text:
About $7,000 worth of professional cleaning equipment was stolen from an underground parking area in the 6400 block of West Layton Avenue between 1:30 and 9 p.m. April 6.
A TV was stolen out of George Webb, 4845 W. Forest Home Ave., while the restaurant was closed between April 3 and 9:20 a.m. April 7.
Two pipes were reported stolen from a pond in the 5400 block of South Tami Lane at 11:55 a.m. April 5.
A wallet was stolen out of a vehicle parked in the lot at Southpointe Healthcare Center, 4500 W. Loomis Road, between 6:25 and 11:20 a.m. April 6.
Drug possession
A man who was cited for possession of marijuana and drug paraphernalia during a traffic stop on South 27th Street and West Abbott Avenue was ordered in to the district attorney's office to face possible state charges of possession of cocaine at 7:55 p.m. April 3.
A man was taken into custody for third offense OWI on South 108th Street and West Cold Spring Road at 12:45 a.m. April 3. He was taken to the hospital for a blood draw.
A man whose maroon PT Cruiser was seen swerving and speeding on the freeway was pulled over in the 4500 block of South 60th Street and taken into custody for third offense OWI at about 6:30 p.m. April 9. He was taken to the hospital for a blood draw, and transported to jail.
Police received a report that a window was smashed out on a van in the 4700 block of South 108th Street at 10 p.m. April 4.
A window was shattered at Wisconsin Vision, 4818 S. 76th St., at about 12:05 p.m. April 8. Employees told police they believed someone shot a BB gun at the window, but no evidence of that was found.
Emergency personnel responded to a garage fire in the 6100 block of South 40th Street at 11:45 a.m. April 8. The resident was apparently frying breakfast in the garage when some oil caught on fire. She was able to put the fire out with a blanket before help arrived.
Two women were taken into custody and cited for disorderly conduct after they physically assaulted each other inside an apartment in the 7200 block of West Southridge Drive at about 6:55 p.m. April 3.
An intoxicated man who caused a disturbance inside Pick 'n Save, 4279 S. 76th St., was taken into custody for disorderly conduct just after midnight April 6. The man tried to shoplift some small items and tried to return them for cash, and became loud and belligerent when employees refused. The man also allegedly urinated inside the store.
Police went to the 4000 block of South 97th Street after a caller reported an unknown woman dressed in all black was standing in her backyard yelling profanities at 8:45 p.m. April 8. Police gave the cussing woman a courtesy ride back to her residence and warned her about her behavior.
An older male wearing a black shirt and jogging pants who was apparently seen huffing from a can of compressed air behind a medical office in the 2700 block of West Layton Avenue was cited for loitering at about 7:10 p.m. April 9.
Greenfield police assisted the fire department with five rescue calls and two fire calls between April 3 and April 9.


text:
To see the category Aids for EDS click here.
Cervical collars
I can only say positive things about my cervical collars. Both collars help improve or even resolute my symptoms shortly after applying.
Unfortunately, I am now heavily dependent on my collars although I have tried to train my cervical muscles.
More information about collars.
Compression tights / Compression Clothing:
I am wearing my compression tights almost daily. They not only help to improve the Dysautonomia symptoms but also stabilize my knees, hips and SI joints. I have less pain, am able to walk longer distances and am not as tired and worn out as before. I wear compression tights CCL2 by Bauerfeind.
However my compression leggings had no effect. The compression was minimal to barely noticeable for me.
I also wear a compression long sleeve by Skins which feels very comfortable on the skin and has a stabilizing effect on my shoulders.
Since a couple of days I am wearing ringsplints for the DIP joints of both 2nd fingers. The splints prevent hyperextension of the fingers which often happens to me when writing or cutting vegetables. My splints are very comfortable and fit perfectly.
I purchased those ringsplints :
Proprioceptive shoe inlays
Proprioception inlays for my shoes are supposed to improve and stabilize my posture.
Walking cane
My cane helps me to keep balance, supports me when I am walking and provides some feeling of security.
Memory foam seat cushion
My memory foam seat cushion is probably one of the best purchases ever. This is a must have for all people who are suffering from low back pain, SI joint instability with pain in your legs and for every one which has pain in their gluteus maximus after sitting for too long. With the help of this pillow I am able to sit on hard undergrounds for way longer than before without getting horrible back pain.
I have now own bandages for both knees, a lower back belt and bandages for both hips.
Mostly I am using the lower back belt. Since additionally my hips are very unstable when walking I recommend to buy a belt that is flexible and can be worn further below than normal. This little "misusage" holds my hips together and can help when walking. Furthermore, it should be ensured that the bandage does not slip up when walking and sitting.
I have the following lower back belt:
Dietary supplements
I take a lot of supplements and vitamins and feel subjectively no particular improvement in my condition.
Sleep hygiene
A good sleep is very important which is why I have tried several little things. I am noticing the best success with a memory foam neck pillow and a knee wedge or alternatively a U-shaped pregnancy pillow. I feel best when there is something between my knees and arms to support the hips and shoulders during night.
Heating pad / Tens
Heating pads and TENS I use only when I have quite a lot of pain or tension in the neck or trigger points around the SI joints. Most of the time this only helps minimally.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Sorting type: Most visited Most visited Alphabetical | Groups in the Night World series. Pages in category "Groups" " The witches of the Night World are governed by the Inner Circle. The Inner Circle consists of... Inner Circle Retrieved from "http://nightworld.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Groups?oldid=11817" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Categories Add category Cancel Save


text:
Cuba High Successful Education inWords: 4248 Length: 15 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 23084171
Efficacy and Quality of Cuba's Educational Program
Tensions continue to wax and wane between the two countries, but Cuba's economy has largely stabilized and the situation between Castro's country and the United States is also essentially at an impasse (Suddath 2009). The increased stabilization of the Cuban economy and society has led to many internal changes in the country, however, and these have largely been to the benefit of Cuba and indeed of much of the world. As current research and statistics show, Cuba has not only managed to achieve a modicum of stability under Castro's communist regime, but it has actually achieved levels of success envied by many prosperous capitalist nations.
One of Cuba's singular achievements that demonstrates the prowess of its educational program and the country's basic commitment to learning and the advancement of knowledge is its International Pedagogy Congress, which has been held in Cuba every two years since 1986 and sees huge crowds of scientists and educators from around the world -- largely from Central and South America, though the conference is not limited to these nations -- presenting papers and holding discussions on a staggering variety of topics (CMHA 2011). With nearly ten thousand Cubans…… [Read More]
Those officials who did look at the question of Japanese intentions decided that Japan would never attack, because to do so would be irrational. Yet what might seem irrational to one country may seem perfectly logical to another country that has different goals, values, and traditions. (Kessler 98)
The failures apparent in the onset of World War II and during the course of the war led indirectly to the creation of the CIA in 1947. During World War II, Colonel William J. Donovan headed the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), and in 1941 Donovan submitted to the president a plan outlining the need for a government-wide organization that would pool and coordinate existing intelligence. Roosevelt followed this recommendation and created a Coordinator of Information as part of the Executive Office of the President. This office evolved into the OSS, and this would become the model for the CIA. During the war the OSS organized resistance movements and sabotage operations behind enemy lines and also tried unsuccessfully to centralize intelligence functions within the government through an analytical section known as Research and Analysis. When the OSS disbanded after the war, the State Department absorbed many of its functions.
The agency was…… [Read More]
Cuba Demographics and Diversity DespiteWords: 709 Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 96581254
("Economics," 2004)
What is the role of women in your country deciding reproductive strategies?
The total estimated 2004 fertility rate of Cuba was1.66 children born per woman. The de-emphasizing of the Catholic influence in the region is largely thought to have reduced the yearly population growth. Women have free access to birth control, as much as the health care system can be accessed by the individual woman -- however, access as a practical matter, as with most health care, is much better and more open in urban as opposed to rural communities.
What is the per capita income of your country? How unevenly is income distributed?
The population of Cuba was 11,308,764 (July 2004 est.) Officially, there is an equal and egalitarian distribution of income amongst all members of the population, depending upon the standard of living in the community. The 2004 per capita income was $381.76, in a nation where there is provision, on the part of the government, for health care and other social services. ("Labor," 2004) Still, in 1993 the Cuban Government was effectively forced, because of the Cuban people's economic privation, to make legal for its people to possess and use the U.S. dollar. Since then,…… [Read More]
Cuba Crisis Decision Making DuringWords: 911 Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 81370419
Comparing a blockade to the first option (air-strike) was a no-brainer. First of all, a guarantee of the airstrike being effective was highly unlikely.
At the time, the pinpoint weaponry employed by the present day United States was not available, and in fact such weaponry had not even been invented yet. The Soviet Union, of course, knew that such a course of direction would not be effective and therefore the deterrence factor on this particular option was rather low.
Secondly, a comparison of a blockade vs. An invasion was also strongly tilted towards the idea of a blockade. The reason(s) for this bias towards the blockade included the fact that an invasion was a risky prospect, and at best, put far more lives at risk than a blockade would. An invasion could also be considered as an overt act of war against the country being invaded (Cuba in this circumstance) and that such an act of war would require retaliation and a constant state of preparedness to defend the action.
As for comparing the blockade to negotiations, there again, was no comparison. The blockade was a strong response to an event that could threaten the end of the world. Negotiations…… [Read More]
Cuba Demographics and Culture BecauseWords: 653 Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 13774088
It is common for parents and children to live very tightly packed in small apartments. (Wordiq, "Culture, 2004) the fact that there is so little housing in urban centers means that the government is unwilling as well as perhaps unable to release statistics about how densely populated the nation's urban areas are per square mile.
