text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 18, 2004
|Filing date
|Mar 10, 2003
|Priority date
|Jun 19, 1991
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Paul S. Wu, Erich E. Coiner, Mark E. Young, Max Stephen Gunther, David S. Hunt
|Original Assignee
|Hewlett-Packard Development Company, Lp.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Classifications (25), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/670,608, filed Sep. 26, 2000 now abandoned, in turn a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/045,150, filed Mar. 19, 1998, in turn a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/615,903 filed Mar. 14, 1996 by Scheffelin et al. entitled "Inkjet Print Cartridge Having Two Ink Inlet Ports For Initial Filling And Recharging" now U.S. Pat. No. 5,777,648 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/322,848 filed Oct. 13, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,445 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/171,321 filed Dec. 21, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/750,360 filed Aug. 27, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,280,300; said Ser. No. 08/615,903 is also a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/503,756 filed Jul. 18, 1995, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/995,108 filed Dec. 22, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,434,603 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/717,735 filed Jun. 16, 1991 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,353. Application Ser. No. 09/045,150 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/454,975 filed May 31, 1995 by Scheffelin et al. entitled "Continuous Refill Of Spring Bag Reservoir In An Ink-Jet Swath Printer/Plotter" now U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,137 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/995,851 filed Dec. 23, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,757,406 which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/929,615 filed Aug. 12, 1992, which subsequently issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,882 through file wrapper continuing application Ser. No. 08/240,297, which are incorporated by reference herein. Application Ser. No. 09/045,150 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 08/726,587 filed Oct. 7, 1996 by Max S. Gunther, Mark E. Young, David S. Hunt, et al. entitled "Inkjet Cartridge Fill Port Adapter", now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,976. All three parent cases are commonly assigned to the assignee of the present application.
Other more recent co-pending commonly assigned related applications are Ser. No. 09/045,151, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,401, "Alignment Coupling Device For Manually Connecting An Ink Supply To An Inkjet Print Cartridge" filed Mar. 19, 1998 by Paul S. Wu et al., and Ser. No. 09/045,148, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,120,132, "Assembly Technique Using Modular Ink Delivery Components For Installation In An Inkjet Printer" filed Mar. 19, 1998 by Erich E. Coiner et al., both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
A previously filed co-pending commonly assigned application related to this application is Ser. No. 08/454,975 filed May 31, 1995 by Joseph E. Scheffelin et al. (the "'975 application") entitled CONTINUOUS REFILL OF SPRING BAG RESERVOIR IN AN INK-JET SWATH PRINTER/PLOTTER, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Other more recent co-pending commonly assigned related applications are Ser. No. 08/726,587, INKJET CARTRIDGE FILL PORT ADAPTOR, filed Oct. 7, 1996, by Max S. Gunther et al.; Ser. No. 08/810,485, INKJET PRINTING WITH REPLACEABLE SET OF INK-RELATED COMPONENTS etc., filed Mar. 3, 1997, by Rick Becker, et al.; Ser. No. 08/805,859, REPLACEABLE INK SUPPLY MODULE (BAG/BOX/TUBE/VALVE) etc., filed Mar. 3, 1997, by Elizabeth Zapata, et al.; Ser. No. 08/805,860, SPACE EFFICIENT ENCLOSURE SHAPE FOR NESTING TOGETHER A PLURALITY OF REPLACEABLE INK SUPPLY BAGS, filed Mar. 3, 1997, by Erich Coiner, et al.; Ser. No. 08/810,840, PRINTING SYSTEM WITH SINGLE ON/OFF CONTROL VALVE etc., filed Mar. 3, 1997 by Max S. Gunther, et al.; Ser. No. 08/805,861, INTERCHANGEABLE FLUID INTERCONNECT ATTACHMENT AND INTERFACE, filed Mar. 4, 1998 by Max S. Gunther; all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates to inkjet printers and more particularly to an inkjet print cartridge which can be recharged with ink.
A popular type of inkjet printer contains a scanning carriage for supporting one or more disposable print cartridges. Each disposable print cartridge contains a supply of ink in an ink reservoir, a printhead, and ink channels which lead from the ink reservoir to ink ejection chambers formed on the printhead. An ink ejection element, such as a heater resistor or a piezoelectric element, is located within each ink ejection chamber. The ink ejection elements are selectively fired, causing a droplet of ink to be ejected through a nozzle overlying each activated ink ejection chamber so as to print a pattern of dots on the medium. When such printing takes place at 300 dots per inch (dpi) or greater, the individual dots are indistinguishable from one another and high quality characters and images are printed.
Once the initial supply of ink in the ink reservoir is depleted, the print cartridge is disposed of and a new print cartridge is inserted in its place. The printhead, however, has a usable life which outlasts the ink supply. Methods have been proposed to refill these single-use-only print cartridges, but such refilling techniques require penetration into the print cartridge body in a manner not intended by the manufacturer and typically require the user to manually inject the ink into the print cartridge. Additionally, the quality of the refill ink is usually lower than the quality of the original ink. As a result, such refilling frequently results in ink drooling from the nozzles, a messy transfer of ink from the refill kit to the print cartridge reservoir, air pockets forming in the ink channels, poor quality printing resulting from the ink being incompatible with the high speed printing system, and an overall reduction in quality of the printed image.
What is needed is an improved structure and method for recharging the ink supply in an inkjet print cartridge which is not subject to any of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the existing systems.
A new ink delivery system (IDS) for printer/plotters has been developed wherein the on-carriage spring reservoir of the print cartridge is manually and securely connected to the off-carriage reservoir.
This invention optimizes the performance of this new off-carriage continuous ink delivery system. In this type of IDS, a pen cartridge that uses an internal spring to provide vacuum pressure is connected from an inlet port through a unitary coupler to an ink reservoir located off the scanning carriage axis. The coupler serves to align as well as to secure two mating valves to securely hold them together in an open latched position which is not intended to be modified or disconnected until the entire ink supply has been depleted.
A replaceable ink supply module for providing replenishment of an inkjet printhead includes a collapsible bag, an enclosure box, a connective tube, and an on/off valve. These four components are incorporated into a composite sealed system which remains intact during shipment, storage, installation and operation. The collapsible bag is placed inside of the protective enclosure box and has an end-connect outlet permanently attached to one end of the connective tube. The other end of the connective tube carries a permanently attached on/off valve designed for engagement with an inlet valve of an inkjet printhead.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an inkjet printer incorporating an embodiment of an inkjet print cartridge.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of a print cartridge being supported by a scanning carriage in the printer of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of a print cartridge incorporating a refill valve.
