
The consistency problem for UCM schemas is NP-hard when all
keys and foreign keys are unary.
- The consistency problem remains NP-hard for UCM schemas with unary keys and foreign keys, even when we allow at most one key on each type in the schema (the primary key assumption).
Propositions 5.1 and 5.2 follow from similar results [11] for DTDs and (primary, unary) key and foreign key constraints. It should be mentioned that these results also hold for XML-Schema.
These negative results suggest that we consider restrictions on the type definitions instead. In particular, we would like to identify a class of UCM schemas that can express both relational and object-oriented schemas, but with consistency being decidable.
We identify a class of consistent UCM schemas as follows.
schema S = type root = X1*,..., Xn* type X1 = t1 ... type Xn = tn key X [| p1,..., pn |] ... foreign key X [| p1,..., pn |] references Y [| p1',...,pn' |] ... endsuch that
Xidoes not appear in
tjfor any i, j;
- for any foreign key X [|p1,..., pn|] references Y [|p1',...,pn'|] in S, X/pi and Y/pi' have the same unit type, and the regular expression in the definition of this type does not use the union construct `|'. In addition, if type(X/pi) is ID, then pi has the form p'/&/ID() and pi does not appear in foreign key of X referencing Z for Z != Y.
Unit types are defined as either elements, scalar types or the ID type. These two restrictions are designed to avoid the complex interaction between typing and integrity constraints. By restricting the use of type names, the first condition also restricts the constraints that one can define in a schema. The second condition prevents having complex types in the key components.
Let C denote the class of UCM schemas that have the database property. Then (1) All schemas in C are consistent, and (2) It is decidable in quadratic time whether a UCM schema is in C.
These restrictions might seem very strong, but they still cover a lot of practical cases:
All relational and object-oriented database schemas can be expressed as schemas in C.
See the extended version of the paper [10] for sketches of the proofs of Propositions 5.4 and 5.5.
5.2 Constraints through subsumptionAs explained above, the semantics of OIDs in an OO schema is captured in UCM by the constraints in
UrSchema, i.e., by the fact that
OIDs are unique, and that every reference is to an OID that is present
in the database. The definition of a schema permits the user to
reference keys without declaring them explicitly. For example, in
Section 3.5, we described a schema where a
Dept has a foreign key that references the value of
Company, relying implicitly on the fact that
implies that the latter is a key.
In order to verify that the schema, as specified by the user, is indeed valid, we have to study the interaction between subsumption and integrity constraints. In order to do this, we first extend the notion of key to apply to unions of types, rather than just to single types. For example, we want the key on
ID in
UrSchema to imply
that OIDs are unique over all objects in the user schema (more
precisely, over those that have an ID), rather than just be unique
over objects of a specific type. We write such keys with the syntax
key (X1|...|Xj) [| ./p1, ..., ./pn |] The definition of
satisfiability for multiple types is the same as the definition for
single types, except that extD(X) is replaced by extD(X1) U U extD(Xj).
S be a schema subsumed by schema
S' (S <: S'). We have to check whether this declaration is valid. In
order to check this, we need to verify that, for each foreign key
foreign key Y [| ./p1, ..., ./pn |] references X [| ./q1,
..., ./qm |] in
S, the right-hand side is indeed a key.
We do this by propagating keys from
S' to
S. This new
set of keys, K=K(S,S') is defined as follows. First, K
contains all the keys of
S. Then, for every key X' [|
./p1, ..., ./pn |] in
S', let
Xj be
the set of types in
S that are mapped by q to the type
X'. We then add the key (X1|...|Xj) [| ./p1, ..., ./pn
|] to K.
S and
S' be schemas, declared as
S is a valid schema declaration iff, for every foreign key
foreign key Y [| ./p1, ..., ./pn |] references X [| ./q1, ..., ./qm |]in
S, there is a key of the form
key (X1|...|Xj) [| ./q1, ..., ./qm |]in K(S,S'), where
X is in {X1,...,Xj}.
In the same way that we extended the definition of keys to include multiple types, we could also extend the definition of foreign keys. We would then obtain a nice correspondence between subsumption and keys. To show this, we define FK=FK(S,S') to take foreign keys into account. Start with all the keys and foreign keys of S in FK, and add all the keys in K(S,S') to FK. Then, for each
foreign key (Y1|...|Ym) [| ./p1, ..., ./pn |] references (X1|...|Xi) [| ./q1, ..., ./qm |]in
S', let
Xn be the set of types in
S which are mapped by q to types in
Xi', and let
Yj be the set of types in
S which are mapped by q to types in the set
Ym'. Add the foreign key
foreign key (Y1'|...|Yj') [| ./p1,...,./pn |] references (X1'|...|Xn') [| ./q1,...,./qm |]to FK.