Cubans are found of music and sport, and the national fondness for baseball underlines the still-close cultural connection between Cuba and the United States, despite Castro's best efforts to sever it. (AOL "Destination Guides: Cuba") the persistence of Santeria and other indigenous religious traditions likewise underlines the impossibility of entirely erasing religion from the national consciousness. (AOL "Destination Guides: Cuba -- History") Music has enabled the government's half-hearted efforts to resurrect the extinct tourist trade to bring in some currency and infuse the local economy with some life, as music forms the "pulsing backdrop to virtually all entertainment in Cuba, and remains popular around the world." ((AOL "Destination Guides: Cuba -- Music") However, because of the economic downturn, which has been particularly precipitous since the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of aid from fellow communist regimes, the local population, due to the…… [Read More]
Cuba'so You Could Dress Like ThisWords: 701 Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 700512
Cuba So You Could Dress Like This? By Achy Obeja. Specifically, it will select one required discussion thread and summarize the selected thread. To summarize is to break down the content of a subject and sum up its ultimate meaning and importance.
"The Spouse" is the story of two estranged people who run into each other, which brings up many old memories from their relationship - a relationship that never really meant anything. Lupe married Raul as a business deal, so he could stay in the country. This is illegal, but it is done all the time, and these two people represent just why it is done. Raul needed an American wife to make him legal in this country, and Lupe needed money. The amusing thing about this is that he really took the marriage seriously, while Lupe simply wants it behind her. Raul thinks Lupe needs to get in touch with her "Latin self," and Lupe just wants to get rid of him.
They do not have any kind of relationship, but it is clear Raul is desperate for one. He cares about Lupe, but Lupe is cold, and does not care…… [Read More]
Revolution of 1958 inevitable?
Cuba. This island is known everywhere in the world. Everybody knows such names as Fidel Castro and Che Guevara. Also Cuba is associated with Caribbean crisis, which had frightened both the U.S.A. And USSR. That's all that common person knows about this land and nation famous for specific culture and interesting history (especially of the 20th century). Cuba has always been a region of American interests in the Caribbean Sea and its 45-year resistance against capitalism (in fact -- American politics) impresses everyone, even person hostile to Cuban regime.
Cuban influence on worlds politics during the Cold War and nowadays is important and worth paying attention to. Cuba is still one of the last Communist countries of the world.
Many years have past, Communism had a great success but it died after Soviet Union collapsed. Now China and Vietnam try to democratize and capitalize own economics. Only Cuba and North Korea are still devoted to Communism. But even there we can find some ideas of capitalism. The majority of Socialistic revolutions (older and younger that Cuban) are history already. Some scientists admit that Cuban revolution took place in the most complicated situation and practically had no…… [Read More]
Cuba Presented in This SummaryWords: 870 Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 70323877
In more than one occasion, the current policy of embargo was challenged by representatives from the think-tanks as not serving the purpose of actually promoting democracy in the Cuba, which is seen as inimical to campaign for democratic consolidation in the region.
The chapter entitled, Through the Looking Glass, dealt mainly with how the political debate on Cuba has encroached in the arena of American pop culture. The chapter opens with Michael Moore's attempt to present another of his acerbic documentary about the U.S. health care system, a 15-minute segment of which was devoted to portraying the Cuban health care system. Moore's exploit to Cuba have earned him the ire of the U.S. State Department, which led him to "exile" his film to nearby Canada to protect it from being seized by the Bush administration in light of its current policy of isolation with regard to Cuba. The chapter includes several instances where attempts to reach out to the Cuban people, in some instances with the government of Fidel Castro, are discussed which comprise the U.S.'s so-called soft diplomatic policy through cultural exchange. The battle for the minds of America has seeped into the educational system as schoolbooks were used…… [Read More]
Cuba's Loyalty to Spain DuringWords: 2065 Length: 8 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 99397883
The U.S. created the Platt Amendment allowing the U.S. The right to interfere in the sovereign interest of Cuba.
Yet, regardless of the seeming loyalty of the Cubans towards the Spaniards the fact remains that the majority of the people were not satisfied with the rule. The people realized that they needed to be free but were not in a situation to take advantage of the fact, they were simply biding their time for freedom. The various rebellions over the years had taken its toll on the Cubans and none were in a hurry to create a situation that would adversely affect the land and the people.
There was a certain instability in the social classes as by 1884 the 'sugar nobility' was changing. They were unable to mobilize costs and this allowed the U.S. To penetrate the region. By 1894 it was U.S. resources that were allowing the plantation owners to survive heralding a wind of change. The previous rebellion of the Ten-Year War had created a patriot group that wanted freedom. The roots of the rebel groups came from the Creoles and men from the lower social strata. The society was in fact disintegrating in terms of the…… [Read More]
Santeria in Cuba
Santeria began in Cuba as a mixture of the Western African Yoruba Religion and Iberian Catholicism. It is one of the numerous syncretic religions created by Africans brought to the Caribbean islands as slaves. It was developed out of need for the African slaves in order to carry on practicing their native religion in the New World. As in all nations where the African slaves were taken, Cuban slave masters dampened and sometimes banned the practice of their native religions. The slaves in Cuba were required to follow the practices of the Catholic Church, which went against the beliefs of their native religions. Noticing the similarities between their native religion and Catholicism, and in order to please their slave-masters and accomplish their own religious needs, they fashioned a secret religion. Santeria utilizes Catholic saints and personages as facades for their own god and Orishas or spiritual representatives. Consequently, when a slave prayed to an Orisha, it looked as if they were praying to a saint (Santeria, 2001).
Following the freedom of some slaves in Cuba, the free people of color created Santeria on the foundation of old Yoruba beliefs and practices. African religious customs were reinvented…… [Read More]
Eisenhower Administration & Cuba theWords: 5783 Length: 22 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 17377314
..." Quirk is noted to have said that: "Many times in later years Castro spoke of his ignorance as a university student. He admitted to being a 'political illiterate' and had studied law, he said, not because he felt an attraction to the legal profession but because his family expected it." (Quirk; as cited by Escobar, 2004) Fidel Castro became involved in political activism and became a widely renowned orator and was labeled a political agitator. His group attempted a coup d'etat against the rule of Batista however they failed and were imprisoned. While in prison Castro wrote the work entitled: "History will Absolve Me" finally putting his views of revolution down on paper. Castro is noted to have stated:
know the imprisonment will be hard for me as it has been for anyone - filled with cowardly threats and wicked torture. But I do not fear prison, just as I do not fear the fury of the miserable tyrant who snuffed life out of seventy brothers of mine. Sentence me I don't mind. History will absolve me." (Escobar, 2004)
Although sentenced to 15 years in prison Castro was released after only two years under the amnesty law. Fidel and…… [Read More]
As a result, the cuisine is heavily dependent on heavily spiced dishes accented by inclusion of easily accessible seafood. Due to the fact that the population of Cuba has been largely impoverished rice and beans have been a major part of most Cuban meals.
An interesting development in the history of Cuban cuisine has been the difference between the diets of Cubans living in the easterly regions of the island and those in the west living in and around Havana. In the east the cuisine is more heavily influenced by the Spanish and African cultures while the cuisine the west in and around Havana is far more continental due to the presence of outside influences from and around other European cultures.
Sports are an important part of the Cuban culture. Baseball, boxing and soccer enjoy wide popularity and are almost a passion for many Cubans. Again, Cuba's proximity to the United States has played a major part in the popularity of both baseball and boxing. Soccer's popularity developed as a result of the relative inexpensive nature of participation and the heavy influence of the Hispanic culture throughout Cuba.
Religion in Cuba is unique. Due to historical developments and geographical factors,…… [Read More]
The article goes on to say that a correspondent for a Pennsylvanian newspaper who visited the country in 2007 stated,
"I asked the guide what Cubans did if they had a cold. The guide said that a Cuban would go to the doctor -- a visit free of charge -- who would write a prescription for aspirin. However, there would be no way to fill the prescription. We visited a pharmacy later in the trip. Behind the counter five well-dressed Cuban women waited to serve, but the shelves were empty. The only items in sight were the monthly ration of sanitary napkins, 10 permitted per Cuban woman per month."
This is the paradox of Cuban healthcare -- it is readily available, but if somebody really does need medicine, such as in the case above, to get better, this may not be readily available.
Some articles, however, do not agree with the one written above. For example, the Guardian UK states that there are various programs that do help some parts of the population. For example, senior citizens benefit from exercise classes or other health related classes. The UK newspaper gives a whole slideshow, where each slide speaks about a…… [Read More]
Unconventional Warfare in Cuba 1960sWords: 854 Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 21102309
Un-Conventional Warfare in Cuba 1960
Unconventional Warfare in Cuba 1960s
Unconventional warfare in Cuba 1960's
Unconventional warfare in Cuba 1960's
Unconventional Warfare or UW also referred to as the guerrilla, revolutionary or partisan, is a soldierly technique with political references, which is used to decrease an opponent's military capabilities leaving it vulnerable to potential attacks or threats. Its main objective is coercive compliance and voluntary submission; to stop the enemy from attacking despite having the armed resources to continue (Tierney, 2006).
Cuba has been a hub of unconventional warfare traditionally and historically specifically, in the mountains of Oriente Province. The peasants (guajiros) have a history of campaigns such as Maceo and Membises, a heritage which they cherish. And even after the evolution of the newly developed guerrilla model in the 1950s, it could not be applied without alterations in the Republic of Cuba. Now, with the changing times and technological advancement, there are no more Gomez and Maceo, Cuba has come a long way the military wise; Augusto Ce'sar Sandino has brought new innovations to the ancient guerrilla warfare (Dosal, 2004).
The CIA approved document became the Cuban policy paper for administration and also became the incoming President John F.…… [Read More]
Cuban Embargo
American-Cuban Sanctions
Implications for the Future
The United States has a long and complicated history with Cuba that dates back over 100 years (Ciment 1115). The United States assumed occupancy over Cuba after defeating the Spanish at the end of the 1898 Spanish-American War. Cuba became an independent country in 1902, although the United States continued to delegate power and control over Cuba's affairs through the Piatt Amendment. Supervised elections began in 1909, but in 1952 dictator Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar was elected which changed the political climate of the country. Batista soon proved to be a true enemy of the Cuban people with many corrupt policies and unfair political maneuvers. He was eventually driven out by Fidel Castro in 1959.
