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The incidence of extreme precipitation has increased with the exacerbation of worldwide climate disruption. We hypothesize an association between precipitation and the distribution patterns that would affect the endemic burden of 8 infectious diseases in Taiwan, including water- and vector-borne infectious diseases. A database integrating daily precipitation and temperature, along with the infectious disease case registry for all 352 townships in the main island of Taiwan was analysed for the period from 1994 to 2008. Four precipitation levels, <130 mm, 130–200 mm, 200–350 mm and >350 mm, were categorized to represent quantitative differences, and their associations with each specific disease was investigated using the Generalized Additive Mixed Model and afterwards mapped on to the Geographical Information System. Daily precipitation levels were significantly correlated with all 8 mandatory-notified infectious diseases in Taiwan. For water-borne infections, extreme torrential precipitation (>350 mm/day) was found to result in the highest relative risk for bacillary dysentery and enterovirus infections when compared to ordinary rain (<130 mm/day). Yet, for vector-borne diseases, the relative risk of dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis increased with greater precipitation only up to 350 mm. Differential lag effects following precipitation were statistically associated with increased risk for contracting individual infectious diseases. This study's findings can help health resource sector management better allocate medical resources and be better prepared to deal with infectious disease outbreaks following future extreme precipitation events.
Citation: Chen M-J, Lin C-Y, Wu Y-T, Wu P-C, Lung S-C, Su H-J (2012) Effects of Extreme Precipitation to the Distribution of Infectious Diseases in Taiwan, 1994–2008. PLoS ONE 7(6): e34651. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034651
Editor: Maciej F. Boni, University of Oxford, Viet Nam
Received: July 29, 2011; Accepted: March 5, 2012; Published: June 21, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This supplement received financial support from the Taiwan National Science Council [http://web1.nsc.gov.tw/] (NSC95-2625-Z-006-018, NSC96-2625-Z-006-016, NSC97-2625-Z-006-016, NSC99-2621-M-006-008) and Taiwan's Centers for Diseases Control [http://www.cdc.gov.tw/mp.asp?mp=1] (DOH98-DC-1002). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Global climate disruption appears to have increased the intensity of tropical cyclones, including typhoons in Southeast Asia, hurricanes in Central America and the Southeast United States, consequently resulting in much greater probability of extreme precipitation [1]–[5]. Observational and projection studies also suggest that turbulent atmospheric activity has and will intensify the regional precipitation in the past, present and future [4]–[6].
Extreme precipitation events, increasing the amount of regional precipitation and flooding, have heightened the risk and concern over the transmission of various infectious diseases which may affect their distribution and chances of becoming epidemics [6]–[12]. During periods of heavy precipitation, local water quality can be seriously compromised via diverse means, a significant one being the cross-contamination of water sources due to infiltration and inflow between sewage and water pipes [11]. Contaminated water sources for drinking and recreation, due mostly to flooding after extreme precipitation, have been associated with water-borne diseases outbreaks and epidemics [7]–[8], [10]–[16]. Extreme precipitation also can leave pools of stagnant water that create optimal breeding grounds and growth environments for vectors and hosts, including mosquitoes, mites, rodents and insects [9]–[10], [12].
Significant associations between increased precipitation and greater incidences of contracting water-borne infectious diseases were found in various geographic regions [13], [15]–[25]. When data on 548 water-borne disease epidemics and outbreaks reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) between 1948 and 1994 were analysed; a statistical relationship was identified between precipitation and water-borne disease, in which 51% of waterborne disease outbreaks were linked to precipitation levels above the 90th percentile, and 68% to levels above the 80th percentile [16]. In Canada, precipitation was implicated with water-borne disease outbreaks [15], [20]. Precipitation of greater than the 93rd percentile increases the risk of water-borne disease outbreaks by a factor of 2.283 [15]. Cholera and leptospirosis epidemics, in Bangladesh and India, were reported to be associated with heavy precipitation [25]. Outbreaks of gastrointestinal infections usually result when people are exposed to increased amounts and diverse types of pathogens, including Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium [21], and enterovirus [23]–[24] after heavy precipitation. Furthermore, previous studies indicated the impact of precipitation on mosquito-borne, tick-borne, and rodent-borne diseases such as dengue fever, West Nile fever, Japanese encephalitis, Chikungunya fever, malaria, Lyme borreliosis, and hantavirus infection, especially when there was the concurrent presence of high temperatures [19], [26]–[29].
As global climate change is predicted to increase the trend of extreme precipitation events occurring is more likely, so determining the role of weather in the incidence of infectious disease is a public health priority [13]. A better understanding of the relationship between disease and extreme precipitation can be an important first step toward finding ways to mitigate the risk of diseases and the diseases' impact on communities [11]. However, only a limited number of studies have explored the relationship between daily precipitation and climate-related infectious diseases, performed in such places as the United Kingdom [22] and North America [11], [13]–[16]. Most of these observations were based on case reports and some localized databases, so only examined the relationship in specific areas [11], [13], [16], [22]. In this study, a database, using the Geographic Information System (GIS) as the analysis platform, integrated nationwide Taiwanese weather and health surveillance data. Poisson regression using a generalized additive mixed model was applied to examine the relationships between daily extreme precipitation and the number of reported cases for 8 climate-related infectious diseases, including water-borne infectious diseases (hepatitis A, enteroviruses, bacillary dysentery, leptospirosis and melioidosis), and vector-borne infectious diseases (scrub typhus, dengue fever, Japanese Encephalitis).
The Pearson product-moment correlation identified that extreme precipitation events were associated with the occurrence of 8 infectious diseases with lags of 0–70 days. Table 1 provides descriptive statistics for the registered cases of 8 infectious diseases, including time periods, disease categories, incubation periods, case numbers, and specifically significant lag days following precipitation.
Adjusted relative risks for the extreme precipitation categories, as they relate to the baseline control precipitation category (<130 mm), are presented in Table 2. Heavy precipitation (130–200 mm) was a significant risk factor for enterovirus infections (RR = 2.45, 1.59–3.78) and dengue fever (RR = 1.96, 1.53–2.52). The results further indicated that torrential rain events (201–350 mm) were a critical determinant for the reporting of most infectious diseases except for Hepatitis A and enterovirus infections. Extreme torrential rain (>350 mm) impacted enterovirus infections (RR = 5.981, 1.474–23.760) and bacillary dysentery (RR = 7.703, 5.008–11.849). The trend tests demonstrated noteworthy associations between precipitation levels and the reporting of enterovirus infection and Japanese encephalitis (Ptrend<0.001), and even stronger linear relationships between precipitation and bacillary dysentery, dengue fever, and leptospirosis (Ptrend<0.0001).
A relative risk measure for each disease was created individually for each township. This allowed for determination of the specific townships at risk for particular precipitation-disease outbreaks. Figure 1 shows the vulnerable townships that had precipitation related disease outbreaks, categorized based on precipitation and the 8 climate-related infectious diseases. Figure 2 is a specific case situation highlighting the intensity of precipitation and bacillary dysentery with a 7-day lag after Typhoon Nari, 2001.
The townships that had a significant association between the outbreak of the specified disease with the category of extreme precipitation events are marked on each map. Townships that had significant associations with heavy precipitation are marked in light purple, with torrential precipitation are marked in purple, while those that only had significant associations with extreme torrential precipitation are marked in dark purple.
From the 12 socioeconomic, demographic and geographical characteristics examined, the proportion of natives were significantly higher (+15.5%; Pt-test = 0.0042) along with the average elevation of a township (+339 m; Pt-test<0.0001) in those townships that had a significant relationship between extreme precipitation and the occurrence of Bacillary dysentery as compared to townships that did not have this particular significant relationship. In addition, the relative number of elderly living alone was higher (+27.4%; Pt-test = 0.0182) in those townships at risk for Scrub Typhus following extreme precipitation events. Furthermore, townships with higher population densities were the ones associated with extreme precipitation related enterovirus infections (+94888.0; Pt-test = 0.0037) and dengue fever (+59253.6; Pt-test = 0.0212).
