text:
Julia I. Lane
The Science of Science and Innovation Policy
September 23, 2010
Chairman Lipinski, Ranking Member Ehlers, and Members of the Subcommittee, it is my distinct privilege to be here with you today to discuss NSF's Science of Science and Innovation Policy (SciSIP), the activities of the Science of Science Policy Interagency Group, and the STAR METRICS program--a new federal effort designed to create a scientific quantifiable measurement of the economic and social impacts of federal research spending. I am Dr. Julia Lane, the program Director of the SciSIP program at the National Science Foundation, and co-chair of the NSTC working group on Science of Science Policy (SOCP).
At the outset, I would like to express my appreciation to all the Members on the House Committee on Science and Technology for their unstinting support to advance both the cause, and the frontiers of science. This Committee has long held steadfast in the knowledge that America's present and future strength, prosperity and global preeminence depend directly on fundamental research.
The National Science Foundation has always believed that optimal use of limited Federal funds relies on two conditions: Ensuring that research is aimed--and continuously re-aimed--at the frontiers of understanding; and certifying that every dollar goes to competitive, merit-reviewed, and time-limited awards with clear criteria for success. When these two conditions are met, the nation gets the most intellectual and economic leverage from its research investments.
Yet our portfolio keeps changing. We have a minimal vested interest in maintaining the status quo, and pride ourselves on an ability to shift resources quickly to the most exciting subjects and most ingenious researchers.
Moreover, we regard it as an essential part of our mission to constantly re-think old categories and traditional perspectives. This ability is crucial now, because conventional boundaries are disappearing--boundaries between nations, boundaries between disciplines, boundaries between science and engineering, and boundaries between what is fundamental and what is application. At the border where research meets the unknown, the knowledge structures and techniques of life science, physical science, and information science are merging.
Additionally, our scope is extremely wide, extending across all the traditional mathematics, science and engineering disciplines. That is a major advantage in today's research climate, where advances in one field frequently have immediate and important applications to another. The same mathematics used to describe the physics of turbulent air masses may suddenly explain a phenomenon in ecology or in the stock market, or the changes in brain waves preceding an epileptic seizure. The same algorithms used by astronomers to discern patterns in the distant heavens can aid radiologists to understand a mammogram, or intelligence systems to identify a threat. Only an agency that sees the "big picture" can assure this kind of interdisciplinary synergy.
For all of these reasons, the National Science Foundation is fostering the development of the knowledge, theories, data, tools and human capital needed to cultivate a Science of Science and Innovation Policy program. The program has three major aims: advancing evidence-based science and innovation policy decision making; developing and building a scientific community to study science and innovation policy; and developing new and improved datasets.
The overarching goal in this effort, however, is to conduct basic research that creates new objective models, analytic tools, and datasets to inform our nation's public and private sectors about the processes through which investments in science and engineering research may be transformed into scientific, social and economic outcomes.
We need to better understand the contexts, structures, and processes of scientific and engineering research, to evaluate reliably the tangible and intangible returns from investments in research and development (R&D), and to predict the likely returns from future R&D investments.
It is not only leaders in the scientific and engineering fields, but policymakers as well in the Executive and Legislative Branches who recognize that we need better approaches for developing science policy, which is why the National Science and Technology Council established the Science of Science Policy Interagency Task Group. That task group's roadmap characterized our current systems of measurement of the science and engineering enterprise as inadequate. There is enormous potential to do better.
To begin to create a scientific, quantifiable measurement of the economic and social impacts of our federal research investments, this Administration has initiated an innovative new program, STAR METRICS (Science and Technology in America's Reinvestment--Measuring the EffecTs of Research on Innovation, Competitiveness and Science). This initiative is led by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation under the auspices of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The goal is to develop a system that can be used to track the impact of federal science investments. I will return to the topic of STAR METRICS later in my testimony.
- 1. The overall vision and strategy for research and education in the Science of Science and Innovation Policy.
Federally funded basic and applied scientific research has had a significant impact on innovation, economic growth and America's social well-being. We know this in the broad sense from numerous economic analyses but it is difficult to disentangle the impact of Federal investment versus private, state and industrial investments. We have little information about the impact of individual projects and programs, whether federally or privately funded. We have little information about the impact of science agencies. Thus, although determining which federally funded research projects yield solid results and which do not is a subject of high national interest, since American taxpayers invest more than $140 billion annually in research and development (R&D), there is little evidence to support such analysis. In short, although Congressional and Executive Branch policy decisions are strongly influenced by past practices or data trends that may be dated,or have limited relevance to today's economic situation. A deeper understanding of the changing framework in which scientific and technical innovation occurs would help policymakers decide how best to make and manage limited public R&D investments to exploit the most promising and important opportunities.
The lack of analytical capacity in science policy is in sharp contrast to other policy fields that focus on workforce, health and education. Debate in these fields is informed by the rich availability of data, high quality analysis of the relative impact of different interventions and computational models that often allow for forward-looking analyses with impressive results. For example, in workforce policy, the evaluation of the impact of distinct education and training programs has been transformed by careful attention to issues such as selection bias and the development of appropriate comparison groups. The analysis of data about geographic differences in health care costs and health care outcomes has featured prominently in guiding health policy debates. And education policy has moved from a "invest more money" and "launch a thousand pilot projects" imperative to a more systematic analysis of programs that actually work and that promote local and national reform efforts.
Each of those efforts, however, has benefited from an understanding of the systems that are being analyzed. In the case of science policy, no such agreement currently exists. NSF's Science of Science & Innovation Policy (SciSIP) program is designed to advance the scientific basis of science and innovation policy.
The principal goal is to advance the scientific basis of making science policy decisions, particularly those involving budgets, through the development of improved data collection, theoretical frameworks, computational models and new analytic tools.
A major component of the SciSIP program is the funding of investigator initiated research. Through direct engagement of the federal policy community with the research community, it is hoped that future policy decisions can be informed by empirically validated hypotheses and informed judgment. Our aim, as noted in the program's description, is to "engage researchers from all of the social, behavioral and economic sciences as well as those working in domain-specific applications such as chemistry, biology, physics, or nanotechnology in the study of science and innovation policy. The program welcomes proposals for individual or multi-investigator research projects, doctoral dissertation improvement awards, conferences, workshops, symposia, experimental research, data collection and dissemination, computer equipment and other instrumentation, and research experience for undergraduates. The program places a high priority on interdisciplinary research as well as international collaboration."
The program explicitly fosters a multi-level science (in addition to more obviously being an interdisciplinary science) that spans from the study of cognitive phenomena in individual scientists (e.g., the study of fixation, insight, reasoning, and decision making) to the study of whole industries and policies at the industry level. What makes the overall effort a potentially transformative effort is the support of research at multiple levels: industry level policies are only successful if it has individual-level effects (i.e., that engineers and scientists change), and individual-level effects are only important if they scale to produce industry-level differences.
Another focus of the SciSIP program is the redesign of the surveys undertaken by NSF's Science Resources Statistics, the federal statistical agency responsible for collecting and disseminating data on the U.S. science and engineering enterprise. The most visible activity has been the redesign of the Business R&D and Innovation Survey (BRDIS) which collects information from a nationally representative sample of about 40,000 companies, including companies in both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries. This survey is the primary source of information on business, domestic and global R&D expenditures, and workforce. The new structure enables respondents to provide detailed data on the following:
- How much is a company investing in its domestic and worldwide R&D relationships, including R&D agreements, R&D "outsourcing," and R&D paid for by others?
- What is the strategic purpose of a company's worldwide R&D activities and what are their technology applications?
- What are the details of a company's patenting, licensing, and technology transfer activities, and companies' innovative activities?
In addition, a limited number of questions are asked about activities related to new or improved products or processes. These are intended to serve as basis for collecting an expanded set of innovation metrics in the future. The results of this data collection are now being published as part of SRS's ongoing reporting activity:
The focus of the program's strategy has been to convince the academic community that the study of science policy is a worthwhile academic endeavor. This has taken three main forms. The first has been to engage in a substantial amount of outreach through presenting at professional workshops and conferences (an average of five or six a year), through supporting specific workshops on various science policy topics (two or three a year), through establishing a very active listserv (which has grown to over 720 members in less than two years) and through supporting a Science of Science Policy Web site (http://scienceofsciencepolicy.net).
The second part of the strategy has been to invest in high quality research datasets. Good bricks need straw, and good research in an empirical field like science and innovation policy requires good data. Fields as disparate as biotechnology, geosciences, and astronomy have been transformed by both data and knowledge access. NSF hopes to similarly transform the study of science policy by improving science data. Such a transformation will occur in three ways. First, the scientific challenge is compelling: the way in which scientists create, disseminate and adopt knowledge in cyberspace is changing in new and exciting ways. Collaborations between computer scientists and social scientists, fostered by SciSIP, can capture these activities using new cybertools. Second, new and exciting data attract new researchers to the field. This in turn attracts new graduate students, who see new ground being broken and exciting opportunities for research. Finally, we aim to actively engage the federal science policy community through a variety of workshops, as well as direct engagement through the Science of Science Policy Interagency Group.
