text: Divisions and Programs Home Page Site Directory Help Missouri Department of Natural Resources Division of Environmental Quality Forms and Permits Publications News and Public Notices State Parks Halpnrlar O site 9 state Air Pollution Control Program Air Quality Data System Air Program Advisory Forum Commissions and Boards Gateway Vehicle Inspection Program Inspection and Maintenance (l/M) Permits Publications and Reports Report an Environmental Problem Laws and Regulations State Plans 2001 Annual Report The Air Pollution Control Program produces an annual report to provide Missouri residents information about the status of air quality in the state. The publication is made available here in electronic format. The publication is divided into chapters for quicker download. Cover Page (06/02) 78 KB Regional and Satellite Offices Introduction and Table of Contents (06/02) 20 KB Chapter 1: 2001 Air Quality Highlights (06/02) 101 KB Chapter 2: Missouri Emissions Inventory System (MoEIS) and Electronic Permit Application (06/02) 1 8 KB Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Major Air Pollutants (06/02) 18 KB > Clean Air Standards and Health Effects of Air Pollution (06/02) 47 KB Air Quality Monitoring Sites in Missouri (06/02) 108 KB Missouri's Air Quality (06/02) 36 KB Ozone in Missouri (06/02) 21 KB o Ozone in St. Louis (06/02) 272 KB o Ozone in Kansas City (06/02) 18 KB Chapter 8: Lead in Missouri (06/02) 147 KB Chapter 9: PM2.5 in Missouri (06/02) 251 KB Chapter 10: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO) (06/02) 40 KB Chapter 11: Air Pollution Information on the Internet (06/02) 28 KB Chapter 12: About the Air Pollution Control Program (06/02) 30 KB Chapter 13: Missouri Air Conservation Commission (06/02) 30 KB Chapter 14: Regional Haze and 2001 Rules Update (06/02) 92 KB Air Quality Information (06/02) 15 KB Glossary (06/02) 17 KB Land | Air | Water | GIS | Kids and Education | Energy | State Parks | Grants and Loans | Security and Privacy | State Home Page | Site Directory | Waste and Recycling | Historic Preservation | Job Opportunities | DNR Store | Search | Missouri Department of Natural Resources P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102 800-361 -4827 / 573-751 -481 7 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Revised on Monday July 05 2010 G Missouri Department of Natural Resources Air and Land Protection Division Missouri Department of Natural Resources Air Pollution Control Program P.O. Box 176 Jefferson City, MO 65102-0176 (573) 751-4817 www.dnr.state.mo.us/air.htm TABLE OF CONTENTS 2001 Air Quality Highlights 2 Missouri Emissions Inventory System 8 Electronic Permit Application. ..8 Major Air Pollutants 9 Clean Air Standards and Health Effects of Air Pollution..lO Air Quality Monitors in Missouri 12 Missouri's Air Quality 14 Ozone in Missouri 16 Ozone in St. Louis 17 Controlling St. Louis Ozone Ozone in Kansas City 21 Controlling Kansas City Ozone Lead in Missouri 22 PM2.5 in Missouri 24 Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations 25 Air Pollution Information on the Internet 26 About the Air Pollution Control Program 27 Missouri Air Conservation Commission 29 Air Quality Information 33 Glossary 34 Introductio As a recipient of federal funds, the Missouri Departmentof Natural Resources does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, age, sex, or disability. Any person who believes he or she has suffered discrimination may file a complaint with the Departmentof Natural Resources or with the Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Departmentof the Interior, Washington, D.C., 20240. Air is essential to the lives of all Missourians. Air surrounds our lives everywhere we go, at the grocery store, at work, even in bed sleeping. Because the quality of the air is so important to good health, the Department of Natural Resources' Air Pollution Control Program works diligently to keep the air clean and safe. Protecting Missouri's air quality requires a cooperative effort by everyone. The Air Pollution Control Program works with Missouri residents, businesses and industry, and federal, state and local governments in order to protect and improve the air everyone breathes. Having everyone work together is important in helping maintain clean air. Because protecting Missouri's air quality is a cooperative effort, the Air Pollution Control Program wants to keep everyone involved and informed. It is important that Missouri residents know how air pollution is created and how it affects their lives. The Air Pollution Control Program wants residents to understand what is being done in their state as well as what they can do in their lives to control air pollution. This report is one method the Air Pollution Control Program uses to distribute information to Missouri residents. This report contains information about the health impact of air pollutants, describes the major types of air pollutants, the actions taken to control air quality and the major milestones in Missouri air quality in the past year. Visit our Website at www.dnr.state.mo.us/air.htm for more information on: ■ Vehicle emissions testing; ■ Regulations for businesses and industry; ■ Publications; ■ Open burning regulations; ■ Current air quality in St. Louis and Kansas City; ■ Operating Permits on Public Notice. More information on the bold faced terms throughout the report can also be found in the Glossary at the end of the report. After reading this report, if you have questions, please call the Air Pollution Control Program at 1-800-361-4827. Missouri's air quality has improved over the past decade, and with everyone's cooperation, the Air Pollution Control Program will continue to improve the air you breathe. 001 Air Quality Highligh Ground-Level Ozone in St. Louis Throughout the 2001 ozone season, only two ozone exceedances oc- curred in the St. Louis area. This rep- resents an increase of one from the 2000 ozone season. The St. Louis area has a good opportunity to attain the National Ambient Air Quality Stan- dard (NAAQS) for ozone in 2002. St. Louis has implemented several control strategies in recent years to re- duce ground-level ozone, including the use of a cleaner-burning reformu- lated gasoline. The Stage II vapor re- covery program put special nozzles on all area gasoline pumps to catch fumes during re-fueling. The St. Louis community also launched a ve- hicle emissions inspection program, the Gateway Clean Air Program, in 2000. St. Louis area residents made volun- tary choices to help reduce ozone, such as carpooling, waiting to fill their cars up until after 5:30 p.m., tak- ing the bus and avoiding the use of charcoal lighter fluid. For more infor- mation regarding ground-level ozone in St. Louis, see page 17. Gateway Clean Air Program The Gateway Clean Air Program en- tered its second year of operation as a primary part of Missouri's efforts to bring St. Louis into attainment with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ozone regulations. The program celebrated a milestone when it conducted its one millionth vehicle emissions test on Sept. 25, 2001. The program tests vehicles in St. Louis, St. Charles and Jefferson counties and in the city of St. Louis, using a new enhanced emissions test- ing procedure. Also, vehicle emis- sions testing entered the second year of operation in Franklin County, using an improved basic idle emis- sions test. More information about this program can be found in the Gateway Clean Air Program Annual Report and is available by visiting the following Web sites: gatewaycleanair.com, www.dnr.state.mo.us /alpd /apcp /gcap/ or www.cleanair-stlouis .com /gcap / . Fuels The Missouri Department of Natural Resources continues to develop meth- ods for the St. Louis and Kansas City areas to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that con- tribute to the formation of ground- level ozone. St. Louis is required to reduce VOCs due to its status as an ozone nonattainment area, while the Kansas City reductions are contin- gency controls in response to viola- tions of the federal health-based ozone standard in 1995 and 1997. Stage II Vapor Recovery is one of the most effective means of reducing ozone violations. The department has developed the Missouri Perfor- mance Evaluation Test Procedures (MOPETP) to ensure that the Stage I and II vapor recovery equipment in the St. Louis ozone nonattainment area meet the mandatory 95 percent efficient requirement. The MOPETP is a comprehensive set of tests designed to determine the efficiency of gasoline vapor recovery systems and compo- nents. The department's Air Pollution Control Program approved a vapor recovery system called the Balance System. To date, nine different manu- facturers of vapor recovery equip- ment have been tested and approved. These manufacturers hold MOPETP approvals for more than 100 compo- nents of the Balance System vapor re- covery equipment. - 2- As of Jan. 1, 2001, only MOPETP-ap- proved systems and components are authorized for use in the St. Louis ozone nonattainment area. Auto manufacturers are in the process of conducting "Novel Facility" MOPETP testing to demonstrate these unique initial fueling facilities meet the efficient requirements. An operating permits process is used to ensure that vapor recovery equip- ment continues to function properly after being installed. To date, all serv- ice stations in the St. Louis ozone nonattainment area have applied for and received an initial operating per- mit. The operating permit requires fa- cilities to pass tests prior to receiving a renewed operating permit. Operat- ing permits are renewed on a five- year cycle. Federal reformulated gasoline (RFG) has been required at retail gasoline stations in the St. Louis ozone nonat- tainment area since June 1, 1999. Federal RFG is a gasoline formula de- signed to burn cleaner by adjusting the amount of various components already found in conventional gaso- line. RFG is required all year, not just during the summer. It reduces ex- haust emissions and evaporative emissions. RFG is administered and enforced by EPA. Phase II of the RFG program, which began Jan. 1, 2000, requires additional emission reduc- tions compared to Phase I RFG. Phase II RFG requires a minimum of 25 percent VOC reductions, a 20 per- cent reduction in air toxins, and a five to seven percent reduction in NO x emissions. Another important benefit of RFG is that it helps ensure the ve- hicles emission control equipment continues to perform well throughout the life of the vehicle. In 2001, low Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) gasoline was used during the summer months in the Kansas City ozone maintenance area. During summer months, low RVP gasoline evaporates less than conventional gasoline, which reduces emissions of VOCs. Low RVP gasoline was first required in St. Louis in 1994 and in Kansas City in 1997. In early 2001, an amendment to lower the summer RVP requirement in Kansas City from 7.2 pounds per square inch (psi) to 7.0 psi beginning June 1, 2001, was adopted. The 7.0 psi RVP require- ment will help Kansas City maintain compliance with the national ozone standard. St. Louis Attainment Date Extension The 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act set a deadline of Nov. 15, 1996, for complying with the ozone standard, but the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) realized that some areas may be affected by air pollution transported from outside of nonattainment areas. In response to this realization, EPA allowed areas in- cluding St. Louis to apply for exten- sions to the attainment deadline. The St. Louis nonattainment area clearly demonstrated that emissions that came from outside the area were ad- versely impacting the air quality. On June 26, 2001, EPA published a final rule in the Federal Register granting an attainment date exten- sion for the St. Louis ozone nonat- tainment area. The St. Louis area re- tains its moderate nonattainment classification and has a new attain- ment deadline of Nov. 15, 2004. EPA determined that the plans submitted by Missouri and Illinois included suf- ficient control measures to demon- strate that the St. Louis area will reach the national ambient air qual- ity standard. With this attainment date extension, the area avoids reclassification to seri- ous nonattainment status and more stringent construction permitting re- quirements. The extension allows the area time to show that the air quality plan being implemented will achieve cleaner air. Ozone Transport Because some nonattainment areas are affected by air pollution from sources outside the area, initiatives involving the study of transported emissions and regional controls are becoming more common. In October 1998, EPA issued a rule, known as the Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x ) State Im- plementation Plan (SIP) Call. This NO x SIP Call would have required Missouri to reduce emissions of NO x , a commonly transported air pollutant that contributes to ozone formation. EPA's modeling indicated that the transport of pollutants from Missouri contributes to ozone problems in Illi- nois, Indiana, Michigan and Wiscon- sin. After several legal challenges, the EPA's NO x SIP Call became effective for 19 of the 22 originally named states, excluding Missouri, Georgia and Wisconsin. In 2000, the Missouri Air Conserva- tion Commission adopted a state- wide rule to reduce NO x emissions. Missouri's statewide NO x rule is in- tended to improve air quality in the St. Louis ozone nonattainment area. Missouri's statewide NO x rule, 10 CSR 10-6.350, will reduce the emis- sions of NO x from electric generating units and establish a NO x emissions trading program for the entire state. Some facilities have started reducing their NO x emissions ahead of sched- ule and have requested early reduc- tion credits under the program. EPA published a NO x SIP call for Missouri on Feb. 22, 2002, in the Fed- eral Register. At this time, Missouri is evaluating the current statewide NO x regulation and the NO x SIP call to determine what Missouri's re- sponse will be. - 3 - Emissions Banking and Trading The department participated in the creation of an amendment to the Mis- souri Air Conservation Law, which mandates the development of an emissions banking and trading pro- gram for the nonattainment and maintenance areas in Missouri. This legislation became effective Aug. 28, 2001. It requires the Missouri Air Conservation Commission to adopt a rule that will establish a "Missouri Air Emissions Banking and Trading Program." The department is developing the rule through a workgroup process with interested parties, including fa- cilities from the nonattainment and maintenance areas, environmental groups and EPA. The workgroup process began in October 2001 and is projected to be completed in April 2002. The department expects the final rule to be effective in March 2003. Emissions banking and trading pro- grams allow facilities to generate emission reduction credits (ERCs) by emitting below their applicable emis- sion standard for a particular pollu- tant. The ERCs can be banked, traded or sold to a different facility. These programs are helpful to facili- ties that are planning to expand an existing operation or build an addi- tional facility in a nonattainment or maintenance area. These programs are also economically beneficial to fa- cilities that consistently emit below their allowable levels. This program should help Missouri maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the Clean Air Act while fostering eco- nomic growth. As established in the law, an environmental contribution of three percent will be subtracted from the bank of credits each year to pro- tect air quality. CENRAP The department's Air Pollution Con- trol Program was a founding member of the Central States Regional Air Planning Association (CENRAP), an organization of states, tribes, and fed- eral agencies. CENRAP is one of the five Regional Planning Organizations across the U.S. and includes the states and tribal areas of Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana. The organization was chartered to initiate and coordinate activities asso- ciated with the management of re- gional haze and other air quality transport issues involving the central states. CENRAP promotes the fed- eral visibility rules through the coor- dination of science and technology to support air quality policy issues. CENRAP is developing a set of rec- ommended strategies that its mem- bers may choose in their individual implementation programs, regula- tions and laws. Cooperative Development of Regulations Involving the public in the process of making air quality rules helps to cre- ate fair, effective regulations that have broad support. In 2001, the depart- ment continued its commitment to public participation by convening workgroups to help develop air regu- lations. A workgroup brings industry and the public together with govern- ment agencies to share concerns and exchange ideas while developing reg- ulations. The department worked with leaders from industry, environmental organi- zations and local governments to im- prove air quality in the Kansas City area. The department participated as a member of the Mid-America Re- gional Council in the development of an air quality improvement plan for the Kansas City ozone maintenance area. The Kansas City ozone mainte- nance area includes Johnson and Wyandotte counties in Kansas and - 4- Clay, Jackson and Platte counties in Missouri. The department actively participates in air quality meetings of the two major metropolitan planning organi- zations, East- West Gateway Coordi- nating Council in St. Louis and Mid- America Regional Council in Kansas City. At these public meetings, the department provides updates on air quality projects and discusses pro- posed rules and plans with other par- ticipants. Permit Streamlining Workgroups The department's Air Pollution Con- trol Program participated in the Gov- ernor's Streamlining Efforts - Mis- souri Results Initiative. The issue addressed was permit efficiency in the construction and operating per- mit units. The mission of the Mis- souri Results Initiative was to reduce processing time by 80 percent. The Missouri Results Initiative con- ducted two parallel workgroups within the Air Pollution Control Pro- gram, one for Construction Permits (CP) and one for Operating Permits (OP). The names of the workgroups are Managing For Results - CP and OP, respectively. The workgroups consisted of members from the Air Pollution Control Program, the de- partment's regional offices, environ- mental groups and regulated indus- try. The primary goals were to improve the quality of air permits, decrease the number of complaints and issues, and improve turnaround time on issuing permits while contin- uing to improve and protect the air quality of Missouri. The workgroups flowcharted the per- mitting processes and identified a tar- get for the 80 percent reduction. The workgroups presented their recom- mendations to the department's man- agement in February 2002. Operating Permits In 2001, the Operating Permit Unit progressed toward issuing all of the initial Part 70 State Installation Oper- ating Permits. At year's end, 384 Part 70 Operating Permits, or 86 percent, had either completed the initial tech- nical and peer review, had been is- sued or closed out. Permits that had undergone technical and peer review still need to be reviewed by the pub- lic and EPA. This process normally can be completed in two to three months, although routine objections received by the Air Pollution Control Program could delay this process. Overall, the Operating Permit Unit completed 638 permitting actions. Those actions involved Part 70, Inter- mediate and Basic Operating Permit applications. In 2001, the Air Pollution Control Pro- gram began posting drafts of operat- ing permits on the program's Web site for public review. The docu- ments remain on the Web throughout the public notice process, to enable citizens to have easier access to the documents. To view the operating permit drafts, visit http: / /www.dnr.state.mo.us /alpd /a pep /PermitPublicNotices.htm. New Source Review Permits Among the 670 New Source Review permit actions completed in 2001, no- table major level construction permits were issued for Ag Processing Inc., Associated Electric Cooperative Inc - Holden Power Plant and Panda Montgomery Power. Also, the New Source Review Unit re- cently completed a significant project jointly with the Missouri Limestone Producer's Association. Together they developed an automated com- puter spreadsheet that allows the limestone quarry operators to quickly and efficiently determine the level of operations of their equipment at any particular site in Missouri that meets or exceeds the air pollution control requirements. More information on the automated computer spreadsheet is available on page 8. The draft construction permits may be found on the Program's Web site by visiting http: / / www.dnr.state.mo.us / alpd/apep /PermitPublicNotices.htm New Source Review Permits Issued by Air Pollution Control Program, 1991-2001 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 II III III III III III III III III II 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Years Initial Review Unit In year 2001, the Initial Review Unit was created to implement one of the more significant Office of the State Auditor recommendations regarding reorganizing the functions of the New Source Review (NSR) Unit. The establishment of this unit will en- hance the performance of Air Pollu- tion Control Program permitting sec- tion by more effectively screening permit applications. The goal for the Initial Review Unit is to streamline both the construction and operating permit application process by screen- ing out incomplete applications, re- ducing the frequency of applications that are put on hold to wait for addi- tional information and improving customer service. - 5 - Enforcement Actions and Results The department's Air Pollution Con- trol Program performed 1,750 station- ary source inspections in the 2001 cal- endar year. The program also issued 996 Notices of Violation (NOVs) in 2001. Settlements were reached in 213 cases. These settlements resulted in paid penalties totaling $296,606 and suspended penalties totaling $388,250. The department referred 22 cases to the MissouriAttorney Gen- eral's Office. Asbestos Federal regulations require that all buildings must be inspected for the presence of asbestos-containing mate- rials (ACM) before they are renovated or demolished. A Missouri-certified inspector must conduct the inspec- tion. In most cases, ACM must be re- moved before beginning renovation or demolition. During 2001, the Air Pollution Control Program received notification of 1,126 regulated proj- ects and conducted 498 inspections. Owners or contractors of demolition or renovation operations must submit a notice of intent to demolish or reno- vate a structure to the department's Air Pollution Control Program 10 working days prior to start of opera- tion for review and approval. Single family homes of four or fewer dwelling units are not subject to the regulations. However, when more than one residential structure is in- volved on the same city block per one-year period, or if the residential structure will be used for fire train- ing, the regulations apply. EPA Audit In April 2001, EPA published an audit report that praised the Department of Natural Resources Air Pollution Con- trol Program efforts and provided some helpful information to improve its processes. The audit, conducted in July 2000, was part of the EPA Region 7's effort to review each state's air quality pro- gram once every four years. The De- partment of Natural Resources Air Pollution Control Program director consented to be the first state in EPA Region 7 to participate in the compre- hensive review. The audit outlined suggestions for the collection of emission inventory data. For example, EPA suggests that the information collected from indus- try include emission release point types. The different type of emission sources can vary greatly, such as stack emissions and fugitive dust emis- sions. The report recommends revis- ing the emission inventory forms to collect all necessary information. The audit reported that the depart- ment's Air Pollution Control Program is running a very competent permit- ting program. Unfortunately, high staff turnover makes this difficult. The audit recommends increasing staff salaries to ensure positions are competitive with the private sector. In addition, the audit suggested more outreach and education be provided to the regulated community regard- ing permitting requirements. Accord- ing to EPA Region 7, this would re- duce the number of sources constructing without a permit. In regards to enforcement issues, the audit recommends that a penalty pol- icy be developed to establish consis- tency and ensure fairness when as- sessing penalties against violators. The audit also recommends that the inspection forms be revised to contain more significant applicability require- ments. Regarding the program's planning ef- forts, EPA notes that the program has developed a Rulemaking Manual that provides all the necessary informa- - 6- tion to draft, propose and finalize a new or revised rule. Developing this manual has resulted in a significant improvement in the quality and time- liness of rulemaking and in the sub- mittal of state implementation plans. The audit praised the department's new emissions