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- I WILL DO UPTO 2Millions Backl!nks [ see service extras]..
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- Not panda and Penguin safe
- All links will be made in a very short time which is difficult to handle and the competitor site..
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NEGATIVE SEO BLAST with 300,000 Backlinks,be carefull... is ranked 5 out of 5. Based on 12 user reviews.
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Preserve Freedom and "slit our wrists."
Michelle Bachmann was the guest of honor at a recent question and answer session for the Independence Institute, a libertarian organization from Colorado. In response to a question about the current health care proposal she said:
"This cannot pass. What we have to do today is make a covenant, to slit our wrists, be blood brothers on this thing. This will not pass. We will do whatever it takes to make sure this doesn't pass."
I have not engaged in too many covenant rituals. But, my experience tells me that one does not slit their wrists when they make a covenant. If you so desire to cut yourself the Covenant Cutters of America recommends to do so by cutting open the palm of your hand. The CCA has issued a warning specifically urging US citizens to not enter into a covenant with anyone who recommends slitting their wrists. It is not good practice.
Bachmann continues to describe her plans for her 'Un-American' enemies. She says, "Right now we are looking at reaching down the throat and ripping the guts out of freedom [in] this country."
You get them Michelle! You tell those American bastards to watch out! We will rip the guts out of freedom even if we have to slit our wrists trying!
Wait a minute, don't we like freedom? Isn't freedom a good thing?
Michelle Bachmann also cares a lot about people who are less fortunate then her. "If raising the minimum wage to $7.00 an hour is a good idea, that why don't we just raise it to $20.00 an hour, that must be even better." She continued to make a really great point, "Literally, if we took away the minimum wage—if conceivably it was gone—we could potentially virtually wipe out unemployment completely because we would be able to offer jobs at whatever level." (Michele Bachmann, 1/26/05, Jobs, Energy and Community Development Committee).
What other problems are you dealing with Rep. Bachmann?
"You've got your usual slothfulness, boozing, skirt-chasing members of Congress — we could only wish that those were our problems."
Ok, so you're willing to slit your wrists over poor people getting healthcare, but you aren't willing to deal with the slothful, booze-ridden, skirt-chasing members of Congress that you work with everyday? Who does deal with these people? What do we do to stop their slothful ways?
The best way to really find out the truth about our members of Congress is an expose. "I wish the American media would take a great look at the views of the people in Congress and find out, are they pro-America or anti-America?"
Michelle Bachmann sees other members of congress as being boozers and womanizers. She views poor people as things not deserving of healthcare or a decent wage. I wonder how she views herself.
"I see myself as being very limited and very flawed, and lacking in knowledge, and wisdom and understanding."
I couldn't have said it any better.

subset: commoncrawl


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Limousine Services
Limousine Services: Why Should You Get One?
You need to go for a trip with your family members and it is just wonderful this time to think about getting limousine services. You would surely like to have limousine services knowing that you are after the comfort of all your family members. Even if you are not a celebrity, you even need to experience it for a trip with total satisfaction so you need to get limo services. When talking about limo services, there are a lot of companies that can offer it to you so you should better decide to look for the best ones in town.
What you have to do this time is to search through the help of your friends. For sure, those people from http://www.sabralimoservice.com/ will never let you down because they also want you to experience the best trip ever. You surely would like to ready your list as your friends will start telling the names very soon. If you have the names already, the next thing that you need to do is to simply search about their backgrounds. You will never go wrong if you will only conduct the searching properly.
It is essential this time for you to think about finding a company that is reliable. You can simply determine the reliability of the company based on the number of years it has served. If they survived, it only means that they have known how to provide the right seattle town car service to the people. It is also essential for you to realize that limousine service companies can be reliable once they have functioning limousines. Aside from having very good brand, it is also essential that the ones you see have good conditions. It will never be appealing to you to use a car that suddenly stops in the middle of the road.
If you would want to have a safe trip, you have to choose the best type of limo. You need to check the unit if it is truly air-conditioned. Definitely, all limousine services are air-conditioned but you have to be sure that they are indeed functioning well. You also need to be aware of the existence of functioning limo services inside the car. If you want to have time for entertainment, it is essential that you would be able to get it from the car because your kids would like to listen to their favorite music and watch their favorite game on television. You will also feel wonderful to know in advance the costs of services because you have to ready the money and pay what is required. You can also learn more about limo services by checking out the post at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZFJWeh-Iww.


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Its the best
Very Easy to Install, too bad it does not come with tape to hold it in place, but it is a good product.
Call us 7 days a week
Item #: WB268783A
Sold By: globalindustrial.com
Ships same day. Estimated lead times do not include weekends or holidays. Transit time is determined by shipping method and destination. Orders requiring credit information might take additional time.
|$39.95 ea.
|$38.25 ea.
Frequently Purchased Together
Sold in packages of 12
Product Specifications
Avg. Customer Rating: (7 customer reviews)
The most favorable review
Its the best
Very Easy to Install, too bad it does not come with tape to hold it in place, but it is a good product.
The most critical review
Slows cars and trucks but not SUVs
These are cost effective and reasonably effective at slowing down traffic.
7 Results
Slows cars and trucks but not SUVs
Your review: I bought these to slow folks down that were using my parking lot as a cut-through/ turn around. They work for the most part but are not very high so anything with SUV suspension can go right over these like a pothole. Cars slow down and any larger trucks (like delivery guys) slow down.
Pros: These are cost effective and reasonably effective at slowing down traffic.
Cons: Could be a little more aggressive to slow down SUVs.
Speed bump quaility
Your review: We received and installed the speed bumps we ordered. We ended up ordering extra end caps. I thought that was odd.
Pros: Very easy to install and hopefully they will last a few years.
Cons: We needed to purchase extra end caps because the manufacturer only made two available.
Its the best
Your review: I wanted some thing that was low where the bumper on the car would not get stuck, an this met the idea I wanted. It is the best as it low enough that the front bumper on my car does not get caught on any thing. I use it to tell me how close I am to the end of the turn around for the car.
Pros: Very Easy to Install, too bad it does not come with tape to hold it in place, but it is a good product.
Cons: Will have to wait for a year to see if there are any problems, as of now, there is none.
Not a typical home driveway use
Your review: The product was complete and in excellent shape. Delivery was prompt. Not having purchased products of this nature before, it is hard to make comparisons. Our need was for a marker for parking a car in front of a garage door and still allow access to the garage. It works very well; it meets our needs and expectations. Thank you.
7 Results
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text:
A beach on the Cape Cod National Seashore was closed Wednesday after a shark bit a paddleboard, authorities confirm.
Marconi Beach in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, was closed to swimmers after an incident...
A woman whose family's caskets were broken into at Woodlawn Cemetery says the break-in may have been related to a cult ritual surrounding the recent solar eclipse. Wale Aliyu reports.
A pet wolf has been turned over to state wildlife authorities on Long Island after it became aggressive with its owner, officials say. Jummy Olabanji reports.
Supporters of former quarterback Colin Kaepernick, who refused to stand for the national anthem to protest police brutality against blacks, showed their solidarity with him. Ray Villeda reports.
A stolen fire truck ends up in a surprising place in western Illinois. Officials discovered this East Moline fire truck in the Mississippi River. Police say a man stole the truck on August 22nd while...
People rushed into neighboring barns to save the spooked horses inside.
Police say 19-year-old Keith Johnson was pronounced dead at the hospital. Checkey Beckford reports.
A fire devoured a barn on the grounds of a historic New York race track.
Police say the man said 'I'm going to push you' before he shoved the woman onto the tracks in the East Village. Rana Novini reports.
A New York town's police department and the unions that represent its officers are denouncing a racially charged Instagram post made by one of its members. Erica Byfield reports.


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Granddad's Favorite Spiced Peaches
Be the first to review
READY IN: 25mins
Recipe by Heartspell
Got this from the Favorite Family Recipes Good Country Cookin Cookbook by Cracker Barrel. These are so easy and taste fantastic!! I substituted splenda for the sugar; I used cans of sliced peaches, instead of halves and I put them into mason jars instead of a bowl. Let me know what you think!
See Discussion:
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 1⁄2 cups sugar
- 1 cup apple cider vinegar
- 2 1⁄2 teaspoons whole cloves
- 5 cinnamon sticks
- 2 (29 ounce) cans peaches, drained (calls for halves)
Directions See How It's Made
- Combine sugar, vinegar, cloves and cinnamon sticks in sauce pan. Bring to a boil; reduce heat. Simmer for 10 minutes.
- Arrange peach halves in bowl. Pour hot sauce over peaches. Serve.