We can then show
COMPANY from
Section 3.5. With the system-defined types
added, it becomes:
schema COMPANY <: UrSchema = root Company*, Dept* type Company = tuple [ _coid, _cname, _cstock ] type _coid = @oid [ ID ] type _cname = name [ String ] type _cstock = stock [ Float ] type Dept = tuple [ _doid, _dname, _dco, _dtopic] type _doid = @oid [ ID ] type _dname = name [ String ] type _dco = co [ _coref ] type _dtopic = topic [ String ] type _coref = &[ID] key Company [| ./name/data() |] key Dept [| ./name/data(), ./co/data() |] foreign key Dept [| ./co/&/ID() |] references Company [| ./@oid/ID() |] endWe first observe that the declaration
COMPANY<:UrSchema is
valid, under the following subsumption mapping q:
|_coid, _doid
|_cname, _cstock, _dname, _dco, _dtopic
|Company, Dept
|Companies, Depts
key (Company | Dept) [| ./@~/ID() |]is in K(COMPANY,UrSchema), and so the schema declaration is valid.
Alternatively, FK(COMPANY,UrSchema) contains the following keys and foreign keys, as well as those in COMPANY.
key Company|Dept [| ./@~/ID() |] foreign key _coref [| ./ID() |] references Company|Dept [| ./@~/ID() |]To test whether a document validates a schema, it therefore suffices to test that it satisfies these constraints, i.e., that it satisfies the keys and foreign keys in COMPANY and (1) object IDs are unique across all elements of type
Company and
Dept, and
(2) every reference points to an ID of some element in
6 UCM in practiceIn this section, we describe simple algorithms for validating UCM schemas in the presence of integrity constraints. The objective is only to demonstrate the practical feasibility of our approach, not to present optimized algorithms.
We try to take as much advantage as possible of the coupling between integrity constraints and type information, in order to reduce the number of passes over the document. In a nutshell, we try to perform both typing and constraint checking within the same algorithm.
Since the use of keys in UCM is quite close to their use in relational databases, we can exploit relational techniques. In particular, while processing the keys, we build an index which maps the values of keys to the internal node id of the element. This index has two uses: verifying whether a given key has already been used and checking validity of foreign keys. Still, there are several aspects in which UCM diverges the from the relational model.
Anonymous Keys
First, we must take into account that the right-hand side of foreign keys can contain keys that are propagated via subsumption from existing keys, as explained in 5.2, but are not declared themselves as keys, and we must build indices for such keys as well. Note that the set of these keys can be determined at compile-time.
Cross-product semantics of constraints and typing.
Remember that because a key component can reach more than one value, the definition of the semantics of UCM constraints uses a cross product. As a consequence, there may be more than one key (in the same index) for the same node, and the generation of the index must take this into account.
The operations on the index are
get(Index,value) and
insert(Index,value,node). These rely on value equality, not
node equality.
This said, let us look at the algorithm itself. During validation, the system assigns a type to each node. At the same time, the system also considers all key constraints k that apply to this type. For each such key there is a corresponding (global) index Ik,T, and the system calls index_insert on these indices. A pseudo-code description of this function is:
index_insert ( n:Node, Ikt:Index, p:list(Path) )
key_values:= algebra_eval(n/p);
for kv in key_values do
n' := get(Ikt,kv);
if (n' = Fail) then
insert (Ikt,kv,n)
if n'!= n then Error;
The constraints which need to be checked are not just those that are declared explicitly in the schema, but also those that arise due to subsumption. We must keep track (in compile-time) of which types get mapped to which subsuming types, and verify the appropriate constraints on the subsuming schema as well. In the following pseudo-code this is represented as a recursive procedure of obtaining the
super_type of the current type, and reiterating until we
reach the
The pre-processing needed in order to take subsumption into account is therefore first to make sure that the right-hand side of the foreign keys are key constraints, then to build the the subsumption mapping, and to hook each type in the subsuming schema, for which a constraint holds, to the appropriate indices.
This is summarized in the following pseudo-code, in which key(t) returns true if a key has been defined for type
t, and get_indices returns the set of indices (and corresponding paths)
for keys that apply to this type.