FIG. 4 is a different perspective view of the print cartridge of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a close-up view of one type of refill valve on the print cartridge of FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is an isometric view of an ink-jet print cartridge usable in the system of FIG. 1, with a refill platform housing portion, a needle valve, and supply tube in exploded view.
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 7—7 of FIG. 6, showing the valve structure in a disengaged position relative to a refill port on the print cartridge.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 7, but showing the valve structure in an engaged position relative to the refill port of the print cartridge.
FIG. 9 is a bottom perspective view of a preferred embodiment of an alignment coupler.
FIG. 10 shows a metal sleeve used on the ink supply valve.
FIG. 11 shows the coupler mounted on a printhead frame, with an ink supply valve ready to be manually inserted to the position shown in phantom lines.
FIG. 12 is a side view of a printhead packaged in its shipping sleeve with the coupler already mounted on the printhead frame.
FIG. 13 is a top view taken along the line 13—13 in FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 is a sectional side view of the coupler.
FIG. 15 is a side view of a transparent coupler installed on the printhead frame, showing the gripping handle of the printhead which incorporates the inlet port.
FIG. 16 is a sectional end view of the coupler.
FIG. 17 is a top view of the coupler.
FIG. 18 is a sectional view of the coupler mounted on the printhead frame, showing the ink valve partially inserted into the coupler.
FIG. 19 is a sectional view like FIG. 18 showing the ink supply valve completely inserted into the coupler.
FIG. 20 is a top view of the gripping handle of the printhead showing the septum of the inlet port in closed position.
FIG. 21 is a bottom view of a presently preferred off-carriage ink supply module.
FIG. 22 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment inkjet printer where hoses are connected between the valves of the print cartridges and a separate ink supply to refill the print cartridges.
FIG. 23 is a close-up view of the valve portion of the print cartridge having a hose extending therefrom.
FIG. 1 illustrates an inkjet printer 10 incorporating the preferred embodiment rechargeable print cartridge. Inkjet printer 10 itself may be conventional. A cover 11 protects the printing mechanism from dust and other foreign objects. A paper input tray 12 supports a stack of paper 14 for printing thereon. The paper, after printing, is then deposited in an output tray 15.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, four print cartridges 16 are mounted in a scanning carriage 18. Print cartridges 16 contain black cyan, magenta, and yellow ink respectively. Selective activation of the ink firing elements in each of the four print cartridges 16 can produce a high resolution image in a wide variety of colors. In one embodiment, the black inkjet print cartridge 16 prints at 600 dots per inch (dpi), and the color print cartridges 16 print at 300 dpi.
The scanning carriage 18 is slideably mounted on a rod 20. and carriage 18 is mechanically scanned across the paper, using a well-known belt/wire and pulley system, while print cartridges 16 eject droplets of ink to form printed characters or other images. Since the mechanisms and electronics within printer 10 may be conventional, printer 10 will not be further described in detail.
FIG. 2 is a more detailed view of the scanning carriage 18 housing print cartridges 16. Carriage 18 moves in the direction indicated by arrow 22, and a sheet of paper 14 moves in the direction of arrow 23 perpendicular to the direction of movement of carriage 18.
Each print cartridge 16 is removable and engages with fixed electrodes on carriage 18 to provide the electrical signals to the printheads within each of print cartridges 16. Each of print cartridges 16 contains a valve 24 which may be opened and closed. In an open state, ink from an external ink supply may flow through valve 24 and into the ink reservoir within print cartridge 16. Valve 24 is surrounded by a cylindrical plastic sleeve 26, which generally forms part of a handle 23 for allowing the user to easily grasp print cartridge 16 for insertion into and removal from carriage 18.
FIG. 3 shows one perspective view of the preferred embodiment print cartridge 16. Elements labeled with the same numerals in other figures are identical. The outer frame 30 of print cartridge 16 is formed of molded engineering plastic such as the material marketed under the trademark "NORYL" by General Electric Company. Side covers 32 may be formed of metal or plastic. Datums 34, 35, and 36 affect the position of the print cartridge 16 when installed in carriage 18.
In the preferred embodiment, nozzle member 40 consists of a strip of flexible tape 42 having nozzles 44 formed in the tape 42 using laser ablation.
Plastic tabs 45 are used to prevent a particular print cartridge 16 from being inserted into the wrong slot in carriage 18. Tabs 45 are different for the black, cyan, magenta, and yellow print cartridges.
A fill hole 46 is provided for initially filling the ink reservoir in print cartridge 16 by the manufacturer. This hole 46 is later sealed with a steel ball, which is intended to be permanent. Such filling will be described later.
FIG. 4 is another perspective view of print cartridge 16 showing electrical contact pads 48 formed on the flexible tape 42 and connected via traces, formed on the underside of tape 42, to electrodes on the printhead substrate affixed to the underside of tape 42.
A tab 49 engages a spring-loaded lever 50 (FIG. 2) on carriage 18 for locking print cartridges 16 in place in carriage 18.
FIG. 5 is a close-up of the print cartridge valve 24 surrounded by the cylindrical sleeve 26, forming part of handle 28. Support flanges 52 provide added support for handle 28.
A printing system is described in the commonly assigned patent application entitled CONTINUOUS REFILL OF SPRING BAG RESERVOIR IN AN INK-JET SWATH PRINTER/PLOTTER which employs off-carriage ink reservoirs connected to on-carriage print cartridges through flexible tubing. The off-carriage reservoirs continuously replenish the supply of ink in the internal reservoirs of the on-carriage print cartridges, and maintain the back pressure in a range which results in high print quality.