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Kings' Brown to play overseas
Kings captain Dustin Brown has signed to play for Zurich of the Swiss League for the duration of the NHL lockout, Brown's agent, Scott Norton, said Thursday.
Norton said he and Brown had discussed options in Russia's KHL, another European league and also playing in the ECHL. Norton said Brown chose Zurich and plans to leave around Nov. 7 so he can begin play on Nov. 13, after the league's break.
Brown had previously said he wasn't sure if he would go overseas because he and his wife, Nicole, have three young sons at home, but Norton said Brown wanted to stay in shape by playing games. Brown has been among a group of players taking part in informal practices at the team's practice facility in El Segundo. Because of lockout rules, the group has had to pay for ice time and can't use the Kings' locker room and training facilities.
"He and Nicole felt comfortable with this option," Norton said. "And Dustin really wants to play, stay sharp and stay in shape with hopes that the collective bargaining agreement gets resolved soon."
Zurich is coached by former Kings coach Marc Crawford.
Three other Kings have been playing in Europe: center Anze Kopitar is playing for Mora of Sweden's second-tier league, defenseman Alec Martinez has been playing for TPS Turku in Finland and goaltender Jonathan Bernier has been playing for Heilbronn Falken of Germany's second division.
-Helene Elliott
FOX Sports Go


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I stopped off at the allotment on this golden afternoon to pick up some carrots and Calabrese for supper, as well as a few raspberries for dessert and witnessed a very strange piece of dining behaviour.
An orb web spider had spun its web through the raspberry canes and the web had caught a small wasp. As I picked the raspberries, a hornet landed on the web and start eating the wasp. The hornet was untroubled by the sticky secretions on the web and proceeded to eat the soft parts of the wasp, spitting out the hard parts of the exoskeleton. I believe the protein is fed to the larvae-adult hornets cannot digest it.
When it was finished, the hornet flew briefly on to another part of the plant, cleaned its antennae and flew away, leaving the spider with an empty larder and some repair work to do. At no point did the spider appear-sensible creature.
I used to be quite afraid of hornets and wasps,come to that, but if you regard them as formidable allies in the battle against aphids and other insect pests, treat them with the same respect you would any other ally, it is possible not to get panicky. Hornets are less aggressive than wasps and in their own way, they are quite beautiful. I became fascinated by the slenderness of the hornet's waist and the beautiful toffee colour, as well as the gruesome munching. No pictures I'm afraid-I didn't have the camera with me. Instead, a picture of the kitten we stayed with at the weekend. Twelve weeks old. Cute.


text:
To try the thousands of add-ons available here, download Mozilla Firefox, a fast, free way to surf the Web!Close
Welcome to Firefox Add-ons.
Choose from thousands of extra features and styles to make Firefox your own.Close
Review for Autohide Tabbar by hugoheden
Rated 5 out of 5 stars
Thank you for the new hot key (within release 2.6) - exactly what I needed! Now, this is *easily* five stars.
I use it together with verttabbar, to make the tabs stack vertically on the right edge of the web-page-area, and it works reasonably well.
To create your own collections, you must have a Mozilla Add-ons account.


text:
Qlik Dev Group Regional Leader (Danubia)
Christof Schwarz is from Vienna and working in the Visual Analytics team at Accenture. He's been a real Qlik addict since 2009 and built his career around Qlik. He had worked 5 years at QlikTech in Presales were helped many customers jump on the Qlik train. He's blogging on Qlik community and enjoys presenting tech deep dives at events like Qlik Dev Group.
All sessions by Christof Schwarz
Comparing Qlik Idevio Geo Map with others
News from Qlik and Qonnections
Future Camp Wien


text:
News Article
16 December 2016
CWC launch info materials for children
In culmination of the 2016 National Children's Month (NCM), the Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC) and the Department of Social Welfare and Development celebrated the 2016 Araw ng Kabataan on 22 November 2016 in AFP Theater, Quezon City.
The 2016 Araw ng Kabataan lauds children beneficiaries of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), Pantawid Pamilya Exemplary Children for 2016, and the participants during the National Children's Congress.
Photo caption: (L-R) Presentation of information materials by Mr. Peregrino; Gen. Jack Motril;
and Mr. Elino Bardillon
In this event, the CWC launched Comprehensive Program Framework for Children in Situations of Armed Conflict, Children's Guidebook on Child Participation in the Philippines, 2015 State of the Filipino Children Report (SOFCR) and the CWC MAKABATA (Makabuluhang Balita at Talakayan) Newsletter which are information materials that furthers the rights and promotes the protection of Filipino children.
Captain Licerio Plan of the Armed Forces of the Philippines- Human Rights Office, presented the Comprehensive Program Framework for Children in Situations of Armed Conflict which address the alarming involvement of children in armed conflict and covers various grave violations committed towards child rights.
The Children's Guidebook on Child Participation in the Philippines was presented by Mr. Peregrino Bertolano, Institutional Relations Manager of EDUCO. He explained that the guidebook provides guidance and help to fully involve the children in meaningful child and youth participation along planning, action or project implementation, research, trainings, emergency and relief situation and with the local council and barangay council for the protection of children.
Moreover, Mr. Elino Bardillon, Information Officer of the CWC, briefly discussed the 2015 SOFCR and the CWC MAKABATA Newsletter in addition to the publications of CWC.
Subsequently, a symbolic turn-over of the Comprehensive Program for Children in Situations of Armed Conflict, Children's Guidebook on Child Participation in the Philippines, 2015 SOFCR and the CWC MAKABATA Newsletter to four children was executed, which highlights the significance of the children as main target of the launched documents.
Public Affairs and Information Office
Telephone No.: 7811039 loc. 2015
03 January 2016
CWC Anniversary visit conducted at RSCC Lubao and RSCC Quezon City
Two-day visits were conducted at the Reception and Study Center for Children (RSCC) of Region III in Lubao, Pampanga on 20 December 2016 and RSCC National Capital Region (NCR) in Quezon City on 21 December 2016 in celebration of the Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC)'s 42nd Anniversary.
Photo caption: Visit to RSCC Region III: (L) CWC and RSCC staff joined for a photo op; (R, From L-R) Head Social Worker Lucresia Cruz, Assistant Regional Director Irene Crespo and CWC Deputy Executive Director Atty. Marijoy D. Segui
Photo caption: (L) Executive Director Patricia B. Luna delivering her message for the children in RSCC NCR; (R) Kids participating in a game organized by CWC
On the first field visit, the CWC staff was warmly welcomed by the children and staff of RSCC Region III and by Assistant Regional Director Irene Crespo of DSWD Field Office III. Likewise, Ms. Glenda Derla, Social Welfare Officer IV of DSWD NCR, RSCC NCR children and staff warmly greeted CWC on their second field visit.
A short programme was organized for the for the children of the RSCCs. The children actively participated in the games and food were also provided for the festive occasion. Various educational toys were given as Christmas gifts to the RSCC children of Field Office III and NCR.
Public Affairs and Information Office
Telephone No.: 7811039 loc. 1005
27 December 2016
Nationwide Post a Sticker on Child Road Safety Campaign held
The Post a Sticker on Child Road Safety Campaign organized by the Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC), National Youth Commission (NYC), Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), in collaboration with the Robinsons Land Corporation (RLC), Amalgamated Specialties Corporation (AMSPEC), Land Transportation Office (LTO), Land Transportation Franchising Regulatory Board (LTFRB) was launched in Robinsons Fairview on 24 November 2016 in observation of this year's National Children's Month.
The 2016 launch was attended by Atty. Marijoy D. Segui (Deputy Executive Director, CWC): Mr. Michael Esteban (Regional Sales Manager for Luzon, AMSPEC); Ma. Catherine Alejandro (Regional Operations Manager, RLC); Ms. Maria Elena Caguete (Supervising Transportation Regulation Officer, LTO); drivers and operators of tricycles and FX/UV Express in Robinsons Fairview.
Photo caption: (L-R) FX/UV Express sticker posting by Mr. Michael Esteban; Atty. Marijoy D. Segui;
and Ms. Ma. Catherine Alejandro
Campaign stickers emphasizing the message "Batas Trapiko'y Sundin: Kaligtasan ng mga Bata Isipin" were handed out to drivers of motorcycles, tricycles, FX/UV Express, jeepneys and buses. The simultaneous distribution of stickers was also done in various Robinsons Mall throughout the country.
The Campaign intends to remind drivers of private and Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs) to observe cautious driving to ensure the safety and welfare of the passengers, specifically the children on board these vehicles and on the streets.
CWC KICKS - OFF 24th NATIONAL CHILDREN'SMONTH CELEBRATION
Photo retrieved from The Nation multimedia
The forming of the Longest Line of Pencils for the Guinness Book of World Records attempt.
The Council for the Welfare of Children (CWC) with the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and the National Youth Commission (NYC) lead the observance of the National Children's Month (NCM) during the month of November of every year pursuant to on Republic Act 10661, otherwise known as "National Children's Month Act".
This years' observance will be for the whole month of November 2016, the theme is "Isulong: Kalidad na Edukasyon Para sa Lahat ng Bata!" which highlights children's rights to education and encourage stakeholders to advocate inclusive and equitable life-long learning opportunities for all children.
A Press Conference @ Balitaan sa Rembrandt on 04 February 2016 (Friday), 9:00AM – 11:00AM, Rembrandt Hotel, Tomas Morato, Quezon City. The event was organized with DSWD-Social Marketing Services and Philippine Information Agency. Dr. Erick San Juan served as the Moderator. The press conference was participated in by the media composed of print, broadcast and social media. Atty. Marijoy D. Segui, CESO III, CWC Deputy Exec. Dir. IV provided the welcome message. Topics discussed by the panelists were as follows: Drug safety education and DSWD Aftercare, Reintegration and Transformation Support by ASEC Jose Antonio R. Hernandez of DSWD; 24th National Children's Month Observance with the theme Isulong: Kalidad na Edukasyon Para sa Bata!" by Executive Director Patricia B. Luna of Council for the Welfare of Children; Children Sector Perspective on Education by Kathleen Mae D. Villanueva, Alternate Child Representative of NAPC-Children Basic Sector; NYC Programs/Projects in support of 2016 NCM Theme: Education by Executive Director Nielex Tupas, Jr. of National Youth Commission; and DSWD Programs/Projects in support of 2016 NCM Theme: Education by Asst. Bureau Dir. Rosalie D. Dagulo of DSWD-Protective Services Bureau.
The second major activity was the NCM kick – off: "One Million Lapis" Campaign project culmination and the Guinness Book of World Record for the Longest Line of Pencils attempt in partnership with AMSPEC Corporation and SM Cares on November 5, 2016 at SM by the Bay, SM MOA, Pasay City.
For the One Million Lapis Campaign project, a total of 3,337,521 Pencils were collected surpassing by three (3) times the one-million target where majority of the pencils collected were from AMSPEC Corporation.
For the attempt for the "Guinness Book of World Record for the Longest Line of Pencils, more than 2,000 children ages 14-17 years old formed a pencil line of 858.58 meters, besting the 459.97meters set by Nuremberg, Germany on August 2015.
Confirming the world-breaking feat were representatives from Armed Forces of the Philippines Brigadier General Jose Antonio Carlos Motril and Soroptomist International Congresswomen Linabelle Ruth Villarica, 4th District of Bulacan with Engineer Arnel Raios and Willie Nage from Land Registration Authority.
Guests and VIPs who attended the events were composed of Amalgamated Specialties Corporation (AMSPEC) Board Director Ms. Juanita Roco, SM Cares Vice-Pres for Special Projects and Operations Mr. Royston Cabunag, Soroptomist International Judy Gutierrez, DSWD Usec. Mae Fe Templa, Asec. Jose Anthony Hernandez, Director Pat Sarino and Region IV-B Director Wilma Naviamos, DepEd Usec. Alberto Muyot, DA Usec. Ranibai Dilangalen, Executive Director Nielex Tupas of NYC and P/Supt. Erickson Velasquez, Directorate for Police Community.
Media coverage were provided by NET 25, TV 5, UNTV, GMA 7, ABS-CBN and PTV4/Radyo ng Bayan. Journalist of various newspaper attended from Philippine Star, Business Mirror, Manila Times, People's Journal, Manila Standard, Balita and Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Other NCM Activities would include: World Day Against Child Labor on 8 November 2016; Child Safety Sticker Campaign on 24 November 2016 with DOTR – LTO and LTFRB, Robinsons Mall, AMSPEC Corporation, Safe Kids Philippines, Transport Group; Araw ng Kabataan on November 22, 2016 with 1,200 children of DSWD Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program at AFP Theater, Camp Aguinaldo, Quezon City and Launching of Whistle Campaign against Drug Abuse (culminating activity) on 28 November 2016 with PNP and Rotary International @ Malacaňan, respectively.
For more information, please contact:
Mr. Elino Bardillon
Head, Public Affairs and Information Office
7811039 loc 1005/1006
The Council for the Welfare of Children supports the.........


