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We have characterized environmental exposures among 187 women who were pregnant, were at or near the World Trade Center (WTC) on or soon after 11 September 2001, and are enrolled in a prospective cohort study of health effects. Exposures were assessed by estimating time spent in five zones around the WTC and by developing an exposure index (EI) based on plume reconstruction modeling. The daily reconstructed dust levels were correlated with levels of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5; r = 0.68) or PM10 (r = 0.73–0.93) reported from 26 September through 8 October 2001 at four of six sites near the WTC whose data we examined. Biomarkers were measured in a subset. Most (71%) of these women were located within eight blocks of the WTC at 0900 hr on 11 September, and 12 women were in one of the two WTC towers. Daily EIs were determined to be highest immediately after 11 September and became much lower but remained highly variable over the next 4 weeks. The weekly summary EI was associated strongly with women's perception of air quality from week 2 to week 4 after the collapse (p < 0.0001). The highest levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon–deoxyribonucleic acid (PAH-DNA) adducts were seen among women whose blood was collected sooner after 11 September, but levels showed no significant associations with EI or other potential WTC exposure sources. Lead and cobalt in urine were weakly correlated with ∑EI, but not among samples collected closest to 11 September. Plasma OC levels were low. The median polychlorinated biphenyl level (sum of congeners 118, 138, 153, 180) was 84 ng/g lipid and had a nonsignificant positive association with ∑EI (p > 0.05). 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Heptachlorodibenzodioxin levels (median, 30 pg/g lipid) were similar to levels reported in WTC-exposed firefighters but were not associated with EI. This report indicates intense bystander exposure after the WTC collapse and provides information about nonoccupational exposures among a vulnerable population of pregnant women.
Depending on the World Trade Center (WTC) source characteristics and the date after 11 September 2001, emissions from the WTC site during September 2001 through early 2002 affected lower Manhattan as well as immediately adjacent areas in Brooklyn and New Jersey. Environmental and personal air monitoring, dust analyses, and biomonitoring have identified that dust and air particulates and fibers, alkaline dust, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were greatly elevated in the first days after 11 September, with some contaminants remaining above background for 1–3 months (Lioy et al. 2002, in press; McGee et al. 2003; Swartz et al. 2003). Higher atmospheric levels, compared with contemporaneous or pre-11 September measures in mid-Manhattan, have been found for a number of chemicals, including volatile hydrocarbons (benzene, xylene, tetrachloro-ethylene), metals [lead (Pb), antimony (Sb)], and semi- and nonvolatile chlorinated hydrocarbons [e.g., polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF)] (Lioy et al. 2002; Offenberg et al. 2003). Individual exposures have been assessed among firefighters and construction workers who were working close to the site on and after 11 September (Edelman et al. 2003). However, bystander exposures have not been described, although adverse health effects have been reported (Trout et al. 2002). Air-monitoring data for both particulate mass (e.g., Figure 1) and PAHs (Landrigan et al. 2004; Thurston et al. 2003) showed elevations within the first month after 11 September, with intermittent excursions after that time ascribed to meterologic conditions as well as operational changes at the site (Dalton 2003).
We have characterized and estimated WTC-related exposures among 187 women who were pregnant and were at or near the WTC on 11 September or within the subsequent 3 weeks. A preliminary report on birth outcomes in this group has been published (Berkowitz et al. 2003b).
In 2002, we established a prospective epidemiologic study of 187 women who were pregnant and located within or near the WTC on or about 11 September. The great majority of the women recruited to this study were self-referred on the basis of extensive media publicity surrounding our investigation. Additional participants were located by sending letters to nearly 3,000 obstetricians in the greater New York City area, distributing flyers in lower Manhattan, and advertising in local newspapers. Eligibility criteria were pregnancy on 11 September 2001 or shortly thereafter and presence in one of five "exposure" zones at or near the WTC at 0900 hr (n = 170) on that day or within the next 3 weeks (n = 17). The five exposure zones were a) the area including and surrounding the WTC site bordered by Murray Street (north), Nassau Street (east), the Battery (south), and the Hudson River (west); b) the area of Manhattan south of Chambers Street excluding zone 1; c) south of Canal Street and north of Chambers Street; d) Brooklyn Heights; and e) the easternmost part of New Jersey across the Hudson River from the WTC (Figure 2). The women were evenly distributed (28–34%) for trimester of pregnancy on 11 September.
We used questionnaires and a time–activity log to help characterize exposures from 11 September through 8 October 2001. The questionnaire included items on socio-demographic characteristics; medical and pregnancy history; employment; potential home, work, and food exposures to PAHs (i.e., grilled foods and cigarette smoke); evacuation on 11 September through the dust and debris; perception of air quality (PAQ) after 11 September; and presence of WTC dust in the home. The time–activity log recorded all the time spent indoors and outdoors at any distinct street address in one of five zones around the WTC for 4 weeks after 11 September (Figure 2). These zones were defined by five different areas at increasing distances from WTC, which represented likely high exposures to emissions and dust depending on the location and intensity of the WTC plume (emissions) and dust impact areas. The time spent outside any of the five zones was not recorded but could be computed by subtraction. In separate analyses, no differences in exposure patterns were seen between indoors and outdoors, so we used total time spent in the exposure analyses. The time–activity logs were geocoded using Arc GIS software (ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA) based on each street address and daily time spent within these zones.
Beginning in February 2002, we obtained blood and urine specimens from 178 women, 55 of whom were in the third trimester of pregnancy (the remainder had delivered), to determine levels of PAH-DNA adducts and other biomarkers of exposure. For 160 samples, DNA was successfully obtained from mononuclear cells by standard RNase and proteinase K treatment and phenol/chloroform extraction. Mononuclear cells have higher adducts than do granulocytes (Jahnke et al. 1990; Savela and Hemminki 1991), and thus this method should allow detection of adducts in women who were most heavily exposed to WTC fire emissions or dust. The half-life of PAH-DNA adducts in total white blood cells has been reported to be 3–5 months (Mooney et al. 1995), and the half-life of adducts in mononuclear cells should be no shorter than in total white blood cells. PAH-DNA adducts were measured by a competitive ELISA with chemiluminescence end-point detection (Divi et al. 2002). Results were the average of triplicate measurements. For 7% of samples with sufficient DNA, samples were reassayed. Repeat analysis of three positive controls resulted in a coefficient of variation of 22%. Samples with inhibition < 20% were considered nondetectable. The limit of detection (LOD) was approximately 40 adducts per million nucleotides (40 apmn), based on 20% inhibition and 10 μg DNA assayed per well. PAH-DNA adducts were categorized as below the LOD, < 60 apmn (median of detectable adducts), ≥60 apmn, and > 100 apmn. This upper category was derived from a plot showing a marked shift in the cumulative distribution at this level (> 92%).
In a randomly selected subset of 100 women, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) determined that these women had metals in urine and blood and organochlorines [OCs; included 40 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 7 polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), 10 PCDFs, and 8 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in plasma. Random selection was done by assigning a random number obtained using the SAS function (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) to all 187 women, sorting on the random number, and choosing the first 100 women. Metals were measured in whole blood and urine using published methods (Date and Gray 1989; Guo and Baasner 1993; Nixon et al. 1999; Paschal et al. 1998). OCs and PBDEs were analyzed using high-resolution gas chromatography/isotope-dilution high-resolution mass spectrometry (Patterson et al. 1991; Sjödin et al. 2004). Serum total lipids were calculated using the values for triglycerides and cholesterol assayed with an enzymatic method (Akins et al. 1989). Urinary creatinine was assayed using a kit from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). The median was 0.43 g/L, and the maximum 1.9 g/L; two values were < 0.01 g/L. Urine metals are presented uncorrected to allow comparison with previously reported data, but adjustment for creatinine was done in multivariate models by including it as a covariate.
Limits of detection for each biomarker are given in each table in "Results." For metals and PBDE, laboratory values were censored at the LOD. In parametric analyses, we substituted the value LOD/√2 for unreported metal levels. Because we focused on OCs with levels above the LOD in > 50% of the samples, univariate analyses of OC concentrations [four PCBs (∑PCB4), two PCDDs, and two PCDFs] changed very little whether LOD values were assigned a censored value (LOD/√2) or the actual value was reported. However, the measures of central tendency for concentrations of ∑PCB4/total PCBs were influenced by choice of surrogate value for the LOD. Few samples had ∑PCB4 congeners below the LOD, but many samples had values below the LOD for other PCBs. As a result, the ∑PCB4: total PCB ratio decreased artificially when a surrogate value (LOD/√2) was used. The mean ∑PCB4: total PCB ratio increased by 40% and the median by 50% when using LOD/√2 rather than zero or the actual value below the LOD. Therefore, we used the actual values (which were all positive) or the lowest positive value (to avoid zeroes) of congeners for the sum of PCBs (see discussion and citations in Berkowitz et al. 2003a; Fitzgerald et al. 2004). We could not use this approach for PBDEs because the lowest positive value was usually higher than the lowest reported LOD value. Therefore, because individual LOD values were given, we used the median LOD of all samples and substituted the median LOD/√2 for LOD samples in parametric analyses.
