text:
Biosciences Institute
Biosciences Institute
Zimberknopf E.,Centro Universitario Da Fundacao Of Ensino Octavio Bastos |
Xavier G.F.,Biosciences Institute |
Kinsley C.H.,University of Richmond |
Felicio L.F.,University of Sao Paulo
Comparative Medicine | Year: 2011
Reproductive experience in female rats modifies acquired behaviors, induces long-lasting functional neuroadaptations and can also modify spatial learning and memory. The present study supports and expands this knowledge base by employing the Morris water maze, which measures spatial memory. Age-matched young adult (YNG) nulliparous (NULL; nonmated) and primiparous (PRIM; one pregnancy and lactation) female rats were tested 15 d after the litter's weaning. In addition, corresponding middle-aged (AGD) PRIM (mated in young adulthood so that pregnancy, parturition, and lactation occurred at the same age as in YNG PRIM) and NULL female rats were tested at 18 mo of age. Behavioral evaluation included: 1) acquisition of reference memory (platform location was fixed for 14 to 19 d of testing); 2) retrieval of this information associated with extinction of the acquired response (probe test involving removal of the platform 24 h after the last training session); and 3) performance in a working memory version of the task (platform presented in a novel location every day for 13 d, and maintained in a fixed location within each day). YNG PRIM outperformed NULL rats and showed different behavioral strategies. These results may be related to changes in locomotor, mnemonic, and cognitive processes. In addition, YNG PRIM exhibited less anxiety-like behavior. Compared with YNG rats, AGD rats showed less behavioral flexibility but stronger memory consolidation. These data, which were obtained by using a welldocumented spatial task, demonstrate long lasting modifications of behavioral strategies in both YNG and AGD rats associated with a single reproductive experience. Copyright 2011 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science.
News Article | March 2, 2017
Site: www.chromatographytechniques.com
Researchers at the University of Arkansas recently took a step toward answering a question for the ages: Is there life on Mars? Answer: they can't rule it out. Two recent publications suggest that life, in the form of ancient, simple organisms called methanogens, could survive the harsh conditions found near the surface of Mars, and deep in its soils. Using methanogens to test for survivability is particularly relevant because scientists have detected their byproduct, methane, in the Martian atmosphere. On Earth, methane is strongly associated with organic matter, though there are non-organic sources of the gas, including volcanic eruptions. Scientists aren't yet sure what the presence of Martian methane means. But one possibility is that tenacious life flourishes on Mars despite the rocky soil, thin atmosphere and scarcity of liquid water. "We consider methanogens ideal candidates for possible life on Mars because they are anaerobic, and non-photosynthetic, meaning that they could exist in the subsurface," said Rebecca Mickol, a Ph.D. candidate at the Arkansas Center for Space and Planetary Science. "Just a few millimeters of Martian regolith is enough to protect the organisms from the dangerous UV and cosmic radiation that hits the surface. Additionally, methane has been detected in the Martian atmosphere, via multiple space-based and ground-based sources, including the Martian rover, Curiosity. Although these findings are still controversial, the presence of methane on Mars is particularly exciting because most methane on Earth is biological in origin." Mickol is the lead author on a study titled "Low Pressure Tolerance by Methanogens in an Aqueous Environment: Implications for Subsurface Life on Mars," published in September in the journal Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. Using the planetary simulator at the University's W.M. Keck Laboratory, Mickol and her team subjected four species of methanogens to the low atmospheric pressure that would exist in a Martian subsurface liquid aquifer. All four survived the exposure for between three and 21 days. The underlying idea, Mickol said, is that life is found almost everywhere on Earth, so it's not out of the question to find it thriving in harsh conditions elsewhere. "The prevalence of life on Earth, in all kinds of 'extreme' environments, and the fact that life arose fairly early on in Earth's history, makes it hard to believe there isn't some sort of microscopic life on the other planets and moons in our solar system," she said. Pradeep Kumar, an assistant professor in the Physics Department, is looking at the implications for life deeper on Mars: as far down as 30 kilometers — more than 18 miles — under the planet's surface. Geothermal models suggest that liquid water could exist at that depth, though it would be under extreme pressure and at high temperature. Nonetheless, water is essential to life as we know it, so researchers base their assumptions on where it might be found. On Earth, methanogens that survive in hydrothermal environments do so despite a wide range of pressures, pH levels and temperatures. In the test, funded by a grant from the Arkansas Biosciences Institute, sKumar and his team — grad students Navita Sinha and Sudip Nepal of the Center for Space Planetary Sciences and the Microelectronics and Photonics department, respectively; and Timothy Kral, a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences – used a hydrostatic chamber and generated atmospheric pressures as high as 1,200 times that found on the surface. They held temperatures at 55 degrees centigrade, about 131 degrees Fahrenheit, and varied pH levels from 4.96 to 9.13. (A pH level of 7.0 is neutral, below that is considered acidic and above is considered alkaline.) The results, published in February the journal Planetary and Space Science, show that the methanogen M. wolfeii, one the species Mickol experimented with, survived all pressure and pH levels. In acidic conditions, its growth rate increased with higher pressures. In neutral and alkaline conditions, the growth rate increased initially, then decreased with higher pressures. "Given the discovery of methane in Martian atmosphere, our study raises an exciting possibility of methanogenic archaea to be a viable organism that can survive and possibly thrive in the subsurface conditions of Mars," Kumar said. The search for life on Mars continues. At the very least, we know it could be there.
News Article | February 15, 2017
Site: www.eurekalert.org
The scallop is one of the largest edible molluscs, and gourmets consider it to be a great delicacy. To meet this demand, the fishing industry cultivates these shellfish in coastal aquafarms. In a new analysis, behavioural ecologists at Bielefeld University have confirmed that cultivated scallops developed their own genetic structure that differs from that of natural scallops. The biologists studied a total of nine populations of scallops (Pecten maximus) along the coast of Northern Ireland. They are presenting their results this Wednesday (8.2.2017) in the research journal 'Royal Society Open Science'. 'Of the nine scallop populations studied, only one shows a marked genetic difference from the others and that is the artificially cultivated type,' reports Joseph I. Hoffman, head of the Molecular Behavioural Ecology research group. New breeds are cultivated in, for example, mesh cages in coastal waters. Now and then, young scallops escape through the mesh and are thereby able to impact on natural populations. Biologists use the term population to describe a group of organisms of one species that live together in one area and are linked together genetically through reproduction over successive generations. The researchers analysed the genetic architecture of the mollusc populations. 'Studying the genetic architecture of animal populations helps us to understand which external appearance an organism can adopt - for example, how large a mollusc can become or whether it can develop red streaks on its surface,' says David Vendrami. The doctoral student has analysed a total of 180 mollusc samples. The Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute in Belfast (Northern Ireland) collected these in February 2015 during an excursion along the Northern Irish Atlantic coast. The researchers have not just confirmed how breeding affects scallop populations. Their study also confirms that these molluscs adapt their shape and internal colouring very flexibly to conditions in their environment, and that they do this independently of whether they belong to the one cultivated or the eight natural populations. 'We have tested how far genes relate to appearance. However, that is very probably not the case. It is highly likely that the external characteristics of the molluscs depend on their surroundings,' says Vendrami. Scientists at Bielefeld also used this study to compare a classical DNA analysis with a new procedure. The classical analysis proceeds by evaluating repeated short DNA sequences (microsatellites) in order to compare samples from different organisms. The modern procedure (RAD sequencing) takes less time to analyse thousands of times more DNA sequences. 'The new procedure is markedly better at finding differences in the populations than the classical approach,' says David Vendrami. In their future research, Hoffman, Vendrami, and their colleagues will be going beyond Northern Ireland and studying samples along the entire Atlantic coast from Norway to Portugal as well as in the Mediterranean. Their aim is to find out how scallops as well as other crustaceans react to different environmental conditions in terms of their growth. For the current study, researchers at Bielefeld cooperated with a series of partners: the University of Cambridge (England), der University of Duisburg-Essen, the British Antarctic Survey research institute (Cambridge), and the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute in Belfast (Northern Ireland). David Vendrami is a member of the Marie Sk?odowska-Curie action 'Calcium in a Changing Environment' (CACHE) in which ten doctoral students of different disciplines from all over Europe are studying Europe's commercially most important molluscs. The action is being funded by the European Union. Marie Sk?odowska-Curie actions are part of the European Union's Framework Programme for Excellent Research and Innovation. David L. J. Vendrami, Luca Telesca, Hannah Weigand, Martina Weiss, Katie Fawcett, Katrin Lehman, Melody S. Clark, Florian Leese, Carrie McMinn, Heather Moore, Joseph I. Hoffman: RAD sequencing resolves fine-scale population structure in a benthic invertebrate: implications for understanding phenotypic plasticity. Royal Society Open Science, http://dx. , published on the 8th of February 2017.