Our study is the first to demonstrate the quantitative risk of the relationship between extreme precipitation events during the last 15 years and 8 climate-related infectious diseases at the national level of a subtropical country. A statistically significant association was found between different forms of extreme precipitation and diseases, including enterovirus infection, Japan encephalitis, scrub typhus, dengue fever, and leptospirosis in Taiwan. The maps further display at the regional level the specific townships (of the 352 total townships in mainland Taiwan) that are impacted by extreme precipitation-mediated outbreaks of each infectious disease.
For intestinal infectious diseases, the positive relationships between precipitation and enterovirus infection and bacillary dysentery were similar to previous reports [7], [23]–[24], [30]–[32]. Enteroviruses were more likely to be flushed from unsaturated zones and contaminate groundwater after a short spell of heavy rain [23]. Studies in China found that precipitation may affect the transmission and incidence of food-borne diseases like bacillary dysentery [30], [32]. The results indicated that precipitation may influence pathogens, contamination of drinking water, and then influencing the diseases epidemic [30].
For vector-borne diseases, higher precipitation has been associated with dengue fever, scrub typhus, and Japanese encephalitis [26], [29], [33]. An important study indicated that mosquito population dynamics, and so subsequent disease transmission, would be susceptible to precipitation frequency [34]. When the frequency of precipitation event occurrences match the natural frequency of the mosquito reproductive cycle, then quick phase locking and resonance can result allowing mosquito populations to grow most efficiently and exponentially [34]. However, our study suggested that precipitation >350 mm/day probably destroyed the vector habitats, and there may be an upper threshold value for the positive effect of precipitation on disease vectors. It can be speculated that the emphasis on controlling vector-borne infectious diseases can probably be shifted away from it and to focusing on the prevention of outbreaks of water-borne infections after extreme torrential precipitation events.
Although precipitation events usually last on the order of days, in preceding studies, the analytic lags of precipitation effects were mostly performed on the weekly or monthly scale [13], [28], [35]. Even though studies have demonstrated a daily lag, nevertheless, they were often for short-term periods or limited locations [11], [13], [36]. In our study which the data covers a 15 year period, the specific lag effects between showed significant correlations between daily precipitation and registered case dates. The eruption of 7 infectious diseases appeared within 7–28 days, while dengue fever seemed to appear 70 days after an extreme precipitation event (The 70 day lag effect we observed for dengue is not unexpected, since the imago of Aedes Aegypti (the main vector of dengue fever in Taiwan) is about 9 days, its lifespan is about 30 days, and the incubation period is 3 to 14 days).
In Australia, the United States, Germany, India, Malaysia, and Thailand, it has been reported that high-intensity precipitation is associated with reports of leptospirosis or melioidosis [36]–[44]. Our results could not support a distinct quantity of risk for leptospirosis and melioidosis because mandated reporting did not begin until 2005. But, several Taiwanese publications reported a melioidosis outbreak approximately 2 weeks after typhoon Haitang (maximum precipitation was over 1000 mm/day) in 2005 [45]–[46]. A field survey found that 97.5% of cases were reported in flooded areas (Figure 3). Super typhoon Morakot brought extreme precipitation in 2009; the accumulated precipitation in southern Taiwan in the typhoon Morakot period was nearly 3000 mm over 3 days [47]–[48]. Leptospirosis and melioidosis outbreaks in flood zones have also been reported after extreme precipitation [49]–[50]. Consequently, we presume that higher precipitation has relationships with occurrences of higher risk for leptospirosis and melioidosis outbreaks.
There were 40 cases in southern Taiwan after Typhoon Haitang. 97.5% cases resided in the flooded areas and 70% of cases were in proximate contact of mud or flooding waters.
The results provide quantitative risk values (Table 2) and identify the geographic distributions (Figure 1) of 8 infectious diseases as preliminary evidence linking precipitation with those diseases occurrence. However, the occurrence or spread of a disease was also affected by other factors such as public health services, population density and demographics, land use changes, and socioeconomic conditions. This study tried to explore the basic relationships between socioeconomic factors in precipitation-related vulnerable townships. The proportion of native Taiwanese, elevation and proportion of elderly living alone were indicators of those regions vulnerable to disease outbreaks due to precipitation related events. It is important to link climatic impact to these other factors so adequate medical plans, health promotion policies and prevention campaigns can be properly implemented to prevent or at least minimize disease outbreaks in the future.
From 1961 to 2005 the incidence of intense precipitation (defined as the top 10% precipitation events) had doubled [51]. A previous study also provided independent evidence in support for significant increases in the number and/or size of strong global tropical cyclones [52]. This means extreme precipitation and water-related catastrophes such as floods, mudflows and landslides may become more frequent in the future. [2], [6], [51]–[52]. Extreme weather conditions are a global phenomenon making extreme precipitation an important issue not only in Taiwan but also in many other regions worldwide.
In general, for regions vulnerable to extreme precipitation related disease outbreaks regional risk assessments should be performed, as has been done for Taiwan in this study, in order to determine what local areas are at greatest risk, and identify those specific associated characteristics that contribute to the outbreak. This analysis provides decision makers with essential information to guide their proper implementation of technology- and knowledge-based strategies to best manage precipitation related infectious disease outbreaks. Technology-based approaches include creating better, more efficient monitoring and prediction systems, improving emergency medical aid, promoting environmental conservation, and improving emergency alert systems [19]. Knowledge-based approaches include determining the most appropriate distribution of medical resources, and educating the public to increase awareness of hygiene and health and how to protect oneself as this pertains to epidemic control under extreme weather conditions [28].
The infrequent occurrence of the most extreme torrential precipitation in Taiwan limited the statistical power of the analysis in this study; it is possible that more significant associations between extreme precipitation and the occurrence of the diseases we studied exist. This study did not specifically identify the particular vulnerable clusters, for each infectious disease, present within the entire general population. The population characteristics addressed by the t-test comparisons suggest what particular characteristics define each specific cluster. In our future studies, using a cohort follow-up design, the particular vulnerable clusters for infectious disease in a region will be identified for one of the specific infectious diseases examined in this study. This information would be helpful to medical agencies that want better targeted interventions [53]. Future studies will also identify the mechanisms, such as drinking water contamination, responsible for extreme precipitation associations with infectious disease outbreaks.
Previous studies have demonstrated that extreme precipitation has an impact on the occurrence of infectious diseases. The model presented here successfully demonstrated relationships between extreme levels of precipitation and the incidences of water-borne and vector-borne infectious diseases. This is the first study to use nationwide records to conduct spatial statistical analysis focusing on high-spatial-resolution. Our study exhibits the first systematic and quantitative risk assessment of the relationship between daily extreme precipitation and 8 infectious diseases at national and regional levels. There were significant correlations between specific infectious diseases and the occurrences of extreme precipitation events in Taiwan. Results also highlight the local characteristics that may exacerbate infectious disease outbreaks following extreme precipitation conditions. This study's findings provide critical information that aid in the creation of effective health policies, and the establishment of relevant technology- and knowledge-based strategies so Taiwan is better prepared for the climatic emergencies of the future.
Island-wide Meteorological Data
Hourly data from 33 fixed–site monitoring stations, and approximately 300 auto-monitoring stations from the CWB (Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau), that had complete precipitation and temperature records from 1994 to 2008, were obtained. Since the weather monitoring stations in Taiwan are mostly clustered in urban areas along the east coastline, we could not obtain direct measures of precipitation distribution throughout the entire island, especially from rural and mountain areas. In order to generate representative daily precipitation and temperature measures for each of the 352 total townships in Taiwan, we used the Ordinary Kriging geo-statistical method as part of the ArcGIS 9.3 system. This method is useful to generate optimal spatial-linear temperature and precipitation data, by interpolating the temperature and precipitation at an unobserved location using the actual values from nearby locations. We extrapolated precipitation and temperature data in a stepwise procedure at a resolution of 1×1 square kilometres since this was the smallest geographical unit for disease notification [54]–[56]. This approach allowed us to obtain the best-possible representative precipitation and temperature for each township.