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Mission Statement
Merit College Preparatory Academy will endow all students with the knowledge and skills required to excel in higher education and with the understanding essential for civic and social responsibility.
At Merit we work to inspire young men and young women to develop meaningful skills and attitudes enabling them to engage in 21st century challenges and opportunities.
We recognize the world is changing. We are helping our students prepare for success in college and career through developing 21st Century Skills and Attitudes. We achieve this by implementing what we call Project Based Learning. Instead of just lecture and test taking, our students and teachers are constantly asking questions about what they are really interested in and how to have impact in the community and world. They do not focus on what the curriculum and state standards say, they focus on how to make those standards come to life.
School Spirit, Identity and Theme:
- Merit has chosen the Knight as its emblem.
- Each student will be identified as a "Knight" of Merit Academy.
- School spirit, identity, and being a Merit Knight will be based on principles of honor, honesty, service, friendship, courtesy, courage, team building, fellowship, dedication, and fair play.
- All elements of the school and its extra-curricular activities will be based on the above principles and the school will feature a theme of famous knights and well known legends in so far as they are found to be inoffensive.
- The central theme and the principles that will be associated with being a Merit Knight will provide the foundation for a strong identity and structure for each student to develop a sense of belonging and pride in their achievements at the school and in their service to the community.
- The Student Council will be referred to as the Round Table Council. Students who are elected will become "Knights of the Round Table" and will have responsibilities that include meeting with administrators and counseling staff as student liaisons, providing feedback to administrators, committees, and clubs for school activities, promoting school activities, publishing a student newsletter, graduation planning, and other appropriate responsibilities.
- The principles and theme will foster a strong and positive personal philosophy and attitude in every student.


text:
Everyone´s a misanthrope 03:45
Ash And Coal Sweden
Ash and Coal is a constant mix of the darker, heavier rock and metal genres. It's music that's formed within a metal framework but that make room for different influences and features.Ash and Coal's new album Legacy is a continuation of what was started with the 2013 EP Agnostica. Legacy is released February 18, 2017 ... more
Streaming and Download help


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We're keen to work with service providers working in Blackpool and Blackburn with Darwen that offer support services for residents. This will help join up thinking and support to make a real difference to people regardless of peoples location and age.
If you feel you can offer a valuable social care service for people then please get in touch to discuss how we can work together.
Registered as East Lancashire Advocacy Service, Charity number 1086151
Company limited by guarantee number 4135225


text:
- Trending Now: More Trending:
- Svengali syzygy hegemon repugnant white nationalist, white supremacist
point taken
Definition of point taken
—used to tell someone that one understands what he or she is saying or suggesting "You have to help them." "Point taken. I'll do what I can."
Word by Word Definitions
: an individual detail : item
: a distinguishing detail
: the most important essential in a discussion or matter
: to furnish with a point : sharpen
: to give added force, emphasis, or piquancy to
: to scratch out the old mortar from the joints of (something, such as a brick wall) and fill in with new material
: past participle oftake
Learn More about point taken
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up point taken? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


text:
Termly service fees for guardianship are £620 per term including VAT. This includes all of our services and two visits to see your child in the first term.
See a full breakdown of our fees below:
Extra charges incurred include:
Full board host family accommodation over half term exeats or overnight stays:
£39 per night for students aged 14 and above,
£45 per night for students aged 13 and under
Transport and travel charged at cost
Additional visits at the parents' request £50 per visit
Mobile phones and phone cards charged at cost
Translation and interpretation services on request
Extra visits such as visiting parents to host families with Buddy £20 plus mileage
Emergency visits (outside the one visit per term) £50 per visit
Please note that a disbursements deposit of £1,500 is payable at the beginning of the programme. This is to cover incidental costs and host family accommodation. Once this figure falls to £200 then a further £1,000 is payable. Any monies not used at the end of the programme will be refunded in full to the parent.
These prices are subject to compulsory government Value Added tax at the prevailing rate.
If you would like to speak with someone before you make a decision phone us direct on +44(0)1273 835745
"From my experience and dealings with Guardianship companies, I have to say that I find Bright World to be the best and most professional Guardianship Company that I have worked with."
Jimmy Wong
"I would like to personally thank you on behalf of myself and my wife for looking after Malaka and Sarah during the last several years. Your prompt assistance always has been much appreciated. With my best regards."
Hussein Hilmy
"It has been our great pleasure to have Bright World acting as the guardian for Kenneth in the past 5 years. I appreciate your professional services. We feel much relaxed having you take care of our boy. We have no hesitation to renew the guardianship contract."
Stanley & Doris Chan
Fill out our online application form today for our UK Guardianship services. Alternatively contact our team direct on 01273 835 745 for guidance or more information about our services.
"Bright World is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and young people and expects all staff and volunteers to share this commitment."
Welcome to Bright Eye Digital: Summer 2017, the latest edition of Bright World's quarterly digital magazine, where we keep you up to date with all our latest news and developments.
We are now allowed to tell everybody that we have been shortlisted in the TOP FIVE in a BRAND-NEW category at the 12th Study Travel Awards: ST Star Service Provider.


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Various specials for Dymocks Booklover Members: Muffin Break, Goldmark, Civic Video, Cellarmasters e
Free to join I think. Some of these I think you can even use without joining as it just requires a codeword.
Show your Booklover card at any MUFFIN BREAK and when you buy a coffee, youll get another one FREE.
Simply go to cellarmasters.com.au/dymocks enter your email address, and Cellarmasters will send you your $50 voucher which can be easily redeemed at cellarmasters.com.au
Cut out this handy coupon and present at your local Civic Video
to get two movies for the price of one until 30th June!
Get 15% off at www.efragrance.com.au
PLUS receive a $15 gift voucher to use on your next efragrance order.
Enter the voucher code: DYMOCKS in the voucher section at check out to redeem this offer.
Pick up a pair of prescription glasses at GlassesOnline.com.au for a $20
Dymocks gift card! Enter the code DBL999 when you order and theyll send
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The Man Booker Prize 2010 Longlist has been announced.
The Man Booker Prize is awarded to the best original novel written in the English language in the British Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland. You can read more on the history of the prize here.
I simply want to read.
I'll more than likely occasionally post on here what I've been reading, and if there is something that really blows my mind, I'll probably have more to say about it and may write up a proper post, but for right now, things are going to be very quiet around here.
As always, happy reading!
2017 editI will continue to blog according to my health and ability, and connecting my posts thru Goodreads, so please be patient if things get quiet around here again this year. 2017 edit #2I am happy to report that my bone marrow transplant was a success and that I'm feeling more like myself everyday. That said, I'm going to try to start blogging a little more frequently, but please bare with me as I still continue to recover.
Tuesday, July 27, 2010
Man Booker Prize 2010 Longlist announced
Posted by tapestry100 at 3:38 PM
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Don't Miss
- Merrin called up for NSW
- Hunt's Origin Experience A Boost
- Cronulla Sharks Treasure Hunt
- Origin II predictions
- Match Preview: State of Origin Game II
- Origin II match day information
- 'They're such a class team' Ayshford
- 'Excited about playing at home' Johnson
- Pyjama Party this Friday night!
- Nofoaluma: "We've got to learn off that game"
NRL Late Mail | Round 2
- Updated: March 12, 2016
Just one hour until kick off in Round 2 and Head Coach has made a couple of changes to the side that will take on Canberra Raiders this afternoon.
Latrell Mitchell moves from wing to fullback, while Blake Ferguson moves to the centre position.
Shaun Kenny-Dowall shifts to the wing where he will play outside Ferguson.
Joe Burgess falls out of the line-up, Sio Siua Taukeiaho to starting side and Isaac Liu to the bench.
5. Latrell Mitchell
2. Daniel Tupou
3. Dale Copley
1. Blake Ferguson
4. Shaun Kenny-Dowall
6. Jayden Nikorima
7. Jackson Hastings
8. Kane Evans
9. Jake Friend (c)
10. Dylan Napa
11. Aidan Guerra
12. Mitchell Aubusson
14. Sio Siua Taukeiaho
13. Isaac Liu
15. Sam Moa
16. Ian Henderson
17. Vincent Leuluai


