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Extant baleen whales (Cetacea, Mysticeti) are all large filter-feeding marine mammals that lack teeth as adults, instead possessing baleen, and feed on small marine animals in bulk. The early evolution of these superlative mammals, and their unique feeding method, has hitherto remained enigmatic. Here, I report a new toothed mysticete from the Late Oligocene of Australia that is more archaic than any previously described. Unlike all other mysticetes, this new whale was small, had enormous eyes and lacked derived adaptations for bulk filter-feeding. Several morphological features suggest that this mysticete was a macrophagous predator, being convergent on some Mesozoic marine reptiles and the extant leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). It thus refutes the notions that all stem mysticetes were filter-feeders, and that the origins and initial radiation of mysticetes was linked to the evolution of filter-feeding. Mysticetes evidently radiated into a variety of disparate forms and feeding ecologies before the evolution of baleen or filter-feeding. The phylogenetic context of the new whale indicates that basal mysticetes were macrophagous predators that did not employ filter-feeding or echolocation, and that the evolution of characters associated with bulk filter-feeding was gradual.
Recent discoveries of spectacular fossils, twinned with molecular data from extant taxa, have illuminated the origins of Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) and the evolutionary transition from a terrestrial to aquatic lifestyle (see Gingerich 1998, 2005; Thewissen & Williams 2002; Berta et al. 2006). In contrast, the origins and early evolution of the two extant suborders of Cetacea (Odontoceti and Mysticeti) remain poorly understood. Among the latter two groups, the origins of the Mysticeti (baleen whales), and their unique feeding mechanism, have proved particularly baffling. Living mysticetes are large (6–30m body length) filter-feeding marine mammals (Bannister 2002), and include the largest animal to have ever lived, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). They lack teeth (although foetal mysticetes possess vestigial teeth that are resorbed prior to birth), instead possessing baleen, which they use to filter small marine animals out of vast amounts of sea water (Pivorunas 1979; Slijper 1979; Sanderson & Wassersug 1993; Marshall 2002). Some fossil mysticetes possessed teeth, but are inferred to have fed in a similar manner to living Mysticeti, and therefore do not elucidate the origins and early evolution of baleen whales (Barnes et al. 1995; Fordyce & Muizon 2001; Ichishima 2005; Berta et al. 2006).
In this study, I report a new Late Oligocene toothed mysticete from Australia that is more basal than any previously described. Its bizarre morphology suggests it was a specialized macrophagous predator that did not filter-feed. This refutes the notions that: (i) all early mysticetes were filter-feeders; and (ii) that the origins and initial adaptive radiation of mysticete whales was tied to the evolution of filter-feeding (Fordyce 1980; Mitchell 1989; Fordyce & Barnes 1994; Barnes et al. 1995; Fordyce & Muizon 2001; Berta et al. 2006). It thus provides compelling evidence for the pattern of early mysticete evolution, and shows that archaic mysticetes were surprisingly unlike their modern relatives.
Order Cetacea Brisson, 1762
Suborder Mysticeti Flower, 1864
Family Janjucetidae fam. nov.
Janjucetus hunderi gen. et sp. nov.
NMV P216929 (Museum Victoria Palaeontology Collection, Melbourne, Australia); virtually complete skull, mandibles, teeth, basihyal, cervical vertebrae 1–3, two ribs, scapulae and radius.
Janju from Jan Juc (township near type locality; pronunciation: jan-juck) and cetus (Latin), whale; hunderi, in honour of Mr S. Hunder who discovered the holotype. Janjucetus pronunciation: jan-ju-see-tus.
Diagnosis for Janjucetidae is that of Janjucetus until other genera are described. Janjucetus is a mysticete cetacean with the following unique suite of apomorphies: premaxillae on rostrum adjacent and anterior to level of P2, or on anterior half of rostrum clearly overhang maxillae; anteriormost point on the posterior edge of the supraorbital process is medially positioned; and posteriormost end of ascending process of premaxilla in line with anterior half of supraorbital process of frontal.
Janjucetus differs from Mammalodon colliveri Pritchard 1939 by having: large caniniform upper incisors; having a high, sharply triangular rostrum that is tightly sutured to cranium and not dorsoventrally flattened; upper post-canine teeth with two unfused roots; robust premaxillae with expanded apices that contact one another at a median suture forming an anterior rosette; premaxillae that overhang the maxillae on the anterior half of the rostrum; only two facial infraorbital foramina (Mammalodon possesses five); ascending process of premaxilla that terminates at level within the anterior half of the orbit; orbital margin of postorbital process of frontal forms greater than 120° with sagittal plane; shorter intertemporal constriction; posteromedial temporal crest that does not overhang anteromedial temporal fossa; a more convex subtemporal crest; prominent sagittal crest; dorsally and posterolaterally flared nuchal crests; dorsal condyloid fossae; and a larger tympanic bulla with inflated involucrum that has a planar anterodorsal surface lacking deep grooves.
Janjucetus differs from Aetiocetidae by having: an upper tooth row that extends posteriorly to a point level with the anterior half of the orbit; a foreshortened rostrum that is less than 40% of CBL; premaxillae with expanded apices that form an incisor bearing anterior rosette, and overhang the maxillae on the anterior half of the rostrum; ascending process of premaxilla that terminates anterior to the mid-point (anteroposteriorly) of the orbit; premaxillae adjacent to and at posterior edge of nasal opening that do not overhang maxillae; high maxillae that are not dorsoventrally flattened; robust, inflated, zygomatic process of squamosal with attenuated apex; a broad basioccipital with bulbous basioccipital crests laterally elongated in an axis parallel with the external acoustic meatus; and mandibles that lack a distinct longitudinal groove for a fibrocartilaginous mandibular symphysis, and possess high, anteroposteriorly broad coronoid processes.
Janjucetus differs from Llanocetus denticrenatus Mitchell 1989 by having: lower teeth that are not separated from one another by a wide diastema; significantly smaller teeth that lack broadly palmate crowns and accessory denticles; significantly lesser skull length (Janjucetus CBL≤50cm; Llanocetus CBL>180cm); a high maxilla and rostrum that is not dorsoventrally thin; maxillae that lack nutrient grooves around tooth alveoli; and a mandible that is not dorsoventrally inflated.
Coastal cliff section SW of Torquay, central coastal Victoria, SE Australia (38°20′S, 144°18′E); Jan Juc Marl. The Jan Juc Marl consists of neritic, inner to mid-shelf, marine sediments deposited between 23.9 and 27.0Myr (Chattian, Late Oligocene; Holdgate & Gallagher 2003). Marine vertebrates from the Jan Juc Marl are generally rare and fragmentary, and include: diverse sharks, rays and teleost fish; indeterminate avians; and mysticete (M. colliveri, and other undescribed forms) and odontocete (Prosqualodon sp. and a probable waipatiid) cetaceans (Fitzgerald 2004). The holotype of J. hunderi (NMV P216929) is exceptionally well-preserved, and represents the most complete Paleogene cetacean yet discovered in Australia (figures 1 and and22a). NMV P216929 was previously mentioned in a published abstract (Fitzgerald 2005).
The holotype skull (NMV P216929) is undistorted except for right and left I3, which have been pushed upwards and laterally by dorsoventral diagenetic compression (figure 1a,c,d). All skull sutures are fused, and the C1–C3 epiphyses are fused to their respective vertebral centra, indicating that this specimen represents a subadult or adult individual. The skull and dental morphology differs markedly from other mysticetes (figure 3). Janjucetus was a relatively small cetacean compared to other mysticetes, with a preserved condylobasal length (CBL) of 46cm, suggesting a total body length of no more than approximately 3.5m. The rostrum is triangular, broad-based, foreshortened (its length being 38% of CBL) and high; unlike more derived mysticetes, the rostrum is not dorsoventrally flattened. The orbits open anterolaterally, are ovoid in outline, and relatively enormous for a cetacean (orbit diameter (OD)/CBL is 24%; figure 1b,c). The cranium is very broad, accommodating the voluminous temporal fossae. Frontals and parietals are extensively exposed in an elongated intertemporal constriction.
The rostral portions of the premaxillae are robust, and on the anterior half of the rostrum, overhang the maxillae. The apical premaxillae form a distinctive incisor-bearing rosette (figure 1a,c). The maxilla represents 79% of rostral length, with its ascending process terminating anterior to the posterior edge of the nasal. The palatal surface of the maxilla (figure 1d) lacks any grooves and/or nutrient foramina correlated with the possession of baleen (Fordyce & Muizon 2001; Deméré 2005). The nasals are elongated and plate-like, with the external bony nares probably being located at a point level with M1.
The frontals are fused, and form a broad horizontal table that roofs the large orbits. Unusually for a mysticete, the orbits are positioned very high on the skull. The postorbital process of frontal is elongated ventrolaterally, with its distal end nearly contacting the zygomatic process of squamosal. A low sagittal crest forms the median suture between the parietals on the cranium (figure 1a,c). Lateral to the sagittal crest is a deep longitudinal groove (more prominent on the right parietal) that is interpreted as the site of origin for the deep temporalis musculature (figure 1a). In lateral view, the dorsal profile of the parietals is relatively low, as they do not rise posteriorly to meet the apex of the supraoccipital shield. The squamosal has a robust, dorsoventrally inflated, zygomatic process with an attenuated apex.
The periotic has extensive contact with the squamosal and exoccipital (figure 1d,e). However, the edges of the periotic are free of the squamosal. The tympanic bulla is basilosaurid-like in morphology (Kellogg 1936; Uhen 2004), articulating with the periotic and closely approximating the falciform process of squamosal. The outer lip of the tympanic bulla is fused to the anterior process of the periotic in a limited area immediately anterior to the mallear fossa (figure 1e). The pterygoid sinus fossa is well developed anterior to the periotic, but the peribullary and posterior sinus fossae are comparatively small (figure 1d,e). The roof of the pterygoid sinus fossa is formed primarily by alisphenoid, with the superior lamina of the pterygoid limited to the anterior extremity of the fossa. The basioccipital is broad and bears transversely expanded basioccipital crests, as in all mysticetes (Geisler & Sanders 2003). The vomer obscures the basioccipital/basisphenoid suture, and is exposed in the palate between the maxillae anterior to the level of P3.
The right mandible is nearly complete, robust and slightly bowed medially. The coronoid process is high and long. The mandibular symphysis is represented by a shallow longitudinal fossa, which indicates that it was not sutural but fibrocartilaginous, as in extant Mysticeti (Lambertsen et al. 1995). The mandibular foramen is large (figure 1d), and the mandible wall lateral to the foramen is transversely thin.
The dental formula of Janjucetus is I2 or I3/I2 or I3. C1/C1. P4/P4. M2/M3 (figure 2a–e). The crown enamel bears coarse longitudinal ridges, and cheek teeth (equal to post-canine dentition) possess accessory denticles. Upper teeth possess sharp mesial and distal carinae, are broad-based, and deeply rooted. All cheek teeth possess two roots. The upper incisors and canines are recurved, strongly caniniform and larger than post-canine teeth. Among other described toothed mysticetes only two taxa, Aetiocetus polydentatus Barnes et al. 1995 and M. colliveri, have reasonably complete dentitions. The incisors and canines of A. polydentatus are recurved, but are relatively smaller and more gracile than the anterior teeth of Janjucetus. Until recently, the anterior teeth of M. colliveri were unknown. Further examination of the matrix surrounding the holotype skull yielded a presumed upper incisor. This unique specimen shows that the upper incisors of Mammalodon were vestigial, being reduced to small peg-like teeth.
To investigate the systematic position of Janjucetus within Cetacea, a data matrix consisting of 266 morphological characters in 26 taxa (adapted with modifications from Geisler & Sanders 2003), was analysed using parsimony in PAUP* v. 4.0b (Swofford 2002). The heuristic search option yielded three equally parsimonious trees of 1167 steps [consistency index (CI) 0.4790; retention index (RI) 0.5679; rescaled consistency index (RC) 0.2720], the strict consensus of which is shown in figure 3 (see electronic supplementary material for data matrix, analysis protocol and further discussion). This analysis posits Janjucetus within a stem-based Mysticeti (figure 3). Janjucetus shares two key synapomorphies with all other mysticetes: (i) laterally directed zygomatic process of maxilla with a steep anterior face clearly separating it from the rostral portion of the maxilla; and (ii) wide and bulbous basioccipital crests. Janjucetus represents a basal clade within Mysticeti, but is not the most basal-branching mysticete (Barnes & Sanders 1996; figure 3 and electronic supplementary material).
This analysis resolves the phylogenetic position of Mammalodon, showing that it is clearly an archaic mysticete, being the sister group of Chonecetus goedertorum and all more derived Mysticeti. Unlike all previous studies (Barnes et al. 1995; Geisler & Sanders 2003; Berta & Deméré 2005; Deméré et al. 2005; Ichishima 2005), this hypothesis suggests that the diverse Aetiocetidae are a paraphyletic taxon.
Among described toothed mysticetes, J. hunderi is similar to C. goedertorum, A. cotylalveus and M. colliveri, but only in morphological features that are interpreted here as plesiomorphies (see electronic supplementary material). The distinctive suite of features possessed by Janjucetus, are unique among Mysticeti, if not all Cetacea. In addition to the latter, its lack of derived features diagnostic of other toothed mysticete clades, and its position in this phylogenetic hypothesis, warrants the placement of Janjucetus in a new family, the Janjucetidae. Therefore, at least six (including Llanocetus) distinct lineages of toothed archaic Mysticeti existed during the Oligocene.
Was Janjucetus hunderi a filter-feeder? This fundamental question, within the context of the phylogenetic position of Janjucetus, has broad implications for interpreting mysticete evolution. Several morphological features are functional correlates of bulk filter-feeding in mysticetes: (i) elongated and broadened rostrum and mandibles in proportion to total skull length (increase in buccal volume and area of filtering structure); (ii) reduced orbit and eye size, and orbits directed laterally (vision not critical in prey selection and capture); (iii) large, anteriorly sloping supraoccipital shield (increased area of attachment of epaxial musculature for dorsiflexion of head and resistance of downward torque on the head when the mouth is opened); (iv) reduced/absent dentition; and (v) rostrum and mandibles not thickened or heavily ossified (regulators of water flow into oral cavity but not active elements in prey capture; Sanderson & Wassersug 1993). Janjucetus lacks all of the latter characteristics functionally correlated with a bulk filter-feeding prey capture method. The palatal surface of the maxilla of Janjucetus lacks the nutrient foramina and sulci associated with vascular supply to baleen plates (Slijper 1979; Fordyce & Muizon 2001; Deméré 2005). This is strong evidence against Janjucetus possessing baleen, even in an incipient form.
In addition, the following morphological features possessed by Janjucetus indicate that it was not a planktivorous bulk filter-feeder, but a macrophagous predator that captured single prey items: large, sharp, recurved, broad-based and deeply rooted anterior teeth; upper incisors arranged in a robust premaxillary rosette; incisors and canines possess mesial and distal carinae and sharp longitudinal ridges on their labial and lingual surfaces; cheek teeth distal accessory denticles have sharp, carinate edges; temporalis muscle origin on cranium very large, with a well-developed coronoid process for extensive temporalis insertion on mandible, thus enabling powerful adduction of mandibles; and robust mandibular rami (figures 1 and and22).
The pattern of tooth wear (figure 2c–e), suggests that anterior teeth interlocked, and cheek teeth sheared against one another during occlusion. It has been hypothesized that toothed mysticetes used their denticulate teeth in a filtering function (Barnes et al. 1995; Fordyce & Muizon 2001; Ichishima 2005), analogous to that employed by crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga; Sanderson & Wassersug 1993; Adam & Berta 2002; Marshall 2002). The presence of heavy shear and apical wear facets on its teeth (which Lobodon teeth lack), and absence of interdigitating lattice-like dentition, indicates that the teeth of Janjucetus did not serve a suspension-feeding function (see electronic supplementary material for further discussion).
The robust skull, foreshortened rostrum with buttressed apex, relatively elongated cranium and strong development of caniniform anterior dentition (figure 2a–c), along with other features noted above, of Janjucetus are all morphological features observed in the leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx and some extinct marine reptiles (e.g. the pliosauroid Rhomaleosaurus; Massare 1987; Taylor 1992; Cruickshank 1994; Adam & Berta 2002). It is hypothesized that the masticatory system of J. hunderi is convergent on that of the leopard seal and pliosauroid marine reptiles. Janjucetus thus probably captured relatively large individual prey items, such as fish, in a manner analogous to those marine tetrapods, perhaps using a grip and tear feeding method like the leopard seal, and inferred for Rhomaleosaurus, to dismember larger prey (Taylor 1992; Cruickshank 1994; Adam & Berta 2002).
Extant mysticetes and odontocetes differ markedly in their auditory adaptations for perceiving their environment and detecting prey (Wartzok & Ketten 1999). Living mysticetes produce low frequency sounds, and probably have acute infrasonic (less than 20Hz; but not ultrasonic) hearing, whereas odontocetes can hear ultrasonic sounds (greater than 20kHz; Ketten 1992; Wartzok & Ketten 1999). In addition, odontocetes echolocate, whereby they sense their environment by analysing echoes from self-generated ultrasonic signals (Ketten 1992; Cranford et al. 1996; Wartzok & Ketten 1999, p. 125). The ultrasonic outgoing component of odontocete echolocation is produced by the nasal sac system in the blowhole, and propagated via the melon (a mass of low density lipids) situated anterior to the blowholes (Ketten 1992; Cranford et al. 1996; Berta et al. 2006). The ability to produce ultrasonic sounds, and hence echolocate, has been inferred for almost all fossil odontocetes (Fordyce & Muizon 2001).
Extant mysticetes possess a mass of adipose tissue anterior to the blowholes that has been interpreted as a structure homologous with the melon of odontocetes (Heyning & Mead 1990). The latter authors suggested that the original function of the melon in cetaceans was to facilitate free movement of the nasal plugs during retraction of nasal plug muscles in respiration. Thus, the possession of a hypertrophied melon involved in sound production would represent a synapomorphy of Odontoceti. Contrary to this interpretation, Milinkovitch (1995) proposed that the adipose tissue in extant mysticetes represents a vestigial melon, and that mysticetes secondarily lost ultrasonic echolocation capabilities. In the latter scenario, echolocation would be present in the common ancestor of mysticetes and odontocetes.
Was ultrasonic sound reception and production present in basal Mysticeti and subsequently lost in more crownward clades? The basal position of Janjucetus in mysticete phylogeny provides an opportunity to evaluate this question. It is not possible to determine whether or not Janjucetus possessed a hypertrophied melon. Nonetheless, the skull of Janjucetus lacks other unambiguous osteological features (e.g. premaxillary sac fossae; strongly concave facial region anterior to bony external nares) correlated with possession of odontocete-like nasofacial soft tissue implicated with production of ultrasonic signals. Janjucetus has an enlarged mandibular foramen, with the mandible wall lateral to the mandibular foramen consisting of mediolaterally thin and dense pan bone, as in odontocetes and basilosaurid archaeocetes, but unlike extant mysticetes, which lack those features (Ketten 1992; Uhen 2004). The enlarged mandibular foramen of Janjucetus perhaps housed a fat body medial to the thin pan bone (as in extant odontocetes; Ketten 1992), which acted as a low-density sound channel conducting incoming sound from the mandible to the middle ear. These data suggest that Janjucetus was probably not capable of echolocation, although reception of ultrasonic signals cannot be ruled out. Evidence furnished by Janjucetus corroborates the hypothesis of Heyning & Mead (1990) that ultrasonic echolocation is a synapomorphy of Odontoceti, and never evolved in mysticetes.
The relatively enormous orbit of Janjucetus provides additional support for the latter hypothesis. Among cetaceans, only the odontocete Odobenocetops peruvianus Muizon 1993 has an OD approaching that of Janjucetus (see electronic supplementary material). Apart from Odobenocetops, which either lacked or had greatly reduced echolocation capabilities, all odontocetes possess relatively small orbits and eyes (see electronic supplementary material). Given that orbit and eye size reflects importance of vision in vertebrates (Motani et al. 1999; Motani 2005), it is likely that Janjucetus relied on well-developed vision as its primary sense in perception of its environment. This probably compensated for its lack of echolocation capabilities. In the latter respects, Janjucetus could be interpreted as being convergent on Odobenocetops, extant phocid pinnipeds and Mesozoic ichthyosaurs, which all have large orbits and eyes, but do/did not echolocate (McGowan 1973; Wartzok & Ketten 1999; Schusterman et al. 2000; Muizon et al. 2002; Kear 2005).
Evidence for how mysticetes and their remarkable feeding adaptations evolved has proved elusive. Filter-feeding en masse, possession of baleen, lack of teeth in adults and large body size typify extant and fossil mysticete whales in the clade Chaeomysticeti (Pivorunas 1979; Sanderson & Wassersug 1993; Fordyce & Muizon 2001; Marshall 2002; Geisler & Sanders 2003; figure 3). The geologically oldest recognized mysticete, Llanocetus denticrenatus is known from the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (approx. 34Myr) of Antarctica, possessed widely spaced teeth with broad palmate denticles, and perhaps 'proto-baleen', which supplemented the hypothesized filtering function of its teeth (Fordyce 2003; see electronic supplementary material for further discussion). Other toothed mysticetes include the diverse Aetiocetidae, which are thought to have been incipient bulk filter-feeders and possessed baleen, and Mammalodon colliveri, which lacked baleen but whose feeding ecology remains enigmatic (Barnes et al. 1995; Fordyce & Muizon 2001; Berta & Deméré 2005; Deméré 2005; Ichishima 2005; Sawamura et al. 2005; Berta et al. 2006).
Janjucetus hunderi is morphologically and ecologically unlike all other Mysticeti, and indeed all other known Cetacea: it was small (relative to other mysticetes), had a robust skull with foreshortened rostrum, possessed large eyes and exhibits adaptations for predatory macrophagy, not bulk filter-feeding. This is perhaps not unexpected, as macrophagy is presumably primitive for all Cetacea (Barnes et al. 1995). Nevertheless, Janjucetus clearly demonstrates that archaic mysticetes were surprisingly disparate from both their archaeocete (stem Cetacea) sister taxa and later diverging baleen whales.
The pattern of evolution of mysticete feeding adaptations was reconstructed within the framework of the phylogeny of Janjucetus (figure 3). This suggests that the evolution of filter-feeding adaptations was stepwise, with unequivocal adaptations for bulk filter-feeding not being present in basal mysticetes. It also implies that large body size evolved once in mysticetes. If L. denticrenatus proves to be a more basal branching mysticete than Janjucetus, it is plausible that large body size may have evolved twice in Mysticeti. Janjucetus, Mammalodon, Chonecetus and Aetiocetus all possess relatively large orbits, with a trend of decreasing OD/CBL ratio from Janjucetus through Aetiocetus, culminating in the relatively tiny orbits (and eyes) of Chaeomysticeti (see electronic supplementary material). It is hypothesized that this trend correlates with the evolution of pelagic bulk filter-feeding and large body size, and implies a fundamental shift from capture of single prey items, where acute vision is critical, to pelagic engulfment of small prey in bulk, where such heightened vision is less important. Macrophagous basal mysticetes probably relied on underwater vision for capture of individual prey items. This corroborates the hypothesis that mysticetes never evolved sophisticated echolocation, as used by odontocetes.
The phylogeny of Mysticeti presented here agrees with the concept of an explosive radiation of crown group cetaceans during the Oligocene, particularly the Early Oligocene (28.5–34.0Myr (ago); Fordyce 1992; Nikaido et al. 2001; Sasaki et al. 2005). This adaptive radiation was contemporaneous with global climate change, and increased productivity and heterogeneity of oceanic environments, associated with the establishment of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current following the final break-up of Gondwana and isolation of Antarctica (Fordyce 1980, 1992; Nikaido et al. 2001). Previous studies have emphasized the primacy of filter-feeding as the impetus for the initial radiation of mysticetes (Fordyce 1980; Fordyce 1992; Fordyce & Barnes 1994; Barnes et al. 1995; Fordyce & Muizon 2001; Nikaido et al. 2001; Berta et al. 2006; but the novel morphology and basal position of Janjucetus (and Mammalodon) in mysticete phylogeny, which are both hypothesized to have not been filter-feeders, suggests that the initial radiation of mysticetes was not linked to the evolution of filter-feeding.
Prior to the evolution of bulk filter-feeding, a modest radiation of stem Mysticeti included the evolution of small cetaceans that were convergent on some Mesozoic marine reptiles, and extant phocid seals. The Oligocene evolution of mysticetes therefore appears to have been characterized by greater diversity and disparity, and thus complexity, than previously thought. Mysticetes evidently occupied a wide range of ecological roles during their early evolutionary history, being substantially more disparate than their Miocene to recent representatives would otherwise indicate.
I thank S. Hunder and the Dixon family for discovering the holotype of Janjucetus and saving this remarkable fossil for science. D. P. Domning, B. P. Kear, J. A. Long, T. H. Rich and P. Vickers-Rich are thanked for their critical comments and discussion of earlier versions of this manuscript, L. G. Barnes, T. A. Darragh, A. E. Sanders, J. H. Geisler and F. C. Whitmore, Jr, for discussions and R. Start for superb photography. R. E. Fordyce and two anonymous referees are thanked for their thoughtful and constructive reviews of the manuscript. L. G. Barnes, D. J. Bohaska, R. E. Fordyce, T. H. Rich and A. E. Sanders provided access to specimens. Preparation was facilitated and supported by Museum Victoria. This work was supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award, Monash University and Museum Victoria.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.

