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Have you got a trouble with authoring documents? Can you worried establishing your project until the finalized possibilities further, and then jump via the item to have the product higher than combined with finished? Relocate your self making any alibi to prevent also waste time whereas you will be creating? Listed below are Five various stages that produce paper writing articles guaranteed perhaps nice: Talk about about your paper content Decide on sold your entire report dilemma and / or subject matter, you may be thinking I do not are able to commence. Or alternatively, worse, it may seem, That is quite simple but just how might possibly i really rotation that to three,A thousand words and phrases? Sitting yourself hunting on the essay or dissertation question will not assistance, even though. You'll want to pickup a blank section of conventional paper. Experienced that sheet of paper? Generate your report subject at the center, you should to be able to come up with. Write bring down all substantial highlights the people elevates, or simply the actual basic questions that relate in it.
And once someone tips or lies one-time, the next time is simpler.
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Start out with history info that specifies who you're as being a person.
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Grahams Jewellers
'Julio' Pearl Stud Earrings in 9ct White Gold
Please check the latest pricing and stock availability directly with the retailer before travelling to the centre.
Call Store
0882352699Buy from Grahams Jewellers
- Material: 9ct White Gold
- Pearl info: QTY: 2, SIZE: 8-10mm, TYPE: South Sea Pearl, COLOUR: White, SHAPE: Rou…
nd Cut
Total product weight (approximated): 2.38 grams FREE JEWELLERY GIFT BOX PROVIDED!
Expected Shipping Times:
Expected Shipping Times:
This item is not available in our main warehouse and will require transit from a store prior to shipment.
Therefore, normal processing time for this item is 4-10 business days before it ships out and it will ship via your chosen shipping method after the processing time is complete.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Alcatel-Lucent Working Student / Trainee, R&D Engineer in Budapest, Hungary
Nokia is a global leader in the technologies that connect people and things. With state-of-the-art software, hardware and services for any type of network, Nokia is uniquely positioned to help communication service providers, governments, and large enterprises deliver on the promise of 5G, the Cloud and the Internet of Things.
Serving customers in over 100 countries, our research scientists and engineers continue to invent and accelerate new technologies that will increasingly transform the way people and things communicate and connect.
Basic telecommunication knowledge
Openness to work in agile development
Ability to work well in a team-oriented environment with international colleagues drives the need for fair communication skills in English
Innovative spirit
Good learning skills
Ability to solve complex problems, can-do attitud
Job: fNokia Trainee
Primary Location: Europe South-Hungary-Hungary-Budapest
Req ID: 1700000A78


text:
Product Info:
Category : Stool
Shown in Linen Natural Fabric finish.Seat: Fabric Contents: 55% Linen, 45% Cotton; Back: Fabric Contents: 100% Linen; Seat Width: 19; Seat Depth: 18; Seat Height: 24. Sophisticated and comfortable, our bar and counter stools easily adapt to the way you live. Cozy or roomy - the choice is up to you. Product info furnished by Carolina Rustica.
Tags : Stool, Home, Family, Furniture
Product Specs:
Brand : Hooker Furniture
Model : 300-25009
Color : Linen Natural Fabric
Price : 649.00


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The 2013 World Stage season at Toronto's Harbourfront Centre is going to the dogs this year.
The theatre season is hot off the presses and features dachshunds from Germany, thousands of 8-centimetre-high puppets and other theatrical devices.
Themes of Shakespeare, social alienation and parent-child relationships unite a season as disparate artistically as it is geographically.
It begins Feb. 6 to 9 with a two-character exploration of one of the Bard's most controversial plays, Othello. In this version, from Germany's Gintersdorfer/Klaßen company, called Othello, Who's That?, the show is enacted by a black actor from the Ivory Coast, speaking French, and a white German actress, speaking English. Together they help redefine this study of race and sexuality.
Next up is Dachshund U.N., from Australia's Bennett Miller, which runs Feb. 28 to March 3. It recreates a meeting of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, using "specially recruited" dachshunds to both satirize and understand the complexity of such meetings. When it premiered in Sydney, Time Out called it "Art with both bark and bite." Expect similar puns here.
From Canada comes the world premiere of Lear by Philip McKee, which features Canadian theatre legend Clare Coulter as Shakespeare's great ruined monarch, exploring the relationship of an aging parent and three daughters. It runs March 5 to 10.
A similar theme is explored by the German group She She Pop in their groundbreaking, multimedia piece She She Pop & Their Fathers: Testament, which runs from April 17 to 20. This also riffs off King Lear, with three members of the company taking the stage with their actual fathers to examine "the intersection of responsibility and respect" between children and their parents.
The final theatre piece of the season is bound to be the most spectacular, as well as the one most likely to provoke debate. It's called Kamp and it comes from the Netherlands company Hotel Modern, running from May 21 to 26.
An enormous scale model of Auschwitz dominates the stage, while thousands of puppets, each 8 cm. high, represent the victims as well as their executioners. The human performers move through the setting with video cameras, playing witness to the site of the largest and most horrific mass murder in history.
All of which shows that in her travels around the globe, artistic director Tina Rasmussen continues to look for theatre that will challenge, astonish and stimulate World Stage audiences in Toronto.


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Don't mind my amateur photography. It was a chilly morning, as it usually is during the rainy season and I was rushing off to work. As I went across the bridge I thought it would be nice to get a view from the top and so I did. Would you say olive is flattering for my complexion? I think though that nobody does olive tones better than Wendy of Wendy's Lookbook.
Thursday, August 8, 2013
One Cloudy Morning.
Labels:Nigerian Personal Style and Fashion Blogger #lucky, Jessica, My Small World, Nigerian Personal Style and Fashion blogger
5 comments:
I actually love love the first picture!! The bridge makes for a lovely background! Olive color looks good on you.ReplyDeleteReplies
Thanks, Seun. I'm glad you liked the background.Delete
That is a really cool picture Inez! And yes, I would say that olive is a wonderful tone for your skin! Love this sharp suit look!ReplyDeleteReplies
Thanks, Frannie. I'll incorporate more olives in my wardrobe, then.Delete
Olive looks good on you and I think you definitely matched it well =)ReplyDelete
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You might not think Chanel when you think Gwen Stefani. After all over the years she has had a rocking girl punk style. However, she has managed to prove that you can be rocker and Chanel all in the same fashionable moment. Keeping the outfit fully stand out and punk like while having a sleek and classic looking Chanel bag, all in all the perfect fashion Moment for Ms. Stefani and I bet all Mom's wish they could look this fabulous while stepping out.
Gwen Stefani may not have a hit song out this summer, but that doesn't stop her from stepping out like the rockstar she is. At this point, she's made so many hits over the years that she doesn't feel the urgency to be on the charts every year to prove she's still got it. Even though this lady is in her 40's now, she's in better shape and better dressed than most of the new pop stars out there. W hile other "basic" ladies out there are carrying only Chanel and Celine, Gwen shows she's beyond that and into a more diverse set of labels. She clearly knows that Louboutins aren't just shoes. This particular bag is the Christian Louboutin Panettone Spiked Satchel. From the front, it just looks like it's embellished with multicolored studs when they are in fact spikes that look very edgy from the side. This multicolored bag looks even more fabulous paired with Gwen's intense red heels!
Gwen Stefani and her family are pretty well known for being impeccably dressed wherever they go. From outfits to hair and makeup, she always looks perfectly put together. One of the bags she uses to keep her look utterly crisp is this Chanel Boy Bag. For some inexplicable reason, Karl Lagerfeld decided to name it the "Boy" bag even though it's utterly feminine. If you're still not convinced, check out how gorgeous this intricate gold-embellished version is:
Gwen Stefani is a pop star turned-designer who is more into fashion now than music. She's always impeccably dressed whenever she's seen out in public. Her two boys also look like adorable tots in designer duds and bleached locks. Gwen has an immaculate handbag collection but she's most often spotted carrying one of her numerous Chanel bags.
This is one of her Jumbo Flap bags. The Chanel bag comes in Patent Leather for a very sleek and shiny look. It's the kind of shine that doesn't fade and also doesn't pick up stains. So if you're thinking about buying a white flap bag, make sure that it's patent leather. This one's actually green but looks more turquoise or sea-green than anything else. The color is very quirky but in the best way.