A daily dust exposure index (EI) was estimated for each woman. The EI each day was derived by reconstruction of the post-11 September WTC plume. The Computational Chemodynamics Laboratory (a research unit of the Exposure Measurement and Assessment Division of the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey) developed simulations of the plume that was generated by the collapse of the WTC buildings and the subsequent fires at the site (Huber et al. 2004).
The plume reconstruction was obtained by generating a set of simulations that were the result of employing the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)/Hybrid Particle and Concentration Transport (HYPACT) model, which is employed as part of the Modeling Environment for Total Risk (MENTOR) developed by the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute. The RAMS/HYPACT model was used to reconstruct the atmospheric dispersion of "generic" particulate matter (PM) emitted from the location of the WTC. This simulation employed a triple-nested modeling domain of 4 × 4 km (grid 1), 1 × 1 km (grid 2), and 250 × 250 m (grid 3) resolutions. The RAMS/HYPACT results were averaged over time to produce 8-hr concentrations for five zones across lower Manhattan, Brooklyn, and New Jersey. A source decay factor was incorporated into each 8-hr concentration average estimate, corresponding to a sigmoidal weakening function. This was done to simulate the decrease in the intensity of the fires and other emission sources during the days after 11 September.
The RAMS/HYPACT model accounts for advection, convection, and dispersion of emissions after the collapse of the towers, but is not constructed to model the initial wave of dust and debris. A geographic information system (GIS)-based database developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA; U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 2001] from overflight photos and satellite images provides approximate boundaries of dust/debris, allowing characterization of the extent of the area of deposition from the collapse of the WTC buildings (U.S. EPA 2002; USGS 2001). The GIS data were superimposed on the zones of concern to determine the relative impact of the dust and debris wave for use in the development of the EI for 11 September. The available images show that the dust/debris field completely covered zones 1 and 2 from 11 through 13 September 2001. During this same time period, zone 3 was also heavily covered to an area within 300 feet of zone 2 boundaries. Most remaining suspended dust was settled and/or washed away after a rain event on 14 September. For zone 1, zone 2 and the first 300 feet within zone 3 (nearest the zone 2 boundary), the airborne concentrations from resuspended dust/debris on 11 through 13 September were estimated to be approximately equal to two-thirds of the maximum plume concentration. In the remainder of zone 3, this estimate was one-third of the maximum plume concentration (in each case, the maximum plume concentration is the maximum of the 8-hr average). These weighting factors were derived from visual inspection/interpretation of the available images of the WTC plume and debris and the relative intensity of plume and dust.
Reflecting the RAMS/HYPACT model start time of 0900 Eastern Daylight Savings Time, only two 8-hr averages exist for 11 September. Therefore, the total number of hours per person was set to be ≤16 for 11 September. Because the time–activity diary for an individual does not include the specific hours spent in a particular zone in a particular day, the data sets cannot be used to directly estimate exposure based on the time of day. As a result, the daily average plume density in each zone was combined with the time–activity diary entries (i.e., time spent in each zone) to develop an average EI.
The EI accounts for time spent both indoors and outdoors. Various indoor/outdoor (I/O) concentration penetration factors have been reported and used for microenvironmental models. These values typically range from 0.05 to 0.9 (Burke et al. 2001; Thornburg et al. 2001; Vette et al. 2001). To account for the type of building ventilation system (residential/nonresidential) and a particle size range, an I:O ratio value of 0.15 was used.
The EI was calculated for 187 women for 11 September and each of the 27 days immediately thereafter. Because the exact emission amount resulting from the WTC collapse is unknown, a hypothetical unit pollutant release rate was used in the RAMS/HYPACT simulation. The simulation with a unit release provides the relative "normalized" concentration of airborne contaminants at different locations. These calculations result in a dimensionless EI. Because the values are relative, identical EIs on different days may not represent exactly equivalent daily exposures. However, the potential misclassification was small enough to justify their summation. This was shown by the correlation of the daily median EI with EPA PM monitoring data at four sites (see Results). In addition, for most women, their exposure sums were dominated by the value on 11 September or on a few other days with very high readings, because of the logarithmic nature of the EI distribution. Therefore, for the purposes of estimating total exposure, the indoor and outdoor EIs have been summed over certain time periods, with ∑EI being the 28-day (4-week) sum. If additional monitoring data become available from ongoing data analyses, the current EIs can be analyzed to determine if there is reason to improve the estimates and more accurately calibrate the EIs.
Statistical analyses were conducted using Microsoft (Redmond, WA) Excel and SAS PC (version 9; SAS Institute Inc.). The EIs were explored as continuous variables [daily values, weekly sums, and 28-day total (∑EI) for each woman] and as quantiles (dichotomized at the median). The significance of associations among categorical variables was assessed by chi-square analysis, using the Fisher exact test and the Mantel-Haenszel test for trend where appropriate. Because the exposure variables were not normally distributed, nonparametric methods (Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Kruskal-Wallis test) were used to test for differences in the medians between groups. Spearman correlations (rS) were used to examine associations between continuous variables. In addition, we used multivariate analyses to predict biomarker levels of those analytes that demonstrated any association with ∑EI [Pb, mercury, octachlorodibenzodioxin (OCDD), ∑PCB4]. For these models, the log-transformed biomarker level was the dependent variable, and the independent variables were EI (dichotomized below or above the median ∑EI) and factors that might potentially affect selected biomarkers (age, body mass index, pregnancy at blood draw, breast-feeding, smoking, race, and fish intake). We used the general linear models program (PROC GLM) in SAS with the LSMEANS option to determine whether the biomarker level differed significantly by ∑EI (below vs. above the median).
Within this cohort of pregnant women, most participants were located north and southeast of the WTC in zones 1–3 at 0900 hr on 11 September (Figure 2). Most women (133 of 187, 71%) were located within eight blocks (zones 1 and 2), including 12 women who were in a WTC tower or the complex underneath. The locations of participants at 0900 hr on 11 September were 40.6% in zone 1, 30.5% in zone 2, 17.6% in zone 3, 1.6% in zone 4, 0.5% in zone 5, and 9.1% who were not there but who reentered the area within the succeeding weeks.
Regardless of their exact location at 0900 hr on 11 September, most women either lived or worked in zones 1–5 before 11 September (33 women both lived and worked there, 38 lived there, and 113 worked there; 3 neither worked nor lived there). Therefore, although we do not have data on average time spent in these zones before 11 September, it is likely to be much higher than the durations reported in the 4 weeks after 11 September. As shown in Figure 3A, women reported spending little time in zones 1–3 immediately after 11 September, with time spent gradually increasing thereafter, with notable dips on the weekends. During the first week after 11 September, 37% of women spent some time in zones 1–3, and the percentage rose over the next 3 weeks (42, 61, and 70%). During the month after 11 September, women spent more time in zones 2 and 3 than in zone 1, which was quite inaccessible at this time. The average duration in zone 3 was 1.2 hr/day in the week immediately after 11 September, rising gradually to 3.3 hr/day for the third work week (Monday through Friday) after 11 September (mean hours per day by zone are shown in Figure 3A); time spent in zones 1 and 2 was similar in later weeks but lower than in zone 3 in the early weeks. Over the same period, average time in zone 1 was 0.2 hr/day in week 1 and 1.2 hr/day in week 3. Patterns of time spent in zones 1–5 did not differ materially with regard to whether women lived and/or worked in lower Manhattan.