News Article | November 18, 2015
Site: www.sciencenews.org
In a pasture outside Edmonton, Canada, you'll find a few dozen cows doing what cows do: mostly eating. The average animal spends eight-plus hours a day filling its belly, or as is the case with cows, bellies. Along with that enormous appetite, cows are born with the ability to digest almost any plant they can chew, thanks to a multichambered stomach and a helpful army of gut microbes that break down food that most mammals cannot. The system is an evolutionary bonanza for cattle, but it's not so easy on the environment — which is why the animals at the Lacombe Research Centre are no ordinary grazers. Through a transponder clipped to the ear of each cow, scientists record when a cow sticks her head into a bin of tasty feed pellets. As she eats, a solar-powered fume hood above captures her exhalations. Laser beams surround the pasture, reading gases in the atmosphere. Livestock is a major source of methane emissions from human activity in the United States. The gas is produced as part of the digestive process of cattle and other ruminants and from microorganisms that grow in manure (numbers in chart at top are rounded). Source: Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2013/EPA 2015 All this fuss is over bovine burps. While cattle and other ruminants like sheep and goats have been gassy for around 50 million years, scientists have only recently begun to pay keen attention to their exhaust as concern grows over climate change. The belches contain methane, an odorless compound that is the main component of natural gas. In the atmosphere, methane warms the Earth. It isn't the most abundant greenhouse gas created by human activity (that prize goes to carbon dioxide), but methane is one of the most powerful at trapping heat. In a "pound for pound" comparison, over a century, methane has an impact on climate change that is 25 times as great as CO , according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Citing methane's impact, a recent CNN story referred to beef as "the new SUV." But the old SUVs, along with the rest of the oil and gas industry, are a larger source of atmospheric methane in the United States, EPA data indicate, contributing 29 percent of U.S. methane emissions. Livestock is responsible for 26 percent, the agency estimates. Yet while that's the official number, a paper last year in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres raised the possibility that the EPA's measurements are off, and that the biggest source of methane from human activity may in fact be ruminants — more than 90 percent of them cows raised for beef and dairy production. While methane emissions from the energy sector declined between 1990 and 2013, the contribution from agriculture rose by 11 percent, according to the EPA. (Though in later years cattle populations fell and so did livestock-related methane.) The World Bank estimates that overall global methane emissions rose 17 percent between 1990 and 2010. In 2014, the U.S. government announced a goal to reduce methane output from dairy cattle by 25 percent by 2020. That's why scientists worldwide are looking for ways to produce a less noxious cow. Experiments target the animal inside and out, testing variations in feed, antimethane additives and experimental vaccines. The Canadian project goes deeper, using genetics to develop and breed animals that are naturally less burpy. All approaches are promising, but no single one has hit the sweet spot: reducing methane dramatically while not harming the cow or dampening production of farms and ranches. Any solution can't be too impractical or too expensive, either. The good news is that this is one issue where the interests of the $44 billion beef industry and environmentalists may converge — cattle that pollute less might live longer or get by with less feed, improving the profit margins of farms and ranches. "We've been selling the greenhouse gas story as a win-win to farmers," says Conrad Ferris, head of dairy research at the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute in Hillsborough, Northern Ireland. Most methane-reducing experiments don't concern the cow per se; they go after the microscopic ecosystem huddled inside the animal's gut. When a cow eats, hay, grass and other plant material land inside the rumen, the largest of the four compartments of the bovine stomach, which can hold 150 to 190 liters of food and water. Ruminant digestion is a microbial marvel: A portion of the stomach is sectioned off into a sophisticated vat for fermentation, which occurs when microorganisms slice sugar and other large molecules into smaller ones. (Without fermentation, grapes and agave couldn't become wine and tequila.) Trapped inside the rumen, bacteria digest the components of the forage, especially cellulose, the large chains of glucose that form the main structural support of the cell walls of plants. Cellulose is the reason green plants tend to be stiff and rigid. People aren't born with the enzymes to cope with cellulose, which is why we don't eat grass. When humans eat foods such as fruits and vegetables, the cellulose acts as dietary fiber. Because it resists digestion, cellulose doesn't provide energy. It does help a person feel full with fewer calories and maintain the health of the intestine, and of the microbiome inside. Thanks to a multichambered stomach and helpful microbes, cattle can digest food that humans cannot. The largest chamber, the rumen, is a fermentation vat that breaks down cellulose. Microbes soak up the resulting hydrogen, producing methane (CH ), which the cow releases, mainly in burps. But a ruminant animal's microorganisms can extract the energy locked up in cellulose. Its digestive system includes microbes called methanogens, ancient entities distinct from bacteria and other microorganisms. Methanogens can live in other oxygen-starved environments, such as the bottom of lakes. When microbes in the rumen digest cellulose, they leave behind nutrients that the cow needs plus methane gas, created when methanogens soak up the hydrogen left over from fermentation. The relationship is straightforward: The more the cow eats, the more it ferments, the more methane produced. Emissions from a grown dairy cow can amount to about 260 to 650 grams of methane per day. Consider that the nation has 98 million head of cattle and you see the scope of the problem. One mid-sized animal could put out about 150 kilograms of methane every year, which has the same environmental impact as driving from New York to Los Angeles — three times. Scientists are trying to interfere with the chemical steps that lead to methane production in ways that don't harm the overall health or productivity of the cows. Over the last few years, researchers have tried adding natural and laboratory-made substances to cow feed. One of them is nitrate. The idea is that, given the extra nitrogen, methanogens sopping up excess hydrogen will form ammonia (composed of one nitrogen and three hydrogen atoms) instead of methane (one carbon and four hydrogens). Last year, scientists from the Lethbridge Research Centre in Canada, writing in the Canadian Journal of Animal Science, reviewed nitrate-adding experiments dating back to the 1960s. Some laboratory tests yielded dramatic results, reducing cow methane emissions by as much as 70 percent. In other studies, the nitrate didn't affect the growth or appetite of the cows, or milk or meat production. Problem is, in the rumen, nitrate is broken down into nitrite, which can interfere with the action of red blood cells. One cow died in an experiment and six others had to be rescued. "One of the challenges is, how do you deliver it in a way that prevents nitrate toxicity in the animal," says Wendy Powers, director of environmental stewardship for animal agriculture at Michigan State University in East Lansing. Other scientists have experimented with plants that can influence microbes and change the methane-producing chemistry of the rumen, with the hope that "the public will more readily accept something that is natural," says Alexander Hristov, a professor of dairy nutrition at Penn State University. He and his colleagues added a by-product of cashew nut processing to feed and reduced methane emissions by a modest 8 percent, they reported in June in the Journal of Dairy Science. He has also experimented with adding oregano to feed, which reduced methane. But it got to be too much. "We were feeding 500 grams of oregano per cow per day," he says. "That is not going to be economical." Different approaches are under study to reduce bovine methane emissions. Most try to change the chemistry or microbial makeup of the rumen. Promotes formation of ammonia instead of methane Alters the chemistry of the rumen Substitutes feed that relies less on fermentation Increases milk production in dairy cows; already available Can be expensive; environmental cost if transportation needed Blocks enzyme that drives last step of methane formation In one experiment, methane dropped 30 percent and cows gained weight Cows require less feed for same growth Changes are slow; may affect other traits, such as health or fertility Sources: C. Lee and K.A. Beauchemin/Can. J. Anim. Sci. 2014; G. Wischer et al/Animal 2013; H.P. Jiao et al/J. Dairy Sci. 2014; A.N. Hristov et al/Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2015; M. Aspin; J.A. Basarab et al/Animal 2013 Powers mentored a Michigan State grad student who tried adding an extract from tea to feed, which raised yet another complication: "You had to get so much in there to be effective, palatability became an issue," she says. Cows will shun a solution that tastes bad. Overall, she says, experiments with various plant extracts have been inconsistent. Hristov's team devised another approach that appears to pass the taste test. Researchers experimented with a synthetic feed additive designed to interfere with an enzyme that drives the last step of methane formation. In the Aug. 25 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers reported that 48 cows given the additive for 12 weeks produced 30 percent less methane than cows that ate only their normal feed. The additive did not affect the animals' appetite or milk production. "This is the most promising feed additive we have worked with," Hristov says. "In my opinion, this is the answer to the gut problem." The Irish scientists are also trying to reduce methane by decreasing the proportion of roughage (the grass and hay that leads to methane production) and increasing the amount of concentrates, which are plants that are easier to digest without fermentation, such as corn and soybeans. Last year, in the Journal of Dairy Science, the researchers described one such experiment in 40 grazing cows. As concentrates increased, so did milk production. The cows' overall methane emissions weren't affected, but with higher production, the amount of methane that accompanied each liter of milk was reduced, which eases the environmental impact. That experiment was on animals in the field. Experiments in barns have also demonstrated that more concentrates mean less methane per liter of milk produced, Ferris says. But concentrates are costly. "There comes a point when even the higher milk production doesn't cover the cost of concentrates," he says. Also, if the overall goal is to ease the impact on the environment, the production and shipping of concentrates has its own carbon footprint. A concern with food additives is that the methanogens in the rumen might adapt to their new diet after a time and resume methane production at the same level. For that reason, an additive would probably need to be repeatedly fed and monitored through the animal's life span, potentially adding to cost and labor, says Mark Aspin, manager of the Pastoral Greenhouse Gas Research Consortium in Wellington, New Zealand, which partners with the government research agency AgResearch. Researchers in New Zealand — a country with more cows than people — are developing an antimethane vaccine that could reduce the population of methanogens in the rumen without affecting an animal's weight, milk production or breeding. The advantage of a vaccine, Aspin says, is that it could theoretically be administered just once, or at least only annually. Also, farmers and ranchers are used to vaccinations; adding one more shot wouldn't be much of a burden on existing agricultural practices. It could be used across other economically important ruminants, such as sheep (which outnumber his country's human population 7-to-1), he says. The technology is still far from the farm, however. The New Zealand research team has identified antibodies to the gut