The program has made a total of 99 awards: 19 in 2007, 23 in 2008, 31 in 2009, and 26 in 2010. The program began to accept doctoral dissertation proposals in 2010; five of those were funded. The success rate for standard proposals is currently about 25%; higher for doctoral dissertation proposals. A total of 182 principal investigators have been supported--of those 147 are scientists from Social, Behavioral and Economic Science domains and the balance are from areas as diverse as Computer and Information Sciences, Education, Physics, Biology and Law.
The program is beginning to achieve some of its ambitious goals. A SciSIP Principal Investigator (PI), who is a Business School Dean at a university with a strong focus on publicly-funded research, has noted "I know full well that this new program provides unique grant opportunities for faculty members in management, information systems, and other fields of business administration. He cites the following from his personal experience "… in the field of business research, and business management, the Science of Science & Innovation Policy papers are featured in some of the best sessions at the Academy of Management Meetings. This innovative program has sparked considerable interest in public policy among management scholars, and particularly in business schools. The impact of the research you are funding struck home when I read the latest issue of BizEd, the magazine of The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB, an association of educational institutions, businesses, and other organizations devoted to the advancement of higher education in management education. It is also the premier accrediting agency of collegiate business schools and accounting programs worldwide. The research you have funded was prominently featured in their magazine, which is circulated to thousands of business schools worldwide."
Additionally, the impact of the SciSIP program has influenced several National Research Council studies, and thus impacted public policy with respect to technology commercialization and academic and public sector entrepreneurship. One is the Congressionally-mandated evaluation of the Small Business Innovation Research Program. Another is a committee entitled "Best Practices in National Innovation Programs for Flexible Electronics" and a third is "Management of University Intellectual Property: Lessons from a Generation of Experience, Research, and Dialogue."
In another example, a major part of the science and innovation policy debate has been the role of R&D and research tax credits whose budgetary cost is about $15 billion each year.1 The obvious policy question is how effective are these tax credits in stimulating innovation? SciSIP funded PIs have examined changes in R&D tax credit generosity across countries and US states over time to evaluate business firms' response. They estimate that for every $1 of tax credits firms spend about $1 more on R&D. However, the research also extends to the impact of firms' response to the uncertainty about the duration of the federal Research and Experimentation (R&E) tax credit, which is not currently permanent and in fact expired at the end of 2009. The uncertainty about renewal has offsetting effects--one is to increase short-term expenditures because firms think they need to do R&D now to get the credit. The reverse is to reduce overall R&D expenditures since uncertainty is detrimental to the expected payoffs from long-term investments such as fundamental R&D. The sign of the net effect is an empirical question, and again something the SciSIP PI has been working on--he finds a strong negative effect of uncertainty on general investment and employment, and is currently extending this work to R&D. The same PI presented in September 2009 to the Federal Reserve Bank Board of Governors, including Governor Bernanke; the Fed was trying to understand why the IT "productivity miracle," which was a major driver of US economic growth in the late 1990s, has slowed down by the late 2000s. One possible reason is that better use of IT is associated with organizational change, and the rate of organizational change has potentially slowed down; a major SciSIP-funded grant supports collecting a large national survey to try to examine why and how that change has occurred.
We can also learn from history. Another SciSIP PI has looked at two case studies in depth: the invention of the airplane and Edison's invention of the electric light. In both cases, the invention took a long period of time--110 years and 80 years, respectively. In both cases even the earliest attempts were based on many years [of work on mathematics and technology and hundreds of years of work of science. To illustrate, Sir Humphry Davy first demonstrated incandescence of materials in 1808. His work drew on the Voltaic pile (battery) invented in 1800, the Leyden jar developed in 1744, and carbon produced as charcoal during the Roman Empire no later than 25 A.D. Leyden jars depended on work by the ancient Greeks in 600 B.C. Thus, the foundation of the science behind electric light dates back 2400 years before incandescence, after which it took 80 more years of R&D to develop an effective electric light. The airplane also has a similarly long foundational period and duration of invention. In looking at various inventions, research has shown that there are several different weak methods but also some powerful strategies that vastly speed things along. Edison succeeded simply because he had enormous resources (the Edison Electric Light Company was capitalized at $300,000--about $30 million today. The Wright Brothers were far more efficient at developing the airplane than Edison was in developing the electric light.
How is the NSF fostering collaboration between social and behavioral scientists and researchers from other disciplines, including computer scientists, engineers and physical scientists in science and technology policy research?
This is being done in a number of ways: through the program call, through workshops, and through successful and visible interdisciplinary projects.
Program Description
The SciSIP program explicitly encourages interdisciplinary cooperation in the program description. In particular, the program states:
"The SciSIP program invites the participation of researchers from all of the social, behavioral and economic sciences as well as those working in domain-specific applications such as chemistry, biology, physics, or nanotechnology. The program welcomes proposals for individual or multi-investigator research projects, doctoral dissertation improvement awards, conferences, workshops, symposia, experimental research, data collection and dissemination, computer equipment and other instrumentation, and research experience for undergraduates. The program places a high priority on interdisciplinary research as well as international collaboration."
Most of the workshops that have been hosted have been explicitly interdisciplinary in nature, bringing together domain scientists and social, behavioral and economic scientists, and have resulted in calls for proposals (called Dear Colleague Letters) supported by multiple NSF programs.
Examples include:
- A two-day workshop to advance the scientific study of federally funded centers and institutes as key elements in the innovation ecosystem. The workshop brought together engineers and natural, physical, and social scientists to address central questions relating to the role of NSF-funded centers and institutes in science and innovation policy.
- Two separate workshops studying innovation in organizations. One of these, hosted by the Conference Board and supported by four Social, Behavioral and Economic (SBE) Sciences and three Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE) programs, was attended by computer scientists, SBE scientists and representatives from the business community to examine the potential for cyber data to better inform our understanding of innovation. A second conference brought together 20 leading computer scientists (from the fields of data management, data mining, security/privacy, social networks) and social/organizational scientists (that included economists, sociologists, psychologists, anthropologists) to identify emerging major challenges in the collection and use of confidential data collection for the study of innovation in organizations. SciSIP led the reusulting development of a Dear Colleague Letter whose purposes was to gather and create new Cyber-enabled data on innovation in organizations, supported by six SBE and four CISE programs as well as the Office of Cyber Infrastructure.
- A workshop in conjunction with the NSF's Chemistry Division that examined the impact of science R&D in the United States, focusing on chemical sciences and related industries. This led to a Dear Colleague Letter from SciSIP and the Chemistry Division reaching out to the chemistry and the social science communities advising them of funding opportunities related to assessing and enhancing the impact of R&D in the chemical sciences in the United States.
- An interdisciplinary workshop which examined the potential for new visualization tools to track the impact of investments in science. These possibilities include tracing the impact of basic research on innovation, examining the changing structure of scientific disciplines, studying the role of social networks in the dispersion of scientific innovations as well as making comparisons of how the U.S. compares internationally in science. That workshop brought together researchers from a broad range of disciplines to examine such key questions, and to engage the federal science community in a discussion about whether and how the tools could be used in the federal context.
- Three workshops have directly engaged CISE and SBE researchers in enhancing NSF's ability to describe its research portfolio. The SciSIP program worked with the CISE directorate to form an Advisory subcommittee to provide advice on approaches to improving the way NSF interacts with its proposal and award portfolio. Although NSF staff still rely on traditional methods to do their jobs, such methods are becoming less practical given the rapidly changing nature of science, the increased recognition of the importance of funding interdisciplinary and potentially transformative research, and the significant increase in the number of proposals submitted. Individuals with research expertise in machine learning, data mining, information visualization, human-centered computing, science policy, and visual analytics were recruited for this effort. Nine teams were put together and charged with providing advice to NSF on identifying and demonstrating techniques and tools that characterize a specific set of proposal and award portfolios. Their report, in turn, will advise NSF on how to better structure existing data, improve use of existing machine learning, analysis, and visualization techniques to complement human expertise and better characterize its programmatic data. The results should help NSF identify tools that will help fulfill its mission including identifying broader impacts, as well as funding transformative and interdisciplinary research. NSF has also engaged program managers across the federal government so that our collective approaches can inform not only us, but other science agencies.
- A workshop responding to Congressman Holt's request for better ways to measure the economic impact of federal research investments. SciSIP, together with NIH and other agencies, is supporting the National Academy of Sciences' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) and Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP) 2011 workshop on science measurement. This workshop is aimed at discussing new methodologies and metrics that can be developed and utilized for assessing returns on research across a wide range of fields (biomedical, information technology, energy, and other biological and physical sciences, etc.), while using background papers that review the methodologies used to date as a starting point.
As one SciSIP PI has noted, "SciSIP … creates a domain around which researchers from a variety of disciplines--biology and physics and economics as well as information science and public policy--can coalesce to pursue research topics in this domain for their own sake, rather than in the interstices of other projects in their home disciplines. As such, it acts as an attractor for top researchers across the natural and social sciences, allowing them to pursue their interests in SciSP topics."