In contrast to the increasing time spent in zones 1–3, the relative dust concentrations within the five zones declined rapidly during the 28 days after 11 September (Figure 3B). However, marked fluctuations in the dust and emission levels existed, consistent with changing construction, traffic, and weather patterns over this period (Dalton 2003; Landrigan et al. 2004). The individual EIs in Figure 3C were computed by combining individual-level data of the type shown in Figures 3A and B. The daily EIs exhibit a steep decline during the 3 days after 11 September, lower values during the weekends after that, and a slight shift toward increasing levels (but well below those of the first 3 days) in weeks 3 and 4, consistent with the reported time spent in zones close to the WTC in Figure 3A. The daily relative dust levels in zone 1 (Figure 3B) were correlated with PM concentrations at four stations close to the WTC that monitored PM after 22 September 2001 (Columbia University 2003) [Chambers Street: PM ≤10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), r = 0.91; PM ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), r = 0.93; 290 West Broadway: PM10, r = 0.73; West Broadway–Park Place: PM2.5, r = 0.68; n = 7–15 per site]. Using the models of reported PM data tested for performance against daily EI (Figure 3B), we estimated the daily median PM2.5 or PM10 levels in zone 1 by extrapolation to have been > 1,000 μg/m3 on 11 September and > 100 μg/m3 from 12 September though 16 September 2001 in some locations (data not shown).
Sociodemographic factors did not differ by the ∑EI (28-day total) among participants (Table 1). The cohort has a mean age of 35 years and is largely white, married, highly educated, and nonsmoking. Women who both worked and lived in lower Manhattan on 11 September (n = 33) had a higher ∑EI than did women who only worked (n = 113), only lived (n = 38), or spent time for other reasons in one of the zones (n = 3) (Table 1). Answers to exposure-related questions about when and where women lived were strongly correlated with ∑EI, as expected from the congruity of these questions with data in the time–activity log (selected exposures are presented in Table 1). Notably, evacuation through the immediate area on 11 September led to a higher ∑EI. The median day's EI for 11 September was 3.2 among 85 women who evacuated through the WTC debris; the 11 September EI was higher among women who remained in the debris for ≥40 min (median EI, 3.7 on 11 September; n = 40) than among those who stayed for 1–39 min (median EI, 2.6 for 11 September; n = 45) or not at all (median EI, 1.3; n = 102; p < 0.0001). Women who wore dust masks during cleaning also had higher EIs, although the reported presence of dust in the home was not associated with EI.
The pattern of EI versus time as shown in Figure 3C is explored in relation to PAQ in Table 2. Here, in week 1, the 7-day EI sum was not related to PAQ, and this was probably because few women reported spending much time in the area during week 1 (39 of 185, 21%). During weeks 2–4 after 11 September, a strong association was observed between PAQ and weekly EI sum, because women who worked or lived in lower Manhattan returned to the area (Table 2). The association between PAQ and ∑EI existed for all women in weeks 2–4 and among just those women who reported spending most of their time in zones 1–5 (i.e., 49% in week 2, 69% in week 3, 77% in week 4; n = 39, 92, 127, and 143, respectively).
PAH-DNA adducts were measured in 160 women. Most were nondetectable (88 of 160, 55%); the median of detectable values was 60 apmn. Eleven women had levels higher than 100 apmn, and nine of these women had blood drawn in February or March 2002 (Table 3), a time interval within the reported clearance times of PAH-DNA adducts from lymphocytes (Mooney et al. 1995). Samples collected in February/March had a significantly greater number of detectable PAH adducts (46 apmn; 64%) and a higher median value (46.7 apmn) compared with later samples (26 apmn, 30%; median, 20.0 apmn; p < 0.0001; Table 3). There were no consistent associations between PAH adducts and EI, when considered overall or by various temporal windows of blood draw and EI weekly sum. Neither ∑EI nor PAH adducts were associated with dietary intake of foods that may contain PAHs (e.g., broiled meat) or smoking, questions included in the questionnaire for this purpose.
Thirteen urinary metals as well as Pb, cadmium, and Hg in blood were measured in a subset of 100 women. After comparing the percentage detected and the median values of the urinary levels in our data with data from earlier reports (CDC 2003; Edelman et al. 2003), in Table 4 we present findings on urinary Sb, Cd, Pb, and uranium and blood Pb and Cd, for which levels were reported among firefighters exposed at the WTC (Edelman et al. 2003). We also included urinary cobalt because levels were weakly correlated with ∑EI. We included blood Hg because levels in the women were higher than in the National Health and Examination Study (NHANES) data and because Hg was reported as a possible WTC site contaminant (Edelman et al. 2003). None of the other urinary metals was associated with ∑EI, either among all women or among the February–March biospecimen collections. Moreover, the observed correlations with ∑EI, which were significant among 100 urine samples (rS = 0.20 for Co and 0.21 for Pb; p < 0.05), were not significant among the February–March biospecimens (rS = 0.13 and 0.12, respectively; p > 0.3; n = 44). The median values of four urine metal concentrations in Table 4 were lower than those reported in WTC-exposed or control firefighters (urinary Co was not reported). The medians of Co, Cd, and uranium were lower than among females in the NHANES data (CDC 2003), whereas urinary Pb was higher (Table 4). Blood Cd was significantly correlated with ∑EI (rS = 0.29, p = 0.01), but the comparison with ∑EI above and below the median was not significant for any of these (Kruskal-Wallis test). No significant associations of blood metals with exposure were seen among the February–March biospecimens.
Selected organohalogen compounds (40 PCBs, 7 PCDDs, 10 PCDFs, 8 PBDEs) were measured in blood plasma in the same randomly selected subset of 100 women as were the metals. Data on specific PCBs, PCDFs PCDDs, and PBDEs presented in Table 5 were chosen because they were detected in > 50% of our samples, they were reported in WTC debris (PCBs, pentachlorodibenzofuran, PBDEs; Litten et al. 2003; Offenberg et al. 2003), or they were elevated in serum among firefighters (Edelman et al. 2003). PCB and OCDD levels were not significantly higher among women whose ∑EIs were above the median, and none of the other OCs or PBDEs differed significantly with respect to median ∑EI. In comparison with other reports, the median heptachlorodibenzodioxin level (30 pg/g) was similar to the adjusted geometric mean reported in exposed firefighters (28 pg/g lipid; Edelman et al. 2003). Heptachlorodibenzofuran levels were higher in exposed fire-fighters, but no levels were reported. 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran was below the LOD in 59% of our sample. Two other OCs were detectable in > 50% of the women, including 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzodioxin (median, 22 pg/g) and OCDD (median, 224 pg/g); levels were not reported for the firefighters. There were no significant associations between PBDEs and ∑EI.
We performed multivariate analyses to evaluate the association of analytes that showed some pattern of association with ∑EI, by computing the geometric means of the biomarker (dichotomized above vs. below the ∑EI median) adjusted for age, nonwhite race, being currently pregnant, breast-feeding, body mass index, and smoking. We also adjusted models for PCBs and Hg for fish intake. We found no significant differences in the adjusted geometric means with regard to dichotomized ∑EI for PCBs, OCDDs, PBDEs, Pb (blood and urine), Cd, or Hg among all 100 women tested or among the 44 women who donated blood samples in February–March 2002.
The predominant air pollutant at the WTC was dust composed of large-size particles (> 10 μm) (Lioy et al. 2002). Air monitoring conducted in the vicinity of the WTC after 25 September 2001 revealed elevated levels of PM10 and PM2.5 as close as six blocks northeast of the site (Figure 1). Daily PM2.5 levels measured five blocks east of the site from 14 September through 16 October 2001 were 15–60 μg/m3 (Landrigan et al. 2004). At the end of September 2001, when more air monitoring had commenced, median levels of PM2.5 were > 60 μg/m3 (one to two blocks away). At Chambers Street (six blocks north-northwest), the median PM10 level was 43 μg/m3 and the median PM2.5 level was 10 μg/m3 in October 2001. At 290 Broadway (six blocks northeast), the median PM2.5 level was 22 μg/m3 in late September (n = 4 days) and 15 μg/m3 in October, whereas the median PM10 levels were 32 and 30 μg/m3, respectively, during those time periods. However, daily excursions of PM10 and PM2.5 levels near or higher than 100 μg/m3 occurred periodically, depending on site operations, weather, and traffic (Columbia University 2003; Dalton 2003; Vette et al. 2001). Some distance away at Canal Street (15 blocks or about 0.7 miles north), levels were lower (median PM2.5, 14.3 μg/m3 in September, 12.5 μg/m3 in October 2001). At Public School 64 (about 50 blocks northeast), PM2.5 levels were 11.2 μg/m3 in September and 13.8 μg/m3 in October 2001 (median), which is similar to annual data at Public School 64 (13.5 μg/m3 in 2001, 12.1 μg/m3 in 2002). Women in our cohort in zone 1 were probably exposed to > 100 μg/m3 of particulates on 11 through 12 September, based on our extrapolation of levels of PM2.5 and PM10 from the daily EI correlations with the air monitoring data. The U.S. EPA 24-hr standard is 65 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 150 μg/m3 for PM10 (U.S. EPA 1997).