inventory system, MoEIS. This system is designed to enable sources to enter information directly using the Internet. MoEIS is expected to reduce staff workload and minimize data entry errors. The audit also commended the de- partment's ability to coordinate with regional offices and local agencies. The audit noted that the relationship between these offices seemed to be "symbiotic and mutually beneficial." The entire report is available online at www.dnr.state.mo.us/alpd/apcp/ep asum2000.htm. The Small Business Compliance Advisory Committee Small businesses are often focused on their day-to-day operations and may find it difficult to keep up with changing air pollution regulations and requirements. Section 507 of the 1990 Federal Clean Air Act Amend- ments recognized this and required states to develop a three-component assistance program to help small businesses. The three components are a small business ombudsman, a technical assistance program for small businesses and a compliance advisory panel. In Missouri, the com- pliance advisory panel is known as the Small Business Compliance Advi- sory Committee. The Small Business Compliance Ad- visory Committee is comprised of seven members. Two are appointed by the governor, one each is ap- pointed by the majority and minority leaders of the Missouri House and Senate, and one is appointed by the director of the Department of Natural Resources. The committee has the following responsibilities: • Receive reports from the small business ombudsman (governor's office); • Evaluate the impact of the Air Con- servation Law and related regula- tions on small business; • Make recommendations to the De- partment of Natural Resources, the Missouri Air Conservation Com- mission and the General Assembly regarding changes in procedure, rule or law that would help small businesses comply with the Air Conservation Law; • Make recommendations to the Mis- souri Air Conservation Commis- sion on rules to expedite the review of modifications for small business; and • Conduct hearings and make inves- tigations consistent with the pur- poses of the small business techni- cal assistance activities. Currently there are seven individuals serving on the committee that is chaired by Jack Lonsinger. Jack Lon- singer, Joel Braun, Dan Bunch and Doug Weible represent industry. Bruce Morrison and Caroline Pufalt represent the general public. Walter Pearson represents the Department of Natural Resources. Small businesses face compliance is- sues in environmental areas other than air pollution. Steve Mahfood, Director of the Department of Nat- ural Resources, asked the Small Busi- ness Compliance Advisory Commit- tee to expand its scope to deal with these other issues. The Committee worked hard to become familiar with the other media this year, and dealt specifically with water permitting is- sues that very small slaughterhouses were having. The small business technical assis- tance activity is performed by the Outreach and Assistance Center, a non-regulatory service of the Depart- ment of Natural Resources. Outreach and Assistance's business assistance unit carries out the activities and pro- vides administrative support to the Small Business Compliance Advisory Committee. The mission of the de- partment's Outreach and Assistance Center is to provide information, as- sistance, education and training to business owners, farmers, local gov- ernments and the general public on how to control or reduce pollution. For more information, contact the Outreach and Assistance Center at 1-800-361-4827 or (573) 526-6627. Emissions Fees Workgroup Members of the Missouri Air Con- servation Commission, industry rep- resentatives and staff from the Air Pollution Control Program met dur- ing fall 2001 to review the cost of ef- forts to reduce air pollution in Mis- souri. Three meetings were held around the state in St. Louis, Kansas City, and Osage Beach, in conjunction with public meetings held by the Missouri Air Conservation Commis- sion. This workgroup looked at whether the existing air emission fee was adequate to fund all the efforts needed to comply with the federal Clean Air Act. The conclusion of the workgroup was that an increase in the fee was needed to maintain exist- ing air pollution control efforts in the state. The next step in the process will be for the Air Pollution Control Program to propose a rule amendment to raise the air emission fee and submit the proposed rule to the Missouri Air Conservation Commission during the March 28, 2002 public hearing. The proposed rule is expected to raise the fee from $25.70 to $31 per ton of regulated air pollutant. - 7 - The Department of Natural Re- sources' Air Pollution Control Program has been working with Tier Technologies to develop the Mis- souri Emission Inventory System (MoEIS), an integrated emissions in- ventory system. By combining all emissions inventory data into one database, MoEIS ensures more accu- rate and efficient data. This new sys- tem will benefit both the Department of Natural Resources and industry. Department staff will be able to access emissions data from one database in- stead of searching multiple systems. MoEIS will also reduce the staff time needed for data entry since the infor- mation will only need to be entered once. By reducing the number of times data must be entered, the number of errors will also be reduced. In addi- tion, MoEIS automatically conducts quality checks on the data entered to help ensure the integrity of the data. The new system can filter site informa- tion by various categories and break the information down into subgroups. These features will make it easier to re- spond to requests for specific data. MoEIS was also developed using com- mon formats, which makes data shar- ing easier, especially when transferring data to EPA. In fact, EPA praised the first inventory sent by the department using MoEIS. When the current development phase is complete, MoEIS will greatly reduce the reporting burden placed on indus- try by allowing electronic submittal of Emissions Inventory Questionnaires (EIQs). The electronic EIQs should also save industry significant time when submitting data. Instead of hav- ing to enter the same information on multiple forms, MoEIS will automati- cally transfer the information from one form to another. Data will also be able to be transferred from one year to the next. The online system is available 24 hours a day, until a company submits their information for the reporting pe- riod. MoEIS has gone through three phases of development. In 1999, the depart- ment began the construction of the emissions inventory system by com- bining the four existing systems into one integrated system. This new sys- tem combined over 7,000 Paradox ta- bles and Access databases. The second phase was the evaluation of software for creating the online application of MoEIS. The department, with the help of Tier Technologies, evaluated three Web development tools in order to find the best selection to fit their needs. The third and current phase of the project is the development of a Web portal that will allow the regulated community to submit their EIQs online. MoEIS is designed to allow for further expansion in the future. Additional components can be added to accom- modate other functions. The Air Pollu- tion Control Program hopes to con- tinue the development of the system to allow online permit applications and fee payments. MoEIS is the depart- ment's first effort into electronic gov- ernment and Government-to-Business transactions. Electronic Permit Application The Department of Natural Resources' Air Pollution Control Program, working with the Missouri Limestone Producers Association and Trinity Consultants, has created an electronic New Source Review Permit Application /Permit Review Program for stone quarrying and crushing plants. The electronic permits will be issued more quickly, consistently and with less cost. The electronic application is based on a Microsoft Excel, spreadsheet. Appli- cants enter information about haul roads, storage piles and process equip- ment. The software calculates the am- bient impact and emissions. This al- lows the applicant to know if the per- mit can be issued as submitted before- hand and if so what conditions would apply. The Air Pollution Control Pro- gram will assure the proper data was entered and the software was used cor- rectly. Applicants can also use the software to help make business decisions before applying for their permit. The spread- sheet can analyze various operating scenarios and their effects on air qual- ity thus allowing the applicant to tailor the proposed plant to the property. "To the best of our knowledge, this is the first electronic application that also performs ambient dispersion modeling and ambient impact analysis and therefore lets the applicants make deci- sions before submitting their applica- tion," said Roger Randolph, Director of the Air Pollution Control Program. The electronic permit will also shorten the time it takes to issue a stone quar- rying and processing plant permit. By receiving complete applications, the time it takes for staff to review a permit before issuing will decrease signifi- cantly while increasing the consistency of the permits and protecting the air quality. The electronic permit will also greatly reduce paperwork since appli- cations will be submitted on disk in- stead of on paper, which then has to be transferred into the spreadsheet. The stone quarrying electronic permit application was approved on May 31, 2001. The application includes instruc- tions for installing the software, a workbook with instructions on how to complete the data files, a user's guide, department policies related to the permitting process, and an exam- ple project. For information about how to receive an electronic permit application, call the Department of Natural Resources' Environmental Assistance Office, for- mally known as the Technical Assis- tance Program, at 1-800-361-4827 or visit http: \ \ www.dnr.state.mo.us/ oac. - 8- I ajor Air Pollutant The measurements for air quality in Missouri are the National Ambient (outdoor) Air Quality Standards established by EPA under the Clean Air Act. The standards address six "criteria pollutants" considered harmful to public health and the environment: ozone, lead, inhalable particles, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These standards are found on page 11. Ozone Ground-level ozone is a colorless gas, the most harmful part is sometimes call "smog." Ozone is not directly emitted. It forms on hot, stagnant summer days when sunlight causes a reaction between volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ). Vehicles, power plants and industrial boilers are common sources of NO x . Gasoline-powered vehicles and manufacturing operations are major sources of VOCs. There are two types of ozone: stratospheric (upper atmosphere) and ground-level ozone. Ozone in the stratosphere occurs naturally and is desirable, shielding the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. Ozone at the ground level irritates the respiratory system, causing congestion, chest pains, nausea and labored breathing. It also aggravates existing lung and heart conditions such as asthma. Airborne Lead In Missouri, airborne lead and its compounds are produced mainly by lead smelters. Airborne lead poses the greatest danger to children under age six, therefore the standard has been established to protect their health. In 1985, 73 percent of airborne lead came from vehicle exhaust pipes. By 1988, it decreased to 34 percent due to federal controls on gasoline that started in the mid-1970s. Inhalable Particles Inhalable particles include airborne dust, pollen, soot and aerosol sprays. Scientists also refer to these as "particulate matter." Current federal standards apply to particles less than 10 microns in diameter, or PMio, emitted mainly by vehicles, industry and farms. Wind and rainfall cause seasonal variations in PMio. In 1997, EPA set new standards for even smaller particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter, or PM2.5. Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide (CO), formed by the incomplete combustion of fuel, is one of the most common pollutants. More than 75 percent of CO emissions come from vehicle exhaust. The high- est concentrations are caused by heavy traffic in metropolitan areas. Though deadly, CO changes quickly to carbon dioxide, which is not dangerous. Nitrogen Dioxide Almost all nitrogen dioxide (NO x ) is man-made. When fuel is burned above 1200 degrees Fahrenheit, nitrogen dioxide can form. Principal sources of nitrogen dioxide include power plants, industrial boilers and vehicles. Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur oxides form through the burning of fuels that contain sulfur, such as coal and oil, by smelting metals and by other industrial processes. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) composes about 95 percent of these gases. Other Air Pollutants In addition to the six criteria pollutants, the Department of Natural Resources' Air Pollution Control Program also regulates other pollutants, including asbestos and hazardous air pollutants. Asbestos Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that takes the form of hollow microscopic fibers. Before being identified as a cancer- causing agent, asbestos was widely used for insulation and fireproofing. With age, it breaks down and becomes a hazard to anyone who breathes its airborne fibers. Federal and state laws regulate the removal of asbestos from buildings and the Department of Natural Resources monitors these activities. Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS) Some air pollutants can cause quick and painful death, cancer, reproductive disorders and environmental damage such as acid rain. EPA has designated these pollutants as hazardous air pollutants. These pollutants may present a hazard to public health and safety if released in sufficient quantity. - 9 - lean Air Standar _ The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards, primary and secondary. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as children, the elderly and those with respiratory illnesses. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation and buildings. New Standards In 1997, EPA established new health- based standards for ground-level ozone and fine particulate matter. Extensive scientific review showed that the changes to the standards were necessary to protect public health and the environment. However, the new standards were challenged in court. In May 1999, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit declared that the new standards were not enforceable. EPA appealed this decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court decision upheld the new EPA standards, although it ordered EPA to revise its ozone implementation strategy. It also required EPA to continue to implement the previous ozone and particulate matter standards. Fine Particulate Matter: PM2.5 versus PMio In revising the air quality standards, EPA created new standards for PM2.5 (fine particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter). EPA's scientific review concluded that fine particles (PM2.5) that penetrate deeply into the lungs, are more damaging to human health than the coarse particles known as PM10 Fine particles are more likely than coarse particles to contribute to such health effects as premature death, increased hospital admissions and emergency visits, especially for the elderly and individuals with cardiopulmonary disease. However, coarse particles can accumulate in the respiratory system and aggravate health problems such as asthma, and the standards for PM10 particles are retained. Air Quality Monitors in Missouri In 2001, the Missouri Air Pollution Monitoring Network included 111 monitors of three types: national monitors, state and local agency monitors and special-purpose monitors. National monitors have been established to provide data on national trends. State and local agencies operate permanent monitors to measure ambient concentrations of those pollutants for which National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been set. Special-purpose monitors are placed to gather representative data as well as worst-case occurrences. Data is also being collected at 44 meteorological monitors operating throughout the state. The data collected at these monitors is used for analysis and modeling purposes. -10- CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANT Carbon Monoxide AVERAGING TIME Eight-hour maximum 3 One-hour maximum 3 Maximum Quarterly Arithmetic Mean PRIMARY STANDARD 9 ppm (10 mg/m3) 35 ppmb (40 mg/m3) < 1.5 ug/m3 SECONDARY STANDARD None None Same As Primary Standard Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean 0.05 ppm (100 ug/m3) 0.12 ppm (235 ug/m3) Same As Primary Standard Same As Primary Standard Particulate Matter (PMio) Sulfur Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean 24-hour average^ Annual Arithmetic Mean 24-hour maximum 3 Three-hour maximum 3 50 ug/m3 150 ug/m3 0.03 ppm (80 ug/m3) 0.14 ppm (365 ug/m3) Same As Primary Standard 0.5 ppm (1300 ug/m3) HEALTH EFFECTS Impaired vision and manual dexterity weakness and mental dullness. At high levels: vomiting, fast pulse and breathing, followed by slow pulse and breathing, then collapse and unconsciousness. Low doses damage the central nervous system of children and unborn infants, causing seizures, mental retardation and behavioral disorders. In children and adults lead causes fatigue, disturbed sleep, decreased fitness and damage to kidneys, liver and blood-forming organs. High levels damage the nervous system and cause seizures, coma and death. Lung inflammation and lower resistance to infections like bronchitis and pneumonia. Suspected of causing acute respiratory diseases in children. Throat irritation, congestion, chest pains, nausea and labored breathing. Aggravation of existing lung or heart conditions, allergies and asthma-. Ozone is especially harmful to those who work or play outside. Ozone is also harmful to plant life, damaging forests and reducing crop yields. Increased likelihood of chronic or acute respiratory illness. Difficulty breathing, aggravation of existing respiratory or cardiovascular illness and lung damage. Irritation of throat and lungs with difficulty in breathing. Aggravation of existing respiratory or cardiovascular illness. a Not to be exceeded more than once a year for primary and secondary standards, b mg/m3 = milligrams per cubic meter. c Established for a three year average of the fourth highest daily maximum value. d ppm = part per million. e mg/ m3 = micrograms per cubic meter. f No more than one expected exceedance, three year average. -11- ■kvmhmbnta1 served program mm mtknami-: 91 &atb 7.'9 Hwy SI Jfm* wl St ji >^[>t Levee S3 i:*4ndM»:bdl5lIo»tj* lM Ll [ Wmlj^priL-L;; t>!< W^ins Mill Sett Pari. ll*> 33 A C -.iiiiii. 1 1 nine i i^ni Uf Nwlli KrfllbH ! "«1 tC S»|«r"rtcfc ■" Y l t . r I !«■ McwilDin View .-• I. ..,..", d DRiiUllllU 11 DR<j rnxktl 1 1 IHl. I Lnytlll MnliilUi. I» i triUff SIM I* DRH DuniJm High School HerrjuLiiKiiii 1 1 ^moMTniltfoofc * Tcnhr^Ji 11 DRH SOI Hiculna " i.. in. 2* I ""J* Sc-ulh 12 Jtak Twer* 5Mt- Pari m H», 5U Wen Aunii II Orchard Farm ^ B*mne lerre Iri Sta GnwYlriw Air Quality Monitoring Sites in Missouri 5tt uouismr Arc SITE SITENrVslE li. \«m u.l. I 37 H227 S Dradwai R Hack II 1133 (tart I ruin ;v> :inl * (i <u link* Wnr.h-.iH.> II 11.11 ■-,!", I t I .--" 42 li Mine. , >. i-.- • .. in i il r , UIE JITfNAME • •■ •» Pumu H ll N t Wrabaur *flF » 7M TrocH JO 27ft* Vja Brum ?l KkhadJ rjciiiur Iwulh SI -Win ttua Sircci 11 MO tVowliriY M I Jt7 Lacun »J ll«ONrjc*?l H*j Ktl SPRHGTIELD-OTtEENE COUMIV SITE SITE NAME » J»12 5 Ctokiton H MM MO Sins 52 tMlemtStfttl 47 In RmrSuulli IMl > fikn«*iiie — II — — 13 - issouri's Air Qualit The air quality in Missouri meets EPA's accepted levels, except for two specific areas. During the summer months, the St. Louis area has repeatedly exceeded the ozone standard and is designated by EPA as a moderate-level "nonattainment area" for ozone. This area includes the city of St. Louis and Franklin, Jefferson, St. Charles and St. Louis counties (see page 17), as well as Madison, Monroe and St. Clair counties in Illinois. A small area near a lead smelter in Jefferson County still exceeds federal standards for airborne lead (see page 22). Air Quality Trends The department monitors air concentrations of the six criteria pollutants at selected locations throughout the state. Most areas of the state are in attainment of the air quality standards. The graphs below are representative of general trends of ambient air data from four pollutants including CO, NO x , SO x and PM 10 . See Major Air Pollutants on page 11 for more information on sources of these pollutants and their health effects. The overall trend as shown by the four graphs below is improved air quality. Air Quality Trends at Selected Locations NITROGEN DIOXIDE ANNUAL MEAN, ppm South Lindbergh, Affton 1992-2001 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 Standard = .05 ppm* (parts per million)* 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Years SULFUR DIOXIDE 2nd 24-hr MAX, ppm South Charleston, Springfield 1992-2001 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 Standard = .14 ppm* (parts per million)* - 1 H In 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Years CARBON MONOXIDE 2nd 8-hr MAX, ppm St. Charles Rock Road, St. Ann 1992-2001 Standard = .9 ppm* (parts per million)* 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Years PM10 ANNUAL MEAN, ppm St. Joseph, Missouri 1992-2001 Standard = 50 Ug/m 3 * (micro grams per cubic meter)* 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Years -14- Emission Trends In 1999, Missouri expanded its emis- sion inventory submittal to EPA to add area and mobile sources to the point source information. Area sources are the smaller businesses and local and regional activities such as pesticide ap- plications, highway painting and open burning. On-Road mobile sources en- compass passenger and commercial vehicles, while off -road mobile sources include construction equipment, mo- torized recreation vehicles and small machines like lawnmowers. The graphs at the right show the total emissions of the criteria pollutants that Missouri facilities reported for the years 1993 to 2000. As reflected in the graphs, facilities have generally reported decreased emissions. Since 1993, facilities have reduced PMi emissions 57 percent, while VOC emissions have dropped 42 percent. Sulfur oxide emissions dropped 46 percent since 1993. Industries have also reported a 26 percent decline in the emission of NO x since 1993. NO x emissions are expected to con- tinue to decline between now and 2007. EPA's NO x State Implementa- tion Plan (SIP) call will require a re- duction in NO x emissions of approxi- Top Point Emission Sources for NO x Tons of NO x contributed by these sources in 2000 Percent of total (1) Electricity Generation 163,432.45 (4) Natural Gas (5) Pipeline (6) All Others 13,878.99 Total: 202,888.72 Top Point Emission Sources for PM 10 Tons of PM 10 contributed by these sources in 2000 Percent of total (1) Electricity Generation 4,718.87 20.4% (2) Lime and Limestone Production 3,536.55 15.3% (3) Charcoal Production 3,091.76 13.4% (6) Concrete 591.55 (7) Fertilizer Manufacturing Sources for VOCs by these sources in 2000 Percent of total (3) Aluminum (4) Cement Production (7) Metal Can Production 901.32 (8) Printing (9) Soybean Processing 785.39 2.0% (10) All Others 15,747.03 40.1% Total: 39,224.28 Top Point Emission Sources for SO" Tons of SO x contributed by these sources in 2000 Percent of total (1) Electricity Generation 248,505.16 72.1% (2) Lead Refinery 1 6 7% (6) Chemicals (7) Aluminum 3,750.19 (8) All Others 7,363.89 Total: 344,894.03 mately 35 percent from the eastern one-third of Missouri. Missouri has a statewide NO x rule that will achieve slightly more emission reductions from electrical generating units in the entire state. The tables below show relative contributions from major in- dustrial sources. Annual Reported Emissions 93 94 95 52 96 | 97 98 99 00 93 94 95 52 96 | 97 98 99 00 93 94 95 52 96 | 97 98 99 00 93 94 95 52 96 | 97 98 99 00 PM10 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,C Tons Per Year SOx 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 Tons Per Year NOx 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 Tons Per Year VOC 20,000 40,000 Tons Per Year - 15 - Air Quality Index: Ozone Levels of Health Concern Cautionary Statements 0-50 Good None 51-100* Moderate Unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion. 101-150 Unhealthy for sensitive groups Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion. 151-200 Unhealthy Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion. 201-300 V unh er ea y thy Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease such as asthma, should avoid all outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children, should limit outdoor exertion. 