Successful Examples
There are a number of examples of the fruits of these activities. For example, SciSIP funded research supports a University of Michigan research team consisting of a sociologist, a bioethicist specializing in informed consent and stem cell regulation, a bioethicist trained as a molecular biologist who is working on cell banking, and a post-doc in stem cell biology. The combination is a powerful one as it matches expertise with social scientific data and analysis methods, with deep knowledge about both the policy and the science.
Similarly, the interdisciplinary work of two SciSIP Pis has helped developed new metrics of the transmission of knowledge. These metrics go beyond citation metrics to usage metrics and help us better understand the impact that federal investment in research is having on research results. By mapping the structure of science and looking at how this structure changes over time, we can see the shifting landscape of scientific collaboration and understand the new emerging disciplines. That will enable us to to anticipate these changes and properly target research funding to new and vibrant areas. For instance, their work provides a striking example of the emergence of neuroscience over the past decade--changing from an interdisciplinary specialty to a large and influential stand alone discipline on a par with physics, chemistry, or molecular biology.
How is NSF fostering the development of science and technology policy degree programs and courses of study at colleges and universities? What is the current scope and level of support for such programs?
As with many NSF programs, the SciSIP program explicitly encourages submissions that support graduate student development. While there is no direct targeting of funds to policy programs, SciSIP supported 28 researchers from science and technology policy programs. In an example of the type of support that has been provided to expand the course of study, over 250 undergraduate students from Economics (behavioral economics), Cognitive Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Industrial Engineering have participated in a project at Purdue University, which is an interdisciplinary collaboration linking social scientists and computer scientists and engineers.
A further example is the work done by Marcus Ynalvez at Texas A&M International University, which has the explicit goal of mentoring TAMIU Graduate Students (Students from Historically Underrepresented Populations): The hands-on training and mentoring of TAMIU graduate students represents an attempt to engage Hispanic students in international scientific research activities with the intention of introducing them to the possibilities of developing professional careers in science and technology. These students are currently gathering, synthesizing and reviewing literature materials for the project's manuscripts, publications, and reports. With the data from the Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan surveys, these students will be analyzing data using a number of statistical software such as: Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS), STATA, and Statistical Analysis System (SAS). They will learn how to interpret statistical results associated with the family of generalized linear regression models, namely: linear, logistic, and negative binomial regression models, analysis of variance, and path analysis. Not only have the TAMIU graduates gained actual research experience, they have also developed professional relationships with students and professors from the prestigious National University of Singapore.
How is NSF encouraging a community of practice in science of science policy and the dissemination of policy to policy makers
A major avenue has been the linkage with the Science of Science Policy Interagency group, which is discussed in more detail below. In addition, the listserv and the website have been very important dissemination vehicles.
However, the most important vehicle has been two PI workshops with the explicit goal of fostering further collaboration among the PIs actively engaged in the study of Science of Science & Innovation Policy and the link to the federal community. The 2009 workshop had three overarching goals:
- To provide NSF with an early opportunity to organize a collegial discussion of work in progress under SciSIP's two rounds of awards well before this work will begin to appear in professional forums and publications;
- To begin to develop from among the purposefully diverse set of disciplinary perspectives reflected in SciSIP's two solicitations and subsequent awards, a "community of experts across academic institutions and disciplines focused on SciSIP;" and
- To identify new areas of emphasis for support in future SciSIP solicitations.
The 2010 workshop, scheduled for October 19, 2010 seeks to focus on two objectives that flow from the National Science and Technology Council's 2008 report: The Science of Science Policy: A Federal Research Roadmap. The first task, as called for in the Roadmap report, is "to advance the scientific basis of science policy so that limited Federal resources are invested wisely." The second is to build a "community of practice" between Federal science and technology policymakers and researchers engaged in the development of new theories, tools of analysis, and methods for collecting and analyzing data.
This October 2010 workshop will consist of brief presentations by a number of SciSIP grantees who have been invited to participate via a competitive peer review of abstracts previously submitted based on their ongoing research. These presentations will be followed by roundtable discussions led by federal policymakers who will comment on the relevance of the research, followed then by open discussions among all participants. A networking session will be scheduled at the close of the formal sessions to allow for continued discussion.
- 2. As a Co-chair of the Science of Science Policy Interagency Group under the NSTC please briefly describe the work of that group and how the various federal science agencies are collaborating on the development and implementation of science of science policy tools to improve the management and efficiency of their R&D portfolios and other science and technology related programs.
In 2006, the National Science and Technology Committee's Subcommittee on Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences (SBE) established an Interagency Task Group on Science of Science Policy (ITG) to serve as part of the internal deliberative process of the Subcommittee. In 2008, this group developed and published The Science of Science Policy: A Federal Research Roadmap which outlined the Federal efforts necessary for the long-term development of a science of science policy, and presented this Roadmap to the SoSP Community in a workshop held in December 2008. The ITG's subsequent work has been guided by the questions outlined in the Roadmap and the action steps developed at the workshop.
The development of the STAR METRICS (Science and Technology for America's Reinvestment: Measuring the EffecT of Research on Innovation, Competitiveness and Science) program is the number one priority of the interagency group. The initiative is a multi-agency venture led by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP).
Another major activity is sponsoring a series of workshops to bring the science agencies together to share what is already established in the field, identify gap areas and outline steps forward for the creation of better tools, methods, and data infrastructure.
The first of these workshops was held in October 2009 to delve into the issues surrounding performance management of federal research and development portfolios. The focus was on sharing current practices in federal R&D prioritization, management, and evaluation. Over 200 agency representatives attended. The conference featured 27 speakers and panelists, representing 20 federal agencies, offices, and institutions, and over 30 poster presenters, representing more than 25 agencies and institutions. Topics that were discussed included:
- Methods to set federal research priorities and strategic directions;
- The use of metrics to improve federal R&D efficiency; and
- Ways in which research evaluations can inform current and future R&D decisions.
It addressed the following key questions:
- How do federal science and technology agencies systematically identify and prioritize research and development alternatives? How can these processes be strengthened?
- How can research-performance metrics be used to improve research efficiency? How can these metrics be improved?
- How do research-performance evaluations inform and improve R&D investment decisions? How can these feedback loops be reinforced?
While the 2009 workshop developed a dialogue within the federal science policy community, the ITG has a workshop planned for December 2010 that engages the federal community with the academic community in advancing the "Science of Science Measurement". The first goal is to create a dialogue between the Federal S&T agencies and the research community about relevant models, tools, and data that advance scientific measurement in key areas of national S&T interest. The second objective is to identify a joint Science of Science Policy (SoSP) research agenda for the Federal S&T agencies and the research community. The workshop has four modules intended to advance measurement in: 1) Economic benefits; 2) Social, health and environmental benefits; 3) S&T workforce development; and 4) Technology development and deployment. Four academic researchers will be presenting in each module, with a rapporteur synthesizing the presentation at the end of each module.
The audience will be primarily science policy practitioners from the Federal agencies who are interested in very practical issues, such as: getting new ideas about how to manage their portfolios in a more scientific manner; developing performance and outcomes metrics; measuring the return on investment; and using science to identify emerging trends in the U.S. scientific enterprise.
Another activity has been the establishment of a website to provide information on best practices to Federal and non-Federal agencies. The Web site (http://scienceofsciencepolicy.net) was launched in January 2010, and has become a model for other interagency groups (including the Forensic Science interagency group). The Web site serves as a repository for data, documents, research papers, and communication tools for the communities of users. The site receives over 2,000 hits a month. The associated Listserv is the highest visibility listserv in science policy, and has over 720 members.
The interagency group meets monthly, and has active participation by over 15 agencies. It is actively providing input to the Center of Excellence on Science Policy being established by the State Department in the Middle East.
- 3. Please provide a brief description and update on the status of the OSTP led project on science metrics, known as STAR METRICS, including a description of international engagement and interest in this effort.
The STAR METRICS project is a federal and university partnership to document the outcomes of science investments to the public. The benefits of STAR METRICS are that a common empirical infrastructure will be available to all recipients of federal funding and science agencies to quickly respond to State, Congressional and OMB requests. It is critical that this effort takes a bottom up approach that is domain specific, generalizable and replicable.
Currently, the project is structured in two phases:
- Phase I: The development of uniform, auditable and standardized measures of the initial impact of ARRA and base budget science spending on job creation.
- Phase II: The development of broader measures of the impact of federal science investment, grouped in four broad categories:
- Scientific knowledge (such as publications and citations) and, later,
- Social outcomes (such as health and environment),
- Economic growth (through patents, firm start ups and other measures),
- Workforce outcomes (through student mobility and employment),
Phase I of the STAR METRICS project began in earnest in March of 2010 with funds formally designated for the project. The participation agreement was signed in May 2010, and a press release was issued by the three lead agencies: NIH, NSF and OSTP.2 As noted in that press release:
"A new initiative promises to monitor the impact of federal science investments on employment, knowledge generation, and health outcomes. The initiative--Science and Technology for America's Reinvestment: Measuring the EffecT of Research on Innovation, Competitiveness and Science, or STAR METRICS--is a multi-agency venture led by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)."
In Phase I, through a highly automated process, with essentially no burden on scientists and minimal burden for administrators, STAR METRICS collects longitudinal employment data from the participating institutions to be able to assess the number of jobs created or retained (or lost) through federal funding support. The system is set up such that all jobs will be captured and not just principal investigators and co-principal investigator. In addition, in Phase I, STAR METRICS can provide estimates of jobs supported through facilities and administration (F&A) costs and through various procurement activities in the institutions.
