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Selenium Nutrition in Camelids
Selenium is termed a micromineral, in contrast to a macromineral like calcium, because it is required in very small quantities; milligrams (mg) per day. However, Se has a notorious history that places it in a unique situation relative to feeding recommendations and regulations. The objective of this column is to provide an overview of Se nutrition relative to biologic functions and associated disease conditions. A companion column will address appropriate supplementation practices, evaluating mineral products, and monitoring Se status in an effort to keep llamas and alpacas healthy.
Biological Roles
Selenium was not determined to be an essential mineral until the late 1950's. Immediately following this discovery, Se supplementation was observed to prevent a disease process termed "stiff lamb disease" or what has become known as white muscle disease or nutritional myodegeneration. It was not until 1973 when Se was determined to be a functional component in the cellular antioxidant, glutathione peroxidase (GSH- Px). A number of essential and nonessential nutrients have biologic roles as antioxidants that collectively protect cell function and structure. There is tremendous interest in dietary antioxidants in human and animal nutrition as they have been linked to preventing or protecting against heart disease, aging, cancer, and many other diseases.
All cells undergoing normal metabolism generate potentially toxic end products termed reactive oxygen species (peroxide radicals) that have strong oxidizing capabilities. Oxidizing metabolic byproducts, when left unchecked, can result in damage to cellular components including chromosomes, proteins, and cell membranes ultimately destroying the cell. Selenium is only one of a number of biologic antioxidant agents the body has at its disposal to inhibit damage from internal or external (e.g., pollution, UV radiation, smoke) oxidizing agents. Another well known biologic antioxidant is vitamin E, which works in concert with Se to collectively protect cell membranes (vitamin E) and cell contents (Se) from oxidative damage. The interrelated antioxidant function of vitamin E and Se accounts for why they are often found together in nutritional supplements. Additional dietary vitamin E or Se can replace the other in situations where one is marginally deficient.
Other biologic functions of Se are not fully understood, though a limited number of selenoproteins have been identified. More recently it has been discovered that one of these selenoproteins plays an important role in thyroid function. Secretions from the thyroid gland are important regulators of cellular activity and overall body metabolic rate. This deiodinase selenoprotein converts thyroxine (T4) to the biologically active form triiodothyronine (T3), which mediates rate of cellular metabolism. In the presence of Se deficiency, T4 can accumulate while T3 levels will diminish, thus inducing a state of hypothyroidism.
Disease Conditions
A wide spectrum of disease conditions have been attributed to Se deficiency, though not all have been well documented to be true deficiency conditions. White muscle disease (nutritional myodegeneration) is the best recognized clinical Se deficiency disease. Any age animal can be affected, though younger animals most commonly experience clinical disease. As the disease name implies, severe Se deficiency results in pathologic degeneration of skeletal muscle fibers with secondary fibrosis (Figure 1). These lesions change the physical appearance of muscle tissue from its normal red to a pale white color. Affected clinical animals will show signs reflective of specific muscles affected and severity of degenerative changes to muscle fibers. Typically both hind legs are symmetrically affected; however, tongue and heart muscles are commonly involved in newborn or young growing animals (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Microscopic photograph of skeletal muscle fibers undergoing degenerative changes associated with clinical selenium deficiency. Most fibers are affected and showing swelling and loss of striations typical of normal fibers (long arrow). Some muscle fibers are being replaced with fibrous tissue (short arrow).
Figure 2. Heart from a calf with white muscle disease. Notice the pale areas (arrows) of the heart wall muscle (Photograph courtesy of Dr. John King, Cornell University)
With skeletal muscle damage, affected young or older animals will show various degrees of lameness, weakness, or difficulty moving. Acute death can occur in those younger animals where the heart muscle is damaged. Newborn animals with tongue lesions will have difficulty nursing and may be diagnosed as a "dummy" animal. Severe Se deficiency has been attributed to causing abortion and stillbirth. All of these problems have been documented in most domesticated species and believed to occur equally in llamas and alpacas.
Selenium also influences immune cell function and marginal deficiencies will result in an increased susceptibility to disease. Most studies have shown a critical role for Se in the nonspecific immune response. Cells that engulf bacteria (phagocytes) are unable to kill the ingested bacteria when the animal is Se deficient. Other studies have suggested that Se also influences the body's ability to mount an appropriate antibody response to an infectious agent. Subclinical Se deficiency in growing animals, through its affect on immune response, may predispose them to diarrhea and pneumonia conditions. Young animals infected with coccidia may not be able to mount a sufficient immune response to help them recover from the disease. This will result in a prolonged disease condition and a perception of disease treatment failure. Adult females with marginal Se deficiency may be more susceptible to uterine infections (metritis) around the time of breeding. Premature, weak, or poor doing babies have been attributed to Se deficiency. Although there are many potential causes of "ill-thrift" babies, selenium's role in thyroid function might explain a possible link to this disease syndrome.
Deficiency problems primarily gain our attention when discussing Se, but we should not forget that Se is more notorious for its toxicity concerns. Consumption of specific Se-accumulator plants can result in an acute Se toxicity that occurs over a period of hours to days. More common is a chronic Se toxicity syndrome termed alkali disease. The disease is associated with prolonged consumption of seleniferous plants. These plants, and the high Se soils on which they grow, are scattered throughout the northern Great Plains of North America. This disease was first recognized in the Dakota's and Nebraska during the 1860's and has even been suggested to have contributed to the defeat of General George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn. Alkali disease is characterized by cracks and lesions of the hoof wall, abnormal hoof wall growth, brittle hair, and hair loss. Affected animals are often in poor body condition (emaciated) and show various degrees of lameness.
Of greater concern to llamas and alpacas is acute Se toxicity. With the greater propensity for Se deficiency in many regions where llamas and alpacas are raised, more owners are concerned with supplementing Se. One mode of Se supplementation is to inject a commercial Se product. One must careful in using injectable Se products as their concentration varies, thus the dosing amount will vary (Table 1). Suggested dosage will range from 1 ml per 40 lbs (Bo- Se®) to 1 ml per 200 lbs (Mu-Se®) of body weight. With injectable Se one wants to be very careful in the amount given as over dosage can result in acute toxicity. Injectable Se has high biologic availability and is readily absorbed. There is no antidote for a situation of acute Se toxicity. In such cases the animal will show signs of distressed breathing, salivation, and cardiovascular collapse. This all may occur within minutes to an hour following an injection of an excessive amount of Se. Toxic dosages have not been well defined for all species, but more than 0.5 mg/kg body weight is considered toxic for sodium selenite injections. This is about 20 times the suggested dosage for these products (Table 1), but easily achieved by using an inappropriate product. Acute Se toxicity needs to be differentiated from an anaphylactic reaction, which can occur with Se injections. Anaphylactic reactions can be successfully treated with an appropriate dosage of epinephrine.
|Selenium Product¹
|Selenium Concentration
|Recommended Selenium Dosage
|Dosage Amount
|¹L-, Bo-, E- and Mu-Se products from Shering-Plough, Velenium product from Fort Dodge. All are prescription products only available from veterinarians.
²Not currently being manufactured.
|L- Se®²
|0.25 mg/ml
|25 μg/lb body weight
|1 ml per 10 lbs body weight
|1 mg/ml
|25 μg/lb body weight
|1 ml per 40 lbs body weight
|2.5 mg/ml
|25 μg/lb body weight
|1 ml per 100 lbs body weight
|Mu-Se®, Velenium®
|5 mg/ml
|25 μg/lb body weight
|1 ml per 200 lbs body weight
A number of veterinary diagnostic laboratories are finding very high concentrations of Se in llama and alpaca liver samples, suggesting an excessive level of supplementation. Some laboratories have identified Se toxicosis as a potential contributor to the death of the animal in a number of these cases. Whether the high liver Se concentration is due to injection or oral Se supplementation has not been clearly defined. Our understanding of Se metabolism in llamas and alpacas is very limited, especially related to injectable Se distribution, and requires further research. In some of these "toxicity" cases, no injectable Se supplementation was documented, suggesting excessive oral supplementation.