Definition of Extreme Precipitation
As defined by the Taiwan CWB, precipitation events were categorized as follows: regular: daily accumulated precipitation below 130 mm; heavy rain: at 130–200 mm; torrential rain: at 201–350 mm; and extreme torrential rain: above 351 mm [57]. Based on these definitions, the probability of extreme precipitation occurring was much less than 1% since the averaged 99th percentile of precipitation for all 352 townships in Taiwan over the 15 year period was 92.80 mm/day (Lower quartile: 0.04 mm/day, upper quartile: 4.63 mm/day). The heavy rain events in Taiwan were 17.4 days, torrential rain events were 11.7 days and extreme torrential rain events were 1.8 days of each township happened in the 15 years.
Case Definition of Infectious Disease
The computerized database, with recorded daily registry of the occurrence of the 8 mandatory-notified infectious diseases, along with age, gender, township of residence, and the time of disease onset for each case, was retrieved from the Taiwan CDC (Center Disease Control) for the period from 1994–2008, with a signed agreement for confidentiality; all diagnoses were confirmed by the reference laboratory at the Research and Diagnostic Center of the Taiwan CDC. Only the "indigenous" cases for each disease, after verification of travel history, disease onset, and virus subtype classification by the National Virus Diagnosis Laboratory in Taiwan, were analysed [58].
Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors
Twelve selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics for each township, including medical resources (the number of clinics and doctors) and demographic characteristics (percentage of native Taiwanese, elderly, elderly living alone, and disabled persons), type of employment (either service; industry; agricultural; other), and socioeconomic conditions (household ownership, uneducated population, unemployment rate, and percentage of labourers working outside their county of residence) were estimated using the health statistics obtained from the Department of Health, as determined from the national census taken in 2000 (performed once per decade) [54].
Statistical Analysis
The database included the aggregated daily case registry of 8 infectious diseases and weather monitoring data of precipitation and temperature from 1994 to 2008 for each township. Pearson product-moment correlation analyses assessed the specific lag effects (at weekly intervals) between the number of case occurrences and the direct measures of precipitation amount and temperature levels. Only weekly lag intervals were considered, since these are easier to interpret and act upon from a disease management standpoint. Determination of the length of lag time designated for analysis took into account the incubation period of the pathogen by only considering lag times in excess of the minimum incubation period such as the time needed for vector-associated infection to occur and biologically mature. The number of daily registered cases was a dependent variable (count data), and the daily accumulated precipitation level was the major independent variable. Poisson regression, using a generalized additive model (GAM), has been the suggested method of analysis in time-series studies [59]. GAM allows a Poisson regression to be fit as a sum of nonparametric smooth functions of predictor variables. The purpose of GAM is to maximize the predictive quality of a dependent variable, "Y," from various distributions by estimating archetypical functions of the predictor variables that are connected to the dependent variable.
Poisson regression, using a Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM), was used to evaluate the multiple-lag effects of stratified precipitation levels on specific diseases [59]. Furthermore, all models were adjusted for the multiple-lag effects of daily temperature, month, and township for evaluating the associations between categorized extreme precipitation and diseases, with further trend tests performed to examine linear associations between levels of precipitation and outbreaks of each disease.
The functions are as follows:
Function 1: analysis averaged over all of Taiwan
Function 2: analysis performed on each townshipwhere is the vector of daily case counts for the i = 1, 2,…, 8 infectious diseases and j = 1, 2,…, 352 townships of Taiwan. represented the smoothing functions, which have to satisfy standardized conditions such as = 0. were parameters that included categorized precipitation amounts, month, and townships, which showed the multiple-level effects of precipitation, monthly patterns and geographical location [59]–[60]. Function 2 was performed individually on our data for each township. We mapped those townships that had significant associations between extreme precipitation events and disease outbreaks to the GIS system and formulated a risk map. In addition, t-tests were used to contrast the differences in basic socioeconomic characteristics in the precipitation-related vulnerable townships to the townships that did not show a significant relationship between precipitation and disease outbreaks.
The authors deeply appreciate Dr. Paul Saunders' help with his editing of this manuscript.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: HJS. Performed the experiments: CYL SCL. Analyzed the data: MJC YTW PCW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MJC CYL SCL. Wrote the paper: MJC HJS.
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- 35. Soverow JE, Wellenius GA, Fisman DN, Mittleman MA (2009) Infectious disease in a warming world: how weather influenced West Nile virus in the United States (2001–2005). Environ Health Perspect 117(7): 1049–1052.JE SoverowGA WelleniusDN FismanMA Mittleman2009Infectious disease in a warming world: how weather influenced West Nile virus in the United States (2001–2005).Environ Health Perspect117(7)10491052
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- 40. Corkeron ML, Norton R, Nelson PN (2010) Spatial analysis of melioidosis distribution in a suburban area. Epidemiol Infect 139(9): 1346–1352.ML CorkeronR. NortonPN Nelson2010Spatial analysis of melioidosis distribution in a suburban area.Epidemiol Infect139(9)13461352
- 41. Robertson J, Levy A, Sagripanti JL, Inglis TJ (2010) The survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei in liquid media. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82(1): 88–94.J. RobertsonA. LevyJL SagripantiTJ Inglis2010The survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei in liquid media.Am J Trop Med Hyg82(1)8894
- 42. Slack AT, Symonds ML, Dohnt MF, Smythe LD (2006) The epidemiology of leptospirosis and the emergence of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Arborea in Queensland, Australia, 1998–2004. Epidemiol Infect 134(6): 1217–1225.AT SlackML SymondsMF DohntLD Smythe2006The epidemiology of leptospirosis and the emergence of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Arborea in Queensland, Australia, 1998–2004.Epidemiol Infect134(6)12171225
- 43. Gubler DJ, Reiter P, Ebi KL, Yap W, Nasci R, et al. (2001) Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector- and rodent-borne diseases. Environ Health Perspect 109: 223–233.DJ GublerP. ReiterKL EbiW. YapR. Nasci2001Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector- and rodent-borne diseases.Environ Health Perspect109223233
- 44. Brockmann S, Piechotowski I, Bock-Hensley O, Winter C, Oehme R, et al. (2010) Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants in Germany, 2006. BMC Infect Dis 10: 91.S. BrockmannI. PiechotowskiO. Bock-HensleyC. WinterR. Oehme2010Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants in Germany, 2006.BMC Infect Dis1091
- 45. Su HP, Chou CY, Tzeng SC, Ferng TL, Chen YL, et al. (2007) Possible Typhoon-related melioidosis epidemic, Taiwan, 2005. Emerg Infect Dis 13(11): 1795–1707.HP SuCY ChouSC TzengTL FerngYL Chen2007Possible Typhoon-related melioidosis epidemic, Taiwan, 2005.Emerg Infect Dis13(11)17951707
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- 48. Hong CC, Lee MY, Hsu HH, Kuo JL (2010) Role of submonthly disturbance and 40–50 day ISO on the extreme rainfall event associated with Typhoon Morakot (2009) in Southern Taiwan. Geophysical Research Letters 37: L08805.CC HongMY LeeHH HsuJL Kuo2010Role of submonthly disturbance and 40–50 day ISO on the extreme rainfall event associated with Typhoon Morakot (2009) in Southern Taiwan.Geophysical Research Letters37L08805
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- 54. Wu PC, Lin CY, SC Lung, Guo HR, Chou CH, et al. (2011) Cardiovascular mortality during heat and cold events: determinants of regional vulnerability in Taiwan. Occup Environ Med 68: 525–530.PC WuCY LinLung SCHR GuoCH Chou2011Cardiovascular mortality during heat and cold events: determinants of regional vulnerability in Taiwan.Occup Environ Med68525530
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The Taiwan Central Weather Bureau. Precipitation Classification. The Taiwan Central Weather Bureau. Precipitation Classification. Available: http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7e/observe/rainfall/define.htm?.Accessed 2012 April 4. Accessed 2012 April 4.
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Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Taiwan. Surveillance System. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Taiwan. Surveillance System. Available: http://www.cdc.gov.tw/english/list.aspx?treeid=00ed75d6c887bb27&nowtreeid=f0131176aa46d5db.Accessed 2012 April 4. Accessed 2012 April 4.
- 59. Wood SN (2004) Stable and efficient multiple smoothing parameter estimation for generalized additive models. J Am Stat Assoc 99: 673–686.SN Wood2004Stable and efficient multiple smoothing parameter estimation for generalized additive models.J Am Stat Assoc99673686
- 60. Lin X, Zhang D (1999) Inference in generalized additive mixed models by using smoothing splines. J R Statist Soc 61(part 2): 381–400.X. LinD. Zhang1999Inference in generalized additive mixed models by using smoothing splines.J R Statist Soc 61(part2)381400