STAR METRICS will also help the Federal government document the value of its investments in research and development, to a degree not previously possible. Together, NSF and NIH have agreed to provide $1 million in funding a year for the next five years.
More agencies are joining the STAR METRICS consortium. While meetings of the Consortium are convened by OSTP, the lead agency is NIH, which is hosting the data infrastructure. The official STAR METRICS website will be available September 30, 2010. NSF is providing key leadership in engaging the scientific community, particularly through the SciSIP program.
Phase II of the project expands the data infrastructure to incorporate the broader impact of science investments on scientific, social, economic and workforce outcomes. In keeping with the bottom up approach of the program, STAR METRICS is beginning a formal set of consultations with the scientific community to understand what data elements and what metrics the community would find useful to find in STAR METRICS. The first of these will occur October 22, 2010, with a meeting with Vice Presidents for Research of interested institutions. Other meetings will follow with research agencies and other interested groups.
In a very short period of time since formalizing the project, over 100 research-intensive universities, mostly from the Federal Demonstration Partnership (FDP), have expressed interest in participating in STAR METRICS; about 20 are contributing data. Universities have expressed enthusiasm and support for the project.
Science is fundamentally an international endeavor. And so must be its evaluation. In fact, there has been substantial international interest. Members of the STAR METRICS team have provided information or directly briefed Brazilian and Japanese science and technology agencies. The State Department is actively interested in learning about the program to advance the science of science policy in the Middle East.
Our most active international counterpart, however, is the European Union. A major presentation was given to the European Parliament in April.3 A joint EU/US conference has been proposed for March 2011 in the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Center. The goal is to produce a roadmap that will outline a path for creating a US/European collaboration in developing a common theoretical and empirical infrastructure to describe and assess the outcomes of science investments. To achieve this, it will bring together key European and US science policy experts and makers, administrators and academic researchers. The group is carefully chosen to consist of the key players from the US side who have the experience in developing such an infrastructure in the US. The European attendees will consist of individuals who have both the deep understanding of the issues and the ability to effect change in Europe in a collaborative framework with the US.
The outcomes will include a roadmap that represents a combined effort to build on and extend existing efforts in both regions: notably the US investment in the STAR METRICS program and the European efforts to build better assessments for their investments. It is hoped that the roadmap will have the same success that the Science of Science Policy Interagency Roadmap had in the United States and that in the EU the road map will be the basis for including assessment measures in future legislation implementing science programs.
The NSF's Science of Science and Innovation Policy program, the NSTC's Interagency SOSP ITG, along with STAR METRICS, represent the first efforts to construct a scientific framework that is supported by multiple agencies and multiple institutions--all jointly engaged. It represents a true bottom up approach to providing an evidence basis for U.S. science policy. Its success is important for decision-makers: in a nutshell, you can't manage what you can't measure and what you measure is what you get.
NSF's innovative Science of Science and Innovation Policy program, and STAR METRICS, can help all of us do a better job in explaining this essential symbiosis.
This concludes my testimony, Mr. Chairman. I look forward to answering any questions you or Members may have.
1. On the National Council for Science and the Environment website, http://www.ncseonline.org/NLE/CRSreports/08Aug/RL31181.pdf, CRS-3
Return to speech.
2. Document is no longer available on OSTP webste (whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/STAR%20METRICS%20FINAL.pdf)
Return to speech.
3. EU looks to US model for measuring R&D impact
Return to speech.


text:
It appears the PML Driver HPZ12 service handles non-printing related two-way communications between the PC and the HP printer. Q.1: Is the 'ASP.NET Machine A...' user account important for running my HP C618 printer (admittedly, excellent; shame about the software), or can I just delete it? Not the answer you're looking for? If you log in automatically, log out and log in as Built in Administrator. Source
fish tank problem Describe that someone's explanation matches your knowledge level What are the Starfleet regulations on crew relationships or fraternizing? Look for a line like this: multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional" /noexecute=optin /fastdetect /safeboot:minimal and make it look like this: multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional" /noexecute=optin /fastdetect __________________ MemTest | IMGBurn | Seatools Services.msc shows the majority of services have Log On As "Local System"; the rest are "Network Service". share|improve this answer edited Dec 21 '11 at 13:06 answered Dec 19 '11 at 13:58 Dennis 34k573117 If this does not work you can also try going to the http://www.bleepingcomputer.com/forums/t/384549/msconfig-access-denied-error-was-returned/
If it sounded as though I was criticizing you I apologize, I was not. Do check your security! Are you still getting the msConfig message? (Thanks for the screen shot, that's very helpful).Please scan your machine with ESET OnlineScanHold down Control and click on this link to open ESET A restart & the problem will be gone.
I tried to use the dotnet cleanup tool in safe mode that failed and now I cannot get out of Thread Tools Search this Thread 03-20-2015, 06:08 PM #1 If that fails, then in msconfig, on the General tab, make sure Normal boot is checked. Yes, my password is: Forgot your password? I just wanted to mention it.
Dear tech guru, I got hit by the FBI virus a day and a half ago and later more viruses came in unexpected. And if it's stop a service/process from starting check said service in services.msc and see what it's set to log in as. –Not Kyle stop stalking me Dec 19 '11 at But if still the service doesn't go. http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_xp-update/access-denied-error-was-returned-while-attempting/7ff91cfe-8bc5-4979-abd5-c3c7aec8d5f8 Delete everything found (Select All, Delete All).Reboot if asked to.Second:Download and install the free version of Avast.
Any new ideas, please email me. Show Ignored Content Page 1 of 2 1 2 Next > As Seen On Welcome to Tech Support Guy! Click here to Register a free account now! Hi-jack this; run a scan and analyze it with one of the many online analysis tools!
If I tick the box to "allow service to interact with desktop" it makes no difference. –Steve Dec 20 '11 at 23:44 1 @Psycogeek: yeah, I agree. https://kc.mcafee.com/corporate/index?page=content&id=KB66495&pmv=print Newer Than: Search this thread only Search this forum only Display results as threads Useful Searches Recent Posts More... Msconfig Access Denied Administrator Account It does look like HP is the culprit in these issues so I will have to try to solve my problem with the same procedures. The msconfig error is still occuring.
Register now! this contact form The HP software loads a service called PML Driver HPZ12 into the Services section that loads automatically. Cause This is an issue with msconfig that is addressed in Vista/Win7. Then go to the Boot.ini tab, press Check all Boot paths, if that still fails.
Edited by Dawgmom, 12 March 2011 - 05:12 PM. Running Windows XP sp3 with POS Ready updates. How to Delete a Service in Windows Vista How to Disable the On-Screen Keyboard in Windows Vista Make Disk Cleanup Run Faster What is CTFMON.EXE and How Can I Remove It have a peek here Antivirus up to date! ``````````````````````````````` Anti-malware/Other Utilities Check: TuneUp Companion 2.4.2 CCleaner Java 6 Update 29 Java version out of date!
Sep 21, 2009 #10 zillah TS Rookie Topic Starter Posts: 47 Are you running the Zone Alarm firewall?Click to expand... I hate to bother, but if you could check all the logs I have, maybe somebody could advise how to solve the... gmgo Resolved HJT Threads 1 01-08-2012 01:33 AM Network/computer hacker First thing is first network was hacked and claimed by one of my neighbors, I went through trouble getting it back
You may also... I am still very noob tech. TechSpot Account Sign up for free, it takes 30 seconds. Flash Player Installation Issues How to Set Yahoo Mail as your Default Email Program Unknown File in Winsock LSP - NWPROVAU.DLL - Can it be Removed?
Back to top #10 Broni Broni The Coolest BC Computer BC Advisor 41,074 posts OFFLINE Gender:Male Location:Daly City, CA Local time:10:30 PM Posted 12 March 2011 - 04:47 PM Allan I am having the same problem only thing is I don't know what program caused it. whenever I try to uncheck "safeboot" I get msconfig message is "An Access Denied error was returned while attempting to change a service. Check This Out References 2514948 Terms of use for this information are found in Legal Notices.
I've run a full analysis with the AV (which also detected "ASX/Wimad.DD" as a trojan) as well as Spybot-S&D, I'm currently... Back to top #4 cnm cnm Mother Lion of SWI Administrators 25,317 posts Posted 06 March 2012 - 08:09 PM I don't see any malware, but the log is hard to It will create a folder named FixPolicies on your desktop. 4 Open the FixPolicies folder. 5 Double click on Fix_policies.cmd to run it. Although the error message I get when making any adjustments under MSCONFIG (not just to HP programs) says I need Administrator privileges to do so, in fact the startup changes do
Hopefully, removing the malware will remove the restrictions. –Dennis Dec 22 '11 at 12:53 | show 1 more comment You must log in to answer this question. Back to top #6 Allan Allan BC Advisor 7,985 posts OFFLINE Gender:Male Location:New Jersey Local time:01:30 AM Posted 12 March 2011 - 03:04 PM The fact that you've done it

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Richard Carrier Confessions Of A Cider Drinking Witch
He was outright puzzled, but have to he support been? His mother, Martha Mover, had recently been accused of witchcraft herself, and the Mover rope had never been during in Andover, Massachusetts. They were considered base even by the low standards of 1692 New England, and they were moreover warring - Richard had been in fistfights with some other men and boys. Being smallpox struck their rope they had lived as pariahs on the outer limits of commune.