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Chrissy Teigen's Boobs And Bare Butt Are The Stars Of Her Sexual Workout Vid
Chrissy Teigen got into the Christmas spirit by putting on an ass-tastic leotard and doing some bicycle kicks.
No, truly, that's exactly what happened.
Teigen made the video as part of LOVE's annual advent calendar.
As Teigen has become much more well-known for her incredible Twitter account, her Lip Sync Battles and her cooking, it's sometimes difficult to remember she rose to fame through modeling.
Teigen brought that back with this advent video. With her hair in curls, she does some satirical work out moves.
But in typical Teigen fashion, she does the workout all while dreaming of fast food and white wine.
After all, what else do we work out for? To be healthy? Hell no. We work out so we can be unhealthy, of course!
The LOVE advent calendar celebrates what every other advent calendar does — the countdown to Christmas.
Like all other advent calendars, it serves to remind us of what really matters: Patience, togetherness and boobs.
OK, well, maybe the LOVE advent calendar isn't exactly like all other advent calendars. It doesn't exactly put the "Christ" back in "Christmas," you know?
But in Christian religious tradition, the Christmas season is supposed to be one of joyous celebration. So why not celebrate Chrissy Teigen's glistening ass?
(Note to my mother if she ever reads this: Please don't tell Nonna I said that.)
Teigen has been getting into the more traditional Christmas spirit this month, especially since she's got baby Luna to help her celebrate.
She took Luna to meet Santa Claus with a John Legend stand-in as her husband was out of the country.
This Teigen advent video actually does represent one of the more pressing themes of 2016.
No, I'm not talking about death and chaos. I'm talking about the workout as sexuality.
As athleisure took over, celebrities got super into workout as entertainment. I'm talking about, like, the "Side To Side" Ariana Grande video with Nicki Minaj going up and down on stationary bikes.
I completely relate to this concept as I, too, look flawlessly sexy and definitely not just exhausted and disgusting when I go to the gym.
Merry Christmas, Chrissy!
Citations: Daily Mail
For more Elite Daily original videos, subscribe to the official Elite Daily YouTube Channel and like the official Elite Daily Facebook Page.