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How to become successful binary trader?
Binary options become very popular because trading is very easy. With binary options you can trade at many financial markets such as forex, stocks, indices etc. To become good and successful binary trader you have to study a lot and develop your trading strategy. On the internet you can find many trading guides and videos that teach you how to trade binary options.

subset: commoncrawl


text: [edit] These are all of the minor characters in season 4 of Austin & Ally. To be added Retrieved from "http://austinally.wikia.com/wiki/Minor_Characters/Season_4?oldid=787671" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Characters Minor Characters Kids Adults


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Goal In Reach on Twitter
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Sunday Confessional: Anniversary
23 years ago I married my best friend. 23 years later we still laugh ourselves stupid everyday and have two amazing kids, one hell of a life and zero regrets. Love him always more than chocolate Until later.
My Saturday in Pictures
Not even the rain can keep me away Up first Then a special treat Sh'bam with Leslie Then made some purchases Then it was off with some goodies Fun night playing Rumoli Now home getting ready for bed
Friday Fun Fact
What do you do after a long work week? You put your Jammie's on and curl up with some popcorn and binge on Netflix. Tomorrow I'll be in the gym but tonight; sloth like behaviour 😋 Until later.
Two Things Thursday
I'm sore. I blame others. My new obsession; random b movies on Netflix (this was Rodeo and Juliet) Until later.
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There's something about a tomato face post workout that makes a person feel invincible 💪 What makes you feel invincible Until later.
Tuesday Touchpoint
I'm gonna be a Mother in Law ❤ My 'baby boy' proposed to his girlfriend of four years last night in Martinique Beach. Hubby and I are so very happy and proud to grow our family. Until later.
No Meal Monday
LOL In my defense I was super hungry Until later.
Sunday Confessional; what's your truth
Confession: I am still learning my truth I wake up every day and make my way through the world and know that I am a good person. I smile at strangers and hold doors for random folks and do my … Continue reading
My Saturday in Pictures
Here we go Oh yeah check out our new group fitness floor it's slippery lol I went to push ups on my knees and my legs slid apart 😳 Then it was time for fun with my squad Post double … Continue reading
Friday Fun Fact
I love Starbucks. Free drink for my birthday 😍 Vacation is officially over. Until later.