Gwen Stefani was spotted at Robata Jinya Japanese restaurant in Los Angeles carrying a L.A.M.B. Honey Satchel and wearing a black L.A.M.B.jumpsuit with L.A.M.B. leopard print ankle boots.
Earlier this week, Gwen styled the three remaining ladies on American Idol – Pia Toscano, Haley Reinhart, and Lauren Alaina – for the show's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame songs episode.
Gwen dressed them in her L.A.M.B. collection and accessorized with Noir jewelry.
Gwen Stefani looking great in L.A. wearing Christian Louboutin Espadrille Wedges and carrying a fabulous handbag. And not just any handbag this is her own design… the L.A.M.B. Grant Tote.
Talk about a festive date night! A slightly underdressed (nice bra!) Gwen Stefani joined husband Gavin Rossdale for a Christmas ball in London, and per usual she had a trusty L.A.M.B. purse by her side. This time the Deco Fisher Clutch did the honors. The black-on-black clutch is great for parties, though I'm not totally blown away by the rest of Gwen's outfit. What's your verdict?
Ohh yeah! I know what shoes I will wear with my little black dress for the up coming holiday party!!
From the design, I'm sure that everyone would agree with me that it would be awesome , sexy and unique to wear this pair of pumps!. These pumps kind of remind me of a pair of shoes that we would see in the future, or at least a fashion show with a futuristic theme.
Even though I like it so much with the cool looking, but I wonder how hard they are to walk in? They do have a 5″ heel and a 1 1/2″ platform, which would make any girl pretty tall! I'm short, I wear heels everyday, and I'm not even sure I would be able to walk in these long. Just looking at them looks uncomfortable! Hopefully looks are deceiving, and that these shoes aren't that hard to walk in!
The L.A.M.B. "Zproject" Pump reatils for $349
L.A.M.B. shoes are always pricey, so a high price was expected. I wouldn't pay that much for these shoes, but they are pretty cool to look at!
Between being carried all around town by line founder Gwen Stefani and now being carried on the set of Gossip Girl by Jessica Szohr's character Vanessa, this LAMB Convertible Crossbody Bag has generated a lot of buzz for the No Doubt singer's still-young fashion line.
I've gotta say, this bag looks like it's one of the best yet that we've seen from the brand. The embossed texture on the body of the bag reminds me of Louis Vuitton bags of late, and the bright blue color is nicely tempered by the black accents. I can't say I'm loving Jessica/Vanessa's outfit as a whole, but the bag is still highly interesting. It won't surface until the Holiday 2009 collection hits stores, but I like what I've seen.
Article: /Photo: coolspotters.com
Um, nice bra, Mommy! An overly exposed Gwen Stefani booked some baby time with cute son Zuma, acessorizing with a funky graphic handbag from her Harajuku Lovers line. In addition to the straps nearly matching her bra, the purse is a good choice because it's fun, low-key, and roomy enough for diapers and whatnot. Zuma doesn't look impressed, but he should be.


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The Pakistani military establishment is under severe pressure from the US to stop sponsoring jihadi militant groups, on the one hand, and to actually join the fight against them, on the other. Now, even in the unlikely event that the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency decides to dismantle its jihadi connections, the army will still find it impossible to purposefully prosecute a counter-insurgency war against the Taliban. Why? Because the dominant belief among Pakistani military personnel—across the ranks—is that it is the US that is the real enemy and the Taliban are righteous fighters for the Islamic cause. One has only to imagine what a brigade commander would say to his troops to motivate them to fight their compatriots to realize that the Pakistan army is incapable of fighting the Taliban.
Photograph: Narinder Nanu / AP
In a way, those who argue that the Pakistan army lacks the capacity to fight this war are right; but this is a lack of capacity that no amount of night-vision goggles and helicopter gunships can ameliorate. And this unpalatable reality is obfuscated behind the India bogey—the pretence that the Pakistan army could do much better against the Taliban if only it didn't have to defend itself from its much stronger adversary to its east.
If the "India threat" were to recede, Pakistan—and for that matter the US—will have no more excuses left to avoid having to do what is necessary. New Delhi should, therefore, call Pakistan's bluff by mounting what we propose to call Operation Markarap.
First, the new Union government, at the highest levels, must categorically declare that Pakistan need not fear an Indian military attack so long as the Pakistan army is engaged in a battle against the Taliban. Now, such a verbal commitment might not convince the military brass in Rawalpindi, but it is likely to play well in Washington. It will take the wind out of the sails of Pakistan's American apologists by depriving them of their strongest and seemingly plausible argument.
Second, India should move back some of the army strike formations currently deployed in Rajasthan and Punjab. Such a bold, strategic move will not only make India's verbal assurances credible, but will also immediately result in irresistible pressure on the Pakistan army to commit more of its troops to the western border. According to our rough estimate, the Pakistan army can shift around 150,000 troops to its western front without lowering its presence along the Line of Control.
Since the risk of Pakistani armoured columns rolling into India is not serious at this time, India can easily afford to move several divisions of its strike corps away from the border to more inland positions. Such military movements can be accomplished without affecting border security. Indeed, this is where India can exploit the existence of nuclear weapons to its advantage—for nuclear deterrence makes such strategic moves possible by lowering the risk of a conventional war. And even if the Pakistan army irrationally tries to exploit the Indian move by launching a conventional attack along the border, it will be hopelessly isolated internationally, not to mention at serious risk of yet another military defeat at the hands of the Indian Armed Forces. In the nearly seven years since Operation Parakram—the military build-up after the December 2001 attack on Parliament—the Indian Army has improved its mobility sufficiently to be able to quickly rebuff a foolhardy invasion.
Third, India should proceed with the normalization process in Jammu and Kashmir that includes reducing the visible presence of security forces in population centres. At the same time, this should be accompanied by greater vigilance along the Line of Control to prevent the infiltration of jihadi militants. It is conceivable that the Pakistani military jihadi complex will attempt to heighten tensions with India by increasing the tempo of terrorist attacks in Kashmir—as well as other parts of India—in a bid to maintain its alibi. An analysis of the reports of infiltration attempts this year suggests that the jihadis are exploring non-traditional, harder routes in northern Kashmir. This calls for the Indian Army to change its post-Kargil posture from merely holding the heights to proactively curbing jihadi movements in the valley.
Finally, Indian diplomacy must extract maximum advantage— mainly in Washington, but also in other capitals—by signalling India's invaluable role in helping the international community solve its "migraine". It is important to remember that there will be four, if not eight, more years of the Obama administration. Cooperating on the Afghanistan-Pakistan (Af-Pak) problem will provide a positive basis for engaging it and will provide India with greater leverage in negotiations over other contentious issues.
Given that what passes for Pakistan policy is an astonishingly trivial game of dossiers-and-lawsuits, India won't be worse off by mounting Operation Markarap, a Parakram in reverse. By calling Pakistan's bluff, India can shorten the time it will take for the Obama administration to realize that Af-Pak can only be solved by dismantling Pakistan's military-jihadi complex.
Nitin Pai and Sushant K. Singh are editors of Pragati—The Indian National Interest Review, a publication on strategic affairs, public policy and governance. Comment at email@example.com


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|Esters of 5-aminolevulinic acid as photosensitizing agents in photochemotherapy
|The present invention relates to compounds being esters of 5-aminolevulinic acids or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, including compounds of formula (I) R22N--CH2COCH2--CH2CO--OR1 (wherein R1 may represent alkyl optionally substituted by hydroxy, alkoxy, acyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, amino, aryl, oxo or fluoro groups and optionally interrupted by oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur or phosphorus atoms; and R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a group R1, and both R2 groups may be the identical or different), and their use in diagnosis and photochemotherapy of disorders or abnormalities of external or internal surfaces of the body, and products and kits for performing the invention.