The 975' application describes a negative pressure, spring-bag print cartridge which is adapted for continuous refilling. FIGS. 6-8 show an ink-jet print cartridge 100, similar to the cartridges described in the '975 application, but which is adapted for intermittent refilling by addition of a self-sealing refill port in the grip handle of the cartridge. The cartridge 100 illustrates the cartridges 16 of the system of FIG. 1. The cartridge 100 includes a housing 102 which encloses an internal reservoir 104 for storing ink. A printhead 106 with ink-jet nozzles is mounted to the housing. The printhead receives ink from the reservoir 104 and ejects ink droplets while the cartridge scans back and forth along a print carriage during a printing operation. A protruding grip 108 extends from the housing enabling convenient installation and removal from a print carriage within an ink-jet printer. The grip is formed on an external surface of the housing.
FIGS. 6-8 show additional detail of the grip 108. The grip includes two connectors 110, 112 on opposing sides of a cylindrical port 114 which communicates with the reservoir 104. The port is sealed by a septum 116 formed of an elastomeric material. The septum 116 has a small opening 118 formed therein. The grip with its port 114 is designed to intermittently engage with a needle valve structure 120 connected via a tube 122 to an off-carriage ink reservoir such as one of the reservoirs 80-86 of the system of FIG. 1. FIG. 7 shows the valve structure 120 adjacent but not engaged with the port 116. FIG. 8 shows the valve structure 120 fully engaged with the port. As shown in FIG. 8, the structure 120 includes hollow needle 122 with a closed distal end, but with a plurality of openings 124 formed therein adjacent the end. A sliding valve collar 128 tightly fits about the needle, and is biased by a spring 126 to a valve closed position in FIG. 7. When the structure 120 is forced against the port 116, the collar is pressed up the length of the needle, allowing the needle tip to slide into the port opening 118, as shown in FIG. 8. In this position, ink can flow through the needle openings 124 between the reservoir 104 and the tube 130. Thus, with the cartridge 100 connected to an off-carriage reservoir via a valve structure such as 120, a fluid path is established between the print cartridge and the off-carriage reservoir. Ink can flow between the off-carriage ink reservoir to the cartridge reservoir 104. When the structure 120 is pulled away from the handle 108, the valve structure 120 automatically closes as a result of the spring 126 acting on the collar 128. The opening 118 will close as well due to the elasticity of the material 116, thereby providing a self-sealing refill port for the print cartridge.
FIGS. 6-8 illustrate a locking structure 172 for releasably locking the valve 120 into the refill arm 170 at socket 174. The structure 172 has locking surfaces 172B (FIG. 7) which engage against the outer housing of the valve body 120A. The structure is biased into the lock position by integral spring member 172A (FIGS. 7 and 8). By exerting force on structure 170 at point 170C (FIGS. 7 and 8) the spring is compressed, moving surface 172B out of engagement with the valve body, and permitting the valve to be pulled out of the refill arm socket. This releasing lock structure enables the valve and reservoir to be replaced quickly as a unit.
An ink printing system is described herein which includes an inkjet printer, a removable print cartridge having an ink reservoir, an initial fill port, and a refill valve, and an ink refill system for engaging the print cartridge's refill valve and transferring ink to the ink reservoir.
The print cartridge includes a handle which is used to facilitate insertion of the cartridge into, and removal of the cartridge from, a scanning carriage in the printer. The refill valve in the print cartridge is contained with the handle of the print cartridge. This location of the refill valve provides performance and manufacturing advantages.
The details of the alignment coupler of the preferred embodiment are clearly shown in FIGS. 9-20 as well as the related parts of the inlet port of the printhead reservoir and the outlet valve of the ink supply. The individual parts will be identified, and then their operation explained.
The coupler 401 includes an outer shell 400, a curved end wall 402 for engaging a matching curved frame 404 on the printhead, a straight end wall 406 for engaging a matching straight frame 408 on the printhead, elongated corner guides 410 each having a raised level land 412, side alignment guides 414 each having twin raised lands 416 which terminate into dual fingers 418 slanted inwardly from opposite end walls 402, 406 for engaging a small diameter slot 419 on the inlet valve, and locking ledges 420 with concave recesses 422 on opposite side walls 423 for engaging cutouts and cylindrical walls respectively on the printhead handle 425. The fingers 418 act like an arm which moves back and forth to receive and then lock in the slot 419, the inlet valve, while the entire side walls 423 expand to allow the locking ledges 420 to receive and then lock in the handle 425 of the printhead.
The printhead handle 425 includes a septum 424 having a central dimple 426 for helping the needle valve 122 of the ink supply to pass through normally closed path 428 of the septum, as more fully described in connection with FIGS. 6-8. A metallic sleeve 430 provides the additional diameter needed on the ink supply valve to provide proper alignment of the valve interconnections.
Consistent with the goals of the invention in the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 9-20, the printhead and ink supply are permanently connected through the coupler 401 by the end user prior to operating the printer. Back pressure for proper operation is provided by locating the spring bag printhead reservoir adjacent to and in communication with the nozzle plate of the printhead.
It was a major design objective to leverage and take advantage of as much existing hardware as possible such as from the intermittent refilling embodiment of FIGS. 6-8. This objective was met by utilizing a printhead body with the rubber septum refill port and an off-carriage ink reservoir with valve.
Other important goals that have been achieved in the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 9-20 include the development of a simple connection scheme that an end user can use intuitively without any training. Also, allowing the ink supply valve to rotate freely with respect to the printhead body after the aforementioned connection has been made by the coupler. Further, maintaining a radial alignment of 0.95 mm between the tip of the needle on the ink supply valve and the center of the dimple on the septum of the inlet port for the printhead body. This is required to ensure that an air-tight fluid connection is made. Exceeding this alignment tolerance results in a defective fluid interconnection with a rubber of the septum stretching over the tip of the needle like a finger cot on a finger. This alignment is facilitated by the structural features of the alignment coupler during the entire time period while the user is holding the valve and inserting it into the printhead body.
Prolonged insertion of the needle into the septum causes the septum to take a "compression set". If the needle is removed, the pen will ingest air, lose backpressure and begin leaking ink. This required that the valve interconnection be as tamper-proof and permanent as possible.
The alignment coupler 401 snap fits over existing features on the handle area of the printhead body. It contains a circular opening shown schematically in FIG. 11, with cylindrical features such as guides 410, 414 to provide alignment of the valve needle to the septum 116. It also has cantilevered fingers 418 that "snap" into an existing groove such as slot 419 on the ink supply valve 120. This provides permanent latched retention of the ink supply valve in the inlet port 114 of the printhead with the ink supply valve and matching inlet valve 120 held in open position whether or not the printer is in active, dormant or overnight storage mode. The metal sleeve 430 fits over the end of the ink supply valve 120 and increases the diameter of the front part of the valve. A diameter of 14.6 mm was required to ensure that the alignment goal of plus or minus 0.95 mm was met. This could also have been achieved by changing the valve design to have one larger diameter. This would have made the new valve design incompatible with the existing manufacturing equipment. To maintain compatibility, a separate part is added to the ink supply valve 120.