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Interest in Research Led to Postgraduate Opportunities at IMU
My name is Ong Teik Hwa. I am currently pursuing my PhD in IMU. My PhD research project is on developing natural product based nanoformulations to treat biofilms formed by bacteria. This research has led to an opportunity to participate as an exhibitor to showcase my research product (a topical gel formulation) in Biomalaysia and


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It was super assisting on the desk.."Luba " the lady on reception was more than happy to clear all the issues I have and given a very nice informative talk about things to do in Geneva . Rooms are so nice good to go...as I...More
Getting you more information on this room
Getting you more information on this room
"The hotel is in a quiet area, so no need to look for special rooms."
"Ask for a room which doesn't face the road. Even then I'm not sure how quiet it would be."


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Financial Stability
At Memory Matters, we have a responsibility to our community and our donors, and we work hard to ensure long-term sustainability. We accomplish that through a balanced funding mix of program fees, individual donations and grants. For your convenience, we make our IRS Form 990 available for review, as required by law.
If you would like to donate to our mission, please visit our Donate section.


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Check Out the new Remax App
Ask About This Home
Quality built all brick custom home with first floor master suite on corner lot in Maple Valley Estates. Large family room with brick hearth fireplace, craftsman built bookcase/entertainment center. Custom kitchen, granite counter tops, custom cherry cabinets, center island, upgraded gas/electric appliances. Large 4 season sun room. Upper level with 2 bedrooms and a large bonus/exercise room.


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From the Editors
The Spring issue of the Arab Studies Journal is out!
Don't miss Tadween Publishing's latest blog entries at Al-Diwan.
Want to find out about new books? Visit our expanding NEWTON page.
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The New York Times says Jadaliyya "Brings New Life to Arab Studies."
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UAE: Cybercrimes Decree Attacks Free Speech
[The following report was issued by Human Rights Watch on 28 November 2012.]
(Beirut) – A new federal decree on cybercrimes in the United Arab Emirates effectively closes off the country's only remaining forum for free speech. The decree poses a serious threat to the liberty of peaceful activists and ordinary citizens alike.
The UAE president, Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, issued Federal Legal Decree No. 5/ 2012 on combating cybercrimes on November 12, 2012. The decree's vaguely worded provisions provide a legal basis to prosecute and jail people who use information technology to, among other things, criticize senior officials, argue for political reform, or organize unlicensed demonstrations. Although some provisions are aimed at preventing the proliferation of racist or sectarian views online, the principal effect of the law is severe restrictions on the rights to free expression and free association and assembly.
"The UAE's cybercrimes decree reflects an attempt to ban even the most tempered criticism," said Joe Stork, deputy Middle East director at Human Rights Watch. "The determination to police and punish on-line dissent, no matter how mild, is incompatible with the image UAE rulers are trying to promote of a progressive, tolerant nation."
The new decree addresses information technology, which it classifies as "websites, any information network, or information technology means," and places severe restrictions on the use of blogs and social networking sites, as well as text messages and emails. Given that it will be applied together with provisions of the criminal code and media law that criminalize alleged insults to the country's rulers, the cybercrime law marks a significant step backward when it comes to free speech, Human Rights Watch said.
Article 28 provides for imprisonment and a fine of up to 1 million dirhams (US$272,000) for anyone who uses information technology "with the intent of inciting to actions, or publishing or disseminating any information, news, caricatures, or other images liable to endanger state security and its higher interests or infringe on the public order."
Article 29 provides the same penalties for anyone using information technology "with the intent of deriding or harming the reputation, stature, or status of the state, any of its institutions, its president or vice president, the rulers of the emirates, their crown princes or their deputies, the state flag, national safety, its motto, its national anthem, or its symbols."
Article 30 provides a sentence of up to life in prison for anyone using such means "to advocate the overthrow, change, or usurpation of the system of governance in the state, or obstruct provisions of the constitution or existing law, or oppose the fundamental principles on which the system of governance is based." It provides for the same sentence for anyone who incites or facilitates these acts.
By enabling the authorities to imprison anyone who makes any critical comment about the country or its rulers, the new decree is at odds with international free speech standards, Human Rights Watch said. Those standards require public officials to tolerate greater criticism than ordinary citizens.
The decree also potentially violates the rights to peaceful assembly and free association. Article 26 provides for a maximum of five years in prison and a fine of 1 million dirhams (US$272,000) for anyone using information technology in any of the activities associated with an "unlawful" group. This includes "intent to facilitate contact between its leaders or members, attract members, promote or applaud its ideas, fund its activities, or provide active aid to it."
Article 32 authorizes imprisonment or a fine of 500,000 dirhams (US$136,000) for anyone using information technology to "plan, organize, promote, or advocate demonstrations, marches, and the like without a permit from the competent authorities."
The decree follows the detention without charge of 63 peaceful dissidents in recent months. The government also has forced UAE civil society organizations and local offices of foreign pro-democracy groups to close. The day UAE authorities issued the cybercrimes decree, the families of 63 detainees gathered at the Supreme Court in Abu Dhabi to protest the unlawful detention of their loved ones. Under the new cybercrimes law anyone using information technology to organize a similar peaceful protest risks five years in jail.
A particularly worrying aspect of the new cybercrimes law is article 38, which will prohibit Emiratis from providing information to independent journalists and human rights organizations. Article 38 provides prison terms for anyone using information technology "who provides to any organizations, institutions, agencies, or any other entities incorrect, inaccurate, or misleading information liable to harm state interests or damage its reputation, stature, or status."
In the aftermath of the European Parliament's October 26 resolution on the UAE's deteriorating human rights situation, the authorities sought to discredit the information provided to members of the European parliament by independent rights organizations and defenders. This provision will enable the authorities to sanction people it holds responsible for unfavorable media articles or official reports, a threat to Emiratis who speak with journalists or human rights researchers.
Citizen Lab, an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the University of Toronto, recently reported that unknown parties hacked the computer of Ahmed Mansoor, a human rights defender, using what industry experts call "legal intercept tools." Citizen Lab said they had traced the malware back to a physical address in the UAE, registered as the corporate headquarters of the Royal Group, whose chairman belongs to the ruling Al Nahyan family.
The UAE authorities should take immediate steps to bring the cybercrime law into line with international and regional standards on free speech, Human Rights Watch said. The UAE has not ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 19 of which outlines the right to freedom of opinion and expression. But it is a state party to the Arab Charter on Human Rights. Article 32 of the Arab Charter ensures the right to information, freedom of opinion and freedom of expression, and article 24 guarantees the right to freedom of political activity, the right to form and join associations, and the right to freedom of assembly and association.
"The UAE's attitude toward free speech is regressing almost as quickly as the technology that facilitates it is advancing," Stork said. "The new cybercrime law is the act of a government out of step and out of touch with international norms."
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Response Effects in Questionnaire-based Teacher Surveys
The scientific methods regarding surveys on people's attitudes, beliefs and meanings, in this example especially those of teachers, have long been of interest for the methodology of the social science. In this kind of research we find not only strong evidence but also some methodological doubts, because of possible response effects on the data. That is why I focus on these effects to learn more about and to find knowledge regarding the research instruments in connection with the teacher population surveyed. My general aim is to improve the knowledge about research instruments in the sense of a good fit between the scientific tasks and target groups, which can lead to more evidence in this kind of survey. This knowledge can be useful for the design of suitable research instruments and thus surveys. The following questions guided my research: "Are there response effects in the data?", "Which kind of response effects we find? And also: "Can we localize problematical items and questions for teachers through these response effects?" The aim of my work is to examine two questionnaires regarding teacher attitudes about response effects and what conclusions we can reach.
Keywords: Response Effects, Questionnaires and Teacher Surveys
Gernot Herzer
PhD Student, Faculty of Education, University of Bolzano
Ref: I08P0512