|Gierskcky; Karl E. (Oslo, NO), Moan; Johan (Oslo, NO), Peng; Qian (Oslo, NO), Steen; Harald (Oslo, NO), Warloe; Trond (Oslo, NO), Bjorseth; Alf (Oslo, NO)
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Politics and the Environment: Risk and the Role of Government and Industry
Earthscan, 2005 - Business & Economics - 218 pages
'An evenhanded, realistic and thoughtful approach to identifying environmental problems and management goals' Stephen Zavestoski, Assistant Professor of Sociology and Environmental Studies, University of San Francisco '...a theoretically advanced yet accessible treatment of environmental governance, drawing on an impressive range of material to investigate the roles of states and industries in addressing environmental problems.' Harriet Bulkeley, Department of Geography, University of Durham 'Written in the vein of critical optimism, this book is pitched at the right level to inspire people trying to make pragmatic changes to their governmental and industrial systems: trying to make a difference where it counts.' Timothy Doyle, Associate Professor in Geographical and Environmental Studies, University of Adelaide What is the future for our environment? We face serious risks of major industrial accidents and global environmental degradation, yet new technological developments promise a standard of living unimaginable only a few generations ago. Michael Howes outlines the ways in which governments have responded to environmental risk over the past four decades. He examines the key environmental issues and the claims of envirosceptics, offering a new strategy for making major administrative decisions in the face of uncertainty. He explains how governments have developed environmental policy, and the ongoing tensions between science, industry, the state, social movements, and electoral politics. In a clear, straightforward manner, he shows how to use the work of theorists Ulrich Beck, Michel Foucault and John Dryzek to analyse environmental policy. He also develops a new method of measuring the effectiveness of environmental governance in developed countries. Howes draws on a wide array of sources from business, government, environment groups, academic research, and NGOs to illustrate his arguments, with comparisons between the environmental policies of the UK, the USA and Australia.
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The nature of risk and uncertainty
The sceptics and their critics
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Politics and the Environment: Risk and the role of government and industry
Michael Howes
Limited preview - 2005
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text: Fusion Bazaar Commercial Shops Greater Noida West Featured Show Overview ReferenceFusion Homes Contact nameWelcome Infra Contact phone8287004004 Year built2015 TypeCommercial Properties Sold No Contract Sale LocationGreater Noida West Description Fusion Group is Introducing their new launch commercial project Fusion Bazaar at Fusion Homes Greater Noida West (Noida Extension) which is an incorporated marketable multifaceted. Fusion Bazaar is the best destination for smart investment.Greater Noida West has emerged as associate degree alternate destination for the people that square measure unable to search out ample housing choices in urban center and conterminous cities of Noida, Gurgaon, Faridabad and Ghaziabad. Town has quick emerged as a substitute abode to apace swelling people of the NCR. After the peace of mind by Prime Minister Narendra Modi that larger Noida can presently have a global airfield and railway line property, assets costs are moving up. several builders and developers square measure springing up with bold comes. Some square measure already practical whereas others square measure in numerous satges of development. SALIENT FEATURES: 2 Side Open Shops 50ft Open Space in Front of Shops. Situated at 150 ft Road. Only Ground & First Floor. Surrounded by 9000 to 10000 Residences. Ideal Location for Food Court & Take Away. ATM Space. One of the Finest Location in Noida Extn. Spacious Corridors & Fun Zone. 24*7 CCTV Camera. 24*7 Security. Ample Parking Space. Wi-Fi Connectivity. Waiting Lounge Area. LOCATION ADVANTAGES DISTANCE/DRIVING TIME: From Proposed Metro Station – 0.4 km about 2 Mins. From Sector 121, Noida – 4.4 km about 5 Mins. From NH-24 – 4.8 km about 8 Mins. From Sai Temple, Sector 61 – 8.3 km about 12 Mins. From Fortis Hospital – 8.8 km about 15 Mins. From City Centre Metro Station – 10.3 km about 15 Mins. From Sector 18 Market – 13.9 km about 22 Mins From Kalindi Kunj – 16.1 km about 25 Mins. From Akshardham Temple – 21.6 km about 29 Mins. Amenities Floor Plans Location Similar properties Paramount Ajnara Orbit Plaza Commercial Shops Commercial Properties Read More Gulshan Ikebana Street Commercial Shops Commercial Properties Read More Ajnara Plazio Commercial Shops Commercial Properties Read More Leave a Reply Cancel replyYou must be logged in to post a comment.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|PCT number
|Publication date
|Jul 23, 1996
|Filing date
|Feb 4, 1993
|Priority date
|Feb 12, 1992
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Wilfried Raehse, Johann-Friedrich Fues, Otto Koch, Joerg-Martin Schmidt
|Original Assignee
|Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (8), Classifications (22), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to an improved process for the production of high-quality, fine-particle, solid pourable or free-flowing useful materials or mixtures of useful materials suitable for use as and/or in wetting agents, detergents and/or cleaning products, from aqueous preparations thereof. The process according to the invention involves one or more drying steps using superheated steam as the drying gas.
The spray drying of aqueous preparations of useful materials of the type mentioned, which are widely used, for example, as laundry detergents, has been carried out on an industrial scale for decades. Hot air or mixtures of air and hot waste combustion gases are used as the drying gas stream. Washing powders or useful materials and/or mixtures of useful materials for the production of laundry detergents in pourable and free-flowing powder form are produced in corresponding spray drying towers, generally at ambient pressure, either in co-current or more often in countercurrent.
In their earlier application DE-A 40 30 688, applicants describe a process for the production of solid, fine-particle pourable and free-flowing useful materials or mixtures thereof for wetting agents, detergents and/or cleaning products from aqueous preparations thereof, superheated steam being used as the drying hot gas stream and drying of the particulate material being terminated before it is endangered by heat. If necessary, the long-term pourability and free-flow of the material thus partly dried is ensured by addition of mixture constituents which are capable of binding limited quantities of water. In addition to or instead of this measure, the particulate material may also be aftertreated to homogenize its residual moisture content and/or after-dried under conditions which do not affect the useful material. The teaching of the invention described hereinafter is concerned with a specific embodiment of this process according to the earlier application cited above. The teaching according to the invention seeks to enable high-quality useful materials or mixtures of useful materials of the type in question to be obtained where superheated steam is used as the drying gas. The problem addressed by the present invention will become clear from the following considerations presented purely by way of example:
The requirements which high-quality detergents, particularly laundry detergents, are now having to satisfy in practice are not confined to performance expectations. The visual appearance, for example a light color in the case of laundry detergents, and other physical properties, such as free flow, a high apparent density, rapid dissolution in water and good dispensing properties and the like, are also important requirements.
The problem addressed by the present invention was to provide optimized conditions for the application in question of drying useful materials with superheated steam as drying medium to enable the high-quality useful materials or mixtures of useful materials to be obtained in the dry state.
It is important in this connection to bear in mind the fact that practical experience in the application of drying processes using superheated steam as the drying gas has been very limited up till now although, basically, this technology has been known since the beginning of this century and has been repeatedly described in the literature. Earlier application DE-A 40 30 688 deals in detail with the relevant prior-art literature. Reference is made here to the corresponding observations in the earlier application and solely to the following publications which in turn cite numerous publications on this subject: A. M. Trommelen et al. "Evaporation and Drying of Drops in Super-heated Vapors" AIChE Journal 16 (1970) 857-867; Colin Beeby et al. "STEAM DRYING" Plenary Lecture, Proc. 4th Int. Drying Sym. Kyoto (eds. R. Toei and Arun S. Mujumdar) 1984, Vol. 1, 51-68 and W. A. Stein "Berechnung der Verdampfung von Flussigkeit aus feuchten Produkten im Spruhturm (Calculating the Evaporation of Liquid from Moist Products in Spray Drying Towers)" Verfahrenstechnik 7 (1973), 262-267.
The present invention relates to the solution to the problem stated above of obtaining in various ways high-quality useful materials or mixtures of useful materials which are suitable for use as, and/or in, wetting agents, detergents and/or cleaning products. More particularly, the invention relates to a process for drying these water-containing useful materials or mixtures of useful materials, which may even be present as aqueous preparations, using superheated steam as the drying gas which is recycled to the drying stage after removal of the evaporated water from the circuit. The process according to the invention is characterized in that the energy required for the evaporation of water is supplied to the circulating steam at least by far predominantly and preferably solely by indirect heat exchange. In addition, In one preferred embodiment, the process is carried out with internal pressures of the steam-filled system in the region of normal pressure. In this embodiment, however, such elevated pressures are established in the circuit that air can be reliably prevented from penetrating the steam-filled circuit, for example in damaged areas which can never be completely ruled out in industrial installations.