Castro's rise to power could not be considered friendly or in the best interest of peaceful relations between Cuba and the United States. In addition to the mistreatment of the Cuban people, Castro assumed domination over all U.S. owned businesses in the country in 1960, leading to a break in diplomacy with America and paving the way for the 1962 trade embargo that still persists today (Zelikow 317).
The United States hoped that the restriction on foreign…… [Read More]
Diplomatic and Trade Relations Between US and Cuba Analysis of Economic Policy Impact on USWords: 1621 Length: 5 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 77819275
Diplomatic and Trade relations between U.S. And Cuba
Cuba: Diplomatic & Trade Relations
Analysis of Economic Policy
The purpose of this work is to examine the Economic Policy in Diplomatic and Trade relations between the United States and Cuba and in Analysis of the Economic Policy determine the impact that this has had on the United States.
Tension and confrontation are the definitions used to describe the relations between the United States and Cuba over the last forty years
Due to Cuba's establishment of very close ties with the Soviet Union and the part Cuba played in fueling the Cold War frictions between the United States and Cuba have been of a long-running nature. While President Clinton was in office the policy with Cuba was one that promoted the 'peaceful transition' of Cuba to a stable and democratic government and held respect for human rights. Two complements of the policy were first the maintenance of pressure on the government in Cuba for bringing about changes through the embargo and Libertad Act while at the same time making provisions for humanitarian assistance to the people of Cuba.
I. Background and History:
Cuba is an island that is located approximately ninety miles…… [Read More]
Country Assessment of Cuba BriefWords: 1852 Length: 7 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 28090924
Since late 2000, Venezuela has been providing oil on preferential terms, and it currently supplies about 100,000 barrels per day of petroleum products. Cuba has been paying for the oil, in part, with the services of Cuban personnel in Venezuela including some 30,000 medical professionals" (Central Intelligence Agency, 2010).
Relevant numeric information:
The income per capita for the average Cuban individual is of $9.700
The GDP composition by sector is of: 4.3 per cent agriculture; 20.9 per cent industry and 74.8 per cent services
The labor force is of 4.968 million and the unemployment rate is of 1.6 per cent
The composition of the labor force by sector: 20 per cent agriculture; 19.4 per cent industry and 60.6 per cent services
The inflation rate is of 4.3 per cent and the public debt accounts for 34.8 per cent of the country's gross domestic product (Central Intelligence Agency, 2010).
6. Military threat
In terms of military threat, Cuba does not manifest any intention of attacking its neighbors or any other global locations. Relative to its military capacities, these register declines due to insufficient funds. Yet, they remain stable and able to defend the country. More specifically, the fall of the Soviet…… [Read More]
Congress expanded this in late 2000, with the passage of the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act (TSRA) (unknown, 2003)."
To assist hurricane savaged Cuba, in December 2001, for the "first time in nearly 40 years, ships carrying tons of food from the United States arrived in Havana's harbor -- a move some American farmers and exporters hoped would help open Cuban markets (www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/12/16/cuban.us.food/index.html)." Cuban importers feel the embargo is ridiculous, stating "American companies are being blocked by their own laws, which don't allow them to participate in the Cuban market (www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/12/16/cuban.us.food/index.html)."
In 2003, Cuba was not an export partner with the United States, however as an import partner, it received 8.3% of its goods from the United States (http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cu.html).
The trade relationship between Cuba and the United States continues to be strained, despite efforts for improvements. While the United States contends it will continue the embargo until Cuba allows freedom for its citizens, Cuban importers stress the United States is losing out on a potential market.… [Read More]
Cuban Trade Embargo -- another Roadblock to Globalism
To be sure, the concept of "globalization" is a confusing one. Although a world in which trade is not restricted between nations, and the earth becomes a kind of "united economic entity," ruled by the equalizing nature of the market is a pleasant image, many believe that such a "pie in the sky" view of globalization is horribly wrong -- idealistic, unlikely, and even dangerous. Indeed, whereas political leaders of "first world" nations are quick to tout the benefits of a globalizing world, others, like writer Joseph Stiglitz, believe that "integration with the global economy works just fine when sovereign countries define the terms. It works disastrously when terms are dictated." (Stiglitz, 2002). Unfortunately, this is exactly the position in which so called "third world" countries find themselves. Even worse, when these countries are also under the thumb of an economic embargo, the results can be even more disastrous -- both "in country," as well as globally.
Much like Iraq, pre-war, the nation of Cuba has suffered from years of economic hardship due to a trade embargo imposed by the United States. The embargo was established as a full scale trade embargo…… [Read More]
WW2 Cuba Missile Crisis and WW1Words: 1199 Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 6704166
Political Leadership in 20th Century America
The United States is an established 'superpower' nation of the world in the turn of 20th century. In the 20th century American society, numerous events had led to the creation of the American image, where the country played a significant role in influencing and affecting decisions in domestic and international politics. In America, the President plays the essential role of analyzing and deciding on solutions that will involve the country and society in participating on crucial events and situations, domestically or internationally.
The United States shows in its history the vital role of the President as the decision-maker and leader of a society stricken with socio-political conflict and civil strife domestically and internationally. In 1914, Woodrow Wilson, as America's 28th president faced the crucial decision in involving the U.S. In the First World War, and breaking the country's strict Neutrality Program. Similarly, the onslaught of World War II and development and production of the atomic bomb led to millions of death in Japan when Harry Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb in Nagasaki and Hiroshima. Lastly, John F. Kennedy, in the Cuba missile crisis, managed to avoid an impending nuclear war with Russia…… [Read More]
Cuba's Future After Fidel's PassingWords: 2536 Length: 8 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 2832952
Cuba's Future After Fidel Castro
There are many schools of thought when considering the future of Cuba without its leader Fidel Castro. Many think that Cuba is on the cusp of greatness while others warn of coming doom. It can be difficult envisioning the true Cuba from an Americanized point-of-view. Many Americans cannot understand a socialist framework where everyone is treated equal because America is the land of unique opportunity and individualism. It can be said that in order to examine and predict Cuba's future without Castro, one must first look at Cuba's past and present. By looking at the Revolution of 1959 and what Cuba's holds for its people today, this paper will explore many "what if" scenarios. It is simple to conclude that a Cuba without Castro influences the status of the power authority directly. It seems that Cuba's political health has a direct relationship with the state of the economy and ability for its growth. Cuba's relationships with other countries are unpredictable and at times dependent in nature. The island's close proximity to the United States could very well in the future turn advantageous but in the past has proven unpredictable and static due to both countries…… [Read More]
Leftist leaders preach a sermon of economic equality, of providing the "little man" with the ability to live the same life as the doctor or engineer - because though he may have less education, his contribution to society in terms of labor (particularly manual labor) is more significant, challenging, and sacrificial than the practice of medicine or law. The sugar-cane farmers and rum producers, the tobacco growers and the fishermen all had seen their quality of living decrease sharply under Batista as the men who owned the markets they supplied paid less and less and sold for more and more. Ultimately, Batista could not possibly be viewed as the friend of the people he purported to be - and the nation of peasants shifted radically to the left. It was here that Castro and his compatriots found their revolution.
Cuba was pushed to the left by a dictator who could not exercise or maintain any real political power. Ironically, of course, under Castro, Cuba's economy collapsed, he became a dictator, and any semblance of democracy was absolutely dismantled. His regime become more oppressive than Batista's ever had been, and yet, Castro remained a very popular figure until his recent disappearance…… [Read More]
Personal Childhood Story From Cuba it IsWords: 676 Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 17886861
Personal Childhood Story From Cuba
It is a night I will likely never forget. My sister and I had flown in to Cuba for a Quinceanara, which is the 15th birthday party for a young woman of Latina descent. We were very excited because the girl whose party it was a close friend of both my sister and I as well as of our extended family in Cuba. I remember my sister looked really pretty that night. She wore purple polka dotted dress with a lace frock that flared at the bottom. Her hair was pinned up in a bun and, at 14 years of age at the time, I thought she looked like it could have been her rite of passage/coming to womanhood birthday party instead of my friend's.
Quite possibly my sister had the same thought because, for some reason, she decided to drink alcohol for the first time that night. I had never drank before (and still have not), and it was the first time she had ever done so. Although she did not consume much, she became extremely inebriated and soon began to slur her speech, stumble around, wobble when she attempted to stand still. She…… [Read More]
Cuban Politics Cuba Is ConsideredWords: 2232 Length: 6 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 84721252
Therefore, for the international scene to actually consider that change is taking place in Cuba none of Fidel Castro's men should be part of the government or the administration.
In trying to establish an ascendant trend for the Cuban national and international image, Raul Castro must also deal with the issue of totalitarian rule and that of the state authoritarian leadership in a different manner that one which destroys his authority as state ruler. However, any such measures must include a combination of the implementation of slow democratic measures, and the maintenance of a certain authority especially from the perspective of any political forces that may rise against the system. This is part of the model implemented in China, whose aim was precisely that of controlling the political power while being committed to opening up to foreign investments and western influence.