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Price: $49.95
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These are Petzl's newest medium weight belay/rappel gloves designed to offer extra protection without sacrificing dexterity. Double-layered leather and padding protect the palm from heat generated during long rappels or lowers. Fingertips and other high-wear areas are reinforced for increased durability. The back is made of leather with abrasion resistant, stretch nylon at key flex areas. The low-profile neoprene cuff with a Velcro closure features a reinforced carabiner hole for attaching the gloves to your harness.
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Please note that the address for this place is approximate. Upon booking a stay, the rental owner will provide an exact address. Welcome to the funnest cove on the lake! Just bring your swimsuit and beach towel and you are guaranteed a Grand time…. Large, updated open home on the South end of Grand Lake is the perfect place for family reunions or a relaxing getaway. The... Dining, Dining Area, DVD Player, Games, Satellite / Cable, Television, Air Conditioning, Clothes Dryer, Fireplace, Hair Dryer, Heating, Internet, Linens Provided, Living Room, Parking, Towels Provided, Washing Machine, Coffee Maker, Dishes & Utensils, Dishwasher, Kitchen, Microwave, Oven, Refrigerator, Stove, Toaster, Car Available, Chauffeur, Deck / Patio, Golf, Outdoor Grill, Long-term Renters Welcome, Minimum Age Limit for Renters, children welcome, non smoking only, pets not allowed, Adventure, Family, Sports & Activities, Guests provide their own meals, house, boating, paddle boating, sight seeing, wildlife viewing, Lakefront, fishing, golf, hiking, jet skiing, swimming, water skiing
Dripping Springs Cove Waterfront Across From Cliffs
Eucha, Oklahoma 74342 USA
Dripping Springs Cove Waterfront Across From CliffsReserve from $269
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Joe: Man, Nick sure reveres Bobby.
Nash: Bobby was easy to revere. I did.
Joe: Yeah, well doesn't it bother you? That whole number one son thing?
Nash: Joe, I don't have to tell you about the special bond that a parent has with his first born. It's not new.
Joe: Well, you're a lot more secure than I am. I'm still tryin' to earn the respect of my father.
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text:
|Business News
Six Pixels of Separation - The Mirum Blog is marketing and communications insights from the edge. Mitch Joel will unravel the complex world of digital marketing and social media with the perspective of a digital marketing agency. The Six Pixels Of Separation podcast is also here. Join the digital marketing conversation. Take part in the new marketing discussion. Stay tuned to see how this interactive agency is making a digital difference. While marketers still struggle to understand online marketing, an entirely new generation of marketing opportunities is already taking place and they're being created by your customers. The Twist Image blog is here for all of your digital marketing adventures.
March 30th, 2014
Episode 405 of 577 episodes
Welcome to episode #403 of Six Pixels Of Separation - The Twist Image Podcast. There are few people as passionate as Jeffrey Rohrs when it comes to brands and connecting with consumers. It's gotten so hot and heavy for him, that he wants brands to be like bands. He wants brands to not just have customers and members of a loyalty program. He wants brands to build, nurture and have an audience. Rohrs heads up ExactTarget's Marketing Insights Team (which is now a part of Salesforce.com). He's a specialist on content marketing and social media (so, you know that we're going to get along). Late last year, he published his first book, Audience - Marketing In the Age of Subscribers, Fans & Followers. He's also the co-creator of Subscribers, Fans & Followers Research Series (which is world's first and longest-running examination of consumer relationships with brands through email, mobile, and social channels). He also loves bacon... so what's not to love? Enjoy the conversation... Here it is: Six Pixels Of Separation - The Twist Image Podcast - Episode #403 - Host: Mitch Joel. Running time: 34:33. Please send in questions, comments, suggestions - [email protected] Hello from Beautiful Montreal. Subscribe over at iTunes. Please visit and leave comments on the Blog - Six Pixels of Separation. Feel free to connect to me directly on Facebook here: Mitch Joel on Facebook. or you can connect on LinkedIn. ...or on twitter. Six Pixels of Separation the book is now available. CTRL ALT Delete is now available too! In conversation with Jeffrey Rohrs. Audience. Subscribers, Fans & Followers. Follow Jeffrey on Twitter. This week's music: David Usher 'St. Lawrence River'. Get David's song for free here: Artists For Amnesty. Download the Podcast here: Six Pixels Of Separation - The Twist Image Podcast - Episode #403 - Host: Mitch Joel. Tags: advertising podcast audience blog blogging brand business book business podcast content marketing david usher digital marketing exacttarget facebook itunes jeffrey rohrs marketing blogger marketing podcast podcast podcasting salesforce social media subscribers fans and followers research series twitter video podcast
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Welcome to the Brain Training Podcast, the daily audio workout for your head. In this podcast we have two games for you, each with three rounds which get progressively harder. To enjoy the full experience, relax, and avoid distractions whilst you listen.


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Residential Aged Care
The decision to move to residential aged care heightens emotions for all concerned. The prospect of leaving a long term home and community coupled with the complexities and processes involved can be daunting.
So please, be assured at the outset that when it comes to you and your families' concerns and priorities, we're listening.
By working with you and your loved ones, our Residential Aged Care services can be shaped and tailored to suit your needs. We strive, to deliver services that enable you – our residents to live well in a safe, friendly environment – empowered by knowing you can access additional services whenever you need them.
Our professional, friendly and caring team are expert and supportive at helping people settle in. You'll be welcomed and respected.
As a resident you will have access to our multi-disciplinary team of trained nurses, personal carers, therapists, catering and housekeeping staff.
Their collaboration provides you with access to a caring, dignified and respectful environment 24 hrs a day.
For more information just call Ph 1300 076 566, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week or make an online enquiry here.