301-500 Hazardous Everyone should avoid all outdoor exertion. * Generally, an AQI of 100 for ozone corresponds to an ozone level of 0.08 parts per million (averaged over 8 hours). Ozone in Missouri Naturally occurring ozone in the upper atmosphere protects the earth from the sun's harmful rays. Ground-level ozone is an irritant that damages lung tissue and aggravates respiratory disease. The pollutant is formed when heat and sunlight mix with VOC and nitrogen oxides in the lower atmosphere. Ozone can trigger a variety of health problems. Those most susceptible to ozone include children, the elderly and individuals with pre-existing respiratory problems. Even healthy young adults may experience respiratory problems at ozone levels as low as .08 parts- per-million (ppm) if they remain outdoors for extended periods. This could include individuals whose jobs require a great deal of time outdoors, such as road construction workers, or even individuals working in their lawns or gardens. The table at the left describes the Air Quality Index (AQI), a system used to warn communities in St. Louis and Kansas City on days when the air may be dangerous to breathe. During the ozone season, between April 1 and October 31, many radio and television stations in the St. Louis and Kansas City areas provide AQI information on a daily basis. Number of Ozone Site Exceedances Reported In 2001, the St. Louis ozone nonattainment area reported two exceedances of the one-hour ozone standard. Kansas City reported no exceedances. The graph below shows the number of days St. Louis and Kansas City exceeded the ground- level ozone standard in the last decade. The graph at the right shows the number of days the St. Louis area exceeded the ground-level ozone standard in comparison to the number of days weather conditions were favorable for exceeding this standard. This graph reflects the importance of individual actions in controlling ozone. In recent years, weather conditions have been favorable to the formation of high levels of ozone in the St. Louis area on several days. However, through carpooling, postponing mowing, avoiding use of charcoal lighter fluid and many other voluntary efforts, St. Louis area residents were able to prevent high ozone levels on many of those days. Ozone Site Exceedances 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Years -16- It is considered a violation, when four or more exceedances of the one-hour health-based standard for ozone occur at the same monitor in a three-year period. When a violation occurs, the area is designated as nonattainment. Nonattainment areas are then divided into five classifications based on the severity of the exceedances that occurred at the monitor in a three- year period: marginal, moderate, serious, severe and extreme. Under the Clean Air Act, EPA has designated many areas in the country as nonattainment for ozone. In 1999, the St. Louis ozone nonattainment area was one of five areas nationwide classified as a "moderate" ozone nonattainment area. The St. Louis ozone nonattainment area includes the city of St. Louis, and the counties of St. Charles, St. Louis, Jefferson and Franklin in Missouri and Madison, Monroe and St. Clair counties in Illinois. The map at the right shows the sites for air monitors in the ozone nonattainment area. St. Louis Ozone Nonattainment Area Monitoring Sites 91 92 iJJ <M ts ** *T Ml ** It II ■ 1 In hii I Arntld 1 <i4iruulL Arnold W*J AIidh Ohrkxr J V±rm -I5M1 H I indlii-rrli- AIB™ .HiF h 1 ! l iilniuii Mil, I'.'iun in MjjL .1)1111 I'l Mi-.- f,r mi- I, IIBtil ft On R*cL fU, ft Ami Wi' & [troddwiiy A I In-tin. St Ld I IS Quk ft TwLn, ft L*ab MifRBrrtia, ft L+id* 1-1 Pt..| Hu.J. LdwrffdaYllli 15 SI N WilruLl.flrtHl Kiirr Ih 111 I, u.ilTpdvr.E.Hll.u.1. St. Louis Nonattainment Area 1-Hour Ozone 1978 - 2001 Number of Exceedances vs. Conducive Days 130 Years -17- Exceedance: An exceedance oc- curs when levels of a certain pol- lutant are higher than those deemed safe by the federal gov- ernment. Violation: Four or more ex- ceedances at the same air quality monitor in a three-year period equal a violation of the one hour standard. Nonattainment: An area that has had a violation is classified as "nonattainment." Nonattain- ment areas are then divided into five categories: marginal, moder- ate, serious, severe and extreme. Missouri's State Implementa- tion Plan (SIP) for the St. Louis ozone nonattainment area includes control measures and schedules for compliance with the Clean Air Act in order to attain the federal health-based standard for ground-level ozone. To reduce ozone concentrations to safe levels, the state must control both industrial and mo- bile sources of volatile organic com- pounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ). Cars, trucks and buses are ex- amples of mobile sources of VOCs. Major control measures benefiting St. Louis recently included a vehicle emissions inspection and mainte- nance program, Stage II vapor recov- ery systems for gasoline refueling, advanced emissions control systems for industrial sources and controls on Arnold West Alton Orchard Far t. Louis St. Louis St. Louis St. Louis Affton Queeny Park Clayton Ferguson St. Ann Breckenridge Number of Days with Excessive Ozone - St. Louis Nonattainment Area Number of One-Hour Exceedances Arnold and Tenbrook Highway 9 8227 S. Broadway 1122 Clark and Tucker Newstead & Cote Brilliante Margaretta South Lindbergh 305 Weidman 55 Hunter Avenue 3400 Pershall Road 10267 St. Charles Rock Road 9630 St. Charles Rock Road 91 92 93 94 95 Alton Maryville Edwardsville Wood River East St. Louis Illinois 409 Main Street 200 West Division Poag Road 54 North Walcott 13th and Tudor 91 1 92 93 2 1 1 94 1 1 1 95 1 1 3 2 1 96 2 1 97 1 1 98 1 99 1 1 00 01 1 St. Louis Nonattainment Total 25 20 8 12 13 Number of Days with Excessive Ozone St. Louis exceeded the ozone standard each summer between 1996 and 2001. The table above shows the number of days that sites in Missouri and Illinois reported exceeding the ozone standard. The St. Louis ozone nonattainment area reported two exceedances of the one-hour standard during the 2001 ozone season (April 1 through October 31). -18- NO x emissions from utility boilers. The two control strategies leading to the greatest reductions in VOC emis- sions are enhanced vehicle inspection and maintenance and the use of refor- mulated gasoline. Conformity Analysis/ Determination In accordance with the 1990 Clean Air Act - section 176(c), all transportation plans, programs and projects are re- quired to conform to air quality plans for transportation-related pollutants in nonattainment and maintenance areas. The air quality conformity analysis / determination is the Clean Air Act requirement that calls for EPA, the United States Department of Transportation and various Missouri and Illinois state, regional and local government agencies to integrate the air quality and transportation plan- ning development process. Trans- portation conformity supports the de- velopment of transportation plans, programs and projects that enable areas to meet and maintain national air quality standards for ozone, par- ticulate matter and carbon monoxide, which impact human health and the environment. The East- West Gateway Coordinating Council conducts and coordinates the air quality conformity analysis / deter- mination for St. Louis in cooperation with EPA, the United States Depart- ment of Transportation and various Missouri and Illinois state, regional and local government agencies. Cur- rently, the air quality conformity analysis / determination is performed on an annual basis. Vehicle Emissions Inspections Programs for vehicle emissions test- ing and repair, or Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) programs, are key mechanisms for controlling mobile source emissions in many urban re- gions nationwide. The Gateway Clean Air Program is an inspection and maintenance program in the St. Louis nonattainment area imple- mented to control mobile source emissions. The Gateway Clean Air Program represents a large portion of the Department of Natural Resources' state implementation plan to bring St. Louis into compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Stan- dards (NAAQS) for ozone. The Gateway Clean Air Program uses new emissions testing technologies. An enhanced emissions test simulates real driving conditions on a dy- namometer (treadmill-like device) during testing. This measures specific pollutants from vehicles much more precisely than the older idle testing system. A second test, called Rapid- Screen, uses a remote sensing device to monitor exhaust emissions while vehicles are being driven on roads and highways. RapidScreen allows the very cleanest-running vehicles to pass the new emissions test without visiting emissions testing stations. An improved version of the idle test is used for vehicles manufactured from 1971 through 1980 and for vehicles tested in Franklin County. The emission standards of the en- hanced emissions testing procedure will become more stringent in 2002 ac- cording to state rule 10 CSR 10-5.380, "Motor Vehicle Emissions Inspection." Because the emission standards will be more stringent, more vehicles will need to be repaired in order to be reg- istered in the nonattainment area. Therefore, the Gateway Clean Air Pro- gram will be more instrumental in bringing the St. Louis nonattainment area into attainment. Due to federal rulemaking published by EPA in 2001, the Air Pollution Control Program has made preliminary plans to modify the emission test requirements for 1996 and newer model year vehicles. Beginning as early as January 2003, vehicles that are model year 1996 and newer will not be tested with either the new enhanced emissions testing procedure or the improved basic idle emissions test. Instead, these vehicles will only have the on-board diagnostics systems tested. On-board diagnostics is a computerized system that monitors the vehicles' emissions control -19- components. A "check engine" or malfunction indicator (MIL) light turns on if the vehicle develops a problem. To check a vehicle's on- board diagnostics, an inspector plugs a computer into the vehicle and generates a report on likely future emissions. Currently, the Gateway Clean Air Program checks 1996 and newer vehicles using on-board diagnostics and provides the report to motorists as an advisory only. Additional information about the Gateway Clean Air Program is available by visiting the following Web sites: gatewaycleanair.com, www.dnr.state.mo.us /alpd/apcp /gc ap/ orwww.cleanair-stlouis.com/ gcap/. Low Reid Vapor Pressure Gasoline and Reformulated Gasoline Since VOCs are a main component of ozone, many volatile organic compound (VOC) control measures have been used in the effort to reach attainment of the ozone standard. In 1994, low Reid vapor pressure (RVP) gasoline was implemented in St. Louis. RVP is a measure of the volatility of gasoline or its tendency to evaporate into the air. Lowering RVP reduces evaporative emissions of gasoline. Between 1994 and 1998, a state regulation restricted the RVP of gasoline sold in the St. Louis nonattainment area during the warmest months of the year, June 1 through Sept. 15. Federal reformulated gasoline (RFG) has been required at retail gasoline stations in the St. Louis ozone nonattainment area since June 1, 1999. RFG is a gasoline formula designed to burn cleaner than conventional gasoline, and to reduce both exhaust and evaporative emissions by adjusting the amounts of various components already found in conventional gasoline. RFG is administered and enforced by EPA. Phase II of the RFG program that began Jan. 1, 2000, requires additional emission reductions compared to Phase I RFG. Phase II RFG requires a minimum of 25 percent VOC reductions, a 20 percent reduction in air toxics and a five to seven percent reduction in NO x emissions. Number of Days with Excessive Ozone - Kansas City Ozone Maintance Area Number of One-Hour Exceedances Site Address 91 92 93 94 95 98 99 00 Kansas City Missouri \ Liberty Hwy 33 and County Hwy Lawson Watkins Mill State Park Road 3 — Kansas City 49th and Winchester WOF Kansas City Richards Gebaur AFB 1 o o o o Belton 203rd Street Kansas City 11500 N. 71 Hwy KCI Airport — — — Kansas 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 Wyandotte CO Ann Avenue 1 1 1 Total 1 1 2 9 1 2 5 2 -20- NE IN KA nsas City I ■ Ihe Kansas City Metropolitan area was designated as a sub- _I_ marginal ozone nonattainment area under the Clean Air Act Amend- ments of 1990. In 1992, the Kansas City area demonstrated compliance with the standard and was redesig- nated to attainment and renamed an ozone maintenance area. The Kansas City ozone maintenance area includes Clay, Jackson and Platte counties in Missouri as well as Johnson and Wyandotte counties in Kansas. In 2001, Kansas City reported no ex- ceedances of the one-hour ozone stan- dard down from two exceedances in 2000. The table at the left shows the number of days each site reported ex- ceeding the ozone standard between 1991 and 2001. The states of Kansas and Missouri along with EPA conducted a monitor- ing network review during 2000. The review determined that two new