The international reaction to the rise of Raul Castro to power must be seen from the perspective of the U.S., first and foremost. In this sense, the American attitude towards the change in Cuba can be labeled as being ambiguous in the least. More precisely, "led by Bush, a chorus of officials expressed hope that Castro's departure would spark…… [Read More]
U S Cuba Culture Cultural Differences Between theWords: 586 Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 12175010
U.S. Cuba Culture
Cultural Differences between the U.S. And Cuba
The role of culture in society has become increasingly important as the United States continues to spread its influence around the globe. Developing a sense of cultural awareness represents a type of knowledge that can be useful in mitigating sources of conflict. In the military cultural factors have been a critical, yet mostly unexamined, aspect of missions conducted in Africa and the Middle East since the end of the first Gulf War in 1991 and cultural factors played an important, but usually unacknowledged, role in shaping the scope of the United States' humanitarian intervention in Somalia during the 1990s[footnoteRef:1]. However, there has been a growing awareness that cultural awareness is a critical success factor that needs to be further developed because it can serves as a critical success factor in dealing with other nations. [1: (Wunderle)]
Cuba and the U.S. have a long history of political and cultural tensions which are exhibited by the longstanding trade embargo that has been issued against Cuba. The embargo is not only a source of tension between the U.S. And Cubans, nearly every nation that is a member of the United Nations has consistently…… [Read More]
Lawrence Freedman's Kennedy's Wars Berlin Cuba Laos and VietnamWords: 1044 Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 78694242
Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos, & Vietnam" by Lawrence Freedman, the author looks specifically at John F. Kennedy's role in foreign politics. This book covers in depth the major global emergencies during the Kennedy Presidency, including Berlin, Cuba, and Vietnam.
It is clear Freedman's thesis for writing the book is a convincing attempt to answer the "what if?" question surrounding Kennedy's Presidency, including the possibility of reestablishing cordial relations with Castro and whether he would have pursued the same route as President Johnson did into Vietnam. The author notes, "Questions of what might have been still dominate considerations of Kennedy's presidency, and they are addressed in this book" (Freedman xii). Since Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 before he had the chance to prove and continue his foreign policy, these are valid questions about an administration left hanging. Throughout the book Freedman continually returns to this thesis as he examines each crisis the administration faced, and analyzes their reaction to it. He used numerous source documents along with personal interviews to advance his thesis, and this not only gives his work credence, it captures the readers' attention and makes them want to learn more about Kennedy's thoughts and reactions to these…… [Read More]
U S -cuba Relations and the PotentialWords: 3863 Length: 12 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 54526883
S., become attracted to the U.S. And flee the country. Cuba certainly needs to prevent a brain drain at all costs. It could do so by encouraging the U.S. To invest in its infrastructure and for U.S. doctors to train and learn at Cuban facilities, which, by all accounts, have some of the highest standards of excellence in the world (Schoultz, 2010, 8). By helping to build up the Cuban infrastructure, further economic trade could be encouraged. This could also help both the U.S. And Cuba exploit its other natural resources by providing the necessary framework for extraction and export of its huge nickel and sugar stockpiles.
With the coming economic recovery, the world will certainly need raw materials like nickel and steel as well as sugar to fuel the building and population boom that will more than likely follow a recovery. The political ties that bind the current U.S. And Cuban administrations from doing business in a time of need for both nations are rather archaic and unnecessary. Certainly both countries can benefit from open trade in their own way, and the rest of the world would likely benefit from more trade within this region as well. A healthy…… [Read More]
Revolution Cuba Bolivia Chile theWords: 1384 Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 97225616
What is similar between the Bolivian revolution and the Cuban revolution is the fact that many revolutionaries in Cuba and different groups including the militia, miners and peasants in Bolivia were fighting against each other and for different causes. There lacked consistency of purpose which ultimately affected the economy of each land and resulted in lack of a dedicated leader all could approve of.
The Cuban and Bolivian revolutions also had in common many primary figures of authority that, despite their wrongs or rights, were charismatic enough to capture the support of a great number of people. The Cuban military, much like the revolutionaries in Bolivia, were for the most part ineffective. The United States opposed the leadership of the Cuban government however, during the Cuban war, which separates it from the Bolivian revolution where the United States supplied much in the way of assistance and capital in an attempt to assert democracy for all. The United State's influence in both of these wars despite its intensity was ineffectual.
The Chilean "revolution" was much different from the previous in that it was not a formal revolution; at least, many did not consider it so. During the 1970s Salvador Isabelino Allende…… [Read More]
Americas Interests & Involvement inWords: 4606 Length: 13 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 40252336
..) the subsequent U.S. occupation of the island tied its economy ever closed to the United States as U.S. military governors promulgated laws giving U.S. firms concessionary access to the Cuban market. By the late 1920s U.S. firms controlled 75% of the sugar industry and most of the mines, railroads, and public utilities." (Leogrande and Thomas, 2002, 325-6)
The economic dependence on the United States and in particular the high degree of American control over the Cuban industry and natural resources determined a massive reaction even at the social level. For the public in Cuba, the massive U.S. presence represented the symbol of the colonial rule identified with the previous Spanish rule. From this point-of-view after the gaining of independence, in Cuba a certain sense of opposition towards the U.S. was created. At the same time, one of the most obvious areas of the social aspect which saw the increased influence of the U.S. was the American attempt to reconsider the colonies and their social structure. In this sense, they tried to substitute most of the Spanish names and ways of organization not with local ones but rather with the ones familiar to the American side.
As part of the…… [Read More]
World War Turning Point Europe Significant ChangeWords: 2238 Length: 7 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 90985032
World War Turning Point Europe, Significant Change Occurred Emergence Legitimate Revolutionary Regimes
Self-Determination in Cuba
There are few who would dispute the fact that following the conclusion of World War II and prior to its revolution (which began in 1953 and concluded on January 1 of 1959) Cuba was a prosperous region of the world that was certainly worth fighting for. The country's leader prior to the ascendancy of Fidel Castro, Fulgencio Batista, had cleverly manipulated the assistance of a number of external forces, primarily that of the United States, to assist the country in achieving a degree of economic gain and modernity the likes of which were comparable to, if not surpassing, those of other parts of the world.
Its economic prowess may be demonstrated from the following quotation. "Cuba in 1958, prior to the government of the Communist Fidel Castro, paid its employees an average of $3.00 per hour, which was higher that year than that of Belgium ($2.70); Denmark ($2.86); France ($1.74; West Germany ($2.73); and comparable to the United States ($4.06)" (Epperson, 1985). In terms of standards of living, there is documentation to support the fact that among South American countries, Cuba was third in the…… [Read More]
Revolution Through the Lens of Agricultural IndustrializationWords: 2299 Length: 6 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 6115589
Revolution Through the Lens of Agricultural Industrialization
The revolutions in Cuba, Mexico and Brazil Bahia as described and detailed in the three text From slavery to freedom in Brazil Bahia, 1835-1900 by Dale Torston Graden, Insurgent Cuba race, nation and revolution, 1868-1898 by Ada Ferrer and The Mexican Revolution: 1910-1940 Dialogos Series, 12 by Michael j. Gonzales all tell varied stories regarding the thematic development of revolution and change. Each has a different story to tell about labor, free and slave, politics, race and freedom yet underlying each of these themes is a current that is not only consistent but largely underdeveloped. This theme is agricultural and its changing labor and production practices. This work will analyze and compare the treatment of agriculture as a theme associated with each local. Each nation demonstrates the story of profiteering through agriculture in varied ways, and the rejection of it.
In each work a large group of individuals was exploited in some manner by agricultural practices. These agricultural practices and the labor utilized to develop them were exploitative and developed for the profit of the elite. The laboring classes, no matter their origin, be it slaves forcibly imported from Africa or Indigenous peoples…… [Read More]
Empire an Global Race RelationshipsWords: 1702 Length: 6 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 73475654
The theme of gender and sexuality is related to social power. In Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico, Briggs shows how race, class, gender, and power are interrelated and interconnected. Puerto Rican culture has been sexualized, and the sexualization of Puerto Rico has been largely or exclusively the projection of white Anglo-Saxon Protestant values placed upon a darker-skinned, Catholic populace. The result has been the conceptualization of an exotic otherness, coupled with a simultaneous fear. Puerto Ricans have been criticized as developing a culture of poverty in the United States, and Puerto Rican families are blamed.
Regarding the theme of gender and sexuality and how it is related to citizenship and immigration, Briggs shows that white Americans have projected the culture of poverty on Puerto Rico by blaming Puerto Ricans, rather than acknowledging the sociological roots of the problem that can be traced to American social norms, structures, patterns, and economic systems. Political systems also relate to the Puerto Rican story because Puerto Rico is a part of the United States in many ways. Briggs shows how Puerto Ricans have been framed not as Americans but as immigrants, which relegates them into a subordinate…… [Read More]
Health Cultures Select a Culture the UnitedWords: 1087 Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 92523757
health cultures select a culture
The United States vs. France
American culture is extremely individualistic. The ideal of 'pulling yourself up by your own bootstraps' that is so popular in America is also manifested in the American attitude towards health. Americans believe in the ability of personal willpower to conquer illnesses such as obesity, and manifest a belief in complete self-transformation through diets and exercise. This can be seen in the continued fascination with fad diets in America, and the many success stories that are popular on television depicting celebrities and ordinary people who lose weight (and gain weight). The French, in contrast, view health as a social responsibility. Children receive guidance at home and school to learn to eat 'correctly.' Americans also view the ability to obtain healthcare at all as a personal choice. People can 'choose' to buy health insurance, or to make vocational choices that govern their ability to obtain healthcare. France's social welfare system of healthcare is based in the view that healthcare is a responsibility of society, and that all of society benefits from having a healthier populace.
This view of health as an individual vs. A social act can be seen most starkly in…… [Read More]
Cuban Missile Crisis
There are two views, as with any conflict or issue, on the reasons and reactions of the major players in the Cuban Missile Crisis that took place at the end of October 1962. The crisis pitted two world powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, against each other in what many describe as the closest the world has come to World War III and a nuclear holocaust.
In order to understand the Crisis, it is important to first understand the events leading up to the crisis. This paper examines the background of the crisis from the Cuban/Soviet point-of-view in depth. Toward the end of the paper, the United States' perspective of the crisis is discussed with regard to what is described previously from the perspective of supporters of the Castro regime and the now collapsed Soviet Union.