microbes and is in the process of amplifying the important pieces of those antibodies and incorporating them into a vaccine. In the journal Animal in 2013, the New Zealand team reported finding genetic sequences in methanogens that are attractive targets for a vaccine. They've also developed a vaccine injection that produces methanogen antibodies in saliva, which would then travel into the rumen. This is one key to delivery, since an average cow produces 100 to 150 liters of spit a day to aid in digestion. Further experiments would have to demonstrate that lowering methanogens won't affect the animal's overall health. "The concern is that removing methanogens from the rumen may allow hydrogen to accumulate," Aspin says. However, "in the limited studies that have been done to date, it doesn't appear that this is the case." Sidestepping digestion altogether, some researchers are focusing on breeding a cleaner cow. In Ireland, Ferris and his colleagues experiment with livestock management. Part of the idea is to lengthen the life span of any given animal. "It takes over two years from when a calf is born until she produces her first liter of milk," he says. If a cow lives longer, her lifetime methane production is spread out over more liters of milk. Also, a farmer does not have to replace as many members of the herd with young, all-methane, no-milk youngsters. In a paper published last year in the Journal of Dairy Science, his research team reported that Norwegian breeds had greater longevity than Holsteins, which make up more than 80 percent of U.S. dairy cows. At the Lacombe Research Centre in the Canadian province of Alberta, researchers collect cow burps when the animals eat from a specially designed fume hood made by C-Lock, Inc. The scientists are breeding animals that naturally produce lower amounts of methane (CH ). Researchers in Alberta are developing lines of cattle that produce less methane because they are born that way. "If you use a feed additive, you've got to add it all the time," says John Basarab, a research scientist for beef cattle production and genetics at Alberta Agriculture and Forestry. But a naturally more efficient cow can get by on less feed for the same growth. Over the last two decades, Basarab and his research team have measured about 5,000 cattle for feed efficiency, and report that old-fashioned selective breeding can produce animals that release up to 25 percent less methane. "In every breed there are animals that are efficient, or inefficient," he says. The researchers began the research not with methane in mind, but with the idea that animals that extract the most calories from their feed will ultimately be more economical. "Essentially there are animals that eat less for the same amount of growth," Basarab says. Approaching the methane issue through genetics is slow (the gestation period for a cow is about 280 days), he concedes, but it also has the advantage of being "cumulative and permanent." He and others say the day may come for cows — just as it did for cars — when governments require certain limits on emissions. And just as organic foods have risen in popularity, consumers may start demanding low-methane products. More and more consumers want to know where their food comes from and whether it's being produced in a sustainable way, Basarab says. "If you don't take care of these things, the public might just say that's a bad way of producing food and we're not going to buy it." Making the most of manure The average dairy cow generates about 45 kilograms of manure daily. Next to the animal's burps, its droppings are a substantial source of methane : Manure accounts for 10 percent of U.S. methane emissions. (For all their gassiness, farts release just a tiny fraction of a cow's methane.) Much of the focus of the U.S. government's methane-tackling "Biogas Opportunities Roadmap" was on cow patties. Unlike burps that waft into the air, the methane from manure can be captured by devices called digesters. The airtight devices use the methane generated by the methanogens in manure, which thrive in oxygen-poor environments, to produce energy. The output — either fuel or electricity — powers farm operations or is sold. Digesters are popular at landfills — including one that collects waste at Disney World in Florida — but they are rare in agriculture. Just 239 manure digesters are in operation on U.S. farms (of which there are just over 2 million), according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Yet they generate enough electricity to power the equivalent of about 70,000 homes. — Laura Beil This story appears in the November 28, 2015, Science News with the headline, "Greener cows: Research rounds up less burpy bovines." Editor's note: On November 20, 2015, a clarification was added to the caption for the illustration "As fumes flow" and the credit was corrected.
Seito L.N.,Biosciences Institute |
Sforcin J.M.,São Paulo State University |
Bastos J.K.,University of Sao Paulo |
Di Stasi L.C.,Biosciences Institute
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology | Year: 2015
Objectives Zeyheria montana is a medicinal plant used in Brazilian folk medicine for treating skin affections, ulcers, inflammation and diarrhoea, and as an antisyphilitic and antiblenorrhagic agent, but little is known about its mechanisms of action. Herein, a bio-guided assay was carried out to further evaluate its antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, and the possible benefits on experimental intestinal inflammation. Methods Extracts, partitions, fractions and isolated compounds were tested for inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Isolated compounds were tested in vitro for its antioxidant and immunomodulatory action prior to in-vivo evaluation in trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced rat colitis. Key findings Two major compounds were identified in the leaf dichloromethane extract: 3′-hydroxy-5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone and 6-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone, which exhibited an antioxidant activity. The compounds protected the colonic glutathione levels in more than 90% despite the absence of protection against the gross macroscopic colonic damage. In addition, the compounds inhibited IL-1ß secretion by macrophages in 91.5% and 72.7% respectively, whereas both reduced IL-6 secretion in about 44.5%. Conclusions The major active compounds from Z. montana leaves exerted antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects, endorsing the use of Z. montana in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent. However, further investigation is still needed regarding medicinal plants and the identification of candidate compounds for the treatment of the inflammatory bowel diseases. © 2014 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
News Article | February 15, 2017
Site: phys.org
The geneticist David Vendrami from Bielefeld University is studying ways in which populations of scallops differ. Credit: Bielefeld University The scallop is one of the largest edible molluscs, and gourmets consider it to be a great delicacy. To meet this demand, the fishing industry cultivates these shellfish in coastal aquafarms. In a new analysis, behavioural ecologists at Bielefeld University have confirmed that cultivated scallops developed their own genetic structure that differs from that of natural scallops. The biologists studied a total of nine populations of scallops (Pecten maximus) along the coast of Northern Ireland. They are presenting their results this Wednesday in the research journal 'Royal Society Open Science'. 'Of the nine scallop populations studied, only one shows a marked genetic difference from the others and that is the artificially cultivated type,' reports Joseph I. Hoffman, head of the Molecular Behavioural Ecology research group. New breeds are cultivated in, for example, mesh cages in coastal waters. Now and then, young scallops escape through the mesh and are thereby able to impact on natural populations. Biologists use the term population to describe a group of organisms of one species that live together in one area and are linked together genetically through reproduction over successive generations. The researchers analysed the genetic architecture of the mollusc populations. 'Studying the genetic architecture of animal populations helps us to understand which external appearance an organism can adopt - for example, how large a mollusc can become or whether it can develop red streaks on its surface,' says David Vendrami. The doctoral student has analysed a total of 180 mollusc samples. The Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute in Belfast (Northern Ireland) collected these in February 2015 during an excursion along the Northern Irish Atlantic coast. The researchers have not just confirmed how breeding affects scallop populations. Their study also confirms that these molluscs adapt their shape and internal colouring very flexibly to conditions in their environment, and that they do this independently of whether they belong to the one cultivated or the eight natural populations. 'We have tested how far genes relate to appearance. However, that is very probably not the case. It is highly likely that the external characteristics of the molluscs depend on their surroundings,' says Vendrami. Scientists at Bielefeld also used this study to compare a classical DNA analysis with a new procedure. The classical analysis proceeds by evaluating repeated short DNA sequences (microsatellites) in order to compare samples from different organisms. The modern procedure (RAD sequencing) takes less time to analyse thousands of times more DNA sequences. 'The new procedure is markedly better at finding differences in the populations than the classical approach,' says David Vendrami. In their future research, Hoffman, Vendrami, and their colleagues will be going beyond Northern Ireland and studying samples along the entire Atlantic coast from Norway to Portugal as well as in the Mediterranean. Their aim is to find out how scallops as well as other crustaceans react to different environmental conditions in terms of their growth. Explore further: New study on how shellfish create their shells More information: David L. J. Vendrami et al, RAD sequencing resolves fine-scale population structure in a benthic invertebrate: implications for understanding phenotypic plasticity, Royal Society Open Science (2017). DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160548
E Silva F.M.P.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases |
E Silva F.M.P.,Biosciences Institute |
Monobe M.M.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases |
Monobe M.M.,Biosciences Institute |
And 2 more authors.
Parasitology Research | Year: 2012
The intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia intestinalis and Giardia lamblia) is a widespread enteric pathogen in human and domestic animals. This organism is one of the most common parasites in domestic dogs in Brazil. In this study, we determined the occurrence and genetic characterization of G. duodenalis isolated from dogs from south-central São Paulo state, Brazil. A total of 300 fecal samples were collected. Fecal specimens were screened for the presence of G. duodenalis using microscopy (zinc sulfate solution flotation technique) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the small subunit ribosomal (SSU-rDNA) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) genes. Genetic characterization was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and sequencing analysis of the GDH gene. In addition, selected samples were further characterized by RFLP and sequencing of the β-giardin gene. The overall occurrence of G. duodenalis was 17.3% (52/300). The occurrence was higher in stray dogs (28%) than in household dogs (6.25%). Of the 36 PCR-positive samples that were selected for genotyping, only dog-specific genotype C (20 isolates), D (11 isolates) and mixed C+D (five isolates) isolates were detected in the study. This study provides current information on the infection rates of G. duodenalis genotypes in canine populations and describes for the first time the presence of mixed infections within host-specific C and D genotypes in dogs in Brazil. These genotypes were widespread and commonly found in domestic dogs living in urban and suburban environments of the studied area and confirmed the endemic status of Giardia in this region. © Springer-Verlag 2011.
Lindsay A.J.,Biosciences Institute |
Lindsay A.J.,University Pierre and Marie Curie |
Jollivet F.,University Pierre and Marie Curie |
Horgan C.P.,Biosciences Institute |
And 5 more authors.