Being the constables brought Richard and his brother to Salem for rational, they were clearly terrified. (Figures communication that Andrew was so overwhelmed he stuttered when he strut.) All brothers pled ignorant, but the afflicted girls who had accused them convulsed excitedly in their apparition, representative sorrow. The Mover boys were brought all the rage an end room, somewhere the rational continued illegally and the constables together their heads to their ankles. Under this grief, they confessed to in the role of witches.
Being he was returned to the courtroom, Richard told how the Mischievous sprite had unique approached him on the Andover follow one night in May of 1691. The dark man in the high-crowned hat claimed he was Jesus, and unfilled Richard new clothes and a foal in return for making his symptom in a red book. A tempting lengthen for a base Puritan, and Richard signed. His initiation was total when the Mischievous sprite baptized him in a trough at Newbury, Massachusetts. His brother Andrew difficult signed the Devil's book in an apple copse in the apparition of Richard and their mother.
As a witch, Richard followed Satan's prepare. He sent his spirit to put somebody's back up Timothy Parade of Andover, who had argued with several witch about the debt for thatching her cover. Richard cast-off a simple poppet to put somebody's back up the wife of Salem Village's pastor Samuel Parris. He attended the witch meetings, which his spirit was summoned to by the thumping of a drum.
And he drank stolen cider.
Mary Lacy, who had been accused of witchcraft immediately since the Mover brothers, had told the trial that she, the Mover rope, and other witches had flown to the home of Elizabeth Ballard and drunken all the cider in her cellar.
"Sometimes we depart our bodies at home, but at other period we go in our bodies and the Mischievous sprite puts a mist since their eyes and determination not let them see us." Mary Lacy had drunken the cider having the status of hidden.
Richard confessed to this as well, but designed his spirit had done it having the status of autonomous his physique. Mary Lacy supported his wave. "He went in his spirit, and his physique lay dead the having the status of out of doors."
What time he confessed, the afflicted girls touched his hand apart from convulsing, a sign of his true shame. The trial spared Richard and Andrew's lives in view of the fact that they had confessed to witchcraft. Their mother never confessed, and was hanged.
In attendance are sufficient of significant I find intriguing about Richard Carrier's story. For exemplar, he was male (greatest of the accused witches in Salem and New England earn were women) and the grief he and Andrew endured is terrible.
In the role of struck me the greatest, conversely, was the cider. Richard and all the confessed witches bent stories about their witchy exploits that were swaying to their accusers. People in Puritan New England alleged in the certainty of witches; it was part of their mutual worldview. Someone knew what witches did. All it took was a little persuasion (or grief) to texture a resilient story about your own proceedings as a witch.
And seemingly, witches sent their spirits or hidden bodies to stuff their neighbors' cider. Elizabeth Ballard's cider would support been hard cider, which was one of the rudimentary munchies at the time. Mere was on a regular basis impure, tea was beyond price, and bit for swig was too resolute to flourish. People drank resolute cider crack of dawn, twelve noon and night.
Confidence incoming a tend to stuff liquor (or eat get rid of) is an old myths draw up plans. For exemplar, the Swedish historian Olaus Magnus wrote in his "Verification of the Northern Peoples" (1555) that at Yuletide werewolves break all the rage cellars to stuff swig and mead. The line between werewolves and witches is low, in the role of any are shapeshifters. Bountiful pursuit who confessed to in the role of werewolves talked about freedom out their spirits in the sum of a wolf, a good deal as witches sent their spirits to do hurt.
We don't suspect in these significant in the 21st century, of course, but a out of this world amount of pursuit depart out milk and cookies for Santa on Christmas Eve. But that's check for children, right?
In parts of Medieval and Recovery Europe it was alleged that a night-riding goddess and her followers (sometimes called the Sporting Ladies) traveled on both sides of the landscape. To terrestrial their charity, pursuit would depart out get rid of and beverages for them. In the British Isles, get rid of was deceased out for faeries and elves. In many countries, get rid of and beverages are unruffled deceased out for the lost spirits of the dead who strength correspond with the home.
The origins of this belief in drifting spirits that correspond with your tend to eat and stuff is outright veil. Writers in the function of Carlo Ginzburg and Claude Lecouteux implication it back to ancient shamanic practices and stuff about the dead. It sounds good to me. Noticeably it is a very flexible belief that has various sum and expressed itself differently over time.
For Halloween, maybe I'll depart out some cider for who or whatever is lost approximately that night, and be kindhearted that I can link about this have a bearing apart from in the role of tormented.
I got the information about Richard Mover from Marilynne Roach's bulge "The Salem Witch Trials: A Day-by-Chronicle of New England Under Siege". This is the book if you mean to read a uninterrupted and jam-packed sort of what transpired in Salem.
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Open at the input front entrance of the at home or set.
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Blight shall leave high and dry but not enter.
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JetA name related with darkness and shadowiness, Jet is spare than settle a nouveau denomination.
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text:
M.E. Network EngineeringKalasalingam University
Price on request
M.E. Network Engineering
M.E. Network Engineering
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M.E. Network Engineering
Important information
- Master
- Madurai
Course programme
Semester I
Graph Theory
Internet Programming
Network Engineering and Management
Communication Systems
Network Programming Lab
Internet Programming Lab
Semester II
Network Security
High Speed Networks
Mobile Computing
Probability and Queueing Theory
Wireless Networks
Elective I- Satellite Communication
Semester III
Elective II
Elective III
Elective IV
Semester IV
Project Work (Phase II)
List of Electives
Advanced Algorithms
Reliability Engineering
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E-Commerce Technology
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Real-Time and Embedded Systems
Storage Area Networks
Enterprise Networks
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Software Engineering Methodologies
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Performance Evaluation of Computer Systems and Networks
Agent Based Intelligent Systems
Web Technology
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Genetic Algorithms and Applications
Simulation of Communication Systems and Networks
Satellite Communication
Multimedia Compression Technologies


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Nov 28, 1978
|Filing date
|Jan 5, 1978
|Priority date
|Apr 1, 1976
|Publication number
|Paul S. Malchesky, Yukihiko Nose
|Original Assignee
|Japan Foundation For Artificial Organs
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (13), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (47), Classifications (17)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation application of copending U.S. Ser. No. 672,720 in the name of Paul S. Malchesky and Yukihiko Nose filed Apr. 1, 1976 and entitled DEVICE AND METHOD FOR EFFECTING FLUID INTERCHANGE FUNCTIONS, now abandoned.
This invention relates to extracorporeal and/or implantable devices for effecting a fluid interchange function, such as for instance removal of undesirable components from blood or other fluid, and wherein the device includes capillary tubing means having a reactor or sorbent disposed therein, with the fluid being adapted to coact with the tubing means in close physical contact with the exterior surfaces thereof, for removal of designated components from the fluid for treatment of the latter, and particularly relates to a rectangular shaped device for removing undesirable components from blood.
The use of sorbent devices and/or dialysis devices for the removal of undesirable components, such as toxic constituents in blood are known in the art. It is also known that activated carbon is an excellent sorbent for removing organic metabolic wastes, drugs and other undesirable components from the blood. However, because of its high affinity for blood components as platelets, and its tendency to fragment, activated carbon has to be isolated from direct contact with blood in a hemoperfusion circuit. It is known in the art to encapsulate activated carbon particles in a polymeric coating, utilizing fine particles of activated carbon. However, studies have indicated that even with coated sorbents, the problem of microemboli still exists, and is related apparently to the technique of coating, the fragility of the coating, and to the construction of the devices using the coated sorbents. Moreover, it is known to coat activated charcoal particles by dispersing them into a solution of a polymeric binder, and then spinning the dispersion into fiber. The fibers serve to immobilize the carbon and prevent direct contact between the carbon and the blood. A dispersion of the powder activated carbon in a solution of alkali hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) is extruded through a spinneret into an acid bath to coagulate the HEC into regenerated filaments. Such filaments are wound on a perforated spindle and sealed in a cartridge housing, with blood to be cleansed being pumped through the perforated spindle over the HEC solid filaments, and then out of the housing.
Even though various schemes of coating of sorbents as discussed above have been employed, studies have shown that the coated sorbents still may involve a microemboli problem of the carry-over of emboli of the sorbent into the vascular system. Moreover, in these prior art devices, nondesired sorption of certain blood or fluid components sometime occurs, which is detrimental to certain physiologic functions.
The present invention embodies a device providing for interchange coaction with a fluid, such as for instance, a device for removing undesirable components from a fluid such as the bloodstream, and utilizing capillary tubing means with the tubing means being semi-permeable and having a sorbent disposed therein, with the fluid being adapted to flow around the closely spaced tubing means to cause removal of undesirable components from the blood.
Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide a compact, portable device providing for effective interchange coaction with a fluid, such as for instance the bloodstream.