After the devastation that the bombs left in Japan at the end of World War II, the Japanese vowed to never become a nuclear state. However, because the United States occupied Japan, it is able to secretly stockpile atomic bombs on the Japanese island of Okinawa as early as July of 1954. The reason for the move is…… [Read More]
Deportation of Cubans Immigrants SeekingWords: 1979 Length: 5 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 22289027
The absolute deprivation of basic human liberties makes it abundantly clear that all people in Cuba are potential political prisoners, because they are either virtually imprisoned by the country's restrictive laws, or face the threat of real imprisonment by acting out against the country. Moreover, to encourage Cubans to evade U.S. military and police forces in order to gain access to U.S. political asylum only encourages human trafficking and other dangerous practices. Instead of deporting Cubans or forcing them to seek asylum in a third country, which may have more restrictive definitions of what it considers a refugee, the United States should grant asylum to Cubans fleeing political persecution.
Works Referenced
Amnesty International. "Six Years in Prison in Cuba for 57 Activists: Supporters Face Ongoing
Harassment." Amnesty.org. 2009. Amnesty International. 23 Jun. 2009 .
Buckley, Cara. "Anti-Castro Pilots' Kin Meet." Cubanet.org. 2004. Cubanet. 23 Jun. 2009
Cubana. "Cuba Detains then Releases about One Hundred Cuban Civil Rights Marchers."
HavanaJournal.com. 2008. Havana Journal, Inc. 23 Jun. 2009 .
DeCosse, Sarah, Anne Manuel, Jose Miguel Vivanco, Joanne Mariner, and Jeri Laber. "Cuba's
Repressive Machinery: Human Rights Forty Years after the Revolution." HRW.org. 1999. Human Rights Watch. 23 Jun. 2009 .
The…… [Read More]
History International RelationsWords: 2464 Length: 8 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 50664711
United States and Fidel Castro's Cuba, now more than forty years old, is still a source of great political and moral contention. The collapse of the Soviet Union and, with it, the end of the Cold War, signaled a change in the implications of the type of socialism governing Cuba. The alleged threats that had hovered so close to the continental U.S. throughout these paranoid and dangerous days of ideological impasse were now neutralized by the dismantling of the infrastructure that had brandished them. Cuba, once a unique and remote ally to the U.S.S.R., served as an outpost for anti-American hostilities and a potential vessel through which to deliver the devastating blows that may have turned the Cold War hot, now is an isolated bastion for ideals abandoned by most of the world. In the Western Hemisphere, they are alone, paying for what most American citizens will tell you is their philosophical transgression.
Today, Cuban citizens live in a state of constant depression. The American State Department will assert that this is the result of an inherently flawed form of governance, that communism is naturally inclined to fail due to its transgression of the inborn human desire for self-determination. This…… [Read More]
Isolation There Are Two DifferentWords: 1671 Length: 6 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 21000405
In Cuba's case, there has really been no real opening up from the United States to the Cuban cause and no acceptance of the Cuban 'wound'. The embargo still stands and is thoroughly imposed, there are no diplomatic relations and no direct flights between the two countries. There are no signs so far that the United States is willing to warm up to Cuba and allow it to come out of its isolation. In other words, there are really no elements to help us determine that the isolators would be willing to allow the isolated to be released.
Drawing again on the parallel, we should point out that this was the same in Philoctetes's case, at least for most of the play. The reason he is able to come out of his isolation is not necessarily because the isolators have realized they have made a mistake or because they are willing to commit to a change, but rather because they were in need of Philoctetes. Can Cuba develop enough assets to become important for the United States and the international community to the degree to which these will be willing to accept it as a full member and to allow…… [Read More]
Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Republic of ColombiaWords: 2665 Length: 10 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 20451309
cross-cultural analysis of the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Cuba reveals a group of similarities between the cultures, as a result of the postcolonial status of both nations. Both nations are plagued with political and social strife that has altered the landscape of the culture, to a large degree resulting in a fragmented society. The rich are very rich and the poor are very poor, not unlike many Latin American nations yet, between these two we find the most similarities in nationalism in addition to the pervasive effects of a relatively recent independence from Spanish rule.
One frequently cited difference between the Cuban population and that of Colombia is the existence of indigenous populations in Colombia. While Colombia is large enough to have offered refuges for indigenous people from the diseases and oppression of the colonizers Cuba offered no refuge and was quickly wiped clean of indigenous survivors of the Spanish landing.
"The native population was quickly destroyed under Spanish rule, and was soon replaced as laborers by African slaves, who contributed much to the cultural evolution of the island. The European population was continuously replenished by immigration, chiefly from Spain but also from other Latin American countries.…… [Read More]
Should the United States Normalize Relations with Cuba?
It has been more than forty years now since Fidel Castro and his communist insurgents captured control of the Island of Cuba. Originally supported by the American government, Castro quickly lost United States backing once the communistic nature of his government became clear. The Revolution did its work, and thousands upon thousands of Cubans were deprived of their property, property that was taken over by the Cuban State, and in accordance with Marxist tenets, "redistributed" among the workers. In response, huge numbers of Cuban citizens fled the country. Many settled in the United States, especially in and around Miami, where they quickly came to constitute a powerful bloc with strong influence over American policy toward their homeland. Of course, over the years, attitudes have softened. Originally cut off from all except its fellow communist nations, and from the non-aligned states of the developing world, Cuba now has relations with most other countries as well...including the major industrial powers of Europe. The United States stands virtually alone in its continuing refusal to normalize its relationship with Castro's Cuba. It is an unusual position, yet one with deep roots in the American psyche.…… [Read More]
One reporter for the New York Daily News rants, "Come on, let's be serious…if anything is clear, it is that the trip of the famous couple to Havana has exposed the travel ban as what it is: a senseless, anachronistic and anti-democratic policy, contrary to U.S. interests and values," (Ruiz, 2013).
What was done to resolve the controversy?
There has yet to be a clear resolution to the controversy, but the expression of symbolic free speech on the part of Beyonce and Jay-Z has deepened the discourse about the purpose and effectiveness of the Cuba embargo. The celebrity visit has caused new dialogue about Cuban-American relations and the meaning behind the ongoing travel ban Many Americans do not give much thought to the travel ban; but Cuban-Americans take the ban personally. Now that the Cold War is over, it does not seem to make much sense to have an embargo. The United States does business, and allows travel to, many nations with questionable human rights. Even the United States is culpable of human rights abuses; and ironically some of the grossed abuses are perpetrated on Cuban soil in the Guantanamo Bay facility.
Opinion and Conclusion
Beyonce and Jay-Z had every…… [Read More]
Women's Studies Gender and theWords: 2891 Length: 9 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 73045139
As in most other places around the world, the demands of family - caring for children, keeping house, obtaining and preparing food for meals - fall predominantly on women. In the case of Cuba this situation is made worse by the distortions of the communistic economy:
People's motivation to work waned as there was little to work for. Money came to have little meaning in the legal economy - but not by design as, according to Marxism, it was supposed to do in a utopian communist society. There simply was little to buy through officially sanctioned channels, and the government provided most social needs gratis or for minimum fees. Under the circumstances, material as well as moral incentives became ineffective in the legal economy. The burdens of sheer survival and transport difficulties also led people to miss work with increased regularity, above all women on whom the burdens fell most. Some families spent the equivalent of half an official work week in shopping and other lines.
Women are thus being denied equality by many of the very policies that were meant help all Cubans regardless of gender or socio-economic status. Castro's laws on Marxian economic policy, broad social welfare programs,…… [Read More]
America's Cuban Conundrum the Helms-Burton Act andWords: 1169 Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 15111155
America's Cuban Conundrum
The Helms-Burton Act and the Cuban-American Trade Relations
The United States and Cuba have had increased amounts of hostility toward each other present in their relations ever since the Cuban revolution. Not only did Cuba nationalize property held by U.S. interests during the revolution, but also Cuba became an ally to Russia during the Cold War; which was critical to the Soviet strategy since Cuba is in close proximity to the U.S. Both actions consequently undermined the stated values of the American free-market system in regards to America's corporate holdings in the country. This tension has furthermore been manifested by blatantly vocal opposition on both sides of the dispute. In this paper such ongoing tension will be illustrated by one of the most timely and extreme examples of hostility in foreign relations as well as propose an avenue for future trade arrangements.
Cuban Pretexts for Military Action
In 1991 a group formed, known as Brothers to the Rescue, which was based in Miami and composed of Cuban exiles (Brothers to the Resue, 2010). This group stands in strong opposition to the Cuban government and conducts aerial search missions to identify refugee rafters fleeing from Cuba. However, such…… [Read More]
Cuban Missile Crisis
The reports of the arrival of missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads to the island of Cuba. These warheads are capable of reaching almost any part of the continental United States. The presence of these warheads represents an escalation of the conflict with the Soviet Union and its allies, and it represents an existential threat to the United States. For the first time since the arms buildup between the U.S. And USSR began, we are in a situation where mutually-assured destruction is a legitimate possibility. The response of the United States to this conflict represents the most significant challenge faced by President Kennedy to this point in his career, and it is imperative that he authorize the right course of action.
Situational Overview
May (2011) posits that Kennedy was aware of and had permitted the arrival of defensive missiles from the U.S.S.R. To Cuba, and in fact had an agreement in place with Nikita Khrushchev that the Soviets would not install offensive weapons in Cuba. The arrival of offensive weapons gave the U.S.S.R. The capacity to strike the continental U.S., mirroring the capabilities of the U.S., which had placed missiles in Italy and Turkey. The arrival of…… [Read More]
Guevara Perceptions of Che Guevera Perceptions ofWords: 4154 Length: 13 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 87743533
Perceptions of Che Guevera
Che Guevara was born as Ernesto Guevara de la Serna in 1928 to a middle-class family (Castaneda 1998, 3). He was Argentinean by birth but was later awarded with an honorary Cuban citizenship in recognition of his contribution towards the armed struggle in the Cuban revolution. Studying to become a doctor, Guevara became influenced by Marxist ideals and teachings upon a motorbike trip across South America at the age of twenty-four where he observed the exploitation and deprivation of the poor people under capitalism (Castaneda 1998, 50). He became a champion of the class struggle against capitalism on an international level. He joined Fidel Castro in 1955 in overthrowing the Cuban government of Batista. Subsequently, he became an important figure in Cuban diplomacy and a vocal critic of the United States and the Soviet Union. Later on he helped revolutionary groups in Congo and Bolivia until he was captured and executed by the Bolivian Army and the CIA in 1967 (Castaneda 1998, 326).