Feeding Regulations
Due to toxicity concerns as previously discussed, addition of Se to animal diets is regulated as a food additive by the Food and Drug Administration. It was not until 1978, some 20 years after the discovery of Se essentiality that animal feed manufacturers were permitted to include supplemental Se in animal feed products. Being classified as a food additive, this means Se cannot be used as a medicine and veterinarians are not able to write prescriptions for higher level of use. Addition of Se was initially allowed for poultry and pigs at an incorporation rate of 0.1 parts per million (ppm) of the total diet. Over the next couple of years, this allowance for Se inclusion was expanded to include cattle, sheep, and goats.
Field experience with dietary Se supplementation was suggesting that the allowable level of 0.1 ppm was not sufficient to prevent deficiency disease problems. After considering the available scientific information, in 1987 the FDA increased the allowable supplemental dietary Se incorporation rate to 0.3 ppm of the total diet. Use of organic Se (selenomethionine) from Se-fortified yeast cultures was approved in 2000 for chickens and then other species over the next couple of years. Llamas and alpacas are not mentioned in any of these FDA regulations. By the letter of the law, this would mean supplemental Se cannot be legally added to their diets. However, this is not a situation the FDA would pursue as long as the current regulations for similar species are being followed.
Current FDA regulations allow supplemental Se to be added to the total diet at a level of 0.3 ppm. However, Se cannot be easily added to forage, thus making it difficult to supplement Se for animals consuming primarily forage-based diets. To address this issue, the FDA permits Se to be incorporated into mineral mixes for animals. Again, the Se concentration of a mineral mix is regulated to conform to expected total dietary intake of Se from the product. Mineral products formulated for sheep and goats are allowed to have a maximum of 90 ppm Se, while products for cattle can contain a maximum of 120 ppm Se. These Se concentrations are based on estimated mineral intake and the total amount of Se to be consumed to meet the 0.3 ppm of supplemental Se in the total diet.
For example, beef cattle are estimated to consume on average about 10 kg (22 lbs) of a forage diet per day. If one is to supplement Se at the legal level (0.3 ppm), then a beef cow could consume 3 mg Se per day (0.3 mg/kg x 10 kg/day = 3 mg/day). If this 3 mg is to be packaged into a mineral product, the Se concentration of the mineral will need to be adjusted to expected mineral intake. For beef cows this is estimated between 0.75 and 1 oz per day. In completing the calculations to package 3 mg Se into 0.75 oz, this works out to 120 ppm Se in the salt (refer to Table 1A). Similar calculations were undertaken for sheep and goats on the basis of meeting the defined supplemental Se amount of 0.7 mg/day. Based on a lower expected mineral intake for sheep and goats, allowed maximal Se content of free choice mineral is 90 ppm Se. In allowing the use of Se-fortified mineral supplements, the expectation is the mineral will be the only source of supplemental Se in the animal's diet. To make this issue even more confusing, the allowable Se content for mineral mixes is a maximal value. Feed manufacturers can add any level of Se to their mineral products up to the maximal value for the given species of animal. Therefore, you will need to assess the feed tag information for your mineral product to determine Se content and expected intake rate. Compare expected intake to your animal's mineral intake to determine if the Se content is appropriate to meet daily need (use Table 1A for comparisons).
Reports from the National Research Council (NRC), a scientific body that reviews available research to determine nutrient requirements for animals, consider the dietary requirement for Se to be between 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg of dietary dry matter (DM). This requirement range was defined for all production animal species from pigs and horses to sheep and cattle. A new NRC report on small ruminant nutrient requirements, which includes llamas and alpacas, recommends 0.74 mg Se/day, or 0.2 mg/kg of diet DM for llamas and alpacas. Unfortunately there are no feeding trial reports to document this requirement. This NRC recommendation is a minimal value and based on extrapolations from other species and information from a single published survey of Se supplementation in llamas (Herdt, 1995). In this survey, supplementation around 1 mg Se/day to adult llamas was associated with adequate blood Se concentrations and ability to maintain normal Se concentrations in crias born to these females.
Another fundamental challenge in defining Se requirement for camelids is the documented difference in dry matter intake compared to other species. Llamas and alpacas consume less food per unit of body weight compared to sheep, goats, and cattle. This results in a disconnection between dietary requirements and conforming to current FDA regulations. In using the current daily (0.74 mg/day) and dietary content (0.2 mg/kg) recommendations, predicted total intake would be 3.7 kg (0.74 mg/day ÷ 0.2 mg/kg = 3.7 kg/day). This intake greatly exceeds any estimated intake for llamas in the NRC report. These differences underscore the need for further research on mineral requirements for llamas and alpacas. Dietary Se content issues must be resolved; however, the recommended daily amounts of Se to supplement, between 0.74 and 1.0 mg/day, are reasonable guidelines to incorporate into one's feeding program.
Feeding Recommendations
To this point I have discussed supplemental Se in the diet. Inherently there is some Se content to feed ingredients. With llamas and alpacas, the primary feed ingredient is forage with supplemental concentrate (pellets, mineral, or both). Forage Se content is extremely variable across all of North America and dependent upon soil conditions. Selenium content of the soil is variable (ranging from < 0.1 to > 80 ppm) and soil acidity, rainfall amount, and other factors can greatly influence its availability to plant tissues. Acid soil conditions, heavy rainfall, and presence of inhibiting substances (iron and aluminum) will result in very low plant Se content. Essentially the eastern coast, north to south, over to the Great Lakes region and the entire western coast areas are low (< 0.1 ppm) in forage Se content. Most all Canadian provinces are low in Se. Only the central plains states up into Manitoba and Saskatchewan have moderate to high soil Se and variable to high plant Se content. Although difficult, forage Se content can be determined at some forage testing laboratories. Unless you have forages from these Se-adequate areas, you should ignore the Se contribution from forage and add the maximal amount of supplemental Se via mineral or pellet products.
As previously described, free choice mineral products can range widely in Se content; from minimal (10 ppm) up to the legal maximum. What you are interested in is the total amount consumed. To assess mineral adequacy relative to Se, one needs to determine the Se content of the mineral and daily animal intake. Mineral Se content can be determined from the feed tag with the product. Selenium content may be expressed as ppm (mg/kg) or as a percent (%). To convert percent to ppm, move the decimal point to the right 4 places. For example, 0.005% Se is the same as 50 ppm. The bigger challenge is determining average daily mineral intake. Mineral intake is controlled by salt content of the mineral product. Most products will have some intake guidelines on their feed tag. However, expected intake is often over estimated.
Mineral intake will be variable over time, but typically llamas and alpacas can be expected to consume between 0.25 and 0.33 ounces per day. Again, it is best to determine this for your animals. Also, do not have both white salt and a trace mineral salt available for the animals to choose. They only seek out a salt source. Armed with intake and Se content information, you can then use Table 1A to assess Se adequacy. In reviewing this table, the italicized cells show the combination of mineral Se content and intake that achieves at least 1 mg Se intake per day. From these data it can be seen that only mineral that has at least 90 ppm Se will achieve near 1.0 mg Se intake with a daily mineral intake less than 0.5 oz per day. Many of the commercial mineral products contain less than 90 ppm Se.