(* main procedure *)
check_node ( n:Node, t: Type )
(* subsumption first *)
t' := super_type(t);
if (key(t') and t!=UrTree)
then check_node(n, t');
ixs := get_indices(t);
for ix in ixs do
p := get_paths(ix);
index_insert(n, ix, p);
Foreign keys
Foreign keys are easier to handle. They are validated during a second path, so that we already know the extension of each type, and have a full index for all the keys.
check_foreign_key ( n:Node, p:list(Path), ix:Index )
fkey_values := algebra_eval(n/p);
for kv in fkey_values do
n' := get(ix,kv);
if (n' = Fail) then
7 ConclusionWe have proposed UCM, a schema language that supports the specification of structures, subtyping and integrity constraints for XML. UCM is simple, relying on a single notion of keys and foreign keys. UCM allows one to capture, in a unified framework, constraints commonly found in different application domains, including XML DTDs, relational and object-oriented schemas. We have also described preliminary results for the analysis of specification consistency, constraint propagation through subtyping, and schema validation.
This work is a step toward an expressive yet simple schema language for XML. We are currently working on a first implementation of the algorithms presented in Section 6, based on our XML Algebra prototype. One of the objectives is to obtain more precise performance analysis. On the theoretical side, we plan to work on reasoning about UCM constraints, including but not limited to, questions in connection with consistency and implication.
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semi-structured data.
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(ICDT), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Jerusalem, Israel, Jan. 1999.
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Systems (PODS), pages 129--138, Seattle, Washington, June 1998.
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Your mediators need data conversion!
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(SIGMOD), pages 177--188, Seattle, Washington, June 1998.
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Polynomial-time implication problems for unary inclusion
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W. Fan, G. M. Kuper, and J. Simon.
A unified constraint model for XML (full version), Feb. 2001.
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W. Fan and L. Libkin.
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In Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Principles of Database
Systems (PODS), Santa Barbara, CA, May 2001.
to appear.
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W. Fan and J. Simon.
Integrity constraints for XML.
In Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Principles of Database
Systems (PODS), Dallas, Texas, May 2000.
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- 1
- A more precise representation would require the use of unordered collections for attributes. To simplify the presentation, we deal only with ordered collections in this paper.
- 2
- Note that the subsumption mapping is limited to type names associated to elements. See [15] for more details on the properties of subsumption and its relationship to XML Schema.
- 3
- Where smaller is defined with the obvious meaning: a<a, a<~. etc.
- 4
- This is done by composition of subsumption and type mappings; see [15] for more details.
Copyright is held by the author/owner
WWW10, May 1-5, 2001, Honk Kong


text:
|1 reviews in total
I really liked this movie the first time I saw it when it originally
came out in 1999 and instantly became one of my favorites. It had some
real good songs too. Since it was a more serious nature movie (towards
end) , never got into the mood or time to watch again. Saw the movie
lying around recently and decided to watch it again. Again the movie is
still good as I originally remembered.
The movie was made at the Pre-Dileep superstar time before the super hit Meesha Madhavan and hero image. When Dileep was slowly rising and was still playing a combination of a realistic and light comedy roles. I would say this movie & Mazhathullikkilukkam (2002) really stick out as good natural role Dileep movies before super-stardom and showed Dileep had talent and was gong places. I just hope Dileep gets more good stories like this and does not play into the mass action hero image now that he is a star.
The first half of the movie is light comedy that only Dileep can pull off. The is the first movie where Dileep & Kavya Madhavan are paired and you can already see the good chemistry between the lead pair. The second half is where the story takes a dramatic turn and which sets the story apart. The turn of events shy away from the typical masala happy ending and is more realistic. The ending is real sad, and make you wonder and think what could have been. The way the story makes Dileep and Kavya meet again through fate is executed good. The supporting cast all fit their role perfectly and do a good job. Over all the movie has the right mixture of storytelling, humor, drama and good songs which makes it a must watch. It's a thought provoking movie that makes you think about fate and destiny in life.
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Friday, July 28, 2017
How To Dress Yourself So As To Look Slim And Tall
For some girls, who are not tall and slim enough, you needn't feel worried. Although, it is hard to change the fact, you can still look much slimmer and taller by properly dressing yourselves.
Posted by Ciel Tan at 1:18 AM
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The Kirby Corporation, a hauler of petroleum products and other goods on rivers, pared its second-quarter and full-year profit forecasts yesterday because of falling demand for liquid fertilizer. Profit this quarter will be 36 cents to 38 cents a share, less than an earlier forecast of 46 cents to 50 cents. Full-year profit will total $1.60 to $1.70, instead of the $1.92 to $2.02 previously predicted.Continue reading the main story
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A Industrial Mortgage is really a loan made by using a realtor to safe payment. A home loan is the conditional contract of home as collateral for that payment of the loan. Commercial home mortgage is comparable and resembles to some residential home loan. It is really a loan written with regards to business along with any industrial building utilized as security. There tend to be definite advantages of commercial mortgage, mostly employed for business set-up instead for many other necessity.