Another object of the invention is to provide a fluid interchange device which embodies semi-permeable capillary tubing arranged in rectangular configuration, having a reactor or sorbent disposed therein, and so constructed and arranged that the fluid coacts in an interchange relation with the sorbent or reactor material in the tubing as it flows over the exterior thereof.
Another object of the invention is to provide a device of the above type which is capable of relatively high volumetric flow and is sufficiently inexpensive that it may be employed as a disposable item.
Another object of the invention is to provide a device of the aforedescribed general type including a casing for receiving the tubing therein and wherein the casing is of rectangular configuration in plan, with the tubing being generally spaced and parallel extending.
Another object of the invention is to provide a fluid interchange device utilizing capillary tubing having a granulated charcoal disposed within the lumens of the tubing, and with the tubing being semi-permeable so that fluid passed over in close contact with the exterior surfaces of the tubing causes an interchange of designated components from the fluid to the charcoal.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a fluid interchange device embodying charcoal as a filtering element, and which eliminates the problem of microemboli, and providing a device which can be expeditiously used in conjunction with a dialysis device.
Another object of the invention is to provide a fluid interchange sorbent device in combination with a dialyzer.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a fluid interchange device embodying the invention.
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the device of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of one of the corner strips utilizing formation of the casing of the device of FIGS. 1 and 2.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken generally along the plane of line 4--4 of FIG. 3 looking in the direction of the arrows.
FIG. 5 is an elevational view of one of the inlet or outlet tubes of the device of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a reduced size generally top plan view of the subassembly of the capillary tubing having the sorbent disposed therein used in the device of FIG. 1 and showing the capillary tubing potted at its ends.
FIG. 7 is an enlarged, broken, sectional view taken generally along the plane of line 7--7 of FIG. 1 looking in the direction of the arrows.
FIG. 8 is an enlarged, fragmentary, sectional view of one of the tubing elements showing the charcoal filling therein.
FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic illustration of the device of FIG. 1 coupled into a flow circuit which is hooked into the bloodstream of a mammal.
FIG. 10 is a perspective, generally diagrammatic illustration of another structural embodiment of interchange device.
FIG. 11 is a horizontal sectional view (in plan) of a device of the type of FIG. 10.
FIG. 12 is a generally diagrammatic, perspective illustration of a stack of the interchange devices of the invention interconnected with one another for increasing the interchange capacity; and
FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic illustration of a pair of interconnected interchange devices of the invention coacting with a dialyzer device, for expeditious removal of unwanted components from the bloodstream.
Referring now again to the drawings, there is illustrated a fluid interchange device 10 which comprises a rectangular casing 12 defining an interior cavity or chamber 14. An inlet tube 16 communicates with the interior of the chamber at one end of the casing and an outlet tube 18 communicates with the chamber at the diametrically opposite corner of the casing.
In the embodiment illustrated, the casing is formed of upper and lower monoplanar plates 20, 22 of polycarbonate sheet of approximately 0.040 inch (1mm) to 1/8 inch (1.6mm) thickness, with end plates or closures 24 (FIG. 1) and side rails 26, secured to one another to form fluid tight chamber 14. Strengthening rib means 28 (FIG. 1) may extend between the interior surfaces of the upper and lower plates 20, 22 and be secured thereto, for preventing flexure or ballooning of the plates under pressurized fluid load. The casing components 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 can be secured to one another by suitable adhesive means, such as for instance a suitable, known polyurethane compound, or by mechanical fastener means.
Disposed within the chamber 14 is capillary tubing means 30 (FIG. 6) having a sorbent 30a disposed within the lumens of the tubing. The sorbent presently used is activated powdered charcoal, adapted for the removal of drugs and organic solutes from the bloodstream, and is contained or encapsulated in the hollow tubing which is semi-permeable. The tubing may be formed of regenerated cellulose processes by a known process called the Cuproammonium Process. Such charcoal filled capillary tubing is commercially available from a German company identified as Enka Glanzstoff Ag of Werk Wuppertal-Barmen, Germany. Such membrane material is known by the trade name Cuprophan. Such a tubing product is hydrophilic and has a maximum pore diameter less than the minimum diameter of embolizing sorbent particles, and also a pore diameter less than the size of the cellular components of the fluid such as blood adapted for coaction therewith. Also, such tubing must have transfer characteristics which allow passage of solutes therethrough which are to be reacted with the filling material in the capillary tubing. Other membrane materials could be used such as synthetic or naturally occurring polymers as long as they meet the above criteria.
The casing 12 of the interchange device 10 must have adequate mechanical strength with dimensional changes, upon wetting thereof, being minimal. Also the chamber of the device must lend itself to sterilization and be free of pyrogen.
A suitable material for the casing 12 has been found to be polycarbonate although other polymeric films such as acrylic would also be suitable.
The sorbent filled tubing being used has characteristics nominally as follows:
Breaking load -- 150 grams
Maximum elongation -- 7%
Weight per thousand meters -- 54 grams
External diameter, dry -- 285 microns
Wall thickness -- approximately 10 microns
Part by weight of activated charcoal --60%
Sorption rate of creatinine -- 90 milligrams per gram carbon after 2 hours, at 37� C.
As an example of the structural and orientational arrangement of the capillary tubing 30, reference is made to FIG. 7 wherein layers 31 of the filled tubing elements are laid down using a lateral spacing of approximately 0.056 millimeters both vertically and horizontally. In order to maintain spacing between the tubing elements, the ends of the tubing elements are potted as at 32 (FIGS. 6 and 7) utilizing an adhesive such as a two part polyurethane adhesive as the potting material. An example of such adhesive is Vorite 689 and DB oil produced by N. L. Industries of New York. Maintenance of uniform spacing is deemed important in providing for controlled and uniform flow of fluid, such as blood, over and past the capillary tubing to permit interchange between the fluid and the sorbent in the tubing. The potted ends of the tubing are secured by the adhesive to the plates 20, 22 and the end closures 24, to maintain a generally parallel relation between the capillary tubing elements, which extend generally linearly in the chamber 14. Potting thus coats the end portions of the capillary tubing unit 30, and maintains the tubing elements in predetermined relation with respect to one another when such potted ends are secured in the casing 12. Potting or adhering of the ends of the tubing elements together may also be done directly in the case 12 rather than first potting the ends and then adhering the capillary tubing 30 as a unit in the case 12.
The aforementioned supports 28 used interiorly of the case 12 prevent expansion or ballooning of the casing during pumping (FIG. 9) or collapse during suction and also are adapted to prevent the tubing 30 from expanding into the manifold areas 36, of the interchange unit, and as best illustrated, for instance in FIGS. 10 and 11. Thus the potted tubing subassembly is assembled interiorly of the chamber in the casing with the ribs or pins 28 projecting upwardly through the layers of tubing when such ribs or pins are disposed intermediate the extremities of the capillary unit, and then the upper plate 20 is cemented or otherwise secured in place and to both the ribs or pins 28 and the potted ends 32 of the tubing 30, so as to maintain the integrity of the tubing assembly in the casing.
While only one casing member is illustrated, it will be understood that a plurality of the casing members could be coupled in series (the outlet of one to the inlet of another) and provide for the serial flow of blood through the various casings. An example of such an arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 12. While exterior tubing components 38 are illustrated for interconnecting the inlets and outlets of the stacked interchange units, the latter could be instead interconnected interiorly by suitable arrangement of the dividing plates. Parallel flow could also be achieved.
As an example of the preferred interior size of the casing, dimensions of approximately 24 cm. length, 10 cm. width and 6-7 mm. in thickness, have been successful. Actual choice of dimensions is a function of the number of capillaries or fibers used and the flow conditions required.
With the rail arrangement 26 for closing the lengthwise sides of the device 10 of FIG. 1, the inlet and outlet tubes 16 and 18 can extend from between the arms of the respective rail 26 (as best shown in FIG. 1) and adjacent the respective potted end 32 of the tubing assembly. Accordingly, as can be seen in FIG. 2, the tubing assembly 30 may be slightly rotated counterclockwise in the chamber 14, resulting in clear space entry and exit manifold areas 36 (FIG. 2) running along the respective side of the tubing assembly, to facilitate inlet and egress movement of the fluid through the device.
In order to test a device of 34 gms. of activated charcoal, an artificial solution was made of standard dialysate solution (no glucose) to which urea, creatinine, and uric acid were added in the concentration of approximately 200 milligrams % approximately 10 milligrams % and approximately 10 milligrams %, respectively. During the test, the solution was recirculated and maintained fully mixed. Pressure into and out of the device 10 was monitored, and the blood solution flow was maintained at 200 milliliters per minute during a 4 hour test.
In operation, the fluid enters the inlet tube 16, passes into the chamber space or entry manifold 36 along the side of the casing, and then flows uniformly over and around the tubing means 30 disposed in the casing to the outlet tube 18. In passing over the generally evenly spaced capillary tubing means, the fluid passes between the spaced layers of tubing and is effectively acted upon by the sorbent in the semi-permeable tubing, to remove undesirable components or the like from the fluid without being in direct contact with the latter. Entry and exiting of the fluid into and from the interchange device is essentially tangential.