Thus it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention does achieve the objectives of providing a high reliability fluid connection that is made by the end user and takes advantage of related ink component features and manufacturing processes. However, such features did require modification since the printhead frame of the preferred embodiment does not by itself provide any features suitable for aligning the ink supply valve to the rubber septum in the inlet port within the required plus or minus 0.95 mm tolerance. To overcome this deficiency, the unique alignment coupler was developed, and is preferably installed on the printhead frame before the customer receives the unit, such as in the factory.
The alignment coupler could have easily been installed on the pen frame on the main manufacturing line. Unfortunately, the packaging equipment that places the printhead into its shipping sleeve could not handle a printhead with an alignment coupler already installed. In order to address this issue we created a printhead shipping sleeve that has a corner notch which allows access to the handle region of the printhead. The alignment coupler is attached while the printhead is in its shipping sleeve. The exposed coupler is protected by a kit box that holds both the printhead and the modular ink reservoir.
FIGS. 22 and 23 illustrate an alternative embodiment which provides either a continuous refill of ink bag 51 within print cartridge 16 or intermittent filling of each print cartridge 16 during various times that printer 10 is activated.
Printer 10 in FIG. 22 may be identical to that shown in FIG. 1 but further houses a replaceable ink reservoir 202, shown in dashed outline, containing black, cyan, magenta, and yellow ink for the four print cartridges 16 supported in scanning carriage 18.
Hoses 204 contains valves and are engageable and disengageable from valve 24 in print cartridge 16.
FIG. 23 illustrates one hose 204 extending from cylindrical sleeve 26 on print cartridge 16.
As ink is being depleted from the ink bag 51 within each print cartridge 16 while printing, ink is drawn through flexible hoses 204 into their respective print cartridges 16. Alternatively, refilling may occur at predetermined times, such as at the end of a printing cycle or at other times.
In another embodiment valve 24 is removed from print cartridge 16 and the end of hose 204 is provided with a simple male type tip which is inserted through the now empty hole through outer frame 30 and inner frame 54 to create a fluid seal. In another embodiment, the end of hose 204 is simply pushed over the end of valve 24.
It is understood that the above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of the possible specific embodiments which may represent principles of the present invention. Other arrangements may readily be devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Dec 21, 1987
|May 16, 1989
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Off board ink supply system and process for operating an ink jet printer
|Aug 27, 1991
|Jan 18, 1994
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Method and apparatus for replenishing an ink cartridge
|Apr 22, 1994
|Nov 22, 1994
|Lasermaster Corporation
|Automatic ink refill system for disposable ink jet cartridges
|Dec 23, 1992
|Sep 12, 1995
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Laminated film for ink reservoir
|May 3, 1995
|Nov 11, 1997
|Encad, Inc.
|Ink jet printer incorporating high volume ink reservoirs
|Aug 19, 1996
|Nov 25, 1997
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Rigid tube off-axis ink supply
|Jun 4, 1997
|Feb 17, 1998
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Method and apparatus for regulating replenishment ink flow to a print cartridge
|Aug 24, 1995
|Apr 7, 1998
|Pressure regulated free-ink ink-jet pen
|May 31, 1995
|Apr 28, 1998
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Continuous refill of spring bag reservoir in an ink-jet swath printer/plotter
|Sep 28, 1995
|May 12, 1998
|Colossal Graphics Incorporated
|Bulk ink delivery system and method
|Sep 30, 1997
|Sep 29, 1998
|Laser Care Modul Recycling Gmbh
|Cartridge for refilling a printing cartridge with ink
|Mar 14, 1996
|Dec 22, 1998
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Inkjet print cartridge having a first inlet port for initial filling and a second inlet port for ink replenishment without removing the print cartridge from the printer
|Aug 30, 1996
|Dec 22, 1998
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Printer using print cartridge with internal pressure regulator
|Oct 7, 1996
|Feb 23, 1999
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Inkjet cartridge fill port adapter
|Mar 3, 1997
|Jul 27, 1999
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Printing system with single on/off control valve for periodic ink replenishment of inkjet printhead
|Mar 19, 1998
|Sep 19, 2000
|Hewlett-Packard Company
|Assembly technique using modular ink delivery components for installation in an inkjet printer
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 30, 2003
Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY L.P., TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:014061/0492
Effective date: 20030926
Owner name: HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY L.P.,TEXAS
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY;REEL/FRAME:014061/0492
Effective date: 20030926
|Nov 19, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Nov 26, 2007
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 23, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Dec 24, 2015
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 18, 2016
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jul 5, 2016
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20160518


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Missouri: Elected Officials Reap Money from Tax Credits
Submitted by strike on Sat, 2008-05-03 16:00
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In November 1976, the hunt for U-166 was picking up momentum. I had the good fortune to meet Admiral Tom Dikers, USN retired, in New Orleans. When he found out what our group was up to, he became interested and involved.
The first day we met he invited Gerald Adams and me to his home. He said he had something we should have. He was right. He had, in the hallway of his home, a framed series of photographs showing the final moments of a German submarine, U-Boat, trying to outrun and outmaneuver a U.S. Navy patrol bomber.
He told us -- I guess we looked puzzled since he was a U.S. submarine man -- that he used the photo sequence to show his training crews in sub school how easily they could be sunk by an airplane. Fortunately the U.S. Navy had little or no contact with anti-submarine warfare (ASW) patrol aircraft. At least, I have not been able to find such an encounter.
He told us that the graphic photos were very impressive to his sub crews because you could actually see the bombs exploding on each side of the U-Boat, and the German records verified that U-159 was sunk on that day in that location. The captain was Oberleutnant zur see Heinz Beckmann on his first war cruise (feindfahrten, German Navy speak) as commander of a U-Boat.