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Styling Cross-Sells
Hi all,
I'm wondering if it's possible to style the cross-sells in the cart area separately from the store page?
Currently, my cross-sells use the exact same styling as the store page products. It looks like this is how it has been set up in woocommerce.css, and I just can't seem to do anything about it
Does anyone know a way around this?
I shouldn't have access to the internet before I have access to coffee.
I've figured out how to style the cross sells ul / li, but I still can't figure out how to change the size of the images without messing up the store design
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text:
Dr. Payam Zamani MD Patient Reviews
- Family Medicine Phoenix, AZ
Overall Rating
20 Patient Reviews
- Friendly Staff
- Promptness
- Wait Time 19.4 minutes
- Appropriate Followup
- Spends Time With Patients
- Bedside Manner
- Fair and Accurate Diagnosis
- Easy Appointments
Showing 1 - 12 reviews
1.0 of 5
November 5th, 2015
worst experience
Horrible experience. Will never return or recommend anyone use them.staff unprofessional & rude. Drs rush you and make you feel your a bother.
5.0 of 5
April 16th, 2015
Great Doc!
Great doctor. Very caring. Smart and very personable. My wife even has a crush on him.
5.0 of 5
April 1st, 2014
Best Doctor Ever
Very thorough and explained things like no one else has in the past. Great doctor. I would drive across the state to see him.
5.0 of 5
December 1st, 2013
Great Doc
Great doc. Very wise. Definitely recommend.
5.0 of 5
January 19th, 2011
I have never had a doctor who was so concerned with my mom's health and well-being. He goes way over his what would be expected and still keeps giving. He is very knowledgeble and so caring that my mom wants to go see him even when she feels good! I should add that my mom hates doctors!
5.0 of 5
June 28th, 2010
Great Doctor and Clinic
I had such a great experience here! From the moment I walked in the door, the staff was friendly and I didnt wait long to be seen. The doctor was nice and the atmosphere was comforting, unlike many urgent cares you go to these days. I took my daughter here when she had an ear infection and now we both go to Dr. Zamani, even for normal checkups. They even call us the day after our appointments to see how we are doing and to schedule future appointments. I used to have a pediatrician, a doctor for myself, and an urgent care that I would go to in emergencies. Now I have all three at the same place! I recommend this place to all my friends and family!
5.0 of 5
May 19th, 2010
Great Dr.!!
I have not had a doctor in the Valley since I moved from Texas so I wanted to go somewhere I could go for every need, including bringing my children or if I had an emergency. When I walked in the people at the front desk were very friendly and since I made my appointment in advance I didnt have to wait at all. Dr Zamani was the Dr that took care of me and he was very thorough as well as friendly. I would recommend this place to anyone!
5.0 of 5
April 6th, 2010
Great Dr and Clinic
My family loves MY DR NOW! I had expected this urgent care to be impersonal and uncomfortable like all the rest, but was pleasantly surprised. They really treat you like a human being and not just a dollar sign. While cooking a few months ago, I cut myself with a kitchen knife and had to visit MY DR NOW for stitches. I was seen within ten minutes. Dr. Zamani really takes the time to explain things to you and he is so friendly and personable. I took my kids there a few weeks later for their checkups and shots and he was great with them too! Its so nice that I have an awesome family doctor and an urgent care all in one that I can trust with my familys health.
5.0 of 5
January 13th, 2010
Dr. Zamani actually cares
I have been to see Dr. Z for both an emergency situation and a checkup and found him and his staff courteous, helpful, and pleasant. I highly recommend him.
5.0 of 5
September 29th, 2009
Dr. Zamani is amazing. He talks to you like a human and listens to you unlike most doctors. I never felt rushed, and he didn't just throw a prescription at me. Fabulous doctor - highly recommend.
1.0 of 5
July 7th, 2009
Expect to see this doctor's staff
I decided to use his MyDrNow clinic as my pcp, I have asthma and use several types of medicine daily for it, and am in my 40s, and have had it all my life. When I went in 4 times in a month and a half, they gave me my meds with 2 refills, so when my rescue inhaler ran out and I didnt have anymore refills, the pharmacy tried to get approval for this and they denied, when I called they said "our office policy is not to refill any prescription without seeing you" which is another way of saying....you have to pay to get a refill. To me this is a great idea for narcotics, but for certain types of meds, I think it is wrong, especially in this economy, my suggestion is to forget that you can get an appt in evenings, and saturdays, and go to a doctors office. Which is what I am doing. If it's urgent, but not enough for a hospital, like bandaids or something then go there, but dont use it for a pcp, even though they offer, or you will spend more $$ to be seen, over and over for the same thing, and it's funny because I thought I was saving $$, it ended up costing me more.
1.0 of 5
May 20th, 2009
His office misdiagnosed me and he refused to take any responsibility for the actions of the people he employs.
Health Guides
Nearby Doctors
Dr. Payam Zamani, MD is similar to these 3 Doctors near Phoenix, AZ.
Phoenix, AZ
Phoenix, AZ
Phoenix, AZ


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If you are under 16
If you are under 16 the law says you cannot live alone. A lot of help described here will be of no use – for example you cannot be referred to a hostel or supported accommodation, you cannot claim benefits or work full time. Some of these restrictions still apply if you are 16 but have not officially left Year 11 (at end of June). Your main options are:
Get help sorting things out with your parents. This might be from someone else in your family, or someone you get support from. Otherwise Children's Social Care may be able to help.
Living with someone else – e.g. another family member or friend's parents. They should be able to claim Child Benefit and Tax Credits for you instead of your parent(s), to support you. You may or may not have your parents' permission to live with someone else. If you are under 16 (or under 18 if you have a disability) and plan to spend more than 28 days living with someone who is not close family (for example a friend or wider family member) then Children's Social Care have to be told, so that they can make an assessment about your safety and that you will be cared for.
If you are kicked out or if it is not safe for you to live at home, Children's Social Care may get involved to work with you and your family and make a plan, or look after you if this is not possible or not a safe option. You could ask a trusted adult – for example a teacher – to refer you. Otherwise you can ring the Children's Front Door and speaking to a Social Worker. You can also ask someone at Castlegate to make a referral.
Your options change when you are 16, so you may decide to stick it out until then, and plan for the future. See also here. Some options also change when you officially leave school (at the end of June in Year 11). For example you could be referred to a hostel. Talk things through with a worker at Castlegate.


text:
Joe Panik (concussion) will begin a minor league rehab assignment Tuesday with Triple-A Sacramento.
Jon Jay will start in center field and bat leadoff Tuesday against the Reds.
Jose Peraza is not in Tuesday's lineup against the Cubs.
White Sox recalled RHP Lucas Giolito from Triple-A Charlotte.
Red Sox recalled RHP Hector Velazquez from Triple-A Pawtucket.
Red Sox placed RHP Matt Barnes on the 10-day disabled list with a low back strain.
Vince Velasquez will undergo surgery to repair a vascular issue with his right middle finger.
Michael Feliz (shoulder) is scheduled to begin a minor league rehab assignment Tuesday with Double-A Corpus Christi.