Table 1. Calculated amounts of either selenium intake from free-choice mineral supplements (A) or selenium-fortified pellet supplement (B) needed to achieve specified levels of selenium intake.
|Selenium Mineral Content
|Daily Salt Intake (oz)
|Amount of Selenium (mg/day) consumed
|Desired Selenium Intake
|Supplement Selenium Concentration (ppm)
|lbs supplement needed to be consumed per day
Another method of supplementing Se is through the pellet or grain supplement. Using the data shown in Table 1B, one can determine a reasonable Se concentration for their pellet or grain product. If we set 1.0 mg Se/day as the goal (italicized row in Table 1B), read across the row to see how many pounds of concentrate would need to be fed to achieve this Se intake amount. The variation is due to the different concentration of Se in the pellet or concentrate product. In this table the Se concentration of the pellet or concentrate is varied from 0.3 to 8 ppm. It is only when you have a Se concentration of 2.0 ppm or greater where you would be feeding 1 lb or less of the pellet or concentrate product to achieve the desired 1.0 mg Se/day delivery rate. These two examples demonstrated how one could provide the entire supplemental Se allotment from either mineral or pellet sources. Be careful not to provide both sources and potentially double the amount of supplemental Se.
We have highlighted potential problems with Se toxicity, is there a concern with oral supplementation? Nonruminant animals such as pigs and horses absorb Se from the diet very efficiently and hence are susceptible to toxicity problems. The maximal tolerable level for Se in the total diet of nonruminants is 2 ppm or about 10x the requirement. Remember, this is the total diet consumed and not a single ingredient. In contrast, ruminant animals, including llamas and alpacas, are less efficient at Se absorption due to rumen alteration of the Se molecule. Though not determined directly for llamas and alpacas, maximum tolerable level for Se in ruminant diets is considered 5 ppm or even higher. This means that ruminant animals, including llamas and alpacas, are less susceptible to Se toxicity, but with excessive supplementation it can happen. There are still many questions to be answered relative to Se supplementation in llamas and alpacas.
Monitoring Se Status
One can do their best to provide a balanced diet that contains sufficient Se to meet current dietary recommendations. However, we cannot ensure that the animals consume the diet to be specifications we desire. To this end we should incorporate some method of evaluating nutritional status monitoring process to ensure neither deficiency or toxicity potential exists. Selenium content of the diet is difficult to determine and an expensive procedure. One is best served by monitoring Se content of supplemental feeds (mineral or pellets) and determine response of the animals.
Fortunately, Se is one of the nutrients that can be adequately assessed through the use of blood concentrations, though there is some debate on the preferred method. Selenium concentration can be determined in serum (without cells), whole blood (with cells), or in tissue (primarily liver) as a method of Se status assessment. Selenium status can also be assessed by determining glutathione peroxidase (GSH- Px) activity in blood. Laboratories that offer GSH-Px analysis are limited and it is a more expensive and technically difficult procedure. Liver Se content is a good determinate of Se status, but one must obtain a liver tissue sample either by biopsy on a live animal or from a dead animal. It is well worth the cost to have liver mineral analyses completed on any animal that dies (young or old) as a routine monitor of nutritional status.
Most laboratories will perform either serum or whole blood Se concentration analyses. Serum Se concentration reflects more acute or recent changes in Se nutrition, whereas whole blood Se reflects more chronic or historical Se status. This is a result of GSH-Px residing primarily in the red blood cell and each red blood cell lives for 105 or more days. However, llamas and alpacas are slightly different from other species. They have more GSH-Px outside the red blood cell and thus have generally higher serum Se concentrations compared to other species (Table 2). Many laboratories do not have extensive databases to determine appropriate reference values for llamas and alpacas. Therefore, interpretation from a given laboratory might vary given the reference values being used. Selenium concentrations in serum and whole blood will also vary by age of the animal. These are important considerations if one is to properly interpret laboratory results. These observations may partially explain some of the current issues of interpreting high (toxic) Se concentrations in llamas and alpacas that have not been known to be exposed to toxic intake or injections.
|Age Category
|Neonate (1-9 days)
|Suckling (10-29 days)
|Weanling (30-150 days)
|Yearling (151-500 days)
|Adult (>501days)
- Herdt, T.H. Blood serum concentrations of selenium in female llamas (Lama glama) in relationship to feeding practices, region of the United States, reproductive stage, and health of the offspring. J. Anim. Sci. 1995;73:337.
- National Research Council. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 2007.
- Van Saun, R.J. Nutrient requirements of South American camelids: A factorial approach. Small Ruminant Research 2006;61(2/3):165.
- Van Saun, R.J. Feeding the Alpaca (Vicugna pacos), In: Hoffman, E., ed., The Complete Alpaca Book, 2nd ed., Bonny Doon Press: Santa Cruz, CA, 2006.
Contact Information
- Extension Veterinarian


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Pray for Them
Have you forgotten that you NEED God? Our Nation's leaders need your prayerRead more
Have you forgotten that you NEED God? Our Nation's leaders need your prayerRead more
By Barb Camp … Recently I was looking over our church's prayer list, and as my eyes fell upon my name…Read more
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Beanies. Uppers. Speed. Double trouble. These are just a few names for one of the most familiar and most used (and abused drug) in academia. How could a drug be used for academia? Performance enhancing drugs are only for sports. Au contraire, cognitive performance enhancing drugs are quite common in the education setting, and are not always used in correct manner. Some of the most common are Adderall and Ritalin, to name a few. It is estimated that one to five percent of college students enter their freshman year with previously diagnosed ADHD/ADD. This is a serious issue that students face and the prescription medicine they receive is imperative in their ability to perform day-to-day activities. An issue arises somewhere along the path of getting to college and then again in college itself. Students are under more enormous pressures to succeed than ever before. In a study done in 2014, teens and college students report stress levels higher than adults for the first time in twenty-five years.
Stress levels are likely to increase by thirty four percent with a progressive year in school. A further possible source of stress for kids in the new age of technology are the pressures to fit in, made worse by social media. Along with these new and profound pressures, the pressure to succeed and level of performance in regards to school has become significantly higher than in the past. Students' extremely elevated stress levels corroborate this. Pressure leads to depression and students often turn to performance enhancing drugs to help give them an edge in order to ace a final or whiz through a fifteen paper due the following morning. These pills are not hard to find for students and many are affordable enough for the average college student.
Albeit, the pressures of today's world that students face will not go away and that in itself is a problem that must be dealt with. However, a bigger problem can be pinpointed within the system these students function. The bigger problem that is arising in academia is the availability of these drugs, ease in which it can be diagnosed, and the fact the moral question of whether or not to take them has become almost obsolete. Many students do not think twice before taking pills such as Adderall or Ritalin for a couple of reasons. Firstly, self-diagnosis of ADHD/ADD has become something that is not unheard of. Of course, a doctor must back up the claim and is responsible for the prescription, but many students chalk inability to concentrate in school alone to ADHD. The fact of the matter is that this diagnosis would have to take into account all aspects of daily life and school just alone cannot be enough. Secondly, if a self-diagnosis does not work, that isn't a crippling problem for kids. Adderall and other such drugs are available on campuses, while many campus officials would not like to admit it.
Moral agency and authenticity take a huge hit when widespread problems involving "study drugs" arise. Unfortunately, the playing field will never be even in academia with this problem being so widespread, making the problem intrinsic to the system. Another ethical concern is illustrated by, US President's Council on Bioethics, "If the development of character depends on the effort to choose and act appropriately, often in face of resisting desires and impulses, then the more direct pharmacological approach bypasses a crucial element…By treating the restlessness of youth as a medical, rather than a moral, challenge, those resorting to behavior-modifying drugs might deprive that child of an essential part of this education." Since students are still developing mentally while they are in school, taking performance enhancing drugs in order to meet expectations leaves sparse room for growth, development, and overall readiness for the real world once they graduate.
On the flip side of this dilemma, the system in which students must prepare for the real world doesn't always offer a level playing field and the competitive nature of academia fuels a rat race. This doesn't necessarily justify the actions of those taking pills in sporadic doses when they don't really need them, but certainly puts it in a pragmatic light.