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Emerald outshines Jewel at Claiming Crown draw
SHAKOPEE, Minn. – The nominal high point of the annual Claiming Crown series is the $150,000 Jewel, the richest race in the $500,000 series. But when entries were drawn Wednesday for the six Saturday races at Canterbury Park, it was quite evident that the top supporting feature, the $100,000 Emerald, shapes up as the most compelling event in the 12th running of the so-called "blue collar" showcase.
Inca King and Gran Estreno, both multiple stakes winners with combined earnings of nearly $1.1 million, head a remarkably deep field of 12 in the Emerald, a 1 1/16-mile turf race that serves as a prototype of what the Claiming Crown is about: big fields of in-form horses with lingering traces of class.
Julien Leparoux, the 2009 Eclipse Award-winning jockey, will be in from Saratoga to ride for the second straight year in the Claiming Crown. Leparoux, who has the call from trainer Mike Maker on Inca King in the Emerald, is one of about 15 out-of-town jockeys named to ride here Saturday.
The Jewel, run at 1 1/8 miles on the main track, drew a field of six, with Racing Bran the 2-1 morning-line favorite in a well-matched group. Trained by Scott Becker, Racing Bran most recently ran second in the Grade 2 Cornhusker Handicap at Prairie Meadows.
The Claiming Crown will be held as races 4 through 9 on an 11-race card that also includes the $100,000 Lady Canterbury (race 10), which also drew a terrific field, with Closeout and Danzon the likely favorites in a field of 11 filly-mare turf runners. First post is 1:30 p.m. Central, with the first Claiming Crown race, the $50,000 Iron Horse, going at 3:06.
At least some, and perhaps all, of the Claiming Crown races will be on the simulcast menu in California, as well as most other racing jurisdictions in North America. Past performances for the races will be published in all Saturday editions of Daily Racing Form .
Ken Rudulph will be here on a remote setup for TVG, which also will have its on-air personalities at Saratoga, Del Mar, Monmouth and elsewhere Saturday.
Unlike some previous runnings of the Claiming Crown held amid oppressive heat, the forecasted high temperature for Saturday is 80.
This is the 10th time that Canterbury will host the Claiming Crown. In the past four held here (2005-06-08-09), all-sources handle has averaged nearly $2.7 million and ontrack attendance averaged nearly 11,000.