It has been found that adherence to these working conditions with steam, for example in the production of useful materials or mixtures of useful materials for laundry detergents, affords new possibilities which are not available in drying processes hitherto carried out industrially with hot air and/or waste gases. This is evidently attributable on the one hand to the course of drying of the useful material to be dried--which is characteristic of drying operations in the superheated steam atmosphere--and, on the other hand, to the reliable and total absence of pollutants, particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide, in the drying gas based on the superheated steam. Unwanted oxidation of the material to be dried is ruled out as is the formation of carbonate salts or carbonate deposits that are unavoidable in the mostly basic useful materials with which the invention is concerned where drying gases containing waste gas are used.
In other embodiments, the invention relates to the use of this process for obtaining free-flowing surfactant solids, more particularly from the field of anionic surfactants based on natural materials, and also to its use for obtaining dried silicate-base useful materials which may be used in particular in laundry detergents and, finally, to the use of the described process for obtaining so-called laundry detergent tower powders to which temperature-sensitive and/or steam-volatile components may subsequently be added for the production of, or to complete the formulation of, the laundry detergents.
The technical teaching with which the present disclosure is concerned is a further development of earlier application DE-A 40 30 688 which has already been repeatedly cited. In the interests of completeness of disclosure of the present invention, the disclosure of that earlier application is hereby also specifically included as part of the disclosure of the present invention. In addition, the following process elements are important:
Under the working conditions according to the invention, drying with the superheated steam may also be carried out on the one hand as spray drying and/or on the other hand as fluidized bed drying. Starting materials of comparatively high water content are present, for example, as flowable and sprayable aqueous solutions, emulsions and/or suspensions of the useful materials or mixtures of useful materials to be dried. In one important embodiment, starting materials of this type are subjected to spray drying technology known per se. The spray drying process may be carried out in co-current or in countercurrent in correspondingly equipped spray drying towers. In general, the countercurrent principle is also preferably applied in the process according to the invention using superheated steam as the hot drying gas.
Under the spray drying conditions, it is preferred in accordance with the invention indirectly to introduce the energy required for evaporation into the steam circuit at least predominantly outside the drying zone. This safeguards the result known from conventional spray drying that the fluid, wet starting material can be dried in fine particle form without the particles adhering significantly to one another or at least with controllable adjustment of the particle size. The energy introduced into the steam circuit outside the fluidized bed may be introduced in any known form of indirect heat transfer. The use of tube-bundle systems, through which heating gases of any origin on the one hand and--separately therefrom--the steam to be heated on the other hand flow, is mentioned as an example.
In one particularly important embodiment of the invention, this indirect introduction of energy into the steam circuit is carried out by one or more integrated burners with indirect transfer of heat to the steam, the hot combustion gases being directly introduced into the heat exchanger--integrated in the steam circuit--on the burner side. The temperature of the combustion gases may be, for example, in the range from about 400� to 1000� C. and, more particularly, is in the range from about 650� to 960� C. In the interests of optimal heat utilization and hence to reduce the costs of the process as a whole, it can be useful if the waste gases are also partly and, preferably, substantially completely circulated. For example, at least 30% by volume and preferably more than 40% by volume of the hot waste gases can be recirculated after leaving the integrated heat exchanger for the further utilization of energy. The quantity of waste gases recirculated preferably amounts to more than 60% by volume and often to around 70% by volume of the combustion gases introduced. The burner may be operated with any of the usual fuel gases, more particularly natural gas or comparable lower hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon mixtures and/or hydrogen.
If, on the other hand, the drying principle according to the invention is applied in fluidized bed drying, the necessary heating of the steam-based drying gas may be accomplished both outside the drying zone and with heat-exchanger elements integrated into the fluidized bed. These two gas heating mechanisms may also be combined with one another.
The preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention carried out at normal pressure provides for comparatively uncomplicated operation, even in industrial plants, with the necessary high throughputs per unit of time. The measure preferably applied in accordance with the invention of slightly elevating the internal pressure reliably prevents the unwanted entry of foreign gases, particularly air, into the steam-filled circuit. Secondary damage to the high product quality required can also thus be reliably prevented. Suitable working pressures are at excess pressures of, for example, in the range up to about 150 mbar, preferably up to about 75 mbar and, more preferably, below 50 mbar. The range from about 5 to 15 mbar excess pressure can be of particular advantage. Drying with superheated steam in accordance with the invention is of course also possible in principle at reduced pressures, particularly moderate reduced pressures, although in this case increased outlay on equipment is necessary for ensuring the absence of possible damaged areas in the circuit which could initiate the unwanted penetration of air. The figures relating to the preferred excess pressure ranges apply accordingly in this case.
In other respects, the process according to the invention may largely be carried out in accordance with applicants' earlier patent application cited at the beginning for drying the mixtures of useful materials in question with superheated steam as the drying gas. To complete the disclosure of the invention, the relevant passages of that earlier application are reproduced herein where necessary:
In the earlier application, the fact that optimal drying results by the action of hot steam in the end product of the process are not essential is regarded as crucial to understanding the teaching of drying mixtures of useful materials of the type in question with superheated steam. Basically, the same also applies to the teaching according to the invention. However, it has been found that, providing such troublesome factors as waste gases and air or oxygen are reliably ruled out, even mixtures which, under conventional drying conditions with hot gases, tended to enter relatively quickly into unwanted reactions, for example discoloration, encrustation and the like, are comparatively immune to temperature. For drying with superheated steam, this means that safe operation both with superheated steam at comparatively high temperatures and degrees of drying to minimal residual moisture contents are possible without any adverse effect on the quality of the end product. Thus, residual moisture contents distinctly below 1% by weight, for example down to about 0.5% by weight or even lower, can be established in the dry material. At the same time, working temperatures of the used steam issuing from the drying zone above 100� to 110� C., preferably above 150� C. and, more preferably, above 180� C. can be applied.
Nevertheless, even fairly significant residual moisture contents can be tolerated providing the composition of the material ensures that the residual water is bound by a form of "internal drying" to such an extent that the long-term pourability and free flow of the dry material is guaranteed.
As described in the earlier application, the teaching of the invention also provides for after-treatment of the partly dried granules initially obtained in addition to or instead of this auxiliary measure. The aftertreatment may be carried out by two methods which may even be combined with one another.
The first of these methods is based on the fact that the individual degree of drying of the particular particle in question is determined by its particle size. If, in accordance with the invention, the drying process is terminated at a time when considerable quantities of residual moisture are still present in the material, integral consideration of the residual moisture content does only partial justice to reality. By differential consideration of the distribution of this residual moisture over the individual fractions of material, it has been found that the fine or ultrafine fractions can be dried very extensively or completely while the coarser fractions still contain such considerable quantities of moisture that the material removed from the spray drying zone is not guaranteed long-term pourability and free flow. In one important embodiment of the process according to the invention, therefore, "after-drying" of the primary material from the spray drying zone is achieved by an additional treatment step which--without exposing the powder-form material to the risk of developing tackiness--leads to homogenization of the moisture content over the material as a whole irrespective of the individual particle size. In this way, so much residual moisture can be introduced into the fine and ultrafine material from the still comparatively moist coarse particles of the material that, after this homogenization step, the long-term pourability and free flow of the dried material are guaranteed without further quantities of moisture having to be additionally eliminated from the bulk material.
This aftertreatment step may be carried out by any method which equalizes the moisture content of the individual particles and, at the same time, prevents them from adhering to one another. Circulation or shaking of the material initially obtained either continuously or discontinuously are mentioned as examples of such methods. Aftertreatment of the material in a fluidized bed having a very much higher solids density by comparison with spray drying can be particularly suitable. Any gases, preferably ambient air, may be used for this purpose. Damage to the material by oxidation and unwanted contamination of the waste air is non-existent or minimal and easy to control. Since the material to be dried is removed from the spray drying zone at elevated temperature, typically of the order of 100� C., a further slight reduction in the residual moisture content can be obtained by this subsequent homogenization of moisture in a fluidized bed, for example with ambient air.
However, in addition to or instead of this auxiliary measure, provision can also be made in the process according to the invention for a further reduction in the residual moisture content by additional drying. If after-drying proves to be desirable, one such additional after-drying step will generally be sufficient. However, after-drying in a sequence of additional steps is not ruled out from the teaching of the invention. The after-drying step(s) is characterized in that it is carried out under conditions which do not significantly endanger the useful materials in the material to be dried. In principle, several process parameters are available for reducing that risk, including for example reducing the temperature of the hot gas phase, dispensing with superheated steam as the hot gas and replacing it with drying gases of different origin, for example air and/or inert gas, and changing over to another drying technology.