When the Health Center at University of Miami was asked whether or not the problem extended to our campus, they did not claim to be unaware of the national problem of "study drugs". Adam Troy, Health Educator at the University of Miami elaborates that, "it definitely is an issue that needs to be addressed. It's an issue in multiple areas on campus, including medical and law students". He qualified his statement later with "There are certainly cases of people who genuinely need Adderall and Ritalin, and they completely legitimate functions. We are one hundred percent in support of that. In the same time it's about finding the balance even when you need it. When does the use of something become harmful and abusive? The responsibility falls to physicians and health providers to ascertain who gets it." Currently the University of Miami physicians on campus do not prescribe Adderall and forward diagnosing patients with ADHD/ADD to psychiatrists nearby and study drugs have not become an issue for the Health Center. Troy furthers that there is not a psychiatrist on campus for these types of medications, but it might be something to look into for the future


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Blog Entry# 2056012
Posted: Nov 11 2016 (11:13)
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Journey: Sat Nov 12, 2016 @ 19:4022966/Bhagat Ki Kothi - Mumbai Bandra Terminus SF Express
Class: Sleeper - SL | Tot Seats: Avbl 623
Travel: BGKT/Bhagat Ki Kothi to BVI/Borivali | 918 km / 936 km
Entry# 2056012
PNR: 242-xxxxxxx | Similar PNRs
Posted Status as of: Nov 11 2016 (11:13)Passenger 1: Waitlist# 40 (Booking Status: W/L 208,GNWL)
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Total Fare: 1880
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Latest Status as of: Nov 12 2016 (17:27)Passenger 1: RS4 39 (Booking Status: W/L 208,GNWL)
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Passenger 3: RS4 47 (Booking Status: W/L 210,GNWL)
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Total Fare: 1880
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text: Viewing RoadTrip - 2 of 2 Roadtrip!! Bloopers Bloopers of Road trip! enjoy and expect more road vids. LOL nicgrobber March 09, 2008 219 Views More Info Full Credits nicgrobber Uploader Additional Credits Nic - NicAllie - Allie Stats & Data 5Funny7Die 219 Views March 09, 2008 Published Category Sports Clean Comedy Real Life Tags Bloopers lol funny Up Next: Roadtrip!! AUTOPLAY Up Next In: 10 Roadtrip!! Roadtrip!! Bloopers Zapper Play With Me I'm The Last Unicorn Follow Browse Related Comments RoadTrip 2+ more View All ▶ 7+ more View All ▶ nicgrobber Vaguely Related Videos Vaguely Related Pics & Words Advertisement Tags: Bloopers lol funny Advertisement


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Silver Planetoid Valleys Designer Necklace by Lapponia of Helsinki
Silver Necklace designed by Björn Weckström for Lapponia of Helsinki. Released as a part of Björn Weckström's Space Silver collection in the late 1960s, Planetoid Valleys and Darina's Bracelet became Lapponia's most renowned jewellery pieces internationally in 1977 after featuring in the movie Star Wars by George Lucas. The jewelry pieces were worn by Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher) in the last scene of the movie as she is awarding medals to Luke Skywalker and Han Solo.
Length is 42.5cm


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870 Denman Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
The results are in! Check out the winners of this year's Westender Best Of The City Awards.
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Today is my 2nd Blogiversary so I thought it was perfect for me to share a twenty something topic that I have been thinking about for some time. Remember when I wrote a post about stop comparing yourself to others. Well here's a follow-up to that.
Comparing yourself to your previous self can be just as bad as comparing yourself to others. Hear me out on this one. Smart Twenties knows what I'm talking about. In one of her posts she talked about how her morning routine and how it made her feel guilty for not doing things she used to do. I can agree with her on so many levels. There comes a time when things change. Change is good but can be scary.
I feel like Smart Twenties and I are on the same wavelength with our blog posts. We should collaborate in the future. I have so many ideas for Dear Twenty Something Series Topics.
For me when things change I get stressed and sometimes find myself comparing myself to my previous self. You may think what's wrong with that? It becomes an issue when you beat yourself up about it. Remember you are not your old self. Your old self has left the building. You can't expect yourself to be the same person you were before. Things change, change is a sign of growth. Back in the day you were a caterpillar now embrace your wings as a butterfly.
If you are going to compare yourself to your previous self do it instead in a positive way. Tell yourself all the good things you did and look at how far you have come. You can only get better. Like I said in my introduction to my Dear Twenty Something Series post I feel like the twenties are the adult version of teenage years filled with self-doubt, uncertainty and a lot of changes going on. Feeling this way is normal and a lot of twenty somethings feel this way. Remember you are amazing, awesome and as long as you are being the best you can be you are doing something right!
So how do you feel about comparing yourself to your previous self now? What can you do to shake this feeling? I suggest looking at how you want to improve yourself and set new goals. For example, if you feel like you used to be more fit back then concentrate on becoming healthier. When you get your body moving you will feel better and become a new type of fit that is good for you now.
Moving forward I make it my goal to compare myself to my previous self in a positive light. At first it can be a challenge but eventually you will get better at it. Try it, you may surprise yourself. Changing your mindset takes time and if you want to live a happier life it is necessary.
For all my readers out there who are going through this I want to tell you, you are not alone and I want us to inspire each other. Are you with M.E.?
I'm ready to share more with you. I want to inspire you, share my creations and just share a bit of M.E. I'm excited to write more Dear Twenty Somethings Series and has been inspiring me lately.
How do you shake the feeling of comparing yourself to your previous self? Share below.


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Shoffy – Can't Go Back (✘ Remix)
LA singer/songwriter Shoffy is taking us back to his 2014 debut single 'Can't Go Back' with a very new remix by a very talented friend who wishes to remain anonymous, so Shoffy is calling him ✘.
"Cant Go Back' is a song I wrote in a dorm room at USC and it still really resonates with me. I think this interpretation that my friend has done breathes life back into it, and gives it a cool, dark, ambient vibe. The artwork is actually a photo I took on a trip to Yosemite recently, taken right outside our camp tent. It's really beautiful up there, and for me the vibe of that picture matches the song really well" – Shoffy
Here's the original version of 'Can't Go Back' for comparison – it certainly hasn't lost its charm
https://www.facebook.com/shoffymusic | https://soundcloud.com/shoffymusic


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The abstracts can be read online on the PubMed website.
Virus-like particle vaccine containing the F protein of respira tory syncytial virus confers protection without pulmonary disease by modulating specific subsets of dendritic cells and effector T cells
JVI Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 9 September 2015, J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.02018-15
Regulatory vs. inflammatory cytokine T-cell responses to mutated insulin peptides in healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects
PNAS, April 7, 2015, vol. 112, no. 14, 4431
IL-6 supports the generation of human long-lived plasma cells in combination with either APRIL or stromal cell-soluble factors.
Leukemia. 2014 Feb 7. doi: 10.1038/leu.2014.61.
Amylenes do not lead to bacterial mutagenicity in contrast to structurally related epoxides.
Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:592434. doi: 10.1155/2014/592434. Epub 2014 Jan 6.
Biological Evaluation of Multivalent Lewis X-MGL-1 Interactions.
Chembiochem. 2014 Mar 11. doi: 10.1002/cbic.201300764.
A platform to screen for C-type lectin receptor-binding carbohydrates and their potential for cell-specific targeting and immune modulation.
J Control Release. 2014 Feb 10;175:36-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.12.011. Epub 2013 Dec 22.
Analysis of the vaccine potential of plasmid DNA encoding nine mycolactone polyketide synthase domains in Mycobacterium ulcerans infected mice.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Jan 2;8(1):e2604. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002604. eCollection 2014.
Tapasin modification on the intracellular epitope HBcAg18-27 enhances HBV-specific CTL immune response and inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in vivo.
Lab Invest. 2014 Mar 10. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.6.