What Individuals Thought of Che Guevara
Che Guevara was a controversial figure even within the communist world. People who were his friends and those who were opposed to…… [Read More]
America's Cuban Conundrum Issue That Prompted theWords: 736 Length: 2 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 13558007
America's Cuban Conundrum
Issue that prompted the EU to take the Helm-Burton dispute to the WTO
The stances of the U.S. government in the suctions issued upon Cuba were heavy and non-beneficial to many countries and subsidiary organizations. The benefits of the sanctions were felt with no role in bringing consistency of access to the exciting opportunities for business activities in Cuba. Many organizations, countries, and independent business people were willing to enter into relationships with Cuba in order to access the benefits accrued to opportunities in the market. Nonetheless, the stance of the U.S. On sanctions seemed to influence other nations into having a collateral relation with Cuba. For instance, the sanctions extended to other nations like Canada that initially had improved relations between them and the United States of America (Ratliff & Fontaine, 2000).
Moreover, Cuba was not in any case ready to let go or pay for the U.S. companies and businesses that were not covered up after the retirement of President Castro. With the increase of the Helm-Burton dispute, it was necessary to let the Cubans have their innate desire to establish rights of activity and business. Though many issues were bending between the country and…… [Read More]
Remarketing Obsolete Products -- the Case ofWords: 1967 Length: 7 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 9556844
Remarketing Obsolete Products -- the Case of Telephone Handsets
Profiting from Obsolescence
Finding New Markets for Handset Telephones
Analysis of the American Telephone Handset Market
Telephone handsets, once a symbol of upward mobility and continued affluence in the United States have been replaced by the cell phone and smart phone where today they are more seen with nostalgia. The cannibalization of the handset market has gained momentum as the adoption of cell phones and smart phones have accelerated in the most affluent customer segments first followed by broader, larger and more middle-income market segments (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009). What continues to be the catalyst of growth for cell phone and smartphone growth is the ability to complete multiple functions on a mobile device including texting, web browsing and taking and sending pictures (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009). The multifunctional nature of the cell phones and smartphones has led to the quick demise of the telephone handset, faster than even the U.S. Census had predicted.
There are patterns in the U.S. Census data that indicate young, affluent homeowners who were 35 years of age or below quickly jumped to 55% smartphone adoption from 1989 to 2005, with women in the group jumping…… [Read More]
Night Falls by Reinaldo ArenasWords: 1201 Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 35037850
This led to his arrest and multiple attempts at escape from the country and trips in and out of El Morro where ironically, he claimed a celibate lifestyle.
Arenas began his literary career by entering a storytelling contest. This led to his being given a writing job at the Biblioteca Nacional Jose Marti in 1963. He then produced a number of short novellas. In 1965 at 22 he his first novel Celestino antes del alba (Celestino Before Dawn) which won the First Mention Award at the Cirilo Villaverde National Competition. It was originally published in 1967 by the UNEAC (National Union of Cuban Writers and Artists) and had a limited run of 2000 copies. This work won the 1969 Prix Medici in the country of France. This was the only novel that Arenas published in Cuba.
He left the Biblioteca Nacional in 1968 and became an editor for the Cuban Book Institute until 1968. From 1968 to 1974 he was a journalist and editor for the literary magazine La Gaceta de Cuba. His lack of realism in writing caused him to fall out of favor with revolutionary cultural policy makers. After reading Arena's memoirs and being fascinated by the realism,…… [Read More]
U S Foreign Affairs Since 1898Words: 1021 Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 21852841
Proctor does not merely repeat of make empty allegations that horrific violations are occurring in Cuba upon the natives at the hands of the Spaniards. He has witnessed these abuses with is own eyes on an observational visit, where he went as a skeptic, with, in his own words, "a strong conviction that the picture had been overdrawn," regarding the terrible conditions of the Cuban populace. (Proctor, 1898)
Proctor came back to the United States convinced that, more so than the destruction of the Maine, the barbarities inflicted by the Spanish forces cry out for United States intervention. ("March 17, 1898: Senator Proctor's Visit to Cuba," 1999, Crucible of Empire: PBS Online) In his words, "if our people could see a small fraction of the need, they would pour more 'freely from their liberal store' than ever before for any cause." (Proctor, 1998)
The call of the advocates of intervention is often to remember the U.S.S. Maine -- but remember more than the Maine, remember our own history and our human rights obligation to other persons, located in this same region of the world as our own. Today, no longer a minor actor upon the world stage, we are a…… [Read More]
Crisis as Robert Kennedy RevealsWords: 1066 Length: 3 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 31211771
S. wanted Europe to respect its boundaries, but had no intention of respecting Europe's:
Imagine, Mr. President, what if we were to present to you such an ultimatum as you have presented to us by your actions. How would you react to it? I think you would be outraged at such a move on our part. And this we would understand…Our ties with the Republic of Cuba, as well as our relations with other nations, regardless of their political system, concern only the two countries between which these relations exist. And, if it were a matter of quarantine as mentioned in your letter, then, as is customary in international practice, it can be established only by states agreeing between themselves, and not by some third party. Quarantines exist, for example, on agricultural goods and products. However, in this case we are not talking about quarantines, but rather about much more serious matters, and you yourself understand this. ("Khrushchev Letter to President Kennedy")
Kennedy, of course, did not want to attack Cuba, which is why he proposed quarantine to Khrushchev -- a proposal which resulted in the letter quoted above. The thirteen days of Crisis over (in which Cuba was only…… [Read More]
Sitcom Running Water Main CharactersWords: 1158 Length: 4 Pages Document Type: Essay Paper #: 22691275
What kind of neighborhood is it in?
Lower middle class apartment complex
What is its structure?
Constantly bustling, full of many cultures and ethnicities, although Cuban-Americans predominate.
What does it look like?
Clean, functional, but very impersonal-looking apartment blocks.
What does it contain?
Mainly recent Cuban immigrants
What is its aesthetic?
The aesthetic is very functional, since the area is mainly dominated by recent immigrants coming from underdeveloped countries to the United States.
What does it say about the characters who inhabit that space?
The characters are very new to the United States and are unfamiliar with its social expectations.
Target Demographic: Hispanic-Americans
Gender: As with most relationship-driven sitcoms, more female than male.
Geographic Location: Residents of Latin American-dominated neighborhoods in Miami, New York, and Los Angeles
Age Range: 20 something and older
Education: high school to some college
Ethnicity: Latino, with heavily skewed towards Cubans
Conservative/Liberal Status: Cubans tend to be politically conservative
Socio Economic Class: Middle Class
Q1.What is the significance of the sitcom?
Not since Ricky Ricardo has Cuban-Americans had a prominent, starring role in a major sitcom.
Q2.What is the format of the show?
Q3. What is the style of the show?
Single camera
Q4What…… [Read More]


text:
Download VPN Unlimited
VPN Unlimited for macOS
Download our macOS VPN app to protect your privacy and try unlimited and secure web surfing everywhere and anytime!
- Strong Security and Unlimited Online Access
- No Malware. No Tracking. No Ads.
- Intuitive and User-Friendly App
- Hundreds of Servers in 70+ Locations
System Requirements:
- macOS 10.10 and higher
- Apple ID for In-App purchases
System Requirements (standalone version):
- macOS 10.10 and higher
System Requirements (standalone version):
macOS 10.8 and 10.9Standalone version v2.16
Trust your security to PCmag Editors' Choice award owners
How to set up
Install the app
Choose a server
Enjoy secure browsing
To learn how to download a standalone version of VPN Unlimited on your device, please go to Info - Manuals. Choose your platform and follow the steps given in the installation wizard. If you need any help, please check our FAQ or contact our Support team.
Why use VPN Unlimited for Mac
VPN Unlimited makes it easy to rely on your Mac for everything. It is a powerful internet security and privacy solution for your Mac computer. Our service helps you to bypass internet filters and get unlimited access to any website you wish.
Use our VPN Unlimited app for Mac to unblock Facebook, YouTube, gaming sites, and much more. Our customers now have access to hundreds of solid servers that cover all continents - excluding Antarctica. You are able to easily switch between servers to make sure your connection speed is the highest possible with total access to all your favorite resources from anywhere around the globe.
KeepSolid DNS Firewall
VPN, Anti-Malware, Stop Tracking, AdBlock. We are the first who managed to put them all together.
256-bit Data Encryption
Use the highest level of encryption in the industry to secure your private data from hackers, snoopers, and governments.
KeepSolid Wise technology
Try an additional encryption level and have a peace of mind for your extended privacy and unlimited web access.
Up to 5 Devices for Free
Pay once and use on all your devices. Whether it is your laptop, tablet, smartphone or PC, you are covered. Enjoy true online freedom and privacy without limits.
Ultimate Speed & No Data Limit
Download, browse, stream, or share. VPN Unlimited users are free to do whatever they want and by how much they want. There is no bandwidth or transfer limits.
1000+ Servers in 70+ Locations
VPN Unlimited has servers in 70+ locations. No matter where you are or where you travel to, VPN Unlimited will connect you to your favorite content.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jun 9, 2009
|Filing date
|Jun 4, 2007
|Priority date
|Jun 12, 2006
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Joel Fontanella, David E. Brown, Eric R. Mueller, Raymond Michaud
|Original Assignee
|Coherent, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (23), Non-Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (6), Classifications (17), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/812,877, filed on Jun. 12, 2006, by Joel Fontanella et al., and titled "Incoherent Combination of Laser Beams." Provisional Application No. 60/812,877 is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The present invention relates in general to combining a plurality of individual laser beams to provide a combined beam having a power greater than any of the individual beams. The invention relates in particular to providing a combined beam having an about uniform energy distribution in at least one transverse axis of the beam.