In one preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention, the solids density of the material to be dried in the hot gas stream is substantially increased where such an after-drying step is used, so that, in this after drying step, the process principles of fluidized bed drying follow spray drying from the first drying stage. This subsequent fluidized bed drying step may in turn be carried out with any drying gases. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, superheated steam is used as the hot gas in this step also. However, the intensive exchange of heat between the now comparatively closely packed solid particles can thus effectively counteract unwanted overheating of the material to be dried and, more particularly, the danger of overheating of the fine particles of that material. In preferred embodiments of the invention, it is again possible through the composition of the material to be dried to ensure that the elements of the "internal drying" discussed above can be used to bind any residual moisture still present.
Aqueous preparations of useful materials and combinations thereof from the field of wetting agents, detergents and/or cleaning products which are not damaged significantly, if at all, by brief exposure to water or steam at a material temperature of 100� to 120� C. are particularly suitable for use in the process according to the invention. Components of this type which are not damaged by exposure to temperatures in the range mentioned for at least about 0.5 to 1 min. under the working conditions are particularly suitable useful materials. By controlling the process parameters--in addition to the design of the spray-drying zone, the working temperature range used in accordance with the invention and the droplet or particle size of the sprayed material are mentioned by way of example--it is possible to select residence times of a matter of seconds for the particular particles under the conditions of the superheated steam. It is crucial that the period of exposure to temperatures in this range is kept so short in the process according to the invention that no substantial damage to the material to be dried occurs under the working conditions selected. For example, even surfactant compounds which are basically vulnerable to hydrolysis are largely undamaged by exposure to these working conditions for a few minutes. Thus, aqueous preparations of water-soluble and/or insoluble organic and/or inorganic useful materials from wetting agents, detergents and/or cleaning products which may be assigned, for example, to the following classes may be subjected to drying in the drying process according to the invention: surfactant or emulsifier components, inorganic and/or organic builders or builder components, washing alkalis, fillers or neutral salts, fabric softeners, bleach activators, auxiliaries for improving the soil suspending power of the liquors, such as redeposition inhibitors or even abrasives.
If it is necessary to retain considerable quantities of water in the product subjected to the main drying process and hence to bind this residual water to ensure the long-term pourability and free flow of the dried material, auxiliaries capable of fixing water, preferably in the form of particulate solids, are used in accordance with the invention. In this case, residual water may be fixed, for example, by binding as water of crystallization. However, limited quantities of water in solid particles of the type in question here can also be bound purely by absorption without causing any unwanted tackiness or adhesion of the particles to one another. The auxiliaries are at least used in quantities sufficient to guarantee pourability and stability in storage despite the residual moisture present in the material.
In one embodiment of the invention, the auxiliaries used to bind the residual water may be added to the dried fresh material, best immediately after it has been removed from the process, and intensively mixed therewith. In preferred embodiments, however, the auxiliaries binding the residual water are at least partly, preferably at least predominantly or, in general, completely added to the aqueous preparations of useful material before they are dried. This particular embodiment may always be applied when the particular temperature sensitivity of the material to be dried allows drying to be carried out to such an extent that the residual moisture remaining in the product can be adequately absorbed and bound by the auxiliaries used.
In one embodiment of the process according to the invention of particular advantage in this regard, corresponding useful materials from the field of wetting agents, detergents and/or cleaning products which themselves are sufficiently immune to temperature are used as the auxiliaries capable of binding residual water. Typical examples of such materials are inorganic materials capable of binding water of crystallization from the classes of builder components, washing alkalis and/or so-called fillers. Typical examples of the subclasses of useful materials listed here are silicate compounds capable of binding water of crystallization, more particularly from the class of zeolites. One example particularly characteristic of laundry detergents is detergent-quality zeolite NaA which has a calcium binding power of 100 to 200 mg CaO/g (cf. DE 24 12 837). Typical examples of washing alkalis which bind water of crystallization are soda or sodium bicarbonate while sodium sulfate as neutral salt or filler has a pronounced capacity for binding considerable quantities of water of crystallization. However, in addition to or instead of the above-mentioned auxiliaries capable of binding water of crystallization, the residual water may also be bound by auxiliaries or corresponding useful materials capable of binding water by absorption. Thus, it is known that typical starch- or cellulose-based redeposition inhibitors, fabric softeners, particularly those based on inorganic swellable silicates, and also a number of organic surfactant compounds which are solid under normal conditions are capable of absorbing considerable quantities of water without reacting by developing unwanted surface tackiness.
Depending on the temperature sensitivity of the useful materials or mixtures of useful materials used on the one hand and the nature and quantity of the auxiliaries used on the other hand, considerable residual water contents may remain in the dried fine-particle material without endangering its long-termpourability and free flow. According to the invention, therefore, drying with superheated steam is terminated at residual water contents of the material removed from the spray drying zone in the range from about 0.5 to 20% by weight, residual water contents in the range from about 5 to 12% by weight being preferred. The % by weight ranges mentioned relate to the weight of the fine-particle material removed from the spray drying zone. In another preferred embodiment of the invention, however, the amount of residual water which is not bound as water of crystallization is limited. Thus, it can be useful to limit this water content to at most about 10% by weight, preferably to no more than about 5 to 7% by weight and better still to values of at most about 1 to 3% by weight. Once again, the foregoing observations apply to the percentages by weight. Taking into account specialist knowledge of the field in question, the combination of desired properties is thus reliably achieved using superheated steam at high working temperatures: adequate drying at moderate temperatures, termination of the drying reaction even when considerable quantities of residual moisture are still present in the material, so that unwanted temperature effects are ruled out, and establishing long-term pourability and free flow in accordance with practical requirements.
As already mentioned, the process according to the invention offers additional possibilities for establishing the particular residual moisture content required which may be applied in addition to or instead of the principles of inner drying discussed in the foregoing. These alternative possibilities include the homogenization and/or step-by-step reduction in the moisture content of the material to be dried, the spray drying step being followed by one or more after drying steps which discharge troublesome quantities of moisture under comparatively moderate working conditions. Basically, any of the after drying techniques known to the expert in direct or indirect contact with hot gases are suitable for this purpose. In the preferred alternative of the process according to the invention, superheated steam is also used for after drying, best in an additional step. In order not to endanger the temperature-sensitive material, the temperature at which the superheated steam is used may be lower than in the spray drying stage. However, the following alternative has proved to be particularly successful:
The fine-particle material which still has an excessively high residual moisture content is removed from the spray drying zone and transferred to a following fluidized bed drying stage. Partial agglomeration of the still sufficiently moist material from the spray drying zone into a relatively coarse agglomerate is entirely acceptable or may even be desirable in a preferred embodiment of the teaching according to the invention. A partial agglomeration step may be used in particular to bind the fine component of the material removed from the spray drying zone and to combine it, for example, with the more moist coarse particles of the primary drying product. The following fluidized bed drying stage is carried out in known manner with the greatly increased solid densities in the drying zone which lead to the intensive exchange of heat between all the solid particles of the fluidized bed and, in this way, prevent unwanted increases in temperature in part of the granular material to be dried, even when steam which has been heated to comparatively high temperatures is again used as the drying gas.
In the after drying stage in the fluidized bed, limited quantities of residual moisture merely have to be removed to ensure the long-term free flow of the granular material, so that the residence time of the material in this fluidized bed aftertreatment can also be kept short, amounting for example to only a few minutes. Main drying in the spray drying zone and after drying in the fluidized bed may be carried out together in a continuous process or may even be carried out independently of one another as separate process steps. General specialist knowledge may be used in this regard.
In the second drying stage, the residual moisture still present may be partly or substantially completely removed. In practical embodiments, at least about 10 to 80% and preferably about 20 to 70% (based on the residual moisture) of the residual moisture present in the material removed from the spray drying zone is removed where this modification of the process is applied. Traces of moisture remaining in the material are rendered harmless by the internal drying.