Molecular Biology of the Cell | Year: 2013
Myosin Va is a widely expressed actin-based motor protein that binds members of the Rab GTPase family (3A, 8A, 10, 11A, 27A) and is implicated in many intracellular trafficking processes. To our knowledge, myosin Va has not been tested in a systematic screen for interactions with the entire Rab GTPase family. To that end, we report a yeast two-hybrid screen of all human Rabs for myosin Va-binding ability and reveal 10 novel interactions (3B, 3C, 3D, 6A, 6A′, 6B, 11B, 14, 25, 39B), which include interactions with three new Rab subfamilies (Rab6, Rab14, Rab39B). Of interest, myosin Va interacts with only a subset of the Rabs associated with the endocytic recycling and post-Golgi secretory systems. We demonstrate that myosin Va has three distinct Rab-binding domains on disparate regions of the motor (central stalk, an alternatively spliced exon, and the globular tail). Although the total pool of myosin Va is shared by several Rabs, Rab10 and Rab11 appear to be the major determinants of its recruitment to intracellular membranes. We also present evidence that myosin Va is necessary for maintaining a peripheral distribution of Rab11- and Rab14-positive endosomes. © 2013 Lindsay et al.
Horgan C.P.,Biosciences Institute |
Hanscom S.R.,Biosciences Institute |
Jolly R.S.,University College London |
Futter C.E.,University College London |
McCaffrey M.W.,Biosciences Institute
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | Year: 2010
The mechanochemical forces that move and position intracellular organelles and their intermediates in eukaryotic cells are provided by molecular motor proteins which include the cytoplasmic dynein-1 motor complex. Recently, we identified the Rab11 GTPase effector protein Rab11-FIP3 (henceforth, FIP3) as a novel binding-partner for dynein light intermediate chain 1 (DLIC-1, gene symbol DYNC1LI1), a subunit of cytoplasmic dynein-1. Here, we show that FIP3 also binds the dynein light intermediate chain 2 subunit (DLIC-2, gene symbol DYNC1LI2). We show that like DLIC-1, DLIC-2 binds the amino-terminal 435 amino acids of FIP3 and that FIP3 links Rab11a to DLIC-2. We also show that FIP3 recruits DLIC-2 onto membranes and that DLIC-2 is necessary for the accumulation of endocytosed-transferrin (Tfn) at the pericentrosomal endosomal-recycling compartment (ERC). Finally, we demonstrate that overexpression of FIP3 fragments the Golgi complex by sequestering cytoplasmic dynein-1. In conclusion, we have identified FIP3 as the first membrane-associated interacting-partner for DLIC-2 and propose that this interaction serves to control endosomal trafficking from sorting endosomes to the ERC. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Ryan R.P.,BioSciences Institute |
Dow J.M.,BioSciences Institute
Virulence | Year: 2010
In the plant pathogen Xanthomonascampestris pv. campestris (Xcc) a two component system comprising RpfG and the complex sensor kinase RpfC is implicated in sensing and responding to the cell-cell signaling molecule DSF to positively regulate the synthesis of virulence factors such as extracellularenzymes, bio film structure and motility. RpfG is a two-component regulator witha CheY-like receiver domain attached to an HD-GYP cyclic di-GMP phosphodiesterasedomain. In a recent paper weshowed that that the physical interaction of RpfG with two proteins with a diguanylatecyclase (GGDEF) domain, acts tocontrol a sub-set of RpfG-regulated virulence functions. These protein-proteininteractions required the conserved GYPmot if in the HD-GYP domain of RpfGand were dependent on DSF signaling. Here we discuss these findings, considering in particular different scenarios for the role of RpfG in multiple signaling pathways involving cyclic di-GMP that impinge on virulence. © 2010 Landes Bioscience.


text:
Heights agency has newly contracted with al Qannas Company in order to implement its official website, Using the latest software applications draws the attention of al Qannas Company to contacting with heights agency. also al Qannas company seeks to its website to be a satisfying link for its customers as its suppose to share the whole company services as well as a direct communication with the company help disk in order to fulfill the client's needs. The website is supposed to be delivered within month from signing the contract, then it will it pass through testing phase, as we work hard to release a perfect image for our clients.
Tech heights Models
Available now
HEIGHTS AGENCY.. Always to be the leader of the new idea-art service and high quality .. Here we are now offering you the first service of its kind in the Middle East which is Heights tamplates .. A new service that allows users of website templates to buy samples of many different logos and identities, and website designs as well as flash introductions , it also provides a site models of characters and spells, drawn and colored by hand, Now you can purchase any of these forms under several items and ways, like removing a product after the purchasing process directly, or multiple types of file formats form,the site also offers the possibility of cutting, installation and programming models through our company in the time and cost indices.
purchasing process through the website is available in two different ways ,which helps the user to quickly take advantage of these models at the right time, first way, is a process through the Visa or MasterCard, or by filling out an application form model this form will be sent through e-mail after collecting the form fees through one of the branches of the company.
Subscribe to our mailing list and we will send news and all that is new to you Powell first to follow him with us last Maouselna .
Please sign in to be able to check the status of your project, send questions , And other features in the area of customer
Please send questions about your site, details of your project, or any other question Through this form.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Destiny Beta Locations and Achievements Revealed, Mars and Venus Maps Possible
The Destiny Beta is almost here! We are just a couple of weeks away now and it is about time we find out what is in store for us. I'm talking achievements, locations and more.
Bungie has finally decided to shed the veil off of the list of achievements that the game will offer, and in a Q&A session over at the official website we were given a total of 40 achievements' names as well as way to unlock them.
The complete list of achievements that you can expect in the Destiny Beta is as follows:
- Change of Heart – Reverse a decision you made in an upgrade grid
- Ship Rite – Rebuild a jumpship
- Lucky 7s – Attain a Grimore score of 777
- Use of Weapons – Dismantle 50 pieces of armor or weapons
- The Life Exotic – Obtain and equip a piece of exotic gear
- A New Steed – Obtain and equip a new personal vehicle
- Suited for War – Have all armor and weapon slots equipped with Legendary or Exotic gear
- Destiny PvE Achievements / Trophies
- Bane of the Emperor – Kill 25 Cabal with precision shots in 1 mission without dying
- Bane of the Kell – Kill 25 Fallen with precision shots in 1 mission without dying
- Bane of the Dead – Kill 25 Hive with precision shots in 1 mission without dying
- Bane of the Machines – Kill 25 Vex with precision shots in 1 mission without dying
- Blink of an Eye – Kill 5 enemies in 3 second
- Valorous – Earn the maximum weekly Vanguard score
- Notorious – Earn the maximum weekly Crucible score
- Public Defender – Earn the highest tier of completion in 10 public events
- Finders Keepers – Assist in capturing 50 capture points in Control
- Relic Hunter – Assist in 20 capture points in Salvage
- Hunter Killer – Kill 100 Hunters in PvP
- Giant Slayer – Kill 10 Titan in PvP
- With Hunt – Kill 100 Warlocks in PvP
- Ask Questions Late – Earn a first strike kill in PvP
- Excessive Force – Register 25 kills in PvP with heavy weapons
- Triple Play – Kill a Hunter, Titan and Warlock without dying in a PvP match
- Raider – Complete a Raid
- Raiding Party – Complete a Raid with a full fireteam consisting of only your clan members
- Epic Raider – Complete a Raid on hard difficulty
- Inspector – Inspect another player
- Vanguard Honor – Attain Vanguard Rank 3
- A Friend Indeed – Resurrect 5 fallen players
- Rising Vanguard – Complete a Strike
- Strength of the Pack – Complete a Strike with a full fireteam consisting of only your clan members
- Flawless Striker – Complete a Strike without anyone in your fireteam dying
- Ghost Hunter – Discover 50 dead ghosts
- Dragon Slayer – Kill a champion of the Dark
- Hunter Mastery – Fully upgrade a Hunter Subclass
- Titan Mastery – Fully upgrade a Titan Subclass
- Warlock Mastery – Fully upgrade a Warlock Subclass
- Packing Heat – Fully upgrade an Exotic weapon
- Fully Weaponized – Fully upgrade a Legendary weapon
That being said, it is expected – though not confirmed – that the locations that we will be able to play in with the Destiny Beta are going to be Mars and Venus.
We shall have to wait for a little longer before being able to confirm that but for now, that is what the speculation is.
One more thing that was confirmed by the developers is Destiny's rating. It has been given T i.e. Teen by rating boards so don't expect too much of strong content in it.
Destiny Beta kicks off on PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 on July 17, 2014.


text:
NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: HARLEM; Filling the Del Toro Seat: Litmus of District's Priorities
By JENNIFER KINGSON BLOOM
Published: March 5, 1995
When Assemblyman Angelo Del Toro died of a heart attack in December, many East Harlem residents assumed his brother William would inherit the seat he had held for almost 20 years in a district where almost half the residents receive some form of public assistance.
But with a special election scheduled for March 14, William Del Toro is facing a formidable challenge from Francisco Diaz Jr., the district manager of Community Board 11, whose candidacy is backed by the neighborhood's most powerful unions and political leaders, including Congressman Charles B. Rangel.
Mr. Del Toro is the nominee of the Democratic Party -- a position giving him an advantage on top of his family's large web of friends and political allies -- but Mr. Diaz, running as a Liberal and an Independent, has mustered support from all parts of the district, which includes El Barrio, the Hispanic area of East Harlem, and part of West Harlem and the Upper East Side.
Given state budgetary constraints and the new Republican administration, it is unlikely that either front-running candidate will be able to deliver services and programs to the district the way Angelo Del Toro did through his seniority and influence. Most East Harlem leaders believe their best hopes for funding jobs and housing programs lie in the Federal Empowerment Zone program, not the State Assembly.