A single laser beam, in particular a beam from a single-mode laser, typically has an about Gaussian intensity distribution (profile) in at least one transverse axis of the beam. Certain laser material processing applications, however, require a relatively flat intensity profile in at least one axis. Uniformity in one axis is usually adequate where the beam is formed having a line or bar cross-section shape. In those applications in which a beam must have a round or square cross-section shape, uniformity in transverse axes perpendicular to each other (X and Y or sagittal and tangential) is required. A beam having such a uniform cross-section is usually referred to as a flat-topped beam or a "top-hat" beam.
Laser material processing applications can include, for example, drilling holes in printed circuit boards. In this case, uniformity in both transverse axes is required to provide holes with minimized sidewall taper. Other applications include processing of glass, ceramics, or silicon wafers, which can include processes such as annealing, cutting and fusing. Many of these applications require a beam having a relatively high power, for example, about 100 Watts (W) or more. A gas-discharge laser, such as a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser, is usually preferred for these applications. A gas discharge laser having multimode output is often required to efficiently achieve the required power.
One common approach to providing a flat-topped beam is to pass a beam having a Guassian intensity distribution (a Gaussian beam) through an aperture smaller than the beam cross-section such that only the center portion of the Gaussian beam is transmitted. This provides a relatively poor approximation of a flat topped beam and a significant amount of power in the original laser beam is lost due to the discarding of the portion of the original beam not transmitted through the aperture.
Another approach is to utilize a homogenizing device including diffractive optics or one or more pairs of cylindrical lens arrays. A beam from a high-power, gas-discharge laser, such as a CO2 laser, tends to have varying multimode output over time and numerous small discharge "hot spots" within the beam. This causes numerous amplitude variations (noise) in the output beam. When these amplitude variations have periods that are comparable to or longer than the thermal time constant of the material to be processed, unacceptable variations occur in the process.
Yet another approach to providing a high-power flat topped laser beam is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,199,330 ("the '330 patent"), which issued on Apr. 3, 2007, to DeMaria et al. and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. As disclosed in the '330 patent, a plurality of Gaussian laser beams from a corresponding plurality of CO2 lasers and having about the same cross-section size are partially overlapped to provide a combined beam having an about uniform cross-section. In order to avoid low frequency amplitude variations in the combined beam due to interference effects, electronic circuitry is used to frequency stabilize each laser at stable single frequencies different from each other by a few megahertz (MHz). This difference between the single frequencies is selected to be sufficient such that any interference beat frequencies that occur are sufficiently high that resulting amplitude variations occur over a time period much shorter than the thermal response time of material being processed.
The present invention provides a method of combining beams from a plurality of laser resonators. In one aspect, a method in accordance with the invention comprises frequency modulating the output of each of the lasers over a frequency excursion about equal to or less than a free spectral range of the resonator. The frequency modulation of at least one of the laser resonators is caused to be out of phase with the frequency modulation of any one of the other laser resonators. The beams are directed along parallel spaced-apart paths, with spacing between the paths selected such that the beams at least partially overlap in a plane transverse to the paths at a predetermined distance along the paths.
The number of laser resonators, i.e., the number of beams to be combined, is selected according to the power available in each of the beams and the total power required in the combined beams. In one example, beams from seven resonators are combined. Four of the lasers are frequency modulated in phase with each other and three of the resonators are frequency modulated in phase-quadrature, 90 degrees out of phase with the four other resonators. No attempt is made to stabilize the nominal frequency of the resonators, which is allowed to drift randomly. Each of the beams has an intensity distribution that is nominally Gaussian and the peak intensity and width of the beams is selected such that the overlapping beams in the plane provide a combined beam having a flat-topped intensity distribution. Projection optics can be used to project the combined beam in this plane onto a workpiece.
The features and advantages of the various aspects of the present invention will be more fully understood and appreciated upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention and the accompanying drawings, which set forth illustrative embodiments in which the concepts of the invention are utilized.
The invention utilizes a number of single axial mode, not necessarily single frequency, lasers that are not frequency stabilized. These lasers are superimposed on each other to form the desired flat-top intensity pattern on the work piece. The sizes, positions and intensities of each beam are pre-adjusted to yield the desired flat-top beam profile at the work piece. For semiconductor silicon annealing applications, it is usually desired that a thin flat top "blade" shaped beam is progressively scanned or stepped over a surface being annealed, instead of irradiating the entire wafer with a single spot. The invention is described below in this context, but this disclosed embodiment should not be considered as limiting the scope of the invention. Other beam cross section shapes can be formed by suitable optics or different overlapping patterns of the laser beams. Beams can be overlapped aligned along a line as described below in apparatus for providing a combined beam having a bar or blade-shaped beam.
For providing a round beam, beams can be overlapped in two dimensions. By way of example, seven beams can be overlapped in a polygon configuration having six beams around the perimeter and one in the center. All the lasers in the polygon are arranged to be separated by an equal distance from each other.
In the above-referenced '330 patent, the beam intensity, diameter and separation between each beam are treated as variables for providing control of the intensity profile of the combined beam (overlapped beams). An important combined beam parameter that can be controlled by varying the three referenced parameters is the drop-off in intensity at the edges of the combined beam profile. Sharp drop-off in intensity is important in silicon wafer annealing applications and in obtaining minimized sidewall tapering in laser drilling processes. Controlling these three variables is one of several major differences between the invention disclosed herein and the subject matter disclosed in the '330 patent.
In the system disclosed in the '330 patent, a different technique was used to ensure that amplitude variations caused by interference between the beams in the combined beams had periods shorter than the material thermal time constant to be processed. The short periods of such amplitude variations ensure that the material does not experience rapid intensity variations. This arrangement was obtained by operating each laser with a sufficiently high frequency separation, say 5 MHz, from each adjacent laser. The amplitude variations period were thus so short (i.e. 0.2�10-6 sec or less) that the materials long thermal time averaged out the fast power variations so the material was unaware of the variations.
In accordance with the present invention, the individual lasers providing the individual beams to be combined are free to have their output frequency drift within each of the free spectral range of each of the laser's Fabry-Perot cavities. By way of example, if folded CO2 wave guide lasers are used that have unfolded gain path-lengths about 3.2 meters, the free spectral range over which the output frequency of each laser can drift is about 48 MHz. Combining the output of seven such CO2 lasers would provide a very conservative combined power output of 700 W.
The output frequency of a CO2 laser can drift as result of a number of disturbances. For example, frequency drift of a CO2 laser can be result from the voltage ripple from the rectification of the AC main power input into the RF power supply driving the laser's discharge. The rectification of the AC main power contains harmonics that couple into the RF power, thereby causing an RF amplitude ripple. Such a RF voltage ripple will cause the discharge intensity to be modulated, thereby causing the laser's discharge temperature and gas pressures to change. These changes cause a predominately 120 Hz frequency modulated (FM) rate of the laser frequency. It is estimated that this effect causes an approximate �0.5 MHz FM deviation in the laser's frequency. Environmental temperature changes can also cause the absolute laser output frequency to meander over the free spectral range of the laser's cavity (i.e., over 48 MHz). This is normally a slow drift and occurs typically over many seconds. Mechanical vibrations can cause CO2 laser frequency to vary in the acoustic range, typically approximately �15 KHz FM deviations.
To minimize the statistical probability of two or more of the laser's output frequencies drifting sufficiently close to one another, so as to cause the fringing interference of their beams to produce a power variation with a low enough period (i.e. less than 0.1 msec so as to enable the material being processed to experience the power variations), one of the laser's feedback mirrors (resonator mirror's) is mounted on a PZT transducer. The application of a varying voltage to the PZT causes an oscillating piston motion of the mirror, which causes the resonator length, and, accordingly, the laser output frequency to be periodically frequency swept across the line profile. The extent of the frequency sweep is determined by the peak-to-peak motion of the PZT. An output laser frequency shift of approximately one MHz per volt applied to the transducer can be typically obtained. To sweep the laser frequency over a 48 MHz range would require a sinusoidal voltage of �28 Volts. Calculations indicate that such a large frequency sweep (and therefore the large voltage) is not required if pairs of lasers are treated as independent FM oscillators and the additional FM modulation imposed by the PZTs is applied in sinusoidal phase-quadrature. This phase-quadrature modulation is another important feature of the present invention.
Another way of stating how the phase-quadrature modulation of a pair of CO2 lasers is applied is as follows: Say as an example, a �1 Volt, 1 KHz sinusoidal voltage is applied to a PZT, thereby dithering the mirror to cause a 2 MHz peak-to-peak FM modulation of that laser. The same sinusoidal voltage, but with a 90 degree phase shift, is applied to the PZT of an adjacent laser. The PZTs of a number of lasers used to form the array are thus driven at phase angles that alternate as follows: 0 degrees, 90 degrees, 0, 90, 0 and so on. The use of this quadrature modulation technique greatly reduces the probability of experiencing low frequency amplitude variations associated with the case where the FM slew rates are slower than 10 KHz per 0.1 ms. The quadrature modulation greatly increases the probability that the relative slew rates always exceed the minimum value of 10 KHz per 0.1 ms. Another way of stating this is: quadrature modulation of the PZTs assures that the interference beat frequency of adjacent beams is never less than 10 KHz for more than 0.1 msec. It is important to note that other phase differences than 90 degrees can be utilized if warranted, such as 0, 60, 120, 0, etc. degrees or 0, 45, 90, 135, 0, etc. degrees.
A computer model analysis of the FM approach indicates that the fringing time interval can be reduced to 5 microsecond by the use of a 1 Volt, 1 KHz sinusoid dither voltage applied to the PZTs so as to cause a 2 MHz peak-to-peak FM modulation of the lasers with the dither voltage alternating continuously between 0 to 90 degrees between pairs of lasers. As the output frequency of an individual laser normally drifts randomly over the full free spectral range of its resonant cavity due to temperature effects, the effect will be to drive the fringing interval time to be even shorter than 5 microseconds. The laser's frequency variations caused by the RF power supply variations will exhibit the same levels of FM variation on all the lasers. We find this variation to be approximately 1 MHz at a 120 HZ rate. The AC main power leaking into the RF supplies will induce FM modes common to all lasers and does not enforce or counter act the sinusoid quadrature signal.
