text: Botany http://hdl.handle.net/10523/88 2017-08-20T19:10:03Z Interactions between bee species in relation to floral resources http://hdl.handle.net/10523/7487 Interactions between bee species in relation to floral resources 2017 Iwasaki, Jay Bee communities in New Zealand are composed of native and introduced bees, including honey bees (Apis mellifera), which have been in the country for over 100 years. While there is evidence from other countries that honey bees compete with native bees, the interactions within New Zealand are not well understood. In addition, the arrival in New Zealand of the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor in 2000, and the subsequent loss of feral honey bees across the country has had unknown effects on the native pollinator community. How the loss of honey bees has affected other bee species can provide insight on the potential impact of honey bees prior to introduction to New Zealand and the potential impact prior to the introduction of varroa. To determine the impact of introduced bees on native bees, resource utilisation and overlap between bee species was estimated. The potential impact of honey bees on native bees was also examined with the addition of honey bees hives at a field site on The Remarkables mountain range, Otago, New Zealand. Lastly, the potential competitive impact of honey bees on bumblebees was examined experimentally in a glasshouse. Floral resources, composed of pollen and nectar, are the main food source for adult and larval bees. Different aspects of resource overlap can be compared to estimate the potential competition between bee species. However, quantifying the amount of floral resources available is difficult in heterogeneous landscapes and so to estimate this an index of floral density per plot was created for each plant species and extrapolated by the abundance within the study sites. The flowering status of each species was then determined for each survey period and analysed with respect to the floral choices made by each bee taxon. In the field, all bee species collectively made up over 80% of floral visitors observed. Overall bees showed floral preferences that did not always correlate with floral availability. Introduced bees (honey bees and bumblebees) showed a preference for introduced plant species, Fabaceae in particular, which native bees did not generally utilise. Native bees showed widespread generalisation on both native and introduced plant species. Native and introduced bees showed minimal resource overlap and clear preferences for different plant taxa. Where there was greatest floral overlap, resources were not likely to be limiting. Competition was more likely to occur between native Lasioglossum and Leioproctus bees, and between introduced honey bees and bumblebees. The widespread utilisation for introduced plant species with longer flowering times than native plants also suggest that introduced plants may be elevating local native bee populations above historic levels. Native bee populations may have been previously limited by seasonal resource availability rather than by resource abundance. In an experimental glasshouse, where bumblebees and honey bees foraged together on artificial flowers, honey bees did not have a displacing effect on bumblebees. Honey bees and bumblebees also showed different behavioural responses to varying resource treatments, which may reflect how they respond to changes in resource availability. In response to reductions in floral quantities, honey bees showed behavioural responses consistent with a lack of recruitment of foragers. Bumblebees did not show any differences in foraging behaviour in the presence of honey bees but they did respond quickly to changes in resource quality. In contrast, honey bees were not able to differentiate between floral resource quality. The reduction in feral honey bee populations due to varroa may have resulted in an increase in resource availability throughout New Zealand. However, as native and introduced bees have different preferences for flowers, floral resources may not have been limiting and so the impact of varroa may have little impact on native bees except where local honey bee and native bee densities were particularly high. Further research should examine the respective floral choices and nest site availability of native bees in other habitats for a more complete understanding of the impact of varroa and competitive potential of introduced bees on New Zealand pollinator communities. 2017-07-31T20:55:44Z Wine Grape Bioactive Production & Release Following Leaf Plucking & Pulsed Electric Field Treatment, & Wine Industry Applications http://hdl.handle.net/10523/7039 Wine Grape Bioactive Production & Release Following Leaf Plucking & Pulsed Electric Field Treatment, & Wine Industry Applications 2017 Rozhkova, Alexandra 'Sasha' The research findings presented in this thesis describe some of the interactions that can take place between the climate and the endogenous metabolism of Vitis vinifera. Leaf plucking is a traditional vineyard management tool commercially used to mediate microclimates, optimize environmental stress exposure and minimise pathogenicity among vines. Bioactives play an important role in wine and contribute heavily to the quality and sensory attributes of the product. Pinot Noir (PN) and Sauvignon Blanc (SB) grapes from Canterbury, New Zealand were macerated to produce juice and wine used in this study. Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) treatment is a relatively new food processing method that induces electropermeabilization in the berry skins, promoting leaching and consequently extraction of vacuole bound bioactives. The main objective of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of leaf plucking and PEF processing over various maceration times, as a means of manipulating the bioactive content in grape juice and wine. The results of this study showed the application of a PEF treatment following crushing of the berries has the ability to regulate extraction of a variety of phenolics, such as the anthocyanins in PN, and the phenolic acids in SB. Microfermentation of the juice was carried out to produce a corresponding wine and the resultant analysed. Juice samples from PN treated grapes were also shown to increase Caco-2 cell viability following a peroxide stress exposure. It was shown that various levels of leaf plucking (field treatment) had less of an impact than PEF processing on many of the biochemical and quality parameters measured. The results of this study also indicate a varied response to the field treatment effect on the vitamin C content, antioxidant capacity and on the colour intensity in PN juice. The PN wine production was deemed unsuccessful due to poor berry quality and reduced yield. The SB juice samples showed a different response to the field treatment with respect to soluble sugar and vitamin C content. It was shown that SB wine made from PEF treated grapes required a shorter maceration period of 1.5 hours as opposed to 12 hours to reach similar levels of extracted phenolic compounds. Variation between the two cultivars was evident, primarily due to cultivar determined differences in berry morphology and physiology. It was therefore appropriate to present the two cultivars separately and independently of one another. An increase in the bioactive compound levels in juice and wine products has been shown to increase health promoting properties and improve the quality of red wines, while helping to reduce the risk of microbial contamination and spoilage of white wines. The local and international wine industry shows consistent economic growth. The optimization of leaf plucking and PEF processing has the commercial potential to modernize the wine industry, encourage exclusivity, and promote the quality of the final product. 