Even so, some residents believe the outcome of the election will say a lot about their neighborhood's priorities. Mr. Diaz and his supporters say his election would send a message to Albany that East Harlem wants to start with fresh leadership. Mr. Del Toro and his supporters say his longstanding Albany connections would give him an advantage in boosting economic development.
Mr. Del Toro is a convicted felon who served time in 1974 for bribery and perjury in a scheme to bribe a Model Cities program official. The bribery conviction was later overturned.
"If Del Toro lost this, it would be a major upset," said Angelo Falcon, director of the Institute for Puerto Rican Policy. "He has always been tainted with the reputation of being a corrupt person, but people may feel more comfortable staying with the devil they know."
But others say William Del Toro lacks his brother's appeal and they give better odds to Mr. Diaz. "Bill represents the old machine that's been in office, in power for the last 20 years," said David Gibbons, a community board member and Diaz supporter, "and Frank represents a new perspective."
Since no more than 5,000 voters are expected at the polls, everyone agrees the election will hinge on which candidate can bring out the vote. .
A Republican candidate, George L. Espada, is pinning his hopes on a high Republican turnout, inspired by the party's success last November. But Democrats in the district outnumber Republicans 12 to 1. A fourth potential candidate, Nelson Antonio Denis, was disqualified by the Board of Elections but is appealing in court.
Mr. Del Toro, a cheerful and portly man who is trained as a minister, characterized his opposition as "outside forces." Mr. Diaz said he is worried about Election Day misconduct; his campaign will post monitors at each poll site. "History is that the poll site inspectors encourage people to vote for Del Toro quietly," Mr. Diaz said. "Our poll watchers will be watching them very closely so that the inspectors are not tampering with the machines that may be getting the most votes for me." JENNIFER KINGSON BLOOM
Chart: "Candidate profiles" Francisco Diaz, Jr. Age: 35 Career: The district manager for Community Board 11 and the secretary of Community School Board District 4, Mr. Diaz has managed and served on the board of directors of a variety of civic organizations in East Harlem. Parties: Liberal, Independent, and New Leadership (a party Mr. Diaz created by petition) Endorsements: Congressman Charles B. Rangel; Congresswoman Carolyn B. Maloney; Congresswoman Nydia M. Velazquez; State Senator David A. Paterson; Borough President Ruth Messinger; the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union; hospital workers' Union 1199; the Teamsters local 237. William Del Toro Age: 54 Career: A minister with an urban planning degree, Mr. Del Toro served as the volunteer manager of his brother Angelo's district office and has directed several nonprofit enterprises. Party: Democratic Endorsement: State Senator Olga A. Mendez George L. Espada Age: 51 Career: A former professional wrestler and singer, Mr. Espada is an administrative assistant at the New York City Board of Elections. Party: Republican Endorsements: State Senator Roy M. Goodman; Assemblyman John A. Ravitz


text:
Security FAQ & Glossary
- AGC (Automatic Gain Control)
- Automatically adjusts the video quality in low light condition.
- Analogue (Analog)
- Continuously variable numerical values such as voltage, current, etc.(The CCD camera produces analogue video signals.)
- Angle of View
- The scene angle that a video camera lens can show on the monitor, like Diagonal Angle, Horizontal Angle and Vertical Angle, usually described in degree.
- Aperture
- The light gathering area of a lens, controlled by the iris.
- Address Resolution Protocol; for mapping an IP address to a physical machine address.
- Aspect Ratio
- The ratio of the vertical to the horizontal image size; 4:3 is the PAL standard.
- Aspherical Lens
- A lens designed with a non spherical shape so that it passes more lights or decreases barrel distortion on wide angle lenses.
- Attenuation
- A decrease or loss in a signal, usually measured in decibels.
- Auto Terminating
- Automatically select the correct termination depending on whether the video output is connected.
- Auto White Balance (AWB)
- Automatically adjusts a color camera's color to maintain white areas.
- Auto-focus Lens
- Automatically adjusts the lens focus from surrounding scene and keeps a moving object in focus.
- Automatic Iris (Auto-iris)
- A diaphragm device in the lens that adjusts to light level changes. The iris diaphragm opens or closes the aperture to control the amount of lights coming through the lens.
- Automatic Level Control (ALC)
- Allows the auto-iris circuitry to either take bright spots more into consideration (peak), bringing out detail in bright areas, or less into consideration (average) bringing out detail in shadows.
- Back Light Compensation (BLC)
- Electronically compensates for high background lighting to give detail which would normally be silhouetted.
- Bandwidth
- The capacity of the transmission medium stated in bits per second or as a frequency. Or, the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time. For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second(bps) or bytes per second. For analog devices, the bandwidth is expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).
- Baud
- A unit of measurement that denotes the number of bits that can be transmitted per second. For example, if a modem is rated at 9600 baud it is capable of transmitting data at a rate of 9600 bits per second.
- Bit
- Abbreviated with small "b". Binary Digit. The smallest unit of data in a computer.
- Blanking
- The process whereby the beam in a CRT is cut off during the retrace period.
- Bayonet Neil-Concelman or British Naval Connector. A connector widely used in the CCTV industry, usually for coaxial cable. Easy to install and reliable with little video signal loss. Pictures of BNC Connectors
- bps
- Bits Per Second is the unit used for measuring line speed, the number of information units transmitted per second.
- Brightness Control
- The manual bias control on a cathode ray tube or other display device that controls the average brightness and the contrast of a picture.
- Byte
- Abbreviated with capital "B". A unit of data that is eight bits long and is used by most computers to represent a character such as a letter, number or symbol.
- C-Mount
- An industry standard for lens mounting. C-Mount is 1-inch diameter with 32 threads per inch. A C-Mount lens needs C-ring when it is mounted at a CS-Mount camera.
- Camera format
- Video camera's CCD chips format; 2/3", 1/3", 1/4", etc.
- Camera Sensor
- Video image sensor. CCD or C-MOS chip.
- Charge Coupled Device. A video image sensor chip.
- International Radio Consultative Committee; has made the technical recommendation for the European 625 line standard for video signals.
- Closed Circuit Television Manufacturers Association.
- CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) is a Television system that sends a signal to one or more monitors rather than broadcasting over a public network, hence closed-circuit. A standard CCTV system will normally include a CCTV camera (for capturing video), transmitters and receivers (to transfer the video from the source to where it is recorded), a recording system (for video playback), and a monitor (for video monitoring). CCTV systems are primarily used for security purposes inside and outside buildings. However, they can also be used for specialist applications such as mobile police use and interrogation.
- Complementary - Metal Oxide Semiconductor. A video image sensor chip that produces much lower quality picture than CCD chip.
- Coaxial Cable
- A cable that can carry a wide range of frequencies with very low signal loss. It consists of a metallic shield with a single wire placed along the center of a shield and isolated from the shield by an insulator.
- Colour Saturation
- The degree of mixture of a color and white. High saturation means little or no white.
- Composite Video Signal
- A combined signals in a television transmission. The picture signal, blanking signal, and vertical/horizontal synchronizing signals are all combined.
- Cathode Ray Tube. The vacuum tube part of a monitor or television.
- CS-Mount
- An industry standard for lens mounting. CS-Mount is 1 inch diameter with 32 threads per inch. A C-Mount lens needs C-ring when it is mounted at a CS-Mount camera.
- De-multiplexer
- Decodes multiplexed live or recorded video to allow pictures to be viewed in full or multi-screen format.
- Decibel (Db)
- The power or voltage ratio of two signals.
- Multi-wire cable with DIN connectors at both ends. Usually has 5 or 6 inner wires. Different diameter and configuration from maker to maker.
- DIP Switches
- Dual Interface Poll switches usually allow you to change the configuration of a circuit board to suit your application.
- Digital Subscriber Line. A technology for bringing higher-bandwidth information to homes and businesses over ordinary copper telephone lines.
- Digital Video Recorder; records video pictures digitally.
- Dwell Time
- The length of time a switcher displays one camera before sequencing to the next.
- Electronic Industries Association. American standard for B/W camera system.
- ELC (Electronic Light Control)
- Compensates for moderate light changes in indoor applications without the use of auto iris lenses. Select this mode when a fixed iris lens or manual iris lens is used.
- Electronic Shutter
- Compensates for moderate light changes in indoor applications without the use of auto iris lenses.
- Ethernet
- The most widely installed Local Area Network (LAN) technology. Specified in a standard IEEE802.3.10/100 BASE-T, the most commonly installed Ethernet system, provides transmission speed up to 100 megabits per second.
- f-number (f-stop)
- Optical or lens speed. Smaller f-number means faster lens.
- Fiber-Optic Cable
- One of the video transmission ways, being used for a long distance transmission up to miles.
- Field
- One video frame is composed of two fields; one field consists of the odd numbered lines in the frame and the other field consists of the even numbered lines.
- Field Of View
- FOV. The width, height or diameter of a scene to be monitored. Usually determined by the focal length of a lens, the sensor format and the distance to the objects.
- Flash Memory
- Or flash RAM (Random Access Memory). A type of constantly powered nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks.
- Focal Length
- FL. The distance from the center of a lens (or, the secondary principal point, if it has) to the focal point (sensor). The longer the focal length, the narrower is the angle of view.
- Frame
- A whole video image; is composed of two interlaced fields. A CCD chip produces 30 frames per second at NTSC system and 25 frames at PAL.