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There are lots of options readily available for your house or workplace to clear. On the market you'd locate costly and inexpensive cleansing devices which will make your daily life simpler. Since all hangs you, what you need matches your financial allowance aswell. Today you've mops that are nearby available as well. But really they create your envelopes more dirty than normal. Therefore the greater factor for you really to do would be to purchase finest water mops for the washing needs. Visit http://acecovacuum.info.
They create more clutter than clear should you begin to see the conventional mops. You've to pull water while you need to do which you frequently pour water and everywhere. So you then need to clear over the spill as well. That requires additional time than typical since you usually have to wash 1 space thrice or twice. Then and the dust that's cleaned from the conventional cleaner dropped again within the water container makes the water filthy. Today you cAn't envision washing your house using the same filthy water and change the water.
Why would you like to go through that difficulty? You have to purchase among the greatest water mops to get an environment. You will get size steam mops and every shape in the marketplace. They can be sorted by you according to your need. If you want them for industrial large areas to wash up you will find high-intensity mops that are ready to wash up places and large centers in only virtually no time.
These mops include components for the daily cleansing. A good thing about them is the fact that they're washable. Over a period of time of period they shed the appearance of clear although today your conventional mops will also be washable. Plus cleaning them is just a difficult work particularly if you're currently applying string mops. The water cleaner components are extremely lightweight and they can be washed by you together with your washing that is typical as well. They in the same period are extremely simple to clear and have gentle fiber patches which may not damage your garments.
Using the aid of water mops the water releases patches and the company dust spot clean down them. That you do not need to switch on the fans to dry your surfaces out. It'd consider only two to three units to obtain dried. Another benefit of these mops is that water is just needed by you without any chemicals of any kind. That's on your own benefit although ideally you've to make use of the water within the cleaner.
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There are more than 1,400 drugs that are made by 100 manufacturers who have free drug programs. Most major drug companies provide free medications, but rarely, if ever, publicize their programs. An estimated $2...
1. You may qualify for a free drug program.
There are more than 1,400 drugs that are made by 100 manufacturers who have free drug programs. Most major drug companies provide free medications, but rarely, if ever, publicize their programs. An estimated $2 billion of free medication is given away annually. A complete list of drugs and manufacturers programs can be obtained by calling 202-478-0481 or visiting www.institutedc.org.
2. Get a pharmacy discount card for free.
AdvanceRx offers a free discount card to anyone that saves 13-25 percent and covers all drugs dispensed at a pharmacy. For details, call 1-800-ADVANCE (238-2623) or got to www.advancerx.com.
There are five free discount cards for senior citizens. The discount cards cover more than 200 popular medications.
3. Save up to 93 percent by asking for a generic
Use generics whenever they are available. Both brand name and generic drugs contain the same active ingredients, are the same in strength and dosage and meet the same government quality control standards.
According to Mark Erblat, pharmacy director and owner of Rx For You, cost savings on brand name vs. generic will vary from drug to drug and pharmacy to pharmacy but can be significant. For example:
Prozac brand 20mg, 100 tablets cost $280.19 and generic sells for $29.99 (Savings 89 percent)
Vasotec brand 5mg, 100 tablets costs $103.59 and generic sells for $18.19 (Savings 82 percent)
Zantac brand 150mg 100 tablets costs $173.39 and generic sells for $10.99 (Savings 93 percent)
Zestril brand 10mg 100 tablets costs $96.29 and generic sells for $39.99 (Savings 58 percent)
4. Veterans now qualify for more benefits.
Recent laws have changed that grant veterans medical benefits for certain illnesses like diabetes and hypertension, provided the veteran is subject to qualifying conditions like Agent Orange exposure. See if you qualify for benefits by checking with the Veterans Administration.
5. Cut your costs in half by using a pill splitter.
Most pharmacies should stock pill splitters. Sometimes, medications can be broken in half and save you 50 percent. The reason is because several pharmaceutical manufacturers price some of their medications the same for all strengths.
Lipitor is essentially the same price for all strengths. It is possible to save as much as $100 on a one month supply of Lipitor just by getting the larger strength and cutting in half. Ask your pharmacist. This method may not be appropriate for all medications and could be dangerous if used with the wrong medication.
Begin by asking your doctor or pharmacist if your medication is available in a dose double your normal dosage. If you usually take a 20 mg. pill, is a 40 mg. pill available? If it is, ask whether there would be any problems with splitting the tablets or capsules.
Next, do a cost comparison between the two dosages. If the higher dose is less than double the cost for your regular dose then you will save money by having your doctor prescribe the higher dose and then splitting it. Cost savings is typically 32-50 percent.
This method is not appropriate for all medications. Check with your pharmacist. Some easily split medications include: Ambien, Aricept, Buspar, Effexor, Lipitor, Luvox, Paxil, Remeron, Risperidal, Seroquel, Serzone, Zoloft, Zyprexa. Ask your pharmacist about others.
6. Save by buying a 90-day vs. 30-day supply.
Most pharmacies have higher savings on a longer supplies. In addition, when it comes to people who have insurance prescription coverage, there may be other savings by getting a larger day supply.
For instance, if you have a $10 co-pay, the insurance company will let you get only a 30-day supply in general for that $10. A 90-day supply bought with out insurance may only cost you $18.
This would be much cheaper than paying $10 per month ($30 for 90 days). It would also save you two trips to the pharmacy.
7. Ask for an older medication that is as effective.
Many pharmacists agree that antibiotics are probably the most overprescribed or incorrectly prescribed medications. Often, the physician will prescribe a newer antibiotic that has been promoted as more effective. What this really means is that it is considerably more expensive.
The newer antibiotics are often no more effective than the older antibiotics. However, they are new and covered by patent protection. Therefore, the newer medication is more effective in ensuring a nice profit for the drug manufacturer for many years.
Since many generics are made in the same factory as the brand name ones, make sure you ask your doctor for a generic antibiotic. A great generic broad-spectrum antibiotic costs 80 percent less than a new antibiotic. In dollars, it costs you $20 instead of $100.
8. Over-the-counter drugs may be as effective as the prescription drug.
Many doctors still prescribe Pepcid 20mg to their patients. A one-month supply of Pepcid 20mg cost approximately $60. Pepcid AC, over-the-counter in 10mg strength, taking double the dose, costs approximately $23.
Most prescription cold medications average $20 to $60 for a one month supply and contain the same decongestant that is available over-the-counter for less than $2.
9. Get only a 7-day supply of new medication.
If the doctor does not have samples, ask your pharmacist to give you only a one-week supply to try. It is a federal law that medicines cant be returned once they are dispensed. If you get a months supply and cant tolerate the medicine, you have just lost that money.
10. Stop using drugs you no longer need.
Review all your prescriptions with your doctor at each visit. You may be paying for some drugs you no longer need.
Doctor-run www.rxaminer.com provides a custom analysis of your medications to save you money. You can get a free, no obligation, cost screening to find out how much you can save.
Also ask your pharmacist to review your medications in addition to your doctor. A pharmacists valuable services and knowledge are free. He may also find something your doctor missed.
Dont hesitate to ask your pharmacist questions, their advice is free and can often save you money and aggravation. Ask questions about side effects, and drug interactions.
11. Order your prescription drugs by phone.
You can save 20-50 percent by ordering prescription drugs over the phone. Bonus you do not have to pick them up at the pharmacy.
Make a list of your medications, including strength and number taken daily. Then list at least six pharmacies you are going to call. Dont forget about discount mail order sources, too. Then call and get prices, ask if this is their best price available. Compare the costs.
12. Pay attention to the quantity.
Find out how much medication you really may need, and make sure your doctor doesnt order you more medicine than is necessary to treat your condition.
13. Ask your doctor for samples at every visit.
They usually have plenty.
14. Take only those drugs you really need.
When your doctor prescribes medication for you, understand exactly what its meant to do and for how long. If you are prescribed two drugs for the same symptom, ask if you really need both.
15. Buy home test kits.
Kits for determining ovulation, pregnancy and colorectal cancer, can be purchased as home tests instead of paying twice as much for similar kits at your doctors office.
16. Cross the border.
If you live close to either Canada or Mexico, you can buy some medications in either country for 75 percent off the U.S. price.
17. AARP members are eligible for many discounts, including mail-order pharmacy discounts.
Ask for an AARP discount.
If you have questions about these tips or your medication ask your doctor and pharmacist.
Courtesy of www.institutedc.org
©2002 Community News Group
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Filtering Through the Smoke
Legalizing Marijuana Would Slash Its Price, but the Effects on Use and Revenues Are Hazy
Californians are considering two proposals that would make the state the only jurisdiction in the world to fully legalize marijuana, including its commercial production for nonmedical purposes.
The first proposal is state Assembly Bill 2254, often called the Ammiano bill after its sponsor, Assemblyman Tom Ammiano (D-San Francisco). The bill would legalize marijuana for those 21 and older, reduce marijuana possession from a misdemeanor to just an infraction for those under 21, allow home cultivation of up to six plants, and require the state's Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control to regulate marijuana possession, sale, and cultivation in ways similar to the laws now regulating alcohol. The bill would initially impose a statewide excise tax of $50 per ounce on marijuana sales and require the funds to be spent "exclusively for drug education, awareness, and rehabilitation programs." This $50-per-ounce excise tax may be reduced if revenues exceed spending on these programs.
The second proposal is Proposition 19, which will appear on the state's November ballot. Proposition 19 would legalize marijuana use for those 21 and over and allow adults to cultivate marijuana plants for personal consumption in an area of up to 25 square feet. In contrast to the Ammiano bill, which would establish a state regulatory regime, the ballot proposition would empower each of the state's more than 500 cities and counties to choose whether and how to regulate and tax commercial production and distribution within its jurisdiction.
California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger has suggested that it is "time for a debate" about legalization. While such a debate is indeed taking place in the run-up to the November election, the debate is occurring mostly in the absence of impartial information about the effect of marijuana legalization on price, consumption, and tax revenues.
Weed Management
The price of marijuana after legalization would fall dramatically because there would be less legal risk for suppliers, more automation, and economies of scale. Farm field and greenhouse production would be extremely inexpensive. Even under a scenario in which production would be confined to "grow houses" that look (from the outside) identical to other residential houses, we would expect the price to drop by more than 80 percent, from the currently prevailing $300–$450 per ounce of sinsemilla (a high-grade form of marijuana) in California to about $40 per ounce.
Consumption would increase under legalization, but it is unclear by how much. The scientific evidence shows that potential and current marijuana users respond to price changes, so we expect that a large price decrease would lead to a consumption increase. We would also expect consumption to increase because legalization would reduce legal risks, lessen the stigma for some consumers, and boost availability and promotion. Factoring in all these effects, we cannot rule out increases in consumption of 50 to 100 percent or more. It is important to note, however, that even if marijuana prevalence were to increase by 100 percent, the prevalence rate would resemble that of the 1970s.
When the Ammiano bill was introduced in 2009, the state's Board of Equalization estimated that a $50-per-ounce tax would generate nearly $1.4 billion in tax revenue annually from marijuana sales (about $1 billion from the excise tax and about $400 million in sales taxes). Although based solely on the Ammiano bill, this total sum has been used to indicate the revenue that could come from the passage of Proposition 19 as well. But there are four reasons why this figure may be too high.
First, the Board of Equalization assumed that prices would fall more modestly, so it estimated greater sales tax revenue per ounce sold. Second, the board assumed there would be no tax evasion from the $50-per-ounce excise tax; we find this highly unlikely. Third, if legalization were to increase the market share of higher-potency marijuana, then we would expect fewer ounces to be purchased per hour of intoxication; this, in turn, could reduce excise tax revenues per hour of intoxication by almost 50 percent relative to the board's estimate. Fourth, the excise tax may not be set at or stay at $50 per ounce.
High or Low?
There are also reasons why the $1.4-billion revenue estimate from marijuana sales may be too low. Even with a $50-per-ounce excise tax and any costs associated with smuggling marijuana out of California, the price of sinsemilla produced legally in California would be lower than current prices throughout most of the United States. In fact, legalization in California could depress marijuana prices and increase consumption throughout much of the country, although such "exports" would be illegal under California law.
Thus, if marijuana were legalized in California and regulations made it easy for marijuana smugglers to buy legal, taxed marijuana — instead of purchasing it before the taxes were collected — then California could reap a lot of revenue, because there are six times as many marijuana users in the rest of the United States as in California. Such a windfall would depend not only on California regulations being permissive with respect to volume purchases, for example, but also on how the federal government and other states would react. California could also generate additional tax revenue from those who might travel to the state as drug tourists.
There is also the question of whether legalization would reduce law enforcement costs. Current estimates of the state's costs of enforcing marijuana laws vary widely, from $200 million to nearly $1.9 billion a year. We estimate that these costs are likely in the lower range, probably less than $330 million a year. Our analysis recognizes that misdemeanor and felony offenses have different costs, that marijuana offenders are less likely to be prosecuted than are other drug offenders, and that the former receive shorter sentences when convicted.
But if marijuana is legalized, we should not assume that the freed-up law enforcement resources would be returned to the general fund. These resources would likely be used for other law enforcement purposes rather than be refunded to taxpayers. Moreover, there would be new administrative and enforcement costs of managing marijuana distribution and addressing tax evasion.
There are other uncertainties. Spillover effects on the use of alcohol or other drugs could have budgetary consequences as large as those stemming directly from changes in marijuana use. Or, if the federal government retaliated by withholding certain federal funds in the same way that some federal highway funds in the 1980s were made contingent on states setting the minimum age for purchasing alcohol at 21, those losses could offset the fiscal benefits of marijuana legalization.
While uncertainty abounds, we hope that presenting the relevant data concerning prices, consumption, tax revenues, and enforcement costs in a systematic fashion can lend some clarity to a hazy debate.


