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(Madman Tonight is filmed in front of a live studio audience)
(Today we get a rare look at Madman97 and Dave in their relaxation state. The studio stage has been converted from a satanic sitting room where strange interviews of every sort have been conducted to a localized beach. Background is a painted blue sky shining under the sun while the clouds cast shadows on the rolling waves and artificial sand and our two hosts, laid back in white chairs with Hawaiian T's, khakis, and sunglasses. A radio plays the soft tunes of Charles Trenet beside the cooler of Beer and the Blood of Madman97's interns. Suddenly, Dave shuts it off)
Madman97: Hey, where'd the Frenchy go?
Dave (withdrawing a phone from his pocket): Received a buzz from advertisement. Our spies are circling in on a rumor that Skyrim Remastered will be announced tomorrow evening during Bethesda's E3 press release.
Madman97 (raising his sunglasses): Remastered Edition? I thought their PR and Marketing President shot it down. Can we get confirmation?
Dave: Says here a listing was leaked on Base.com, that it's supposed to be out this November in fact.
Madman97: Return to Skyrim?...With mods?! We could-We could have giant butts! Scant, sexy clothing! Hot bodies! And just think of what we could do with female characters too!
(Our host snaps his fingers, and the beach is swept away in a single nanosecond and replaced by the fancy-schmancy studio our viewers know and love. Free from the constraints of dorky summer themed clothing and back into his signature regalia, Madman97 (and Dave) pulls up his chair on each side of the 80x80 monitor positioned at the back wall for the audience.)
Madman97: How was I not aware of this sooner? I've been following the development of the Skywind mod for months. Imagine being actually able to play it on console! It'll be like another Elder Scrolls game, a fan spin-off! All those hours of content after the vanilla game! Safe to say we won't grow bored with it as quickly as last time. Who knows, perhaps a return to some Wabbajack Grinding?
(Desperate Applause)
Dave: Well, if this Remastered Edition turns out to be a farce--
Madman97: Then Bethesda shall find its employees TURNED INSIDE OUT!
Dave:--how will we satiate our Elder Scrolls need?
Madman97 (slumping back into his chair): Hmm...We've played Oblivion to death, we've played Skyrim to death, we don't really like Elder Scrolls Online, we don't play card games...besides Gwent, but that's beside the point. Perhaps those other weird spin-offs?
Dave: Redguard?
Madman97 (shaking his head): Once more, you're ignorance makes me want to vomit up the puppies I had for breakfast this morning. I'm talking WIERDER! Prepare the monitor; we have a professional call to make tonight on...
The Interview
(Dave fumbles with the remote control and turns on the television)
Dave: Sh*t, was it HDMI?
Madman97: I think MAD.
(Dave clicks the MAD setting and the monitor lights up with a message: CALLING UAM. CALLING UAM.)
Dave: UAM, hmm? Haven't seen him in a while.
Madman97: Oh yes, Dave. Lord Uselesimo Argonius Magicus Esquire is the foremost authority on the various Elder Scrolls' spin-offs and exactly the right man to bring to the show after so long a break, especially when we need to decide how we will spend our time. He was also a very important figure moderator-wise in this wiki, which you'll soon see why. UAM, everyone, let's hear it for him!
(A garbling chubby-cheeked slug with ゆ carved into its Jabba-looking back appears on-screen to thunderous applause)
On Wikia
Madman97: UAM, my dear boy! Welcome! You have been summoned to grant me advice on a most urgent matter, but it would not be in good taste to demand such knowledge without first making your acquaintance with the audience. You are a storied user on this wiki, and this wiki shall remember if I have any say. I pride myself on my storytelling ability, but even I warp things around to make them cooler (namely my involvement in various events). I would have an honest truth from the source and the truth is already cool enough. Tell us how you came to be here and how you fell into the moderator business? What about after you took a hiatus from this Wiki? Where did you go and what did you do?
UAM: I originally joined in order to mess around. I had no intention of any serious effort, but I enjoyed the RPing aspect the wiki used to have. I spent a few months here just making random forum posts with very few mainspace edits. At one point someone made a consensus on whether to implement the new Wikia Chat feature, to supplement the IRC that we already had. I supported it, and threw my hat in to the ring to become a chat moderator. I was the first to do so and got a lot of support thanks to my activity on the forums, so I got the role. I moderated the chat for a while, there was a lot of drama and such, but it was a great experience.
Eventually though, I lost interest, people were leaving and I couldn't keep it going. I left for a while with short comebacks in between, nothing too dedicated though. I did however put a lot of effort in to the Shadowkey portion of the wiki after the hiatus, I did more mainspace work than ever, practically overhauling everything we had on the game with articles on all the weapons and armour. I'm one of very few people that can actually play the game, and the game itself does interest me, even if it isn't a great game.
Madman97: The first chat mod. Extraordinary. I remember my brief stint as a forum moderator like it was yesterday...
Dave: Actually it never happened, because you weren't supported enough.
On Various Spin-Offs
Madman97: Posh, they loved me! Too much! I had to let them down otherwise they would have been disappointed when I didn't fulfill their wild visions of my modding career. I'm a blogger, through and through, and some things never change. What about you, UAM? Some pretty big changes happened you left. We were quite sad to see you go. And now you're back. As much as this is delightful, may I ask why?
UAM: Occasionally I do miss the wiki, I check on new policies, new users that have made waves, and trying to find older users I lost contact with. While I do this, I continually add to Shadowkey articles, if I can be bothered.
Madman97: Eh, the more we know, the better. To be honest, I've never heard of Shadowkey
Dave: Weren't you just getting on me about ignorance?
Madman97 (in a huff): Ignorance is a matter of perspective, like people failing to see that a judge may not be able to do his job because of his Mexican heritage. Open your eyes, people! Trump 2016!...Sorry, what were we talking about? Shadowkey? What is that? What even is that? I'm confused. Help me.
UAM: Shadowkey is a game in the unpopular Travels spin-off series. While the other games were released on standard mobile phones, Shadowkey was released on the failed N-Gage console/phone hybrid, which is infamous for a lot poor quality games from more popular series. Shadowkey had the potential to be great, but it being on the N-Gage was a bad move. It controlled horrendously, had way too much fog, and the FPS was in the single digits for the most part. The game was released two days after the Nintendo DS, so interest in portable consoles had already been completely moved on to that. Despite it being a total failure, the game has a rich background and has a lot of lore that was totally unique to it. You can tell that if this game was released for the DS instead of the N-Gage, it could've been a classic. The amount of equipment, areas, characters, and content for a portable 3D game is astounding and way ahead of its time. The game is based around the concept of shadow magic, which is a topic in and of its own, and stopping it from being used for evil.
Madman97 (leaning back in his chair): Hmm...Fascinating. I've never thought of a portable Elder Scrolls game. Reminds me of the cancelled Oblivion PSP game leaks a few weeks back. Go on, UAM. Tell us more about the other spin-offs.
UAM: Dawnstar and Stormhold are very similar games, very basic dungeon crawlers which are fine for what they are: basic games you play on an old flip phone. They are very difficult to play these days, emulators are available but the game files aren't. I only found them on a Russian website that my computer said was filled with malware. They're decent games, but unlike Shadowkey they aren't ambitious or interesting.
Oblivion Mobile is probably the biggest black sheep of the Travels series, while the other three are first-person RPGs like mainline TES games, it is a top down RPG. It is essentially an adaptation of the mainline Oblivion game. I haven't actually played this one, but from what I've seen it reminds me of the cell phone adaptation of Modern Warfare 2, which I have played (it wasn't very good).
Dave (playing on his phone): I agree.
UAM: Battlespire is a very very odd game. Rather than being set in an open world with lots of NPCs, like mainline TES and Shadowkey, it is set in a more linear enemy filled world with a bigger orientation on combat and combat skills. Everything about it is extremely strange, from the odd areas to the odd dialogue. It's okay, don't expect hidden gem--it's hidden for a reason--but it's worth playing.
Redguard is probably the only TES spin-off that could be considered a hidden gem, but like all old PC games, it's a pain the ass to play. Redguard isn't an RPG, rather it's an action adventure game set in a pirate filled desert paradise, you play as a guy looking to save his sister. The game hasn't aged well, but if you can play Morrowind these days you can probably handle Redguard. And that's it for the old spin-offs.
Madman97 (counting them off with his fingers): Dawnstar, Stormhold, Oblivion Mobile, Battlespire, Shadowkey, and Redguard? Coupled with this Legends thing, seven spin offs I've never heard of? Well, besides Redguard.
UAM: The best is probably Redguard, but my personal favorite is Shadowkey. Like I said, Shadowkey is a bad game, absolutely terrible, but almost entirely because of hardware limitations. In terms of ambition, design, and story, Shadowkey trumps all of them. Redguard is a solid game, a really solid game, with a great world and great characters, but it doesn't really push any limits like Shadowkey does.
Madman97: Dave, are you taking notes?
Dave (still playing on his phone): ...............................Yeah.
Madman97: Well UAM, this is a very impressive amount of data you've given me on this subject, tantamount to the scholars of yore! Have you played them all?
UAM: I've only played Battlespire, Dawnstar and Stormhold a bit, but the only one I want to play more of out of those is Battlespire. Dawnstar and Stormhold are too basic to get any enjoyment out of. I haven't played Oblivion Mobile. While I want to give it a go, the game doesn't interest me as much as the others.
Dave: Spin-offs like these always interest me, good or bad, as they seem like a private club in and of themselves. Like, you gotta' be in the know, you know? Even if the know is sh*t, it's cool having this small compadre of games sitting on the sidelines in obscurity, the likes of which JonTron would review, and only we as Elder Scrolls die-hards know about them...
Madman97: Which is exactly why I am going to ruin the collectibles fun and tell the whole world in a blog! I love messing things up...And also spreading awareness. With E3 just a few hours away from dropping some surefire bombs, showing Bethesda that the fans are willing to wade through piece of garbage spin-offs just to get our Elder Scrolls fix. Perhaps it will zap them with realization that this is what we've been waiting for, and maybe, just maybe, they'll listen.
Dave: Probably not though.
Madman97: But until then, members of the audience! Have you any experience with the spin-off games? I plan on taking my research elsewhere to higher stations in hopes of spreading awareness of the Elder Scrolls franchise, ever single part of it, and this wiki in order to show my support as both a fan and journalist. Many thanks to UAM, and I will continue to see all of you in the coming months with more content (hopefully with a faster release date--Sorry about the wait. Months are coming and going for me). Until then, Stay Mad.