IL-27 in Human Secondary Lymphoid Organs Attracts Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Impairs HLA Class I-Restricted Antigen Presentation.
J Immunol. 2014 Mar 15;192(6):2634-42. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302656. Epub 2014 Feb 19.
Exploration of Novel Cellular and Serological Antigen Biomarkers in the ORFeome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Mol Cell Proteomics. 2014 Mar;13(3):897-906. doi: 10.1074/mcp.M113.032623. Epub 2014 Jan 21.
Susceptibility of different hepatitis B virus isolates to interferon-alpha in a mouse model based on hydrodynamic injection.
PLoS One. 2014 Mar 11;9(3):e90977. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090977. eCollection 2014.
Immunological characterization of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector expressing the human papillomavirus 16 E1 protein.
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014 Feb;21(2):147-55. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00678-13. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of a multi-epitope heparinase vaccine for various malignancies.
Cancer Sci. 2014 Jan;105(1):9-17. doi: 10.1111/cas.12308. Epub 2013 Nov 29.
Gamma interferon immunospot assay of pleural effusion mononuclear cells for diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy.
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014 Mar;21(3):347-53. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00680-13. Epub 2014 Jan 3.
Analysis of the Vaccine Potential of Plasmid DNA Encoding Nine Mycolactone Polyketide Synthase Domains in Mycobacterium ulcerans Infected Mice.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Jan 2;8(1):e2604. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002604. eCollection 2014.
HPV16 synthetic long peptide (HPV16-SLP) vaccination therapy of patients with advanced or recurrent HPV16-induced gynecological carcinoma, a phase II trial.
J Transl Med. 2013 Apr 4;11:88. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-88.
The effect of rituximab on vaccine responses in patients with immune thrombocytopenia.
Blood. 2013 Sep 12;122(11):1946-53. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-04-494096. Epub 2013 Jul 12.
CCR6 is transiently upregulated on B cells after activation and modulates the germinal center reaction in the mouse.
Immunol Cell Biol. 2013 May;91(5):335-9. doi: 10.1038/icb.2013.14. Epub 2013 Apr 16.
Cytotoxic response persists in subjects treated for tuberculosis decades ago.
BMC Infect Dis. 2013 Dec 5;13:573. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-573.
Intramuscular delivery of adenovirus serotype 5 vector expressing humanized protective antigen induces rapid protection against anthrax that may bypass intranasally originated preexisting adenovirus immunity.
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014 Feb;21(2):156-64. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00560-13. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer leads to persistent hepatitis B virus replication in mice expressing HLA-A2 and HLA-DR1 molecules.
J Virol. 2013 May;87(10):5554-63. doi: 10.1128/JVI.03134-12. Epub 2013 Mar 6.
Acquisition of drug resistance and dependence by prions.
PLoS Pathog. 2013 Feb;9(2):e1003158. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003158. Epub 2013 Feb 7.
Cross-validation of IFN-γ Elispot assay for measuring alloreactive memory/effector T cell responses in renal transplant recipients.
Am J Transplant. 2013 Jul;13(7):1880-90. doi: 10.1111/ajt.12285. Epub 2013 Jun 13.
M.tuberculosis mutants lacking oxygenated mycolates show increased immunogenicity and protective efficacy as compared to M. bovis BCG vaccine in an experimental mouse model.
PLoS One. 2013 Oct 17;8(10):e76442. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076442. eCollection 2013.
Characterization of anamnestic T-cell responses induced by conventional vaccines against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e57509. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057509. Epub 2013 Feb 28.
Placenta-derived gp96 as a multivalent prophylactic cancer vaccine.
Sci Rep. 2013;3:1947. doi: 10.1038/srep01947.
Targeting abnormal DNA double-strand break repair in tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant chronic myeloid leukemias.
Oncogene. 2013 Apr 4;32(14):1784-93. doi: 10.1038/onc.2012.203. Epub 2012 May 28.
Zinc transporter (ZnT)8186-194 is an immunodominant CD8+ T-cell epitopein HLA-A2+ type 1 diabetic patients
Diabetologia. 2012 July; 55(7): 2026–2031.
Encapsulating Immunostimulatory CpG Oligonucleotides in Listeriolysin O-Liposomes Promotes a Th1-Type Response and CTL Activity
Mol Pharm. 2012 May 7; 9(5): 1118–1125.
The MSHA Strain of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Activated TLR Pathway and Enhanced HIV-1 DNA Vaccine Immunoreactivity
PLoS One. 2012; 7(10): e47724.
A Nonintegrative Lentiviral Vector-Based Vaccine Provides Long-Term Sterile Protection against Malaria
PLoS One. 2012; 7(11): e48644.
High Immunogenicity of the Human Leukocyte Antigen Peptidomes of Melanoma Tumor Cells
J Biol Chem. 2012 September 28; 287(40): 33401–33411.
DNA Immunization Against Amyloid beta 42 has High Potential as Safe Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease as it Diminishes Antigen-Specific Th1 and Th17 Cell Proliferation
Cell Mol Neurobiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 May 10.
Human type 1 diabetes is associated with T cell autoimmunity to zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8)
J Immunol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 May 15.
Structure-based selection of small molecules to alter allele-specific MHC class II antigen presentation
J Immunol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 December 1.
Induction of long-term B-cell depletion in refractory rheumatoid arthritis patients preferentially affects autoreactive more than protective humoral immunity.
Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Mar 12;14(2):R57. doi: 10.1186/ar3770.
T-Cell Mediated Immune Responses Induced in ret Transgenic Mouse Model of Malignant Melanoma
Cancers (Basel). 2012 June; 4(2): 490–503.
Immunology of Diabetes Society T-Cell Workshop: HLA class II tetramer-directed epitope validation initiative.
Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011 Nov;27(8):727-36. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.1244.
Efficacy of seasonal pandemic influenza hemagglutinin DNA vaccines delivered by electroporation against a seasonal H1N1 virus challenge in mice.
Sci China Life Sci. 2011 Apr;54(4):293-9. doi: 10.1007/s11427-011-4150-5. Epub 2011 Mar 17.
Development of an interferon-gamma ELISPOT assay to detect human T cell responses to HSV-2.
Vaccine. 2011 Sep 16;29(40):7058-66. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.028. Epub 2011 Jul 27.
Chronic inflammation promotes myeloid-derived suppressor cell activation blocking antitumor immunity in transgenic mouse melanoma model
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 October 11; 108(41): 17111–17116.
acDCs enhance human antigen-specific T-cell responses.
Blood. 2011 Aug 25;118(8):2128-37. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-326231. Epub 2011 Jun 28.
Frequency of the major histocompatibility complex Mamu-A*01 allele in experimental rhesus macaques in China.
J Med Primatol. 2010 Dec;39(6):374-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00420.x.
Detailed characterization of T cell responses to herpes simplex virus-2 in immune seronegative persons.
J Immunol. 2010 Mar 15;184(6):3250-9. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900722. Epub 2010 Feb 17.
A single dose of DNA vaccine based on conserved H5N1 subtype proteins provides protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice pre-exposed to H1N1 influenza virus.
Virol J. 2010 Aug 21;7:197. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-7-197.
Detailed kinetics of the direct allo-response in human liver transplant recipients: new insights from an optimized assay.
PLoS One. 2010 Dec 29;5(12):e14452. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014452.
Healthy human T-Cell Responses to Aspergillus fumigatus antigens.
PLoS One. 2010 Feb 17;5(2):e9036. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009036.
Effect of mucosal and systemic immunization with virus-like particles of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in mice
Immunology. 2010 June; 130(2): 254–261. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03231.x
Current approaches to measuring human islet-antigen specific T cell function in type 1 diabetes
Clin Exp Immunol. 2010 November; 162(2): 197–209. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04237.x
Evaluation of the Sentinel Immunized Node for Immune Monitoring of Cancer Vaccines
Ann Surg Oncol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 December 6.