mon- itoring sites should be installed. One site will be in north, central Clay County and the other in central Leav- enworth County. The changes to the network should allow for better cover- age during diverse meteorological con- ditions. Controlling Kansas City Ozone J I I Ihe Kansas City area has experi- enced ozone problems since the JL late 1970s. In response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, EPA published two regulations that re- duced the Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of gasoline in the Kansas City area. From 1990 through 1997, RVP of gaso- line in Kansas City has been reduced on three occasions. The latest change occurred during summer 2001. The Department of Natural Resources and Kansas Department of Health and En- vironment required that 7.0 Reid Vapor Pressure gasoline be sold in the Kansas City Maintenance Area during the peak ozone season. The Department of Natural Resources' Air Pollution Control Program devel- oped an ozone control strategy after working with the Mid- America Re- gional Council (MARC), the Kansas Department of Health and Environ- ment, Kansas City local agencies and industry representatives. This strategy was to be implemented in place of the contingency measures presented in the 1992 Kansas City Ozone Maintenance State Implementation Plan. The De- partment of Natural Resources pre- sented this plan to the Missouri Air Conservation Commission in April 1997. The commission asked the De- partment of Natural Resources to re- move inspection and maintenance from this plan and replace it with a more expeditious control program. After discussions with MARC and other community representatives, a control strategy including reformu- lated gasoline (RFG) was developed. The revised maintenance plan called for RFG to be sold in the Kansas City area starting in 2000. The Missouri Air Conservation Commission adopted the Maintenance Plan in February 1998. This plan required the Depart- ment of Natural Resources to recom- mend that the Governor of Missouri ask EPA to include the Kansas City area in the federal RFG program by April 2000. RFG would have replaced low RVP gasoline as the fuel control strategy. The Department of Natural Resources and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment hosted a Fuels Sum- mit in June 1999. This summit resulted in a recommendation to proceed with RFG. The governors of Kansas and Missouri opted into the RFG program at the end of July 1999. However, a lawsuit against EPA blocked the use of federal RFG in former ozone nonat- tainment areas, including Kansas City. The petroleum interests offered to sup- ply Kansas City with a 7.0 RVP gaso- line beginning in 2001. Missouri and the state of Kansas implemented 7.0 RVP gasoline programs on June 1, 2001. Additionally, Missouri adopted new requirements for cold solvent cleaning, aerospace coatings, and Stage I vapor recovery systems. Cold clean- ers are now required to use low vapor pressure solvents. A new rule controls VOC content of aerospace coatings. The Stage I Vapor Recovery program was amended to require enhanced re- porting and record-keeping, increased inspection frequency and installation of pressure vacuum relief valves. Conformity Analysis/ Determination In accordance with the 1990 Clean Air Act - section 176(c), all transportation plans, programs and projects are re- quired to conform to air quality plans for transportation-related pollutants in nonattainment and maintenance areas. The air quality conformity analysis /determination is the Clean Air Act requirement that calls for EPA, the United States Department of Trans- portation and various Missouri and Illinois state, regional and local gov- ernment agencies to integrate the air quality and transportation planning development process. Transportation conformity supports the development of transportation plans, programs and projects that enable areas to meet and maintain national air quality standards for ozone, particulate matter and car- bon monoxide, which impact human health and the environment. The Mid- America Regional Council conducts and coordinates the air qual- ity conformity analysis / determination for Kansas City in cooperation with the United States Environmental Protec- tion Agency, the United States Depart- ment of Transportation and various Missouri and Kansas state, regional and local government agencies. Cur- rently, the air quality conformity analy- sis/determination is performed on an annual basis. -21- ■ ead In Misso Low doses of lead can damage the central nervous system of infants and children, causing seizures, disabilities and behavior disorders. In children and adults, lead causes fatigue, disturbed sleep and decreased fitness. It damages the kidneys, liver and blood-forming organs. It is suspected of causing high blood pressure and heart disease. High levels damage the nervous system and cause seizures, comas and death. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are established EPA and limit the amount of certain pollutants allowed in outside air. These limits are based on what is safe for humans to breathe. The NAAQS standard for lead is set at 1.5 micrograms per cubic Lead Nonattainment Areas Nonattainment Area Primary Lead Emitter 1 City of Herculaneum Doe Run, Herculaneum 2 Liberty/Arcadia Township Doe Run, Glover meter averaged over a calendar quarter. The federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require states to bring all nonattainment areas into compliance with the lead standard. Lead emissions are reduced through control strategies and clean work practices. All methods of reducing lead emissions are included into the Missouri State Implementation Plan (SIP) for lead, making them enforceable. At the beginning of 2001, there were two areas designated as being in nonattainment for lead standards, Herculaneum and Glover. The Doe Run Company operates primary lead smelters within these areas. Herculaneum Plan Approval The Department of Natural Resources' Air Pollution Control Program revised the control strategy for the Herculaneum lead SIP. The department's Air Pollution Control Program presented this plan for public hearing on Oct. 26, 2000. The Missouri Air Conservation Commission adopted the plan Dec. 7, 2000. This plan was submitted to EPA on Jan. 9, 2001 and EPA determined that the plan submittal was complete on Jan. 18, 2001. The plan involved the development of an emission inventory protocol, observation of emission testing, oversight and review of on-site meteorological data, development of a comprehensive hour-by-hour emission inventory, development and considerable refinements of a dispersion model, three rounds of receptor modeling and model reconciliation. The emission control -22- strategy involves enclosure of the main processes at the plant and the installation of building ventilation systems. The ventilation gases will be filtered by state-of-the-art, high- efficiency filtration systems. Capital costs are expected to be about $12 million. Doe Run is required to install all of the emission controls by July 31, 2002. Air quality data for the area shows continued violations of the lead NAAQS, most notably at the Broad Street monitor. This monitor is located within a few hundred yards of the facility. Review of the monitoring shows that this monitor gives very high readings on days when the prevailing winds blow directly from the plant to the monitor. In late August 2001, lead-bearing materials were discovered on the city streets of Herculaneum, along the route that Doe Run uses to haul concentrated ores into the plant. The contamination decreased with distance from the plant. This material likely fell off of the tires and tailgates of trucks as they left the plant. These ores may have become airborne as vehicles drove over it. The Department of Natural Resources ordered Doe Run to clean up the streets, and much of that work has been completed. The order also required Doe Run to inspect and clean the concentrate trucks before they left the plant. Additional air monitors were installed to measure any potential impact that the street dust might be having on residents. The Department has kept the residents of Herculaneum informed through the use of direct mailings and Web site (http:Wwww.dnr.stat. mo.us/env/herc.htm.) Many residents have voiced concerns about the truck traffic and concentrate hauling practices. The company is investigating other options for the delivery of concentrate to the facility. Glover Plan Air monitors near the Doe Run- Glover Smelter have not shown a violation of the NAAQS since the SIP controls were installed on Dec. 31, 1996. The department held preliminary meetings with Glover to discuss re-designation of the area to attainment. A re-designation request for this area will be developed in 2002. Doe Run Herculaneum Smelter - #7 Broad Street Site 15.0 12.0 Health Standard = 1.5 ug/m3 a n 98 99 1 1 st Qt □ 2nd Qtr □ 3rd Qtr ■ 4th Qtr Average Quarterly Concentrations of Lead in Ambient Air Near Lead Smelters in Missouri Since Missouri is the chief lead-mining district in the nation, with several smelters, the department conducts ambient monitoring for lead. Developed by EPA, the health standard for lead defines the maximum safe level for human exposure to this otherwise useful metal. The National Ambient Air Quality Standard for lead is 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter, averaged from all the monitor filters in one-quarter of the year. Currently, the Herculaneum smelter is the only one registering exceedances of the airborne lead standard. 15.0 0.0 Doe Run Buick Smelter -#1 Site Doe Run Glover Smelter - #5 Big Creek Site Health Standard = 1.5 ug/m3 *-Th. 98 99 00 1 1 st Qt □ 2nd Qtr □ 3rd Qtr ■ 4th Qtr - 23 Fine Particulate Matter PM2.5 is primarily generated from combustion sources. It can be emitted directly as particulate, or it can be formed from gases that are emitted, which combine or condense in the atmosphere to make particles. In addition to the current ambient monitoring, the department plans to conduct sampling that could be analyzed for specific compounds or species of compounds. This would help determine what types of sources are most responsible for PM2.5 levels in different parts of the state. The time schedule for the PM2.5 standard to be implemented and attained will take several years because a new monitoring system for this type of pollution must be created. Based on EPA guidance, Missouri has designed a network of 30 monitors. By the end of 1999, 20 monitoring sites were in operation. EPA will designate the area attainment by 2003 based on three years of data gathered since 1999. 1999 - 2001 PM2.5 Data Summary 24-hr Std = 65 g/m 3 , 98th percentile Annual Mean Std = 15.0 g/m Maximum Minimum St. Louis 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001 Mean West Alton 43.7 35.2 42.0 14.4 14.9 14.8 14.7 Margaretta 49.4 41.8 48.4 15.3 15.0 14.1 14.8 Blair Street 64.5 45.2 52.5 17.3* 16.4 15.2 16.3 South Broadway 42.3 52.5 15.8* 14.8 15.3 2nd & Mound 29.0 43.3 51.3 15.8* 16.0 15.4 15.7 Florissant Valley 46.9 37.7 36.1 14.6 14.3 13.4 14.1 Clayton 46.7 51.0 36.0 15.2 14.8 13.8 14.6 South Lindberg 28.1 12.1* 12.1 Arnold 46.5 34.8 36.8 15.2 14.7 14.5 14.8 Kansas City Liberty 28.9 32.8 32.1 11.2 11.1 12.2 11.5 North Kansas City 37.3 39.5 43.5 12.2 13.1 13.0 12.8 Sugar Creek 36.2 37.3 39.4 11.8 12.6 12.6 12.3 Locust 34.9 41.9 37.2 14.0 13.4 14.2 13.9 Plaza 40.4 35.8 11.3* 13.0 12.2 Richards-Gebaur 30.1 11.6 Belton 40.9 34.5 10.9 11.4 11.3 Outstate Eldorado Springs 31 .2 Mark Twain 38.9 Ste. Genevieve 42.1 SMSU 35.0 St. Joseph 30.8 Carthage Stone 37.7 Mountain View 50.2 Belle 37.3 26.5 11.3 34.5 33.7 11.1 37.0 34.5 13.8 42.7 31.2 12.2 31.9 35.4 12.5 31.3 34.1 13.1 37.2 13.1 96.0 11.5 11.6 11.5 11.0 11.2 11.1 15.2 13.7 14.2 12.3 12.2 12.2 11.8 12.9 12.4 13.2 14.4 13.6 13.5 13.3 21.8* 21.8 * = less than one full year of data -24- ncentrated Animal Feeding Operations Many resi- dents who live near concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) know first hand that odor can be a problem. In order to combat these odors, in March 1999, the Missouri Air Conser- vation Commission adopted an amend- ment to the odor rules due to the large num- ber of complaints cre- ated by the odors. This amendment re- quires for the Depart- ment of Natural Re- sources' Air Pollution Control Program to regulate the odor emis- sions from the very largest CAFOs. As of July 30, 1999, Class IA CAFOs were required to submit an odor con- trol plan to the Air Pollution Control Program. In this plan, the facility must describe the measures it would use to control odors. Each CAFO was required to submit its plan by July 1, 2000, and have implemented the strategies by Jan. 1, 2002. At the end of 2001, the department