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Hard Silicone for Samsung Galaxy S2
$ 9.99
is back-ordered. We will ship it separately in 10 to 15 days.
DescriptionSamsung Galaxy S2 SII i9100 - 3 Layer Protective Hardshell Hybrid CaseProtect your Samsung Galaxy S2 from scratches and bumps.Modeled after the Defender Case. This is not a Otterbox Defender case.Hard plastic inner shell provides a rigid first defense against small drops.Simply remove the back polycarbonate cover and snap it over the face for ultimate protection.Soft silicone outer sleeve cushions against minor bumps and adds grip.When using your Galxay S2, the silicone grip pads on the bottom will hold your device securely in place. * Highly protective case * Innovative multi layer design protects your smartphone from bumps, drops, and scratches * Silicone skin wraps around it all to absorb shock.


text:
10 Essential Twitter Tips for Beginners
If you're new to the world of Twitter, this massively popular and ever-growing social media outlet can feel overwhelming to even the most avid of Internet users. Reading up on the ins and outs of how Twitter works is certainly helpful, but ultimately, experience can often be even more important than knowledge. To that end, here is a compilation of...Read More


text: So, we have successfully ended our IndieGogo funding campaign. We have raised nearly $6500. That will get us through production. However, we still need more funds for post production (editing and sound). IndieGogo allows us to continue to take contributions after the initial campaign has ended. So tell a friend!!


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We were delighted to open our mail and find the Minister of Health, Hon. Fred Horne and The Associate Minister of Seniors, Hon. George Vanderburg's Certificate for outstanding commitment to Alberta Seniors. This Certificate was awarded to our day care and out-of-school care program for the time and effort put in by the children and staff to entertain the patients and staff of the Geriatics Ward at the Grey Nuns Hospital on a regular basis. Congratulations to all the children and staff who take the time and effort to come up with different activities to entertain our noble seniors!
We were excited when the staff of the Grey Nuns nominated our program for the 2013 Minister's Seniors Service Award earlier this year and wrote testimonials about the wonderful work the children do.
In celebration of this nomination, the Tawa kids will enjoy cookies and fruit this afternoon. Oh, what fun it is to attend the Tawa Montessori Day Care & Out-of-School Care program where children honor our Senior Citizens and have the opportunity to make their lives happier and joyful!!