text:
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For the man with no policy – who will he pick to give him some?
Well I lie – John McCain does have at least two policies, 1, He wants more war, 2, He knows how to claim to be a POW.
But who will the old man pick for his VP running mate? The evangelicals have ruled out several of his picks already. Anyone who is pro-choice is out. McCain can't be that thick to not do as they tell him.
So it will have to be a running mate who will, like McCain, subject women to servitude and illegal abortions. He will also have to pick someone who is against sovereign governments will, against the lower paid in the US being paid better, against anyone having decent healthcare, against a strong US economy and jobs, against the environment, against real alternatives and renewable energy.
So who will this be?
John Kasich? Fox News presenter.
Probably not – I can only see two people in the race to be McCain's VP – Romney, who McCain hates or Pawlenty.
What do you think?
How Will McCain Respond? – Real Clear Politics – Elections 2008 – TIME.


text:
On July 27, 2017, the Office of Financial and Business Services held its annual conference at the Sheraton Imperial Hotel and Convention Center, Research Triangle Park. The full-day conference offered participants a variety of sessions regarding the latest legislative/budgetary updates, personnel updates, charter school updates, and other essential information about new and continuing issues concerning local education agencies and charter schools. On July 28, 2017, the Office of Charter Schools provided a half-day of sessions geared towards charter schools.
If you have any questions about the conference, please contact Alexis Schauss or Doris McCain at 919.807.3700.
Online Evaluation
Please complete this evaluation form so that we can continue to improve our conference each year. We want to ensure that you are receiving the information you need to be effective and efficient stewards of the public's education funding, and continue the improvement in student achievement.
Presentations from conferences
Conference Information
Thursday July 27 - for LEAs and charter schools (full day)
Friday July 28 - for charter schools only (half day)
Sessions Grid
(pdf, 169kb) LAST UPDATED: JULY 25, 2017


text: Title screen for Forsaken Lands operating at port 1848 of forsakenlands.org acquired by [1] Aabahran: The Forsaken Lands is a highly customized game running ROM. External LinksEdit Officially Forsaken Website] This article is a stub. You can help Muds Wiki by expanding it. Retrieved from "http://muds.wikia.com/wiki/Forsaken_Lands?oldid=5360" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Article stubs Diku Merc ROM I-has-OLC Active Games Fantasy Add category Cancel Save


text:
|Japanese Name:
|Romanized Name:
|English Name:
|First Appearance:
|Shichibukai (current), Rose Pirates (former)
|Shichibukai (current), Pirate Captain (former)
|Kyon the Plant Whiperer (獣クイーンスルゼー Kurama Plant Whisperer) ({{{2}}}?)
|27 (debut)
|May 1
|520,000,000 (formerly)
|Devil Fruit
|Japanese Name:
|Shoku Shoku no Mi
|English Name:
|Plant Plant Fruit
Kyon is one of the Seven Warlords of the Sea who is allied with the World Government. Once a pirate who was the captain of the Rose Pirates, he gave that up to be one of the Warlords following an incident where his crew was nearly annihilated by the ones in their alliance.
Kyon has bright green eyes, as well as long vibrant red hair, with two long forelocks on either shoulder and the rest on his back. While in this form, he is occasionally mistaken for a female because of his long hair and delicate features. He often wears a light-colored Chinese-style battle outfit with yellow plane and blue trim.
Kyon is perhaps one of the most narcissistic and sadistic Warlords of the Seven Warlords of the Sea. He enjoys the suffering of others at his hand and feels that those who are evil deserve nothing but the most torturous and painful death possible. He is also very stoic and emotionless, often maintaining a cold demeanor in everyday life, even in battle. Before his crew was dissolved, he was a carefree person who enjoyed having the most fun possible. He was even shown to be having fun in the most dangerous of times, highlighting his fun loving nature. However, after the incident where his crew was nearly annihilated, his mood took a turn for the worst. It is how he developed his current nature of narcissism and hatred toward world class criminals.
He most notably hates the Goshin, as they are among the most wanted men in the entire world. He is also known for his fierce battle with Raiken Montizuma, Captain of the Heatwave Pirates. Even though he was not a Goshin at the time of their encounters, he still hated him for what he has done to others and sought to make him pay for his crimes.
Powers and Abilities
As one of the Seven Warlords of the Sea, Kyon is recognized as a very powerful individual to behold. He has single handedly defeated powerful pirate crews on his own and has managed to hold his own ground agianst infamous pirates such as Raiken Montizuma (whom he was ironically forced to work with during Raiken's time as an Admiral), Aiden D. Lazlo, and Riku Di Cielo.
It is also rumored that he was able to go one on one with the Yonko Kaido, though it is not entirely true, but Kyon insists that it happened, as he has the scars to prove it. He also has fought Big Mom, a fight that was proven to be true, where the fight echoed throughout the entire world. The fight was hailed by many as, "The Fight Heard 'Round The World."
Physical Abilties:
Kyon is a fearsome fighter to go against. He is one of the few humans in the world who has mastered Fishman Karate to an extent that he is considered better than most fishmen who practice it.
Kyon is a proficent Haki user as well. He only knows Busoshoku and Kenbunshoku Haki, and is unable to use Haoshoku Haki. However, he claims that the latter Haki is, "purely useless," as he has mastered thre other two Haki types. His Busoshoku Haki is so great that it can punch straight through solid metal and even tougher mineral stones. His Kenbunshoku Haki has been trained to the extent that he can sense another person's presense from a continent away.
Devil Fruit
Main Article: Shoku Shoku no Mi
Kyon ate the Shoku Shoku no Mi, a Logia-type Devil Fruit that allows its users to create, become, and manipulate plants at their will.


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In Reply to: 9n posted by tom on July 18, 2017 at 12:40:39:
Try and post some good hi-res pictures. Ford 2N Production, Model Year 1946, produced serial numbers from 198731 to 258503. ALL 2N tractors used the 9N prefix; there was/is no such thing as a '2N' prefixed serial number. I don't know what 'various articles' you've read about Ford N-Series Serial numbers but here you go: see link
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text: Scorchfire (RPED by Mistybird) Rank: Warrior Appearance: Black and gray tom with green eyesPersonality: He is kind, but not afraid to spread gossip. Scorchfire's a better fighter than he is a hunter, but tries his best.History: He is Clan born.Family: His father is Duststrike, his mother is Swiftsand, and his sisters are Ashdusk and Briarpaw.Apprentices: None. Retrieved from "http://nightclan-roleplaying.wikia.com/wiki/Scorchfire?oldid=82388" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Warriors NightClan Cats Apprentices Toms Adoption