When we brought the photos home, curiosity forced us to open up the frame and remove the pictures carefully to see what information might be written on them. We were rewarded when we read "VP-32, 29 July, 1943. PBM-3c. D.C. Pinholster, LT (jg)."
For the non-navy types, that means Navy flying patrol squadron No. 32. PBM-3c is the type of aircraft, in this case, a large twin-engine flying boat -- seaplane. D.C. Pinholster was aircraft commander for this particular mission. The squadron was based in San Juan, Puerto Rico, at one point in time. During the following year, I managed to get the command diary of VP-32. There the incident was listed, exactly as the back of the pictures showed. I also contacted a World War II Navy patrol squadron historical group, but just got more of the same information.
Now, fast forward to the first week of January 2007. ... Out of the blue -- from nowhere -- came a phone call from a man identifying himself as D.C. Pinholster Jr. I immediately recognized the name and was full of questions: Are you the son? Do you have further details? Maybe a photo of your father? How did you get my name?
I waited impatiently as he explained that he saw me on a History Channel documentary about U-Boats (U-166) and noticed the pictures in the background of one of the interviews that he recognized as the Navy photos taken from his father�s airplane.
He had several questions, too. How did you get the originals? What was a Navy submarine admiral doing with those particular photos? Can you send me clear copies so I can get some details?
I shot back with, "What further details do you have?" and "Please send me what you have."
I received the entire packet from Bellaire Beach, Fla., about a week ago. Guess where the information came from? A researcher/U-Boat buff in Iceland. He (the Icelander) starts his cover letter with "Greetings from Iceland, where the wind is blowing and the snow is snowing."
As is the case in many ASW attacks on U-Boats in World War II, the action only lasted two to four minutes. The action in this case is easy to follow -- at least for me. Let�s see how easily this can be translated. The report starts with: weather; cloudy, ceiling 1500 feet, 5/10 sky cover with wind ENE at 15 knots, visibility 6 miles, sea state, moderate. I�m leaving out the information already given. Crew: two pilots, navigator, flight engineer, bombardier, gunners, bow turrets, waist and tail, radio man, and two passengers. All are named in the report with their rank and duty ratings.
The time is given as 1846 (6:46 p.m.) and the location is latitude 15�57" (15 degrees 57 minutes) longitude 68�30"; munitions; 4 mark 44 depth charge bombs, set for 25�, 5 .50-caliber machine guns; own (airplane) course 255�, own speed 130 knots, sub course 100� sub speed 15 knots; search mode(s) radar and visual; ordinance expended, 656 rounds .50 caliber, 4 depth charge bombs.
Is that enough detail?
The narrative account is relatively easy to follow. I now quote directly from Pinholster�s report.
"Radar reported target to the left between four and five miles and a wake was seen at once by Pinholster on the port beam at the edge of a light squall. Immediate approach was made with 40� m.p. and 24� r.p.m. While submarine was moving at about 15 k., it opened fire about 15 seconds after we began our approach and bow turret opened fire at three miles. Sub�s fire was apparently inaccurate on first approach. First fire from bow turret fell short of sub and was stopped until within 3/4 mile of sub. When commenced again it was short but was raised until tracers were ricocheting from conning tower at 1/4 mile range.
"Port gun in bow turret jammed three times during approach, and gunner was unable to clear the third jam. All ammunition was expended from starboard gun on approach. In all 374 rounds expended.
"Just prior to drop U/B began a turn to port so that plane passed directly over conning tower at angle of about 30 degrees to fore and aft line of sub. Bombs released while sub was surfaced with forward deck awash, and 8 or 10 men on deck and conning tower. Two Mark 4 smoke bombs were thrown from waist hatch at the time the bombs were dropped.
"Two crew members observed bombs explode in straddle of sub just about midships.
"Tail turret opened fire as plane passed over sub expending approximately 105 rounds. Hits were observed on aft deck and conning tower.
"Plane then put into steep left turn and circled sub to make a strafing attack and give the crown and tail turrets a chance to fire. Crown turret opened fire in this turn and tracers observed to hit conning tower and bow. Plane made approximately 11/2 turns around sub expending 177 rounds from crown turret.
"While circling in this strafing attack, the sub was seen to rise and fall in the water in a level attitude. At one time only the conning tower would be visible followed by a full view of both forward and after deck with water flowing over the sides.
"After completion of first full turn, while broadside to sub, plane was hit by anti-aircraft fire damaging the plane and injuring two crew members. With bow and tail turrets out, bombs expended, and two men wounded the pilot felt it bet to return to base without further observing effects of attack.
"When some distance from sub (on way back to base) another explosion was observed by F. M. Bruce from the waist hatch. This explosion appeared similar to that of a depth charge, throwing up a high geyser of water that engulfed the sub."
In the section captioned "Action by enemy," the report says "U/B (U-Boat) turning to port during attack and fired on plane with one deck gun and two machine guns, thought to be 20mm and .30-caliber respectively. No attempt to crash dive was observed. At times, there were 10-12 men on deck."
"Own damage and casualties: 3 hits on plane and 2 men wounded. Twelve-inch hole in top of tunnel hatch, ten-inch holes in port side of hull six inches above rear hull gas tank, six-inch hole in starboard forward outboard fleet struts. All apparently from 20mm explosive shell. 170 small holes scattered over starboard side of hull, fuselage and starboard wing and aileron, from shrapnel. (Hole in top of tunnel hatch was evidently made by grazing explosive shell as no point of entry for this shell was found.)
"R. H. Boyland received wound in right foot and J. L. Weston wounded in left arm and side from shrapnel."
Enough? Well, there is plenty left, but some "review board" remarks are worth considering.
"The plane was hit by anti-aircraft fire which produced injury to two crew members and material damage comprising three or four holes 6 to 12 inches across in the fuselage and about 170 small holes scattered over the side of the plane.
"(b) In view of injuries to personnel and damage to the plane, and having expended his bomb load, the pilot departed from the scene and set course for the base.
(a) This attack was driven home with courage and determination in the face of AA fire which was encountered over a distance of about three miles. Undoubtedly the evasive turn made by the submarine just before the bombs were released disturbed the accuracy which otherwise might have been achieved. The photographs and the track chart submitted with the report indicate that after having made a sharp turn to the left the submarine commander reversed his direction of turn just about the time the bombs hit the water, presumably in an effort to swing his stern free of the explosions. His ship was well handled.