- File Transfer Protocol. A way to exchange files between computers on the Internet.
- Gamma
- Degree of contrast in a video picture between output magnitude and input magnitude.
- Gigabyte.
- Genlock
- A device that adjusts the frequency of internal sync to an external data.
- Ghost
- A shadowy or weak image in the received picture, offset to either the right or to the left of the primary image.
- Hub
- As a network product, a hub may include a group of modem cards for dial-in users, a gateway card for connections to a Local Area Network (LAN), and a connection to a line.
- Hz (Hertz)
- Cycles per second.
- Impedance
- Electrical characteristic of a system or component, expressed in ohms. CCTV industry has standardized 75-ohm impedance.
- Infrared (IR) Light
- Invisible light beyond the 750 nanometers(red end of the visible lights).
- Internal sync mode that sets to internal 2:1 interlace.
- Internet Protocol. A set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address level.
- Iris
- An adjustable opto-mechanical aperture built into a camera that controls the amount of lights coming through the lens.
- Integrated Service Digital Network. A set of standard for digital transmission over ordinary telephone copper wire.
- Joint Photographic Experts Group. A graphic image file or a image compression algorithm.
- Kb
- Kilobyte
- Kbps
- Kilobits per second. A measure of bandwidth.
- Local Area Network. A group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line.
- Light Emitting Diode.
- Lens Mount
- The area where a lens is mounted. There are two types; C- or CS-Mount.
- Lens Speed
- Optical speed, expressed by f-number. Smaller f-number means faster lens.
- Linux
- An UNIX-like operating system. Very efficient and fast-performing system.
- Line Lock mode
- Lumens per Square Meter; unit of illumination amount.
- Megabyte
- Mbps
- Megabits per second. A measure of bandwidth.
- Mini-DIN
- Multi-wire cable with Mini-DIN connectors at both ends. Usually has 4 inner wires.
- Monochrome Signal
- Black and White signal.
- Metal-oxide Semiconductor. One of video image chips like CCD, but it produces lower quality video.
- Motorised Lens
- A camera lens equipped with small electric motor that enables focusing lens, opening or closing the iris diaphragm, or changing the focal length.
- Moving Picture Experts Group. A standard for a digital video & audio compression.
- Combines two or more video/audio signals into one channel. Usually accepts 10 or 16 video inputs and displays them in various formats.
- Noise
- Undesired signals that corrupt the original video signals and may reduce the image quality.
- National Television System Committee; formulates standards for American color television system. NTSC system has 525 horizontal scan lines and 30 frames per second.
- Phase Alternating Line system. A color television system used in Europe, Australia, parts of Africa and the Middle East. It has 625 horizontal scan lines and 25 frames per second.
- Pan
- Rotating or scanning a camera side ways to view an area in a horizontal direction.
- Pan and Tilt
- A Camera mounting device that allows movement in both side ways and up or down.
- Peak-to-Peak
- The amplitude difference between the most positive and the most negative excursions of a signal.
- Picture Element (Pixel)
- Photo sensor site in an image sensor like CCD chip; converts the input light image to an electronic signal.
- Pinhole Lens
- A lens with a relatively small front opening so it can be used in covert application.
- Pixel
- Picture Element. Photo sensor site in a image sensor like CCD chip; converts the input light image to an electronic signal.
- Point-to-Point Protocol. For communications between two computers using a serial interface.
- PPPoE
- Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet.
- Presets
- The pre-positioning of pan, tilt and zoom cameras by the use of potentiometers in the moving parts of the camera head. These allow the control equipment to store and move to a set reference point when the controller dictates or when an alarm exists.
- Public Switched Telephone Network.
- Quad Splitter
- Combines up to 4 video inputs into one channel and displays them on one monitor screen split into 4.
- Random Access Memory. The place in a computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept temporarily so that they can be quickly reached by the computer's processor.
- The Radio Corporation of America; conveniently used to describe phono jack and plug, one of the audio/video connectors.
- RG59/U Cable
- One of coaxial cables suitable for video transmission in CCTV system.
- Router
- A device on the Internet that determines the next network point to which a data should be forwarded.
- RS-232 Port
- Transmits luminance and color portions separately, using multiple wires, thus avoiding the color encoding
- S-Video
- Transmits luminance and color portions separately, using multiple wires, thus avoiding the color encoding process and its inevitable loss of picture quality.
- Sequential Couleur A'Memorie, a color television system used in France, Russia and other countries that do not use either the NTSC or PAL system. It has 625 horizontal scan lines and 25 frames per second.
- Sequential Switcher
- Video Switcher. A device that allows the video signals from multiple cameras to be displayed on a monitor, or recorded on a VCR one at a time in sequence.
- Server
- A computer program that provides services to other computer programs in the same or other computers. Or, the computer that a server program runs.
- Signal-to-Noise(S/N) Ratio
- The ratio between the television signal and the noise; expressed in decibel(dB). The higher the number the better.
- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. TCP/IP used in sending and receiving e-mail.
- SVHS (Super Video Home System)
- Super VHS; a higher quality extension of the VHS home videotape format.
- Switcher
- Sequential Switcher or Video Switcher. A device that allows the video signals from multiple cameras to be displayed on a monitor, or recorded on a VCR one at a time in sequence.
- Transmission Control Protocol. A set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level.
- Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. The basic communication language or protocol of the Internet.
- Time / Date Generator
- Installed between a CCTV camera and a monitor, it generates the information of Date, Time and camera ID.
- Time Lapse VCR
- A video recorder that can be set to record continuously over long period of time. This can be anything from two hours to 960 hours.
- Victor Home System; used by most VCRs as the recording medium - 240 lines resolution.
- Video Band
- The frequency band used to transmit a composite video signal.
- Video Switcher
- Switcher or Sequential Switcher. A device that allows the video signals from multiple cameras to be displayed on a monitor, or recorded on a VCR one at a time in sequence.
- Videocassette Recorder (VCR)
- A device that accepts signals from a video camera/microphone and records video/audio on magnetic tape in a cassette. The VCR can play back recorded video/audio on a television set or CCTV monitor.
- Wide Area Network.
- Web Camera (or Web Camera Server)
- A CCTV Camera with built-in web server computer.
- Web Server
- The computer program (housed in a computer) that serves requested HTML pages or files.
- Zoom Lens
- A lens of continuously variable focal length.


text:
A stroll in the temple grounds is a relief from that of a bustling Tokyo streets, here at Kuhon-butsu temple there are various old trees such as a kaya estimated to be over 700 years old (a natural monument), and a huge Ginko tree (ichi, a natural monument) also referred to as a Bodhi tree, the tree under which Shakyamuni Buddha attained enlightenment. Autumn is one of the best seasons to watch the coloring of these trees.
Located in the southern Tokyo next to a posh neighborhood of Jiyugaoka. Kuhon-butsu temple (formally called Kuhonzan Yuizainembutsu-in Joshin-ji) was built in early Edo Period in 1678 during the reign of the 4th Tokugawa Shogun Ietsuna by the great monk Kaseki Shonin on the donated land of the old Okusawa Castle ruin.
Various spots within the temple grounds, which covers an area of 120,000m2, are prominent preserved areas in Tokyo city. These spots still maintain the ambiance of previous days of Edo. The main tower of today shows little change compared to the picture drawn in "The Famous Views of Edo".


text:
136 CARTER Rd, Becket, Massachusetts
$349,9005 Beds2+ Baths
$349,9005 Beds2+ Baths
136 CARTER Rd, Becket, Massachusetts 01223 - Eighteenth century post & beam colonial on 16+ acres with a later, modern addition. Meadows, garden, established berry bushes & fruit trees, mature landscape specimens and woods. Formal dining room and a contemporary breakfast bar. 5 bedrooms, 2.5 baths, exposed beams in the old, cathedral ceiling, skylights and pastoral views in the new. Plus a large barn A delightful mix of the old and the new.
Listing Courtesy of RED HORSE REAL ESTATE


text:
Residential Property Listing
OFFERS INVITED Superbly presented three bedroom, reverse level family home with far reaching views. The spacious living area offers adaptable and comfortable . . .
An extremely spacious 4-bedroom semi-detached family home, character features throughout 3 impressive sized reception rooms, 2 bathrooms and off road parking. . . .
Meadfoot Grange is a fine 2 double bedroom ground floor flat with its own private outside space. Offering lofty ceiling heights, fine period style detailing . . .
A well-presented low maintenance 2 bedroom home in a quiet location conveniently close to Torquay town Centre. This easily run property has been maintained to . . .
Modern three bedroom (all en-suite) semi detached house, close Preston sea front and local facilities. Ideal retirement or holiday home in gated development. . . .
Spacious well-presented bright and airy ground floor flat in small select development. This two-bedroom apartment is in excellent order throughout Located in . . .
Three bedroom semidetached home for improvement close to Torbay Hospital and Grammar Schools. Popular residential area with both families and professionals. . . .
Well presented four-bedroom period terrace home has been the subject of considerable improvement and refurbishment by the current owners. A short stroll to the . . .
An elegant two double bedroom ground floor apartment being offered for sale in excellent condition and enjoying open aspect over an adjoining park. Being a . . .
OFFERS INVITED An attractive first floor two bedroom flat, comprising private entrance hall, guest cloakroom, open plan lounge being triple aspect. Modern . . .
This One bedroom lower ground floor apartment is an appealing and exciting property, currently serving our vendor as a successful holiday let. Situated in . . .
A spacious, period terraced house previously arranged as flats, located within the town centre. Accommodation comprises of 5 bedrooms, 3 receptions, 5 . . .