In one important embodiment, the process according to the invention is used to dry mixtures of useful materials for the production of laundry detergents. The aqueous starting materials to be dried contain washing-active surfactants together with builders and, optionally, washing alkalis and/or neutral salts. At least part of the multicomponent mixtures used is capable of binding and/or fixing residual water, more particularly in the form of water of crystallization. As in the spray drying of laundry detergents, the laundry detergent component of mixtures of the type in question is generally not exposed in its entirety to fluidized-bed spray granulation. This is precluded by the extreme temperature sensitivity of peroxide-containing bleach components, such as perborate monohydrate or tetrahydrate, and corresponding other particularly temperature-sensitive components. Enzymes, fragrances, bleach activators and other minor components are mentioned as further examples. Accordingly, the teaching of the present invention also provides inter alia for the production of so-called multicomponent tower powders which contain a large part of the components making up the final detergent in admixture with one another, but which are subsequently treated or mixed with other, liquid and/or solid active components. Known examples of such liquid components are, in particular, readily volatile nonionic surfactant components which, although no longer discharged into the environment with the waste gas in the process according to the invention, can nevertheless readily be added to the detergent as a whole by subsequent spraying onto absorbent tower powder which has been prepared in accordance with the invention.
The working conditions of the process according to the invention enable high temperatures to be used for the circulated steam phase in the drying step of the spray drying process. The working temperatures of the steam used are generally above 150� C. and preferably at least about 200� C. in the gas phase. Working temperatures of 250� C. and higher can be particularly interesting and even temperatures of at least 300� C. and more particularly in the range from 300� to 380� C. may be applied. In many cases, working temperatures in the range from about 270� to 350� C. in the steam phase are particularly suitable. All these temperature values relate to the temperature of the steam heated to optimal temperature which is delivered to the spray drying zone in co-current or countercurrent. The temperature of the steam falls in known manner during its contact with the wet or moist material. Considerations based largely on energy factors, including the intended subsequent use of the steam to be removed from the circuit, determine the quantitative ratios between the quantity of water to be evaporated and the quantity of superheated steam delivered. Embodiments which provide only for a limited reduction in the steam temperature after leaving the spray drying zone to values in the range from about 190� to 250� C. are possible in this regard whereas, in other embodiments, the thermal energy of the steam can advantageously be further utilized to reduce the temperature of the steam to the vicinity of the condensation temperature under process conditions (100� to 110� C.). More specifically, these details are determined inter alia by the design of the recycle process as a whole. Corresponding considerations apply to the use of superheated steam as the hot gas in an optional after-drying stage in the fluidized bed process. The figures mentioned above apply in this case also.
Basically, it may be said in respect of these considerations that the process is carried out in a closed-loop system with a steam circuit from which the water evaporated from the starting material is removed while the energy released in particular during the drying step is directly returned to the circuit. In one important embodiment, the steam removed is freed from entrained particles of material and put to another use as process steam, if desired after its pressure and temperature have been adapted to the required conditions. In another embodiment of the process according to the invention, the steam removed is at least partly condensed and freed from entrained particles of material. The liquid phase accumulating may be recycled to the drying process together with any of the useful material present therein. In this connection, it is possible, for example, to use vaporous fractions of the gas stream removed from the circuit to concentrate the aqueous liquid phase. The liquid recycled together with the useful material present therein may be directly delivered to the spray drying zone or may first be mixed with the fresh aqueous preparations and introduced in this form into the spray drying zone for drying.
In one particularly interesting embodiment of the invention, the heat of condensation of the steam removed from the circuit is recovered and utilized. By adopting suitable measures, it is even possible to recycle the small amounts of useful material which have left the primary steam circuit via the superheated steam removed therefrom. To this end, the following procedure, for example, may be adopted using the heat of condensation of the steam removed from the circuit:
Using the heat of condensation of the steam removed from the circuit, the steam condensate is concentrated in a preferably multiple-stage evaporation unit. The residual concentrate accumulating is returned to the primary process circuit. More particularly, this residual concentrate may be added to the slurry of useful material to be dried by superheated steam.
If necessary, a residual gas phase, if any, accumulating with minimal amounts of useful material during condensation of the superheated steam removed from the primary circuit may be subjected to subsequent working up during the condensation process, for example to incineration, treatment in biofilters or in washing units. By this combination of substantially complete recycling of the particular streams and the reliable destruction of final residual traces in the comparatively limited quantities of non-condensable gases, the process according to the invention makes it possible for the first time in the industrial field with which the invention is concerned to recover useful materials and mixtures of useful materials from the field of detergents and cleaning products free from waste air and free from polluted wastewater.
Irrespective of this and in addition to these considerations, the method according to the invention provides for appreciable savings of energy by comparison with conventional hot gas drying. Thus, through the circulation of steam at a comparatively high temperature level (for example 130+/-30� C.), the amount of heat to be introduced in the recycle process per kilogram of water to be evaporated is reduced by 10 to 25% by comparison with conventional drying processes involving only a single passage of the hot drying gases. In addition to the absence of pollutants, therefore, the process according to the invention satisfies further requirements of modern technology for processes carried out on an industrial scale.
General particulars of useful materials for direct or indirect use in the production of wetting agents, detergents and/or cleaning products using the principles according to the invention are given in the following with reference to typical components of modern laundry detergents.
Suitable anionic surfactants are, for example, soaps of natural or synthetic, preferably saturated, fatty acids. Soap mixtures derived from natural fatty acids, for example coconut oil fatty acid, palm kernel oil fatty acid or tallow fatty acid, are particularly suitable. Soap mixtures of 50 to 100% saturated C12-18 fatty acid soaps and 0 to 50% oleic acid soap are preferred.
Other suitable anionic surfactants are those of the sulfonate and sulfate type. The process according to the invention can have particular significance for corresponding compounds of vegetable and/or animal origin.
Suitable surfactants of the sulfonate type are alkylbenzene sulfonates (C9-15 alkyl), olefin sulfonates, i.e. mixtures of alkene and hydroxyalkane sulfonates, and sulfonates of the type obtained, for example, from C12-18 monoolefins with a terminal or internal double bond by sulfonation with gaseous sulfur trioxide and subsequent alkaline or acidic hydrolysis of the sulfonation products. Also suitable are the alkane sulfonates obtainable from C12-18 alkanes by sulfochlorination or sulfoxidation and subsequent hydrolysis or neutralization or by addition of bisulfites onto olefins and, more particularly, the esters of α-sulfofatty acids (ester sulfonates), for example the α-sulfonated methyl esters of hydrogenated coconut oil, palm kernel oil or tallow fatty acids.
Other important surfactant and emulsifier components in this regard are the so-called disalts which may be obtained by saponification of the above-mentioned α-sulfonated fatty acid methyl esters or by direct sulfonation of fatty acids, more particularly saturated C12-18 fatty acids. The process according to the invention thus makes it possible for the first time for surfactants of the type described here and in the following based on natural materials to be made available without difficulty on an industrial scale in the form of dry free-flowing concentrates which have virtually unlimited storage life and hence make a significant contribution to the universally desired replacement of ABS.
Suitable surfactants of the sulfate type are the sulfuric acid monoesters of primary alcohols of natural and synthetic origin, i.e. of fatty alcohols, for example coconut oil fatty alcohols, tallow fatty alcohols, oleyl alcohol, lauryl, myristyl, palmityl or stearyl alcohol, or the C10-20 oxo alcohols and those of secondary alcohols having the same chain length. Sulfuric acid monoesters of the alcohols of natural and/or synthetic origin ethoxylated in particular with 1 to 6 moles of ethylene oxide are also suitable components. Such compounds as 2-methyl-branched C9-11 alcohols containing on average 3.5 moles of ethylene oxide are mentioned as an example of synthetic alcohols. Sulfated fatty acid monoglycerides are also suitable.
The anionic surfactants may be present in the form of their sodium, potassium and ammonium salts and also as soluble salts of organic bases.