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House Cleaning and Maid Services
Stephanie Harden, Member, Manager
10 years of retail management, 30 years of hands-on training of cleaning personnel. Control of the everyday business operations.
Darrel Harden, Member
24 years in general management and administrative positions, including 4 years as V.P./G.M. for wholesale, sales and distribution companies.
Jodi Harden, Office Manager
Our daughter, who has worked with us for over 25 years.
Responsibilities include: Customer Service, Personnel, A/R, H/R/ Payroll, Office management and Administrative Duties
Gina Spalding, Construction Services Supervisor
Garnett started with our company in 1997 as a cleaning technician and today is the Supervisor of our New Construction Final Cleaning Division.
House Calls, L.L.C. is licensed, bonded, insured and covered by Workers Compensation. We are a Drug Free Workplace and perform Pre-Employment Criminal Background Checks
© 2016 House Calls LLC. All Rights Reserved. View our Privacy Policy.
Design and SEO by webFEAT Complete

subset: commoncrawl


text: Danzi the Phoenix is the bonded pet of Suzume Takashi. Personality Story Appearance Retrieved from "http://winxclubfanon.wikia.com/wiki/Danzi?oldid=31898" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Roxy13 Bonded Pets Animals Minor Characters (GoD6A)


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As teachers, we believe that our role is to foster independence and assist each child in developing a healthy sense of self-worth. We offer love and support to our children, and encourage them to explore and be curious. Art is always a big part of our curriculum and we believe that young children learn best through the rich and varied multi-sensory experience that art provides. Data indicates that the arts do increase student achievement and engage their minds, hearts and bodies. Art experiences can also serve as a bridge to literacy.
All of our programs are based on the age of the child on September 30th. They do not move to the next classroom until September. Our staff is chosen on the basis of their education, their experience, and most importantly, their under-standing of how children learn and the respect they show for young children. Each staff member is CPR– and First Aid-certified and has passed a state and local background check. Two staff members are MAT (Medication Administration Training) certified. Staff stay on the cutting edge of early child-hood development by attending workshops and training sessions throughout the year, accumulating 20-25 hours each.
All classrooms including the infant program have use of an iPad. This is used for recording special pieces of the day along with individual teaching.


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The design separate into upper half part and lower half part. The lower part is separate into left and right part. Upper part is about the evaluation of animation. In earlier time, we use film as a storing tool that store every detail and action of the scene in the animation. Of course we need a white screen to display the result of the animation and at that time there was not any color animation yet. Now, we can use numerous of software to create our own animation. At the lower left part with white bar is part of the interface of a software called Adobe Flash. Full circle is represents as an object and the arrow between is the action of the object, the more bar arrow travel the more time object action. The wave is represents the frequency of sound, the bigger wave represents louder sound volume. The right part represents most of the movie maker interface which is the display part. We can see that now we can have color display not even in computer and also on any display devices. In the twelve principles, the most important is timing, we know that everything need time to complete even animation. Timing is the soul of animation which will affected the action speed of the object. After that slow in and out is mainly controlling the object that comes into our vision which is on the screen. For example, when we throw the ball up it will slowly goes up and when it come down its speed will be faster. Appeal is the main attraction way that could grab attention from person who like the style of animation. For example, there are many character in the Disney animation, each of the character have their own fans. Arcs is like an actual action that done by any object is life. For example, when we throw a ball, it is not possible that we throw the ball straight forward. An arcs line will be formed when we throw the ball. These four principles are barely important from the others principles for me to the group assignment. Of course we must have the knowledge of all of the principles but these three are basic mainly suggestion to know them for me.
How to draw the design:
Mainly used Adobe Illustrator to draw all the whole thing as it is as simple as just only shape, line and words.
Gustavo Carneiro (n.d.), The Fundamental Principles of Animation
URL: http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/~patrick/csc418/notes/tutorial11.pdf [Accessed 5/3/2015]
Nataha Lightfoot (n.d.), THE 12 PRINCIPLES OF ANIMATION
URL: http://organicode.net/12principles.pdf [Accessed 5/3/2015]


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SOME viewers might feel that we've all seen quite enough of Jordan.
But brace yourselves, because she's going to be all over our screens once again during the fourth series of I'm A Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here...
The new show, which kicks off in November, will see old balloon breasts back on mainstream telly alongside her boyfriend Peter Andre.
She and "the love of my life" (for the moment) have each clinched a six-figure deal to become This Morning's jungle reporters for the the 15-day series.
The pair, who found love in the Aussie outback during the last series, will front a daily half-hour round-up of all the action at midday on ITV1.
Bosses are currently locked in talks with the couple over whether they will host the I'm A Celebrity... from the comfy sofas in London - or from a perch in the Aussie rainforest.
Our intrepid insider said: "Peter and Katie were the stars of the last show - their romance built over the fortnight so it's very fitting that we have them both to comment on this year's set of jungle warriors."
The pair have been itching to get their hands on a TV slot together - and are hoping that the gig will launch them as presenters.
"I think we would banter really well together," she declared last week. "An interview show or a talk show would be great."
Former pop star Peter spent most of his time in the last camp singing songs - such as Insania - in a bid to relaunch his career.
He also said all manner of daft things - which could make for some amusing TV.
Let's hope we hear more classics such as: "I hate feet, they're disgusting. What are they even for?"
A galaxy of stars have been approached to take part but few are confirmed. Gail Porter and Sophie Anderton will be there and others may include runner Colin Jackson and Olympic golden girl Kelly Holmes.