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tag: animals
How Funny Baby Opossums Munch On Their Watermelon Snack
Opossums are not the cutest animals in the world. In fact they can be quite scary when they are hissing at you from a dark corner of a room or surprising you with their "playing dead" trick. But these opossums, which were rescued from the wild, make for a...
10 Awesome Animals Playing Around With Cameras
Animals make for great models not only in front of the camera but also behind. If you don't believe us, check out these fascinating snaps of several renowned wildlife photographers who let the animals get up, close and personal with their camera gear.
17 Amazing Things You Didn't Know About The Animals
Animals were around way before humans ever existed on this earth. They have evolved to do some pretty cool things. Here are 17 amazing facts about animals.
13 Hairless Animals That Are Cute and Completely Unrecognizable Without Their Hair
All these animals look like they are from another planet. This is a warning that you make never look at animals the same way again. I am not sure what to think of these crazy pictures. They are very disturbing but cute and unrecognizable without their hai...
These 15 Animals Without Any Necks Will Blow Your Mind
Check out these hilarious and unseen photos of 15 animals that don't have a neck and it will definitely blow your mind.
15 Beautiful Pictures That Prove Animals Can Fall in Love
Its summer season and love is in the air. Even the Animal kingdom feels the love in the same way humans do! Here are 15 beautiful and adorable Animals kissing which proves Animals can also fall in Love.
How Funny Animals Fails Compilation
How Funny Animals Fails Compilation -Don't laugh on this funny moments.


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About TANRC
The TAN2000 International Regulatory Corporation (TANRC) is the final pivot for a computer club that founder Alan Tan created in elementary school to help others improve their knowledge and opportunities. Previously, the Connecticut-based Benefit Corporation operated as TAN2000 International Holdings Corporation (TANHC), developing a highly structured entrepreneurial marketplace that assisted many aspiring entrepreneurs in honing their concepts and connecting with needed service providers and investors. In developing the voluntary processes that allowed them to run the marketplace, the founding team realized that those same processes were also able to spot fraudulent marketplace activity within the private equity market. Using those processes, the team was able to to remediate some, but not all, of the fraudulent case activity. Those cases become the jurisdiction of the appropriate governmental authority.
Fast forward to December 2015 when the SEC published a report that indicated that they were evaluating multiple paths to reduce the high level of fraudulent activity in the start-up ecosystem. Having already developed a well-articulated and documented process needed for accountability and trust, Tan and his founding team decided to pivot and work to become the recognized voluntary self-regulatory organization for the private equity markets. TANRC wants to give the SEC and state securities agencies, consumer protection agencies, attorneys general, and the labor agencies, the tools they need to address cheaters in the marketplaces and give the startup world the ability to regulate itself. The marketplace blueprint they developed is available to any entrepreneurial group who would like to create an opt-in system that promotes trust and accountability. Best practices are developed by the community in the form of standards and enforced by marketplaces. TANRC is working to function as the interface between the markets and the regulators to provide oversight for marketplaces. Thus, the markets can remain confidently focused on innovation, filling the economic pipeline with many start-ups, and allowing existing corporations to develop new revenue streams.
Board of Governors | Corporate Directory | Legal | Doing Business with TANRC
© The TAN2000 International Regulatory Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
The information on this website is subject to TANRC Operating Standards.