As the dust exposures in lower Manhattan gradually diminished in weeks 1–4 after 11 September, women gradually returned to that area for longer time periods. Therefore, fluctuation in the daily EIs (Figure 3) reflects personal activity patterns (which increased) as well as well-known changes in pollution sources and pollutant levels in lower Manhattan during this period (Dalton 2003). Consistent with the temporal decline in particulate levels, the median daily EI in our population decreased by 10- to 100-fold over the first few days (Figure 3C). After 14 September 2001, the median of nonzero reconstructed daily relative dust levels remained < 0.01 (the nominal detection limit) (Figure 3B). The significant association of EI with questionnaire data on exposure and air quality indicates that personal recollection may be a reasonable way to estimate a person's relative exposure intensity in lower Manhattan after 11 September. For the events of 11 September, these results are reasonable because the magnitude of the changes in pollutant levels by day and by geographic location was large. Therefore, individual exposure to WTC contaminants can be ranked by assessing perceived air pollution as well as information from time–activity logs and GIS-based exposure modeling.
Uncertainties exist in our exposure estimates, including the recall data and the plume reconstruction. We used recall information to derive the GIS time–activity variables and to obtain data on PAQ from the exposed women. Plume reconstruction was used to calculate the GIS dust exposure levels. There were no air monitoring data during the first 24 hr after the events of 11 September, and the plume dust level estimates for the GIS were evaluated for precision during that time using plume density derived from satellite photographs.
The highest levels of PAH-DNA adducts were found in women whose blood was collected closest to the date of 11 September, but no association was found with ∑EI. PAH exposure around the WTC is known to have been significant (Landrigan et al. 2004). Extremely high levels of PAHs were found in settled dust (Lioy et al. 2002; Offenberg et al. 2003), and estimated air levels were > 10 ng/m3 in the PM2.5 fraction soon after the incident compared with < 1 in normal urban air and in the plume later on (Pleil et al. 2004).
Our data for each woman's EI and zone locations were available for the day of the event through 8 October 2001, the time when peak exposures occurred around the WTC. PM and PAH levels were highest during the first 36 hr after 11 September (Offenberg et al. 2003). However, airborne PM and PAH levels were elevated for some time after 11 September (Pleil et al. 2004; Swartz et al. 2003). Therefore, PM and PAH exposures were greater in weeks 3 and 4 than in week 2, because women spent more time in the affected area as time went on. This pattern may reflect seasonality of PAH emissions, as recent New York City personal air monitoring data suggest (Perera et al. 2004). However, other studies that have found higher PAH levels in winter observed marked differences only in highly polluted areas (Perera et al. 1992; Topinka et al. 2000). With urban or tobacco smoke exposures, the PAH-DNA adducts were only slightly higher in winter than in summer (Georgiadis et al. 2001).
Metals were reported to be elevated at the WTC site debris by some but not all investigators. Blood Pb and urine Sb were higher in exposed than in control firefighters, whereas urine Cd was higher in more heavily exposed than in less heavily exposed workers (Edelman et al. 2003). When adjusted for potential confounders, we found no significant associations between metal biomarkers and EI or timing of the blood draw closer to 11 September. Metal levels other than blood Hg in these women were not higher than among firefighters or among females in NHANES. Moreover, the adjusted geometric mean for blood Hg was identical to that in the NHANES females (0.9 μg/L; Table 4) and in women of reproductive age in NHANES (1.0 μg/L; Schober et al. 2003). Although these comparisons are helpful in understanding our exposure data, they should be interpreted with caution because the three groups are very different demographically and geographically.
Organochlorines were abundant at the WTC site and in runoff from the site (Lioy et al. 2002; Litten et al. 2003; Offenberg et al. 2003), and the compounds found at the highest levels in environmental samples were those consistent with combustion products. Similarly, elevated levels of heptachlorodibenzodioxin and heptachlorodibenzofuran were reported in the most highly exposed firefighters examined (Edelman et al. 2003). In our study group, there were no significant associations between OCs and EI. The PCB levels are quite similar to levels reported in several recent studies, especially considering the differences in the populations and the laboratories performing the analyses. For example, our median ∑PCB4 level (83 ng/g lipid) is lower than that in a New York City cohort of pregnant women who were younger (median, 151 ng/g lipid; mean age, 25 years; Wolff et al. 2005). Another northern New York cohort had similar levels [geometric mean, 1.2 μg/L; estimated to be 150 ng/g lipid based on 8 g/L plasma lipids in pregnant women (Longnecker et al. 2003); mean age, 26 years; Fitzgerald et al. 2004]. Finally, levels are similar to those found in two breast milk pools from California and North Carolina, collected in 2002–2003 from mothers approximately 30 years of age (Wang and Needham 2003).
Levels of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran were unusually high in the WTC outfall (Litten et al. 2003); this compound was not detectable in 59% of our women, although it has usually been found in breast milk at levels equal or higher than those of 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzodioxin or 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzodioxin/furan (Focant et al. 2002; Glynn et al. 2001; Yang et al. 2002). Other detected dioxins and dibenzofurans found by us (1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzodioxin, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzodioxin/furan, and OCDD) are also widely detected and are the highest detected congeners in breast milk (Focant et al. 2002; Glynn et al. 2001; Schaum et al. 2003; Schecter et al. 2002). Their relative proportions (i.e., OCDD > 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzodioxin > 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexachlorodibenzodioxin) are similar to those among the WTC women in our cohort, even where levels were much higher (Yang et al. 2002). Furthermore, the proportions are similar to those reported from California and North Carolina 30-year-old mothers (Wang and Needham 2003), although median levels in our mothers were higher (e.g., OCDD from California, 42 pg/g lipid; from North Carolina, 84.6 pg/g lipid). This would not be attributable to age or other factors, given the effect sizes in our multivariate models (data not shown). PBDEs in our samples were somewhat lower than those reported in two milk pools (Wang and Needham 2004), but the proportions were very similar.
Our data show only a weak association of OCs with WTC-derived exposure in the month after 11 September. Levels are similar to those in firefighters with demonstrated elevations, and levels are higher than those reported in recent national data (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003). Therefore, some of these compounds might have been absorbed by bystanders and firefighters in lower Manhattan after 11 September. However, the levels might not be high enough to show relationships with exposure because the WTC increment over existing body burden is not detectable. For example, if the native body burden is 20 pg/g lipid, a pregnant woman would have 600 ng total in 30 kg of adipose and circulating lipid. To see an increase in level, an absorption of 120 ng would be required, based on 20% precision in the measurements (laboratory and population variation). Our population was in varying stages of pregnancy and after delivery at time of blood collection, which greatly complicates interpretation of biomarker data, including metals and persistent organic compounds.
In summary, we were able to successfully incorporate results of a WTC plume reconstruction model into predicted exposures and doses of airborne emissions among these women who were near the WTC immediately after 11 September. The results provided daily estimates of exposure by using both geographic dust concentrations and individual activity patterns to predict individual EIs among 187 women for 28 days. Women experienced very high dust exposures; as a result of being close to the WTC in September 2001, the PM exposures were likely > 100 μg/m3 for women exposed immediately after 11 September. Higher PAH-DNA adducts were found in blood samples collected closer to 11 September, and personal PAQ was associated with relative dust levels estimated from plume reconstruction (EI).
The values listed in "Materials and Methods" for the sample (165 women, 33 of whom were in the third trimester) were incorrect in the online version. Also, in Table 3, the values in the "Total" row appeared under the wrong columns. These have all been corrected here.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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Details On The Warden Class In Elder Scrolls Online: Morrowind
The Elder Scrolls Online soon starts with the first new addon chapter Morrowind and a highlight will be the new class of the Warden. To the Warden, there is now a new video showing the natural wizards from the point of Morag-Tong Assassins Naryu Virian.
Soon Morrowind, the first chapter addon to The Edler Scrolls Online out (pre-buyers can already ran on 22 May). As an ESO fan you do not know what to look forward to at Morrowind: the strange, beautiful new island of Vvardenfell, the new Raid "Halls of Fabrication", the PVP battlefields or the Wardens as a new class.
For the Warden is a new video from the series of stories of Naryu Virian, the Morag-Tong-assassin and guardians of Morrowind.
The Elder Scrolls Online Morrowind – "What can Wardens actually do?"
For her research, Naryu Virian sought a real keeper and showed himself what he could do. With the ice magic of the natural wizard, the moody assassin was not particularly impressed. Rumzauber can be somehow anyway. Also the conjured Netch calf was rather sweet than impressive. But then a wild Guar emerges and the guardian calls Schwuppdiwupp a thick black bear, who scares the beast.