2017-01-23T19:58:49Z To bend the willow: the basket willows (Salix spp.) in New Zealand http://hdl.handle.net/10523/7010 To bend the willow: the basket willows (Salix spp.) in New Zealand 2016 Mistral, Maia The young shoots (rods) of willow (Salix, Salicaceae) have been used for basketmaking for at least two thousand years. The species, hybrids and varieties used for basketmaking are known to vary in rod dimensions and flexibility. However, knowledge of such variation amongst basket willows to date remains largely experiential. As the numbers of practising basket-makers diminish worldwide, we are in danger of losing an understanding of the characteristics of a good basket willow, and the necessary cultivar diversity with it. The basket willows in New Zealand, intentional introductions from the mid-19th century onwards, provided an opportunity to investigate what constitutes a 'good' basket willow in a novel environmental and evolving social context; as a restricted assemblage of species and cultivars, and as a basket-making material. This thesis explores the role of basket-makers, entrepreneurs, nurserymen and government science in New Zealand over the past 150 years, in determining the palette of willow cultivars available to New Zealand basket-makers, and their experiences of cultivars grown under New Zealand conditions. This thesis also presents the first detailed analysis of the morphological and biophysical properties of a range of wild and cultivated first and second year Salix rods to determine if basket willow cultivars show a unique set of traits. Variation in the morphology, physical properties and flexural traits of 46 basket and shrub willow clones currently held in the New Zealand National Willow Archive and 72 wild genotypes grown under common conditions was measured. Basket and shrub willows varied considerably in mean numbers of shoots produced in their first season of growth, their length, angle of lean, degree of taper, width to length quotients, in branching patterns and shoot curvature. Variation tended to be continuous rather than discrete. Furthermore, cultivars in New Zealand did not always perform according to existing Northern Hemisphere information. However, species level differences could be detected when multiple characters were considered together. Salix viminalis and related hybrids were morphologically distinct from most other basket willows, a pattern that was also evident in their physical properties and flexural traits. The flexural traits of known basket-making cultivars, non basket-making cultivars, and wild genotypes, determined in three-point bend tests, were not consistent across species overall. The combinations of physical properties and flexural traits associated with use for basketry were species, and often cultivar specific, although toughness may be a key trait irrespective of variation in other physical and flexural traits. A good basket-willow is the outcome of a complex of morphological, mechanical, cultural, social, historical and environmental interactions. Preservation of Salix cultivar diversity is important to ensure cultivars are matched to local growing conditions and because basketmakers depend upon variation amongst cultivars in order to continue producing a large and varied range of basket-ware. We have a responsibility to ensure that domesticated willow continues to be a source of basketmaking material in the future. 2016-12-13T03:46:21Z Insights into the soil microbial communities in New Zealand indigenous tussock grasslands http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6906 Insights into the soil microbial communities in New Zealand indigenous tussock grasslands 2016 Griffith, Jocelyn Chua New Zealand indigenous tussock grassland ecosystems are highly valued for their biodiversity, as well as their natural and cultural heritage values. Extensive conversion of grasslands to agricultural land through burning, grazing and oversowing has led to calls for conservation of tussock grasslands. Areas of tussock grassland are gradually being converted into reserves for conservation and scientific research. Grassland soils harbour a diverse group of microorganisms that regulate and contribute to many biogeochemical processes. To better understand and predict how soil microbial communities will respond to environmental change, it is important to first examine the baseline microbial communities in undisturbed grasslands. Specifically this work assessed whether active and total microbial community composition and abundance differed between edaphically different indigenous grassland soils dominated by two Chionochloa tussock species. In this thesis, the abundances of nitrogen (N) cycling genes were correlated with differences in edaphic properties of the two grassland soils. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified significant differences in the microbial communities between two grassland soils dominated by closely related Chionochloa tussock grasses. These differences in composition and relative abundances were evident in both the active (rRNA-based) and total (rDNA-based) microbial communities. Amplicon sequencing of the nifH gene, encoding for nitrogenase gene, also identified differences in the total nitrogen (N2)-fixing communities between the two grassland soils. The active community was less diverse than the total community in both soils, and many rare phyla were enriched in the active microbial community. Results from this study showed that more than half of all operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the Chionochloa grassland soils could be dormant. Furthermore, transcript ratios of nifH and amoA (encoding for ammonia-monooxygenase) to rpoB showed significant inter-site variation, as quantified by RT-qPCR. This thesis showed differential abundances of N cycling genes in the active microbial community in natural, undisturbed grassland soils with different edaphic properties. Characterising the structure, abundance and functional potential of microbial communities is important as they may serve as bioindicators reflecting not only the N status of soils, but general health of soils in the event of anthropogenic and natural disturbances. 2016-11-09T01:38:57Z Multiple-stressor effects of agricultural stressors on stream benthic communities: Using genetic tools and biological traits to complement ecological research http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6842 Multiple-stressor effects of agricultural stressors on stream benthic communities: Using genetic tools and biological traits to complement ecological research 2016 Salis, Romana Katerina Most ecosystems are subject to multiple anthropogenic stressors acting simultaneously, impacting biodiversity across all levels from genotypes to ecosystems. Stressors may interact, resulting in non-additive effects that cannot be predicted from the effects of the individual stressors and can exacerbate the degradation of ecosystems and biodiversity loss. One of the greatest threats to freshwater biodiversity is agricultural intensification, with streams draining agricultural catchments impacted by elevated levels of nutrients, agricultural chemicals such as nitrification inhibitors, deposition of fine sediment on the stream bed and reduction in discharge and water velocity due to water abstraction for irrigation. For practical purposes, community measures and higher-level taxonomic groups are often the focus of studies assessing the impacts of stressors on stream ecosystems. This means key components of biodiversity are often overlooked. The use of genetic methods such as DNA barcoding and high-throughput sequencing may help overcome problems with morphological identification and allow the study of entire communities in their environment. Additionally, the use of species traits can provide insights into the mechanisms driving the effects on ecosystem functioning. To investigate the effects of stressors on stream ecosystems, I performed two surveys of 43 streams sites in southern New Zealand spanning wide gradients of agricultural stressors (nutrients and fine sediment) in autumn and spring. General linear models and an information-theoretic model selection approach were used to examine stressor relationships with benthic algal taxa and traits (Chapter 3), and species of the important invertebrate bioindicator taxa Potamopyrgus and Deleatidium (identified using DNA barcoding) (Chapter 2). These surveys were followed by two field experiments in 128 stream-fed outdoor mesocosms. The first investigated the individual and combined effects of the nitrification inhibitor DCD, along with nutrient enrichment and fine sediment on benthic algal taxa and traits (Chapter 4). The second experiment focused on mimicking dynamics in real streams where DCD concentrations peaked after rainfall events. Again, interactions of DCD with other stressors were examined, in this case nutrients, sediment and stream flow velocity. The individual and combined effects of these stressors on algal taxa and traits (Chapter 5) and benthic bacterial communities using high-throughput amplicon sequencing (Chapter 6) were investigated. The results of the stream surveys indicated that nutrients and sediment were influential stressors for the algal community and the two invertebrate bioindicator taxa. Algae also showed strong seasonal changes, with community composition changing significantly between