text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 10, 2012
|Filing date
|Oct 10, 2008
|Priority date
|Oct 11, 2007
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|J. Vern Cunningham, Mircea Dan Paul, Daniel Budurea
|Original Assignee
|Cube Investments Limited
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (4), Classifications (15), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Patent Application No. 60/960,726 filed Oct. 11, 2007 under the title GREASE INTERCEPTORS AND PROBES AND SENSORS THEREFOR, the contents of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference into the detailed description hereof.
In some aspects the invention relates to capacitive probes and sensors, and to systems using such capacitive probes and sensors. In other aspects the invention relates to devices containing wireless transmitters.
Capacitive probes and sensors are often utilized to sense the presence of a material. Waste systems are an example of an application for capacitive sensors. Grease interceptors are a subset of waste systems.
Grease interceptors are typically installed in restaurants and other locations where grease may enter the effluent stream. In many jurisdictions such interceptors are mandatory to prevent grease from clogging the local waste handling system.
Many grease interceptors are known. In its basic form, an interceptor has a storage tank with an inlet and an outlet. The inlet receives an effluent stream from which grease is to be trapped, and forces the stream to the bottom of the tank from which grease floats in the tank above a layer of water. Water is again forced to the bottom before exiting through the outlet.
Over time, grease will accumulate in the tank from the top down. Eventually the tank will need to be emptied of grease to prevent blockage of the effluent stream. This can be accomplished manually by opening the tank and removing the grease. Alternatively, the grease can be heated, liquefied and sucked out. Some systems and methods for automating this process are in use. For manual applications services are typically contracted to maintain the tank for a particular location.
An estimate can be made of how often a particular size of tank will need to be emptied and the service is contracted to maintain the tank periodically according to the estimate. This can result in the tank filling up before maintenance occurs, with a resultant disruption of business or rush maintenance order. Alternatively, the tank may not be nearly full and servicing could have waited. In either case the servicing is inefficient.
Different systems have been used to provide an indication that the tank is full or nearly full. Of course, the tank can be manually checked periodically; however, the tank is often not easily acceptable and the process can be unpleasant. Automated systems include, for example, conductive cylindrical rods with a protective coating that extend through a hole in the top of the tank. The rod is wired to a continuous oscillating signal generator drawing mains AC power. A return path for the signal is provided through a wall of the tank if the tank is conductive; otherwise, a second rod spaced apart from the first rod may be used for a return path. Depending on the capacitance between the rod and the return path, the signal from the signal generator will have a different period in the return path. This change in period is detected. The probe is calibrated to the tank such that the level of water can be deduced from the period of the resulting signal. The level of grease is assumed to start above the level of water.
An alarm can be set off when the resulting signal indicates the tank is full or near full. The maintenance service can then be called. Alternatively, the control unit may have circuitry to call the maintenance service to schedule maintenance, or to accept a call from the maintenance service or otherwise monitor to check the status of the tank.
Other waste systems such as sewage pumping systems that turn on a pump when sewage reaches a certain level in the tank and turn the pump off when the sewage falls below a certain level may also utilize capacitive sensors for sensing water levels before, for example, turning on or off pumps within the system.
It is known to utilize the capacitance between conductive armatures on printed circuit boards in sensors. Such armatures are usually referred to as electrodes, which term will be utilized from now on in this description.
Improvement or alternatives to existing capacitive sensors and their methods of operation are desirable. Improvements or alternatives to existing waste systems are also desirable.
Wireless transmitters in devices need to be silenced under certain circumstances, such as when in an airplane. This is typically performed through manual entry such as a button; however, where the device is to be sealed manual entry devices can be prone to failure.
Improvements or alternatives to devices using manual entry for silencing wireless transmitters are desirable.
In a first aspect the invention provides a sensor including a multilayer printed circuit board having a probe with two electrodes side by side on a single buried of a first surface of the printed circuit board, and sensing circuitry on an outer second surface of the printed circuit board to drive the electrodes and sense a signal having a characteristic dependent on the capacitance between the electrodes. The sensor also has a cover about the sensing circuitry in sealed connection with the printed circuit board outer surface.
The first surface of the printed circuit board and the second surface of the printed circuit board may be opposing surfaces of a first layer of the printed circuit board. The printed circuit board further may include a second layer sealed to the first surface of the first layer about the two electrodes.
The capacitance between the electrodes may be provided through the first layer of the printed circuit board and the first layer is sufficiently thin such that the probe has a sufficient range of capacitance for sensing when the first layer is adjacent air and when the probe is adjacent water.
The electrodes may be separated by a narrow uniform gap such that the probe has a sufficient range of capacitance for sensing when the probe is adjacent air and when the probe is adjacent water. The capacitance between the electrodes may be the capacitance between the electrodes through the first layer of the printed circuit board and the first layer may be sufficiently thin and the electrodes may be separated by a narrow uniform gap such that the probe has a sufficient range of capacitance for sensing when the probe is adjacent air and when the probe is adjacent water.
The sensing circuitry may drive the electrodes to charge the capacitance between the electrodes and sense a charging time constant of the signal. The sensing circuitry may drive the electrodes to charge the capacitor and sense a frequency of the signal.
The sensor may be configured to sleep for an extended time between successive cycles of driving the electrode and sensing the signal. The printed circuit board may further include a wireless radio frequency transmitter to transmit a signal remote from the sensor containing information based on the sensed capacitance.
In a second aspect the invention provides a sensor including a printed circuit board having a probe with two electrodes side by side on a first surface of the printed circuit board, and sensing circuitry on a surface of the printed circuit board to drive the electrodes and sense a signal having a characteristic dependent on the capacitance between the electrodes through the first and second surfaces of the printed circuit board.
In a third aspect the invention provides a sensor including a printed circuit board having a probe with a plurality of electrode sections. Each electrode section includes two electrodes side by side on a first surface of the printed circuit board. The printed circuit board further includes sensing circuitry to drive the electrodes of each electrode section and sense one or more signals having a characteristic dependent on the capacitances between the electrodes of the respective electrode sections.
In a fourth aspect the invention provides a sensing system including a sensor of the above aspects and a remote unit to receive a signal from the sensor and determine a level of grease adjacent the probe.
The remote unit may have a display to display information about a level of grease where the sensor is installed.
In a fifth aspect the invention provides a grease interceptor including a tank to intercept grease, and a sensing system of the above aspects. The sensor is installed in the tank and senses capacitance of contents within the tank and a remote unit displays a level of grease within the tank.
In a sixth aspect the invention provides a method of sensing grease within a grease interceptor tank including driving the sensor of an above aspect with a pulse, sensing the time constant of a resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit provided by the sensor through the probe to determine a measure of capacitance for the probe when in contact with grease, water or a combination thereof.
The method may further include wirelessly transmitting a signal remote from the sensor containing information based on the sensed capacitance. The method may further include remotely receiving the signal, and determining a level of grease on the probe. The sensor may be installed in a grease interceptor tank, and the method may further include remotely receiving a sensor signal, and determining and displaying to a user a level of grease in the tank based on the received signal.
In a seventh aspect the invention provides a device including first circuitry having a wireless transmitter and a wireless receiver, wherein the first circuitry has two modes, an operating mode to transmit signals remotely through the wireless transmitter and a ship mode wherein the transmitter is silenced, and wherein in the operating mode the first circuitry listens through the wireless receiver for signals indicating a transmitted signal has been received, and if the receiver has not received an acknowledgement signal for at least one transmitted signal then the first circuitry enters the ship mode.
When in ship mode, the first circuitry may wait to receive a signal wirelessly through the wireless receiver indicating that the first circuitry should switch to the operating mode, and switch from the ship mode to the operating mode on receipt of such signal.
In an eighth aspect the invention provides a system including the device of the above aspect as a first device, and a second device including second circuitry that includes a wireless receiver and wireless transmitter, wherein the second circuitry is configured to listen through the second circuitry wireless receiver for wireless signals from the first circuitry and, upon receipt of a signal from the first circuitry, to transmit an acknowledgement signal through the second circuitry wireless transmitter.
In a ninth aspect the invention provides a sensor including electrodes on an internal layer of an multilayer printed circuit board, and sensing circuitry to drive the electrodes and to read a signal having a characteristic based upon the capacitance between the electrodes including capacitance external to the printed circuit board.
The printed circuit board may have a first layer and a second layer, with the electrodes between the layers. A first layer of the printed circuit board may be thicker than a second layer such that capacitance external to the printed circuit board is primarily contributed from adjacent the second layer.
The electrodes may be on an internal surface of the second layer and the sensing circuitry may be on an opposing external surface of the second layer.
The components for the sensing circuitry may be assembled to the multilayer printed circuit board such that the board and components are a multilayer printed circuit board assembly.
In a tenth aspect the invention provides a sensor for use at an interface between first and second materials of differing dielectric constants. The sensor includes electrodes, sensing circuitry to drive the electrodes and to read a signal having a characteristic based upon the capacitance between the electrodes including capacitance external to the printed circuit board, and circuitry to determine using a threshold if the read signal is above or below a given threshold indicating that the electrodes are covered by the first material.
Features of one aspect may be utilized in other aspects. Other aspects of the invention and further details of the above aspects will be evident from the detailed description, claims, and drawings herein. This includes for example the utilization of a threshold to determine when an electrode pair is considered to be covered by a material.