Very low levels of genetic variation in natural peridomestic populations of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma sordida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in southeastern Brazil.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Aug;81(2):223-7.
Differential arginine methylation of the G-protein pathway suppressor GPS-2 recognized by tumor-specific T cells in melanoma.
FASEB J. 2010 Mar;24(3):937-46. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-136283. Epub 2009 Nov 16.
In vitro detection of cytotoxic T and NK cells in peripheral blood of patients with various drug-induced skin diseases.
Allergy. 2010 Mar;65(3):376-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02180.x. Epub 2009 Sep 30.
A single immunization with HA DNA vaccine by electroporation induces early protection against H5N1 avian influenza virus challenge in mice.
BMC Infect Dis. 2009 Feb 12;9:17. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-17.
Diagnosis of active tuberculosis in China using an in-house gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay.
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009 Jun;16(6):879-84. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00044-09. Epub 2009 Apr 1.
Treg suppress CTL responses upon immunization with HSP gp96
European Journal of Immunology. Article first published online: 16 Oct. 2009. DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939593
Herpes simplex virus type 2 tegument proteins contain subdominant T-cell epitopes detectable in BALB/c mice after DNA immunization and infection.
J Gen Virol. 2009 May;90(Pt 5):1153-63. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.008771-0. Epub 2009 Mar 4.
Modulation of NKT cells and Th1/Th2 imbalance after alpha-GalCer treatment in progressive load-trained rats.
Int J Biol Sci. 2009 May 7;5(4):338-43.
Phenotypic and functional characterization of switch memory B cells from patients with oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(5):R150. doi: 10.1186/ar2824. Epub 2009 Oct 5.
Lentiviral vector-based prime/boost vaccination against AIDS: pilot study shows protection against Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 challenge in macaques.
J Virol. 2009 Nov;83(21):10963-74. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01284-09. Epub 2009 Aug 12.
B cells delay neutrophil migration towards the site of stimulus: tardiness critical for effective BCG vaccination against TB infection in mice
J Immunol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 August 6.
Posttranscriptional Regulatory Elements Enhance Antigen Expression and DNA Vaccine Efficacy
DNA Cell Biol. 2009 May; 28(5): 233–240. doi: 10.1089/dna.2009.0862
Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Induced by 3a DNA Vaccines against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or SARS-Like Coronavirus in Mice
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009 January; 16(1): 73–77.
Protein kinase inhibitors substantially improve the physical detection of T-cells with peptide-MHC tetramers
J Immunol Methods. 2009 January 1; 340(1): 11–24. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.09.014
The Synthetic Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Peptide PfCS102 as a Malaria Vaccine Candidate: A Randomized Controlled Phase I Trial
PLoS One. 2009; 4(10): e7304.
Stem Cells. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 August 13.
Humoral immune responses against tumor-associated antigen OVA66 originally defined by serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries and its potentiality in cellular immunity.
Cancer Sci. 2008 Aug;99(8):1670-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00860.x.
Role of the chemokine decoy receptor D6 in balancing inflammation, immune activation, and antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
J Exp Med. 2008 Sep 1;205(9):2075-84. doi: 10.1084/jem.20070608. Epub 2008 Aug 11.
Characterization of Melan-A reactive memory CD8+ T cells in a healthy donor.
Int Immunol. 2008 Aug;20(8):1087-96. doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxn066. Epub 2008 Jun 23.
Pilot study of diagnostic potential of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant HBHA protein in a vaccinated population in Finland.
PLoS One. 2008 Sep 25;3(9):e3272. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003272.
DDX3Y encodes a class I MHC-restricted H-Y antigen that is expressed in leukemic stem cells.
Blood. 2008 May 1;111(9):4817-26. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-06-096313. Epub 2008 Feb 25.
Pilot study of diagnostic potential of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant HBHA protein in a vaccinated population in Finland.
PLoS One. 2008 Sep 25;3(9):e3272. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003272.
Effects of immunosuppressive drugs on purified human B cells: evidence supporting the use of MMF and rapamycin.
Transplantation. 2008 Nov 15;86(9):1292-300. doi: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181874a36.
Donor-reactive cytokine profiles after HLA-identical living-related kidney transplantation.
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Jun;23(6):2016-23. Epub 2007 Dec 22.
Role of the chemokine decoy receptor D6 in balancing inflammation, immune activation, and antimicrobial resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
J Exp Med. 2008 Sep 1;205(9):2075-84. doi: 10.1084/jem.20070608. Epub 2008 Aug 11.
Self-tolerance does not restrict the CD4+ T-helper response against the p53 tumor antigen.
Cancer Res. 2008 Feb 1;68(3):893-900. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-3166.
Better protective effects in rhesus macaques by combining systemic and mucosal application of a dual component vector vaccine after rectal SHIV89.6P challenge compared to systemic vaccination alone.
Viral Immunol. 2008 Jun;21(2):235-46. doi: 10.1089/vim.2007.0103.
Increased in vivo immunological potency of HB-110, a novel therapeutic HBV DNA vaccine, by electroporation.
Exp Mol Med. 2008 Dec 31;40(6):669-76.
Humoral and cellular immune responses induced by 3a DNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or SARS-like coronavirus in mice.
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2009 Jan;16(1):73-7. doi: 10.1128/CVI.00261-08. Epub 2008 Nov 5.
DDX3Y encodes a class I MHC-restricted H-Y antigen that is expressed in leukemic stem cells.
Blood. 2008 May 1;111(9):4817-26. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-06-096313. Epub 2008 Feb 25.
A dendritic cell-based tumour vaccine for lung cancer: full-length XAGE-1b protein-pulsed dendritic cells induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro
Clin Exp Immunol. 2008 September; 153(3): 392–400. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03724.x
Immunological efficacy of heat shock protein 60 peptide DiaPep277™ therapy in clinical type I diabetes
Clin Exp Immunol. 2008 June; 152(3): 488–497. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03656.x
Adriaan Bins
Amsterdam University Press, 2007
Topical TLR9 agonists induce more efficient cross-presentation of injected protein antigen than parenteral TLR9 agonists do.
Eur J Immunol. 2007 Aug;37(8):2242-56.
Morphologic and molecular characterization of Isospora belli oocysts from patients in Thailand.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Jul;77(1):107-12.
The hepatitis E virus Orf3 protein protects cells from mitochondrial depolarization and death.
J Biol Chem. 2007 Jul 20;282(29):21124-33. Epub 2007 May 8.
Enhancement of DNA vaccine-induced immune responses by a 72-bp element from SV40 enhancer.
Chin Med J (Engl). 2007 Mar 20;120(6):496-502.
Combined molecular and clinical assessment of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos).
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Jul;77(1):36-43.
Human neuroblastoma cells trigger an immunosuppressive program in monocytes by stimulating soluble HLA-G release.
Cancer Res. 2007 Jul 1;67(13):6433-41.
Improve protective efficacy of a TB DNA-HSP65 vaccine by BCG priming.
Genet Vaccines Ther. 2007 Aug 22;5:7.
Vaccination of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with an optimized cryptic human telomerase reverse transcriptase peptide.
J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jul 1;25(19):2727-34.
Improve protective efficacy of a TB DNA-HSP65 vaccine by BCG priming.
Genet Vaccines Ther. 2007 Aug 22;5:7.
Phase I clinical study with multiple peptide vaccines in combination with tetanus toxoid and GM-CSF in advanced-stage HLA-A*0201-positive melanoma patients.
J Immunother. 2007 Feb-Mar;30(2):234-9.
The hepatitis E virus Orf3 protein protects cells from mitochondrial depolarization and death.
J Biol Chem. 2007 Jul 20;282(29):21124-33. Epub 2007 May 8.
Phase I clinical study with multiple peptide vaccines in combination with tetanus toxoid and GM-CSF in advanced-stage HLA-A*0201-positive melanoma patients.