the two sampling periods. Due to these seasonal differences and high variability of community composition between sites, algal traits tended to be a more useful tool than taxonomic composition for the investigation of stressor effects. With regard to the invertebrates, Potamopyrgus (consisting of a single species) showed positive relationships to nutrients and sediment, whereas Deleatidium abundance was unrelated to stressor levels when assessed at the genus level. However, Deleatidium was found to consist of 12 distinct genetically identified clades, with the three most abundant clades showing contrasting relationships to the stressors. These results indicate that species within a genus can differ substantially in their tolerance to stressors and respond in more complex ways than observed at the genus level, highlighting the benefits of including molecular techniques in ecological research. In the first experiment, sediment addition and nutrient enrichment (and their interactions) had pervasive effects on the algal community as expected. DCD, however, had relatively few and weak effects, despite experimental DCD concentrations including extreme levels above those found in real streams. In experiment two, which tested four stressors, sediment and flow velocity reduction had highly pervasive effects on the algal community. Nutrient addition was less pervasive, but effects were greater in magnitude and frequency than DCD. DCD addition applied at realistic concentrations and in realistic pulses, had fewer negative effects compared to the constant application and extreme concentrations tested in experiment 1. However algal communities in both experiments were affected by interactions between DCD and the other stressors, indicating that DCD could have negative effects on algal communities in streams impacted by multiple stressors. In contrast to the algal communities, the bacterial community in experiment 2 was strongly influenced by DCD. DCD is intended to target ammonium-oxidising bacteria in soil while having little effect on the overall bacterial community. For stream bacteria, however, DCD had the most pervasive effects on bacterial community evenness and prevalence of almost all common taxa. This was followed by sediment, then velocity reduction, whereas nutrient enrichment had surprisingly little effect. These results highlight the potential of threats by DCD to freshwater ecosystems. Stressor interactions, including synergisms and antagonisms, were found, indicating that interactions between these agricultural stressors need to be accounted for when assessing agricultural impacts on stream ecosystems. 2016-10-16T20:08:32Z Mycorrhizal status of rushes and sedges in New Zealand http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6828 Mycorrhizal status of rushes and sedges in New Zealand 1973 Powell, Conway Ll. 1. 18% of rush and sedge field samples were infected with endomycorrhizal fungi. 2. In pot experiments, rushes and sedges remained nonmycorrhizal in soils of Truog P ≤ 3.6 1 μg /ml, despite inoculation with rush and sedge mycorrhizas from the field and with known endogonaceous symbionts. 3. In poor soils, rushes and sedges made growth comparable with that of mycorrhizal Leptospermum scoparium and outgrew mycorrhizal Poa colensoi and achieved shoot P concentrations comparable to those which decreased mycorrhizal infection in Leptospermum and Poa. 4. Rushes and sedges achieved extensive root absorbing surface through a combination of high root productivity, large root length/root weight ratio, and long and persistent root hairs. 5. It is suggested that failure to form mycorrhizas is due to rapid P uptake by the extensive root absorbing surface resulting in high plant P concentrations early in seedling growth, inhibitory to mycorrhizal fungi. 2016-10-10T03:13:04Z Effects of Ocean Acidification, Temperature and Copper on the development of early life stages of the Native Kelp Macrocystis Pyrifera and the Invasive Kelp Undaria Pinnatifida from Southern New Zealand http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6791 Effects of Ocean Acidification, Temperature and Copper on the development of early life stages of the Native Kelp Macrocystis Pyrifera and the Invasive Kelp Undaria Pinnatifida from Southern New Zealand 2016 Leal Sandoval, Pablo Patricio Anthropogenic activities have increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations from pre-industrial concentrations of 280 ppm to current values of 400 ppm. These atmospheric emissions of CO2 are responsible for the ongoing increase in seawater temperature and the reduction of pH in the ocean' surface, phenomena known as ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA), respectively. Model-based projections indicate that the global ocean surface temperature will increase by 4°C whereas the pH will decrease from a current 8.10 to 7.74 by 2100. However, these two global events are not occurring in isolation because anthropogenic activities also threatens coastal environments at local levels. For instance, in coastal environments, natural concentrations of copper are low but are increasing due to human industrialization. In addition, the speciation and bioavailability of copper in seawater is highly dependent on seawater chemistry. Therefore, reductions in seawater pH due to OA will increase the toxic, free ionic form of copper in oceans by 20% by the end of the current century. These abiotic changes can have important impacts on marine biota and ecosystems. Fleshy (non-calcifying) macroalgae such as those that belong to the Order Laminariales are important components of coastal environments. Macroalgae, as sessile organisms, are exposed to constant changes in abiotic factors and the community dynamics (e.g., growth and reproduction) depend on their tolerance to stress. Despite their importance, few studies have focused on the effects of OW, OA and/or copper pollution on fleshy macroalgae and even less have focused on their early life stages. Early life stages have been reported to be the most sensitive phase of the macroalgal life cycle to stressors. Therefore, the main purpose of this work was to evaluate the separate and interactive effects of seawater temperature, pH and copper concentration on the development of microscopic stages of the native kelp M. pyrifera and the invasive kelp U. pinnatifida from southern New Zealand. The first result of this work was that, in M. pyrifera, sporogenesis occurred in basal sporophylls (specialized reproductive laminae) as well as in non-reproductive laminae such as pneumatocyst-bearing adult blade and young apical scimitars. The sorus surface area was greater on sporophylls (57%) than in adult blades and young scimitars (25%). Meiospore release was greater in apical scimitars, followed by adult blades and sporophylls. However, germination of meiospores from different laminae was not significantly different, indicating that meiospores produced in all types of fertile laminae were equally viable. The first climate change-related experiment consisted of monitoring meiospore development of M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida cultured under four seawater pH treatments (pH 7.20, extreme OA predicted for 2300; pH 7.65, OA predicted for 2100; pH 8.01, ambient pH; and pH 8.40, pre-industrial pH) for 15 days. Reduced seawater pH (7.20 and 7.65) had no effects on meiospore germination but had positive effects on germling growth rates and gametophyte size of both species compared to higher pH (8.01 and 8.40). Gametophyte sex ratio was biased towards females under all pH treatments. Germling growth rate under OA was significantly higher in M. pyrifera compared to U. pinnatifida but gametophyte development was equal for both kelps under all seawater pH treatments, indicating that the microscopic stages of the native M. pyrifera and the invasive U. pinnatifida will respond similarly to OA. The second experiment climate change-related experiment consisted of monitoring meiospore development of M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida cultured under four seawater pH treatments (pH 7.20, 7.65, 8.03, and 8.40) and two temperature treatments (12°C, ambient temperature; and 16°C, OW predicted for 2100) for 15 days. Reduced seawater pH and elevated temperature had no effects on meiospore development and positive effects on germling growth rates and gametophyte size of both species compared to higher pH (8.01 and 8.40) and lower temperature (12°C), whereas gametophyte sex ratio was not affected by the interaction between the two factors. Despite some small differences between species, results of