Centrally located three bedroom terrace house for refurbishment and improvement. Steps lead to the ground floor with living room and kitchen, 3 first floor . . .
Residential investment opportunity in central location in Torquay.


text:
Thank you for your interest in our District!Our department's focus for the 2016-2017 school year –We are committed to establishing and maintaining a highly qualified, well-trained and healthy workforce and to providing excellent, compassionate service to our employees and other customers. The District currently employs approximately 650 certificated staff and 900 classified (non-teaching) staff. We aim to directly contribute to student and adult learning through relevant human resources practices that support our employee and the District's vision.The La Mesa-Spring Valley School District is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Board Policy 4030 prohibits unlawful discrimination and/or harassment of district employees and job applicants based on actual or perceived race, color, ancestry, national origin, nationality, ethnic group identification, ethnicity, age, religion, marital or parental status, disability, sex, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, gender expression or association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics. Board Policy 4119.11 prohibits sexual harassment of district employees and job applicants. Complaints alleging unlawful discrimination or sexual harassment may be filed with the Coordinator for Nondiscrimination in Employment, the Assistant Superintendent of Human Resources. For further information, click on the Non Discrimination/Sexual Harassment Board Policies link in the left navigation window.What's New?EmploymentBargaining Unit ContractsAll bargaining unit contracts, MOUs and relevant documents will be posted here: Bargaining Unit Contracts
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NAME TITLE (619) 668-5700 AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY Tina Sardina Assistant Superintendent, Human ResourcesExt. 6372 Department Administrator Ginger Radenheimer Coordinator, Human ResourcesExt. 6368 CTIP Coordinator Classified & Certificated C. Xavier Thomas Director, Classified Personnel Ext. 6483 Personnel Commission Andrea Rivera Administrative Assistant Ext. 6372 Certificated (Teaching), Credentials Glenn Encarnacion Human Resources Specialist Ext. 6375 Certificated (Teaching), Credentials Diane Herrera Human Resources Specialist Ext. 6412 Personnel Commission Ali JunkerHuman Resources Specialist Ext. 6376 Personnel Commission Miriam Ponce-OwExt. 6374 Classified (Non-Teaching) Judy Alfaro Office Assistant II Ext. 6379 Classified (Non-Teaching) Hourly Karla Nicholass Office Assistant II Ext. 6379 Classified (Non-Teaching) Hourly Emma Puentes Supervisor, Payroll and Benefits Ext. 6381 Payroll/Benefits Rosa Bravo Payroll and Benefits Specialist Ext. 6367 Payroll/Benefits A-L LaShonda Jones Payroll and Benefits Specialist Ext. 6382 Payroll/Benefits M-Z Christine Terrazas Payroll and Benefits Technician Ext. 6380 Payroll/Benefits Vicky Giblin Human Resources Specialist Ext. 6377 SubFinder System, Attendance/Subs Lynnette Lockwood Office Assistant II Ext. 0Receptionist


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Monday, April 30, 2012
Red Alert - The " Thank You Mix " V1
Red Alert: AS I'M ABOUT TO DO MY FINAL SHOW ON 98.7 KISS FM (10PM – 12 MIDNIGHT EST), I CALL IT THE "THANK YOU MIX". MANY BELIEVED, ENJOYED & SUPPORTED ME DURING MY TIME ON THIS STATION, I AM GRATEFUL & HONORED TO HAVE YOU BY MY SIDE. YES I LEFT KISS FM SEVERAL TIMES TO WORK AT OTHER STATIONS (HOT 97 & POWER 105) BUT I ALWAYS RETURNED HOME WHERE I FIRST STARTED. THIS TIME THERE IS NO COMING BACK AS KISS FM COMES TO AN END. SOME MAY REMEMBER ME WHEN I FIRST STARTED UNDER AFRIKA BAMBAATAA & THE ALMIGHTY UNIVERSAL ZULU NATION, BUT KISS FM IS THE PLACE THAT BROUGHT ME OUT TO THE FOREFRONT. TO ALL STAFF MEMBERS THAT I'VE WORKED WITH AT THE STATION THROUGH THE YEARS I WANT TO THANK YOU, WE HAD GREAT TIMES. TO EVERYONE I'VE MET THROUGH OUT MY CAREER (ASSOCIATES, BUSINESS, ETC) I ALSO WANT TO THANK YOU. MOST IMPORTANTLY I WANT TO SAY THANK YOU TO THE LISTENERS WHO MAY HAVE HAD DIFFICULT & STRESSFUL TIMES, BUT STILL TUNED INTO THE RADIO TO HELP THEM GET THROUGH IT ALL, I THANK YOU FOR ALLOWING ME TO ENTERTAIN YOU.
Tapemasta: Once again salute to NY's original BUM - The True Prop Master RED ALERT !! He went in on the last show..Everybody in NYC was plugged in to the show..cars had their windows down & rocking to RED ALERT..Nothing but respect for RED !!
Red Alert - Thank You Mix
Posted by Tapemasta at Monday, April 30, 2012
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Dr. Jenifer Nields MD Patient Reviews
- Psychiatry Fairfield, CT
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August 7th, 2012
Expert, well-educated, compassionate
I went to Dr. Nields because I couldn't control my anger. She provided excellent psychotherapy, formulating a nuanced and careful diagnosis over the next eight sessions. She wasn't afraid to tell me some things she observed about myself that I really needed to hear in order to improve my life. What's more, after I had stopped seeing her and moved away from the area, I had a bipolar breakdown. Dr. Nields was an excellent resource for me during this time, not charging me, while spending hours on the phone with me discussing my options and providing guidance about next steps.An intelligent, sensitive individual who cares for her patients. A+.
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CAM before the storm: authors' replyBMJ 2005; 331 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7526.1205 (Published 17 November 2005) Cite this as: BMJ 2005;331:1205
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EDITOR—Predictably, our editorial on the integration of complementary therapies (CAM) into the NHS failed to satisfy the enthusiasts or sceptics.1
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There are some good options for rowing this week. The 500m time trial is a short gasser. The endurance option is a great stamina builder and the CrossFit Rowing option is kind of a double Tabata HIIT.
Whatever your choice today, go out and attack it. These are not 80% effort events. These are all-out, intense, gut-busters. Save the crying for after the workout.
CrossFit Rowing WOD
12 x :40 On, :20 Off (Race Pace)
CrossFit Endurance – Tues/Thurs/Sun
Row (TUE): 3-7 x 500m, recover 1:00, hold each effort within 2-3 seconds
Concept 2 WOD
500m time trial
Interesting Links
Adaptive athlete Corey Reed – The Rx Review


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Flu Vaccination
Flu vaccination by injection, commonly known as the 'flu jab' is available every year on the NHS to protect adults (and some children) at risk of flu and its complications.
Flu can be unpleasant, but if you are otherwise healthy it will usually clear
up on its own within a week.
anyone over the age of 65
Anyone in these risk groups is more likely to develop potentially serious complications of flu, such as pneumonia (a lung infection), so it's recommended that they have a flu vaccine every year to protect them.
The flu vaccine is given free on the NHS as an annual injection to:
Find out more about who should have the flu jab.
Flu nasal spray vaccination
The flu vaccine is given as an annual nasal spray to:
children aged two to 18 years at risk of flu
Read more about the flu nasal spray for children.
For more information on the flu please see NHS Choices website.
How do I go about getting a flu jab?
If you are in the high risk group as listed above please attend one of our walk in flu vaccination clinics.
Flu Vaccinations walk in clinics in 2013 will be on the following Dates & Times:
If you are not in the high risk groups then the flu jab is not available on the NHS. If you would like to have a flu jab then see your local pharmacy. They will be able to help you for a charge.
Last updated 01 January 2016


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Jobs in Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) 2017 Apply Online
Jobs in PIA
Jobs in PIA Pakistan International Airlines has another openings for work for people seeking to apply. Shape should be filled and afterward send it to the address recorded underneath. A rundown of occupation opportunities accessible on the site of the organization. This open door will be an awesome chance to join Pakistan International Airlines. The individuals who are intrigued can download the frame from here.
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PIA vision is to be a worldwide aircraft surpass the desires of clients through a devoted staff, are focused on fabulousness. Go along with us and add to making national aircraft of Pakistan's worldwide bearer of decision.PIA plans prepare striving for people, which thus likewise to give them expert, specialized and self-awareness openings. This will be an extraordinary chance to work in.Jobs in pia
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Will death finally catch up with this branding mistake?
Bonefish Grill announced they're closing 14 of their restaurants, sparing some of us the recurring jolt of seeing their unpleasant name and logo as we speed past. Someone, somewhere decided this was a brand identity that would succeed. It would be disruptive. It would stick with you (kind of like a bone stuck in your […]Continue reading »
The $100,000 impulse purchase
All buying decisions are emotional. . "Even the ones made by meeeeeeeeeee?" "Yep." All of them? The assertion deeply offends people, especially B2B marketers who believe in their own rational choices. They will concede that while they (artists, voters, teenagers, televangelists) are driven by emotions, we right-thinking folk (you, me, actuaries, rocket surgeons) are certainly […]Continue reading »
Is your marketing ROI in decline?
Do your ads, intended to sizzle, fizzle? Does it cost more, year against year, to get through to your market? When we pose this question to CEOs and CMOs, the answer is a uniform and melancholy Yes. Marketing ROI is declining for companies who are not evolving fast enough. Outbound marketing is less cost-effective this […]Continue reading »
The branding lesson of "Manatee gray." Target's blunder, or triumph?