J Immunother. 2007 Feb-Mar;30(2):234-9.
Donor age intensifies the early immune response after transplantation.
Kidney Int. 2007 Apr;71(7):629-36. Epub 2007 Jan 31.
Modulation of NKT cells and Th1/Th2 imbalance after alpha-GalCer treatment in progressive load-trained rats.
Int J Biol Sci. 2009 May 7;5(4):338-43.
J Immunother. 2007 Feb-Mar;30(2):234-9.
Phase I clinical study with multiple peptide vaccines in combination with tetanus toxoid and GM-CSF in advanced-stage HLA-A*0201-positive melanoma patients.
J Immunother. 2007 Feb-Mar;30(2):234-9.
The hepatitis E virus Orf3 protein protects cells from mitochondrial depolarization and death.
J Biol Chem. 2007 Jul 20;282(29):21124-33. Epub 2007 May 8.
Vaccination of patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with an optimized cryptic human telomerase reverse transcriptase peptide.
J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jul 1;25(19):2727-34.
Stable T-cell reactivity after successful tapering of azathioprine in HLA-identical living-related kidney transplant recipients despite minor histocompatibility antigen mismatches.
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Feb;22(2):353-61. Epub 2006 Nov 23.
Discrepancy between Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific gamma interferon release assays using short and prolonged in vitro incubation.
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007 Jul;14(7):880-5. Epub 2007 May 16.
Unexpected development of autoimmunity in BAFF-R-mutant MRL-lpr mice
Immunology. 2007 February; 120(2): 281–289. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02500.x
Hepatitis B virus core antigen epitopes presented by HLA-A2 single-chain trimers induce functional epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in HLA-A2•1/Kb transgenic mice
Immunology. 2007 May; 121(1): 105–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02543.x
Telomere uncapping by the G-quadruplex ligand RHPS4 inhibits clonogenic tumour cell growth in vitro and in vivo consistent with a cancer stem cell targeting mechanism
Br J Cancer. 2007 April 23; 96(8): 1223–1233.
Digital NFATc2 Activation per Cell Transforms Graded T Cell Receptor Activation into an All-or-None IL-2 Expression
PLoS ONE. 2007; 2(9): e935.
Modified ELISPOT technique--highly significant inverse correlation of post-Tx donor-reactive IFNgamma-producing cell frequencies with 6 and 12 months graft function in kidney transplant recipients.
Transpl Immunol. 2006 Nov;16(3-4):232-7. Epub 2006 Oct 10.
Spontaneous CD8 T cell responses against the melanocyte differentiation antigen RAB38/NY-MEL-1 in melanoma patients.
J Immunol. 2006 Dec 1;177(11):8212-8.
Protective immunity elicited by a divalent DNA vaccine encoding both the L7/L12 and Omp16 genes of Brucella abortus in BALB/c mice.
Infect Immun. 2006 May;74(5):2734-41.
Long-lasting T cell responses to biological warfare vaccines in human vaccinees.
Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Jul 1;43(1):1-7. Epub 2006 May 23.
Recognition of HLA class I-restricted beta-cell epitopes in type 1 diabetes.
Diabetes. 2006 Nov;55(11):3068-74.
Mucosal inoculation of Lactobacillus expressing hCGbeta induces an anti-hCGbeta antibody response in mice of different strains.
Methods. 2006 Feb;38(2):124-32.
Identification of dialysis patients with panel-reactive memory T cells before kidney transplantation using an allogeneic cell bank.
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Feb;17(2):573-80. Epub 2006 Jan 5.
STEAP, a prostate tumor antigen, is a target of human CD8+ T cells.
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006 Dec;55(12):1515-23. Epub 2006 Apr 19.
Tumor mRNA-Transfected Dendritic Cells Stimulate the Generation of CTL That Recognize Neuroblastoma-Associated Antigens and Kill Tumor Cells: Immunotherapeutic Implications
Neoplasia. 2006 October; 8(10): 833–842.


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So…the about me, eh. I'm a nineteen year old male living between jobs, and engineering courses. I'm a maker of sorts, and a dreamer by nature. This blog is a timepiece of my adventures, really just pointless ventures, ventations, and their reactions with the atmosphere.
Yes. I enjoy making up words, and I hope to hear you stutter; so please, utter any mutterance.


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Industrial Pendant Light E27 Holder
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Price: US $27 / piece
Discount Price: US $22.54 / piece
Discount Price: US $22.54 / piece
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This pendant light has been an industrial classic since the 1880's. It is recommended to be used with a reflector bulb to create a utilitarian light with minimal glare, or a retro filament bulb to achieve a more ambient setting.
Main Features:
Main Features:
Size: S (22 x 22 x 13cm), L (30 x 30 x 14cm)
Weight: S (0.7kg), L (0.85kg)
Cable length: 120cm
Lighting space: 5-8sq.m.
| Type: Pendants
Bulb Included: No
Quantity of Spots: 1
Base Type: E27
Voltage (V): AC 220
Style: Classic
Function: Commercial Lighting,Home Lighting,Studio and Exhibition Lighting
Sheathing Material: Aluminum Alloy,Iron
Body Color: Black
Dimension and Weight
| Product weight: 0.700KG
Package weight: 0.900 KG
Product size (L x W x H): 22.00 x 22.00 x 13.00 cm / 8.66 x 8.66 x 5.12 inches
Package size (L x W x H): 26.00 x 26.00 x 18.00 cm / 10.24 x 10.24 x 7.09 inches
Package Contents
|Package Contents: 1 x Pendant Light
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N.B.: If the seller provides the "Longer Protection" service on this product, you may ask for refund up to 15 days after order completion.
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Canned Dog Food can only be delivered to the local delivery area.
In the wild, dogs will go after anything that runs, flies or swims. Dogs are what we like to call…meat-eaters. That's why our canned dog food is 96% meat, poultry or fish. That's a lot of meat. Meat, fish, poultry and liver product all purchased or produced in the good ol' US of A. For good measure, we threw in some vitamins & minerals dogs need to ensure a healthy life. Zinc, copper and iron. Yep. Pretty ferocious nutrition inside such an artistic and civilized can.
Chicken, Water Sufficient For Processing, Chicken Liver, Guar Gum, Potassium Chloride, Salt, Cassia Gum, Xantham Gum, Choline Chloride, Zinc Amino Acid Chelate, Iron Amino Acid Chelate, Vitamin E Supplement, Copper Amino Acid Chelate, Manganese Amino Acid Chelate, Sodium Selenite, Thiamine Mononitrate, Cobalt Amino Acid Chelate, Niacin Supplement, d-Calcium Pantothenate, Vitamin A Supplement, Riboflavin Supplement, Biotin, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Potassium Iodide, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Folic Acid.
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NUA Library Annual Membership
Membership to the library at NUA which gives the member borrowing rights for up to four items, access to the computer facilities and University Shop.
The library is a specialist arts, design and media collection which houses over 33,000 printed volumes and subscribes to over 400 journals as well as NUA's special collection and pamphlets (for reference use only). All members will receive a personal account to access the computers in the library and also access to the printers and photocopiers.
Annual membership to the library is £100, however alumni and those in education, or working in education, benefit from a reduced rate of £50 per year. You will be asked to confirm details on the next page.


text: We come to know that Ryan has some head issues surrounding the death of her daughter as the writer felt a dire need to give Ryan some sort of existential problem in her head to make her character feel more human. Apart from this minor bit, nothing is presented in terms of character development for any other protagonists. Who is Kowalski? Who are the people who died in their space pods? No idea.


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| This has got to be the worst alternate universe ever. -Spider-Man
Hey! Article is a stub. This means that it is short and needs more information, or should be expanded with up to date information, if there is any new information. You can help the Spider-Man Wiki by expanding it. Thanks!