this experiment suggest that microscopic stages of the native M. pyrifera and the invasive U. pinnatifida will respond similarly to OA and OW. The single effects of the local stressor, copper pollution, on the development of M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida meiospore were examined. After settlement, meiospores of both kelps were exposed to five nominal copper treatments (control, 100, 200, 300 and 400 µg L-1 Cu) for 9 days. Analyses of total dissolved copper (CuT) concentrations in the blanks showed that nominal copper concentrations were reduced to 54, 91, 131 and 171 µg L-1 CuT (i.e., > 50% of the CuT was adsorbed onto the culture vessel walls). In the media with meiospores, the CuT also decreased: to 39, 86, 97 and 148 µg L-1 CuT in M. pyrifera, and to 39, 65, 97 and 146 µg L-1 CuT in U. pinnatifida (i.e., 6 – 15% of the dissolved copper was adsorbed by the cells). Meiospore germination decreased with increasing copper concentrations but gametogenesis was arrested under all copper treatments. The effective copper concentration causing 50% of arrested germination (Cu EC50) was higher for U. pinnatifida (231 µg L-1 CuT) than for M. pyrifera (157 µg L-1 CuT), suggesting ecological success for the invasive species in copper polluted environments; however, the subsequent inhibition of gametogenesis under all copper treatments indicated no difference in copper tolerance between both kelp early life stages. The reduction of CuT during the previous experiment occurred because copper might be adsorbed onto glass and/or plastic and this can be avoided using a proper trace metal clean procedure. Therefore, a review on the methodologies used in the literature on copper ecotoxicology of marine macro- and microalgae, specifically the use of trace metal clean procedures such as the labware used (glassware vs plasticware), methods of cleaning the labware (acid soaking and ultrapure water rinsing), stock solution preparation (copper source and acidification), and measurement and reporting of dissolved copper concentrations was performed. The main results of this review were that 50% of the articles did not specify the laboratory–ware, 25% used glassware and 25% plasticware; only ~30% of the studies specified cleaning protocols for labware to remove trace metal impurities; the copper form used to prepare the stock solutions was specified in ~80% of studies but acidification to stabilize the dissolved copper was performed in only ~20%; and the dissolved copper concentration was measured in only ~30% of studies. Based on these finding, a trace metal procedure was recommended for conducting copper ecotoxicological studies. A four-factor experiment was performed to investigate the interactive effects of OA, OW and copper pollution on the meiospore development of M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida. Meiospores of both species were cultured under two seawater pH treatments (7.65 and 8.16), and two temperature treatments (12 and 16°C), and to the species-specific Cu-EC50 for 18 days. In both species, meiospore germination and germling growth rates significantly decreased in the copper treatment, irrespective of pH and temperature whereas gametophyte development for both species was inhibited by copper in all pH and temperature treatments. These results suggest that a local stressor (e.g., copper) is more important to the development of microscopic stages of M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida than global climate change factors. In summary, results of this study indicate that meiospore development of M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida will be able to tolerate future OA and OW. That tolerance might be related to: 1) macro- and microscopic stages of both kelps being able to use HCO3- and CO2 to support photosynthesis, therefore, the higher CO2(aq) availability due to OA (pH 7.20 to 7.65) will not affect their physiology; and 2) both M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida have a wide temperature tolerance (4 to 30C°) which may allow them to perform well in a future warmer ocean (+ 4C°). In contrast, relatively high copper concentrations inhibited meiospore development of both kelp species. This finding indicates that local drivers (e.g., copper pollution) may be more important to physiological processes during meiospore development than global climate change factors. Furthermore, the responses of meiospores to the experimental abiotic factors (i.e., OA, OW and Cu) were similar between the study species, indicating that the invasive U. pinnatifida is unlikely to have an advantage over the native M. pyrifera in natural coastal environments. 2016-09-26T19:53:26Z Aspects of Alpha-niche differentiation in an herbaceous community http://hdl.handle.net/10523/6617 Aspects of Alpha-niche differentiation in an herbaceous community 2016 Lawrence Lodge, Rachael Helen Elizabeth Alpha-niche differentiation arises when plant species use resources differently enough to co-exist and persist within a community (Wilson 2011). If alpha-niche differentiation is occurring at a fine scale, a community including non-random groupings of species with divergent functional traits is expected (de Bello et al. 2009). The Botany Lawn community offers a unique opportunity to investigate alpha-niche differentiation as non-random groupings of the most abundant species; the "intrinsic guilds" have already been identified by Wilson and Roxburgh (1994). In this thesis, investigations focussed on functional traits which potentially allow alpha-niche differentiation at a fine scale with regard to the light and nutrient (resource) niches. Functional traits of fourteen of the intrinsic guild species were examined and agreement sought between species' traits and their intrinsic guild membership, i.e. divergent traits between non-random groupings of species indicating the occurrence of alpha-niche differentiation. This thesis compliments and extends previous research seeking to identify mechanisms of alpha-niche differentiation within the Botany Lawn community. Mason and Wilson (2006) suggested differences in nutrient strategy were the basis for a mechanism driving community structure while Brownstein (2011) found agreement between intrinsic guild membership and growth responses under altered light conditions. The potential partitioning of the light niche was explored in two separate experiments. In the first, species were characterised by their relative growth rates and biomass allocation under ambient (high-) versus shaded (low-) light conditions. In the second experiment, antioxidant metabolism responses to light-mediated stress were assessed using reciprocal transfers between high and low light conditions. Aspects of the nutrient niche as a means for alpha-niche differentiation were addressed in three further experiments. The first of these compared nutrient contents, relative growth rates and biomass allocation when nitrate and phosphate were omitted or supplied. Uptake of various forms of nitrogen or phosphorus, differing in their biological availabilities, were the focus of the remaining experiments. Evidence for alpha-niche differentiation was mixed. Species differed in their functional traits throughout the experiments which, in theory at least, reflect differences in resource use. Agreement between species' functional traits and their intrinsic guild membership was limited and appeared to be driven more by inherent differences than in response to the conditions. The clear exception was the greater antioxidant metabolism responses of intrinsic guild A compared to intrinsic guild B. The relationship between the measured species' traits and intrinsic guilds and the benefits of employing such an approach are examined. Based on these results, it was unclear whether alpha-niche differentiation of the light or nutrient niches is driving the observed intrinsic guild structure of the Botany Lawn. While this thesis focussed on one resource niche at a time, trait responses dictating the competitive ability of a species are not expected to operate in isolation. Antioxidant metabolism responds to a range of abiotic- and biotic-derived oxidative stress and appears to be involved in longer term hormonal and growth responses. The use of antioxidant metabolism traits represents a novel avenue for exploration of alpha-niche differentiation in plant community ecology and warrants further attention. 2016-06-22T04:46:01Z


text:
Aegion Corporation Construction Operator with CDL in Sand Springs, Oklahoma
Corrpro Companies, Inc. is looking for an experienced Construction Equipment Operator with a CDL.