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Srushti VFX
We're a creative studio based in Hyderabad India. Since inception in 2013, we've helped conceptualise and create amazing visual effects and 3d animation for game trailers, commercials, and feature films.
We offer art, animation and vfx services for the advertising, film and gaming industries. Our services include story boarding, concept art, concept guide, pre-visualisation, character design, digital painting, creature creation, organic modelling, 3d asset development, game art services, etc
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text:
Old Whale Bones is a location in Freddi Fish and the Case of the Missing Kelp Seeds.
Freddi Fish and the Case of the Missing Kelp SeedsEdit
The Old Whale Bones will always have a whale bone that Freddi and Luther can use to get rid of the Junkyard Dogfish in the Junkyard.
The Old Whale Bones appears in all versions of the game but is only necesary to go to in its own storyline, Junkyard storyline, or the King's Castle storyline.


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Mumbai: MindTree Ltd is trimming capital spend for the year ending March and has deferred plans for a mid-sized hub in Mexico as the global slowdown bites, but the ousourcer was unlikely to cut jobs, a senior official said.
MindTree now plans to spend $10 million in the year to March 2009, down from an earlier target of $17 million to $18 million, chief financial officer Rostow Ravanan told Reuters on Tuesday.
The capex cut comes after MindTree cut its FY09 net profit forecast to $12.8 million-$14.5 million and revenue to $223 million to $225 million last month.
"Any discretionary capex is being cut down," Ravanan said in a telephonic interview. "Only things which have near-term tangible benefits are being incurred right now."
MindTree, which provides research and development and IT services, had announced a plan to set up a development centre in Mexico with 250 people.
It had earmarked $2 million to $2.5 million for the first phase of the project, which will not be spent now, Ravanan said.
"It was led by one large US-based customer, which wanted us to have a near-shore presence in Mexico," he said. "The customer has now asked us to continue in India itself because India is obviously cheaper than Mexico."
Recession in India's key software markets and global turmoil in financial markets has hit the mid-tier tech companies hard as they reel under pricing cut demands from clients.
Despite the pressures, MindTree was unlikely to trim its 8,000 strong workforce but may cut salaries to tide over, he said. "It is not company policy to cut headcount. We will never cut headcount for business reasons," he said.
MindTree resorted to salary cuts across the board instead of laying off people during the slowdown in 2001-02 and the same approach could be adopted now, he added.
MindTree had not seen any contract cancellations, Ravanan said, adding he expected to add up to 15-20 customers in the March quarter, almost in-line with the customer additions in the December quarter.
Ahead of the news, the shares were down 0.5% at Rs205.55 in a firm Mumbai market.


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Riders of Death Valley
Buck Jones,
Lon Chaney, Jr. &
Leo Carillo
Ford Beebe &
Ray Taylor
|List Price:
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|$2.03 (25% Off)
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DVD Features:
- Rated: Not Rated
- Run Time: 4 hours, 44 minutes
- Video: Black & White
- Encoding: Region 0 (Worldwide)
- Released: April 26, 2005
- Originally Released: 1941
- Label: Alpha Video
- Packaging: Keep Case
- Aspect Ratio: Full Frame - 1.33
- Audio:
- [unspecified] - English
Performers, Cast and Crew:
|Buck Jones, Lon Chaney, Jr. & Leo Carillo
|Dick Foran, Noah Beery Jr., Leo Carrillo, Charles Bickford & Lon Chaney, Jr.
|Directed by
|Ford Beebe & Ray Taylor
|Screenplay by
|Sherman L. Lowe, George Plympton, Basil Dickey & Jack Connell
Description by OLDIES.com:
Billed by Universal as "The Million Dollar Serial," Riders of Death Valley unfolds over fifteen thrilling chapters. A number of familiar faces appear in the cast, including Lon Chaney Jr, two years after playing one of his most memorable roles as Lennie in Of Mice and Men. Later in 1941, Chaney achieved immortality as star of The Wolf Man.
Product Description:
Movie Lovers' Ratings & Reviews:
Based on 39 ratings.
This is certainly the finest serial I have ever seen. It is chock full of chases, fights, shootouts, avalanches, explosions and just down right fun watching action. This is a well written. Well acted. Well directed western, with everything you could ask for to keep you on the edge of your seat. Charles Bickford is great as the Wolf, the nemisis of our gang of heroes. All well known and accomplished western actors in their own right. If you like westerns don't miss this one. If you like action, you will be in for a treat. So buckle on your sixshooter. Saddle up old Paint and get ready for the time of your life.
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Product Info
- Sales Rank: 1,265
- Shipping Weight: 0.27/lbs (approx)
- International Shipping: 1 item
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text:
Health, Fitness & Nutrition, MusicFollow
|Fitness & Nutrition
Nonstop, one-hour, high-energy workout music mixes to help you groove while you move. Podrunner's fixed-tempo and interval exercise mixes are perfect for power walking, jogging, running, spinning, elliptical, aerobics, and many other tempo-based forms of exercise. An iTunes award-winner six years in a row!
December 8th, 2011
Episode 77 of 219 episodes
This high-energy mix is funky in the first half and rocking in the second, with a smooth but noticeable build in energy throughout. Podrunner merchandise is available at http://www.djsteveboy.com/merchandise.html Help keep us going so we can help keep you going! Donate at http://www.djsteveboy.com/donate.html Subscribe to RUN TIME, the free Podrunner newsletter, at http://www.podrunner.com Play any Podrunner mix at any speed with the Podrunner Shift iPhone App at http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/podrunner-shift/id510257079?mt=8 PLAYLIST: 01. Nikola & Sasha - Electrik Funk (Frank Solano's Deep Tissue Rub) 02. Adam K - Wrong Guru (Olivier Giacomotto Remix) 03. Tony Thomas - Drifting Mind 04. Tony Mendez - Soundscapes (Thee-O's Tribal Remix)] 05. Jevne and Spur - Something Inside (Jevne's Funky Fingers Mix) 06. Mikel Curcio - Lost in Life 07. Spur - Funklamentary (Jevne's Onethirty Remix) 08. John Acquaviva, Olivier Giacomotto - Hoo Cha Cha 09. DJ Denise - Funtime (DJ Deckster Remix) 10. Constantine, Anthony Hernandez - Habanero (Johnny Dangerously Breaks Remix) 11. Dima - Empty (Serge Blake's Darkness Mix) 12. Studio 51 - Traveling On 13. Steve Boyett - Rachele (closing) == Please support these artists == Podrunner is a registered trademark of Podrunner LLC. Music copyright c the respective artists. All other material c2011 by Podrunner LLC. For personal use only. All rights reserved. Any unauthorized reproduction, editing, exhibition, sale, rental, exchange, public performance, or broadcast of this audio is strictly prohibited.
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Welcome to the Brain Training Podcast, the daily audio workout for your head. In this podcast we have two games for you, each with three rounds which get progressively harder. To enjoy the full experience, relax, and avoid distractions whilst you listen.


text: Lily ' Traits Name Lily Home/Home Galaxy Observatory Species Human Group Galactical Force Role Cleaner Family None Lily appears in the Wii version of MySims Galaxy. She works as the cleaner on the Observatory. She has overcome her fear of electrical appliances, and works comfortably with them. She is also best friends with Elmira. She gives You a tutorial on how to control your sim, at the beginning of the game. Retrieved from "http://mysimsfanon.wikia.com/wiki/Lily_(MySims_Galaxy_Wii)?oldid=60940" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Character Tabs Potterfan1997's stuff MySims Galaxy Characters


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Miranda Hart and stars celebrate the opening night of Annie
Photos6 Jun 2017
First look: Miranda Hart in Annie
Photos1 Jun 2017
Miranda Hart and cast in rehearsals for Annie
Photos11 May 2017
Full cast joining Miranda Hart in Annie announced
Theatre News24 Apr 2017
Dates announced for UK tour of Sunset Boulevard
Theatre News2 Feb 2017
5 minutes with: Dakota Blue Richards - 'The Golden Compass could have been damaging'
Interviews4 Jan 2017
Review: Grease (Leicester Curve)
Reviews2 Dec 2016
Casting announced for The Importance of Being Earnest
Theatre News30 Jun 2016
New UK production of Grease leads Curve's next season
Theatre News5 May 2016
First look at Legally Blonde
Photos8 Apr 2016
Georgia May Foote to star in Breakfast at Tiffany's
Theatre News16 Mar 2016
Emily Atack to star in Breakfast at Tiffany's tour
Theatre News7 Mar 2016
The week in pictures: 12-19 Feb
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Casting announced for Legally Blonde
Theatre News18 Jan 2016
Verity Rushworth joins Pixie Lott in Breakfast at Tiffany's
Theatre News10 Nov 2015
Peter Polycarpou and Laura Pitt-Pulford star in Curve's Oliver!
Theatre News3 Nov 2015
Leicester Curve to release '360° panoramic' broadcast of Calamity Jane
Theatre News14 Jul 2015
Curve chief executive Fiona Allan to join Birmingham Hippodrome
Theatre News30 Apr 2015
Leicester Curve revives Oliver! this Christmas
Theatre News7 Apr 2015
Brief Encounter With... NYMT West Side Story choreographer Drew McOnie
Interviews20 Aug 2013