Phillip Sheldon (of Earth-9591) is an alternate version of Phillip Sheldon who went on a journey trying to figure out what was wrong with his world.
Philip Sheldon felt that his entire world was wrong, horribly warped by some unknown force. Seeking to find out what went wrong, he traveled the country, interviewing people with extraordinary histories, attempting to find the key to what went wrong. Though he discovered the vast and complex histories of various people, he ultimately died far from finding out what went wrong via a virus he got from a diseased Peter Parker.


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EPISODE #4: Plotting vs Pantsing
You can view or listen to this episode, and subscribe via YouTube, ShoutEngine or iTunes. Help us out by liking our stuff and leaving comments or reviews!
What we talked about today:
Amy is a reformed pantser- her second book had a basic chapter by chapter plot and her third will be extensively plotted beforehand, so we'll check in on that at a later date. Ronnie, King of the Light Side, is a dedicated pantser. We discussed the reasons some people plot their stories and other people pants them. There's a quick discussion of how and why that can go wrong (and how to avoid it) and the tiny human puts her two cents in as well.
Do you plot or pants? Has it had your knickers in a twist? Tell us below!
Don't forget our Gumroad store has an easy downloadable business plan- and we've added a uick cheat sheet for adding MailChimp sign ups to your website!
Go and check out R.R. Virdi on Amazon or see his website here.
Amy's website is now self-hosted (though incomplete)! You can see the vid for how she did that here.


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Definitely some good reads today:
One look at the picture of what used to be his car and you know how lucky NC State linebacker Nate Irving is to be alive.
Andrew Carter of the Orlando Sentinel tells the story of how Jimbo Fisher made the transition from a small West Virginia mining town to Bobby Bowden's successor.
Clemson backup quarterback Tajh Boyd has gone from watching the action to the center of attention.
A total of 10 players -- including quarterback Russell Wilson -- will miss spring ball at NC State. Nine are injured, and Wilson is playing baseball.
Georgia Tech freshman A-back Justin Randolph's little bro, a highly regarded defensive back in the class of 2011, has the Jackets among his top three finalists.
Miami coach Randy Shannon is looking for running back Damien Berry to become the complete back this year, not just run up the middle.


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- What is a risk assessment?
A risk assessment involves identifying those aspects of an investment adviser's operations that pose meaningful risk of regulatory violation and then quantifying the level of risk based on the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of the violation if there were an occurrence.
- What is the purpose of a risk assessment?
An initial risk assessment helps advisory firms properly design their compliance programs. Periodic risk assessments help investment advisers make sure that their existing policies and procedures are sufficiently comprehensive and robust to address all areas in which the adviser is at risk of violating the Advisers Act.
- Are investment advisers required to conduct a risk assessment?
While there is no specific rule or regulation that requires investment advisers to conduct a risk assessment, it is strongly suggested that each adviser, prior to developing and implementing their compliance policies and procedures, undertakes a thorough assessment of its conflicts of interest and compliance risks. SEC officials have stated in numerous speeches that no compliance program could accurately reflect the adviser's business without such a prior risk assessment.
- What is the process for conducting a risk assessment?
Although the exact methodology may vary from adviser to adviser, the risk assessment process generally consists of the following steps:
Step 1: Preparing an Inventory of Risks and Conflicts of Interest
Step 2: Measuring the Risks Identified
Step 3: Mapping Risks and Conflicts to Policies and Procedures
Step 4: Periodically Reviewing and Updating the Risk Assessment
- How does an investment adviser prepare an inventory of applicable risks and conflicts of interest?
An investment adviser should identify potential compliance, operational, financial, reputational and strategic risks associated with the adviser's particular business model, advisory practices and ongoing compliance responsibilities. In addition, an investment adviser must consider conflicts of interest that may create risk to the advisory firm or its clients.
- What are some specific areas of "potential" risk that should be reviewed?
A good starting point are the specific areas of concern cited in the adopting release for Rule 206(4)-7 under the Advisers Act (e.g., the Compliance Rule):
- Portfolio Management Processes;
- Trading Practices;
- Proprietary Trading;
- Accuracy of Disclosures;
- Safeguarding of Client Assets;
- Books and Records;
- Marketing;
- Valuation of Client Holdings and Advisory Fees;
- Privacy; and
- Business Continuity.
In addition, a thorough review should include recent regulatory developments, industry best practices, firm disclosure documents, recent SEC deficiency letters, SEC "hot topics" of the moment (e.g., social media) and any other areas that are pertinent to that particular investment adviser (e.g., performance-based fees).
- Once an investment adviser has identified all the relevant areas of risk, then what?
The SEC suggests that an adviser ask a series of questions to help identify any risks present. For example, in the area of portfolio management, an adviser should ask whether the firm maintains current and complete information regarding each client's financial and family circumstances, investment objectives and restrictions, and risk tolerance.
- How does an investment adviser measure the risks that have been identified?
While there are certainly many ways to measure risk, one way is for the adviser to consider the (i) likelihood (e.g., the probability that a given event will occur); (ii) impact (e.g., the effect the event will have on clients or potential clients, disclosures, finances, reputation and regulatory obligations should it occur); and (iii) probability of a risk event in the absence of controls (e.g., the anticipated frequency of a risk event given the regularity of the activity or process that is associated with the risk).
- Should an investment adviser treat all risks as equal?
No. Once an adviser has measured their firm's inherent risks (e.g., likelihood, impact and probability in the absence of controls), the adviser should prioritize the risks by addressing those areas that have the greatest exposure.
- What kind of rating system should an investment adviser use?
It really does not matter as long as the adviser can distinguish one risk category from another. Some advisers use "high" "medium" and "low" while others use a numerical rating (e.g., 1 to 5). The goal is to identify those risks that are significant enough to merit adopting written policies and procedures.
- What is the process for mapping the inventory of risks to the investment adviser's policies and procedures?
Each risk that has been identified as significant enough to merit being addressed by a written policy and procedure should be mapped to that specific policy and procedure. For example, if the investment adviser has determined that a lack of consistency between client portfolios and investment objectives is a significant compliance risk, the adviser would map that risk to the firm's portfolio management policies and procedures.
- What should an investment adviser do if a significant risk is not addressed by a corresponding policy and procedure?
As the lack of controls creates a risk to the firm and/or its clients, the adviser must develop a new policy and procedure to address that risk.
- How often should the risk assessment be updated?
At least annually, but more frequently if circumstances require it. For example, adding a new type of advisory service, regulatory changes or changes in the structure of an adviser's business and/or operations would certainly merit an interim risk assessment.
- What records is an investment adviser required to keep with regard to the risk assessment process?
Advisers Act Rule 204-2 requires investment advisers to keep copies of the following material pertaining to the risk assessment process:
- Inventory of risks posed by the investment adviser's business.
- Initial and annual risk assessment.
- Risk management matrix.
- What risk assessment records does the SEC usually request prior to a regulatory examination?
The Staff of the SEC may request some of all of the following documents and information pertaining to the risk assessment process:
- A current inventory of compliance risks that forms the basis for your firm's policies and procedures and if changes were made to this inventory of risks during the examination period, please indicate what these changes were and the corresponding date of the change.
- Any document your firm has, such as a matrix or a spreadsheet, that maps its inventory of risks identified above to its written policies and procedures.
- Any written guidance that your firm has provided to its employees regarding its compliance risk assessment process and the process of creating policies and procedures to mitigate and mange its compliance risks.
- Information regarding the means by which your firm's personnel have ready and continuing access to risk assessment policies and procedures.
Important Information
The information contained in this Frequently Asked Questions is only a summary and is not intended to be a comprehensive analysis of the rules and regulations applicable to registered investment advisers. It is not intended to constitute legal or compliance consulting advice or apply to any one investment adviser's particular situation. For more information, please see our Terms of Use.