Naryu Virian is more interesting, but she is impressed by the magical forest, the ultimate healing cure of the Warden. This creates a small, romantic grove in which the keeper and Naryu Virian could certainly have many interesting conversations about bears. We have embedded the video here for you. Have fun watching.
Are you looking forward to the Warden? Or are you wary of nature wizards and forestry classes and would you prefer to experience Morrowind with your old hero adventure? Let us know your opinion and write it in the comments!VN:F [1.9.22_1171]VN:F [1.9.22_1171]
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Details On The Warden Class In Elder Scrolls Online: Morrowind
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subset: commoncrawl


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Cumana Reaches Five Times in 6-2 Win
Threshers Keep Pace With Tampa, Earn Split with Lakeland
By Kirsten Karbach / Clearwater Threshers | June 16, 2017 12:09 AM ET
CLEARWATER, Fla. - After plating just six runs total over the last six games, the Clearwater Threshers broke out the bats to take down the Lakeland Flying Tigers, 6-2 on Thursday night at Spectrum Field.
Grenny Cumana reached base five times and turned in a defensive gem to start a double play in the seventh, finishing with a season-high four hits.
The Threshers (36-31) kept pace with the Tampa Yankees and remain in a tie atop the Florida State League North. Clearwater leads Daytona by one game, while Dunedin remains 2.5 games out with just three remaining in the first half. Clearwater does own the tie-breaker over Tampa, having gone 5-1 against the Yankees.
Edgar Garcia worked a scoreless first inning, but weather forced his early exit after the game was delayed for an hour and 39 minutes.
Upon resumption, Harold Arauz took over and dominated for four innings out of bullpen.
Arauz permitted just one baserunner, a two-out single by Joey Pancake in the third, and faced the minimum after Pankake was caught stealing. The right-hander hurled four shutdown frames, did not issue a walk and struck out three to keep the game scoreless.
Matt Hall kept Clearwater off-balance and worked around five hits and two walks, striking out eight in his four innings for Lakeland (28-35).
The Threshers jumped on the Flying Tigers bullpen in the sixth.
Former Thresher Anthony Gose, who reached the Majors as an outfielder but is making a return as a pitcher, entered the game to start the sixth and issued a leadoff walk to Jan Hernandez.
With one down, Emmanuel Marrero came through, ripping a triple to left-center to plate Hernandez. That snapped a streak of 12-consecutive scoreless innings thrown by Lakeland pitching.
Mark Laird followed with a single through the right side to score Marrero, and Cumana worked a walk. Fernando Perez entered in relief of Gose, and issued a walk to Damek Tomscha before Wilson Garcia knocked a two-run single off of Perez to open up a 4-0 lead.
Cornelius Randolph's opposite-field single scored Tomscha to make it a five-run inning.
Matt Hockenberry (2-0) earned the win after his longest outing of the season, limiting Lakeland to one run on two hits in three innings.
Clearwater's final tally came in the eighth, when Cumana singled, stole second, and scored on Tomscha's bouncer over second.
Pankake homered off Jeff Singer in the ninth to make it a 6-2 game, but Singer finished it off to send the Threshers into the All-Star break with a share of first place in the division.
The FSL All-Star Game will take place on Saturday at Publix Field in Lakeland, with Deivi Grullon, Drew Stankiewicz, Herlis Rodriguez, Jose Taveras, Cole Irvin, and Singer all representing Clearwater.
The Threshers return home for the final series of the half beginning on Monday, with a 7 p.m. first pitch against the Bradenton Marauders. Game two will take place at Spectrum Field on Tuesday, before the first half wraps up on the road at LECOM Park on Wednesday.
This story was not subject to the approval of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues or its clubs.View More


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Cocktail Party
Victory! Dawgs beat Gators 24-20
The 22nd ranked Georgia Bulldogs battled back from a halftime deficit to beat the Florida Gators 24-20 in Jacksonville. With the win, the Dawgs are now 6-2 overall and 5-1 in the SEC.
Georgia avoided what could have been another disastrous ending in this series. The Dawgs allowed a Gator touchdown on a fourth-and-19, a 99-yard kickoff return for a TD, missed two field goals and tossed one interception.
Even with all those mistakes, Georgia used their balanced offense and strong defense to thwart Florida. The defense, led by Jarvis Jones with four sacks, held Florida to 245 yards passing and -19 yards rushing.
Aaron Murray completed 15 of 34 passes for 169 yards, two touchdowns and one interception. His two TD's were to Tavarres King and Michael Bennett.
Isaiah Crowell led the Dawgs on the ground with 18 carries for 81 yards. Richard Samuel also had a great game with 58 yards on 17 carries and one touchdown.
Georgia finished the game with 354 yards to Florida's 226. The Dawgs have now won six straight games while Florida has lost four in a row.
The win keeps Georgia in a tie for the lead in the SEC East with South Carolina. But since the Gamecocks beat the Bulldogs head-to-head, Georgia needs to win out and South Carolina needs to lose one conference game.
Next up for Georgia is a visit from the New Mexico State Aggies on Saturday, November 5. The game will be televised by CSS at 12;30 p.m. ET.
Related Links:
- 2011 Georgia Bulldogs Football Schedule – Sicemdawgs.com
- No. 22 Georgia Hands Florida 24020 Loss – GeorgiaDogs.com
- Georgia-Florida Box Score – ESPN.com
UGA Football Tickets
- 09/02 - Appalachian State
- 09/09 - at Notre Dame
- 09/16 - Samford
- 09/23 - Mississippi State
- 09/30 - at Tennessee
- 10/07 - at Vanderbilt
- 10/14 - Missouri
- 10/28 - Florida
- 11/04 - South Carolina
- 11/11 - at Auburn
- 11/18 - Kentucky
- 11/25 - at Georgia Tech


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Satin Sheens & Metallics Are Still In..
Good. Because sometimes I worry about wearing metallic shades or shoes and wonder if I'm too "out there". So happy to see so many metallic clothes still hanging in the 'new arrivals' sections of stores. I want to buy the entire Zara collection right now. Ukh, the world of fashion you just get sucked in to it all…
Source: Fashionista
Source: Zara
Source: Asos
Source: River Island
Source: Asos
Source: Sophia Webster
Source: Aldo
Source: Sophia Webster
Silver metallic skirt in action: photo by Blair Eadie (Atlantic-Pacific)
And this brilliant silver dress by Valentin Yudashkin…
Source: Vogue.com


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Finally! City of Dallas to Give Money to Artists.
Not quite this much money...
The rumors are true and the official announcement and link for more details are on the way, but this week Giovanni Valderas, Vice Chair of the Cultural Arts Commission for the city of Dallas announced via Facebook that starting February 27, artists will be able to apply for grants that range from $1,000- 5,000. These "Special Support Grants" might be a small, yet mighty step for the city to take, as it demonstrates a direct support of the artists who choose to call Dallas home.
Both non-profits located within Dallas and artists with permanent residence in the city may apply, and artists with three years experience will be given preference. Technically, these grants will be given for special projects or for support of artists, although the verbiage of the guidelines seems tailored entirely for those special projects that "benefit the general public." Let's hope that these "projects" can entail things like rent for studio to create work, because you know, artists are important for the city of Dallas and its vibrancy.
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Catch up on the day's news and stay informed with our daily digest of the most popular news, music, food and arts stories in Dallas, delivered to your inbox Monday through Friday.