Corrpro, an Aegion company, is North America's largest corrosion engineering, cathodic protection, and corrosion monitoring business for the protection and preservation of infrastructure. Corrpro provides professional corrosion consulting and cathodic protection engineering services to major oil companies, government agencies, municipal water, sewer and gas utilities, universities, and public transportation agencies. Corrpro has complete construction installation services, including crews and equipment to install any type of cathodic protection system for any type of structure. For more details, visit www.corrpro.com .
Will perform duties involved with operating equipment and installing materials for construction service projects
Review field file with foreman or project manager to understand job requirements for materials and installation
Ensure that job materials and equipment are ready before starting work
Operate construction equipment job to meet job specifications and customer requirements
Notify Foreman of unanticipated field changes and suggest possible alternatives
Operate and maintain company vehicles and equipment safely at all times
Report vehicle and equipment maintenance requirements to construction foreman
Document and record IFTA mileage reports for monthly tax payments by the company
Maintain a valid driver's license and CDL driver's rating
Participate in weekly toolbox safety meetings and document equipment safety inspection audits
Document deficiencies in safety practices/equipment to the construction foreman
Valid driver's license with a CDL
Outdoor construction labor and equipment operating experience
Experience in cathodic protection installations helpful
NACE certification as a Corrosion Tester helpful
Be able to effectively communicate with both customers and fellow employees
Adjust to work-related demands without becoming frustrated
Persist at difficult tasks despite unexpected obstacles
Demonstrate conscientiousness and dependability to produce results
Must be able to travel overnight extensively
Our company offers a Competitive Salary with Career Growth Opportunities and a Full Benefits Package including Medical, Dental and Vision Insurance, Matching 401k, Annual Bonus Potential, Tuition Assistance, Paid Time Off, and much more.
Aegion Corporation and its subsidiaries are equal opportunity employers. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to, among other things, race, religion, color, national origin, sex, age, status as a protected veteran, or status as a qualified individual with disability.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Graphic Designer
- Recruiter
- The Westin Doha
- Location
- Doha
- Posted
- 01 Dec 2016
- Closes
- 01 Feb 2017
- Ref
- 65833396en
- Job Type
- Sales & Marketing
- Sector
- Hotel
- Job Level
- Non-Management
Marriott International is the world's leading global hospitality company, with more brands, more hotels and more opportunities for associates to grow and succeed. With 5,700 properties, you'll find us in your neighborhood and in more than 110 countries across the globe. Learn about our 30 hotel brands at www.marriott.com/marriott-brands.mi. Find Your World.™
The Westin Doha Hotel & Spa, located in the heart of Doha, is set to become the business ultimate destination & entertainment center.
The hotel is the 4th Starwood property in Qatar; it will count with 365 rooms & suites including 2 presidential suites and 5 bungalows, 5 restaurants & bars, almost 3000sqm of meeting & events facilities, business center, dedicated female and male Spa area, 2 outdoor & 1 indoor pools, and a state-of-the-art fitness center.
Job Description
• To produce and monitor all marketing communication related to the property.
• To establish excellent communications channels to internal and external customers and corporate communications
• To maintain and continually improve the Hotel's image through all forms of marketing activity.
To create, maintain and continually improve Restaurant & Bars image through all forms of marketing activity.
• To be aware of political, economic and competitor marketing activities, which may impact the business and report weekly and monthly.
• To pro-actively promote all potential sources within the property, including events & activities which lead to increased exposure through in house marketing tools:-
o Website
o Touch screen
o Interactive TV
o internal monthly Newsletter
• To communicate special events related to business or staff achievements in order to maintain a pro-active image of the hotel through in house marketing tools.
• To supervise the production of existing and new print material/collateral and ensure the adherence to brand standards.
• To assist with all hotel collateral updates.
• To assist with the planning and co-ordination of advertising and promotion programmes for The Westin Doha Hotel & Spa and client partner events held at The Westin Doha Hotel & Spa
Assist with all agencies on all matters related to creative and media planning as per the media plan.
• Assist with implementation of the annual & monthly Marketing, Advertising & PR Plan as directed.
• To develop ideas and participate in the preparations of promotional theme events and promotional activities
• To assist with in-house communications to inform activities and future plans for both internal and external customers.
• Perform all duties and responsibilities in a timely and efficient manner in accordance with established company policies and procedures to achieve overall objectives of this position
• To understand and strictly adhere to the Rules & Regulations established in the Employees Handbook, policy on Fire, Hygiene, Health & Safety, Hazard Management, Employee Rules & Regulations
• Perform any other duties as assigned to him/her by Manager or Supervisor.
•Supervision & management of administrative systems: including monitoring of project costs, PR contacts database, hotel information, photograph, slide & video library, distributing of PR releases, monitoring, measuring & recording of all media clippings & impressions
•Management of PR Budget
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Community Service Involvement and Associate Recognition:
•Assist with special events and other community projects
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•Involvement in occasion Marketing projects
- Assisting with destination website
-dealing with advertorial, reader promotions in papers
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•Implementation of Marketing strategies, through quality collateral design for both E- and printed collaterals, which are market-focused, supportive of Sales & Marketing plans and in line with key priorities identified by Head of Marketing.
•Ability to maintain complete confidentiality at all times
•High degree of personal loyalty & integrity
•Team player – with a sense of humor even in the face of adversity
• Proficient with following marketing and creative software:
o Camera Nixon D3
o Apple LED Cinema Display
o Blue Ray DVD Writer
o Adobe CS4 Version
• Writing & Communication skills
• Presentation skills – Public Speaking
• Integrity & trustworthiness
• Customer focus
• Interpersonal and intercultural skills
• Motivational skills
• Planning & organizational skills
• Self-confidence and conviction
• Understand and work within pre-set budgetary limits
• Comply with Starwood policies
• Comply with all systems and procedures as laid down by the Starwood.
• Creativity
• Stress Management
• Self-Development
• Communication & Listening Skills
• MS applications
• Camera Nixon D3
• Apple LED Cinema Display
• Blue Ray DVD Writer
• Adobe CS4 Version
Hiring - Single Status.
Must have been In a similar position within five star hotels, or agency overall proven track record in luxury brand Marketing, for a period of minimum 2 years. More experience preferred. Arabic language is a plus


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Listen to free music by Kathy Raimey
Blip.fm is internet radio made social. It's easy to search for, play, and discover free music recommended by real people. Join today to create your own free station.