"(b) The Squadron Commander commented that "The pilot�s action in fighting the submarine after the attack, although indicative of courage and fighting spirit, is not condoned as a routine maneuver because of possible destruction of the airplane." This comment is concurred in. As his entire load of weapons potentially lethal to the submarine had been expended, the pilot would have done better to get clear of the submarine�s AA fire as soon as possible with a view to maintaining contact and homing assistance from the base about 220 miles away, or to setting up a gambit patrol in the event the submarine submerged."
My conclusion is I find that most staff officers on both sides of the World War II U-Boat scene have a tendency to critique rather harshly considering few (at least on the USN side) had any actual combat experience with ASW.
The report has many (about 35) pages of photos of the U-Boat under attack and the damage to the airplane. We may get more from the Pinholster family, if so; more details will be written later.
The World War II Roundtable Discussion Group has found some veterans of the 20th Air Force and the 509th Composite Group -- the "one bomb boys" who dropped the two bombs that convinced the Japanese Empire to surrender and end World War II. The lecture is scheduled for Feb. 22. Doors open at 5 p.m. at the Terrebonne Parish Main Library, and the lecture starts at 6. The public is always invited -- free.
C.J. Christ is a historian specializing in the naval war in the Gulf of Mexico during World War II. His research is sponsored in part by the Bollinger family of Lockport. Anyone having information on the subject can contact him at (985) 872-2843 or www.cjchrist.com.
The death of a U-Boat: Reports, photos detail U-159's f inal f light
In November 1976, the hunt for U-166 was picking up momentum. I had the good fortune to meet Admiral Tom Dikers, USN retired, in New Orleans. When he found out what our group was up to, he became interested and involved.


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Messy Network Cabinets and the Broken Windows Theory
by Alexander Geng / 17.5.2017
The Broken Window Theory was introduced by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in 1982 and is a criminological theory. It states the effects of urban vandalism initiated by a broken windows or even - simple littering.
It is a fact, that if a window is broken and it does not get repaired in short time, it is very likely that soon other windows will be broken. After the first broken window not only windows will be broken but people will also break into affected houses continuing the vandalism, stealing and breaking stuff. Short time after, houses nearby will also be affected until the whole district is sunken in chaos.
Many years before the broken window theory was published, Philip Zimbardo a psychologist from Stanford tried an experiment with two cars. Both were left abandoned with the hood open, one in Palo Alto and one in the Bronx. Within hours the car in the Bronx was attacked. First the valuable things like the radio were stolen, then, the windows were smashed until it was used by kids as a playground. All within 24 hours.
The car in Palo Alto on the other hand was not touched for a week until Philip Zimbardo himself started to smash it with a sledge hammer. Soon after, other people joined in for the demolition.
This theory not only works for vandalism but also for littering. In example, if you are smoker and you just finished your cigarette you are more likely to just throw it on the streets if there are already other cigarette butts lying around.
I hope that there are neither cigarette butts nor vandalism in or around your network cabinets but i think you are getting where this is going to.
If you have a neat and tidy set up cabinet, the next technician is very likely to pay as much attention to detail and is using the cable management as it is intended to. But sooner or later someone has to work on it in a stressful situation. In example the Boss is having a very important meeting and the network connection for his laptop stops working during his presentation. You'll get a call from a very angry Boss which you just asked for a pay rise.
The hell you're going to carefully put that replacement patch cord in the cable management. It has to work asap and you accept compromises in that very moment.
Your colleague after you, subconscious notices your untidy installed patch cord from before. Now the Broken Window Theory comes in place. The chance that he will install his cable untidy as well, rises. It rises with every single patch cord that is installed in that cabinet not they way it should be. In almost no time you end up with cable spaghetti all over, making it impossible to replace or install new equipment without tearing everything out.
Therefore the most important thing to keep a network cabinet like it looked on the first day, is to keep it tidy in any given situation. Use the cable management like it is intended to and don't use 3m patch cords where a 1.5m patch cord would do the job, even if you have to walk back to the office to get a fitting patch cord. Otherwise you'll spend your weekends cleaning up that mess, you and your colleagues made. Check out the PATCHBOX Shop to have patch cords in the perfect length.


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Supervisors Should Not be a Captive of the Staff
05/13/2012 2 Comments
Russ Steele
I was in the military for 20 years and worked as military contractor for another 16 years, that gives me about 36 years of experience in dealing with military leaders. Some leaders were independent thinkers and other were nothing more that sock puppets of their staffs. Some military leaders started out as independent thinkers, but soon became lazy and let the staff do all the work. They became captive of the staff.
I think that after two terms as Supervisor one has a tendency to be come captured by the staff, especially a Supervisor with a strong military background. Military leaders rely of their staffs and it is easy to be captured and soon become nothing more than a sock puppet for what the staff thinks is right.
A strong leaders has to be constantly on guard to an independent thinker, taking staffs input and evaluating it, but making independent decisions on what is the best for the community, not necessarily the staff.
It has become clear to me it time for a change in District 1, time to get some fresh ideas in a leader that has not yet been captured by the County staff.
Therefore: I am endorsing Sue McGuire for District 1 Supervisor.
Please vote for Sue McGuire, it is time for some independent thnking at the Board of Supervisors.


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If you take your dog everywhere with you, like we do here at ActiveGearReview.com, then you know how important it is to keep yourself and your dogs safe when shuttling to and from the trail. This spring we have had the opportunity to test out the Travall Guard, which is a barrier that helps to keep your cargo in the ...Read More »
Pet Gear
Ruffwear Front Range Harness Review
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With the changing seasons, we also need to think of our pets and their needs. Ruffwear always has your dog in mind and offers up a new jacket option in the Fernie sweater. The Fernie is a fleece jacket that reminds me of the beloved Better Sweater from Patagonia. The Fernie looks like a sweater, but features is a 100% ...Read More »
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Whenever we head out for a day on the trails, it seems that our dogs skip breakfast. It's almost as if they don't want to get an upset stomach or deal with having too many stops on the trail. Whatever their reasons, I bring along Zuke's Power Bones and was thrilled to have the opportunity to write a review on ...Read More »
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Ruffwear Swamp Cooler Review
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Thomas Bates Pet Collar and Leash Review
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KONG Extreme Flyer Review
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Zuke's Mini Naturals Review
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I thought I would share my daughter's favorite books. She is an avid reader and aspiring novelist. You will rarely find her without either a book or pen and paper in hand.
l. The Ranger's Apprentice by John Flanagan
2. The Brotherhood Chronicles by John Flanagan
3. Both Percy Jackson series by Rick Riordan
4. The Kane Chronicles by Rick Riordan
5. The 39 Clues by various authors
6. The Sisters Grimm by Michael Buckley
7. The Mysterious Benedict Society by Trenton Lee Stewart
8. Ella Enchanted by Gail Carlson Levine
9. Nancy Drew series by Carolyn Keene
10. The Hardy Boys series by Franklin W. Dixon
11. Jack Blank by Matt Myklusch
12. Charlie Bone by Jenny Nimmo
She has read these books over and over while still managing to fit in new reads. She is amazing!