For a better understanding of the present invention and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings that show preferred embodiments of the present invention and in which:
Throughout this description and the claims reference will be made to "capacitance between", for example, two electrodes. Capacitance between, for example, two electrodes includes any and all capacitance between the electrodes including any capacitance from any material in the field of the electrodes, which material may be in a volume bounded by straight lines from the perimeter of one electrode to another, or outside that volume.
This description is generally being made with reference to sensing of grease and water. It is to be understood that the devices and methods described herein can also be applied to sensing in other types of systems, such as for example waste systems where sensing is performed on a level of a water-based liquid at an interface to air in place of the grease. In this case the level may rise vertically on the sensor toward full and the resulting data may be interpreted and utilized accordingly, for example, to automate pumps or display levels. Such systems may include applications where it is desired to sense full, empty or other conditions of the system.
As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the devices and methods may also be applied to other interfaces between materials having differing capacitances, whether such materials are liquids or solids.
Accordingly, all references herein to grease and water can be replaced for general applications by a first material and a second material having substantially different dielectric constants to allow for sensing.
Ground electrodes and sense electrodes will be referred to herein. It is to be understood that ground is a relative potential and not necessarily an earth ground. Typically ground will be provided by a negative terminal of a battery in a battery operated device; however, it is possible to utilize the positive terminal with possible consequent modifications to related circuitry. A sense electrode is one that provides a varying output for production of signals based on the capacitance between the ground electrode and sense electrode. It is to be understood that the ground electrode may be attached to a varying potential with the capacitance affected signal processed taking into account the variance of the ground potential.
Similar reference numerals are used for elements of different components of particular embodiments, sometimes within the same embodiment. As the context requires, the description for these elements may be particular to the component with which the element is associated. As an example, U1 is often used as a generic reference for a first integrated circuit in a circuit diagram; another circuit diagram may also have a U1. These elements need not be, and are often not, the same.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring again to
Referring to
The battery block A has two AA battery holders BH1, BH2 for AA batteries, not shown, but similar to the AA batteries shown in FIGS. for the remote unit discussed later below; however, less or more batteries, and batteries of a different type, can be used subject to any consequent modifications to the sensor 3 to take this into account. A diode D1 is connected to the positive terminal to isolate two branches of the circuit, for example, to provide for noise immunity.
Power conditioning circuit B has a buck-boost configuration that converts the battery voltage +BATT to a higher voltage, typical in the 8V range. The circuit B can have enable capabilities in order to conserve power when not in use.
The sensing circuitry 23 is provided on a single multilayer printed circuit board. This provides for a highly reliable sensor that is not subject to faults caused by wear and tear at probe interconnections as can occur in existing capacitive probe systems.
Grease sensor block C has a capacitive probe S.
Example component values for the circuit elements in
C1, C2, C3, C5 22 uF; C4 0.1 uF; C8 10 uF; R1 10 Kohm; R2, R10, R11, R12 4.7 Kohm; R3 3 Mohm; R4 100 ohm; R7 10 Kohm; R8 182 Kohm; R9 1 Mohm; L1 4.6 uH.
Example components suitable for the functions to be carried out herein are:
U1 PIC16F616 14-Pin Flash-Based, 8-Bit CMOS Microcontrollers—Apex Microtechnology; U2 M41T0/80 SERIAL REAL-TIME CLOCK—ST Microelectronics where 80 represents supply voltage and write protection voltage for example 80=Vcc of 2.0 to 5.5 v; U3 TPS61041 28-V, 250-mA Switch Boost Converter in SOT-23 for LCD and White LED Application—Texas Instruments; U5 CM56 Wireless RF Transmitter of Alutron Modules Inc. of Aurora, Canada. Alternate transmitters could be used such as an SK-919TD1S-UP which is widely available. Separate receivers can include for example a SK-910R receiver. These components are provided by Seco-Larm: http://www.seco-larm.com/RFCat.htm.
The above components and component values can be replaced by other components and components of other values to provide similar functionality.
Referring to
It is noted that while the sensing circuitry other than the probe electrodes are shown in
Embodiments may provide the electrodes 30, 32 are on the same surface as the sensing circuitry 38; however, it has been found to be preferable to provide the sensing circuitry 38 and the electrodes 30, 32 on different surfaces, particularly in multilayer printed circuit board embodiments. Embodiments may also provide the sensing circuitry 38 separate from a multilayer printed circuitry board, connected for example though input and output wires, not shown. Thus, the multilayer printed circuit board may form the probe, while the sensing circuitry 38 is provided as part of a separate assembly connected to the probe for driving and reading the probe.
A subsequent printed circuit board substrate layer can be laminated to electrode bearing surface of the first substrate layer to encapsulate the electrodes. The external components will then protrude from the opposing surface of the first substrate layer. The combination of a printed circuit board and external components is ordinarily referred to as a printed circuit board assembly. Multilayer printed circuit boards together with associated assembled components are multilayer printed circuit board assemblies.
The printed circuit board substrate material is standard, typically formed from a polymer resin. FR-4 was used for the particular example embodiments described in detail herein; however, other resins may be appropriate for given environmental conditions to be encountered in a particular application for the sensor 3 such as for example FR-2; composite epoxy material CEM-1, 5; polyimide; GETEK; BY-epoxy; cyanate Ester; or PTFE. It is recognized that a flexible printed circuit board material could be used such as Pyralux for some embodiments provided the material is rigidly held for consistent accuracy. The board substrate material is non-hygroscopic, impervious to corrosion by the contents of the tank 7, and able to withstand temperatures over hundred degrees Celsius, which is a typical upper limit internal to the tank 7; although, higher temperatures may be encountered. For embodiments used in applications under different environmental conditions the applicability of any particular substrate material may require review.
Multilayer printed circuit boards are typically formed by laminating together individual substrate layers. Lamination is typically performed by pressing the laying together and heating them to bond one layer to the next. Surprisingly it has been found that the lamination of PCB layers provides sufficient protection in many hostile environments for an internal layer such as the layer carrying the electrodes as described herein. Although a thin external coat of additional material may be used to provide additional protection, the laminated printed circuit board layers can provide sufficient protection for many applications.
Manufacturing techniques ordinarily employed in manufacturing printed circuit boards are manufacturing are fairly precise. This provides the additional benefit of low thickness variations within a sensor 3 and high repeatability between sensors, providing predictable sensor 3 output values.
It is to be noted that a multilayer printed circuit board is not required for all embodiments described herein. The electrodes can be sealed using many other techniques, such as the deposition of a sealing material, or the sealing of a rigid cover to the printed circuit board substrate carrying the electrodes. Where the sensor 3 is to be directional sensing through the substrate carrying the electrodes then the tolerances on the sealing material are quite loose provided the sealing material has sufficiently low capacitance to maintain the directional nature of the sensor 3.
The capacitance of the probe S as configured in the FIGS. provides a capacitance range between 30-10000 pF at room temperature when in contact with grease and water which is acceptable for the outlined use in tank 7. Other capacitance ranges can be selected for desired applications. The range of capacitance between the electrodes with different materials to be sensed must be sufficient to allow the sensor 3 to distinguish between the materials. In the above example, the lower capacitance value occurs when the probe S is 100% submerged in grease and the upper capacitance value occurs when the probe S is completely submerged in water. A combination of grease and water against the probe S will provide capacitance values between the upper and lower range depending on the relative proportions of grease and water in contact with the probe S. The thickness of printed circuit board substrate material on which the copper 30, 32 is laid or etched has been selected to be 5 thousands of an inch. Further details of the probe S are discussed later below. The dielectric constant of the printed circuit board substrate material will typically be about the same as grease when compared to the dielectric constant of water. A material having a different dielectric constant may be used; however, the thickness of the material may require corresponding adjustment. Air typically has a dielectric constant around 1; grease around 2.5, resins used in printed circuit board materials around 8 and water around 80-85.
The microcontroller block D controls the power conditioning block B. The power conditioning block B can be implemented, for example, using an integrated SMPS chip TPS61041 from Texas Instruments™ and auxiliary circuitry L1, D2 and resistors/capacitors.
Referring to
Batteries will typically be provided be inserted into the remote unit 5 and sensor 3 so that the unit 5 and sensor 3 can be paired and tested prior to shipping to a customer. Techniques for pairing devices for wireless communication are well known. After pairing the battery can be removed from the remote unit 5.
The sensor 3 will be sealed before or after pairing with the battery inserted. When the battery is inserted in the sensor 3, the sensor 3 will automatically enter into an operation mode to take readings and transmit signals to the remote unit 5 as otherwise described herein.
The sensor 3 is also provided with a ship mode. In the ship mode transmissions from the sensor 3 are silenced. Also, the sensor 3 stops driving the capacitor and sensing signals having a characteristic dependent on the capacitance between the electrodes. Before the remote unit 5 and the sensor 3 are installed it is unnecessary for the sensor 3 to operate in the operation mode. In some circumstances it is forbidden to do so. For example, devices travelling by air are prohibited from transmitting RF wireless signals.
The sensor 3 can be provided with a further manual input mechanism such as for example a button or further proximity sensor, not shown, to put the sensor 3 into ship mode and to bring the sensor out of ship mode into operation mode. Such further manual input mechanism may add cost and complexity to the sensor 3 and possibly introduce a point of sealing failure for the sensor 3. A wireless method of placing the sensor 3 in ship mode will be described later herein.