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I have seen so much edits! Good job guys and the only thing i have seen on this wiki
is hard working. Lets make this wiki have 100 pages!!
Latest Activaty
- Pancake
new comment by Jess0426
Comment: A pancake is a food that has nothing to do with cake it just has cake in the name. Added photo:
- User:Jackninja5DipperGravityFalls
edited comment by Jackninja5DipperGravityFalls
- Date And Walnut Loaf
edited comment by Apj26
- User:Jeserator
edited comment by Apj26


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Full Tilt Colorblock dolphin shorts. Casual velour shorts with contrast panels at the sides. Contrast piping. Elasticized drawstring waist. Dolphin short hem. Approx inseam: 2". 100% polyester. Machine wash. Imported.
Full Tilt Walk Thru maxi romper. A trendy boho babe must-have. Features a smocked top with an off the shoulder design. Allover ditsy floral print. Approx inseam: 1.5". Approx length: 52". 100% rayon. Hand wash. Imported.
Full Tilt Mesh bodysuit. Mad for mesh. Allover mesh bodysuit with long raglan sleeves. Thong back with a dual snap button closure. 65% modal/35% polyester. Machine wash. Imported.
Full Tilt V-Neck Cross bodysuit. The look of a tank with a plunging v-neck and adjustable straps that criss cross at the back. Slip on construction. 95% cotton/5% spandex. Machine wash. Imported.
Wide Brim Boater hat. Allover paper material. Ribbon around head. 100% paper. Imported. Head circumference: 23" Brim width: 4.5"
Skinny braid belt. Woven braided belt with single prong buckle closures. Comes in black and brown. Imported.
Full Tilt Medallion maxi skirt. Features an allover medallion print. Soft knit with an elasticized waist and self-tie straps. Dramatic side slits. Approx length: 40". 95% rayon/5% spandex. Hand wash. Imported.
Full Tilt Embroidered reversible bomber jacket. Because two is better than one. This bomber features an embroidered floral peacock at the back with a floral patch at the right chest. Contrast stripe ribbed trimming. The reverse is a solid olive with contrast black trimming. Welt hand pockets on both sides. 55% cotton/42% polyester/3% spandex. Machine wash. Imported.
Full Tilt Vintage Floral halter bodysuit. Allover floral print. Cinched high neckline with halter straps that tie at the back. Low scoop back. Pull on design with a thong back. 95% cotton/5% spandex. Machine wash. Imported.
Full Tilt Striped Sheer socks. Sheer socks with knit toes, heels, and stripe cuffs. 60% cotton/20% nylon/18% polyester/2% spandex. Hand wash. Imported.


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A sixth pillar...that of jihad...is frequently added. Jihad means struggle—struggle against temptation, against evil forces in the world, and against worldviews contrary to Islam.
In its best sense, the "greater" jihad is an inner struggle. Yet there is still a lesser jihad, an outward struggle, a holy battle out in the world—sometimes literally.
And despite politically correct views to the contrary, the Quran is quite clear in its stance regarding infidels: Death may be the penalty for any Muslim who converts to another religion. And the Quran states:
"So announce to those who deny the truth the news of punishment, except those idolaters with whom you have a treaty, who have not failed you in the least, nor helped anyone against you...But when these months are over, slay the idolaters wheresoever you find them, and take them captive or besiege them, and lie in wait for them at every likely place But if they repent and fulfill their devotional obligations and pay the zakat, then let them go their way, for God is forgiving and kind." ~Surah 9:3–5
"Fight those people of the Book who do not believe in god and the Last Day, who do not prohibit what God and His Apostle have forbidden, not accept divine law, until all of them pay protective tax in submission. (This refers to the jazziyah tax, often paid with humiliating ritual.) ...On the day We shall heat up (their gold) on the fire of Hell and brand their foreheads, sides and backs." ~Surah 9:29–35
While it's unfair to apply an extremist label to all Muslims, many of whom are peaceful, it is quite fair to point out the implications of the Quranic concept of jihad. Dying during jihad, thus becoming a martyr, assures one of a place in paradise.
Return from Sixth Pillar Page to Islam Page
Return from Sixth Pillar Page to India Religion Home Page


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It's no secret that we loooove surprises around here, so imagine our excitement when this adorable bib and matching burp cloth showed up in our mail box last week.
My high school friend, turned Facebook friend, turned blog friend, Michelle has an oh-so-cute ETSY shop and made these for our sweet Kaiah girl. We think she's adorable anyway, but these just up the cuteness factor. Not only are the prints on these to die for, they are uber practical too. The burp cloth is equiped with a paci pocket AND spit up catcher on the back. Ingenious, right?!?
So, if you get a minute, head on over to her ETSY site and do some shopping. Then, check out her blog and two of the most handsome blonde haired, blue eyed boys you've ever seen.
Thanks again, Michelle! Kaiah is enjoying drooling and spitting up on her new digs. :)


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... read moreThe Manchester duo of Richard Woolgar and Gly Thomas came into being when the promoters of a local club challenged the pair to compose an hour's worth of music. Influenced by New Order and Depeche Mode, the two took the name Alpinestarsfrom Thomas' mountain bike and proceeded to meet the challenge...
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This Munchkin promotional card was originally given out at PAX East, starting on April 6th, 2012. It will also be given out at other cons and tournaments, and with merchandise orders made through the publisher's online store.
The theme is the same as that of fantasy Munchkin.
Illustrated by Mike Krahulik, the card is a prelude to the upcoming Penny Arcade booster.
It is a Door card. It causes all headgear to be counted as footgear, and all footgear as headgear. It applies to all players.


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California Pools in the Weihnachts Parade 2015/
If you were near Boerne, Texas during this last weekend, we hope you visited the Weihnachts Parade on Saturday, December 5th! Ruben Rosa of our California Pools office in San Antonio, Texas had his own California Pools truck in this year's 29th anniversary of this Boerne Christmas tradition. With nearly 100 lit floats and vehicles, the parade introduced the Christmas spirit to the Main Street of Boerne from 6:00 P.M. to 10:00 P.M with its "Christmas Stories" theme. See the photo for a glimpse of Ruben and his crew aboard the California Pools truck, featuring some Charlie Brown Christmas elements!
Think you'd like to work with the California Pools | San Antonio, TX office? You can reach us at (800) 282-7665 or contact us anytime online to schedule a free in-home consultation. Feel free to continue to browse our website to learn more.