Kathy Raimey – Quiet Rain
Kathy Raimey
Quiet Rain
Kathy Raimey songs played by Blip.fm DJs
czybulski welcome rb @kathyraimey Kathy Raimey – Flowers of Fire Returns (reblip)
Kathy Raimey – Flowers of Fire Returns| play
kathyraimey Thanks for the well-wishes! Enjoying my birthday and grateful 2 be "Still Moving" ;-) It's release has had delays but is "still forthcoming!"...hehe!
kathyraimey "I believe the lasting revolution comes from deep changes in ourselves which influence our collective life" Anais Nin
czybulski rb @kathyraimey: "For times of hibernation..." Kathy Raimey – Bear Dreams (reblip)
Kathy Raimey – Bear Dreams| play
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czybulski inspired by @anjui_san ... rb @kathyraimey Kathy Raimey – A Call to Hearts (reblip)
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Praised by the New York Times for singing "sublimely" and described as "superb, with a voice of penetrating beauty, precision and variegated colours" (Sydney Morning Herald), New York-based Australian soprano Jane Sheldon has sung under the direction of William Christie, Charles Dutoit, Antony Walker, and Reinbert de Leeuw. Specialising in early music and active in the creation and performance of new works, she has performed with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, Pinchgut Opera, Boston Camerata, Sydney Symphony, Halcyon, The Song Company, Synergy Percussion and the Australian Brandenburg Orchestra. She has appeared in New York City Opera's Vox Festival (2012), and in the MATA Festival (2014) as a member of Ekmeles. She is a member of the acclaimed touring ensemble for composer John Zorn, and has also appeared with Boston's Sound Icon and Firebird Ensemble, and New York's Wet Ink. In 2011 Jane was awarded Performance of the Year at the Australian Art Music Award s for The Origin Cycle, a work she co-commissioned. Jane's recent album, North + South, was nominated for Best Classical Album of 2013 at the ARIA awards.
Jane's concerts
[events_list limit=5 pagination=1 tag=1224]
Blog posts and interviews with Jane
[display-posts tag="jane-sheldon" image_size="thumbnail" wrapper="div" include_date="true" date_format="M j, Y" include_excerpt="true"]
Find out more & connect
Jane's recordings


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Back at the decks at Brass Monkey! We absolutely love that bar! Ah, the smell of tiki drinks on fire…! Don't miss out if you're passing through Copenhagen.
Back at the decks at Brass Monkey! We absolutely love that bar! Ah, the smell of tiki drinks on fire…! Don't miss out if you're passing through Copenhagen.
We had a fab night as NYC-based dj Sheila B. made a stop in Copenhagen on her European tour, invited by John Berchtold to Mesteren and laerlingen. She made the Danish crowd go crazy by spinning some stunning tunes from her vast collection! Great meeting her and getting the opportunity to bring her a little Swedish souvenir: Sylvia Vrethammar's cover of Son of a preacher man in Swedish. It was later played by Sheila on her amazing radio show at wfmu.org We loved your set, Sheila!
On Saturday October 10th me and my lovely wife Morticia have the great pleasure to celebrate our wedding anniversary in the best way we could ever think of…behind the decks at the famous Copenhagen tiki bar full of atmosphere, Brass Monkey! Come on over for a luscious drink or try out their biggest collection of rhum in Copenhagen while we mix you a cocktail of pure vinyl!
Last gig at Mesteren & Laerlingen was completely crazy! People were dancing everywhere, non stop for five hours! I'm really looking forward to get back to this rockin' joint in Copenhagen! As usual I'm gonna share the decks with my fabulous partner in crime – DJ Morticia. She's bringing some new stuff in her ruby red beauty box full of wild gals from 50s & 60s! Can't wait!
Sharing the turntables with Denmark's mostest Monkey Club master – DJ Dusty Wax on Thursday 20th of August at 50s Rockers Concert Party which is a part of the Magic Carpet Festival in Copenhagen. Wild party, wild rock'n'roll and vintage motorcycles. Best way to end the summer.
Dig or dance while me and the fabulous DJ Morticia are spinning some wicked 45s at Mesteren & Laerlingen in Copenhagen!


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"A table, a chair, a bowl of fruit and a violin; what else does a man need to be happy?" ~Albert Einstein
We've talked about how feeling gratitude prompts the universe to send you more experiences, people, and things to be grateful for.
So, to increase this phenomenon let's start a gratitude practice. You are going to love your life! Tomorrow morning when you wake up, don't rush out of bed, running around trying to get everything done before you rush off to work. Close your eyes again for one minute and think about some of the things you are grateful for. I usually think about how grateful I am for my incredibly comfortable bed. It's like a cocoon of soft warmth and comfort. I think about how lucky I am that I have running water and can go brush my pearly whites. I'm thankful my dog wags her tail whenever she sees me! It's nice to be loved! My children and grandchildren love me! I have sisters to share my life with! I had wonderful teachers growing up. I like music. I can stretch the muscles of my healthy body before I climb out of bed and that feels good.
If you find it hard at first to practice gratitude before you get out of bed or first thing in the morning, then practice it while you commute to work. In the car or on the train you can take a good accounting of your many blessings. Some may find it hard to practice gratitude at all, thinking that they have nothing for which to be grateful. It's not easy when you feel you have been thrown a rotten apple of a life. But, if you think that way, so it will be. It's the law. There are things to be grateful for. The beauty of nature is free. Watching people enjoy life and love each other is free. Laughter is free. A hug is free. Life is free. Making someone else smile is free.
Express your gratitude. Tell you friends and family every good little thing you like about them. Let them know you feel lucky to have them in your life. They are all miracles! I can choose to appreciate everything in my life and see how fortunate and lucky I am. I can value this beautiful earth and understand how lucky I am to be surrounded by the miracle of life, the majesty of nature. Or I can choose not to see it and dwell on negative circumstances and miss out on all the miracles!
Live as if everything is a miracle. When I wake up in the morning and know that I have another wonderful day on the amazing earth I am grateful. I'm grateful for another day to try to make someone's life better in any small way I can. I'm grateful I can give someone directions or smile at them. I'm grateful for the light peeking through the curtains.
It's a miracle we evolved to become what we are. Our nature is to be loving, kind, and compassionate. Our energy is love. I don't know if we can measure the vibrational frequency of emotions, but I would venture to guess that love and gratitude are at the highest frequency, while fear and hate are at the lowest. But, the most important thing I believe is that love is greater than fear.
I'm no Einstein but I know that life is more fun and fulfilling when we choose gratitude and love. And when we see everything as a miracle!
Thankfully there are more affirmations:
- I am so lucky to be part of the energy that makes this universe a beautiful and joyous experience.
- I am one with nature. I am present for each glorious moment of my life.
- I am blessed with all that I need to live a life of love and joy.
- I am fortunate to have wonderful friends and family. We hold each other in love and respect. (On another note, this is an especially good affirmation if you are having a conflict with someone, i.e.; My daughter and I hold each other in love and respect.)
- I choose to appreciate everything in my life and know how fortunate I am.
- I am grateful for…..(fill in the blank, you know what it is!)
Visualize yourself standing in nature and breathing in the beauty!


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An endless love for God, for family,
for people, for music, for life.