Referring to
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 11-17, the remote unit 5 has a housing 71 containing two printed circuit boards 73, 75, 77, a display board 73 having a display 75 and display driver circuitry 77 and to hold the batteries 79, support the other board and allow mounting within the housing, for example, through holes 81, and a receiver board 83 having receiver circuitry 85 and attached antenna 87 for receiving communications from the sensor 3 and interpreting the data for display through an icon 89 representing how full the tank 7 is with grease. The display 75 also shows on further icons 91, 93 the status of the batteries in the sensor 3 and in the remote unit 5 so that the batteries can be changed as necessary.
A remote unit 5 can easily be provided to operate with multiple sensors 3 by consequent modification to the display and logging capabilities. For example, a capacitance sensing circuit, not shown but which could be similar to the proximity sensor described previously for the sensor 3, at the remote unit 5 could operate to sense the capacitance of a human finger through the plastic housing 71 which would allow for the data from different grease sensors 3 to be displayed on the existing single grease level icon 89 on the display 75. If desired, additional icons from additional sensors 3 could be provided on the display 75.
The display 75 also provides an icon 95 representing operation of the wireless functionality based on the receipt of signals from the sensor 3.
A microcontroller 101 located in the receiver board circuitry 85 stores this information for retrieval at a later date through a USB connector 97 which can interface to a portable computer, not shown. This interface permits data logging, enabling on-demand data retrieval. The remote unit 5 maintains a real time clock 103 that is synchronized with the real-time clock E of the sensor 3. Software applications can be provided for the computer to graph grease level and maintenance based on real time clock time stamping and receiver-transmitter synchronization.
Other connections can be provided to interface to a computer for downloading the data, such as for example a wireless transmitter/receiver operating for example over a Bluetooth protocol. The functionality of the remote unit 5 could be provided by a personal computer with a wireless transmitter/receiver programmed to carry out any desired functions described herein.
Degradation of battery voltage can have a negative effect on the performance of any electronic system. Once battery voltage has dropped to a predetermined level, this is sensed by the respective microcontroller 27, 77 and a signal sent to the remote unit 5, or generated by the remote unit 5, to alert the operator that a low battery voltage condition exists. The remote unit 5 may, for example, chirp 5 times per hour (emit an audible alarm) until the affected battery is changed. If the battery is not changed, this occurrence will be recorded in non volatile memory in the microcontroller 103 of the remote unit 5 and kept for retrieval at a later date.
Example component values for the circuit elements in
C1, C11 10 uF; C2, C3, C6, C9, C12, C13 0.1 uF; C4, C10 22 uF; C7, C8 47 pF; R1, R2, R8, R9 220 ohm; R3 4 Kohm; R4, R5, R6, R7, R11 10 Kohm; R12 182 Kohm; L2 4.7 uH.
Example components suitable for the functions to be carried out herein are:
U1 FT232R USB UART IC—Future technology Devices International Ltd.; U2 MCP546 wireless receiver available from Alutron Modules Inc.; U3 PIC16F913 28-Pin Flash-Based, 8-Bit CMOS Microcontrollers; U4 24C32/SO EEPROM Serial 32k—ST microelectronics; U5 TPS61041 Switch Boost Converter for LCD and white LED applications—Texas Instruments.
The above components and component values can be replaced by other components and components of other value to provide similar functionality. As just one example R5, R6, R7 acting as a voltage divider could be matched at other values, such as 47 Kohms. Also, a Seco-Larm: http://www.seco-larm.com/RFCat.htm SK-910R receiver may be used as mentioned previously.
Referring to
Where the remote unit 5 is to be configured for use with two tanks 7 having different capacities then the lower level (grease full) may be different on the probe S from one tank 7 to the other. The remote unit 5 can take this into account by converting the sensor 3 reading to a particular grease level for the tank 7. The capacity of the tank 7 with which the sensor 3 is being used can be manually indicated to the remote unit 5, for example, using a manual input interface, such as a DIP switch (an example application of which will be described later below).
Alternatively, the sensor 3 can be programmed to take this into account initially. This may require a two way communication between the remote unit 5 and the sensor 3 using respective transceivers and consequent modification to the programs in memory and additional user input so that one or another tank 7 size can be selected at the remote unit 5 and communicated to the sensor 3 wirelessly. Other embodiments may include automatic sensing between the sensor 3 and the tank 7, such as by way of a particular physical shape into which the sensor 3 is mounted so as to be sensed by the sensor 3 to represent the particular tank 7 for calibration purposes.
The remote unit 5 and sensor 3 may also provide for manual calibration by bringing water up to the empty level for the probe S for a particular tank 7, and zeroing the sensor 3 or remote unit 5 to the reading, and bringing water down to the full level and setting the full level of the sensor 3 or remote unit 5 to the reading. This can be done with the sensor 3 installed in the tank 7, or by using a separate model representing the tank 7 levels.
Referring again to
As illustrated, the electrodes 30, 32 are made out of three surfaces. One electrode 32 connected to ground is formed of surface A and C connected by link 113 together. The other electrode 30 of the capacitor is surface B. The electrode 30 represents a sense output of the probe S connected to R3 and R4 of
The width of A and C are 0.575 inches and the gap between the electrodes is 0.1 inches. The gap 111 is selected to be small enough to allow sufficient capacitance for sensing while being large enough to avoid short circuits as a result of manufacturing tolerances. The width of surface B is 1.25 inches. The length of A and C is 9� inches, and the length of B is 9 inches. The dimensions of the electrodes 30, 32 could be altered substantially provided there is sufficient area providing sufficient capacitance and capacitance difference when in proximity to grease and to water. A thin trace of � inch or less may be acceptable. More or less surfaces could be used to make up the electrodes 30, 32.
The electrodes 30, 32 could also have a vertical shape other than straight. For example, a sinusoidal horizontal pattern could be used; however, care may need to be taken to account for the introduction of inductance that may affect the shape of the waveform at the probe S. Such affect may include, for example, ringing. Filters could be used to remove the affect of such inductance, with a possible increase in the complex of the sensing circuit, for example, requiring a digital signal processor (DSP) in addition to the microcontroller 27.
The probe 31 can utilize multiple electrode pairs 30. 32 and sense a signal having characteristics based on the capacitance between each electrode pair 30, 32. The sensed signal can be used to determine if a respective electrode pair 30, 32 is primarily in grease or primarily in water, and the sensor 3 or remote unit 5, or the sensor 3 and remote unit 5 in combination, can be configured to interpret the information from the signal accordingly. An example of such a multiple electrode pair 30, 32 probe will be described later below.
Referring to
In the embodiment shown in the FIGS. the component side to the inner layer is the thinner layer 115 and is 0.005 inch thick and the inner layer to the solder side is the thicker layer 114 is at 0.055 inches. The inner layer to solder side thickness renders the sensor insensitive to changes in capacitance from tank 7 to tank 7 and to objects placed behind the sensor 3. It has been found, for example, that a thickness of 55 thousands of an inch makes the permeability through to the electrodes 30, 32 to be high enough that if a metal object is placed on the back of the sensor 3 the effect on the sensor 3 capacitance is practically zero. Using the above thickness the effect has been found to be less than five percent which is within the quantification error of the A/D converter of the microcontroller 27. This reduces sensor 3 dependence on a particular tank 7 so the sensor 3 can be easily adapted to be used with other tanks 7. In many cases, no adaptation will be required. In some cases the sensor 3 may, for example, be made shorter, longer or wider to fit within tanks of alternate depths. Also, calibration may be desired as discussed previously.
By dividing the electrodes 30, 32 into three sections, the electrodes 30, 32 are balanced: one central electrode 30 between two ground half electrodes 32A, 32C. This may provide some protection against undesired stray capacitances. It also decreases the average distance between the central electrode 30 and the half electrodes 32, thus increasing the capacitance. This is particularly helpful when sensing materials having low dielectric constant such as grease or air.
By including the sensing circuitry 38 on the same piece of printed circuit board 34 as the grease probe S, the signal path may also be less susceptible to interference and noise.
Referring to
Signal source V1 from the microcontroller 27 charges a capacitor S on the leading edge and top of a pulse. The microcontroller 27 times from the beginning 121 of the pulse until the voltage across the probes reaches a given threshold 123. The microcontroller 27 then converts this time interval to produce an 8-bit result. In order to use the full range of the microcontroller 27 utilized in the embodiment shown in the FIGS. a time interval equivalent to no grease (0% grease, 100% water) against the sensor 3 results in a 0 and all grease (100% grease, 0% water) against the sensor 3 results in a 255.
The pulse can be terminated at any time after the given voltage threshold 123 is reached. The microcontroller 27 can be set to terminate after a given time threshold that is known to be longer than that which would be ordinarily encountered (for example when the grease tank is empty, i.e. full of water).
For example, if the capacitance S provided across the electrodes 30, 32 is 500 pF, and the resistor R3 in the sensing circuit is 2.5 Mohm, then there will be a time lapse of 1.3582 mS between start 121 and finish 23 measured at a threshold of 2V. Using a grease probe S of the dimensions provided herein a capacitance of 500 pF is equivalent to a grease level of 50%.
The behaviour of the RC circuit is independent of the battery voltage in a given range. For example, in the embodiment shown in the FIGS. the circuit is independent from about 1.8V to 5.5V. The actual range can be selected for a given application to provide simplicity of components, sufficient voltage for driving the sensor, and sufficient battery life. In the embodiment shown in the FIGS. a ratiometric A/D reference to the battery voltage is used such that the effect of battery voltage degradation is cancelled out. To carry this out the same voltage is used as a source to charge the grease probe capacitor S and for the A/D reference at the microcontroller 27. This may cancel out voltage variations, including noise.