The following table 1 outlines the mass transfer results obtained during the test. Clearance (C) of the table results is calculated as follows: ##EQU1##
Where Qb is the fluid or blood solution flow in milliliters per minute; Cb l is the inlet solution concentration in milligrams %; and Cb O is the outlet solution concentration in milligrams %. Mass transfer parameter (MTP) was calculated as follows: ##EQU2##
Where Vb is the blood solution volume in milliliters; Cb f is solute concentration at final time Tf, in minutes; and Cb l is the solute concentration at initial time T1 in minutes. The mass transfer parameter for the 4 hour test was 76.7 milliliters per minute for uric acid and approximately 51.7 milliliters for creatinine.
TABLE I______________________________________SUMMARYOF MASS TRANSFER RESULTS ON DEVICE #Cl CREATININE URIC ACID Clearance ClearanceSampling time Cb.sbsb.i Cb.sbsb.o ML/min. Cb.sbsb.i Cb.sbsb.o ML/min.______________________________________<30 minutes 7.7 3.6 106 6.6 2.7 11830 minutes 7.3 4.0 90 6.0 2.8 11060 minutes 6.9 4.3 75 5.6 2.8 10090 minutes 6.6 4.4 67 5.2 2.8 92120 minutes 6.3 4.4 60 4.9 2.8 86150 minutes 6.0 4.5 50 4.5 2.8 76180 minutes 5.8 4.5 45 4.2 2.8 67210 minutes 5.6 4.5 39 4.0 2.8 60240 minutes 5.4 4.5 33 3.8 2.8 53______________________________________
In an experimental setup similar to that previously described, test was made of a three-module unit containing 76.8 gms. activated carbon at a flow of 200 ml/min recirculated into a 34 liter bath of physiologic saline at 37� C. for four hours. Starting concentrations in the range of 8 mg% for creatinine and uric acid were used. The following tables 2, 3 and 4 outline the results of this study. At the termination of this study the pressure drop monitored as a function of solution flow rate was less than 30 mm Hg for flows up to 500 ml/min. Priming volume of the three-module system was 195 ml not including line volume. Total particle release as measured by the weight difference in a 0.22 micron Millipore filter before and after physiologic saline is circulated at 100 bed volumes was less than 1 mg when measured prior to any previous testing.
A third unit containing 37 gms. activated carbon was tested. The simulated blood solution (dialysate with no glucose) of 35 liters was recirculated at 200 ml/min (solution was drawn through device). The solution contained 9.4 mg% creatinine and 19.5 mg% salicylate as starting concentrations at pH 7.34. Final pH was 7.20. Particle release as measured by the weight difference in a 0.45 micron Millipore filter before and after saline flush was 1.7 mg. The following tables 5, 6 and 7 outline the mass transfer results on this device. Pressure drop of this device was under 220 mm Hg at a flow of 200 ml/min. Priming volume as determined at the end of the test was 45 ml.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________URIC ACID DATA FOR THREE MODULE SYSTEM (76.8g CHARCOAL) TOTAL TOTAL 1st UNIT 1st UNIT 2nd UNIT 2nd UNIT 3rd UNIT 3rd UNIT TIME##STR1## CLEAR- ANCE ##STR2## CLEAR- ANCE ##STR3## CLEAR- ANCE ##STR4## CLEAR- ANCE__________________________________________________________________________ 1/2 hr.##STR5## 165 ##STR6## 73.02 ##STR7## 100 ##STR8## 90 1 hr.##STR9## 150.9 ##STR10## 59.65 ##STR11## 75 ##STR12## 88 11/2 hr.##STR13## 134.7 ##STR14## 48.98 ##STR15## 70.27 ##STR16## 66.67 2 hr.##STR17## 131.8 ##STR18## 45.45 ##STR19## 58.8 ##STR20## 75 3 hr.##STR21## 108 ##STR22## 43.24 ##STR23## 41.38 ##STR24## 52.2 4 hr.##STR25## 72.8 ##STR26## 23.3 ##STR27## 32 ##STR28## 28.6__________________________________________________________________________ Uric Acid Starting Concentration 7.6 mg% Total Volume 34 Liters at 37� C Blood Solution Flow - 200ml/min Test Duration - 4hrs. Total Uric Acid Removed - 1.622g or 21.1mg Uric Acid/g Charcoal Per Cent Removal - 62.7%
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________CREATININE DATA FOR THREE MODULE SYSTEM (76.8g CHARCOAL) TOTAL TOTAL 1st UNIT 1st UNIT 2nd UNIT 2nd UNIT 3rd UNIT 3rd UNIT TIME##STR29## CLEAR- ANCE ##STR30## CLEAR- ANCE ##STR31## CLEAR- ANCE ##STR32## CLEAR- ANCE__________________________________________________________________________ 1/2 hr.##STR33## 154.1 ##STR34## 62.6 ##STR35## 74.51 ##STR36## 93.75 1 hr.##STR37## 133.33 ##STR38## 51.5 ##STR39## 61.2 ##STR40## 70.6 11/2 hr.##STR41## 123.33 ##STR42## 46.66 ##STR43## 47.8 ##STR44## 68.6 2 hr.##STR45## 98.1 ##STR46## 30.19 ##STR47## 48.89 ##STR48## 41.18 3 hr.##STR49## 81.82 ##STR50## 13.66 ##STR51## 43.90 ##STR52## 37.5 4 hr.##STR53## 84.13 ##STR54## 23.68 ##STR55## 22.86 ##STR56## 51.6__________________________________________________________________________ Creatinine Starting Concentration 8.45mg% Total Volume 34 Liters at 37� C Blood Solution Flow - 200ml/min Test Duration - 4 hrs. Total Creatinine Removed - 1.523g or 19.8mg Creatinine/g Charcoal Percent Removal - 53%
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________MASS TRANSFER PARAMETER (K') VALUES FOR THREE MODULE SYSTEM (76.8gCHARCOAL)__________________________________________________________________________URIC ACIDTOTAL 1st UNIT 2nd UNIT 3rd UNIT TIME ##STR57## TOTAL K' ##STR58## 1st UNIT K' ##STR59## 2nd UNIT K' ##STR60## 3rd UNIT K'__________________________________________________________________________1/2 hr.1.745 4.544 0.454 1.182 0.693 1.805 0.598 1.5571 hr.1.404 3.656 0.354 0.922 0.470 1.224 0.580 1.5101.5 hr.1.119 2.914 0.281 0.732 0.433 1.128 0.405 1.0552 hr.1.076 2.802 0.258 0.672 0.348 0.906 0.470 1.2243 hr.0.778 2.026 0.244 0.635 0.232 0.604 0.302 0.7864 hr.0.452 1.177 0.124 0.323 0.174 0.453 0.154 0.401CREATININE1/2 hr.1.471 3.831 0.372 0.969 0.466 1.214 0.633 1.6481 hr.1.099 2.862 0.298 0.776 0.365 0.951 0.435 1.1331.5 hr.0.959 2.497 0.266 0.693 0.273 0.711 0.420 1.0942 hr.0.674 1.755 0.164 0.427 0.280 0.729 0.231 0.6023 hr.0.526 1.370 0.071 0.185 0.248 0.646 0.208 0.5424 hr.0.546 1.422 0.126 0.328 0.121 0.315 0.298 0.776__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR61## - ##STR62##
TABLE 5______________________________________CREATININE DATA FOR UNIT 04 (37g CHARCOAL) TIME ##STR63## CLEARANCE ml/min______________________________________ 1/2 hr. ##STR64## 79.6 1 hr. ##STR65## 91.6 11/2 hr. ##STR66## 56.0 2 hr. ##STR67## 64.8 3 hr. ##STR68## 47.8 4 hr. ##STR69## 44.7______________________________________ Creatine Starting Concentration 9.4mg% Total Volume 34 Liters at 37� C Blood Solution Flow - 200ml/min Test Duration - 4 hrs. Total Creatinine Removed - 0.9622g or 26.0mg Creatinine/g Charcoal Percent Removal - 30.1%
TABLE 6______________________________________SALICYLATE DATA FOR UNIT 04 (37g CHARCOAL) TIME ##STR70## CLEARANCE ml/min______________________________________ 1/2 hr. ##STR71## 82.6 1 hr. ##STR72## 94.2 11/2 hr. ##STR73## 68.8 2 hr. ##STR74## 69.6 3 hr. ##STR75## 52.4 4 hr. ##STR76## 31.8______________________________________ Salicylate Starting Concentration 19.5mg% Total Volume 34 Liters at 37� C Blood Solution Flow - 200ml/min Test Duration - 4 hrs. Total Salicylate Removed - 2.064g or 55.8mg Salicylate/g Charcoal Percent Removal - 31.1%
______________________________________ Creatinine mg adsorbedTime mg adsorbed g. carbon______________________________________1/2 hr. 204 5.511 hr. 374 10.1111/2 hr. 646 17.462 hr. 680 18.383 hr. 918 24.814 hr. 962 26.00 Salicylate1/2 hr. 374 10.111 hr. 714 19.3011/2 hr. 1190 32.162 hr. 1360 36.763 hr. 1700 45.954 hr. 2064 55.78______________________________________
While activated charcoal particles have been found to be a highly useful sorbent for filling the lumens of the tubing section of the interchange device, there are other sorbents capable of use for removing toxin solutes in the bloodstream of a patient with renal failure, and as for instance zirconium oxide, zirconium phosphate, aluminum oxide. Enzymes, such as urease, might also be utilized.