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Axolotls have the unique ability, among vertebrates, to perfectly regenerate complex body parts, such as limbs, after amputation. In addition, axolotls pattern developing and regenerating autopods from the anterior to posterior axis instead of posterior to anterior like all tetrapods studied to date. Sonic hedgehog is important in establishing this anterior-posterior axis of limbs in all tetrapods including axolotls. Interestingly, its expression is conserved (to the posterior side of limb buds and blastemas) in axolotl limbs as in other tetrapods. It has been suggested that BMP-2 may be the secondary mediator of sonic hedgehog, although there is mounting evidence to the contrary in mice. Since BMP-2 expression is on the anterior portion of developing and regenerating limbs prior to digit patterning, opposite to the expression of sonic hedgehog, we examined whether BMP-2 expression was dependent on sonic hedgehog signaling and whether it affects patterning of the autopod during regeneration.
The expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 in developing and regenerating axolotl limbs corresponded to the first digits forming in the anterior portion of the autopods. The inhibition of sonic hedgehog signaling with cyclopamine caused hypomorphic limbs (during development and regeneration) but did not affect the expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9. Overexpression of BMP-2 in regenerating limbs caused a loss of digits. Overexpression of Noggin (BMP inhibitor) in regenerating limbs also resulted in a loss of digits. Histological analysis indicated that the loss due to BMP-2 overexpression was the result of increased cell condensation and apoptosis while the loss caused by Noggin was due to a decrease in cell division.
The expression of BMP-2 and its target SOX-9 was independent of sonic hedgehog signaling in developing and regenerating limbs. Their expression correlated with chondrogenesis and the appearance of skeletal elements has described in other tetrapods. Overexpression of BMP-2 did not cause the formation of extra digits, which is consistent with the hypothesis that it is not the secondary signal of sonic hedgehog. However, it did cause the formation of hypomorphic limbs as a result of increased cellular condensation and apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that BMP-2 does not have a direct role in patterning regenerating limbs but may be important to trigger condensation prior to ossification and to mediate apoptosis.
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and were first discovered when ectopic cartilage and bone formation were induced by demineralized bone matrix implanted into soft tissues of animals [1,2]. However, their biological roles go far beyond osteogenesis [3,4]. BMPs have been extensively studied during the development of the vertebrate limb, which has long been recognized as an excellent experimental system to study the genes and signaling pathways involved in patterning complex structures.
The first stage in which BMPs were assessed in limb development is the establishment of the anterior-posterior limb axis. In amniotes, the posterior region of the forming limb bud is referred to as the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) and is an organizer of the anterior-posterior patterning of developing limbs [5]. When cells from the ZPA are grafted into the anterior region of a chick limb bud, polydactyly is induced [6,7]. Previous studies have shown that sonic hedgehog (Shh) is expressed exclusively in the ZPA and that implanting Shh expressing cells, or beads of Shh, in the anterior limb bud is sufficient to reproduce the polydactyly induced with ZPA transplants [5,8]. On the other hand, knockout mice for Shh display a major deficiency in the anterior-posterior patterning of their autopods which resemble a spike like structure [9]. Thus, Shh appears to be a mediator for the patterning of the anterior-posterior axis of the limb [5,8,10]. Because of the restricted expression of Shh to the posterior margin, it remains unclear, however, whether Shh induces the limb polarity directly or through a secondary signal. BMP-2 has received much attention as a downstream target of Shh. Indeed, BMP-2 expression overlaps spatiotemporally with the expression of Shh in the early developing limb bud of mammalian and avian embryos [11-15] and can be induced in chick anterior wing buds by ectopic Shh expression [12,13]. However, overexpression of BMP-2 alone does not reproduce the polydactyly obtained with Shh overexpression in chick embryos [16,17]. Moreover, BMP-2 expression is maintained in the limb buds of Shh knockout mice [9]. In addition, the polarity and digit identity is normal in mice with BMP-2 deficient limbs [18]. Hence, these data show that BMP-2 is not essential to relay Shh signaling in developing limbs.
In more advanced limb developmental stages, BMP-2, BMP-4 and BMP-7 are all expressed in the interdigital (ID) tissue [11,15,19]. Extirpation experiments of ID tissues have shown that anterior-posterior identity is not a fixed property of digital primordia and that the ID tissues are important for digit patterning [20]. Experiments with inhibitors of BMP signaling in ID tissue suggested that differential levels of BMPs in the ID mesenchyme may be important in directing digit patterning [20]. However, a recent study [18] with conditional knockout for BMP-2, BMP-4 or BMP-7 showed that these BMPs are not essential as signals from the ID mesenchyme for specifying digit identity but that they mediate ID programmed cell death as previously reported [21,22]. In the chicken, overexpression of dominant negative type I-A or type I-B BMP receptors (dnBMPR-IA or dnBMPR-IB), in embryonic hind limbs, reduced ID tissue apoptosis and resulted in webbed feet [23,24]. On the contrary, application of BMP-2 or BMP-7 in the ID tissues accelerated and intensified apoptosis [25]. In ducks [19] and bats [26], BMPs are also expressed in the ID tissues of developing digits. However, these animals have webbed autopods and apoptosis is absent in ID tissues, suggesting expression of BMPs could have other roles in digit formation.
One aspect that is clearly affected by the expression of BMP-2 in developing limbs is skeletal development [16,17,27-29]. It was shown, in chicks, that BMPs are needed for chondroprogenitor cell determination and/or condensation and subsequent differentiation into chondrocytes [30]. In mice with BMP-2/BMP-4 deficient limbs, differentiation of condensed prechondrocytes into chondrocytes is delayed, indicating that a threshold level of BMPs is required to trigger chondrogenesis [18]. In these mutants, the two posterior digits fail to form as a consequence of the misexpression of the SOX-9 gene. SOX-9, a High Mobility Group (HMG)-domain transcription factor, is the earliest marker of chondrogenesis [31], and a regulator of the type II collagen gene, which is a major constituent of cartilage [29,32]. SOX-9 is a known target of BMP-2 [33] and overexpression of BMP-2 in developing chick limbs induces SOX-9 expression which then stimulates cartilage formation [29].
Among tetrapod vertebrates, urodele amphibians (i.e. axolotls) have a unique developmental pattern of their limbs. Indeed, while amniotes and anurans develop their digits almost simultaneously with a slightly accelerated onset of posterior digit formation (digit 4 being the first digit to condense in mice) [34-36], urodeles show a reversed sequence with a more progressive/successive development of anterior digits followed by posterior digits [36,37]. Although the order of digit development is different between the aforementioned animals, the end point is the same with similar digit identity in the mature limb [38]. Moreover, even though there is no clearly defined ZPA per se in axolotl and newt, Shh is expressed, as in amniotes, in the posterior mesenchyme of their developing and regenerating limb buds [39-41]. The inhibition of Shh signaling with cyclopamine leads to an anterior-posterior truncation of autopod elements in the developing and regenerating axolotl limbs [42,43]. In addition, overexpression of Shh in the anterior mesenchyme of regenerating limbs induces polydactyly [44], showing that as in amniotes, Shh has a morphogenetic property in patterning the anterior-posterior axis in developing and regenerating urodele limbs.
The present study addresses the role of BMP-2 during limb regeneration in axolotl. We report the first cloning of an axolotl full length BMP cDNA (BMP-2). We use cyclopamine, a pharmacological inhibitor of the hedgehog signaling pathway, to show that, as in mouse, BMP-2 is not likely to be the secondary signal of Shh. BMP-2 is expressed in the ID tissues of developing digits in virtually all tetrapod species [11,15,19,24,26,45,46] and the expression of SOX-9 in these digits is linked to BMP-2 expression [29,30,47,48]. The fact that the sequential development/regeneration of digits in axolotl limbs is the opposite of that observed in other tetrapods (anterior digits form first in axolotls instead of the posterior digits), even though Shh expression is expressed on the posterior side of axolotl developing/regenerating limbs, allowed us to assess whether the expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 correlated with digits appearance (as they condense) or whether their expression correlated with Shh signaling in conditions where it was normal or inhibited. The effect of BMP-2 or Noggin (a general BMP inhibitor) overexpression on regenerating digits was also assessed.
The axolotl full-length cDNA encoding BMP-2 was cloned, sequenced and compared to the sequence of other vertebrates. Several BMP-2 clones were isolated from an axolotl cDNA library. The longest clone of 2228 bp [GenBank: EU339232.1] comprising an open reading frame (ORF) of 1188 bp was selected. The analysis of this ORF, using NCBI-BLAST, showed a highly conserved sequence homology of the BMP-2 ORF with that of other species: 83% identity to human; 83% to mouse; and 67.3% to Xenopus laevis. Moreover, the 3' UTR of the BMP-2 gene was highly conserved with that of other species (data not shown).
The translated ORF of axolotl BMP-2 has a predicted amino acid sequence of 395 amino acids (Additional File 1: Figure S1) that varies by less than 1% in length when compared to that of human, mouse and Xenopus laevis. The amino acid sequence derived from the ORF also showed a highly conserved protein homology between species: 73% with human, 72% with mouse, and 68% with Xenopus laevis and resulted in an expected value (E-value) of less than 1e-164 when blasted in Gen Bank. Seven highly conserved cysteine residues characteristic to all members of the TGF-β super family [49,50] are also present (Additional File 1: Figure S1 shaded amino acids).
Whole-mount in situ hybridization was performed on developing forelimbs of axolotl from developmental stages 41 to 53. The nomenclature of Nye et al. [51] was used to determine the staging and to label the digits of the forelimb. Digit 1 is the anterior most (corresponding to the index side in human) and digit 4 the posterior most.
At stage 47, the expression of BMP-2 was mainly detected as a narrow band that surrounded the anterior border of the limb bud and extended slightly to the posterior part of the distal end. Prior to stage 47, the expression of BMP-2 was expressed as a band at the edge of the limb covering both the anterior to posterior portions of the limb (data not shown) as described previously for Xenopus laevis [52]. SOX-9 was also expressed in the anterior portion of the limb bud at stage 47 while Shh expression is restricted to the posterior (i.e. opposite to that of BMP-2; Figure Figure1).1). At stage 48, the expression of BMP-2 had become restricted to the interdigital space between the developing digits 1 and 2 and is adjacent to the expression of SOX-9 in these two digits at stage 49 (Figure (Figure1).1). At this stage, SOX-9 expression correlates with the developing cartilage elements of the wrist (carpals) and the first two digits (phalanges) (Figure (Figure1;1; Victoria blue of stage 49). At stage 50, BMP-2 was mainly expressed between developing digits 2 and 3 and was adjacent to the expression of SOX-9 in these two digits at stage 51 (Figure (Figure1).1). At this stage, the expression of SOX-9 at the tip of digit 2 correlated with the formation of skeletal elements in digit 2 (i.e. the phalanges) and the expression in digit 3 primordium was not yet associated with skeletal elements as revealed by Victoria blue staining (Figure (Figure1;1; Victoria blue of stage 51). Finally, at stage 52, BMP-2 was expressed between developing digits 3 and 4 and was adjacent to the expression of SOX-9 in these two digits at stage 53 (Figure (Figure1).1). At that stage, the expression of SOX-9 at the tip of digit 3 correlated with the formation of skeletal elements in digit 3 but the expression in digit 4 primordium was not yet associated with skeletal elements as revealed by Victoria blue staining (Figure (Figure1;1; Victoria blue of stage 53). In addition to its expression between digits 3 and 4 at stage 52, BMP-2 expression was still detectable at the base of all 4 digits. This expression was not investigated further in the present study but has been associated with the elongation phase of digits in other species [53-55].