The battery life of the sensor 3 can be near to the shelf life of the battery itself when implemented with minimal power drain of once hourly sensing and sleep functions of current microcontrollers. Only rarely should access be required to the interior of the sensor 3.
Referring to
The electrodes 31 of each pair S1-S6 are joined together by conductive traces 310 and connected to ground pad 320 by link 330. In a similar manner to the probe S described previously, it is noted that while the sensing circuitry other than the probe electrodes are shown in
Embodiments may provide the pairs are on the same surface as the sensing circuitry; however, it has been found to be preferable to provide the sensing circuitry and the electrodes on different surfaces, particularly in multilayer printed circuit board embodiments. Embodiments may also provide the sensing circuitry separate from a multilayer printed circuitry board, connected for example though input and output wires, not shown. Thus, the multilayer printed circuit board may form the probe, while the sensing circuitry is provided as part of a separate assembly connected to the probe for driving and reading the probe.
Each of the half electrodes 32 of a single pair for example S1 is joined by respective traces, for example traces 340, and connected to the remainder of the circuitry 380. Again, the reminder of the pairs of traces 340 will not be individually labeled to avoid unnecessarily cluttering the FIG. The respective connections of the pairs S1-S6 to the remainder of the circuitry 380 can best be seen in
Referring to
Each switch of switches U1A, U1B, U1C, U1D, U3A, U3B selectively connects its respective electrode 32 an oscillator 400, for example using a timer such as an LMC555 CMOS timer—National Semiconductor configured as an oscillator 400. The oscillator 400 oscillates according to the capacitance across the respective electrode pair S1-S6 to which the oscillator 400 is connected.
Connecting more than one switch U1A, U1B, U1C, U1D, U3A, U3B at a time can cause the oscillator 400 to oscillate in accordance with the combined capacitance of the electrode pairs of S1-S6 to which the oscillator 400 is connected. For example, the oscillator 400 is connected to each of the electrode pairs S1-S6 at the same time the oscillator 400 will see a capacitance from the combination of S1-S6 that is substantially similar to the capacitance of the probe S of previous embodiments provided the combined dimensions of the electrodes 30, 32 are similar in the two configurations.
The distance between two adjacent pairs, for example S1, S2, has been selected to be � of an inch. Lesser or greater distances may be used as appropriate for the length and the sensitivity desired. Similarly, the electrodes may be lengthened or shortened for any particular application.
It is also possible to ground the inner electrode and sense using the outer electrode of a pair, or vice versa. It is also possible to connect each of the ground electrodes of the pairs S1-S6 together as a single electrode with a uniform width. A single width ground electrode either as the outer electrodes 32 or the inner electrode 30, in use with multiple sense electrodes 30 or 32 respectively will create pairs in a similar manner to pairs S1-S6. Accordingly, a single ground electrode configuration paired with one of the other electrodes of a pair S1-S6 is still considered to be a pair.
Where a single ground electrode is used with multiple sense electrodes, the height of each electrode pair is considered to be height of the sense electrode. A ground electrode haven't a different height from the sense electrode may introduce stray capacitance from outside the height of the sense electrode and possibly affect the accuracy of the probe. This may have to be taken into account for some applications; however, it would not likely be a factor in the grease sensing application described herein.
The latch U2 is also connected to switches U3C and U3D for selecting connection of the output of the oscillator 400 to the microcontroller M1 for reading of pulses from the oscillator 400 that are dependent on the capacitance from the sensor 3, or selecting connection of the battery for reading the level of the battery.
Referring to
Other timing could be performed. For example, the battery level and the combined probe S could be read. As another example, alternate combinations of pairs such as S1 and S2 could be read at the same time.
Referring to
In the test configuration the levels of the readings decrease for one sensor pair to the next. For example, the upper level of S1 is higher than the upper level for S2. The effect may be caused by capacitance from one pair to the net and manufacturing tolerances. This demonstrates a benefit of using a threshold to determine when any one pair is in grease rather than determining an actual level of grease on any one pair. One could compensate for the variance; however, it has not been found necessary in the particular application described herein as the difference between the upper and lower level for each reading is sufficient select a threshold between the levels to distinguish the upper and lower level of each pair to determine whether or not a particular sensor pair is substantially covered by grease, and the effect is consistent and predictable, for example after being empirically determined.
In the embodiment utilized to produce the graph of FIG. the microcontroller M1 derives the values by counting pulses read from the oscillator 400 output. The number of pulses in a given time period are a characteristic of a signal (the oscillator 400 output) that varies in accordance with the capacitance between sensor electrodes 30, 32.
The trend for any particular electrode pair, for example S1, moves upwardly with grease level over time from the lower level to the upper level. However, there are fluctuations, particularly when grease is partially covering a pair S1. These fluctuations may result, for example, from settling of the grease during times of inactivity. This may allow water to be introduced between the probe S and the grease. This may cause the capacitance between the electrodes to rise and affect the readings accordingly.
Also, there may be an emulsion layer of combined between the grease and water. This emulsion layer may comprise, for example, grease, detergent and water. This layer will have a dielectric constant somewhere between grease and water. The thickness of the layer and affect on capacitance may vary. The emulsion layer may vary, for example, with wash cycles described previously. A wash cycle may remove the emulsion layer, allowing it to form again over time.
Surprisingly, the detergent in the emulsion layer tends to keep the sensor 3 free from grease below the grease layer. It is possible for applications where grease build-up may be a concern that compensation may be desirable for the grease build-up. As will be understood by persons skilled in the art, many compensation schemes may be utilized.
Rather than using the value of the reading of an electrode pair directly as an indication of where the grease level is on the electrode pair (a low number no grease, a high number all grease, a low middle number some grease, a middle number more grease, and a high middle number more grease but not covered), the reading of a pair can be used to indicate whether it is above or below a threshold value of the pair. If on one side of the threshold value then the pair is considered to be covered with grease and if on the other side of the threshold value then the pair is considered not to be covered in grease. A level of grease can then be approximated from the pairs that are in grease and those that are not.
The threshold can be introduced in the sensor 3 or the remote unit 5. In one test embodiment the sensor 3 was configured to transmit the readings to the remote unit 5 and the remote unit 5 introduced the threshold to determine if a pair was considered to be in grease. The threshold used, as an example, was a reading of eighty percent grease meant the pair was in grease. The bars of the remote unit 5 display were illuminated accordingly. It was found that this threshold resulted in a fairly stable indication of grease for any particular pair. Other thresholds could be used as desired.
Referring to
Many different forms of alarm can be used such as audible or visual alarms. The remote unit 5 and the sensor 3 can each be provided An alarm can be sounded au A visual alarm may included for example flashing lamp, such as LEDs D1, D2 of the remote unit 5. An audible alarm can be provided for example through a piezoelectric device, such as PZ1 of
S1 is always to be in water and sensing of this is indicated. If S1 is not in water then there is a malfunction with the tank 7. A no water condition can be seen from viewing the display.
Referring again to
The settings of the switch 420 are used by the microcontroller U1 to convert the readings from the sensor 3 to illumination bars of the display in accordance with the conversion matrix 500. It is understood that other methods could be used to indicate the particular tank 7 configuration some of which were previously described. Also, the data contained in the matrix 500 needed not be stored in a matrix format, but could for example be stored in known discrete memory locations for retrieval.
The multiple pair embodiment of probe S can be used with the method of reading a RC circuit output (a signal) which has a time constant that is a characteristic which varies with the capacitance between the sensor electrodes 30, 32. For example, the requisite features from the sensing circuit 38 can be combined with the corresponding requisite features of the sensing circuitry 380 with the timing adjusted to account for the change in reading method.
Referring to
When in ship mode, the receiver M1 waits to receive a signal wirelessly through the wireless receiver M1 indicating that the sensor 3 should switch to the operating mode, and the sensor 3 switches from the ship mode to the operating mode on receipt of such signal. M1 includes sufficient memory and processing capabilities in addition to being a wireless transceiver to carry out the functions described herein
M1 has been implemented using a CM91 of Alutron Modules Inc.; however, it is to be recognized that the functions of M1 could be provided in a separate microcontroller and transceiver, or receiver and transmitter. A suitable transceiver may be for example a Bluetooth wireless transceiver, many of which are available from a variety of suppliers, such as an OEM Bluetooth-Serial Module, Parani-ESD provided by SENA (www.sena.com). Referring to
Referring to
At 2719 the sensor 3 then checks to see that it is enabled. This is a setting for example stored as a system variable to toggle between operation mode and ship mode as discussed previously. When "enabled" the sensor 3 is in operation mode; when disabled the sensor 3 is in ship mode. If at 2719 the sensor 3 is disabled then the sensor 3 proceeds to 2733 and checks to see if the sensor entered disable mode because of a missed acknowledgement as will be discussed below, and continues processing. As discussed previously, it may be desirable to disable and to enable the sensor 3 through means other than the missed acknowledgement method described herein. For example, a push button or proximity sensor could be provide to cause a change of state from operation to ship mode and from ship mode to operation mode with consequent amendment to the programmed control of the sensor 3.
If at 2717 the sensor 3 is enabled then at 2721 the sensor 3 proceeds to read the probe S and the battery as described previously. At 2723 the read data is transmitted wirelessly to the remote unit 5 (for example in five repeated packets) and the sensor 3 listens for an acknowledgement signal. If an acknowledgement signal is missed at 2725 then at 2727 the sensor 3 rebroadcasts the transmission and counts the consecutives missed broadcasts (unacknowledged transmissions). If at 2729 the sensor 3 counts forty-eight missed broadcasts then the sensor 3 is disabled at 2731. The sensor 3 can be disabled for example by entering ship mode as described previously. Forty-eight unacknowledged transmissions are considered to be a missed acknowledgement. The sensor 3 will then have missed an acknowledgement at 2733 so the sensor will listen at 2735 for a signal indicating that the sensor 3 should return to operation mode. When the signal is received the sensor 3 will return operation mode by returning to sleep at 2713 and continue processing.