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text: 000 WWUS83 KPAH 202039 SPSPAH SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PADUCAH KY 339 PM CDT Sun Aug 20 2017 ILZ075>078-080>094-INZ081-082-085>088-KYZ001>022-MOZ076-086-087- 100-107>112-114-210900- JEFFERSON-WAYNE IL-EDWARDS-WABASH-PERRY IL-FRANKLIN-HAMILTON- WHITE-JACKSON-WILLIAMSON-SALINE-GALLATIN-UNION-JOHNSON-POPE- HARDIN-ALEXANDER-PULASKI-MASSAC-GIBSON-PIKE-POSEY-VANDERBURGH- WARRICK-SPENCER-FULTON-HICKMAN-CARLISLE-BALLARD-MCCRACKEN-GRAVES- LIVINGSTON-MARSHALL-CALLOWAY-CRITTENDEN-LYON-TRIGG-CALDWELL- UNION KY-WEBSTER-HOPKINS-CHRISTIAN-HENDERSON-DAVIESS-MCLEAN- MUHLENBERG-TODD-PERRY MO-BOLLINGER-CAPE GIRARDEAU-WAYNE MO-CARTER- RIPLEY-BUTLER-STODDARD-SCOTT-MISSISSIPPI-NEW MADRID- INCLUDING THE CITIES OF MOUNT VERNON, FAIRFIELD, ALBION, MOUNT CARMEL, PINCKNEYVILLE, WEST FRANKFORT, MCLEANSBORO, CARMI, CARBONDALE, MURPHYSBORO, HERRIN, HARRISBURG, SHAWNEETOWN, JONESBORO, VIENNA, GOLCONDA, ELIZABETHTOWN, CAIRO, MOUND CITY, METROPOLIS, FORT BRANCH, PETERSBURG, POSEYVILLE, EVANSVILLE, BOONVILLE, ROCKPORT, HICKMAN, CLINTON, BARDWELL, WICKLIFFE, PADUCAH, MAYFIELD, SMITHLAND, BENTON, MURRAY, MARION, EDDYVILLE, CADIZ, PRINCETON, MORGANFIELD, DIXON, MADISONVILLE, HOPKINSVILLE, HENDERSON, OWENSBORO, CALHOUN, GREENVILLE, ELKTON, PERRYVILLE, MARBLE HILL, CAPE GIRARDEAU, JACKSON, PIEDMONT, VAN BUREN, DONIPHAN, POPLAR BLUFF, BLOOMFIELD, SIKESTON, CHARLESTON, AND NEW MADRID 339 PM CDT Sun Aug 20 2017 ...Afternoon Heat Index Values 100 to 105 Degrees Monday... The heat and humidity will continue across the region Monday. Although the eclipse itself will provide some temporary relief from the heat, heat index values will still reach at least the upper 90s throughout the region after it ends. The worst conditions will be over southeast Missouri, southern Illinois and the Purchase Area of Kentucky where readings will range from 100 to 105 degrees. Isolated thunderstorms will be possible over portions of southeast Missouri and southern Illinois in the afternoon, so a few locations may receive some more significant relief from the heat. If you are planning to view the solar eclipse or participate in other outdoor activities, then please bring along plenty of water to keep hydrated. If you have any opportunity to do so, take breaks in the shade or in an air conditioned building. A cold front will bring storms through the region on Tuesday and cooler temperatures for the remainder of the week. $$ DRS


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This property presents well with the large scale modern stacking doors, plenty of natural light, security shutter, plenty of on street parking and is functional for many professional service based businesses or for someone requiring extra storage.
The property is set within the busy industrial area of Revesby & is clean & presentable.
To discuss the leasing opportunity & to arrange an inspection, contact exclusive agent Aaron Brooker on 0404 888 060.


text: This morning we took a field trip to the Golan Heights to visit the site of Kazrin, an ancient Jewish village with a synagogue that is similar to the Huqoq synagogue. We also took a detour to Mount Bental, a mountain on the Israeli-Syrian border. Here are some photos from the day:


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Risk and hazard assessments
Artelia has been accredited by the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Transport to perform safety studies of hydraulic structures. This accreditation, to perform monitoring on embankments and dams, attests to the skills and dedication of the teams working daily alongside operators, especially on nearly 40 class A or B large dams owned by Electricité de France. Numerous hydrological and dam break wave studies have also been performed in order to prevent risks related to managing these major structures.
EDF dams hazard assessments in France
Crossing of the Galets river at Port and Saint-Paul
Propagation of submersion waves following dam or structural failure
Client : EDF - CIH
Country : France
Date : 2010 - 2014
Services :


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By Glenn CHAPMAN
San José, United States (AFP) June 6, 2017
Apple will later this year release a "HomePod" music-centric smart home speaker, challenging a market currently dominated by Amazon and Google in its latest move to weave deeper into people's lives.
HomePod, aided by Apple's Siri digital assistant, will be priced at $349 when it begins shipping in December in the United States, Australia and Britain, the tech giant announced at its annual Worldwide Developers Conference.
"We really believe it is going to take your home music experience to the next level," Apple chief executive Tim Cook said as he unveiled it.
HomePod will take on lower priced Amazon Echo and Google Home, which have had momentum in the arena of voice-controlled speakers capable of controlling smart appliances, fetching content from the internet and more.
It is designed to work with the Apple Music subscription service and can produce rich sound while tapping into the artificial intelligence power of Siri.
Apple vice president Phil Schiller said the company's Siri team had tuned the assistant into a "musicologist" that learns the tastes of listeners and gets songs from the internet cloud.
The speaker has the "power to rock the house," according to Schiller, and the aim is to make HomePod a potent assistant for news, messages, weather, traffic, home controls and more.
- Playing to strength -
HomePod capped a keynote presentation that included updates to Apple's iPad and Mac laptop lines, and upgraded operating software enabling augmented reality for iPhones and iPads.
Analysts said Apple is playing to its strength in the music industry by focusing on sound quality and its catalog of songs.
"Apple is smart to frame the HomePod as a music-centric and audio-centric device rather than just another smart speaker or another home for Siri," said Jackdaw Research analyst Jan Dawson.
"The fact that Apple is claiming to marry really great and smart audio with a smart assistant and cloud music service makes this device unique in the market."
Some industry insiders, however, note Apple will be under more pressure to improve the computing smarts of its Siri software in the face of offerings from rivals Google and Amazon.
Apple has given Siri new male and female voices, described as more natural and expressive, and added abilities such as translating English phrases into Chinese, French, German, Italian or Spanish.
Apple said it is also using 'on-device learning' to enable Siri to take people's tastes into account.
Amazon has dominated the connected speakers category since 2014 when it introduced its first Echo, which responds to voice commands and allows users to order goods and control connected appliances.
A survey released last month by research firm eMarketer found Echo speakers held 70.6 percent of the US market, compared with 23.8 percent for Google Home.
- Macs and iPads -
Cook also used the Apple keynote to show off new iPad and Mac computer models, as well as provide glimpses at coming versions of the software powering the technology titan's devices.
Apple senior vice president of software engineering Craig Federighi said the next Mac operating system will be named "High Sierra" in tribute to the California mountain range.
High Sierra features will include being able to stop unexpected videos from starting to play automatically when landing on web pages and "intelligent tracking prevention" that will prevent ads from following people about the internet.
High Sierra will be released later this year as a free update, according to Federighi.
Along with upgraded versions of iPad and Mac laptops, Apple unveiled an iMac Pro work station that had the computing built in behind the screen and was touted as the most powerful computer the company has ever made.
Aimed at high-end design professionals rather than the home market, the iMac Pro is to begin shipping in December with a starting price of $4,999.
Mac models were also boosted to work with virtual reality gear, a move by Apple into technology that Facebook has embraced with its Oculus unit.
Apple told the developers they were overhauling the App Store, giving it a fresh look, and beginning to add the floor plans of shops and airports to its map program.
And the operating system for mobile devices is getting a major update with iOS 11.
Changes included making iPads more efficient and being able to send money to friends using Apple's messaging application for mobile devices.
A set of iOS 11 features including enabling smartphone cameras to read QR codes are aimed at the China market, where Apple would like to bolster iPhone sales.
Houston TX (SPX) May 31, 2017
Engineers working to add "muscle sense" to prosthetic limbs found that tactile feedback on the skin allowed blindfolded test subjects to more than double their ability to discern the size of objects grasped with a prosthetic hand. The results will be presented next month in Germany by researchers from Rice University and the Research Center "E.Piaggio" of the University of Pisa and the Italian I ... read more
Related Links
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text:
Led by artist Evan Ifekoya in collaboration with Network11
This artist-led gathering takes Lubaina Himid's practice as a starting point, drawing on Édouard Glissant's metaphor of opacity: 'Opacities can coexist and converge, weaving fabrics. To understand these truly one must focus on the texture of the weave …'. The event incorporates a series of sound interventions.
About the exhibition
Lubaina Himid Navigation Charts (20 January to 26 March 2017)
Lubaina Himid was a pioneer of the Black Arts Movement in Britain in the 1980s, which offered a forum for black artists exploring the social and political issues surrounding black history and identity.
Spike Island's exhibition — a collaboration with Modern Art Oxford and Nottingham Contemporary — focuses on migration, labour and creativity, longstanding concerns for Himid. Anchored by Naming the Money (2004), a spectacular installation of 100 life-size, painted figures that has been shown only once before in its entirety, the presentation brings into dialogue major works from the past 20 years, honing in on Himid's theatrical use of cut-outs, colour and pattern.