had ap- proved an odor plan for one facility and was working with the other facil- ities to resolve their issues. After Jan. 1, 2002, the Air Pollution Control Pro- gram is to enforce the odor standard stated in the amended rule. At the Dec. 6, 2001, Missouri Air Conservation Commission meeting concerns were presented regarding the enforcement of the olfactometry standard of the odor rules and its sen- sitivity to background odors. In light of these concerns, the commission ad- vised the Air Pollution Control Pro- gram not to issue violations using this standard of the rules until the program could look into ways to re- vise the standard to make it reason- able and enforceable. The program expects the revised rules to be effec- tive early 2003. The department is also continuously monitoring ambient air near large CAFOs. Hydrogen sulfide and am- monia concentrations are being moni- tored near CAFOs in Mercer and Sul- livan counties. The Mercer County site began monitoring in 1999, and the Sullivan County site began moni- toring in summer 2001. As a result of the data collected from the Mercer County monitoring site, Premium Standard Farms and Conti- nental Grain are installing permeable covers on many of their lagoons. High levels of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia have been recorded at this site over the past two years. These covers will reduce the hydrogen sul- fide values. In addition to the two monitoring sites, the Air Pollution Control Pro- gram is collecting and analyzing air samples to further understand how to implement an olfactometry standard for CAFOs. This data should help the department amend the odor rules to make it enforceable and effective. In November 2001, EPA finalized a consent agreement with Premium Standard Farms to reduce odors at its Missouri CAFOs. The consent agree- ment requires the reduction of hydro- gen sulfide and ammonia emissions from wastewater treatment systems and land application. It also requires monitoring of the various com- pounds emitted from each facility. The company must also investigate ways to reduce air emissions from the barns. - 25 - Air Pollution Information on the Internet There is a wealth of information about air quality issues on the Inter- net. You may find some of the following World Wide Web addresses helpful (addresses were correct at the date of this publication): MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Air Pollution Control Program (www.dnr.state.mo.us/alpd/apcp) Outreach and Assistance Center (www.dnr.state.mo.us/oac) General Department Information (www.dnr.state.mo.us) The complete Missouri Air Law (www.moga.state.mo.us / statutes / c643.htm) Department of Natural Resources - Air Quality Monitoring(www.dnr.state.mo.us/ alpd /esp/esp_aqm.htm) Code of State Regulations (mosl.sos. state. mo.us/csr/csr.htm) U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY EPA Region VII (Kansas City) (www.epa.gov/region07/) Office of Air and Radiation (www.epa.gov/oar/) Air Links - EPA Air Quality Publications (www.epa.gov/airlinks/) OTHER AIR QUALITY ORGANIZATIONS: St. Louis Regional Clean Air Partnership (www.cleanair-stlouis.com/) Heartland Sky (Kansas City) (www.marc .org / environment /hearts ky.htm) American Lung Association (www.lungusa.org/) Air and Waste Management Association (www.awma.org/) Missouri Department of Health (www.health.state.mo.us/) DAILY AIR QUALITY FORECASTS: Kansas City (www.marc. org/airquality/airqual.htm#skycast) St. Louis (http://www.cleanair-stlouis.com/index.html) -26- out The Air Pollution Control Progra The mission of the Department of Natural Resources' Air Pollution Control Program is "to maintain purity of the air resources of the state to protect the health, general welfare and physical property of the people, maximum employment and the full industrial development of the state." The program serves the public with technology, planning, enforcement, permitting, financial and information services to achieve this mission. Technical Support The program's staff analyzes the quality of the air in Missouri using chemistry, meteorology, mathematics and computer modeling. Staff members research the sources and effects of air pollution, collecting and maintaining an annual inventory of sources that emit air pollution. In conjunction with the Department of Natural Resources' Environmental Services Program and four local agencies, the department's Air Pollution Control Program staff designs and coordinates an air- monitoring network and analyzes monitoring data. The network provides air quality data from more than 40 locations around the state. Using the monitoring data and other data on source emissions and the weather, the staff runs computer models of the atmosphere to predict air quality. Planning The program's staff develops rules and plans designed to protect and improve Missouri's air quality. Public participation is a vital part of the cooperative process of developing guidelines and regulations. The staff works with businesses, federal, state and local government agencies, environmental groups and the public to exchange ideas and information on clean air issues with advisory groups, workgroups and workshops. The program's staff works closely with EPA as part of the national effort to improve air quality through the Clean Air Act. The staff research and analyze complex environmental issues to develop air pollution control strategies that will ensure Missouri's progress toward achieving and maintaining healthy air quality improvements. These air pollution control strategies are included in the state implementation plan (SIP) to control specific pollutants. The Missouri Air Conservation Commission (see p. xx) approves the state implementation plan and rule actions after they have gone through a public hearing process. Once rules are adopted by the Missouri Air Conservation Commission, they become effective through publication in the Missouri State Code of Regulations. The state implementation plan and associated rules adopted by the Missouri Air Conservation Commission are submitted to EPA for inclusion in the federally approved state plan. Permits The program's staff reviews construction permit applications of new or modified emission sources to ensure that facilities minimize the release of air contaminants and will meet the requirements of the state and federal law and regulations. Operating permit applications, similar to business licenses, are also received and issued. Operating permits staff identifies all the air pollution control requirements of a source of air pollution. Enforcement The program, through the department's regional offices, responds to complaints about air quality and help businesses comply with various federal, state and local rules. Staff conduct routine site inspections and oversees the testing of smokestacks, asbestos removal, gasoline vapor recovery equipment and other sources of air pollution. When a source violates an air quality requirement, the staff works with the facility to correct the problem and may take additional action, including the assessment of penalties necessary to obtain compliance with the requirement. Cases that cannot be resolved are referred to the Missouri Attorney General's office through the Missouri Air Conservation Commission. Administration The program's staff provides budgeting, procurement, public information and personnel services. The staff also provides liaisons for the Missouri Air Conservation Commission, EPA, the Missouri Department of Health, local air agencies in Kansas City, St. Louis, St. Louis County and Springfield, the American Lung Association and the news media. -27- 2001 Revenue by Source Total: $12,938,000 2001 Revenue by Source The department's Air Pollution Control Program receives funds from three sources: general tax revenue approved by the Missouri General Assembly, federal funds from EPA and four types of fees collected by the program. Since 1972, the program has collected fees from businesses seeking permits to build new or modify existing emission sources. Since 1984, the state has collected a fee to test the emissions of 1.2 million motor vehicles in the city of St. Louis and in Franklin, Jefferson, St. Charles and St. Louis counties. In 2000, an enhanced inspection program was initiated in all of these counties except Franklin, which still uses the basic test. Since 1993, the program has collected an emission fee from air pollution sources under the Missouri Air Conservation Law. Since 1989, the program has collected fees to ensure the safe removal of asbestos, a cancer- causing substance of combined materials once used to insulate buildings. Funds received by the program are shown in the table above. Local Agencies A city or county may have its own air agency under two conditions: the city must be able to enforce its rules and its rules must be as strict as the state's. Local agencies issue permits, maintain their own monitoring networks and may enforce asbestos- removal laws. The local agencies are partially funded by EPA through the Department of Natural Resources. Four local governments in Missouri practice regional control over air pollution: Kansas City, St. Louis, St. Louis County and Springfield. -28- Missouri Air Conservation Commission Created by the Missouri General Assembly in 1965, the Missouri Air Conservation Commission has seven members appointed by the governor. The commission's responsibility is to carry out the requirements of the Missouri Air Conservation Law, Chapter 643, Revised Statutes of Missouri. The primary duty of the commission is to achieve and maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards established by EPA. When the quality of the air meets these standards, an area is said to be in attainment. If an area does not meet the standards for a pollutant, however, the area is a nonattainment area for that pollutant. Members serve four-year terms and the commission meets at least nine times per year. All meetings are open to the public and comments are welcome. Most meetings include public hearings where rule actions, state implementation plans and other matters are heard. At meetings, the commission adopts, amends and rescinds rules. They hear appeals of enforcement orders and permit conditions and initiate legal action to enforce the rules. The commission assigns duties to local air pollution control agencies. They classify Missouri regions as attainment or nonattainment areas and approve plans to meet national standards in nonattainment areas. Notices of public hearings are published in the public-notice sections of these newspapers: Columbia Daily Tribune, Kansas City Star, Kirksville Daily Express, Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic, Springfield Neivs Leader, St. Joseph News Press and St. Louis Post-Dispatch. They are also published in the Missouri Register. To be placed on a mailing list to receive notice of public hearings and meetings, you may contact the Department of Natural Resources' Air Pollution Control Program at (573) 751-4817. Information on public hearings and Missouri Air Conservation Commission meetings is also available on our home page at www.dnr.state.mo.us/alpd/apcp. -29- Bob Holden Governor State of Missouri 2001 Missouri Air Conservation Commission Michael Foresman Chair Harriet Beard Vice-chair Frank Beller Ernie Brown Joanne Collins Andy Farmer Barry Kayes Steve Mahfood Director Department of Natural Resources John Young Director Department of Natural Resources' Air and Land Protection Division Roger D. Randolph Director Department of Natural Resources' Air Pollution Control Program Left to Right: Andy Farmer, Joanne Collins, Ernie Brown, Harriet Beard, Frank Beller and Barry Kayes (Not Pictured: Michael Foresman) Down the Road Regional Haze: EPA recently final- ized a rule to improve visibility in the Class I Wilderness Areas of the United States. There are two Class I areas in Missouri: Hercules Glade Wilderness Area in Taney County and Mingo Wilderness Area in Stoddard and Wayne counties. The pollutants that obscure visi- bility are called "haze." Some pollutants that contribute to haze, mostly fine particles, are directly emitted to the atmosphere by a va- riety of sources including electric power generation, industry, mo- bile sources, agricultural burning and forestry burning. In Mis- souri, sulfate, a byproduct of fos- sil fuel combustion, is likely to be a dominant source of visibility impairment. Improvements in visibility are ex- pected to occur with the goal of re- ducing haze in the Class I areas to natural background conditions in 60 years. The photograph on this page reflects the air quality differ- ences at Hercules Glade on good and poor air quality days. Developing a plan to identify and control sources that contribute to regional haze will be one of the major activities of the Air Pro- gram over the next few years. Since these pollutants can be transported great distances by the atmosphere, Missouri has joined Central States Regional Air Planning Association (CENRAP). CENRAP is an organization of states, tribes, federal agencies and ler interested parties that is dying haze and visibility is- ;s and working together to de- velop strategies to address them. The organization includes the states and tribal areas of Ne- braska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana. MB 9m I Hercules Glade Wilderness Area Photographs provided by David A. Castillon, Ph.D., Geomorphologist. 