It is recognized that the flow of programmed control for the sensor 3 illustrated in
Alternate embodiments are possible. The embodiments described herein are illustrative and not limiting. As just one example, the probe could be configured on a single layer printed circuit board with an appropriate covering to protect against the environment while being thin enough to allow sufficient capacitance for the purposes described herein. For example, a sprayed resin coating can be adequate.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that this description is made with reference to the example embodiments thereof and that it is possible to make other embodiments employing the principles of the invention which fall within its spirit and scope as defined by the following claims.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Sep 12, 1990
|Sep 24, 1991
|Robertshaw Controls Company
|Liquid level sensing device and methods of making an operating the same
|Apr 23, 1993
|Mar 21, 1995
|342975 Alberta Ltd.
|Capacitance probe assembly
|May 17, 1996
|Aug 15, 2000
|Nohken Inc.
|Level sensor
|Sep 2, 1998
|Dec 26, 2000
|G.D.M, Inc.
|Capacitive liquid level indicator
|Dec 7, 1999
|Feb 5, 2002
|Environment One Corporation
|Indoor wastewater disposal system and tank therefor
|Jul 28, 2000
|Jul 23, 2002
|Josam Company
|Continuous level measurement for grease separator
|Nov 29, 2000
|Aug 20, 2002
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Capacitive pointing stick apparatus with floating conductive cone for symbol manipulation in a graphical user interface
|Jul 15, 2002
|Nov 18, 2003
|Denso Corporation
|Capacitive humidity sensor
|Jun 13, 2002
|Jul 13, 2004
|Environment One Corporation
|Scanning capacitive array sensor and method
|May 20, 2002
|Aug 17, 2004
|Josam Company
|Level measurement for grease separators
|Mar 25, 2004
|Oct 4, 2005
|Zurn Industries, Inc.
|Grease removal system
|Jun 8, 2006
|Oct 23, 2007
|Lumenite Control Technology, Inc.
|Self-calibrating liquid level transmitter
|Aug 26, 2005
|Mar 16, 2006
|Denso Corporation
|Capacitive humidity sensor
|Jun 25, 1981
|Jan 27, 1982
|Endress u. Hauser GmbH u.Co.
|Capacitive level sensor and method of controlling a capacitive level sensor
|Apr 3, 1985
|Oct 23, 1985
|Dr. Karl Thomae GmbH
|Process for the preparation of 3-cyano-4-amino-acetophenones
|Jul 11, 2005
|Jan 17, 2007
|Siemens Milltronics Process Instruments Inc.
|Capacitive level sensor with a plurality of segments comprising each a capacitor and a circuit
|Mar 25, 2004
|Oct 14, 2004
|Zurn Industries, Inc.
|Grease removal system
|International Preliminary Report on Patentability for PCT/CA2008/001818 dated Apr. 13, 2010 based on and including the Written Opinion of the International Search Authority.
|International Search Report for PCT/CA2008/001818 dated Jan. 29, 2009.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|May 12, 2015
|May 2, 2017
|General Electricity Company
|Highly selective chemical and biological sensors
|Sep 28, 2012
|May 23, 2017
|General Electric Company
|Sensor systems for measuring an interface level in a multi-phase fluid composition
|Jul 27, 2010
|Feb 17, 2011
|Touchsensor Technologies, Llc
|Level sensing controller and method
|Aug 21, 2013
|Jul 16, 2015
|General Electric Company
|Wireless system and method for measuring an operative condition of a machine
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Oct 9, 2008
Owner name: CUBE INVESTMENTS LIMITED, CANADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CUNNINGHAM, J. VERN;REEL/FRAME:021914/0634
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|Oct 10, 2008
Owner name: CUBE INVESTMENTS LIMITED, CANADA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BUDUREA, DANIEL;REEL/FRAME:021746/0454
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Effective date: 20081009
|Jan 8, 2016
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4


text:
Da-Lite Cosmopolitan Electrol - Projection screen - motorized - 130 in ( 330 cm ) - 16:10 - Matte White (34464)Item#: 7673953 | Model#: 34464
- Price:
To see details, proceed to checkout page. You can always remove it later (Why?)
- Shipping:
- Temporarily out of stock. Order today and we'll deliver when available. (Details)
Da-Lite Cosmopolitan Electrol projection screen Product Details
Product Type: Projection screen - motorized
Placing / Mounting: Ceiling mountable, wall mountable
Image Diagonal Size: 130 in (129.9 in)
Image Width: 110 in
Image Height: 69 in
Screen Surface: Matte White
Aspect Ratio: 16:10
Gain: 1.0x
Viewing Angle: 60°
Features: Mildew resistant, washable, black borders
Dimensions (WxDxH): 122 in
Compliant Standards: UL, cUL
Recommended Items
Related Items
Manufactured by: Da-Lite
Warranty provided by: Da-Lite
UPC No: 0717068002678
Mfg Part No: 34464
Box Size:
( Length:0, Width:0, Depth:0)
Shipping Weight: 72.0000 pound(s)
Click here for full warranty and support information
- Da-Lite logos are registered trademarks of Da-Lite. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
THE 24 megawatt (MW) expansion at Wigton Windfarm Limited will cost some $4.6 billion, according to a just released government documentation.
The upgrade will increase energy production over 60 per cent at Wigton a wholly-owned subsidiary of Petroleum Corporation of Jamaica.
"The facility should be completed in the first quarter of 2015/16," said the Jamaica Public Bodies 2014/5 published this month by the Ministry of Finance.
Wigton plans to expend $3.3 billion this year on the project, according to accounts within the same document subtitled Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure for the year ending March 2015.
MIAMI BEACH, United States (AFP) -- Warm sunshine and sandy beaches make south Florida and its crown city, Miami, a haven for tourists, but the area is increasingly endangered by sea level rise, experts said Tuesday.
During a special Senate hearing held in Miami Beach, Senator Bill Nelson described south Florida as "Ground Zero" for climate change and its threats to coastal communities.
The perils for Miami are particularly concerning because it has the most assets at stake in the world in terms of assets like homes, beachfront hotels and businesses, according to the World Resources Institute, a global research firm.
David Pijuan Mota, business development manager for solar engineering company Sofos Jamaica Limited, is encouraging local banks to get into the financing of solar installations, stating that the financial institutions could be earning income currently flowing to local utilities.
Jamaica spends more than US$2 billion on fossil fuel energy annually, an amount Mota said could be entering the coffers of local banks instead.
Speaking at a Private Sector Organisation of Jamaica (PSOJ)-sponsored forum on solar energy on Tuesday, Mota said that solar remains a very new market in Jamaica with high demand.
JAMAICA'S CLIMATE Change Framework Policy and Action Plan could receive parliamentary approval early this new financial year, following a series of public consultations to inform amendments to the document.
"We have gone through the consultation stage. It is now at the Green Paper stage. The feedback received is now being included in the draft policy document with a view to having approval from Cabinet and Parliament early in this financial year. We are moving towards it becoming a White Paper," said technical director in the Climate Change Division of the Ministry of Water, Land, Environment, and Climate Change, Albert Daley.
The series of consultations - held in February in St Mary, St Elizabeth, St James, and Kingston - attracted the participation of hundreds.
The model of Jamaica's first solar-powered hydroponic farm is to be replicated in urban areas across Jamaica, to create more job opportunities and enrich communities.
Work has already begun using the model of the award winning "The Family Garden" project which has introduced sustainable farming practices, provided more than 40 jobs and a reliable electricity supply in Jack's Hills, St. Andrew.
Venture Capital is money provided by investors to start-up firms and small businesses with perceived long-term growth potential. It is an important source of funding for start-ups that do not have access to capital markets--or even traditional financing from banks. It typically entails high risk for the investor, but it has the potential for above-average returns.
"The Caribbean region does have some progress to make in this direction as we have been overly reliant on traditional debt and equity financing arrangements to finance commercial activity. "Venture capital is an invaluable, welcomed source of innovation financing if we are to operationalise unique Caribbean businesses and ideas for the 21st century," he said.
REFUSE AT the Riverton City dump in Kingston and Retire-ment in St James could soon be providing power to the national grid.
Energy Minister Phillip Paulwell said on Wednesday that the Office of Utilities Regulations (OUR) has informed him that it will be putting out a waste-to-energy request for proposal (RFP) in short order.
"I met with them (OUR) this morning to enquire as to the state of the RFP. You are aware that they went out for 115 megawatts (MW); they got 78MW and they have assured me that week after next, as soon as they complete the power purchase agreement for the 78, they will then move to the RFP for waste to energy, and they are looking at primarily two locations - Riverton City - and Retirement, and we are hoping that the obstacles at the time will not hinder us going forward," Paulwell said.
A workshop to encourage Jamaicans to use energy wisely and to promote conservation and efficiency initiatives, will take place today at the Runaway Bay Heart Hotel and Training Institute, St Ann, beginning at 10:30 am.
The event is part of a public education campaign for the Energy Efficiency Campaign Programme (EECP), launched in 2012.