The probability (P) times the modulation period (M) when two frequencies are combined equals the interval of the fringing (T).
The C curve in
The D curve of
To obtain the D curve of
From such calculations, it is believed that a successful system can be designed with a PZT providing a peak-to-peak frequency sweep of 2 MHz on each laser with the voltage applied to the PZT driven in phase quadrature on alternate lasers, with an x-axis reading (relative sinusoid amplitude) of 2.0. At this value, the probability that the frequency separation between the two lasers will be 10 KHz or less for both the C and D curve conditions will be of the order of 0.25% (0.0025). This value is quite acceptable in a laser annealing system. Maintaining the relative sinusoid amplitude (i.e. the x-axis of
Each of the lasers is driven by a separate RF power supply as shown in
An example of a laser beam intensity profiles exiting the laser array of
As the combined beams propagate past the image plane, the flat top blade shaped beam continues to diffract so that the flat top beam of
In practice an optical imaging system would be provided for imaging the distribution represented by
A typical projected image size may be about 100 mm long at the 1% points and 0.15 mm wide at the 1/e2 points. Calculations indicate that an amplitude ripple as low as about approximately 0.3% peak-to-peak would be possible.
The 1 KHz oscillator and the 90 degree phase shifter are among electronic components depicted on the electronic PCB board of
Note that in
In general, a laser system is disclosed that produces an intense thin blade-shaped beam of laser illumination which is obtained by combing beams from several individual laser sources. The general properties of the illumination function are: (1) the system generates long and narrow strip of very intense optical energy on a titled target plane as shown in
Some of the signal provided to the transducer is phase shifted by some angle, say 90 degrees, and applied to every other adjacent laser (for the 90 degree case) to further reduce the probability of having low frequency amplitude variations within the combined laser beams.
It should be understood that the particular embodiments of the invention described above have been provided by way of example and that other modifications may occur to a person skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims and their equivalents.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 11, 1965
|Nov 4, 1969
|Perkin Elmer Corp
|Coherent light optical system yielding an output beam of desired intensity distribution at a desired equiphase surface
|Dec 27, 1971
|Feb 19, 1974
|Perkin Elmer Corp
|Single frequency stabilized laser
|Jan 5, 1976
|May 24, 1977
|Length controlled stabilized mode-lock Nd:YAG laser
|Dec 12, 1986
|Nov 17, 1987
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Dual-polarization, dual-frequency cutting machine
|Nov 27, 1987
|May 23, 1989
|Fuji Photo Co., Ltd.
|Laser optical system
|Jul 16, 1993
|May 10, 1994
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force
|Optical system for microwave beamforming using intensity summing
|Nov 14, 1994
|Oct 3, 1995
|Coherent, Inc.
|Surgical laser handpiece for slit incisions
|Dec 21, 1995
|Sep 23, 1997
|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Laser processing method
|Apr 14, 1995
|Oct 7, 1997
|Carl-Zeiss Stiftung
|Method and apparatus of irradiating a surface of a workpiece with a plurality of beams
|Mar 30, 2000
|Apr 15, 2003
|Microlas Lasersystem Gmbh
|Means and method for controlling the intensity distribution of a laser beam
|Sep 28, 2001
|Dec 9, 2003
|Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa
|Toilet bar having a latent acidifier
|Nov 27, 2002
|Apr 6, 2004
|Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha
|Laser annealing optical system and laser annealing apparatus using the same
|Oct 24, 2002
|Jun 15, 2004
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Laser irradiation method, laser irradiation apparatus, and method of manufacturing a semiconductor device
|May 9, 2002
|Aug 31, 2004
|Electro Scientific Industries, Inc.
|Micromachining with high-energy, intra-cavity Q-switched CO2 laser pulses
|Jul 16, 2001
|Jan 4, 2005
|Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha
|Laser beam machining method
|Nov 8, 2002
|Feb 8, 2005
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Laser irradiation apparatus, laser irradiation method, and method of manufacturing a semiconductor device
|Mar 15, 2002
|May 24, 2005
|Iolon, Inc.
|Apparatus for frequency tuning and locking and method for operating same
|Dec 20, 2002
|Sep 26, 2006
|Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.
|Method and apparatus for laser irradiation and manufacturing method of semiconductor device
|Jan 20, 2004
|Apr 3, 2007
|Coherent, Inc.
|Systems and methods for forming a laser beam having a flat top
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Dec 18, 2001
|Jun 27, 2002
|Rayteq Photonic Solutions Ltd.
|Optical device for unifying light beams emitted by several light sources
|Sep 27, 2002
|Apr 10, 2003
|Carl Zeiss Microelectronic Systems Gmbh
|Lighting system
|"Laser Beam Shaping Theory and Techniques," edited by Fred M. Dickey and Scott G. Holswade, printed by Marcel Decker, New York, Chapter 3, entitled "Gaussian Beam Shaping: Diffraction Theory and Design," pp. 119-161, 2000.
|A.D. Colley et al., "High brightness slab waveguide carbon monoxide laser," Applied Physics Letters, vol. 64, No. 22, May 30, 1994, pp. 2916-2918.
|F.J. Villarreal et al., "Beam Reformatting of One- and Two-Dimensional Arrays of CO2 Waveguide Lasers," IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 35, No. 3, Mar. 1999, pp. 267-272.
|J.A. Hoffnagle et al., "Beam shaping with a plano-aspheric lens pair," Opt. Eng., vol. 42, No. 22, Nov. 2003, pp. 3090-3099.
|K.M. Abramski et al., "High-Power Two-Dimensional Waveguide CO2 Laser Arrays," IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, vol. 32, No. 2, Feb. 1996, pp. 340-348.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 5, 2009
|Apr 9, 2013
|Limo Patentverwaltung Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Device and method for beam forming
|Dec 14, 2010
|Dec 3, 2013
|Coherent, Inc.
|Line-projection apparatus for arrays of diode-laser bar stacks
|Apr 7, 2011
|Dec 10, 2013
|Coherent, Inc.
|Diode-laser illuminator with interchangeable modules for changing irradiance and beam dimensions
|Jul 23, 2013
|Jul 21, 2015
|Daylight Solutions, Inc.
|Laser source with a large spectral range
|Jun 5, 2009
|Jun 30, 2011
|Limo Patentverwaltung Gmbh & Co. Kg
|Device and method for beam forming
|Jul 23, 2013
|Mar 12, 2015
|Daylight Solutions, Inc.
|Laser source with a large spectral range
|U.S. Classification
|372/26, 372/15, 372/28
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 4, 2007
Owner name: COHERENT, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FONTANELLA, JOEL;BROWN, DAVID E.;MUELLER, ERIC R.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:019791/0454;SIGNING DATES FROM 20070814 TO 20070820
Owner name: COHERENT, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FONTANELLA, JOEL;BROWN, DAVID E.;MUELLER, ERIC R.;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20070814 TO 20070820;REEL/FRAME:019791/0454
|Oct 1, 2012
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 7, 2016
Owner name: BARCLAYS BANK PLC, AS COLLATERAL AGENT, NEW YORK
Free format text: NOTICE OF GRANT OF SECURITY INTEREST IN PATENTS;ASSIGNOR:COHERENT, INC.;REEL/FRAME:040575/0001
Effective date: 20161107
|Nov 24, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Another Bogus Name Story
A few years ago, when I was an active member of Dubai Drama Group, I was cast as Dr. Spivey in One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest. There was a tradition in the Group at that time that the Director of a play would reward the cast and crew with little presents at the end-of-run party. Usually these things would be cheap tat bought in the soukh. But Bill Bradley, who directed Cuckoo, had other ideas. Because most of the characters in the play seem to be chain-smokers, he decided to blow most of the budget for the play on genuine Zippo lighters, engraved with the name of the character.
So, the point of the story. A few weeks after the show, I was sitting at a bar, with fags and shiny new engraved Zippo on the counter in front of me. I finished my pint, and the attentive barchap came up to me and said 'same again Doctor?' I looked around, but no, he was talking to me. 'Dr. Spivey, yes?'.
I still have that lighter.


text:
Looking for a vacation rental in Wuxi? Tripping.com has 304 rental homes available in Wuxi. Potential renters will find studios, 301 1-bedroom, 1 2-bedroom and 2 rentals with 3 or more bedrooms ranging from $25 a night to $957 a night. Many of these properties are instantly bookable.
The average price of a nightly rental in Wuxi is $81 while the average price of a weekly rental is $25. For those looking for more than a short term rental such as corporate rentals, extended stays or long term rentals, the average monthly price of a Wuxi home is $25.
Wondering if you can bring your favorite dog or cat with you? We have 2 pet friendly vacation rentals available for you. In addition to accommodating pets, Wuxi rentals offer a variety of amenities. In particular, 257 rentals have internet and wifi, 117 have TV and/or cable and 38 have a pool or hot tub.Search properties from 4 rental sites in Wuxi where the top providers in that area are Booking.com, Agoda, and HomeAway. There are 155 Booking.com rentals, 144 Agoda short term rentals and 4 HomeAway vacation rentals.


text:
Hi Guys,
Hope your holidays are kicking off to a great start. The Holiday Sale Item Of The Day is our Snowflake Crystal Silver Earrings. These beauties look just like snowflakes and shine so bright with a beautiful princess cut crystal in the center. They have been marked down to only $15 until they are all gone. Make sure you grab a pair today.
Also, we are going on vacation! Dazzle Her Now will be accepting orders until December 19th and we will reopen on January 7th. Feel free to place orders while we are gone but be aware that they will not be mailed until Monday January 9th. I hope you all enjoy this time with your families and Happy Holidays!