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text:
Please find below my own action version of the story adapted for younger children:
God provides honey flavoured mana for His people in the wilderness. What is your favourite food ? Give picture examples (pdf of food ). Which one is your favourite out of these ? Have you ever been really,really hungry? Isn't it nice when your tummy is making loud grumbly growling noises and someone shouts " Food is ready!" So when food arrives on a plate infront of you looking lovely, Do you dive in and shove the food down your ear? No!that would be silly! Tell me do you put it in your sock for your feet to eat? No! What about up your nose?.No! What part of the body do we use to eat food? Yes that's right we use our mouthes. Today's story is all about a time when God made sure His special people had food to put in their mouths to fill in their tummies when there was no food around for them to get for themselves.
These people were busy escaping from a really mean and nasty ruler. They had traveled many days and now they had run out of food! Oh no! What were they going to do? They were all feeling a bit frightened and sad. Moses ,who was their leader told them not to worry and that he knew if he talked to God that God would know exactly what to do to keep them safe. God told Moses not to worry because God himself who send the food down fresh every morning. Every one was to gather the white flaky food, just enough for that day except. For the Friday morning when they gathered enough for 2 days so Saturday was their day off. The food got a nickname which was the word Manna. The word Manna means "What is it?!" So every morning the people collected a fresh basket full of "What is it". That's a funny name for a plate of food.The Bible tells us that the food God sent down every morning was white tiny flakes that tasted of honey. Isn't that good !
Now who here knows what we should do at least twice a day after we have eaten. Yes that is right we should brush our teeth. Let me show you something interesting. See these eggs here... They look very dirty don't they. Well our teeth get dirty when we eat food. So lets pretend these eggs are our teeth and we are going to brush them clean. Now tell me which looks better? It is the same with your teeth!
Importance of Brushing Teeth - Boil eggs in water with a tea bag. The tea will stain the egg brown. Once the egg cools, give each child a toothbrush and show them how to brush the egg. The brown stains will disappear as the children brush. Talk to the children about how important it is to brush our teeth well.
Brush your Teeth (sung to Row, Row, Row your Boat)
Brush, brush, brush your teeth
At least two times a day
Cleaning, cleaning, cleaning, cleaning
Fighting tooth decay!
Brush your Teeth (sung to Row, Row, Row your Boat)
Brush, brush, brush your teeth.
Brush them everyday.
Up and down, and round and round.
Scrub the germs away.
Mow Cop Community Church, Top Station Rd, Mow Cop, Stoke on Trent, ST7 3NY, UK
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Body Parts Theme: Mouth / God provides Manna to eat in the desert.
Please feel free to use any of the resources on this page free of charge. We do ask however that you do not use these resources for monetary gain.
Pre-school theme: Body Parts: Mouth
Sunday School :
God provides manna to eat in the desert.
Make a healthy mouth using red paper for the lips, and white paper for the teeth shapes. Children can practice "brushing" these mouths using paper brushes. They can feed the mouth healthy foods by gluing on pictures of healthy foods.
1.Select a large, red apple of your choice. Using a red apple will help to create pretty lips for your mouth, Depending on the number of people creating their healthy snack, one apple generally will yield enough segments for four people. Give each person one disposable plate or napkin.
2.With the assistance of an adult, use the apple corer, and remove the apple's core. Using a sharp knife, slice the apple in half. Then continue to slice the apple into segments that are approximately a 1 cm (1/2 inch) wide.
3.Once you have the apple divided into segments, give each person that is creating their own mouth two segments of apple.
4.Check with all participants to see if anyone has a nut allergy , then select the appropriate spread for the apple -- which can be either peanut butter, or a peanut butter alternative. If an alternative is not available, apricot jam or marmalade will work just fine as well. Using the small serving cups, give each person 1 Tbsp. of spread.
5.Using the butter knife or Popsicle stick, evenly spread the peanut butter, or the alternative, on one side of each apple segment. Place each segment next to each other, with the spread side up.
6.Each person should then be given five to six mini white marshmallows each. Using one apple segment, place the marshmallows along the edge of the apple, where the skin and flesh meet. The marshmallows should appear to curve with the shape of the segment.
7.Once all of the marshmallows have been placed on the spread, take your other apple segment, and carefully place it on top of the marshmallows. Make sure you try to align the apple as evenly as possible. Then, press down on the fleshy part of the apple that is opposite of the skin.
Story :
The story of God providing Manna to eat in the desert can be found in the Bible in the book of Exodus ch 16 v 11 - 15, ch 16 v 31
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Today I saw someone in a Slack discussing a website that blocked pasting. This led to me wanting to share some thoughts on the topic of user experience (UX) and security.
Why does (product / service) stop me from pasting?
The only real argument that I hear for blocking users from pasting, particularly into password fields is "It's a security risk". If that's true, lets explore what than means.
A competent, user focussed developer will always be looking for ways to keep their software as secure as possible. This is a good thing™. One potential vector for attack is through user entered information, this is particularly problematic for web applications / forms.
Un-sanitized user input leaves your system with the potential for SQL injection and other serious security issues. SQL injection is a well understood problem these days and a lot of people have worked hard to provide very good defaults for most web frameworks. If you're hand rolling a user -> database interaction and you don't understand this problem space in depth, stop doing it or get a lot of support from someone who does. That is the responsible thing to do.
Another possible vector for attack is if a site does not scrub input for HTML / JavaScript tags. If this is a text field, there is the risk of a malicious individual inserting their own markup to your site, which could, for example, capture user passwords or redirect them to a malicious site which results in fraud etc. Again, if you're making software where this is a risk, you have an obligation to understand this attack vector and do something about, either using good libraries to help or with the assistance of someone experience in the area.
One particularly annoying way of 'securing' sites is blocking pasting into input fields. Generally, on a web application, this is done using some JavaScript code. This is a TERRIBLE idea.
Any individual with enough knowledge to be preparing a SQL injection attack or exploiting an un-sanitized user input approach is already sufficiently skilled to turn off your shitty JavaScript 'security'. Seriously, if you're writing software that is so insecure1 that you believe blocking the paste function is good / necessary, you really need to invest in some genuine security training or a different career.
'Security' that disadvantages users without genuine benefit
Another pattern that is really grinding my gears lately is the way government services here in Australia implement 'security'.
Take, for example, the abomination that is MyGov.
To login, I'm presented with this:
This require that I use an 8 character alphanumeric username which was issued when I signed up. I can't ever remember what it is, so I either hope that I'm on a machine where I have the username saved, or I have to go digging through emails to find it.
Once I've gotten through that, I'm presented with a 2 factor authentication challenge.
This is where my blood really start to boil. I'm sent a 9 character alphanumeric one time code to my mobile phone. Unless you've got a fantastic memory or can receive SMS on your computer, this is a really annoying process.
So I asked the question of the people of MyGov.
@myGovau To access myGov I'm sent a security code that is 9 characters long. Difficult to remember. How is 9 more secure than 5?— Elixir of Mutton (@mfeckie) October 27, 2015
And then this …
@myGovau how is a long security code sent to my device more secure than a short one? If my device is compromised, code length is irrelevant— Elixir of Mutton (@mfeckie) October 27, 2015
And this …
@myGovau of course they do, I'm not suggesting two factor is a bad idea. What I'm saying is 4 vs 9 digits.— Elixir of Mutton (@mfeckie) October 28, 2015
Is a 9 character alphanumeric challenge more secure than 5?
I'm not against 2 factor authentication, in fact I think it's a great idea. There are few things we protect more aggressively than our mobile
Facebook viewer phones, and sending a code there is very reasonable.
Where this gets unreasonable is the WAY in which that resource is used.
2 Factor authentication works on the principle that if my password has been compromised, the likelihood that an attacker has access to my mobile phone as well is very low (e.g. this would probably need to be an in person type attack).
In this circumstance, I would argue that a 4 or 5 character code is just as secure as a 9 character one. Here's why:
Let's take alphanumeric here to mean a-z + A-Z + 0-9, or 26 + 26 + 10. This gives us 62 possibilities per position.
9 positions = 62 x 62 x 62 x 62 x 62 x 62 x 62 x 62 x 62 = 13,537,086,546,263,600. In words, that 13 quadrillion possibilities. I don't even have a mental picture of what a quadrillion even looks like, but let's just agree, it's a damn big number.
5 positions = 62 x 62 x 62 x 62 x 62 = 916,132,832. In words, that's 916 million 132 thousand 832 possibilities. I think you can agree that, whilst smaller than the last one, it's still very big.
4 positions = 62 x 62 x 62 x 62 = 14,776,336. In words, that's 14 million 776 thousand 336. Significantly smaller, but still rather large.