Jointly funded by the Government and the Inter-American Development Bank at a cost of US$20 million, the four-year EECP is designed to make the public sector a model on how energy is to be used in Jamaica. It involves retrofitting public sector buildings and facilities for energy conservation and efficiency.
Applicants can choose from five areas to establish the commercial potential of a concept that significantly contributes to climate mitigation or adaptation Saint Lucians are being encouraged to participate in the Caribbean Climate Innovation Centre's, CIC, Proof of Concept (PoC) with possible awards of up to US $50,000 in grant funding. The Caribbean CIC is one of eight CICs being established globally. The objective of CCIC is to establish regional institutional capacity that will support Caribbean entrepreneurs and new ventures involved in developing locally appropriate solutions to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
The report noted that the two are urgent challenges in the 21st century that were rapidly accelerating, fuelled by changes in the way people live and work, predicting they will have intergenerational effects on health, wellbeing and security.
The report noted that the human and financial costs of diabetes and climate change were staggering and that as many as half a billion people will suffer from the disease by 2030.


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From Franklin flying his kite in a thunderstorm to Faraday creating the first electric dynamo, electricity has come a long way since those crude experiments.
But with traditional energy supplies dwindling and technology advancing at an ever-increasing rate, what is the future of electricity? We believe it is brighter than ever. And after looking at some of the ideas posed by experts, we are sure that you will agree.
So what are the experts saying?
Electricity production will be clean!
With greenhouse gases and global warming such a big issue, scientists agree that energy in the future has to be green, clean and sustainable. This means more reliance on renewable energy sources – such as solar, wind and hydro-electric power, and the lesser known geothermal, tidal and wave energy – and on alternative energy such as various bio-fuels.
No more cables!
Just like your wireless router supplies wireless internet access to all computers in the house, in the future our appliances will be powered in much the same fashion. Everything will be cordless. The only thing plugged in will be some sort of Wilectricity device that transmits wireless power to all parts of the house.
Perhaps this may sound far-fetched to you know, but recently a team of scientist from MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) successfully conducted a wireless electricity experiment. They were able to power a light bulb through resonance technology. Although it was 40% less efficient than plugging the bulb in (150W was needed to power the 60W light), technology will improve and make it a viable option in the future.
Trees could power our homes!
So you thought trees were only good for shade? Well, in the future they could power your home as well. MIT researchers were at it again. This time they used platinum electrodes and ficus plants to discover more about the weak electric currents from trees. What they found was the pH difference between the soil and tree caused electric currents. Now all they have to figure out is the best way to harness this energy for human benefit.
Perhaps something even more futuristic is an artificial tree that combines the energy from sunlight, wind and heat to produce electricity. A company, Solar Botanic Energy Systems, plans to copy the genius of nature. With the help of nanotechnology, they intend to plant artificial trees with tiny photovoltaic (light energy), thermovoltaic (heat energy) and piezovoltaic (vibration) generators all united on the leaf design to produce electricity. The experiment is likely to take place in the Middle East, where they will plant 36 artificial palms and expect to generate 5000kW of electricity per year.
Could you pass me my electric jacket?!
We already have electric toothbrushes, electric cars and electric shavers. Is there still more to come? By the look of things, there is. By having a quick glimpse at what the futuristic shops of Akihabara in Japan have to offer, you will be amazed. There you will find electric shoes, glasses and even clothing. Imagine watching a broadcast of the hourly news on the back of someones shirt! With the help of nanotechnology, this could be the future.
Consumers will have the final say!
In the future, many believe the supply of electricity to your home will no longer rely on the utility companies but on you. Your home will have its own renewable energy system, and you will decide whether you want to be connected to the grid or not. You will no longer have to pay mandatory energy bills, and when you go on vacation you can simply shut off the power.
Now, whether this future will happen anytime soon is unknown. But what is know is some people have installed their own renewable energy solutions at home, and are already living off the grid. We are just waiting for it to gain mass market appeal.
Blackouts will be a thing of the past!
Although today's electricity system is apparently 99.97 percent reliable, the 0.03% has caused blackouts that have cost Americans at least $150 billion annually – which equates to about $500 per person per year.
Now, if consumers decided to take control and install their own renewable energy at home, then blackouts will be a thing of the past. And all that saved money can be put to better use, such as toward the failing health system.
Final thought:
By the looks of things, the future of electricity looks very bright, and exciting! However, at the end of the day it does not matter how many solutions science provides, but whether we adopt them on a large scale and shape the world for the better.


text:
Monitoring MDG and WFS targets: Asia and the Pacific Food security working paper
Worldwide developing countries have reduced hunger as measured by the food security statistics ,known as Millennium Development Goals (MDG) indicator 5 and the indicator of the World Food Summit (WFS) during the 1990s, but the reduction has slowed down during the most recent five-year period.
Measuring hunger at subnational level: The FAO approach applied to household survey data Food security working paper
This manual provides a set of guidelines to professionals involved in the estimation of food security statistics, using food consumption data collected in National Household Surveys (NHS).
Household food wastage in Turkey Food security working paper
Household Budget Surveys, Household Income and Expenditure Surveys and Food Balance Sheets, provide useful data for epidemiological research and for developing National Food and Nutrition Policies.
Food deprivation trends: Mid-term review of progress towards the World Food Summit target Food security working paper
Ten years after the World Food Summit (WFS) and less than 10 years before 2015 (the target year for halving the number of undernourished), the hunger situation in the Developing World still remains of great concern.
Report on food deprivation towards the MDG on hunger reduction Food security working paper
Worldwide developing countries have reduced hunger since the MDG bench-mark period of 1990-92 to the latest available of 2001-03. A closer look at the proportion of population insufficient to their needs brings positive news on regional hunger reduction such as in Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia.
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text:
Funding Packages are the set of funding assumptions that will be used to price a loan. Once a Funding Package has been set up, any number of regions can be set to use that Funding Package. In the past these settings have been part of the region settings, but now with Funding Packages, you will be able to:
- Update one Funding Package and have those changes apply to all regions that use that Funding Package
- Have multiple Funding Packages per region, and allow the lender to choose which Funding Package to use on a per loan basis.
- This functionality is only available with certain modules, and may be an added cost. Please contact us if you are interested in turning this on.
You can add or edit Funding Packages on the Regions & Users pane of the Administration Section. Click the "New" button next to "Funding Packages" to create a new Funding Package, or click the name of the Funding Package you would like to edit to open the Funding Package Assumptions screen.
- Name
- What this Funding Package will be called throughout PrecisionLender
- Enabled
- When checked, this Funding Package will be available for use
- Funding Curve Family
- Funding Curve
- Funding Curve should match what is selected in the Funding Curve Family field except if the Family is 'Custom'. If the Funding Curve Family is 'Custom', you will be able to select from a list of your bank's available Custom Funding Curves.
- Funding Curve Interpolation
- Funding Curve Adjustments
- Allows you to add adjustments, to the entire curve or for specific durations
- Adjustments apply to all points on the curve less than or equal to the specified duration but greater than the previous duration
- Liquidity Adjustments
After setting up a Funding Package, you'll need to add it to a region in order for the Funding Package to be available when new opportunities are being priced.
In the Administration section, select the region you would like to add this Funding Package to and then click the edit button in the upper left hand corner. You will then have the ability to change the Funding Package for this region to any enabled Funding Package.


text:
Waiting on Wednesday is a weekly feature hosted by Breaking the Spine. It highlights eagerly awaited upcoming releases that you're excited for.
This is my pick for this week:
The Crown's Game
Author: Evelyn Skye
Series: The Crown's Game #1
Genre: Young Adult, Fantasy, Romance
Pub Date: May 17, 2016
Publisher: Balzer + Bray
Goodreads | Barnes and Noble | Amazon
Vika Andreyeva can summon the snow and turn ash into gold. Nikolai Karimov can see through walls and conjure bridges out of thin air. They are enchanters—the only two in Russia—and with the Ottoman Empire and the Kazakhs threatening, the Tsar needs a powerful enchanter by his side.
And so he initiates the Crown's Game, an ancient duel of magical skill—the greatest test an enchanter will ever know. The victor becomes the Imperial Enchanter and the Tsar's most respected adviser. The defeated is sentenced to death.
Raised on tiny Ovchinin Island her whole life, Vika is eager for the chance to show off her talent in the grand capital of Saint Petersburg. But can she kill another enchanter—even when his magic calls to her like nothing else ever has?
For Nikolai, an orphan, the Crown's Game is the chance of a lifetime. But his deadly opponent is a force to be reckoned with—beautiful, whip smart, imaginative—and he can't stop thinking about her.
And when Pasha, Nikolai's best friend and heir to the throne, also starts to fall for the mysterious enchantress, Nikolai must defeat the girl they both love . . . or be killed himself.
As long-buried secrets emerge, threatening the future of the empire, it becomes dangerously clear . . . the Crown's Game is not one to lose.
I wasn't aware of this book until a few weeks ago, when I saw someone talking about it on twitter. I saw the title of it and I thought, hmm, this sounds interesting! I'm a big sucker for royalty and competitions, and since those are the two things the cover implies will be in the book, I decided to check it out. Well, after reading that blurb, I'm hooked completely. This looks so good!!!
I'm getting a lot of Shadow and Bone-esque vibes from this, and a bit of The Hunger Games too, which makes it all the better. The fact that there's magic, a competition, forbidden love…oh man, this book has it all! The one thing I'm very intrigued by are the relationships between the characters, as there's a lot of connections between them and the blurb promises a high amount of drama. And we all know I'm here for drama *smirks* This is definitely high on my list of 2016 releases that I need to get ASAP!