The borrower of the commercial loan could be a partnership or perhaps a corporate company, hence the actual said appraisal from the trustworthiness from the business could be more uncontrollable than may be the case along with residential home loans. In a few mortgages, wherein the big event of nonpayment, the actual creditor on it's own can realize the security, but further doesn't have any claim from the borrower for just about any deficiency. Many guidelines and laws and regulations usually avoid creditors to take action from the borrower from the loan for any type of inadequacy.
Mortgages tend to be structured with regard to bonds which provide a higher concern to constant flow associated with income and need a clause that lets the lending company take back the home immediately, regardless of the failing of lawful proceedings how the borrower may face. The home loan is provided like a responsibility from the borrower or perhaps a personal assurance in the owner, the debt needs to be paid despite the fact that the proceeding about the mortgaged roundabout or collateral doesn't fulfill the actual outstanding financial debt or stability.
The industrial property field found a significant change within the last few years. The big rise within the manufacturing business globally faster the growth from the infrastructure in your area and across the country.
However using the growth from the manufacturing industries within the international marketplaces, the price of home loan increased greatly. The industrial property mortgage industry is actually consistently developing from 20 to 40 percent each year since 2 thousand, the industry great benefit for that international company sector.
The actual huge needs of actual estates, new work place, and industrial business arranged ups and it is development possess fueled huge growth from the commercial business. Today, there are numerous types associated with mortgages recognized as collateral plus they vary and therefore are not just confined in order to residential properties but additionally have extended to any or all different immovable qualities and company funds carried with the mortgage programs.
There are kinds of commercial properties that are accepted like a collateral or even dependent protection for complimenting home loans in the majority of the countries, a few are specifically Casinos, car care facilities, car flushes, amusement recreational areas, truck terminals, fitness gyms, franchisee, department stores, restaurants, theaters, private hospitals, hotels, academic and instruction institutes and so on
The Typical applications with regard to commercial home loans require property or industrial investments or even properties or even refinancing the present debt. Typical commercial qualities are limited for workplace and commercial purposes. Commercial dimension mortgages may be used for numerous requirements like for that purchase associated with commercial property for company, for the actual expansion associated with existing office space, or for any residential or even commercial investment as well as for the actual further improvement of home.


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Prolonged wound healing is a complication that contributes to morbidity and mortality. Overweight people regularly undergo surgery and trauma, and often develop chronic wounds, but the effects of the adipose tissue excess on cutaneous wound healing are not well understood. This study tested the hypothesis that overweight induced by a high-fat diet impairs rat cutaneous wound healing. Male Wistar rats were fed with either a high-fat or a standard (control) diet. After 15 weeks, an excisional lesion was done and the animals were killed 21 d later. Wound contraction and re-epithelialization, blood pressure, glucose and retroperitoneal fat were evaluated. After killing, lesion and adjacent normal skin were formol-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Inflammatory infiltrate, myofibroblasts, collagen fibres and cellular proliferation were analysed and blood vessels were evaluated using stereological methods. There was no difference in blood pressure and glucose, but retroperitoneal fat increased in the high-fat diet group. Animals fed with the high-fat diet presented delayed wound contraction and re-epithelialization. It was found that 21 d after wounding, overweight induced by a high-fat diet increased the inflammatory infiltrate and delayed myofibroblastic differentiation, collagen deposition, epithelial and connective tissue cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. These findings support the hypothesis that a high-fat diet exerts negative effects on rat cutaneous wound healing, due mainly to the prolongation of the inflammatory phase.
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Made by Lucy
Crochet Workshop at West Elm, Perth on 18th June, 2016
Lets get lost in some crochet
Have you ever wanted to learn how to crochet? Now is your chance. I have been invited by the wonderful West Elm, on Hay Street, Perth to run my crochet workshop in their stunning store...... Made by Lucy is coming to the big city!
In my workshop I will teach you how to make your very own crochet bowls.
The workshop is designed to teach beginners some basic crochet stitches, and those of you who already know how to crochet, you will learn how to crochet a bowl.
Each participant will receive a ball of recycled T-shirt yarn and your own wooden crochet hook to take home. All products you make in the workshop are yours to take home and enjoy.
Cost is $110.
A complimentary beverages is also included as part of the course price. Bookings are essential.
Limited places, so book and pay now to secure your place.