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Covering one third of the Australian continent, Western Australia provides a totally different flavour of the Australian culture. With Perth being the only large city of over a million people on the entire West Coast, most of the state's land area covering over 2.5 million square kilometers, is preserved in it's pristine and natural form as it was always intended to be.
Surprisingly getting around WA is relatively easy, there are heaps of options depending on how you want to Travel or what your budget will stretch too. We have compiled a list of usefully links below which we hope will help you plan your journey.
Transperth - Bus, Trains and Ferry time table
Rottnest Ferries - Click here
Captain Cook Cruises - Click here
Greyhound - Greyhound covers all of Western Australian and has a wide variety of ticketing options allowing you to travel at your own pace. Click here safetly.
Down Load Free Maps of Western Australia - Click here
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A great and cheap option if there are two or more of you traveling, experience a sense of adventure as you and your friends travel Western Australia at your own pace taking in the best attractions. See Links below.
Backpacker Camper Van Hire - Click here
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Perth - Exmouth - Perth - Red Earth Safaris
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Tag along Tours - Global Gypsies If you have your own Four Wheel Drive then why not join up with other enthusiasts and travel the most remote ares of Western Australia


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Best 10 Best Web Hosting
The general web host providers are in the table above. Here is the list of the best 10 Best Web Hosting companies for 2010 – 2015 services. More specific reviews will be coming soon on the cheap website hosting companies, dailyhosting web host providers and list of the free website hosting services.


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City Market Farmers' Market
March - October:
Saturdays: 6:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. | Sundays: 8:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m.
November - February
Saturdays: 7:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. | Sundays: 8:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m.
Rain or shine, the region's largest farmers' market can be found at the City Market every Saturday and Sunday year-round. More than 140 vendor stalls burst with bedding plants, fruits, vegetables, herbs, fresh baked goods and other sweets, cut flowers and crafts made by local artisans.
At the City Market, you will find the finest produce and many organic foods all fresh from Missouri and the surrounding region.
Great benefits and value can be found here while also supporting local farmers!
For a more information about the City Market and the Farmers' Market, visit thecitymarket.org.
River Market Events
- This event has passed.
River Market Serve Day
April 1 @ 12:30 pm - 5:00 pm
Event Navigation
This event is an opportunity to beautify our neighborhood alongside yellow jacket ambassadors. We'll have brunch at Homesteader and then head out in teams of 10 to complete mini projects. And yes, you'll get a kick-butt t-shirt to wear.


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Meet the Chicks!
April 2, 2013
Matt and I have been talking about backyard chickens for awhile now, but we've been on the fence about whether we should dive right in and get them this year, or waiting until next spring when we're a little more prepared. When it comes right down to it, though, we can't wait a whole year longer for fresh eggs! So, even though it feels like we're scrambling to catch up, we decided to go ahead and get them now, and we're super excited.
So, after doing loads of research, we went to the feed store yesterday to choose our chicks and pick up some supplies. Where we live, you can only have up to four backyard chickens, but we decided to start out with three, and maybe add another to the flock in a year or two. By the way, if you're totally new to chickens like we are, I highly recommend Chick Days: An Absolute Beginner's Guide to Raising Chickens from Hatching to Laying by Jenna Woginrich. This book is perfect if you know next to nothing about what to expect or how to prepare for raising chickens, and the transition from brooder to coop.
So, without further ado, I'd like to introduce you to the newest members of our family:
This is Amelia Pond. She's an Ameraucana, which means she'll likely lay blue or green eggs once she's of age. She's very mild mannered, independent, and I happen to think she's the prettiest chick of the bunch.
This is Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix 01, or 'Seven' as we like to call her. She's an Australorp, so she'll lay brown eggs. As for her temperment, she seems the shyest of the bunch, and she sleeps the most, which might also mean she's the youngest by a day or two.
And last but not least, Starbuck-buck-buck. She's a Buff Orpington, so she'll eventually lay big, light-brown eggs. She's the liveliest of the group, and she's also the largest. She likes to be held, and tests her wings more than the other two. I've even caught her trying to fly out of the brooder, but luckily she's still too small. I have slight suspicions that if any of these 'girls' turn out to be a 'he,' it would be 'she,' but I hope not. I'm quite fond of 'her.'
Aside from our three chicks, we brought home a water dispenser, a food bowl, medicated feed, chick grit, a heat lamp, some pine shavings, and a screen. All together, we spent around $60 at the feed store for the whole lot.
To make our brooder, we found an old cardboard box, filled it with the shavings, and taped up the flaps to add more height to the walls. We've hooked our heat lamp to one of Matt's old microphone stands so we can easily adjust the height, and then to make sure that it's extra secure, we've used a chain to connect it to a hook on the ceiling in case the stand gets knocked over. We also taped a thermometer probe to the inside of the box so we can keep track of the temperature.
I will say that just as soon as we got home, I hooked up the heat lamp and held it over the girls while Matt set up the brooder box. We were told that keeping them warm was our top priority, and we took that advice seriously. Once the brooder was ready, and we placed them inside and introduced them to the water. Once I was sure they had all taken a good drink, we introduced the food.
I think Matt and I stood huddled around them for a good hour or two, making sure that the temperature was adequate for them, and that they all seemed active and healthy. I forgot to ask at the feed store about how old they are, but from what I gather, they look about one week old. They've all got feathers on their wings, and they're just starting to grow tail feathers. Amelia Pond looks to be the furthest along in terms of feathers, while Starbuck-buck-buck is the biggest of the three.
I know a lot of this information is probably redundant to those of you who own or were raised with chickens, but I love reading about stuff like this. So, for those of you who are thinking about owning chickens, or if you're just starting off like we are, I'll be posting an update on their progress every week until they're in the coop. Also, if you have any advice or interesting experiences you'd like to share about your own chickens, please do!
12 comments:
They are so cute! And just think how many fresh eggs you'll have! I love that Portland allows its residents to have chicken coops in their backyard. Some areas of LA allow it, but most don't unfortunately :(ReplyDeleteReplies
This comment has been removed by the author.Delete
Thanks for sharing- I plan to live vicariously thru you!ReplyDelete
You and Matt will get so much pleasure out of your chickens. I look forward to hearing all you want to share with us about the goings on of the new members of your family..Have fun! xoReplyDelete
Oh they are beautiful. I'm so jealous. Can't wait to hear your experience with them.ReplyDelete
They are so cute! I would love to have chickens, horses and farm animals but we don't have any land. Good luck with the girls! :)ReplyDelete
Oh my goodness--they're so cute! I've been waiting to see if I can get another broody hen this year, but I'm not sure how much longer I can put it off. Congratulations!ReplyDelete
Doctor Who, Star Trek, BSG (or coffee?),AND chickens! What a wonderous post! I had chickens growing up, and I can't wait to get a place with a bit of land so we can start up a little flock. :)ReplyDelete
Congratulations! you are going to love having chickens! Our buff is the most tame of the bunch. 3 is a great number to start with and when they start laying you'll find that you will have plenty of eggs. We only have 2 right now and we are getting more than enough eggs for a family of 3.ReplyDelete
They are so sweet!
Squee, they're adorable!! I love that you got three completely different ones. I'd love to have chickens some day so I'm looking forward to following your experiences with them :)ReplyDelete
They're adorable! We hatched chicks for the first time last year, plus picked some up from a local poultry swap. I was amazed at how fast they outgrew the brooder. Be prepared! :)ReplyDelete
it has been too long since i visited your blog:) the chicks are so sweet i want to have chicks some day too. so i am going to keep reading your updates and look for the book you suggested.ReplyDelete


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Last week, San Francisco voters rejected a ballot initiative that would have halted market-rate development in the Mission District. The proposed moratorium highlighted schisms in the community around the best… read more →
Around the globe, many cities are experiencing a housing affordability crisis. There are few places this crisis is more pronounced than San Francisco and Los Angeles. California's strict land use… read more →
Suburban poverty is in the headlines again these weeks after the publication of Brookings researchers Elizabeth Kneebone and Alan Berube's new book,Confronting Suburban Poverty in America, which augments previous empirical work… read more →
Following Governor Brown's recommendation, the Legislature's joint legislative committee has voted to eliminate redevelopment in California. Without redevelopment, planners lose a key tool to revitalize cities by targeting investment to… read more →


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These loans use the equity in homes to provide payments as long as you continue to live in the home – but require full repayment when you die or move away.
Quick Summary
Intended primarily for elderly homeowners, reverse mortgages are true to their name: They offer you payments instead of requiring payments from you. At the end of the mortgage, a full repayment plus interest is made (typically by selling the house). These loans can continue for years but tend to automatically end when the borrower dies or moves out. This makes them a better option for older homeowners who don't intend to leave their home as an inheritance but do want extra money to take trips or enjoy a higher quality of life.
Pros and ConsPros
-Immediate, tax-free payments. The payments from a reverse mortgage start immediately and are tax-free. This allows the borrower to immediately use the funds without spending as much cash on initial costs.
-You keep the title. Until the loan ends, you keep the title for your home and continue other payments (such as homeowners insurance) as before, with few to no changes.Cons
-Assets will be sold. When the borrower dies or the loan ends under other conditions, assets are usually sold to pay off the mortgage. These assets include vehicles and property, which means there may not be many assets left to inherit or pass on.
-The longer the loan lasts, the more you tend to owe. Interest payments can increase as the loan continues sometimes rising beyond the value of the property, which puts borrowers in the awkward position of betting on how long they are going to live.
-A controversial history. Those that prey on the elderly have used fraudulent versions of reverse mortgages to do so. Finding a quality lender that you can trust is a vital step.
What Else Should I Know?
There are several different types of reverse mortgages, typically based on who is offering them (government programs, commercial lenders, etc.). Examine all your options to find the best choice. Because reverse mortgages tend to focus on elderly homeowners and their assets, it's important to involve as much of the family as possible in the process so everyone knows what to expect and why the reverse mortgage is happening. Also note any options for customizing the mortgage: For example, there are certain arrangements that allow for a spouse to continue living in the home after the primary borrower has passed away.