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Whether you need homeowners insurance or auto insurance for the new driver in your family – the experienced team at H.E. Colwell & Sons, Inc. can help! We are ready to assist you and make sure you understand all of your options.


text: Tennessee Poll: Haslam gets positive bipartisan marks on education By Jonathan Mattise /Associated Press • Aug 1, 2017 Pixabay NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — An education advocacy group's poll found that Democratic voters widely support Tennessee Republican Gov. Bill Haslam and many want his education initiatives to continue through his successor. The State Collaborative on Reforming Education, or SCORE, ordered the survey of 500 Democratic and 500 Republican past primary voters. It says more than six in 10 Democratic voters approve of the popular governor's performance. Damage From Wayward Weedkiller Keeps Growing By Daniel Charles • Jul 6, 2017 Two weeks ago, in a remarkable move, the State Plant Board of Arkansas voted to ban the sale and use of a weedkiller called dicamba. It took that action after a wave of complaints about dicamba drifting into neighboring fields and damaging other crops, especially soybeans. That ban is still waiting to go into force. It requires approval from a committee of the state legislature, which will meet on Friday. Tennessee governor taking business recruiting trip to Europe By Associated Press • Jun 22, 2017 Wikipedia NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Gov. Bill Haslam is headed to Europe next week to try to recruit more foreign investment in Tennessee. Haslam and Economic and Community Development Commissioner Bob Rolfe plant to visit the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland and Germany. They are scheduled to leave on Monday and return June 30. More than 500 European businesses operate in Tennessee, employing about 62,000 people. More than $3.8 billion has been invested in the state by European companies since 2011. Tennessee Rep. Blackburn confirms bid for 9th term in House By Associated Press • Jun 7, 2017 Wikipedia NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Republican Marsha Blackburn has confirmed she will seek another term in the U.S. House of Representatives. The Tennessean reports (http://tnne.ws/2rIGLi8) that Blackburn's bid for a ninth term puts an end to speculation in some circles that she might instead try to run for statewide office next year. More than 26,000 remain without power after Tennessee storm By Associated Press • Jun 2, 2017 MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — About 26,000 customers of a Memphis power company are still without electricity in the aftermath of a Memorial Day weekend storm that hit the Tennessee city with strong winds. Memphis Light, Gas & Water said Thursday its crews are working with about 90 other utility companies to restore power to parts of the city that remain in the dark. Kellogg to close Memphis plant, idle 172 workers By Associated Press • May 31, 2017 Wikipedia MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — Kellogg Co. says it plans to shut down a distribution plant in Memphis and lay off 172 workers. The company said Tuesday in a letter to the Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development that the Memphis plant will close by the end of July. The Battle Creek, Michigan-based company has said it would close 39 distribution facilities across the country, affecting more than 1,000 workers. The company says it is changing how it ships products. Originally a cereal maker, Kellogg's also makes Eggo frozen waffles, Pop-Tarts and Pringles. Green puts off public announcement of gubernatorial plans By Erik Schelzig /Associated Press • May 30, 2017 NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Republican state Sen. Mark Green says he has made up his mind about whether to rejoin the governor's race in Tennessee, but he doesn't want to make his decision public until later this week. The Ashland City physician suspended his gubernatorial campaign while seeking confirmation as President Donald Trump's pick for Army secretary. He withdrew from consideration for that position amid bipartisan criticism about his past comments on LGBT issues and Muslims GOP field for Tennessee governor soon to become more crowded By Erik Schelzig /Associated Press • May 26, 2017 CHATTANOOGA, Tenn. (AP) — Businessman Randy Boyd will happily talk at length about his role in creating Tennessee's free community college tuition program and his plans to attract more companies to the state and cut regulations to keep others from leaving. But he's less eager to discuss the crowd of candidates likely to join him in the Republican field seeking to succeed term-limited Gov. Bill Haslam next year. So far they include multiple state legislators, a businessman and a congresswoman, and there could be more. Attorney general to address violent crime in Tennessee visit By Associated Press • May 25, 2017 Wikipedia MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions is scheduled to speak with Tennessee law enforcement officials about efforts to fight violent crime, nearly two weeks after he said prosecutors should bring the toughest charges possible against most suspects. Sessions' speech is set for Thursday morning in Memphis, a city beset by gang activity, drug crime and gun violence. Tennessee education group aims to interest youth in teaching By Associated Press • May 10, 2017 NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — A Tennessee education group is aiming to get high school students interested in teaching. The Tennessean reports (http://tnne.ws/2phxbEK) that the State Collaborative on Reforming Education, known as SCORE, launched its "Teach Today. Change Tomorrow" initiative this week. The program offers a recruitment and mentorship network for a diverse variety of young students. Missing infant found, father arrested By Associated Press • May 9, 2017 MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — Tennessee police say they have found an infant that was the subject of an Amber alert. The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation said 5-month-old Ayla Settles was taken early Tuesday "by force" from her home in Memphis by her non-custodial father, Alvin Lloyd. The agency says she was found about six hours later and Lloyd has been arrested. No additional details were immediately available. Last suspect pleads guilty in death of Arkansas State player By Associated Press • May 3, 2017 JACKSON, Tenn. (AP) — The final suspect charged in connection with the 2014 shooting deaths of Arkansas State football player Markel Owens and his stepfather Johnny Shivers has pleaded guilty. The Jackson Sun reports (http://bit.ly/2qCPQam) 24-year-old Craig Taylor pleaded guilty Monday to accessory after the fact on charges of first-degree murder, felony murder, especially aggravated robbery and attempted first-degree murder. Severe storms, possible tornadoes forecast in wide region By Associated Press • Apr 28, 2017 Pixabay NORMAN, Okla. (AP) — Severe thunderstorms with possible tornadoes are forecast from the Plains states to the Mississippi, Ohio and Tennessee Valley regions. Memphis meat packer recalls ham products By Associated Press • Apr 26, 2017 Pixabay MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — The U.S. Department of Agriculture says a Memphis meat packer has recalled some ready-to-eat ham products due to possible bacterial contamination. County commissioner arrested on assault charge in Memphis By Associated Press • Apr 24, 2017 MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — A Tennessee local official has been arrested after police said he choked his girlfriend at a fast food restaurant. Memphis police said Monday that Shelby County Commissioner Justin Ford has been charged with aggravated assault and false imprisonment. Police said Ford's girlfriend told officers he physically assaulted and choked her during an argument at a Church's Chicken on Sunday. Veteran tax break last step to wrap Tennessee roads bill By Jonathan Mattise /Associated Press • Apr 21, 2017 Wikipedia NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Tennessee legislative leaders appear to agree on a bigger property tax break for disabled veterans, which should put the finishing touch on months of work on Gov. Bill Haslam's bill that increases the gas tax to fund roadwork and cuts other taxes. Both chambers passed the Republican governor's roads bill Wednesday, with the property tax break unresolved. Senators amended the legislation to increase property tax relief to disabled veterans to up to $175,000 in property value, from $100,000 currently. Black bear--not a Memphis grizzly--spotted in neighborhood By Associated Press • Apr 21, 2017 MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — Residents of a Memphis neighborhood are being told to avoid approaching, detaining or feeding a black bear that's been roaming the area for two days. Memphis police say officers are looking for the bear, which was seen by people in the Frayser neighborhood in north Memphis on Thursday and Friday. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency officials are leading the investigation into the bear's whereabouts. Frayser has woods that could attract the bear and allow it to avoid people as it moves through the area. Fleeing with student, teacher took guns, cash and wife's car By Sheila Burke / Associated Press • Apr 21, 2017 COLUMBIA, Tenn. (AP) — Teacher Tad Cummins took guns, money and his wife's car before kidnapping a 15-year-old female student and taking her on a 2,500-mile cross-country journey that ended Thursday, court records show. He had just been suspended from teaching and police were zeroing in on him, questioning his relationship with the girl. After taking out a loan for $4,500, the records say, the teacher took the money and two handguns and wrote a note to his wife saying he needed to go to Virginia Beach or the D.C. area to clear his head. Officials confirm state's 1st West Nile virus case this year By Associated Press • Apr 21, 2017 Pixabay MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — Health officials say the state's first human case of West Nile virus this year has been found in west Tennessee. The health department in Shelby County, which includes Memphis, said Friday the virus was recently confirmed in a person who lives in the county. Officials did not identify the patient. Officials said there were six human cases of the virus in Tennessee in 2016. One case was fatal. Gas tax bill heads for Wednesday showdown in Tennessee House By Erik Schelzig /Associated Press • Apr 19, 2017 Wikipedia NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Republican Gov. Bill Haslam's road and bridge funding bill is headed for a showdown in the Tennessee House on Wednesday. The sticking point is the governor's proposal to pay for new projects in large part through the state's first gas tax hike since 1989. Supporters argue that a package of tax cuts made in the bill outweigh the amount raised from the fuel tax increases. Opponents are calling for the fuel tax hikes to be stripped from the bill and to instead dedicate sales tax revenues from auto sales to highway funding. Education Commissioner to release major plan for schools By Associated Press • Apr 4, 2017 NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Tennessee Education Commissioner Candice McQueen is expected to announce on Tuesday a new education plan that will emphasize more accountability, especially when it comes to teaching traditionally underserved kids. The plan outlines how Tennessee will comply with a federal education law known as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA). No interim replacement to be named for lawmaker who resigned By Associated Press • Mar 21, 2017 MEMPHIS, Tenn. (AP) — The Shelby County Commission has decided against naming an interim replacement for a Republican state House member who resigned amid a sexual harassment investigation. The Commercial Appeal reports (http://memne.ws/2niIydu) that commissioners voted 6-5 against a resolution to schedule the appointment to replace former Rep. Mark Lovell. That means nobody will hold the seat until after the general election scheduled for June 15. The primary will be held on April 27. School voucher proposal passes House committee By Associated Press • Mar 21, 2017 NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — A proposal that would create a school voucher pilot program for Shelby County has passed in a House committee following rancorous debate. The bill sponsored by Rep. Harry Brooks, a Republican from Knoxville, would allow public school children to use taxpayer money to go to private schools. State Sen. Mae Beavers exploring bid for Tennessee governor By Associated Press • Mar 21, 2017 NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — State Sen. Mae Beavers, the sponsor of a bill seeking to require students to use restrooms and locker rooms of the sex on their birth certificates, says she is exploring a bid for Tennessee governor. The Mt. Juliet Republican tells WKRN-TV (http://bit.ly/2nOkX1T) she's considering entering the race to succeed term-limited Gov. Bill Haslam in the event Sen. Mark Green gets appointed to President Donald Trump's administration. UPDATE: President Trump's Budget Would Ax Delta Regional Authority, Crafted By Arkansans By Jacob Kauffman / KUAR • Mar 16, 2017 Funding for the Delta Regional Authority would be eliminated under President Trump's first budget request to Congress. The federal agency is set up to help encourage and coordinate economic development in eight states, including Arkansas, tied to the beleaguered Mississippi River Delta region. Pages1 2 3 next › last »