Music is what I do with passion but it's not who I am. I'm a father of three amazing kids. I'm a husband who is blessed to be married to a wonderful wife. I'm a minister of the Gospel and I have a deep love for the body of Christ especially for each and every church leader I meet and serve. I have pastored 2 churches and assisted in other church plants in 4 different states. Instead of asking Him to join me, I'm personally striving to join God in what He is doing each and every day. In this season of my life God is allowing me to use the gift of music along with over 20 years of church ministry experience as a means to reconcile everyone to God through The Gospel of Jesus Christ.
I look forward to meeting and serving you,


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(Dolch) - I & II -LP
Amongst the many releases of this year (quite a few with a really good quality, but honestly the amount of releases this year was massive) it makes sense a significant number of them to pass unnoticed. Unfortunately. Ván Records has the reputation of a label that releases a certain amount of records and I always take a peek in its catalog. I was familiar with the name (DOLCH) and I had heard two songs from their first demo, completely coincidentally. Their music wasn't bad, but something was missing. Now, this is essentially a collection that contains the band's two demos (and only demos so far), in which we can listen to 7 re – recorded songs (6 + 1 outro), with the addition of bass guitar that gives extra volume and dynamics to the compositions. Dark, extremely atmospheric. If I had to include their music into some musical idiom or put a label on it, I would say that the black / doom genre flirts a lot with the truth, but then again we wouldn't be that accurate. The band's music could be used as a soundtrack for some sort of movie, with the female vocals perfectly matching the style of the compositions and the aesthetics they're serving. We wouldn't be surprised by any mysterious or occult lyrical approach, though I haven't read the lyrics to confirm that statement. There are elements of ambient music, reminding the later works of Burzum, while still there are bits and pieces of industrial music -not too many, yet they're easily heard- while the first track of the record "Bahrelied" reminds me of the song of the end titles of the film "28 Days Later", with an even darker touch. Maybe we should blame the fact that the record was released midsummer (07/25/2015). Or maybe, this is the fate of some releases… to be appreciated by just a few. The artwork is amazing, even though it's plain. It's a proof that the release is meticulously well – crafted. The seven-minute industrial track "Maschine", as well as the track "Das Auge", unarguably stand out. Worth it.


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Property Details
332 Rio Del Oro Lane,
Sacramento, California CA 95825-6324
Sold For: $355,000
Est. Monthly Payment: $1,567.52 See Details
Listing ID 17017437 3 Bedrooms 3 Full Baths 1,829 Square Feet 0.040 Acres
Property Description:
This light and open 3 bedroom, 3 bath home features high ceilings in a great location. Close to restaurants and shopping, this home is tucked into the rear of the complex allowing for views of trees and open areas. The large skylight welcomes you to the kitchen which opens to a large living room with high ceilings and fireplace. The master and upstairs bedroom have vaulted ceilings and lots of space. The master bedroom deck is perfect to enjoy the day. Plus a downstairs bedroom and full bath
{"zipcode": "95825", "price": "365000"}
Down Payment
Credit Score
Loan Amount
Loan Type
Leigh Rutledge
Email: email@example.com
Cell Phone: (916) 612-6911
Primary Features
Construction: Frame
County: Sacramento
Energy Features: Skylight
Equipment: Cable TV Available
Exterior: Other-Rmks
Fireplace Description: Living Room
Floor Covering(s): Carpet, Linoleum/Vinyl, Tile
Foundation: Concrete Slab
Garage: 1 Car Attached
Heat: Central, Electric
Kitchen Description: Counter Ceramic
Lot Square Footage: 1742
Property Subtype: Attached
Property Subtype 1: Condo
School County: Sacramento
School Name 1: San Juan Unified
Stories: 2
Year Built: 1979
Zoning: RD20
Interior Features
Air: Central
Baths Other: Tub w/Shower Over
Dining Description: Dining Bar, Formal Area
Dining Room: 11x12
Kitchen: 10x10
Kitchen Appliances: Dishwasher, Disposal, Range Elec B/I
Kitchen Area: 100
Laundry Description: 220 Volt Hook-Up, Inside Area
Living Room: 14x18
Master Bath: Closet Walk-In, Shower Stall(s)
Master Bedroom Area: 176
Master Bedroom Dimensions: 11x16
No. of Fireplaces: 1
Location Information
Area: 10825
Census Tract: 54.04
Cross Street Address: Fair Oaks Blvd
Directions: From Fair Oaks Blvd between Howe and Fulton Ave, Rio del Oro Lane is off the frontage street (still Fair Oaks Blvd) to the right of the parking lot for Ettore restaurant/bakers.
School Name 2: San Juan Unified
School Name 3: San Juan Unified
Street Suffix: Lane
Construction Est. End: 0000-00-00
Improvements: Curbs/Gutters
Remodeled/Updated: Unknown
Restrictions: Parking
Room Description: Downstairs Bedroom
Square Footage Source: Assessor/Auto-Fill
Water: Public District
Financial Details
HOA Dues: 250
HOA Dues Include: Assn Mgmt, Maint Grounds, Road
HOA Payment Schedule: Monthly
Search Price: 365000.00
Utilities: 220 Volts, All Electric
External Features
Number of Garage Spaces: 1
Pool: None
Road Description: Private
Roof Description: Comp Shingle
Sewer: In & Connected
Site Description: Level
Zoning Info
Listing Courtesy of Dunnigan, REALTORS
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- The inner wall
The inner wall
Written by listed counsellor/psychotherapist: Judith Schuepfer-Griffin Registered MBACP, BA Hons
7th November, 20150 Comments
Many of us grew up in families where one didn't talk about feelings. Maybe it was seen as self-indulgent or it was just experienced as embarrassing. So we never learned to deal with feelings, especially difficult ones, in a constructive way. They were either acted out through screaming and shouting, through aggressive or even violent behaviour, through harsh words and criticism, or they were bottled up and dismissed. Maybe we were asked sometimes: "How are you?" and we responded: "Yeah fine, not too bad". Probably nobody ever insisted and said: "No, how are you really? How do you feel? What's on your mind?" We stay at a safe distance from each other and make sure nobody ever gets too close to how we really feel.
This may be the appropriate thing in a social situation but not in a relationship or family. There won't be real closeness if we can't talk to each other about our innermost feelings. Children will then never learn that there are other ways to deal with difficult feelings than acting them out or bottling them up, and that the results will be different if we act angrily and aggressively or swallow the anger, or if we say: "This makes me really angry!" and the response would be: "Right, I understand! Do you want to tell me why this makes you angry?" (or sad or scared etc.). If we are allowed to express our emotions, including the pleasant ones like happiness or excitement, and are heard by someone who really wants to know, we learn to be aware of them and to understand them. We also learn that to express emotions in this way creates closeness. It's how love comes about! If there is a mountain of unspoken feelings between us, then we lose sight of each other, we feel lonely, and the love we might have felt for the other person at one time gets buried under a heap of rubble. It's still there but we can't feel it anymore. But if we learn to speak and to listen to one another, then love will come back.