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We rent a fantastic 2 bedroom with included parking spot (in a garage) for the price of 1 bedrooms elsewhere in South Boston. Additionally the apartment is right on the red line, making it super convenient for getting into the city. All of the neighbors are working professionals, respectful and several have dogs. The communal roof deck has a shared grill and great views of the city skyline.


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Windsor Windsor Wide DVD Storage Unit Glass Door
Product Description
The Windsor Oak Collection is crafted from solid European oak, and offers a comprehensive range infusing character and practicality for both large and small homes. Take your pick from a standard satin lacquered finish, to its revolutionary Monocoat oiled finish which provides an extremely high tolerance resulting in each piece being both heat and water resistant. A number of different colours are available. Why not add a splash of colour with a paint finish from the Timeless Collection. With varying colours to choose from, the contrasting qualities give each item a contemporary twist to the classic farmhouse feel
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An assessment of the impact of diagnosis-related group (DRG)-based reimbursement on the technical efficiency of New Jersey hospitals using data envelopment analysis
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Volume (Year): 7 (1988)
Issue (Month): 2 ()
Pages: 77-96
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I joined the CBS Evening News today to discuss the arrest overnight of Tiger Woods.
You can watch the CBS Evening News segment here.
I joined the CBS Evening News today to discuss the arrest overnight of Tiger Woods.
You can watch the CBS Evening News segment here.
Tiger Woods has long been accustomed to owning the sports headlines on the day after the Arnold Palmer Invitational concludes. That PGA Tour event—which Woods has won eight times—wrapped on Sunday without its legendary namesake (who died in September) or the injured Woods, who in recent years has spent more time on the sidelines than Bill Belichick.
There was a time when tournament appearances by Tiger Woods were theaters of high drama: the greatest golfer in history ruthlessly chasing down every record worthy of pursuit. But that was before chipping yips and back surgeries, before Achilles and ACL injuries, before personal scandal and swing woes, even before most folks had heard of Rory McIlroy. Or Barack Obama.
Woods returns to the PGA Tour this week 15 months after being sidelined by a pair of microdiscectomy procedures. His reappearance is cause for celebration but also for trepidation, since his more recent performances have veered between farce and tragedy.
The winner of 14 majors had been scheduled to return at the Safeway Open in October, but just three days after committing to play, Woods withdrew. "After a lot of soul searching and honest reflection, I know that I am not yet ready to play," he said. "My health is good, and I feel strong, but my game is vulnerable and not where it needs to be."
For fans weaned on Tiger's cutthroat aggression and indomitable self-belief, the admission of frailty stood out, as though his clubs were suddenly carved from kryptonite. His withdrawal was no routine acknowledgment of competitive rustiness. Golf's Gretzky was sitting out because he was scared of slipping on the ice.
Thursday, October 6, 2016, marked 20 years since Tiger Woods first won a professional golf tournament in Las Vegas, a city that exists to provide former superstars with a comeback annuity. It also marked 410 days since Woods last struck a shot on the PGA Tour—not since the final round of the Wyndham Championship in August 2015, when he stumbled late in his bid for an 80th career win, which would have left him just two shy of Sam Snead's record tally.
His tie for 10th that Sunday was the best finish of Woods's year, but a few weeks later he underwent two back surgeries and retreated to rehab.
His eagerly awaited return comes at the Safeway Open in Napa, California, this Thursday, October 13, by which point 3,041 days will have passed since Woods won a tournament he really cared about (the 2008 United States Open, his 14th major title). Since then, he has been in a long, steady decline widely mistaken for a series of slumps and injury layoffs.
The Masters Tournament, the 80th edition of which begins Thursday in Augusta, Georgia, attracts the drive-by golf fans, those who tend toward an abridged, Augusta-centric version of history. In this CliffsNotes chronicle, Jack deposed Arnie in the '60s and ruled until his epic Masters victory at age 46, 30 years ago.
Après Jack? A period of unremarkable parity until the Tiger era commenced.
Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods will be at Augusta National this week for the Masters, but physical frailty—induced by age and injury—consigns all three to ceremonial cameos. That leaves the role of sentimental favorite to Tom Watson, who will make his 43rd and final Masters appearance. His farewell offers a timely reminder to casual fans that Nicklaus was himself overthrown by a young rival, one who has aged into the sport's most durable and complicated icon.


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|Does this mean we don't even get cake?
~ Katie
"Always You"
Season 3, Episode 3
|Air Date
January 7, 2015
|Production code
Catharina Ledeboer & Charlotte Owen
Clayton Boen
|Episode Guide
Always You[1] is the 3rd episode of Season 3, and of Every Witch Way.
Emma discovers Mia flirting with Daniel and becomes jealous; Andi is determined to become the first human Guardian and Emma promises to take her to the council, despite Jax's warning; Diego learns more about being a Kanay. Daniel invites Emma on a date at the 7 where he sings her a song he wrote "Always You".
- Paola Andino as Emma Alonso
- Paris Smith as Maddie Van Pelt
- Daniela Nieves as Andi Cruz
- Nick Merico as Daniel Miller
- Denisea Wilson as Katie Rice
- Autumn Wendel as Sophie Johnson
- Tyler Alvarez as Diego Rueda
- Rahart Adams as Jax Novoa
- Elizabeth Elias as Mia
- Zoey Burger as Gigi Rueda
- Agamemnon can't take Emma's powers away because they are too strong.
- Upon not being able to take Emma's powers, Jax taunts Agamemnon, so Agamemnon takes away Jax's powers for a short period of time.
- Emma gets jealous of Daniel and Mia hanging out.
- Diego learns more about the markings that Kanays have on their arms and their basic powers (plus how they smell to witches).
- Jax gets quill-like things put on his face as punishment for continuing to taunt Agamemnon about not being able to take Emma's powers, so Emma has to help him fix it.
- The T3 do research on H2O, and see that they have done some over-the-top pranks.
- At the end of the episode, Emma and Andi go into the realm to try to get Andi a spot as a guardian, while Hex and Jax are seen chasing after them, Jax tells them not to do it.
- Mia shape shifts into Andi.
- Emma gets let out of Boot Camp.
- Daniel sings a song to Emma while playing the guitar called "it's Always You".
- Gigi was absent in this episode
The image gallery for Always You may be viewed here.
|Desdemona (flashing in): I'm here. What do you need?
|Lily: You're still at the beach? It's night time.
|Desdemona: Not in Dubai. So, what is so important that I am missing my paddleboard lesson?
|Agamemnon: It's the Chosen One.
|Lily: Uncle Pete's sake just say it! Agamemnon tried to take Emma's powers, and couldn't.
|Desdemona: We knew this day would come.
|Agamemnon: But so soon?
|Desdemona: She's destined to be the most powerful witch alive, it was bound to happen!
|Lily: I don't see why this is a problem.
|Agamemnon: Because, untrained Chosen Ones can go awry. Do you know how difficult it was to take the Principal's powers?
|Lily: Emma's NOTHING like the Principal; she has a good heart.
|Desdemona: But she is still a teenage girl.
|Agamemnon: Great. The future of the realm is at the wim of the Chosen One's hormones.
|Diego (looking at a kanay book): Whoa, check this out!
|Maddie: Is that a tattoo?
|Diego: No, it's...it's a kanay marking. Cool, huh? It's a spider!
|Maddie: Do you have one?
|Diego: I don't know. Let's see! (shows his kanay markings on his arms)
|Maddie (sighing): That never gets old. (checking his arms) Um, nope. You don't have any like that. Yours are totally awesome! See, we're learning something new about kanays! They have different markings.
|Diego: Makes sense but, what does the spider mean?
|Maddie: Maybe it's, like a tribe thing? Like each group has a different set of markings!
|Daniel (going after Emma): Emma, wait! Let me explain. We were just goofing around.
|Emma: I know.
|Daniel: I'm sorry.
|Emma: It's okay, I'm just being extra sensitive. I didn't like seeing you like that....with another girl.
|Daniel: Covered in ice cream?
|Emma: Yes.
|Daniel (smiling at realization): You're jealous!
|Emma (defensive): Maybe! Don't enjoy it too much; I can still turn you into a marlin and release you into the wild.