Suitable nonionic surfactants are adducts of 1 to 40 moles and preferably 2 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide with 1 mole of an aliphatic compound essentially containing 10 to 20 carbon atoms from the group consisting of alcohols, carboxylic acids, fatty amines, carboxylic acid amides or alkane sulfonamides. Of particular importance are the adducts of 8 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide with primary alcohols, for example with coconut oil or tallow fatty alcohols, with oleyl alcohol, with oxo alcohols or with secondary alcohols containing 8 to 18 and preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms. In addition to the water-soluble nonionics, however, water-insoluble or substantially water-insoluble polyglycol ethers containing 2 to 7 ethylene glycol ether units in the molecule are also of interest, particularly when they are used together with water-soluble nonionic or anionic surfactants. In the process according to the invention, the tendency of nonionic surfactants such as these to be carried over can be taken into consideration by completely or partly applying components of this type to the granules obtained after spray drying. The same also applies in particular to nonionic surfactants liquid at room temperature.
Other suitable nonionic surfactants are alkyl glycosides corresponding to the general formula R-O-(G)x, in which R is a primary linear or branched aliphatic radical containing 8 to 22 and preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, G stands for a glycose unit containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms and the degree of oligomerization x is between 1 and 10.
Suitable organic and inorganic builders are soluble and/or insoluble components showing a mildly acidic, neutral or alkaline reaction which are capable of precipitating or complexing calcium ions. Suitable and, in particular, ecologically safe builders are finely crystalline synthetic zeolites of the type already mentioned. Other builder components which, in particular, may be used together with the zeolites include (co)polymeric polycarboxylates, such as polyacrylates, polymethacrylates and, in particular, copolymers of acrylic acid with maleic acid, preferably those with 50% to 10% maleic acid. The molecular weight of the homopolymers is generally in the range from 1,000 to 10,000 while the molecular weight of the copolymers is in the range from 2,000 to 200,000 and preferably in the range from 50,000 to 120,000, based on free acid. A particularly preferred acrylic acid/maleic acid copolymer has a molecular weight of 50,000 to 100,000. Suitable, but less preferred compounds of this class are copolymers of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid with vinyl ethers, such as vinyl methyl ether, in which the acid makes up at least 50%. Other suitable builders are polyacetal carboxylic acids, for example of the type described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,144,226 and 4,146,495, and also polymeric acids which are obtained by polymerization of acrolein and subsequent disproportionation with alkalis and which are made up of acrylic acid units and vinyl alcohol units or acrolein units.
Suitable organic builders are, for example, polycarboxylic acids which are preferably used in the form of their sodium salts, such as citric acid and nitrilotriacetate (NTA), providing there are no ecological objections to their use.
In cases where a phosphate content can be tolerated, it is also possible to use phosphates, more particularly pentasodium triphosphate, and even pyrophosphates and orthophosphates which act primarily as precipitants for lime salts.
Suitable inorganic non-complexing salts are the bicarbonates, carbonates, borates or silicates of the alkali metals which are also known as "washing alkalis". Of the alkali metal silicates, sodium silicates with an Na2 O to SiO2 ratio of 1:1 to 1:3.5 are particularly suitable. From the remaining groups of typical detergent ingredients, components from the classes of redeposition inhibitors (soil suspending agents), neutral salts and fabric softeners are particularly suitable for use in the process according to the invention.
Suitable redeposition inhibitors are, for example, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose and mixtures thereof. The above-mentioned sodium sulfate is cited as a typical example of a suitable representative of the neutral salts. Suitable softeners are, for example, swellable layer silicates of the montmorillonite type, for example bentonite.
As mentioned above, typical ingredients of detergents and cleaning preparations sensitive to high temperatures and/or liquid at room temperature, such as liquid nonionic surfactant components, bleaches based on per compounds, enzymes from the class of proteases, lipases and amylases, or bacterial strains or fungi, stabilizers, fragrances, temperature-sensitive dyes and the like, are best mixed with the dry powders obtained beforehand.
In an experimental pilot-plant-scale spray-drying tower of the "Minor Production" type manufactured by Niro-Atomizer, a powder-form detergent, so-called "tower powder", was produced by spraying detergent slurry in superheated steam. Before entering the dryer, the circulated steam was passed through a superheater with indirect heat exchange. The solids component of the detergent slurry contained 16% by weight surfactants, approx. 20% by weight soda and zeolite NaA, waterglass, Sokalan� and typical minor components. The water content of the slurry was 50% by weight. The slurry was sprayed into the dryer through a hollow cone nozzle (DN =0.7 mm, spray cone approx. 45�) under a spraying pressure of 6 bar. The feed stream of slurry was adjusted to 20.8 kg/h (16 l/h) at a temperature of 60� C. The throughput of superheated steam for drying was 181.1 kg/h. The entry temperature TE was 350� C. and the exit temperature TA was 184� C. This corresponds to a steam feed rate of 60132 kJ/h.
A powder having a dry matter content (DM) of 92.4% by weight was obtained so that the evaporation rate was 9.66 kg/h. The specific energy consumption of the spray dryer was 6226.8 kJ/kg. The product may be characterized by the result of sieve analysis:
larger than 1.6 mm 0.45
larger than 0.8 mm 6.71
larger than 0.4 mm 15.86
larger than 0.2 mm 29.72
larger than 0.1 mm 40.31
0.1 mm and smaller 7.14
The powder thus produced had an apparent density of 407.0 g/l.
During the test, a condensate stream of approx. 8.5 kg/h was collected at the condenser. This corresponds to a heat recovery of 20574.6 kJ/h.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Jun 19, 1950
|Apr 28, 1953
|Dec 19, 1973
|Mar 30, 1976
|Asriel Osdor
|Method and apparatus for drying moisture-containing solids particularly domestic refuse and sludge cakes
|Mar 3, 1977
|Jul 25, 1978
|Lever Brothers Company
|Manufacture of detergent compositions
|Aug 22, 1977
|Mar 13, 1979
|Monsanto Company
|Polymeric acetal carboxylates
|Aug 22, 1977
|Mar 27, 1979
|Monsanto Company
|Detergent compositions comprising polyacetal carboxylates
|Dec 12, 1977
|Oct 16, 1979
|The Chemithon Corporation
|Spray drying method
|Feb 19, 1981
|Aug 24, 1982
|Vincenzo Pagnozzi
|Process for drying wood
|Oct 11, 1991
|Jun 29, 1993
|Niro A/S
|Apparatus for producing concentrated aqueous slurries and spray dried particulate products
|Mar 18, 1974
|Oct 31, 1974
|Henkel & Cie Gmbh
|Verfahren zum waschen und reinigen der oberflaechen von festen werkstoffen, insbesondere von textilien, sowie mittel zur durchfuehrung des verfahrens
|Sep 28, 1990
|Apr 2, 1992
|Henkel Kgaa
|Verfahren zur spruehtrocknung von wertstoffen und wertstoffgemischen unter verwendung von ueberhitztem wasserdampf
|Title not available
|Sep 20, 1991
|Apr 16, 1992
|Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien
|Process for the spray-drying of valuable substances and mixtures thereof using superheated water vapour
|Beeby and Potter; "Steam Drying", Plenary Lecture, 1984.
|Beeby and Potter; Steam Drying , Plenary Lecture, 1984.
|Stein; "Berechnung der Verdampfung von Fleussigkeit aus feuchten Produkten im Spruehturm", 1973.
|Stein; Berechnung der Verdampfung von Fleussigkeit aus feuchten Produkten im Spruehturm , 1973.
|Trommelen and Crosby; "Evaporation and Drying of Drops in Superheated Vapors", AlChE Journal, vol. 16, No. 5.
|Trommelen and Crosby; Evaporation and Drying of Drops in Superheated Vapors , AlChE Journal, vol. 16, No. 5.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 18, 2001
|Jan 4, 2005
|Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc.
|Wood pulp fiber morphology modifications through thermal drying
|Mar 8, 2001
|Aug 29, 2006
|Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien (Henkel Kgaa)
|Silicic acid ester mixtures
|Mar 8, 2001
|Apr 15, 2004
|Thomas Gerke
|Silicic acid ester mixtures
|Apr 9, 2003
|Oct 14, 2004
|Ko Young Chan
|Process for making absorbent material
|Sep 15, 2004
|Mar 3, 2005
|Ko Young Chan
|Wood pulp fiber morphology modifications through thermal drying
|Mar 2, 2007
|Apr 16, 2009
|Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa
|Active ingredient carriers which are based on silicon and contain aminoalkyl groups
|Nov 20, 2008
|Nov 25, 2010
|Peter Daute
|Process for the preparation of an organic composition comprising an n-nonyl ester
|Nov 20, 2008
|Dec 2, 2010
|Anja Vonderhagen
|Method for producing an organic composition containing an n-nonyl ether
|U.S. Classification
|34/411, 34/372
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 27, 1995
Owner name: HENKEL KOMMANDITGESELLSCHAFT AUF AKTIEN (HENKEL KG
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:RAEHSE, WILFRIED;FUES, JOHANN-FRIEDRICH;KOCH, OTTO;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:007343/0659
Effective date: 19940811
|Nov 11, 1997
|Certificate of correction
|Dec 29, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 11, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Jul 23, 2004
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Sep 21, 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20040723


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Monday Oh Monday!