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Administrative Law involves compliance with and challenges to rules, regulations, and orders of local, state, and federal government departments. Administrative law attorneys may represent clients before agencies like the workers compensation appeals boards, school board disciplinary hearings and federal agencies like the Federal Communications Commission. Administrative attorneys help negotiate the bureaucracy when interacting with the government to do things as varied as receiving a license or permit or preparing and presenting a defense to disciplinary or enforcement actions.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 16, 2010
|Filing date
|May 16, 2005
|Priority date
|May 16, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Darryl E. Havens, Arun U. Kishan, Richard B. Ward
|Original Assignee
|Microsoft Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (38), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to processes in computers and in particular to creating secure process objects.
A computer program (or simply "program") is a sequence of instructions that define the actions or computations that will be carried out by a computer when the instructions are loaded and executed. To run a program, the computer is initialized to a starting state, the program and sometimes data are loaded and some mechanism that executes the loaded instructions is invoked. In most computers, an operating system loads and executes the program. In this context, a program refers to an individual executable image rather than all the programming currently running on the computer. Thus the word "program" describes a single, complete and more-or-less self-contained list of instructions, often stored in a single file, whereas "code" and "software" are words of indefinite number describing some number of instructions which may constitute one or more programs or parts thereof.
System software is any software required to support the production or execution of application programs but which is not specific to any particular application. The operating system, compilers, editors and sorting programs are well-known examples of system software. Application programs typically perform a special function: word-processing or computer-aided-design (CAD), for example. Most programs rely heavily on various kinds of operating system software for their execution.
While the word "program" refers to a static binary image that contains a set of instructions that can be executed, a "process" is the operating system's representation of a container that is used to load and execute code. The code executed by a process exists in its address space; the code may be loaded into the address space from an executable program or library file, or it may be dynamically generated by code already executing in the process.
In general, a process includes memory, (typically a region of virtual memory for suspended processes) which contains the executable program code and private or task-specific data; operating system resources that are allocated to the process, such as file descriptors (Unix terminology) or handles (Windows terminology); security attributes, such as the process owner and the rules describing the access rights other processes/threads may obtain to the process (depending on their security context); and processor state, such as the content of registers, physical memory addresses, etc.
The system typically associates one or more threads with a process to execute code; thus the relationship between threads and processes is many to one. When a process runs, one or more of its threads is actively executing on a processor in the system. In most operating systems, many processes exist simultaneously on a computer, each one taking turns receiving processing time (in a time-slicing system) or running concurrently (in a multiprocessing system). For the most part, the operating system keeps processes isolated from one another. However, the operating system typically provides mechanisms for inter-process communication (for example, messaging functionality or shareable memory) to enable processes to interact.
A process can invoke the operating system to create a new process; the latter is often called a child process and the initiating process is sometimes referred to as its parent. A child process may be a replica of the parent process and may share some of its resources. A child process may inherit most of the attributes of its parent. In UNIX, a child process is created (using fork) as a copy of the parent. The child process can then overlay itself with a different program (using exec) as required. Each process may create many child processes but will have only one parent process, except for the very first process which has no parent. The first process, called init in UNIX, is started by the kernel at booting time and never terminates. In the NT operating system, the kernel creates a special system process during system initialization that provides an execution environment for system threads (threads that execute in the operating system's address space). Later in the system initialization process the system process creates a user-mode process known as the session manager (SMSS) in order to complete the user-mode initialization of the system. NT supports the notion of address space duplication in which certain portions of the parent's address space are cloned for a child process. Handles to system resources may optionally be propagated to a child process if they are marked "inheritable" and the parent process indicates that it desires such inheritance. Alternatively, an entirely new process may be created without the need for the intermediary fork( ) step used in UNIX.
The operating system typically associates some form of security with a process. In a multi-user operating system, this is necessary in order to prevent one user from accessing or modifying the state of another users' process. Without this security a malicious user could take control of another user's process and steal valuable data such as a password stored in the process address space. In NT the default security context for a process is implicitly inherited from the creating process or is explicitly supplied to the operating system by the creating process. This context typically reflects the user the process is executing on behalf of, and governs the access the process can have to various system resources, including other processes. The system also associates a security descriptor with the newly created process object that delineates the access rights other users can obtain to the object. Note that the creator is marked as the owner of the new object, which ensures that the creator can obtain full access to the new process. However, if run by certain users, any process can access the state of another process or inject threads of execution into another process. In most traditional operating systems, the system administrator is capable of accomplishing this. NT expands upon this basic security model by adding the notion of privileges that bypass the standard user/group based protections. For example, a user granted the debug privilege by an administrator will also have unrestricted access to any process running on the system. Unfortunately this security model poses some difficulty for the wave of emerging digital rights management (DRM) technologies. DRM technologies fundamentally require the ability to operate on "protected content" within a process whilst preventing the user (the creator) from recovering a hidden key or secret used to decode the content, or subvert the terms of a license associated with the content. Though capturing any decoded content from a DRM process (and distributing it outside the context of the DRM process) is a concern, it is the content key that is typically the most valued asset. Once recovered, it empowers a malicious user to decrypt or subvert the terms of a license surrounding any protected content. Fundamentally the DRM problem is difficult to completely solve since the secret typically must reside somewhere on the client machine, and furthermore, must be processed by the DRM process during the course of accessing protected content. A certain degree of protection for the secrets and content in a DRM process can be provided if the operating system implemented a mechanism to execute a process and shield it from certain known invasive operations performed by another process, regardless of the latter's security context or privilege level.
An operating system such as the NT operating system provides a mechanism for creating a secure process that prohibits any known form of intrusion from a non-secure user-mode process, including thread/code injection, address space access (read, write, or modify), and debugging, regardless of the latter's security context or privilege level. This protection is extended to any thread objects that may be executing within the address space of a secure process. In NT, user mode processes can only access system resources and objects (including other threads and processes) by means of a handle. Each handle caches with it the access rights granted to the process holding the handle. When a handle is created, the system verifies the calling process possesses the appropriate access rights by inspecting the security context associated with the requesting process. Secure process technology adds a layer on top of the existing system security mechanism by vetoing any attempt to create a handle to a secure process (or to a thread in a secure process) with an access mask that grants any subset of the invasive access rights outlined in the table below. This restriction is enforced regardless of whether or not the access would have been granted given the requesting process' security context, as long as the requesting process is not a secure process.
Process Access Rights Thread Access Rights PROCESS_TERMINATE THREAD_TERMINATE PROCESS_CREATE_THREAD THREAD_SUSPEND_RESUME PROCESS_SET_SESSIONID THREAD_ALERT PROCESS_VM_OPERATION THREAD_GET_CONTEXT PROCESS_VM_READ THREAD_SET_CONTEXT PROCESS_VM_WRITE THREAD_QUERY_INFORMATION Token open PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE THREAD_SET_INFORMATION Hide from debugger Alignment fault fixup Break on termination PROCESS_CREATE_PROCESS THREAD_SET_THREAD_TOKEN PROCESS_SET_QUOTA THREAD_IMPERSONATE PROCESS_SET_INFORMATION THREAD_DIRECT_IMPERSONATION PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION Token SYNCHRONIZE open Profiling Debug port open PROCESS_SET_PORT/ Debugging STANDARD_RIGHTS_REQUIRED PROCESS_SUSPEND_RESUME SYNCHRONIZE STANDARD_RIGHTS_REQUIRED