text: Vendeur: scot-petshop (49.888) 100%, Lieu où se trouve: Livingston, Lieu de livraison: GB, IE, DE, FR, Numéro de l'objet: 361296022761 Tarifa Small Cat And Kitten Scratching Post This scratching post for cats and kittens has a natural sisal covered post, which helps to maintain your cats claws.The platform is padded and has a plush covering. With plush cover Post wrapped in natural sisal Padded platform : 37cm Diameter Floor Area: 35 x 35cm Post: 7cm Diameter Height: 52cm Colour: black/grey Why not treat your furry friend to this purrfect cat accessory. UK MAINLAND DELIVERY ONLY Scot-Petshop Delivery Options (Mon - Fri Dispatch)FREE ECONOMY DELIVERY - Free economy delivery on this order for UK customers unless the listing states UK MAINLAND DELIVERY ONLY. However should you wish to order an item stating UK MAINLAND DELIVERY ONLY in the description and you are located out with this area, please contact us using Ebay messaging for a quote.Our free economy service is sent by Royal Mail 48 (2nd class) or 48/72hr courier (please see individual advert details) Delivery is within 3 – 5 working days and maybe longer for remote destinations and Northern Ireland. GET IT FAST - If you require express delivery there is an option to upgrade for a charge to our fast 24hr service. This is normally sent by 24hr courier or Royal Mail Special Delivery. Please note some remote areas, Islands & NI may not be eligible for a 24hr courier service, if unsure call us on 01506 444868 and we can check with our courier for you. Our daily dispatch cut off time for GET IT FAST orders is 1pm, orders received after 1 pm may be sent by 24hr courier or Royal Mail Special Delivery the following working day. INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY – we can offer international delivery on many courier items, please see individual advert details for availability. Delivery can take up to 7 – 14 days for courier depending on the destination. VAT - The price of this item includes VAT at 20% where applicable. Please ask if you require a VAT receipt.Returns - We offer a flexible 14 day return policy to protect you in the event of the product is not suitable for your requirements.GET IT RIGHT - make sure your address details are complete and correct, we cannot be held responsible if the address details you have provided are wrong.Customer Service - If you would like more information about this or any other product please do not hesitate to contact us through the Ebay messaging service or on 01506 444868. Type: Scratching Post, Main Colour: Grey, Height: 52 cm, Brand: TRIXIE, MPN: 43712, Item Sub-Type: Scratching Post


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Vaccines. Nothing strikes debate among parents and health care professionals like vaccination. Like a lot of parents, we went back and forth about what to do. There was a lot of that influenced our decision but the charts on the following link is what truly solidified our decision.
I originally found these charts straight from the CDC themselves but of course I haven't been able to find it recently. These charts are 'zoomed out' disease mortality charts. The charts typically given by your pediatrician show disease death rates starting from around 1950 (or whenever a typical vaccine was introduced) until 1990. If you zoom out to around 1900 you will see that various diseases were already on their way out. WAY on their way out.


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REVIEW: TO THE WONDER (Terrence Malick - 2012)
With Tree of Life's release in 2011, To The Wonder is the fastest turn around made by the mysterious, maverick American film-maker Terrence Malick in his career. It's a conflicting experience that on the one hand is a poignant examination of the intrinsic 'decay' underwriting American society (and therefore identity) in contrast to 'old world' Europe. On the other hand it's a waffling, bloated, pretentious mess. After vacationing in Mont Saint-Michel, Neil (Ben Affleck) asks his partner Marina (Olga Kurylenko) and her daughter to move from France to Oklahoma, U.S.A. Their transition from Europe to middle America isn't easy and sees Marina reach out to a Spanish priest (Javier Bardem) and fellow exile, struggling with his vocation in the face of the condemnation that surrounds him. As ties between Neil and Marina are stretched, he renews a friendship with a childhood friend, Jane (McAdams). Malick is a truly cinematic story teller. His composition of the world in the lens is stunning. Malick's entire oeuvre is more about texture than narrative details. His previous works are epic in their philosophical exploration through dramatically rich subjects (Tree of Life: coming of age & family | The Thin Red Line: War | The New World: civilisation); which ultimately suited his meandering, painterly approach. Unfortunately, the lightning turn around shines the spotlight onto the stylistic tropes of what makes a 'Malick' film. And the relatively light source material and (assumed) purpose of the film is suffocated by the repetitiousness of his languid cinematographic gaze. Whether its frolicking on the dark sand of Mont Saint-Michel, caressing the sun drenched wheat of the rolling Oklahoma downs or even Affleck explaining 'magic hour' to Kurylenko's daughter; it's an evocative but empty beauty. The character's names aren't important, you barely register their identity as much as what you can attempt to ascertain from their hierarchical position in the frame.
The performers must surrender to their ability to project an inner struggle. For actors like Affleck and McAdams it's refreshing to see them in relatively silent roles, conveying emotion gesturally. They are even restrained in how they stalk through the frame; purposefully but always with grace. By far the most interesting character of the work is Bardem's lost priest. He has to sift through the rot that abounds trying to see the slivers of beauty within the poorly constructed, now dilapidated, mass produced suburbia that virally spread around middle America industry. Bardem's quiet intensity focuses the narrative, and attempts to repair the damage he observes. However, Malick really only has eyes for Kurylenko. He obsessively courts her pixie like presence as humanity in appreciation of the marks of humanity that last. In contrast, she's the beautiful organic presence in the face of WALLMART's clinical isles, or suburban cloned landscape.
Every element of this film conjures rabidly positive and vehemently negative ammunition that one could wax lyrical on. This is the frustratingly slippery, interchangeable position on which this reviewer stands on Malick's latest effort.
To the Wonder feels like a caricature coveting Malick's previously towering pieces of visual art. However there's more refined, contemplative poetry in this relative misstep than in a hundred Hollywood studio films.
Blake Howard - follow Blake on Twitter here: @blakeisbatman and listen to the audio review on That Movie Show 2UE here or on top-rating film podcast Pod Save Our Screen, available now on iTunes.


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Kiyoshi Nakamura
Photos by Kiyoshi Nakamura. Ishikawa, Japan.
Photos by Kiyoshi Nakamura. Ishikawa, Japan.
Photos by Alex Synge.
Photos by Christopher Landin. Gothenburg, Sweden.
"Ten Dogs", photos by Vincent Delbrouck. Belgium.
Photos by Toyokazu Nagano. Ishikawa, Japan. (Donate to Japan!)
Incredible photos by Carrie Schneider.
Photos by Grant Harder. Vancouver.
Photos by Sayaka Minemura. This is another breakfast project but this one is so innocent and makes the other one seemed forced in comparison.


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Calypso St. Barth Ostrich Pillow $255
Happy Holidays! Rebecca and I are heading home for the holidays (Renee is on a flight to Tokyo as we speak), so we finished up our holiday shopping in New York. If you're looking for some last minute gifts, look no further than Calypso St. Barth. We had trouble picking just one thing to feature from their gift guide—they have some seriously lusteworthy pieces! One of our favorites is their Fuschia Ostrich Feather Pillow. It's fun, ultra luxe, and perfect for just about any girl's apartment. You know we have a hard time saying no to anything with feathers or fur, and it's the absolute perfect color. In fact, if any of you are feeling generous… we'd love to receive one as a gift! Just sayin'.
Rebecca & Renee
Tags: Calypso St. Barth


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Art Journaling EXPOSED vol. 2 eMag for PC and Mac
This product will be accessible from My Downloadable Products located in My Account after purchase.
Interact with your art! The Art Journaling Exposed 2 eMag presents another hands-on look at creating great pages and journals with color, lettering, and more! We've brought you even more new and well-known artists that bring their tips, tricks, and favorite techniques to you through slideshows, videos, and photographs that you can pan and zoom. The ability to enlarge a picture to exactly the size you want, to see the smallest of details, and the opportunity to play a tutorial again and again as you work along in your studio space are just a few of the great benefits of Art Journaling Exposed 2.
Discover the genius behind artists like Jane Davenport and Margaret Applin, play with your lettering, get the 411 on art journal supplies, find lots of art prompts, learn 13 ways to layer your journals, and so much more.
Don't just read it, experience it! Download Art Journaling Exposed 2 and discover how to . . .
- Get Caught On Tape with 3 favorite artists: Jen Cushman, Kristen Robinson, and Jenny Cochran Lee
- Survive a background check, held by Kari McKnight-Holbrook
- Play your part in a doodle duel between Amy Tan and Dyan Reaveley
- Take your letters to basic training with Jenn Mason
- Uncover our latest stash secrets- Jane Davenport tells all!
With an array of videos, interactive slide shows, and lessons in creating pages and journals, Art Journaling Exposed 2 is the perfect addition to your creative process.
Download this amazing eMag today and make your journal a work of art!
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text: Sorting type: Most visited Most visited Alphabetical | This category is about stories that includes love. :) Pages in category "Love Themes" " Summary: She was on her way to Las Cruces, going to see if there was anything to salvage from... The Girl with Two Lives Retrieved from "http://kanechroniclesfanfiction.wikia.com/wiki/Category:Love_Themes?oldid=4507" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Add category Cancel Save


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We all know those folks that work all week and as soon as the weekend begins—they are playing softball, running a 5K, hiking or biking. The large Back Wrap is ideal for back pain and ham/quad pulls while the Knee Wrap relieves joint pain and soreness.