As described above, at stage 47, BMP-2 and Shh expression are on opposite sides of the developing limb bud (Figure (Figure1;1; first column). It has been clearly demonstrated in mouse that BMP-2 is not essential for digit identity [18]. It was shown (in knockout mice for Shh) that Shh is not essential for chondrogenesis and is dispensable for BMP-2 expression [9]. Based on these observations, we tested, in axolotl, whether BMP-2 expression is independent of Shh signaling. The hedgehog pathway antagonist cyclopamine [56] was used to determine whether BMP-2 expression is independent of Shh signaling. The expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 were assessed in limbs of animals treated with 2 different concentrations of cyclopamine that were shown in a previous study to prevent the formation of posterior digits [42]. In the aforementioned study, the digits that remained after cyclopamine treatment were identified as follows: when 2 digits remained after treatment, they were found to be digits 1 and 2, and when only 1 digit remained (the result of a higher concentration of cyclopamine), it was identified as digit 1 [42]. In the present study, cyclopamine treatment was initiated at developmental stage 41 which corresponds to the onset of Shh expression [40,51]. We confirmed that the expression of Shh at various limb development stages (data not shown) was has it had been reported previously by two other groups [39,40]. The group of Imokawa et al. also reported that Shh is expressed as late as the 2-3 digit stage [40] which corresponds to stage 51-52 based on Nye et al. [51]. The expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 was assessed after 14 (stage 51) and 21 (stage 53) days of treatment to see whether their expression correlated with skeletogenesis even in the absence of Shh signaling. BMP-2 expression was not affected by the presence of cyclopamine prior to stage 51 of limb development (see Additional File 2: Figure S2 for the expression of BMP-2 at stage 45 in control and cyclopamine treated limbs). The expression of SOX-9 was not affected either at stage 45 in cyclopamine treated animals (see Additional File 2: Figure S2).
After 14 days of treatment (Figure 2A-F), control animals (treated with ethanol, the carrier for cyclopamine) had reached stage 51 with digits 1 and 2 in formation (Figure 2A, D). BMP-2 was expressed in the interdigital space of digits 1-2 and 2-3 (Figure (Figure2A)2A) and SOX-9 was expressed at the tips of digits 1 and 2, and fully expressed in the forming digit 3 and in the carpal elements of the wrist (Figure (Figure2D).2D). As expected, BMP-2 expression was adjacent to SOX-9 expression in digits 1, 2 and 3. In limbs treated with 1 μg/mL of cyclopamine (Figure 2B, E), digits 1 and 2 were deformed and in animals treated with 2 μg/mL of cyclopamine (Figure 2C, F), only 1 digit was formed. The expression pattern of BMP-2 was adjacent to the expression of SOX-9 in the forming digits of cyclopamine treated animals just as it is in control animals.
After 21 days of treatment (Figure 2G-O), control animals had reached stage 53, and at this stage the pattern is complete. Limbs treated with 1 μg/mL of cyclopamine developed only digits 1 and 2 and limbs treated with 2 μg/mL of cyclopamine developed only digit 1. In control animals, the expression of BMP-2 was observed around the digits, and the expression of SOX-9 was in digits 3 and 4. This developmental stage corresponds to the elongation phase of digits in other species [53-55] and as previously mentioned, was not investigated further. In the animals treated with 1 μg/mL (Figure 2H, K, N) or 2 μg/mL of cyclopamine (Figure 2I, L, O) the expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 in the digits that have formed (digits 1 and 2 for 1 μg/mL treatment and digit 1 for 2 μg/mL treatment) was adjacent, with the expression of BMP-2 surrounding the expression of SOX-9 as in the digits of control animals.
Limb regeneration in salamander can be divided into two main phases. 1) A preparation phase that starts at amputation time and focuses mainly on the formation of the blastema; and 2) a redevelopment phase that starts approximately at the late bud stage and focuses mainly on the differentiation and repatterning of the blastema into a new limb (see reference [57] for stages description). To determine when BMP-2 and SOX-9 are expressed, whole mount in situ hybridisation was performed for both genes throughout limb regeneration. The onset of BMP-2 expression occurred at the early bud stage (EB; Figure Figure3A)3A) while SOX-9 was not yet expressed (Figure (Figure3D).3D). The expression of BMP-2 was maintained distally in the blastema of medium bud (MB) and late bud (LB) stages (Figure 3B-C) and was adjacent to the more proximal expression of SOX-9; which starts at MB stage (Figure 3E-F). At the Palette (Pal) stage, BMP-2 (Figure (Figure3G)3G) and SOX-9 (Figure (Figure3J)3J) expression started to localize in the anterior region where the first two digits eventually form (as revealed by Victoria blue staining; Figure Figure3N).3N). At this stage, the expression of BMP-2 (Figure (Figure3G)3G) versus that of Shh was on the opposite side of the autopod (Figure (Figure3M).3M). As in development at stage 47 (Figure (Figure1),1), the opposing pattern of expression of Shh and BMP-2 just preceded the onset of digit chondrogenesis. At Pal stage, BMP-2 (Figure (Figure3G)3G) delineates the first 2 digits, and at early differentiation (ED) stage, BMP-2 expression also appears between digits 3 and 4 (Figure (Figure3H).3H). At these two stages (Pal and ED), the expression of SOX-9 (Figure 3J-K), was adjacent to BMP-2 expression (Figure 3G-H) and corresponded to the exact location of the skeletal elements. In later stages (Figure 3K-L) SOX-9 expression was tightly correlated to digit chondrogenesis as revealed by Victoria blue staining (Figure 3N-O).
As described above, at Pal stage, BMP-2 expression is on the opposite side of the regenerating limb bud compared to that of Shh (Figure (Figure3G3G &3M). To determine if Shh signaling had an effect on BMP-2 expression during limb regeneration, as determined for axolotl developing limbs (Figure (Figure2),2), axolotls were treated with cyclopamine. The expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 (determined by RT-PCR at MB stage when BMP-2, SOX-9 and Shh are first co-expressed) was not affected after 6 or 24 hours of exposure to 1 or 2 μg/mL of cyclopamine (data not shown). The expression of BMP-2 at medium bud was not affected in regenerating limbs exposed to cyclopamine from the time of amputation either (see Additional File 3: Figure S3). Therefore, in order to mimic as close as possible the Shh knockout phenotype, axolotls were treated from the moment of limb amputation until ED (when patterning is completed). The expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 was assessed at ED stage to determine whether their expression correlated with skeletogenesis during the redevelopment phase of regeneration as shown for development (see Figure Figure2).2). In animals treated with 1 μg/mL of cyclopamine, BMP-2 expression (Figure (Figure4B)4B) was adjacent to SOX-9 expression (Figure (Figure4E).4E). The same observation was made in the 2 μg/mL treated animals (compare Figure Figure4C4C with with4F).4F). Under these conditions, the expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 relative to each other was the same as observed in corresponding digits of control limbs (Figure (Figure4A4A &4D). As in development, the 1 μg/mL treated animals regenerated limbs with only two digits (Figure (Figure4H)4H) while the 2 μg/mL treated animals regenerated limbs with only one digit (Figure (Figure4I).4I). Hence, the effect of cyclopamine on patterning regenerated skeletal elements as well as the expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 were virtually identical to that observed in developing limbs treated with cyclopamine.
Prior to investigating the in vivo role of BMP-2 during limb regeneration, constructs expressing the monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP), BMP-2 and Noggin were tested in vitro to verify their efficacy (Figure (Figure5).5). C28/I2 cells were cotransfected with mRFP, axolotl BMP-2 and Xenopus laevis Noggin along with the BMP-responsive BRE2-luc luciferase reporter construct [58] as well as a CMV-β-galactosidase construct as a control. Luciferase and β-galactosidase activities were determined 48 hours later and results (mean ± sd; n = 3/condition) are presented as relative light unit (RLU) normalised with β-galactosidase. The first bar shows a basal activity (mRFP alone) of 4.6 ± 0.6. The second bar shows that axolotl BMP-2 activity is significantly (p < 0.05) higher (27.7 ± 3.4) than the basal activity (an increase of 6.0 fold). In the third bar, the activity of Xenopus laevis Noggin (general BMP inhibitor) alone (3.1 ± 0.3) is significantly (p < 0.05) lower than BMP-2 activity and also significantly (p < 0.05) lower than basal activity. Finally, the fourth bar shows the activity (13.3 ± 1.9) resulting from BMP-2 in the presence of Noggin. The activity of this combination (BMP-2 + Noggin) is significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the BMP-2 activity alone (a decrease of 2.0 fold). Comparison between each condition (n = 3/condition) was tested using Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks. Hence, these results show the plasmids expressing axolotl BMP-2 and Xenopus laevis Noggin produced functional proteins. As expected, the BMP responsive luciferase reporter construct was activated in the BMP-2 transfected cells and was antagonized in the Noggin transfected cells (Figure (Figure55).
In vivo experiments were performed on regenerating limbs and were based on the expression pattern of BMP-2 &SOX-9 determined by whole mount in situ hybridisation (Figure (Figure3).3). BMP-2 and Noggin containing plasmids were electroporated in the posterior-half of the blastema at the LB stages in order to obtain maximal expression of the transgene by the time the regenerates reached Pal; the stage when expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 is localized in the anterior portion of the limb (Figure (Figure3G3G &3J). Hence, the electroporation was performed to induce BMP-2 or Noggin at a time and place when no or low endogenous expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 is detected.
The electroporation of BMP-2 at the LB stage (Figure (Figure6A)6A) resulted in the absence of digit formation (Figure 6B-C) in the region of the electroporation (n = 6/7), while controls (electroporation of mRFP alone; Figure Figure6G)6G) were normal (Figure 6H-I) in most cases (n = 6/7). In 1 control electroporated limb, 1 digit was missing as it sometimes happens in untreated animals (approximately 1% of the time, unpublished observations). The electroporation of Xenopus laevis Noggin under the same conditions (Figure (Figure6D)6D) resulted in a similar phenotype (Figure 6E-F; n = 4/4) to those obtained with the electroporation of BMP-2. When the same quantity of plasmid was injected throughout the blastema to obtain an even distribution of expression across the blastema with BMP-2 (n = 2/2) or Noggin (n = 3/4), regeneration was inhibited (data not shown). Expression of the mRFP construct alone throughout the blastema resulted in normally regenerating limbs (n = 4/4) therefore ruling out the electroporation itself as a cause for the inhibition of regeneration (data not shown). All electroporations performed prior to the LB stages with BMP-2 in the full blastema had very mild effects (n = 3/10; digits were a little shorter in the electroporated region) and in the majority of cases, had no effect (n = 7/10) (data not shown). The electroporation with Noggin prior to the LB stage had no effect in all cases (n = 12/12) (data not shown). In control animals the electroporation of mRFP prior to LB gave rise to normal limbs (n = 9/9). With every construct combination used (BMP-2/mRFP or Noggin/mRFP or mRFP alone), the fluorescence detected from the mRFP construct lasted a short time (5-7 days) when the electroporation was done prior to LB stage, compared to electroporation at LB stage which lasted longer (up to 15 days).