This is of course not as easy as it sounds. If it feels dangerous to speak about feelings, if we are scared to be rejected or humiliated, then that is probably what happened to us in our childhood. We then learned to build defences, like an inner wall, that protected us from hurt. But later this inner wall will get in the way; it won't allow us to be really close to someone else. We might still long for closeness but at the same time we won't let anybody come close and we'll push them away without even realising it.
Counselling can help you to bring love back into your life!
About the author
My name is Judith, and I'm writing in the way I do because I would like to make psychological thinking more accessible for everyone. I have noticed that it often helps to create a context within which new ideas make more sense. With my articles I'm trying to create that context and hopefully also an enjoyable reading experience.
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Chryssa Chalkia Psychotherapist UKCP, BACP & HIPC reg. MA. Adv.Dip. BSc.18th August, 2017
- When trust is lacking in a relationship
Fe Robinson UKCP, MBACP14th August, 2017
- Self-esteem in relationships
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- Summer holidays - help me!
Nadia Wyatt Registered Member MBACP FInsLM CNHC EMDR7th July, 2017
- Encouraging our children to leave their comfort zone
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- Children and anger
Lindsey Wilde Ad. Dip. Child and Family27th June, 2017
Counselling Directory is not responsible for the articles published by members. The views expressed are those of the member who wrote the article.


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Everett has a basket of dried pinto beans in our living room that he'll play with every now and then. Sometimes I'll step on a bean that was embedded in our carpet and toss it back in the basket. I must have been lazy one day because I tossed one in the plant by the fireplace... and it sprouted.
I took these pictures yesterday morning and now it's about 8 inches long. I guess that's what happens when your house is warm and sunny!


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Viewing entries tagged with 'sail'
Tour the Gulden Leeuw during the Rendez-Vous 2017 Tall Ships Regatta
Posted on 8 June 2017 @ 6:08pm
Join Class Afloat in celebrating Canada's 150th Birthday
In celebration of Canada's 150th birthday, 40 tall ships and 3000 crew members from around the world will be stopping at 35 ports around Canada for the Rendez-vous 2017 Tall Ships Regatta.
The Maritime Side of Things
Posted on 20 May 2017 @ 1:36pm
I first heard about Class Afloat when I was 12 from a distant relative, Amy Russell.
Class Afloat Discovers Ascension Island!
Posted on 30 March 2017 @ 8:06pm
On the 17th of March, we cruised into view of the volcanic Ascension Island.
Who Knew Solubility Could be so Beautiful?
Posted on 30 March 2017 @ 7:16pm
Chemistry students enjoy a nice little lab out on the aft deck while anchored on the coast of Fernando de Noronha. Who knew solubility could be so beautiful?
Ship Life: Cape Town – St. Helena
Posted on 13 March 2017 @ 5:47pm
Cape Town to Saint Helena - what a trip!
Sailing from Tristan da Cunha, UK to Cape Town, South Africa
Posted on 21 February 2017 @ 6:38pm
Our visit in Tristan da Cunha, however brief, was an experience I know none of us will ever forget.
Port Stay in Tristan Da Cuhna, UK
Posted on 21 February 2017 @ 6:14pm
This port had a very special feeling about it from the day we first saw land.
Exploring Tristan da Cunha: The World's Most Remote Island
Posted on 21 February 2017 @ 1:43pm
The morning of the 28th, we reported to the bridge deck for the 4 to 6 am watch, just in time to see the sunrise behind the mountains of Tristan da Cunha.
Sailing from Montevideo, Uruguay to Tristan Da Cuhna, UK
Posted on 17 February 2017 @ 2:52pm
Week 1 of Second Semester
The first week back at sea has gone by very fast. We have new bunks, new watches, two new Supreme Leaders (i), a new student council, and a brand new maritime crew. The vibe on the Gulden Leeuw is fresh.
Recent Posts
Tour the Gulden Leeuw during the Rendez-Vous 2017 Tall Ships RegattaJob Opportunity: Faculty, Class Afloat - West Island College InternationalFinal ReflectionsBermuda to Lunenburg Blog Post


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Volunteer Share
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Volunteer Share
Spend some time with your hands in the soil, and get fresh flowers in return! Volunteer 4 hours per week to receive a half-price share. You can volunteer earlier or later in the season than the flower share delivery if you like. You will attend an orientation and sign up for work time slots during the week.
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Healthcare is going multilingualWritten by ForeignExchange Translations on Friday, January 30, 2009
According to the Korean Ministry of Labor, health test result will soon be translated into 10 languages.
Realizing that the globalization of our workforce won't reverse itself any time soon, more and more governments are insisting that their health insurers provide appropriate information to non-native speakers. And "appropriate" often means translated.
The California legislature in 2003 passed SB 853 requiring interpreters and translated materials be made available through private insurance plans paid for by the 1.1 million state residents who have little or no English language skills.
Wherever non-native language support gets mandated, insurance companies complain about increasing costs. Like the languages blog, I wonder if premiums might actually fall if the availability of translated information helped to improve medical treatment, resulting in fewer claims for insurance companies.
Tweet! Tweet! Did you know that ForeignExchange is on Twitter?
Categories: healthcare, interpreting


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PRP (Platelet Rich Plasma)
Platelet Rich Plasma Skin Rejuvenation (PRP) is a simple, safe, non-surgical procedure using your body's own cells and natural growth factors to revitalise your skin, promote natural collagen formation, and rejuvenate your appearance. This skin rejuvenation treatment involves collecting a small volume of your blood (just like a simple blood test) and separating the red and white blood cells from the platelet cells. The platelet rich plasma is then immediately injected into the very top layers of skin Platelets release growth factors that gradually increase collagen, improving skin tone and texture. The proteins, growth factors, and other particles that the platelets contain help the body's self-healing process. PRP treatment produces a rejuvenating and tightening effect on your skin, giving it a healthy, youthful glow. The treatment is suitable for all skin tones. Allow one hour for your PRP skin rejuvenation treatment. It is advisable to have 3 treatments, 4-6 weeks apart. While results may vary, most patients' results will last for up to 18 months. Results are not immediate. Initially there is some moderate swelling from the fluid and once the swelling has subsided, you will not see much at all. Over a few weeks, however, the platelets will stimulate the growth factors that will assist in more collagen growth, and over the ensuing months there will be more improvement in texture and tone. Combining PRP with Skin Needling is the gold-standard treatment for crêpey, lax skin.
What are the side-effects of PRP facial rejuvenation?
- There are no risks of allergic reaction, because PRP uses your own body's products:
- Minimal swelling, bruising and redness for 12-24 hours
Regenerate your skin with your own body's chemistry and cells – no drugs, no artificial products'


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