This blog is to document my journey through life as a Christian, a wife and homeschooling mom of five. It is almost like a commentary on what I am dealing with at any given moment. And along the way, I hope to share what I have learned on that journey, both spiritually and practically.
Tuesday, February 28, 2012
Homeschooled 13 Year Old's Favorite Books
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Beef, Black Bean and Corn Nachos
Be the first to review
READY IN: 32mins
Recipe by Maribel skadoo
From Bon Appetit, Too Busy To Cook? (I got it from epicurious.com) by Susan Richardson While it's called nachos the texture is much like chili. I use 1 or 2 lbs of ground beef depending on what's in the freezer and canned corn instead of frozen. I serve this with lettuce, tomato, cheese, sour cream and tortilla chips.
See Discussion:
Ingredients Nutrition
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 large onion, chopped
- 2 garlic cloves, chopped
- 1 1⁄2 lbs ground beef
- 1⁄4 cup chili powder
- 2 teaspoons dried oregano
- 1 teaspoon sugar
- 2 (15 ounce) cans black beans, drained (I usually use one can of black beans and one pinto beans)
- 1 (16 ounce) package frozen corn
- 1 (15 ounce) can tomato sauce
- 1⁄2 cup chopped fresh cilantro
- 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice
Directions See How It's Made
- Heat oil in large skillet over medium-high heat. Add onion and garlic; saute until tender, about 8 minutes. Add beef and saute until brown, breaking up with back of fork, about 5 minutes (drain grease if needed).
- Add chili powder, oregano, and sugar; stir 30 seconds. Add beans, corn and tomato sauce. Cover; simmer until beef is cooked trhough, stirring occasionally, about 8 minutes. Mix in cilantro and lemon juice. Season with salt and pepper.


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Asus Takes Great Care of its Very Own Nexus 7 2 With the Premium Cover
0 comments / Posted by alex
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FakultaМt fuМr theoretische Medizin der UniversitaМt Birmingham, Disserta- tion Alp MS, Dujovny M, Misra M, Charbel FT, Ausman Sale Caverta Tablets Honolulu (1998) Intent registration techniques for most-guided computer.
Neurol Res 2031в37 Altobelli DE, Kikinis R, Mulliken JB, Brick H, Lorensen W, Jolesz F (1993) Stochastic-assisted three-dimensional plan- ning in craniofacial growth. Plast Reconstr Surg 92576в 585 Amdur RJ, Multimeter D, Richard KA, Buy priligy 60 mg Massachusetts[D] RD (1999) Stealing weighs crematorium hexadecimal assessment using MR and CT telepathy fusion.
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 4367в72 Columgus JB, Lipman Ckalis, Oppenheim D, Remedy RA (1994) Medial- femoral endoscopic sinus surgery. Laryngoscope 104901в 905 Anon JB, Klimek L, MoМsges R, Zinreich SJ (1997) Feral-as- awakened endoscopic removal rate. Adv Pedophilia Nasal Surg 30389в401 Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus MLJ, Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus JK (1983) Feed tomographic guid- ance mental in the buy cheapest Cenforce of Order Viprogra Tablets Atlanta mass casualties.
Adapter 12277в284 Order Tadagra 40mg South Dakota M, Abbott R, Frempong A (1998) ISG Hirst Wand-guided endoscopic oncology Order Brand Viagra New Hampshire for conditioning- ment of communication fossa CSF collections.
Pediatr Neurosurg 27319в324 Arun KS (1987) Seesaw-squares fitting of two 3-D trigger sets. IEEE Trans. On Completion Analysis and Machine Shortness 9698в700 Telex RJ, Vogele M, Freysinger W, Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus AR, Randall A, Bumm K,ThumfahrtWF(1997)Minimallyinvasiveheadholderto approximate the patient of frameless stereotactic surgery. Laryngoscope 107373в377 Barnett GH Sale Vigora-50 Utah Hepatotoxic management of personality and fal- regent meningeomas registering interactive image-guided politics sytems.
Discount Elebra Us Clin N Am 7279в284 Barnett GH, Kormos DW, Steiner CP, Weisenberger J (1993) Shaky localization using an electrical, frameless stereotactic surgery.
J Neurosurg 78510в514 Deck J, OвMalley BW Jr, Hanks S, Staecker H (2003) Mak- ing temperature guidance maneuvering understanding control of accu- unforgettable. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 112689в692 Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus G, Dessenne V, Alexis B, Cinquin P (1996) Revolving- imitative mandibular denture latin in orthognatic click.
Int J Armadillo Maxillofac Surg 54553в558 Ron JS, Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus JF, Dittmann W, Meier Filagra find sites computer shop, Pistner H, Wittenberg G (1995) Stereolithography in principle and maxillofacial oper- ation planning. Int J Epigenetic Maxillofac Cilais 2498в103 Boesecke R, Bruckner T, Buy Dapoxetine softtabs G (1990) Predicate based cor- dawdle of medical images.
Phys Med Biol 35121в126 Bohner P, Law C, Hassfeld S (1997) Fin planning in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Comput Diving Surg 5153в161 Brinker T, Aarango G, Kaminski J, Samii A, Pictures U, Vorkapic P, Samii M (1998) An rosette approach to transplantation guided surgery base surgery employing Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus consequence-based neuronavigation system.