To investigate further the effects of BMP-2 miss-expression, histological analysis was performed using the Masson's trichrome staining on limbs electroporated with BMP-2 or Noggin (Figure 7A, D, G). Although the phenotypes of animals electroporated with BMP-2 or Noggin appeared similar from an exterior perspective (Figure (Figure6),6), the histology results showed significant differences at the tissue level. While limbs electroporated with BMP-2 showed an increase in cellular density (possibly due to cellular condensation; n = 3) in the electroporated region (Figure (Figure7A),7A), limbs electroporated with Noggin (n = 3) did not show any sign of such increase in cellular density or condensation (Figure (Figure7D).7D). Hence, these results suggest that the similarity between the phenotypes obtained with BMP-2 and Noggin are caused by opposite effects of the ectopically expressed genes; an increase in cellular density or condensation with BMP-2 and a lack of cellular density or condensation with Noggin leading to a loss of digits.
Histological analysis provided some indication as to why BMP-2 and Noggin overexpression caused a loss of digits in regenerating limbs but it did not provide any mechanisms. Therefore, in order to help uncover the mechanism(s) as to how digit loss resulted following BMP-2 and Noggin overexpression, cell division and apoptosis were measured 6 days after electroporation of mRFP, BMP-2 and Noggin. Electroporation was performed at LB stage as described above and cell division was determined by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation (n = 3) and apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay (n = 3). BMP-2 overexpression did not seem to cause major changes in cell division (Figure (Figure7B)7B) compared to the controls electroporated with mRFP (Figure (Figure7H)7H) which regenerated normally (Figure (Figure7G).7G). Although BMP-2 overexpression did not cause major changes in cell division, it did cause a marked increase in the number of apoptotic cells (Figure (Figure7C)7C) when compared to control electroporated with mRFP (Figure (Figure7I).7I). On the opposite, Noggin overexpression resulted in a marked reduction in cell division (Figure (Figure7E)7E) and the near absence of apoptotic cells (Figure (Figure7F)7F) compared to BMP-2 overexpression and the control electroporated with mRFP.
Our results show that the expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 in developing axolotl digits is very similar to the expression observed in other non amphibian species (e.g. mouse & chicken) [11,15,19,24,26,29,30,45-48]. The expression pattern of these two genes is also reproduced during digit formation in regenerating axolotl limbs. Since SOX-9 is the earliest marker of chondrogenesis and a known target of BMP-2, these results suggest an activation of SOX-9 expression (in cells that will form the digit bones) by BMP-2 expressing cells (in the ID tissue).
As described by previous studies [42,43], the number of digits that form in cyclopamine treated animals (during development and regeneration) is dose-dependent. In the digits that do form in cyclopamine treated animals, the expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 as well as chondrogenesis proceed normally. These results suggest that in axolotl just as it was observed in mice [9], BMP-2 is not likely to be a secondary signal for Shh signaling. This is also supported by the fact that when digits begin to condense in developing and regenerating limbs, BMP-2 and Shh expression are on opposite sides of the limbs (along the anterior-posterior axis) and do not overlap. Hence, these results suggest that, as in mouse, BMP-2 can trigger cell condensation independently of Shh signaling.
Our results strongly suggest that the inhibition of digit regeneration, in the limbs in which BMP-2 was overexpressed, is the result of increased cell condensation and apoptosis. This is also supported by a previous study showing an inhibition of chick limb development in the presence of ectopic BMP-2 [59]. The BMP-2 overexpression experiments and the complementarities of expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 (in developing and regenerating limbs), support our hypothesis that BMP-2 triggers the condensation of adjacent cells destined to become chondrocytes (e.g. in the digits). Taken together, theses results suggest that the role of BMP-2 during limb regeneration is to trigger cell condensation and may be to control, to some extent, apoptosis. The data obtained with Noggin overexpression also provides further insight on the potential role of BMP signaling in the regeneration process. Noggin is an inhibitor of BMPs (general inhibitor of all BMPs) and therefore the results obtained could potentially affect BMPs other than BMP-2. However, these results indicate that BMP signaling is essential for cellular division and apoptosis during the regeneration process, since both processes are inhibited when Noggin is overexpressed.
The fact that the effects of BMP-2 and Noggin were observed when overexpressed at the LB stage suggest that BMP-2 regulates cellular activities during the redevelopment phase of regeneration that starts approximately at the LB stage or later (see [60,61] for a more complete description of the different phases of regeneration which are often referred to as: preparation phase which includes the initial stages leading to blastema formation; and redevelopment phase which includes the stages that give rise to the differentiated tissues and the patterning of the regenerated limb). However given that overexpression of BMP-2 and Noggin were performed using electroporation of plasmids, technical limitations do not allow us to draw any conclusion regarding the role of BMP-2 during the preparation phase of regeneration. Given the high level of cell proliferation and tissue reorganisation during the stages prior to the LB stage, it is possible that the electroporated plasmids could have been degraded before affecting the regeneration process or that cells compensated somehow to overcome the ectopic BMP signaling. This is supported by the rapid rate of fading of red fluorescence resulting from the reporter mRFP plasmid, when electroporations were done prior to LB stage. In addition, the fact that Noggin did not affect regeneration when overexpressed prior to LB stage is indicative that BMP signaling may not be essential for cellular proliferation during EB and MB stages.
This work represents the first study on the role of BMPs during the process of limb regeneration in urodele amphibians. Our data demonstrate that the role of BMP-2 is conserved in limb regeneration as in limb development and that its function is related to skeletogenesis, cellular proliferation and apoptosis but not pattern formation, as previously demonstrated by the group of Tabin in mice [18]. The ectopic expression of BMP-2 led to the condensation of cells in regenerating axolotl limbs. The expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 in addition to our functional analysis data from the ectopic expression of both BMP-2 and Noggin clearly indicate that BMP signaling is essential for the process of limb regeneration especially during the redevelopment phase where re-differentiation of all the different cell types and pattern formation occur.
Axolotl embryos and larvae (3.0 cm to 8.5 cm from snout to tip of the tail) were purchased from the Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center (Lexington, KY, USA). Animals were kept in 20% Holtfreter's solution at a temperature varying from 19-22°C with a photoperiod cycle of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. Embryos were used for limb development experiments and larvae for limb regeneration experiments. For all manipulations performed, axolotls were anaesthetized in 0.1% MS222 (ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate salt, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) in Holtfreter's solution at pH 7.0. Axolotls were allowed to recover from anaesthesia in 20% Holtfreter's or were euthanized/fixed for subsequent experiments. All animal care and experiments were done in agreement with the Université de Montréal animal care committee's guidelines.
Partial axolotl BMP-2 cDNA of 239 bp was obtained from axolotl larvae total RNA by RT-PCR. The 239 bp cDNA was amplified with primers (see Additional File 4: Figure S4) designed from a partial cDNA sequence of BMP-2/4 like directly submitted to Genbank by Dalglish, G. et al. (Accession number: AY326272). The full length BMP-2 cDNA was subsequently obtained by screening an axolotl cDNA library (Stratagene, CA, USA), following the manufacturer's instructions and using the 239 bp fragment as a probe radioactively labeled with 32P-dCTP (Perkin Elmer, MA, USA).
Whole-mount in situ hybridization was performed as described in Gardiner et al. [62] with a few modifications: The axolotls were anaesthetized and euthanized/fixed in 1× MEMFA (10× MEM salt (1 M MOPS pH 7.4, 20 mM EGTA, 10 mM MgSO4), 3,7% formaldehyde in DEPC treated H2O) then transferred to 100% methanol and stored at -20°C until needed. Fragments of 449 bp and 381 bp (for BMP-2 probes), 458 bp and 455 bp (for SOX-9 probes) and 371 bp (for Shh probes) were generated by RT-PCR (see Additional File 4: Figure S4 for primers used) and cloned separately into the pCRII-TOPO cloning vector (Invitrogen, CA, USA). These plasmids were then linearized using the appropriate restriction enzymes and used as template for generating antisense RNA probes. Digoxigenin (DIG) labelled antisense RNA probes were generated using T7 or SP6 RNA polymerase (Invitrogen, CA, USA) and DIG RNA labelling mix (Roche Diagnostics, QC., Canada). Two different probes for BMP-2 were synthesised. The 3' UTR of the BMP-2 gene is highly conserved throughout evolution and it was utilized to make a highly specific probe for BMP-2. Thus, one probe of 381 bp was designed to overlap part of the 3' UTR and the ORF of BMP-2. A second probe of 449 bp was designed in the region overlapping the 5' UTR and the ORF of the gene which confirmed the expression observed with the 381 bp probe (data not shown). The expression pattern of SOX-9 was also determined using two different probes with identical results obtained for both probes (data obtained using the 455 bp probe are not shown). The expression of Shh was assessed with only one probe since the results were identical to the results published by two different groups [39-41]. For tissue permeabilization of developing embryos, the limbs were incubated with 20 μg/mL proteinase K for 15 min on ice and then at 37°C for 5 min. For permeabilization of regenerating tissues, limbs were incubated with 30 μg/mL proteinase K for 1 h on ice and then at 37°C for 45 min. Probes were hybridized 24 h for embryos and 72 h for regenerating animals. Prehybridization and hybridization temperatures were done at: 55°C for the BMP-2 449 bp probe and 60°C for all the other probes. Finally, BM purple (Roche Diagnostics, QC., Canada) was used as the alkaline phosphatase substrate for the colorimetric reaction. Each time point presented were performed at least 3 times.
Cartilage was stained using the Victoria Blue method [63]. Limbs were fixed in Bouin's fixative solution for 24 h before being rinsed several times with 70% ethanol. Specimens were then rinsed in 3.5% NH4OH for 2 days and subsequently treated with Acid alcohol for 2 h. Specimens were stained with 1% Victoria Blue for 2 h and then rinsed with 70% ethanol. Limbs were dehydrated using a gradient ethanol series of 95% and 100%, then cleared and stored in methyl salicylate.