FIG. 9 illustrates an interchange device of the invention in a typical hemodialysis circuit, and including a blood pump 40, and a bubble trap 42.
FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate a slightly modified embodiment 10' including filler sections 44 for maintaining the inlet and outlet manifolds 36 of generally uniform width longitudinally thereof for facilitating the flow characteristics of the device. In this embodiment, the pins or ribs 28 restrain the capillary tubing in use from expanding laterally into the manifold passages 36.
FIG. 12 illustrates an interconnected multilayer device, each layer of which can incorporate the same sorbent, or which may embody different reactors in the layers for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of the system or effecting various reactions on solute removal in the different layers.
FIG. 13 illustrates a dialyzing compartment 48 communicating with a pair of stacked capillary interchange devices 10, which communicate interiorly thereof by port 50 with one another, for the flow path of the blood or other fluid, and which communicate at port 52 with the dialyzing compartment 48. Dialysate is inserted at 54, passes through conventional tubular membranes 56, whereby cleansing of the blood occurs, and then the dialysate is removed at port 58.
From the foregoing discussion and accompanying drawings, it will be seen that the invention provides a novel device and method for effecting fluid interchange or like functions, and providing an interchange device which embodies capillary tubing means having a reactor or sorbent disposed therein, with the tubing means being semi-permeable to permit interchange coaction between the sorbent in the tubing means and the fluid which flows around and over the tubing means. The invention also provides a device of the aforediscussed type which is of rectangular configuration in plan and which is highly compact and lightweight and which is effective to provide for interchange coaction between the fluid and the sorbent or other material in the device.
The terms and expressions which have been used are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of any of the features shown or described, or portions thereof, and it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed.
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|Portable device for infusing insulin on the basis of glycemic measurements
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|Integrated device for the biospecific purification of a liquid containing cellular elements
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text:
School Notice Board
SIAMS Report
Our admissions policy is now available for 2017-2018. Please click the link below.
Bletchingdon Primary school now has a dog called Tia! See the risk assesment on the link below.
Risk assessment for School Dog
2016 - 2017 Term Dates
School Calendar
20th July Y6 Leavers' Service at St. Giles 2:15pm
21st July Leavers' Assembly in school 8:50am
Break Up 1:30pm
The School Day
Children are welcomed and arrive in school from 8.30am with the school day starting at 8.45am. The school day ends at 3.00pm. Seasonal extra curricular clubs are held and currently include sports, chess, art and French.
Breaktime and Lunchtime
There is a break of 15 minutes in the morning. As a healthy eating school, we ask that children bring fruit or vegetables, rather than crisps, sweets or biscuits if they wish to eat at breaktimes. Lunch time is from 12.00 to 1 o'clock (11.30 to 12.30 in our foundation stage unit). As of September 2015, school meals are cooked on site or children may bring their own packed lunch. The cost of a school meal is currently £2.10 to be paid on Mondays in advance (cheques made payable to 'Oxfordshire County Council'). Milk is also available to drink at morning break. The cost of this is 22p per day, payable weekly, monthly or termly in advance through Cool Milk.
A daily Act of Worship occurs. Times for these assemblies do vary each term. Links with St Giles Church Bletchingdon are strong and weekly visits are made by Clergy and other members of the church to lead the School in an Act of Worship. The school contributes to Harvest Festival and Easter services at St Giles Church.
Parents have the right to withdraw their child from collective worship.


text:
Family Law
Family Law Questions? Ask a Family Lawyer Online.
Hello and thank you for contacting us. This is Dwayne B. and I'm an expert here and looking forward to assisting you today. If at any point any of my answers aren't clear please don't hesitate to ask for clarification. Also, I can only answer the questions you specifically ask and based on the facts that you give so please be sure that you ask the questions you want to ask and provide all necessary facts. Please note: This is general information for educational purposes only and is not legal advice. No specific course of action is proposed herein, and no attorney-client relationship or privilege is formed by speaking to an expert on this site. By continuing, you confirm that you understand and agree to these terms.
Is there a specific question with which I could assist?
I understand your facts, what is your question?
It's not illegal for a fiance to adopt your child but it is unusual and many judges frown on it. If you were to be married then the judge wouldn't object, assuming that there is nothing in your fiance's background (ex. a criminal history) that would interfere.
The judges that I've seen reject these applications have stated that if the fiance isn't committed enough to marry the other parent then they have doubts as to whether they are committed enough to adopt a child. This kind of thinking is old fashioned and eventually it will be rare to see a judge who thinks this way but it's not rare right now.
However, your lawyer can tell you which judges are likely to look at it that way and which ones are not and, again, if you get married then that removes the issue altogether.
So, the short answer is that it is legal for your fiance to adopt your child.
If your question has been answered then I'd offer my best wishes to you and ask that you please not forget to leave a Positive Rating so I receive credit for my work.
Of course, please feel free to ask any follow up questions in this thread. I want to be sure that all of your questions are answered. In addition, once you issue your Positive Rating the question will lock open and no longer time out so you can come back to it anytime in the future if you think of any follow ups.
Yes, a local lawyer will probably know which judge will allow it and which won't. They could then try to get it in the right judge's office.
You can find a lawyer by going to www.lawyers.com and in the section for Are of Practice enter Family Law.


text:
Connie j. lowe
Connie is responsible for all loan servicing activities for the BBRC and Foundation Capital. She keeps the BBRC office running smoothly by skillfully handling a variety of responsibilities.
Connie worked at Bell South for 30 years before joining the BBRC in 1999. In 2001, the BBRC awarded Connie the Director's Award for her outstanding achievement and work for the BBRC.
When not at work, Connie volunteers with the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, travels and listens to jazz.
She may be reached at 205-250-6380, ext. 6606.
Email: email@example.com
nicole reed
Nicole has more than 20 years experience in SBA loan marketing, origination, processing, closing and servicing. She was vice president of commercial lending with Compass Bank in Birmingham, where she spent seven years in commercial lending. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from Mary Baldwin College.
Jan and Nicole are involved in various community and civic organizations. They may be reached at 205-969-0133
Email: email@example.com
Jan Roberts
Jan was also with Compass Bank as vice president of commercial lending, spending 10 years in commercial lending. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in health care management from the University of Alabama, and a Master of Business Administration degree from the University of Alabama.
Jan and Nicole are involved in various community and civic organizations. They may be reached at 205-969-0133
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Mike Vance
Mike is responsible for managing several different accounts with Foundation Capital. During his forty year professional career, he has moved seamlessly between public and private sector organizations. In the public sector, he worked for local governments including the City of Birmingham and Jefferson and Tuscaloosa Counties. He may be reached at 205-250-6380 ex. 6669
Email: email@example.com
Ashley Sutton
Ashley is responsible for propelling BBRC communication efforts to a global level while assisting with the development of press and communications plans related to organizational initiatives and announcements. You can reach Ashley at 205-250-6380 ex. 6612
Email: email@example.com
Wes Mingdingall
Wes is responsible for daily operations, managing portfolio performances and other executive duties pertaining to Foundational Capital. Wes has spent the last 11 years in the finance industry. You can reach Wes at 205-250-6380 ex. 6608
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Week 2 Mutu
So, I have reached the end of week 2 of Mutu and am still on the program! Yay me! If you have no idea what I am talking about, catch up here. I am still eating pretty well, enjoying walks and doing my core exercises. I believe that tomorrow I may have to add in something extra, but that is for tomorrow! Tonight I shall tell you about the yummy food discoveries I have made this week…
1) You can coat chicken strips in flaxseed and bake them to make crispy chicken
Chopped chicken thigh, bunged in a bag with salt, pepper and flaxseed, shaken until the chicken is covered and baked in the oven. Yum!
2) Raw snickers is actually a really yummy treat (although very sticky!)
The recipe I used came from here. I did fiddle a little as I didn't have coconut oil, so instead used solid coconut cream and a splosh of rapeseed oil.
3) Homemade meatballs make a happy family meal
Meatballs were basically just 500g mince mixed with half an onion finely chopped and some thyme from the garden then squished into balls and cooked on the griddle. Sauce was a table spoon of tomato puree, one teaspoon of chopped chilli and two teaspoons of chopped ginger (I used these clever frozen cubes to make everything super quick) plus enough water to make the right consistency. The kids had ketchup!
4) B2 loves oaty flapjack balls made with oats and dates (and they're a healthy treat for me!)
Dates in the blender, covered with water (not too much) and a spoon of oil. Whizzed to a paste and then mixed with oats, shaped into balls and baked for about 10 mins at about 180.
5) You can live without potato at every meal!
This is perhaps the biggest revelation for me! Hence the pictures above being with quinoa and bulgar wheat.
This is just a quicky to keep you up to date. Please leave me any healthy, low (or no) sugar/carb recipes below. Variety is the spice of life!