I had the typical "Monday" morning. I did not want to get out of bed. After hitting snooze, I rolled out of bed dragging my feet to wake up my daughter for school. We have been having some really rough nights with our two year old. I don't know why, but for some reason she is waking 2-3 times a night screaming hysterically. It is so sad because she seems scared but I don't know of what? I can usually rub her back and get her to fall asleep again. Although, getting up those short periods of time really takes a toll on my sleep and body. I am just exhausted today. I will be making a cup of coffee here in a minute to get me through until bedtime. Today, I am trying a different tactic; I am not putting her for a nap (she doesn't sleep anyway!) I am going to play with her and have her outside in the fresh air in hopes that it will help her snooze away to dreamland tonight.
Anyone else have this occur around age 2 years and 3 months? She is beginning to try potty training. Totally her choice, not that I mind. I am letting her take the lead on this one. If I have learned anything from the older two it is you cannot force potty training. So, I thought maybe she is waking up because she has to go? I guess we'll see tonight.
Unfortunatley from lack of sleep I feel like my brain is not functioning at normal speed, so I am off to indulge in a cup of Joe! Happy Monday everyone!!!
This quote made me laugh. I know I have felt this way before :-)
There was never a child so lovely but his Mother was glad to get him to sleep.
~ Ralph Waldo Emerson
My daughter went through that terrible sleep phase earlier this year and it got pretty bad. Part of it was dreaming. The doctor said that at this age they start having vivid dreams and it could be waking her. We addressed the sleep problems behaviorally with a specific bedtime routine and reward chart for bedtimes with no fight. We also used a little bit of melatonin on and off to help her get to sleep. Good luck! I hope your little one gets straightened out much sooner than mine did!
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12月 20, 2014 合計視聴数:: 5025 今日は: 1 ★★★
Hotel My Resort Service Apartment Hua Hin, Located in the seaside town of Hua Hin, My Resort Service Apartment offers 9 outdoor pools and kid's water playground. 無料Wi-Fiを提供する, this self-catering accommodation is 4.4 km from Hua Hin Railway Station and 4.8 km from Hua Hin Night Market. Apartments here provide guests with a flat-screen TV, a sofa and air conditioning. Equipped with kitchenware, the kitchen also includes a stovetop, microwave and dining area. The private bathrooms has a shower and includes towels. Providing a balcony with a view, the room comes with a washing machine. Local restaurants can be found within a 5-minute walk from here. My Resort Service Apartment has a garden, fitness centre and a children's playground for the young ones. This property offers free parking. For guests who wish to do a bit of shopping, Hua Hin Market Village is 3.2 ㎞. Khao Takiap is 1.1 km away while Hua Hin Airport is located 11 プロパティからキロ. (Hotel My Resort Service Apartment Hua Hin hotels 予約).


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Skip to comments.Obama 'HOPE' poster artist pleads guilty [to criminal contempt]
Posted on 02/24/2012 6:15:47 PM PST by justlurking
The creator of the Barack Obama "HOPE" poster pleaded guilty Friday to criminal contempt, saying he made a "terrible decision" in 2009 to destroy some documents and fabricate others in a civil lawsuit pertaining to The Associated Press photograph he relied upon to make the poster.
Shepard Fairey entered the plea in federal court to the misdemeanor charge, which carries a maximum potential penalty of up to six months in prison. Sentencing was set for July 16.
The criminal case originated after the artist acknowledged he had fabricated information in a lawsuit he brought against the AP in February 2009. The lawsuit sought a court declaration that he did not violate AP's copyrights when he made the Obama image. The AP countersued, saying the uncredited, uncompensated use of its picture both violated copyright laws and was a threat to journalism.
U.S. Attorney Preet Bharara said in a statement Friday that Fairey "went to extreme lengths to obtain an unfair and illegal advantage in his civil litigation, creating fake documents and destroying others in an effort to subvert the civil discovery process."
(Excerpt) Read more at news.yahoo.com ...
Sorry about the typo in the title. I've asked a moderator to correct it.
So, how's that hopey-changey thingy, Fairey?
I would expect nothing less from a follower of Barry.
What goes around...
Kinda like a forged birth certificate? Or several?
Thanks for the article.
This little lefty activist faked court documents and took extreme measures to defeat his enemy, AP, in court?
That is so unusual for the Political Party of Peace!/s/
Obama has criminals in his circle of associates???
Good news. Now he can draw for whomever makes him a bride in jail..
Look up his bundler Nemazee, currently serving time.
And it's not his first offense. After all, that promise of "hope" on the original poster turned out to be fraudulent, since the nation no longer has any.
The AP's lawsuit was ridiculous in the first place though (they settled it out of court). It's an incredibly generic picture of Obama, the AP doesn't own the trademark to Obama, Obama had no objections to the picture, it is well within fair use by virtue of no longer actually being a photograph but being redrawn art, and even the original photographer of the photo had no problem with the artwork. It's an example of corporate tyranny that has only gotten worse since Disney sued that preschool because the kids painted pictures of Mickey Mouse on it.
I can imagine it getting to the point where if some manufactured product appears in a picture someone sells, like a pair of jeans, that the manufacturer will eventually be suing photographers if they sell the photos without paying them a royalty. It's hard to imagine that I can't legally sell a painting of a public figure unless I meet them firsthand and take my own photo of them, because this case indicates that any photo or video that exists of that person is owned by someone else and cannot be used as the basis for a painting within the fair use doctrine. I guess that I can never commercially paint a picture of JFK because it's physically impossible to take my own photo of him.
From Shepard Fairey's official website (ObeyGiant.com):
Check it out! I got a thank you note from Barack Obama. If he is elected, maybe I have a get out of jail free card. All kidding aside, Im honored to be acknowledged by someone so important to the future of our country. Also, the Obama campaign asked me to do a poster illustration for sale on their site. It should be out next week on barackobama.com.-Shepard
Here is the 'thank you' letter Barack Obama sent to Shepard Fairey:
"Dear Shepard, I would like to thank you for using your talent in support of my campaign. The political messages involved in your work have encouraged Americans to believe they can help change the status quo. Your images have a profound effect on people, whether seen in a gallery or on a stop sign. I am privileged to be a part of your artwork and proud to have your support. I wish you continued success and creativity.
Sincerely, Barack Obama.'"
Other "artwork" by the commie Fairey...
by Shepard Fairey
"Stalin Lenin", Shepard Fairey,
limited edition silkscreen, signed
and numbered. 18"X24" *SOLD OUT*
Source: http://www.duckywaddles.com/scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=429
"Bush Hell" by Shepard Fairey
Angela Davis
Angela Davis by Obey Giant, Shepard Fairey:
From David Horowitz's FrontPageMag.com/DiscoverTheNetworks.org:
* Communist professor at the University of Californias Santa Cruz campus
* Recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize from the police state of East Germany in 1979
* Provided an arsenal of weapons to Black Panthers who used them to kill a Marin Country judge in a failed attempt to free Davis' imprisoned lover, Black Panther murderer George Jackson
* Icon of the campus Left and frequent guest speaker at anti-war rallies
* Leader of a movement to free all criminals who are minorities claiming that they are political prisoners of the racist United States
* The only path of liberation for black people is that which leads toward complete and radical overthrow of the capitalist class.
Angela Yvonne Davis is a tenured professor in the History of Consciousness program at the University of California - Santa Cruz. A former member of the Black Panther Party, she is currently a University Professor, one of only seven in the entire California University system, which entitles her to a six-figure salary and a research assistant. This income is supplemented by speaking fees ranging from $10,000 to $20,000 per appearance on college campuses, where she is an icon of radical faculty, administrators, and students. Davis has also taught at UCLA and the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
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