Recently, WGN radio asked us to discuss branding issues, starting with a Target stores' mini-scandal. Imagine a plus-size dress labeled as "Manatee gray." It's worth a listen. Our takeaway was not about Target's unfortunate error, but their brilliant response. The interview also veered into other areas, including Acura's inept model-naming, the Wii, and "the quicker picker-upper." Correcting […]Continue reading »
Good to the last drop
"Good to the last drop" was first used in 1907. Maxwell House coffee made it "Good to the last drop®" in 1926 when they finally protected the trademark. So, for everyone who questions the cost of good branding/marketing/advertising – often the investment in intellectual property returns value for years, decades, or even centuries. Want more […]Continue reading »
Must you compete on price?
Competing on price is evidence of branding failure. The strongest brands don't have to compete on price. Consumers happily pay 40% more for Morton Salt over store-brand sodium chloride. They'll pay an equivalent premium for a famous deodorant over a chemically-identical price brand. Is it just awareness? No. Some brands have high visibility, but that's […]Continue reading »
How do you answer "We already tried that"?
How do you solve the recurring difficulty of brand stakeholders stuck behind the that-doesn't-work-for-us barrier? Sure, sometimes it's legitimate. There are always strategies, tactics, media and processes impractical for a given brand. (Don't advertise tampons during hockey broadcasts, or reverse mortgages on the Disney Channel.) There are even whole market segments that should be avoided. […]Continue reading »
Global naming, and the "no va" myth.
Naming for multinational markets demands you learn what the name suggests in multiple languages and cultures. You don't want to discover too late that your brand means "poop" in Punjabi, or "fraud" in Farsi. But which and how many languages? The easy answer is, as many languages as are spoken where you market, now or […]Continue reading »
Startup Success Step #3
Every business plan is fiction. The very idea of a Year 5 Sales Volume Projection for a company that hasn't opened its doors yet is clearly an amusing fantasy, but there it sits (lies?) in that time-honored novella, the business plan. If it's a fantasy, is it still worth doing? Of course. The exercise of […]Continue reading »
Startup Success Step #10
Company naming is a major neglected area of startup investment. Many entrepreneurs believe they either lack the capital to get professional help in naming, or believe it's a do-it-yourself area where they can save a few bucks for the dozens of other startup expenses tugging at their wallet. They named their children after all, and […]Continue reading »


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This property has been removed by the agent. It may be let or temporarily removed from the market
Property Description
Letting information:
|Added on Rightmove:
|18 November 2016 (278 days ago)
Key features
- Flat
- Unfurnished Property
- 1 Bedroom
- 1 Reception
- Allocated Parking Available
- Medium Sized Garden
- Sorry, No DSS
- Sorry, No Pets Allowed
- Sorry, No Smokers
- Sorry No Students
Full description
PLEASE QUOTE REF: P3681 - This is a fabulous, modern, newly decorated and refurbished one bed flat on the first floor in Gamston. It has it`s own front door with stairs up to the flat and a shed for a bike too.The flat`s location gives it a rural feel situated near the canal in Gamston which has a towpath going to Morrisons which takes about 5 minutes by foot. There is a car parking space dedicated to the flat, and on street parking for another car is possible nearby. The flat is modern, bright and airy, and as you will see from the photos has been furnished and equipped to a high standard. The property can be let out fully furnished and equipped with all bills included too, at a premium of course, to the unfurnished rent level in this advert. This flat will be let very fast due to the very high standard to do get in touch to discuss, if you are interested. Please get in touch for details or to for me answer any questions or conduct a viewing. No smokers, no DSS or pets please.
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At Journey Church, we seek to move people on a simple journey toward Jesus. It is our desire to help people believe in Jesus, belong to His Church, and become all that God has created them to be. Whether through our programs for children, students, adults, or our community groups that meet throughout the week, everything we do points to Jesus. He is our foundation for everything and the reason we exist. It is our prayer that you find acceptance and a friendly environment at our church, but most of all, we pray that you encounter Jesus in a life changing way.
First time?
Welcome! We are so glad to have you join us.
Sunday Service Times:
Children's ministry offers birth – 5th grade programming at both service times.
Student Ministry (6th-12th grade)
Our Beliefs
God is Creator and Ruler of the universe. God has existed in relationship with himself for all eternity. He is one God in three persons (Trinity): the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. While serving different functions, all three posses equal power and authority.
Genesis 1:1, Genesis 1:26-27, Genesis 3:22, Matthew 28:19, 2 Corinthians 13:14
Jesus Christ is the one and only Son of God. He is completely human but, at the same time, completely God. He lived a sinless human life and offered himself as the perfect sacrifice for the sins of all men by dying on the cross and in His resurrection He defeated death so that we can have life.
Isaiah 7:14; 9:6, John 1:1, 14; 3:16, 11:25-27, Romans 1:3-4, 8:1-3, 1 Corinthians 15:1-8
The Holy Spirit is equal with the Father and the Son as God. He is present in the world to make men aware of their need for Jesus Christ and His presence assures us of our relationship with Christ. He also lives in every believer from the moment of salvation. He convicts people of their sin, God's righteousness, and the coming judgment. He also guides us into all truth, comforts us, gives us spiritual gifts and helps us become more like Christ.
Genesis 1:2, John 14:16-17; 16:7-13, Acts 1:8, 1 Corinthians 2:12, Ephesians 1:13-14
The Bible is God's Word to all people. It was written by human authors under the supernatural guidance of the Holy Spirit. Because it is inspired by God, the Bible is the ultimate source of truth and is completely relevant to our daily lives.
2 Timothy 3:15-17, 2 Peter 1:20-21, Psalm 119:105, Proverbs 30:5, Hebrews 4:12
Humanity is made in the image of God. Although God designed us to have fellowship with Him, we became separated in that relationship through sinful disobedience. As a result, all human beings are born with a sinful nature and are incapable of regaining a right relationship with God through our own efforts.
Genesis 1:27, Psalm 8:3-6, Isaiah 53:6, Romans 3:23, Ephesians 2, Colossians 1:21-22
Salvation is God's gift to you if you'll accept it. It can not be earned through our own efforts. It is only by trusting in Jesus Christ as God's offer of forgiveness that you can be saved from sin's penalty. Eternal life begins the moment you receive Jesus Christ into your life by faith.
Romans 6:23, Ephesians 2:8-9, John 1:12; 14:6, Galatians 3:26, Romans 5:1
Man was created to exist forever. He will exist either eternally separated from God by sin or in union with God through forgiveness and salvation that can only be found in Jesus. To be eternally in union with Him is Heaven. To be eternally separated from God is Hell. Heaven and Hell are places of eternal existence.
John 3:16, Romans 6:23, 1 John 2:25; 5:11-13, 1 Peter 1:3-5
"Baptism by immersion symbolizes the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and is our public declaration that we have accepted Christ as our personal Lord and Savior. Jesus modeled baptism although He did not have any sin. When the church began and people asked what they needed to do to be saved, the Apostle Peter told them to "Repent and be baptized for the forgiveness of sin and to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit." Acts 2:38
Mark 1:9-10, Colossians 2:12, Acts 2:41, Matthew 28:19-20, Romans 6:3-5
Randy Nation | Senior Minister
Randy has been Senior Minister and lead communicator at Journey Church since 1997. His two biggest passions are his family and the people God has called him to love and shepherd. When he's not making house calls, hospital visits or writing sermons, Randy enjoys carpentry, woodworking and working on his farm. He and his wife Lori have four adult children Kiel, Lindsay, Brianne and Lora.
Rafael Gonzalez | Student Minister
Raf is passionate about helping students grow in their relationship with Jesus Christ. He began calling Journey Church home in 2010 after moving to Versailles from his home of Boston, MA. Raf began working with middle and high school students, and it quickly became apparent God was calling him into full-time ministry in this area with the Church. Raf and his wife, Misty, have two beautiful daughters – Narai Grace and Gabrielle Mercy (Gigi).
Tony Hardin | Discipleship Minister
In 2014, Tony left the private sector where he worked for 25 years as an architect to accept the position of Discipleship Minister here at Journey Church. As an elder in our church for many years, God used Tony's leadership and passion for helping people grow and become more like Jesus to ultimately call him into full time ministry. He and his wife Chris have a son named Jacob. In his free time Tony enjoys camping, fishing, and model aviation.
Eric Rice | Children's Minister
As Children's Pastor at Journey Church, Eric's passion is to make sure that our vision of 'moving people on a simple journey towards Jesus' truly means all people – including kids! Eric and his wife Molly have two beautiful children, Henry and Lucy, and when he's not working on recruiting volunteers, casting vision, and training leaders, most nights he can be found at home playing with them. He also loves sports and is a die-hard UK fan!
Dan Prout | Worship Minister
As the Worship Minister, Dan is charged with leading the creative teams within the worship ministry and coordinating our worship services. Dan has a passion for seeing people engage with Jesus in powerful ways that transform their lives and the lives of those around them. When he's not working on a creative project, Dan enjoys woodworking, researching his next pedalboard purchase, but most of all spending time with His wife Leanne and their two boys, Boston and Micah.
Tammy Welch | Administrative Director
In addition to handling all the accounting, event planning, and scheduling Tammy also manages the day-to-day activities in the Church Office. She's pretty much the glue that keeps things together around here and is always willing to lend a helping hand! On top of all that, she also bakes the best cheesecake in town. Tammy loves spending time with her husband Chris and their son Camden. In addition to baking, she also enjoys traveling, antiquing and spending time with friends.


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