The table above lists the fill set of access rights available to process and thread objects as of the current revision of the NT operating system. STANDARD_RIGHTS_REQUIRED is a set of access rights associated with all objects in the operating system and includes the DELETE, WRITE_DAC, WRITE_OWNER, and READ_CONTROL access rights. In the preceding table, WRITE_DAC, WRITE_OWNER, and READ_CONTROL access rights. In the preceding table, bold entries indicate access rights that are considered "safe" against secure objects. Those entries in italics are also considered safe, barring the few instances noted above. All other access rights are considered unsafe and any attempt to acquire them when accessing a secure object will result in a denial of access. Note that in the case of the italicized access rights, the system will grant the indicated access right at the time a handle to a secure object is created. However, the operating system may selectively fail individual operations performed with these access rights, in accordance with the table above. The semantics associated with the individual access rights themselves in the table above are fairly self explanatory, save for the PROCESS_SET_INFORMATION, PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, THREAD_SET_INFORMATION, and THREAD_QUERY_INFORMATION access rights, all of which cover a relatively broad range of functionality. These access rights enable the caller to query or set various attributes of the process and/or thread. For example, one can open the debug port, change priority levels, set the primary token, or query the quota information associated with a process with either the PROCESS_SET_INFORMATION or PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION access rights (as appropriate). A caller can likewise set priority levels, set processor affinity, open the current impersonation token, or query running time information associated with thread objects if the caller possesses the appropriate set and query access rights.
The full secure process access check algorithm is outlined below:
Requesting Process
Target Process
Access Check Algorithm
Non-secure Process
Non-secure Process
If AllowedAccess (RSC,
Then Grant handle
Else Deny access
Non-secure Process
Secure Process
If AllowedAccess (RSC,
TSD) and IsSubset (RA,
then Grant handle
else Deny access
Secure Process
Non-secure Process
If AllowedAccess (RSC,
then Grant handle
else Deny access
Secure Process
Secure Process
Not specifed
AllowedAccess - System security validation procedure
RSC - Requesting process' security context (including any special privileges)
TSD - Security descriptor defining access to the target object
RA - Requested access to the target process object
SafeAccess - Set of access rights to a process considered to be non-invasive (i.e., "safe")
IsSubset - Determines if one argument is a subset of the other
It will be appreciated that by "requesting process" is meant the process in which the requesting thread is executing. With respect to "target process", it will be appreciated that the same restrictions would apply to a secure thread object. Any thread executing within a secure process is considered a secure thread. Note that the preceding two tables also dictate the access rights the process that creates a secure process will be able to obtain. To determine the granted access, note that RA is effectively the complete set of defined accesses and the AllowedAccess check will always succeed in the algorithm above (since the creator is considered the owner of a new process and or thread object. The only modification to the algorithm is that rather than denying access if a violation is detected, a handle with partial access (as defined by the table above) is granted to the creator.
In the preceding table there is no stipulation regarding the access rights secure processes can have to each other. In NT the current implementation allows secure processes to access each other purely on the basis of security context (as in the first row of the table); alternatively, the security policy in the second row of the table could have been employed to ensure secure processes remain isolated from one another. Also, note that the default access check algorithm (defined in the first row) is applied only if the requesting process invokes the operating system while running in user mode. If the process requests access from within the operating system (i.e., from kernel mode), the access is unconditionally granted as the kernel is considered a trusted component.
A major component of accomplishing this goal involved ensuring process creation now occurs "atomically" in kernel mode. This marks a departure from the historical NT process creation model in which a process was created using a sequence of incremental calls between the creating process and the operating system. Creating the infrastructure of a process in kernel mode enables security features to be applied that are difficult or impossible to apply in user mode. By moving setup actions previously occurring in user mode (such as creating the initial thread object, initializing the thread's machine context, allocating the stack, and creation and initialization of the process parameter and environment blocks) into kernel mode, it is possible to remove the calling process' need to possess certain access rights to the child process. Since enough state is passed from the caller to the kernel with the first system call, the kernel can construct a complete executable process and simply return handles to the new process and associated thread that grant only a limited set of access rights (as defined in the preceding table).
The entire process creation function is moved to a trusted context and requires a single system call. The trusted context may be the kernel. Moving process creation into kernel mode provides an isolated, shielded and protected context. Using this architecture markedly reduces the number of system calls and context switches involved in process setup as well. The behavior of the process creation function, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, is parameterized. The parameterization may be implemented via a number of attributes. For example, one of the attributes may be the image file name. The image file name may be captured by the kernel and may be used to open the image file, and may additionally force an access check if the previous mode of the caller is user. In some embodiments of the invention, the creator requests that the new process be created a secure process via another parameter. At the time the operating system creates a memory backing object for the process (in NT, called a image section object), it verifies that the executable may be run as a secure process using a OS-defined mechanism (in NT, this is done by performing a signature check on the executable binary) before marking the new process object as a secure process.
Parameters may be communicated to the kernel via a variable length list of attributes. The attribute in some embodiments is identified by a packed field bitfield that uniquely identifies the attribute, marks it an input or input/output and indicates whether the data value is communicated inline (e.g., as with handles) or out of band (e.g., via a pointer to data located elsewhere in memory). The kernel accesses and captures the attribute list during the process of building a process or a thread object. Thus the attribute list may be used to specify various properties of a thread in a single system call that previously may have been set by numerous system calls following the thread or process object creation. Using an extensible parameterized API for process and thread creation allows additional parameters to be added in future revisions of the OS without introducing additional system interfaces.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings exemplary constructions of the invention; however, the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed. In the drawings:
A process may be an operating system object that is used to track and manage a program while it is executing. A process may be viewed as a container for an address space and a set of resources (e.g., a handle table and so on, used when executing an instance of a program), to which executable units (threads) are added. A process comprises a private virtual address space, (a set of virtual memory addresses that the process can use), an executable form of a program, which defines initial code and data and is mapped into the process's virtual address space, a list of open handles to various system resources, such as semaphores, communication ports and files that are accessible to all threads in the process, a security context called an access token that identifies the user, security groups and privileges associated with the process, a unique identifier called a process ID (internally called a client ID) and zero or more threads of execution.
In some existing computer systems, there are two possible modes of execution: kernel mode and user mode. User application code runs in user mode; operating system code (such as system services and device drivers) runs in kernel mode. In kernel mode, access is granted to all system memory and all CPU instructions. User applications explicitly switch from user mode to kernel mode when a system service call is made or trap instruction is invoked; an implicit switch occurs in the case of exceptions (such as a page fault) and hardware interrupts.
If run by a user with appropriate privileges, a process can perform various operations on other processes in the system, including accessing the address space of another process, duplicating handles into and out of the process' handle table, injecting threads, and attaching a debug port to it. The ability for one process to access the state of another process in this manner effectively enables a process to gain full control of another process. In some systems the majority of a new process' infrastructure is constructed by the creator via a series of calls to the operating system. This requires, among others, the permission to read/write virtual memory and to create threads in the new process. Thus, even a user with no special privileges can take advantage of this window of opportunity to access the state of a process the user creates—a process that may contain protected content.