The beauty connoisseur will make a new best friend once they experience THERA°PEARL. The Eye-ssential Mask relieves puffy and red eyes, the Neck Wrap relieves tension in the neck and shoulders, and the Face Mask works wonders for clogged pores.
The Hygenic Corporation is pleased to announce the completion of an extensive laboratory renovation and the resulting enhancements to their prototyping, custom formulating and testing processes.
"This most recent capital investment demonstrates our company's continued commitment to innovation and quality," stated Lisa Koval, Vice President & General Manager, Healthcare, Specialty & Dental, The Hygenic Corporation. "With our already established and appreciated iterative innovation process, the lab renovation creates exponential benefits for our customers. We can now shorten the time between the initial idea and a product that meets specifications and measurable performance characteristics. This quicker time to market should translate to greater bottom line revenue for the customer."
The laboratory renovation provides better space utilization and increased flexibility. This allows staff to reconfigure and customize their workspace for each specific project and to create space that is highly conducive to collaboration.
"With our new lab environment and its dedicated development equipment, we can now get the initial product concept as well as any needed re-works to the customer quicker. Shorter turnaround keeps the customer invested and engaged in the process," added Allison Ryan, Director, New Product Development. "Our investment also improves safety and the esthetics of the lab space. My staff had a good deal of input in the workspace design and we're very pleased with the results."
"Hygenic is also recognized for its extensive testing and resulting quality products, both branded and OEM. Our TheraBand® elastic resistance exercise products are the product of choice in the healthcare market because of its quality, effectiveness, durability and consistency," concluded Ms. Koval. "This same rigorous testing process also enables us to customize natural and synthetic rubber compounds to meet the specific performance attributes required in our OEM customers' applications while delivering consistency on a lot-to-lot basis."


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To switch to the 32-bit Internet Explorer, first exit 64-bit Internet Explorer. But I didn't mean an harm to your cubitus Report greatful- Oct 26, 2010 05:01PM thank you so much for your help I have been trying to fix this problem for Inicia sesión para que tengamos en cuenta tu opinión. For information about optimizing PDF files, seeOptimizing PDFs. have a peek at this web-site
Start now ^Back to top Was this page helpful? Solution 3 - use Adobe Reader as your default PDF software The solution to to make sure the latest version of Adobe Reader is installed and then set Adobe Reader to In the Action section, change the action for how you want to open the file. The default path for Reader is "C:\Program Files (x86)\Adobe\Acrobat Reader DC\Reader\AcroRd32.exe".
Make sure you update your version of Reader or Acrobat to the latest release. Repair using Control Panel (Windows) You can also repair your Acrobat or Reader installation using the Windows Control Panel. This will solve the problem. Solution 1 - update Adobe Acrobat Update the version of Adobe Acrobat.
Acción en curso... Siguiente How to set Adobe Reader as the default pdf viewer in windows 10 - Duración: 0:43. Locate a PDF on your computer, select it, and then click Open. Display Pdf In Browser If you want the PDF to open in Adobe Reader instead of in the Firefox browser window, select Use Adobe Reader.
Locate a PDF on your computer, select it, and then click Open. Note: If the button says Disable, then the add-on is already enabled. Acción en curso... Repair the HKCR\AcroExch.Document registry key (Windows) It is possible that this key is damaged, is pointing to an obsolete version of Acrobat or Reader, or is pointing to a third-party PDF
Helpful +0 Report josephbrown012 1Posts Friday November 23, 2012Registration date November 29, 2012 Last seen Nov 29, 2012 01:41AM Thanks for this post. Cannot Display Pdf Android Thank you See more Internet explorer stops working with pdf file Ie11 pdf loads part way then freezes Internet explorer adobe pdf stopped working Internet explorer stops working Facebook internet explorer Acrobat DC:Continue to the next step. Go to "Edit" -> "Preferences..." and make sure "Enable Protected Mode at Startup" is NOT checked Close your browser (Firefox, Internet Explorer, etc.) and make sure that no session is hidden
of China India - English New Zealand Southeast Asia (Includes Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) - English 中国 中國香港特別行政區 台灣 日本 한국 Commonwealth of Independent States Includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Open the menu again, click Developer and select Plug-ins. Unable To Open Pdf Files In Internet Explorer 11 Note: If the button says Disable, then the add-on is already enabled. Can't Open Pdf Files Back up your current Registry file: In the Registry Editor dialog box, choose File > Export.
Navigate to HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\AcroExch.Document. Check This Out For more information about the registry, see theWindows documentationor contactMicrosoft. If the PDF opens, the website you were viewing could have a problem. NuhanPlays 10.841 visualizaciones 0:51 Repair Windows 10 using Automatic Repair - Duración: 6:54. Open Pdf In Browser Chrome
Try any of the following browsers that you have not already tried: Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Internet Explorer Apple Safari For a list of compatible browsers for Reader and Acrobat, It really worked I can now open PDF's :) Report Home User- Jul 9, 2011 01:06PM I had this exact problem all of a sudden with Windows Vista. Thanks so much for your help. Source Iviewgle 20.441 visualizaciones 0:43 How to fix Adobe Reader can't open link in browser - Duración: 2:37.
Click Change and follow the instructions to repair the application. Cannot Open Pdf In Internet Explorer Legal Notices | Online Privacy Policy Acrobat < See all apps Learn & Support Beginner's Guide User Guide Tutorials Ask the Community Post questions and get answers from experts. About Contact Copyright Privacy policy Scroll back to top Recordármelo más tarde Revisar Recordatorio de privacidad de YouTube, una empresa de Google Saltar navegación ESSubirIniciar sesiónBuscar Cargando...
Aaron B 69.433 visualizaciones 7:46 How To Convert pdf to word without software - Duración: 9:04. Yes No Submit No Comment By clicking Submit, you accept the Adobe Terms of Use. Close Reader or Acrobat. Internet Explorer 11 Won't Open Pdf In Browser For instructions on clearing the browser cache, refer to these articles: Firefox: Delete browsing, search, and download history Chrome:Delete your cache, history, and other browser data Internet Explorer 8 through 11:
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NEW HAVEN, CONN. -Riding a four-game losing streak, the University of Pennsylvania men's squash team regained its form and took down Columbia, 5-4 at the CSA Team Championships. The win guarantees that Penn will improve upon last season's seventh place finish.
February 6 was the last time the Quakers felt the thrill of victory and Saturday provided a thrill that they certainly won't forget. With the score tied 4-4, it all came down to the No. 1 match between Marwan Mahmoud and last season's No. 2 overall player in the CSA Osama Khalifa. Mahmoud dropped the first game, 11-4 before earning dominant 11-2 and 11-4 wins in the next two. Khalifa bounced back in game four to tie the match, setting up one final game to decide who will head to the consolation match final.
That final game was one for the ages as Mahmoud gutted out a 17-15 victory, ending the Quakers losing streak and making a date with the Harvard Crimson in the consolations finals.
Penn's over four wins came from the bottom of the ladder, securing the six through nine spots.
James Watson earned an injury shortened win, 2-0. Watson saw little trouble in the first two games winning 11-4 and 11-2 before the match was called.
Fresh off his first postseason win, George Lemmon wasted little time in picking up win number two, cruising to a 3-0 win in the seventh position.
Playing in his penultimate game for the Quakers, senior captain Tyler Odell picked up a 3-0 victory in the eight spot. Odell will play his final match on Sunday against the Crimson.
Finally, continuing his impressive freshman campaign, Jonathan Zeitels earned a 3-0 win at nine. The win is Zeitels' 13th of the season and he's lost just twice.
Sunday's match with Harvard is set for a 9 a.m. start and will determine who finishes fifth and sixth in the CSA this season.


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Two West Yorkshire businesses are facing financial penalties after illegal workers were caught during Home Office Immigration Enforcement raids.
Officers visited Chickanos, Union Street, Huddersfield, and Zahra, Thorpe Lane, Leeds, on Wednesday evening (12 March).
At both businesses, immigration checks were carried out on staff members. A 23-year-old man from Pakistan, found working at Chickanos, was arrested for working in breach of his visa. He is now detained pending removal from the country.
At Zahra, a 31-year-old man from Pakistan was found working in breach of his visa. He was told to leave the premise and will have to report regularly to Home Office immigration while an outstanding application is considered. He also faces removal from the country if the application is refused.
Chickanos and Zahra were both served with a civil penalty notice for employing the illegal workers. This means the employer will be fined up to £10,000 per illegal worker unless proof is provided that the correct right to work checks were carried out. This is a total potential fine of £10,000 for both Chickanos and Zahra.
Assistant Director Anita Bailey, from the Home Office Yorkshire & Humber Immigration Enforcement Team, said:
"The message to employers in West Yorkshire who use illegal labour is clear. We will catch you and you could face a heavy penalty.
"Illegal working is not a victimless crime. It defrauds the taxpayer, undercuts honest employers and cheats legitimate job seekers out of employment opportunities.
"We are happy to work with businesses to let them know what checks need to be made on staff, but those who break the law should know that they will face heavy fines.
"I would urge anyone with specific and detailed information about suspected illegal working to get in touch."
The Home Office provides support to employers so they can understand the rules, including visits by staff, a dedicated telephone helpline and website.
Employers unsure of the steps they need to take to avoid employing illegal workers can visit http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/business-sponsors/preventing-illegal-woring/ or they can call the Employers Helpline on 0300 123 4699.
Anyone who suspects that illegal workers are being employed at a business or someone is living in the UK illegally can contact Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.