So what does all this mean in terms of security?
Well, the likelihood of someone with my password, but not my mobile phone, guessing the 2 factor authentication code (assuming 3 attempts are allowed) is 3 / 13,537,086,546,263,552, which is 2.216134165758175644624123635451272010182621932036242861… × 10^-16.
This is an insanely small number. To put in some kind of context, you've a higher chance of winning the top lotto prize twice in your life buying only one ticket a week.
Event with a 4 position code, the likelihood of guessing correctly are 2.0302732693679948804629239616641094246909382677816746993… × 10^-7.
Once again, you've still got a higher chance of winning the top prize in lotto twice in your life buying only one ticket a week!
What's the risk of a shorter code?
From my perspective, we still have all of the benefits of 2 factor authentication even with a 4 position alphanumeric code, without causing unnecessary inconvenience to users.
I'm very much in favour of protecting the details of my users, but let's use a bit a science to understand the risk of using shorter codes. In my view, the maths of a 4 character position code on a 2 factor SMS make it safe and convenient.
Wrapping up
Stop and think through your UX, particularly when considering securing access to your platform. 2 factor is a great thing, but don't get carried away with the size of the challenge. 4 characters is easy to remember without making your service vulnerable to brute force attack (unless you do something stupid, like allowing infinite attempts at a verification challenge!).
poorly written / poorly understood / poorly implemented / poorly designed or just plain shit ↩


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Black-Bottom Cupcakes
Recipe by Cooking to Perfecti
A lighter version of these scrumptious cupcakes. (From "Lighten Up" by Elaine Magee)
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My Mom used to make these for us as kids but since my metabolism doesn't function as well as it did when I was 13 I was thrilled to see a low fat version :) Even without the added fat and calories, they turned out just as I remember..moist chocolate cupcakes with a creamy "cheesecake" center!! I didn't have the full amount of chocolate chips but it didn't effect the taste for us at all and saved a few calories to boot! Thanks for posting!
Ingredients Nutrition
Cream Cheese Filling
- 3⁄4 cup fat free cream cheese, softened
- 1 teaspoon vanilla
- 1⁄3 cup sugar, plus
- 1 tablespoon sugar
- 1 large egg
- 1⁄3 cup semi-sweet chocolate chips
- 1⁄3 cup milk chocolate chips
- 1 1⁄2 cups all-purpose flour
- 1 cup sugar
- 1⁄4 cup unsweetened cocoa
- 1 teaspoon baking soda
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
- 1 cup water
- 2 tablespoons canola oil
- 3 tablespoons light sour cream
- 1 tablespoon vinegar
- 1 1⁄2 teaspoons vanilla
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat oven to 350*F.
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- Stir in chocolate chips and set aside.
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Butch....Well, we made it home in one piece, back to Missouri and the grindstone. Always good to get home again.
We really enjoyed our day of fishin' and seeing the sites with you, Butch...It will be a day we will always remember. It was worth every penny. Within the first few minutes that we met you, both me and Linda felt that we had known you all our lives. We really felt comfortable around you.
We had a blast from the very start of the morning...from helping chum the bait to that first Snook blasting that shiner. From that moment on it was 3 hours of pure adrenilin. We lost a few, but learned quite a bit in the process. I was amazed at how fast you got Linda casting and reeling em in like a pro. She really enjoyed it all... and I was so proud of her. You are an awesome coach. I even learned a few tricks.
Next time my back will be better...and I'm gonna out fish that girl of mine.....maybe! Excuses...excuses....Ha!
Thanks a bunch, Butch, and we will remember....KEEP THE LINE TIGHT!
Hope to see ya again in a year or two.
Bo and Linda Russell
St. Joseph, Missouri


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Dave the Dad 20 - The Indecipherable Rules
In his subtle and caring way Tom is gradually introducing us to The Indecipherable Rules.
This is the stringent, dogmatic and totally befuddling code by which Tom has now chosen to live his life. These are fairly simple rules to follow as long as you are a) Tom or b) See A. For anyone who has the misfortune not to be Tom, which encompasses the majority of the world and the vast majority of our house, they make absolutely no sense whatsoever.
Take lunchtime. A couple of months ago Tom loved lunchtimes. He loved eating, loved the whole rigmarole of watching Mum and Dad's food go cold as he chucked his lovely warm meal onto the floor or smeared custard into his hair or rammed a fork dangerously close to his eyes. He would emerge from some tea times looking like a beaten, cheese sauce-tattooed, yet victorious Maori warrior. Always victorious.
Anyway the Rules have changed things since. For a while now every morsel of food has had to be carefully vetted by Tom. This entails taking the fork or spoon himself and studying the contents before placing it inside his mouth. Or, alternatively, grabbing the fork or spoon and waving it around at Mach 2 before slamming it into the general direction of his face. Such growing independence we had taken for granted but The Rules have altered the dynamic for now sometimes Dad has to help and Mum stays at a distance, sometimes Mum has to help and Dad stays at a distance, sometimes no-one must help, sometimes a mixture is needed, sometimes a partial mixture is needed and/or sometimes none of the above applies.
Some people might sigh at this and say 'Well, you just improvise' but they don't understand the rigidity of The Rules. When any of these are broken, interfered with, altered, bent or even slightly threatened then mayhem breaks out. One example will suffice: Linguine is a surefire winner every time as long as it's fed by dad, with custard, on his Bob the Builder fork, whilst he plays with his wooden farmyard animals. On Thursdays. Between 5.00 and 5.07. Change anything and this method collapses into a black hole of chaos with eyes clamped shut, waving arms, dessert akimbo and dad's head looking like a Rastafarian tomato.
However (and this is the cunning part) sometimes no change is needed to provoke exactly the same reaction. See? Indecipherable.
TIR affects everyday things also. Try holding Tom's hand as he's running into a wall and he is all too likely to snatch away the hand and sprint faster, usually yelling 'NONONONONONONONO' and shaking his head so violently that he looks like a deleted scene from The Matrix.
As an aside his speech is coming along nicely. Apart from the animal noises he particularly likes 'NONONONONONONONO' and tries to get some use from this phrase at least sixteen times a day. He clearly knows what it means as all 'NONONONONONONO's end with the rejection of some bizarre idea of ours such as eating a vegetable, coming in from the rain or not wrestling the scissors from Mummy's hand. Apart from these regulars he likes 'Mum' so much that, after much experimentation, he has now fine-tuned the word to such a tone that it can shatter plaster.
'Dad', on the other hand, has fallen by the wayside. Disappointed by this turn of events I find that I have regressed and often point to myself reminding him 'Daddy, daddy'. Such a palpable attempt at self-identification makes me feel like a character in Sartre, a dilemma Tom finds droll but which fails to offer enough diversion to halt him in his headlong hurdle through the living room door to the top of the kitchen stairs. I often find myself here attempting to halt his progress when The Rules kick in, with the effect that he studiously avoids the stairs and propels himself backwards down through the hallway and into the front door. At times like this I often imagine him careering straight through, leaving a cartoon hole of Tom-shaped proportions, arms awry, leg spinning. Such thoughts are consoled by the fact that as long as he doesn't get more than five miles before we notice we should be able to trace him when he shouts for his mum.
We both admit though that his walking and running is a joy to see. His confidence is such that he now runs everywhere (a little like Herman Munster it's true) and he has even incorporated the sideways or backwards glance into the movement. This does mean a great deal of running into things, bouncing off people, stomping on Burmese cats or piling up in a huddle of toys, but luckily Tom is a fairly new model and therefore has all of the most up-to-date features. His TLOAD (Total Lack Of Awareness Device) allows him to crash into/through up to 83 objects in any given day and still pick himself up as though nothing had happened. Each time this happens he does seem surprised but the TLOAD wipes the memory so efficiently that he's up again in no time, reading a book while he navigates the stairs, or juggling knives whilst climbing onto the window-sill. Another great invention is his PPB (Protective Pot Belly) which not only assures that his feet are shielded from any object accidentally pulled from the table accidentally by grasping little accidental hands, but which also acts as an organic airbag on everyday journeys around the house.
Meanwhile I'm left following him around on these expeditions, sneakily teaching him words that end with 'ad' in a vain attempt to convince people that he knows who I am. 'Look Tom a mad cad who's a tad sad'. Any of these would suffice but oh no, not allowed to say those. It's in The Rules.
Dave Fouracre
Dave Fouracre aka "Dave the Dad" is a regular feature writer & blogger for TheBabyWebsite and is Dad to two sons and a daughter!
February 11 2007
©David Fouracre
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