Consider, for example, the following scenario. Most music available legally on the Internet requires a user to have a license to download and play music. The license is required in order for the music player program to decrypt and play music. A user could log on to the system, pay for and download a song from the Internet, and start an application that was written to extract protected content from the process that plays the downloaded decrypted music file. Since the user is the owner of the music player application, the application for extracting content can inject threads or access the state of the audio playback process to copy the audio stream into an unprotected file. Such an application may also be written to access the trusted keys used in the decryption and policy/license enforcement process. Removing the ability of the owner to obtain full access to the process only serves as a partial mitigation since the administrator can typically always obtain the desired access (either directly or by using special privileges). This is an important scenario as the end user is typically an administrator on a home machine.
To address these and other problems, a secure process can be created, for example, for applications that need to protect content. A secure process in some embodiments cannot be manipulated, even by processes created on behalf of a user with administrator or other heightened privileges, through any user-mode means. The mechanism to create the isolated process object constructs all the required process infrastructure from within the kernel, obviating the need for the creating process to have unrestricted access to the new process. Additional checks in the kernel prevent a process from obtaining unauthorized access to a secure process, regardless of the former's security context.
Exemplary Computing Environment
Although not required, the invention can be implemented via an application programming interface (API), for use by a developer, and/or included within the network browsing software which will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by one or more computers, such as client workstations, servers, or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures and the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations. Other well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers (PCs), automated teller machines, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based systems, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network or other data transmission medium. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CDROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared, and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
A monitor 191 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 121 via an interface, such as a video interface 190. A graphics interface 182, such as Northbridge, may also be connected to the system bus 121. Northbridge is a chipset that communicates with the CPU, or host processing unit 120, and assumes responsibility for accelerated graphics port (AGP) communications. One or more graphics processing units (GPUs) 184 may communicate with graphics interface 182. In this regard, GPUs 184 generally include on-chip memory storage, such as register storage and GPUs 184 communicate with a video memory 186. GPUs 184, however, are but one example of a coprocessor and thus a variety of coprocessing devices may be included in computer 110. A monitor 191 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 121 via an interface, such as a video interface 190, which may in turn communicate with video memory 186. In addition to monitor 191, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 197 and printer 196, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 195.
The computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
One of ordinary skill in the art can appreciate that a computer 110 or other client device can be deployed as part of a computer network. In this regard, the present invention pertains to any computer system having any number of memory or storage units, and any number of applications and processes occurring across any number of storage units or volumes. The present invention may apply to an environment with server computers and client computers deployed in a network environment, having remote or local storage. The present invention may also apply to a standalone computing device, having programming language functionality, interpretation and execution capabilities.
Creating a Secure Process
Microkernel-based operating systems developed from university research in the mid-1980s. The idea behind the pure microkernel concept is that all operating system components except a small core (the microkernel) execute as user-mode processes, just as word processors and spreadsheets do. The core components in the microkernel of a microkernel-based operating system execute in privileged mode, and can directly access hardware. Microkernel architecture typically confers system configurability and fault tolerance. For example, because an operating system subsystem like the virtual memory manager runs as a distinct program in microkernel design, a different implementation that exports the same interface can replace it.
A disadvantage to pure microkernel design is slow performance. Every interaction between operating system components in microkernel design requires an inter-process message. For example, if the process manager requires the virtual memory manager to create an address map for a new process, it must send a message to the virtual memory manager. In addition to the overhead costs of creating and sending messages, the inter-process message requirement results in two context switches: the first from the process manager to the virtual memory manager, and the second back to the process manager after the virtual memory manager carries out the request.
In a modified microkernel design, (illustrated in
The kernel may include three major components: executive services 206, the microkernel 208 and the hardware abstraction layer 210. Executive services 206 is the interface between each of the user mode subsystems and the microkernel 208 and may include hardware device drivers, an I/O manager 206 a, object manager 206 b, security reference monitor 206 c, a process manager 206 d, a local procedure call facility 206 e, a virtual memory manager 206 f and others. The microkernel 208 synchronizes the executive services 206, implements a thread scheduler, and coordinates I/O functions. The hardware abstraction layer 210 is an interface between and the operating system and the underlying hardware.
The executive services 206 are basic operating system subsystems that execute in kernel mode and are compiled into one file image. Kernel mode is a privileged mode. Those parts of the system that execute in kernel mode, such as device drivers and some subsystems or subcomponents have direct access to all hardware and memory. The kernel-mode subsystems are not separate processes, so they can communicate with one another by using function calls, which tends to improve performance. Often these types of operating system environments rely on services that the kernel mode exports to carry out tasks that cannot be carried out in user mode. Code executing in user-mode typically gains access to these services through software-exception system calls. A software-exception system call is a hardware-assisted way to change execution modes from user mode to kernel mode; and gives the operating system control over the data that passes between the two modes.
Hence, a system service request is executed by a function in kernel mode. To carry out work, a system service calls on functions in one or more components of the executive services 206. Thus, when an application or program 212 like a word processing program requests an operating system service such as memory allocation, the flow of control proceeds from the word processing program into kernel mode through the system service interface. A system service handler then directly invokes the Virtual Memory Manager's allocation function. The operation executes in the context of the word processing process that requested it. Thus, there is no context switch to a different system process as typically exists in a pure microkernel-based operating system.
Traditionally, a parent process typically is allowed to acquire a handle to and manipulate the state of any child process it creates.
It will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the method of creating a process just described requires the creator of a process to have powerful access privileges (including read/write virtual memory and thread creation) to the target process in order for the process creation to succeed. Thus, traditionally, the caller of the process and thread executive system service is granted full access to the created process and/or thread objects. It will be appreciated that the access so granted is typically independent of other security features of the system. For example, access to objects may be determined by the type of access granted to the caller in the process and thread security descriptor. A security descriptor is a binary data structure that contains information related to access control for a specific object. A security descriptor may contain the following information: the owner of the object, the primary group of the object, the discretionary access control list, the system access control list and control information. The owner may be a user, group or computer account. Typically, the owner of an object can manipulate the object's access control list regardless of any other settings in the system descriptor.
Similarly, a user with sufficient privileges, (e.g., an administrator or any type of account (general, administrator or guest account) with debug privileges) is able to access and manipulate the state of all processes on the system. Hence a malicious user with administrator privileges could: inject a thread into another process, inspect the state of another process, or otherwise modify state in another process.