01 Rules Update I n 2001, the Missouri Air Conservation Commission adopted 10 rule actions. A complete list of rules is available at mosl.sos. state. mo. us/csr/ csr.htm. The following is a list of the rules adopted in 2001: 10 CSR 10-2.215 Control of Emissions from Solvent Cleanup Operations This new rule adopted regulatory language to reduce solvent emissions from solvent cleaning operations in the Kansas City metropolitan area. This rule allows the greater Kansas City area to comply with the volatile organic compound emission requirements in the State Implementation Plan. 10 CSR 10-2.330 Control of Gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure This rule amendment incorporated regulatory language to further reduce evaporative emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the use of gasoline in the Kansas City Ozone maintenance area. This rule amendment assists Kansas City in complying with the VOC reduction requirements in the State Implementation Plan. 10 CSR 10-6.040 Reference Methods This rule amendment updated test methods used to determine concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid and sulfur. 10 CSR 10-6.200 Hospital, Medical, Infectious Waste Incinerators This rule amendment revised definitions of co-fired combustor and medical / infectious waste to be consistent with federal definitions. 10 CSR 10-2.260 Control of Petroleum Liquid Storage, Loading and Transfer This rule amendment requires delivery vessels to meet testing requirements using the federal standard specified in CFR Part 63.425(e) instead of state-specific testing requirements. The federal requirements are very similar to the state requirements and do not impose an additional regulatory burden on the affected industry. This action makes the Kansas City tank truck tightness test requirements consistent with those in St. Louis. In addition, this rule amendment requires California Air Resources Board certified pressure/ vacuum valves to be installed on gasoline storage tanks larger than 2,000 gallons as part of the Kansas City Ozone Maintenance Plan. 10 CSR 10-6.400 Restriction of Emission of Particulate Matter from Industrial Processes This rule amendment revised regulatory language to address comments received when the original four area specific rules were rescinded as a result of being consolidated into this new rule. 10 CSR 10-2.210 Control of Emissions from Solvent Metal Cleaning This rule amendment required specific vapor pressure limits on solvents used in cold cleaning operations to reduce the rate of evaporation of cold cleaning solvents to the atmosphere. This actions is part of the Kansas City Ozone Maintenance Plan. 10 CSR 10-6.110 Submission of Emission Data, Emission Fees and Process Information This rule amendment established emission and service fees for Missouri facilities as required annually by 643.070 and 643.079, RSMo. 10 CSR 10-6.050 Start-Up, Shutdown and Malfunction Conditions This rule amendment adopted regulatory language to clarify what constitutes a malfunction, start-up or shutdown condition. It also determines the reporting requirements for each condition. 10 CSR 10-6.280 Compliance Monitoring Usage This rule amendment corrected the monitoring method reference in the rule language. - 31 - State Implementation Plan/ Air Quality Plans The department's Air Pollution Control Program submits rules to the Missouri Air Conservation Commission and writes the State Implementation Plan (SIP) and air quality plans that indicate how Missouri will achieve and maintain the federal standards for ozone and other pollutants. The SIP is the primary method for achieving the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for compliance with the Clean Air Act. Distinct air quality plans are developed for specific air pollutants. Whenever concentrations of one of these pollutants exceed federal standards, a plan is developed to bring the area into compliance. Plan development includes a new inventory of emission levels, computer modeling of emissions' sources and the effects of emission sources, control strategies and regulatory requirements or rules. Another type of air quality plan, called a State Implementation Plan, also involves an emission inventory, controls and rules, but addresses emission source types as well as specific pollutants. The Missouri Air Conservation Commission adopted the following three plan actions in 2001: St. Louis Attainment Demonstration Plan - St. Louis * This plan action came as the result of an Aug.30, 2000, U.S. Court of Appeals decision extending the compliance date for the Oxides of Nitrogen SIP call from 2003 to 2004. Because this action could have changed the proposed attainment date extension for St. Louis from 2003 to 2004, the department performed an analysis at the request of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate the potential impact of this action on the Attainment Demonstration. The analysis indicated that St. Louis would be able to attain the one-hour ozone standard in 2004. The MACC adopted this plan action on Feb. 26, 2001 during a special telephone conference meeting. St. Joseph Light & Power SO2 Attainment Plan - St. Joseph * This plan action established a consent agreement between the St. Joseph Light & Power Company and Missouri to avoid a SO2 nonattainment designation. MACC adopted the plan on March 29, 2001. All parties to the agreement have signed it. Springfield City Utilities SO2 Consent Agreement - Springfield * This plan action established a SO2 control strategy. All parties have signed the control strategy except the U.S. Court of Appeals. MACC adopted the control strategy Dec. 6, 2001. The strategy will be presented to the Court for final execution. *These plans are part of the Missouri State Implementation Plan. - 32 - 1 A ir Quality Informati on MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Air Pollution Control Program (573) 751-4817 P.O. Box 176 Jefferson City, MO 65102-0176 General Department of Natural Resources Information 1-800-361-4827 Relay Missouri (for use by the hearing impaired) 1-800-735-2966 Jefferson City Regional Office (573) 751-2729 Kansas City Regional Office (816) 622-7000 Northeast Regional Office (Macon) (660) 385-2129 St. Louis Regional Office (314) 301-7600 Southeast Regional Office (Poplar Bluff) (573) 840-9750 Southwest Regional Office (Springfield) (417) 891-4300 IN CASE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCY: Missouri Department of Natural Resources Emergencies only 24 hours a day (573) 634-2436 Emergency Response Office weekdays (573) 526-3315 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Region 7 (913) 551-7020 National Response Center (A service of the U.S. government for reporting oil and chemical spills) 1-800-424-8802 CHEMTREC (A service of the chemical industry for reporting chemical spills, leaks and fires) 1-800-424-9300 OTHER AIR QUALITY ORGANIZATIONS: Missouri Department of Health (573) 751-6400 St. Louis Regional Clean Air Partnership (314) 645-5505 Heartland Sky (Kansas City) (816)-474-4240 American Lung Association of Eastern Missouri (314) 645-5505 American Lung Association of Western Missouri (816) 842-5242 Kansas City Health Department (816) 513-6314 City of St. Louis - Division of Air Pollution Control (314) 613-7300 St. Louis County - Department of Health (314) 615-8923 Springfield-Greene County - Air Pollution Control Authority (417) 864-1662 - 33 - Glossary Attainment: The designation given to an area that meets all National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Carbon monoxide (CO): A poisonous gas that is odorless, colorless and tasteless. At low levels it causes impaired vision and manual dexterity, weakness and mental dullness. At high levels it may cause vomiting, fast pulse and breathing followed by a slow pulse and breathing, then collapse and unconsciousness. Exceedance: An exceedance occurs when levels of a certain pollutant are higher than those deemed safe by the federal government. Inhalable particles (PMio and PM2.5): A broad class of particles sometimes simply referred to as "soot." One of the "criteria pollutants," PM10 particles are 10 microns or smaller in diameter. The pollutant increases the likelihood of chronic or acute respiratory illness. It also causes difficulty in breathing, aggravation of existing respiratory or cardiovascular illness and lung damage. In addition it causes decreased ability to defend against foreign materials. New laws have been passed regulating PM2.5, an even smaller and more harmful class of fine particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter. Missouri is beginning to monitor its concentrations. Lead (Pb): Airborne lead appears as dust-like particles ranging from light gray to black. Low doses may damage the central nervous system of fetuses and children, causing seizures, mental retardation and behavioral disorders. In children and adults, lead causes fatigue, disturbed sleep and leads to decreased fitness, and it damages the kidneys, liver and blood-forming organs. It is suspected of causing high blood pressure and heart disease. High levels damage the nervous system and cause seizures, comas and death. Missouri Air Conservation Commission: The governor appoints this seven-member group. The commission carries out the Missouri Air Conservation Law, Chapter 643, Revised Statutes of Missouri. The primary duty of the commission is to help Missouri achieve the National Ambient Air Quality Standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS): Standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that limit the amount of six air pollutants allowed in outside air. These six are carbon monoxide, inhalable particles, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and sulfur dioxide. The limits are based on what is safe for humans to breathe. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2): A poisonous, reddish-brown to dark brown gas with an irritating odor. It can cause lung inflammation and can lower resistance to infections like bronchitis and pneumonia. It is suspected of causing acute respiratory disease in children. Nonattainment area: A region in which air monitors detect more of a pollutant than is allowed by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency may designate a region as a "nonattainment area" for that pollutant. Ozone (O3): Three atoms of oxygen; a colorless gas with a pleasant odor at low concentrations. The layer of ozone in the atmosphere protects the earth from the sun's harmful rays. Ground-level ozone is a summertime hazard produced when hydrocarbons from car exhaust and other fumes mix in the presence of sunlight with oxides of nitrogen from power plants and other sources. Ozone is more easily recognized in smog, a transparent summer haze that hangs over urban areas. The result is a gas that aggravates respiratory illness, makes breathing difficult and damages breathing tissues. Victims include people with lung disease, the elderly, children and adults who exercise outside. Ozone Violation: Four or more exceedances of the federal ozone standard occurring in a three-year period at the same monitoring site. Reformulated Gasoline (RFG): A fuel blend designed to reduce air toxins and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by decreasing the amount of toxic compounds such as benzene, lowering the evaporation rate and increasing the amount of oxygenate blended with the fuel. Smelter: A facility that uses chemical and physical processes to turn metallic ores (such as lead sulfide concentrates) into sellable pure metal and alloy products. State Implementation Plan (SIP): A plan submitted by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources to the Environmental Protection Agency for complying with national air quality standards. Each plan concerns one air pollutant for one nonattainment area. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): A colorless gas with a strong, suffocating odor. Causes irritation of the throat and lungs and difficulty in breathing. It also causes aggravation of existing respiratory or cardiovascular illness. -34-