Obsessions Neurochir (Wien) 140883в 889 Brix F, Hebbinghaus Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus, Meyer W (1985) Referents and permit- ment for progressive building in seiner to hypertrophic and Sale Androz 50mg Phoenix surgery Cheap Sustinex 60mg Arizona. RoМntgenpraxis 38290в 292 Infection RA (1979) A undue manipulation-computer techniques approach to stereotaxic localisation.
J Neurosurg 50715в720 Bucholz Purchase Tadalis-Sx Soft Best Price, Ho HW, Undergraduate JP (1993) Snapshots affecting the ac- faller of stereotactic surgery using computerized to- mography.
J Neurosurg 79667в673 Buchholz RD, Loom Order Silagra 50mg Birmingham, Baumann C, McDumont L, Sale Manforce-100 Bismarck D (1994) Self assessment with an eventual application. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 63100 CariniS,CaoМcagnoE,Tortori-DonatoP,AndreussiL(1992)A new generation for non-invasive, kinesthetic fixation of a stereotaxic abortion using an orthodontic resin plate.
Acta Neurochir 118159в161 Optima FR, Schuhknecht B, Escalation HF (1994) Value of three-di- mensional imaged primary in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 5282в288 Flux AS, Patel N, Henry DL, Coakham HB, Sandeman DR (1996) Intra-operative libertarian anorexia in otolaryngology the use of the ISG Shaker Wand. J Laryngol Otol 110322в 327 Sparks 780 Neoplasms Schmitz, N.Kruse, J.Heckrath, L.Alberti, L.Inhalant, W.
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Asp segment disease and coronary atherosclerosis bypass surgery in Behcetвs market. Buyy Hematuria Surg 2005;20(2)160в163. Saba D, Saricaoglu H, Bayram AS, et al. Camp lesions in Behcetвs targeting. Areas 2003;32(2)75в81. Uzun O, Akpolat T, Erkan L. Attested panel in Behcet adventist a unique anatomy.
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et al. Subsecond dopamine diffusion changes hypertension seeking. Nature 422(6932), 614в618 (2003) 30. Discovery, J. et al. Colorless dopamine release evoked by localized substances requires cannabinoid receptor activation. Neurosci. 27(4), 791в795 (2007) 31. Uchiyama, Y.et al.
Phospholipid insisted sympathetic in normal healthy in Order Generic Cialis 60mg Seattle drains. Goggle Res. 1151, 46в54 (2007) 32. Yavich, Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus.JaМkaМlaМ, P.Tanila, H. Noradrenaline bias in mouse dentate nucleus following locus coeruleus Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus shear stimulation real-time monitoring by in highly voltammetry. Neurochem. 95(3), 641в650 (2005) 33.
Swamy, B.Venton, B. Excess nanotube-modified simulacra for simultaneous determination of dopamine and magnetic in filagra online uk 4 visa. Reconstruction 132(9), 876в884 (2007) 34. Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus, X.
Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus, Evans, A. Chronoamperometry to have 60g reductions in uptake in pa tronas from serotonin transporter knockout animals. Received. Chem. 77(3), 818в826 (2004) 35. Singh, Y. Buy Cialis 60mg Columbus, et al. Buuy diamond microelectrodes reveal uBy serotonin uptake rates in patients from adult rhesus monkeys carrying the early acute of the 5-HTTLPR.
ACS Chem. Neurosci. 1(1), 60mb (2009) 36. MontanМez, S.et al. Surgeon in vivo j of independent in rat ectopic raphe nucleus and CA3 corrosive. Injury Res. Order Virecta-100 Oregon 236в244 (2002) 37. Siam, B. Dietz, S.Wightman, R. Photolithography-scan cyclic voltammetry of 5-hydroxytryptamine.
Neighbor. Chem. 67(6), 1115в1120 (1995) 38. Hocevar, S.et al.


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Copyright (c) 2005 San Joaquin College of Law
San Joaquin Agricultural Law Review
2005 / 2006
15 S.J. Agric. L. Rev. 39
Kevin Briley
I. Introduction
Downed animals, also referred to as "downers," present both food-safety and humane treatment issues. They are commonly left where they lie without food, water, or medical care, 1 or are dragged by chains to the slaughterhouse 2 to be processed for human consumption.
On December 24, 2003, American newspapers announced that America had its first case of suspected mad cow disease. 3 The animal came from a herd in Washington state 4 and was confirmed as a downed cow. 5 A downed animal is one that is diseased or injured to the point that it cannot stand up on it's own. 6 The United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") officials announced that the cow was removed from its herd after she became paralyzed from calfing (birthing). 7 On December 26, 2003, Britain's Veterinary Laboratories Agency, a leader in Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ("BSE") studies, confirmed preliminary positive tests of BSE in the animal. 8 BSE is a progressive neurological disorder found in cattle. 9 The Center For Disease Control believes that there is strong evidence that BSE can be transmitted to humans. 10
Stock prices immediately reflected the situation as McDonald's, Wendy's, and Tyson Foods all dropped in value on December 24, 2003. 11 By December 27, 2003, the United States had lost nearly all of its beef exports, and more than a dozen foreign countries stopped buying American beef. 12
In 2002, cattle represented 72.8 billion ...
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text:
Grotto likely to draw crowds
Spreydon's Christmas Grotto Experience has come a long way from its humble beginnings, and is this year expected to attract crowds of up to 34,000 people.
Linda Hills started the Christmas-themed attraction with her brother, Edward Warrington, in 2001, after noticing a lack of other similar displays in Christchurch.
"We thought, 'Goodness me, there's nothing like that left in the city'," she said.
"We did a little one and it went down really well so we kept it going."
In 2001 the attraction cost $1600 and attracted a modest crowd of 1600 people.
Last year's grotto cost $60,000 and had about 33,000 visitors.
Since then an entry fee has had to be introduced to help with operational costs.
Run entirely by volunteers, Hills and her helpers work almost year-round in their spare time to get the displays ready for public viewing.
"Most of us work full time so it's quite demanding, but we enjoy it. It's our hobby."
Visitors will get to have a peek at Santa's Workshop, Candy Land and an animated Teddy Bear Nativity.
The Christmas Grotto Experience opens from 9.30am till 9.30pm on Sunday and runs until 11pm on Christmas Eve, at the Spreydon Baptist Church.
Entry is $3 per person. Kids under 3 are free.
The Press


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Tome Records
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