To prevent these undesirable artifacts of the process creation function, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, a secure process may be created which does not allow code injection into the isolated process, or general memory modification of processes or inspection of processes once it has been created. A creator process is not necessarily provided with sufficient access rights to build the new process' infrastructure (the access will be determined by the access check algorithm above). The resources protected in a secure process include all the internal state and threads running in the secure process. In some embodiments of the invention, a non-secure process (user-mode process) can create a secure process by calling a system service and passing to the function a secure process flag. Once a secure process is created, the secure process is protected from access by non-secure processes.
As described above, and illustrated in
In contrast, in accordance with some embodiments of the invention, process creation occurs entirely in kernel mode. Creating the infrastructure of a process in kernel mode enables security features to be applied that are difficult or impossible to apply in user mode. By moving setup actions previously occurring in user mode (such as creating the initial thread, allocating the stack, and initialization of the parameter and environment blocks) into kernel mode, the need of the caller for full access rights to the created process is removed. Instead, enough state is passed from the caller to the kernel with the first system call so that the kernel is able to perform the actions previously performed using a number of calls back and forth between the caller and the kernel. Thus, when the kernel returns the handle to the set-up process, some of the access rights accompanying the handle are not returned. Specifically, those access rights (e.g., read/write virtual memory) that enable the caller to inject threads, and interrogate or modify state of the threads of the process may not be returned to the caller.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, the entire process creation function is moved to a trusted context and requires a single system call. In some embodiments of the invention, the trusted context is the kernel, as described above and illustrated with respect to
Parameters may be communicated to the kernel via a variable length list of attributes. The attribute field in some embodiments is a packed field bitfield that uniquely identifies the attribute, marks it an input or input/output and indicates whether the data value is communicated inline (e.g., as with handles) or out of band (e.g., via a pointer to a data object). The kernel accesses and captures the attribute list during the process of building a process or thread object. Thus the attribute list may be used to specify various properties of a thread in a single system call that previously were set by numerous system calls before the thread began execution.
To prevent the need for a series of system calls that read/write the parameter and environment blocks from/to the address space of the new process, the parameter and environment blocks are passed as an argument to the create process function. Both the parameter and environment blocks may be captured into a contiguous block of memory in the kernel (for performance, this memory is typically nonpageable). A region in the address space of the new process is allocated to accommodate the parameter/environment block. When the process executes the user-mode startup code, it copies the parameter and environment blocks to separate allocations and relinquishes the kernel-allocated memory space.
In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, a secure process is created that grants non-secure process some subset of the full access mask. In some embodiments of the invention, the access mask is a 32-bit mask. Subsequent attempts to open the identified process or a thread belonging to a secure process with an access mask that is a superset of the pre-defined set (defined earlier) are caught and obstructed in kernel mode, thus protecting the secure process from interference by any user-mode process.
The access mask used to open the file may be augmented by a caller-supplied parameter. The additional access mask is required as user mode process creation interceptors require an expanded access set to perform operations such as mapping a data view of the file for computing checksums. Performing the initial open with the proper access mask obviates the need for additional access checks at the time the handle is duplicated to the caller. The creation of the image section is performed in kernel mode. Regardless of whether the process creation succeeds or fails, the system maintains creation information that describes the outcome of the process creation. For example, this creation information may record the result of various process creation failures, along with additional data, such as object handles, enabling the caller to react accordingly. This could include re-launching the process under a debugger if the kernel detects an image file execution option for the executable that specifies the "Debugger" option; in this case, the creation information would include a handle to the image file execution options key object such that the caller could query the path of the debugger executable.
At 404 the kernel determines if the process to be created is a secure process. In some embodiments of the invention, a request flag is passed by the creating process. If this flag is set, the image section may be created using a secure image flag that triggers signature validation before the section is created. If signature validation is successful, a secure process is created. If the flag is not set the process will be created as a non-secure process. Note a process that only ever expects to run as a secure process must protect itself against being run as a non-secure process using additional methods (i.e., querying the OS to ensure that it is running as a secure process from within code that is protected via code obfuscation and/or anti-debugging technology). At 406 if a secure process is not to be created, the kernel creates the process object and infrastructure and at 408 returns a handle to the caller with full access rights. If a secure process is to be created, the kernel may set a secure process flag, create the process object and infrastructure in kernel mode at 410 and return a handle with only partial access rights to the object to the caller at 412. At 416, if the access requested is greater than a pre-defined access level, access is denied at 418. If the access requested is not greater than a pre-defined access level, access is permitted at 420. The set of allowed accesses are described in the access table presented earlier in the document.
When a process attempts to obtain a handle to another process, the kernel monitors the access attempt.
The process may be marked as a secure process (if the process being created is a secure process). A handle is returned to the process. The access rights returned with the handle are not necessarily full access rights (unless the creator is a secure process as well). The complete set of allowed access rights is delineated in the table in the preceding section. If a request is received attempting to open a secure process or a thread within a secure process, the request is intercepted. Regardless of the security credentials of the caller, access is limited to a subset of full access privileges as defined in the preceding table; note that this access set does not include the ability to create a thread or modify or interrogate the address space. The only entity that has full access to these protected processes is the kernel. That is, no process running in user mode is able to obtain full access to the secure process.
The various techniques described herein may be implemented in connection with hardware or software or, where appropriate, with a combination of both. Thus, the methods and apparatus of the present invention, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other machine-readable storage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. In the case of program code execution on programmable computers, the computing device will generally include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. One or more programs that may utilize the creation and/or implementation of domain-specific programming models aspects of the present invention, e.g., through the use of a data processing API or the like, are preferably implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program(s) can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations.
While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiments for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating therefrom. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather should be construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims.
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|International Classification
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|Sep 3, 2005
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The color of course had to match the fru-fru (is this how you spell fru-fru?) bed skirt/prom dress skirt, and my new pillow shams with Jennifer Paganelli's fabric! (sure wish I could go to Jennifer's party today and tomorrow!)Remember the lamp I made a cute shade for? I painted the base creamy-white....in fact I painted almost everything....
Not these cute flowers on the wall...they were already white!!
But this little picture frame!
That's my mom in the middle...I love that picture!
Mind you, I am sewing a darling Amy Buttler bag for my daughter...in-between coats of paint....I will show you soon how darling the bag is! Come stay in my cute guest room, we will have a sleep over, eat chocolate, stay up late and talk; and maybe do a little hand work/sewing!


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Assistant Designer/ Graphic Designer (Fashion) (Ville St Laurent)
Assistant Designer/ Graphic Designer (Fashion) (Ville St Laurent)
- Must be Technical & Creative
- Do trend research
- Able to travel
- Be able to work well in a team.
- Good communication skills in English. Ideally bilingual
- Dealing mainly with US based clients
- Follow ups with factory
Contact Jeff Goldstein
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- Fluently Bilingual Stock Order Entry Professional - Home Fashion (Lasalle)
- Fit Spec Technician (Ville St Laurent)
- U.S. Sales Manager - Ladieswear
- Fashion Order Entry/Merchandise Allocator


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"Blockbuster Night," indeed: Run the Jewels ran rampant over the Observatory...View gallery »
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