Electroporated limbs were fixed overnight in Bouin's fixative solution and then rinsed thoroughly with 70% alcohol. Limbs were embedded in paraffin and cut to 10 μm sections. Slides were deparaffinised through 3 baths of toluene for 5 minutes each. Slides were then rehydrated in a graded series of 100%, 90%, 70% and 50% ethanol and then distilled water for 5 minutes each. Masson's trichrome staining method was used to stain cell cytoplasm in red, nuclei in black and collagen in blue [64].
Cyclopamine powder (Cedarlane, ON., Canada) was dissolved in 100% ethanol at a concentration of 5 mg/mL and stored at -20°C. Cyclopamine was administered by adding it directly to the Holtfreter's solution to the desired concentrations. For each conditions presented in this study, 10 animals were treated with cyclopamine or ethanol (control). For experiments on developing limbs, treatments began at the developmental stage 41 according to Nye et al. [51] and animals were fixed after 14 and 21 days of treatment (corresponding approximately to stage 51 and 53 in control animals). For regenerating animals, treatments began at the time of limb amputation and animals were fixed when the controls reached the palette stage (see [57] for stages description) and at completion of regeneration. For limb development as well as limb regenerating experiments, control animals were treated with the same volume of 100% ethanol that was used to dissolve the cyclopamine. Controls were done for both volumes of ethanol (0.2 μL/mL and 0.4 μL/mL) used for the 1 and 2 μg/mL cyclopamine treatment. There was no difference in limb development between these two control conditions (data not shown) and therefore only those corresponding to 2 μg/mL cyclopamine treatment are presented. When the control animals with ethanol were compared with animals bathing in ethanol free solution, there was no difference in limb patterning and gene expression. All solutions were changed daily. Animals were euthanized at the end of the experiment and fixed.
The immortalized human chondrocyte cell line, C28/I2, has been described previously [65]. It was developed from chondrocytes isolated from juvenile human costal cartilage and immortalized by retroviral infection of the SV40 large T antigen [65]. C28/I2 cells were cultured in D-MEM/F12 containing 10% FBS with antibiotics (penstrep, fungizone) and 2 mM L-glutamine.
Transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). BRE2-luc was described previously [58]. C28/I2 cells were seeded at a density of 7.5 × 104 cells in a 12-well plate. The next day, cells were transfected with the following constructs and concentrations: axolotl BMP-2 = 0 or 0.4 μg, Xenopus laevis Noggin = 0 or 0.4 μg, BRE2-luc = 0.35 μg and pCMV-β gal = 0.35 μg. The total DNA concentration was brought up to 1.5 μg using pTYFP (expression vector for mRFP) as filler DNA. Cell lysates were prepared 48 hours later and analyzed for luciferase and β-galactosidase activity as described previously [66]. Data are expressed as a mean ± standard deviation luciferase activity normalized to β-galactosidase activity. Comparison among each condition (n = 3/condition) was tested using Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks.
For injections/electroporation of constructs expressing axolotl BMP-2 or Xenopus laevis Noggin, blastemas were injected with 1-1.5 μL of circular DNA solution through a glass needle with a 0.2-0.4 μm diameter tip, using a cell microinjector PM-1000 (Micro Data Instrument, Inc., NJ, USA). Immediately following injections, constructs were electroporated in blastemas. Thin gold plated rectangular electrodes (3 mm × 5 mm) were placed under (anode) and over (cathode) the blastema. 5 trains (1 train/second) of 20 square wave pulses (200 Hz for 100 ms), at 10 Volts peak to peak, were applied through the electrodes using a S8 stimulator (Grass instruments, MA, USA; Additional File 5: Figure S5). Vectors containing axolotl BMP-2 (5 μg/μL) or Xenopus laevis Noggin (5 μg/μL) were always co-injected with a vector containing the mRFP (2.8 μg/μL) to monitor the spread of the injection over time and space. Control animals were injected with 7.8 μg/μL of mRFP (the vector containing BMP-2 or Noggin was replaced by the same amount of mRFP). BMP-2, Noggin and mRFP expressions were all under the control of the constitutive CMV promoter in the pcDNA1/AMP expression vector (Invitrogen, CA).
Regenerating axolotls were injected intra-peritoneally, 6 days after electroporation of plasmids (as described above); with 10 μL of BrdU stock solution using a ratio of 1-2 mL/100 g of body weight according to the manufacturer's instructions (GE Healthcare, # RPN201). Animals were fixed 12 hours after injection in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.7× PBS for 24 hours at 4°C. Samples were paraffin embedded, deparaffinized and rehydrated as for histology. For immuno-histochemistry, slides were washed 4 × 15 minutes in PBST (1× PBS with 0,1% Tween 20). They were incubated with 0.8% Pepsin in 0,2N HCl for 10 minutes at 37°C to promote denaturation of DNA. Slides were then washed 3 × 10 minutes in PBST, and incubated in a blocking solution (2% bovine serum albumin, 1% DMSO, 10% sheep serum and 0,1% Triton X-100) at room temperature for one hour. Slides were then incubated overnight at 4°C with an anti-BrdU mouse monoclonal antibody (BrdU Ab-3, Labvision/Neomarkers, Fremont, CA.) diluted 1:50 in blocking solution. PBST washes (4 × 15 minutes) were done before incubating with an anti-mouse secondary antibody coupled to horseradish peroxidase, dilution 1:250, for 2 hours at room temperature (GE Healthcare). Slides were washed again 4 × 15 minutes in PBST before being incubated in DAB (Zymed, Invitrogen CA) for signal detection. Slides were counterstained with methyl green for 6 minutes (Dako, Mississauga, ON) before being serially dehydrated 2 × 2 minutes each in 90% EtOH, 100% EtOH and 100% Xylene. Slides were mounted with Permount (Fisher scientific, Ottawa, ON). Immunohistochemical detection for BrdU incorporation was done on three different samples for each condition tested.
TUNEL assay was adapted from Vlaskalin et al. [67] with minor modifications. Tissue sections were deparaffinised and rehydrated as for histology. In a humidified chamber, sections were incubated for 20 minutes in TBS (Tris-buffered saline: 100 mM Tris-HCL pH 7.5 + 150 mM NaCl), containing 20 μg/ml proteinase K at RT and rinsed 3 × 1 minute in TBS. Slides were rinsed in TBS, equilibrated in 1× TdT buffer for 5 minutes and incubated in TdT buffer containing 75 U/ml TdT and 2 μM digoxygenin-dUTP for 1 h at 37°C. End labelling was stopped by transferring the sections into 1× TBS/1 mM EDTA for 10 minutes at RT, followed by 2 × 2 minutes rinses in TBS. Sections were equilibrated for 5 minutes in TBS and incubated in blocking solution [2% sheep serum in TBS] for 1 h at RT. Tissues were incubated overnight at 4°C in blocking solution containing 1:1500 dilution of anti-DIG-AP. The following day, sections were rinsed in PBS and equilibrated 5 minutes in AP buffer. The chromogenic reaction was carried out in AP buffer containing 100 mg/ml NBT and 50 mg/ml BCIP. The reaction was monitored for up to 15 minutes and stopped by several washes in 1× PBS.
Pictures of whole mounts, Victoria blue staining, and mRFP fluorescence were taken by a digital infinity 2 camera (Lumenera corporation, ON., Canada) through a Leica MZ-16F binocular (Leica Microsystems Ltd., Switzerland). Images of fluorescence in regenerating limbs were merged with white light images using Photoshop 7.0.1 (Adobe Systems Inc., CA, USA).
J-CG carried out the majority of manipulations, participated in the design of the study and drafted the manuscript. ML performed substantial work in the histology experiments and helped in reviewing the manuscript. P-LM cloned the axolotl BMP-2 cDNA. JB managed the cyclopamine experiments on developing axolotls. KF performed the Luciferase assays experiments and helped in reviewing the manuscript. AP supervised the Luciferase experiments and helped in reviewing the manuscript. SR participated in the design of the present study, supervised all the experimentations and did all the major corrections of the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Figure S1: Sequence analysis of axolotl BMP-2. Sequence analysis and alignment of the axolotl BMP-2 protein. Alignment of the predicted axolotl BMP-2 protein with human, mouse and Xenopus. Seven cysteine residues that are highly conserved and characteristic to all members of the Tgf-β superfamily are shaded in red.
Figure S2: Expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 at stage 45 of limb development. Expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 at stage 45 of limb development in control and cyclopamine treated (2 μg/mL) axolotls. Shh has been shown to be expressed at this stage of axolotl limb development. Our results indicate that the expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 during limb development is not dependent on Shh signaling as they are not affected by cyclopamine treatment. Panels A and B show the expression of BMP-2 in control (A) and cyclopamine treated (B) animals. Panels C and D show the expression of SOX-9 in control (C) and cyclopamine treated (D) animals.
Figure S3: Expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 at MB with cyclopamine. Expression of BMP-2 and SOX-9 at MB stage of limb regeneration in control and cyclopamine treated (2 μg/mL) axolotls. Shh has been shown to be expressed at this stage of axolotl limb regeneration. Our results indicate that the expression of BMP-2 during limb regeneration is not dependent on Shh signaling as it is not affected by cyclopamine treatment. Panels A and B show the expression of BMP-2 in control (A) and cyclopamine treated (B) animals. Panels C and D show the expression of SOX-9 in control (C) and cyclopamine treated (D) animals.
Figure S4: Primers. Primers used for PCR amplification of the different probes used for whole mount in situ hybridization and cDNA library screening.
Figure S5: In vivo electroporation. Schematic representation of the electric pulses used for electroporating the plasmids in regenerating tissues. 5 trains of pulses were applied for the in vivo electroporation of expression constructs. For each electroporation, a train of 20 square waves (10 V peak to peak) in 100 ms (200 Hz) is applied every second (1 Hz) over five seconds (5 trains in total).
The authors would like to thank Cara Hutchison and Mireille Pilote for the use of their plasmids containing the fragments for the two Sox-9 probes used in this paper. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Éric Villiard and Samuel Gatien in preparing the photographs presented in the various figures. The authors would also like to thank Dr Antonio Nanci, from the department of Stomatology at the Université de Montréal, for help with the histology and Dr Marko Horb from the Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montréal, for providing the Xenopus laevis Noggin plasmid. This work was funded by a grant from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to SR. J-CG was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship from NSERC, P-LM and JB were supported by an undergraduate studentship from the Network for Oral Research Training and Health of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and ML was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship from the Réseau de Recherche en Santé buccodentaire et osseuse of the Fond de la Recherche en Santé du Québec.
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text:
This beautiful antique/vintage doll was a birthday present from my good friend, Sarah! How perfect-for-me is this doll? She's all lovely and old, with her fancy pink dress, and even a little pearl ring - which is too cool since the pearl is the stone for my birth month!
This page © 2012 by Jennifer E. Lithgow


text:
SciVisum help Thomas Cook manage the many complexities of Load Testing faced by travel operators. As more and more people travel more frequently to more places, online expectations among users are very high. Meeting or beating those expectations is vital for online teams.
Thomas Cook beat online consumer expectations with SciVisum load testing
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