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President Trump on Thursday pledged to punish people who leaked damaging information about the inner workings of the White House, including former national security adviser Michael Flynn's conversations with Russia.
"We're going to find the leakers and they're going to pay a big price," he told reporters in the East Room.
The comments come one day after Trump blamed "criminal" leaks from the intelligence community for Flynn's ouster.


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'Supermarket hero' receives French citizenship
The Muslim shop assistant, who hid Jewish shoppers in a freezer during the attack on a kosher supermarket in Paris, has been granted French nationality.
What are your thoughts? Please comment below and share this post!
Lassana Bathily acted according to Islamic teachings when he shielded innocent civilian shoppers under attack by extremists. The French government's decision to awar
him citizenship is also a good example for those immigrants living in France. Bathily is a Hero and must continue serving the interest of his Nation.

subset: commoncrawl


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Journal of International Tax, Trust and Corporate Planning, Vol 24, No 2, 2017
Did you find this page useful or interesting?
© 2017 KENSINGTON SWAN The contents of this newsletter are for general information purposes only, and should not be acted upon without specific advice. Kensington Swan does not accept any liability other than to its clients, and then only in relation to specific requests for advice.
Partner, Auckland
+64 9 375 1109
21 Aug 2017
Financial markets
15 Aug 2017
Financial markets
08 Aug 2017
Insolvency and restructuring
01 Oct 2017


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Agape Superior Living was founded in partnership with the well-respected Super Life Medical Research Team, a professional marketing team, respected Medical Practitioners worldwide and Agape investment group. Their shared objective and vision is to ensure that the best health solutions could be provided to the people globally with the sole intention of creating maximum health among our member groups.After nearly five years of groundwork, everything fell into place and Agape Superior Living was born.
The first Agape Superior Living preview meeting was held on September 2002 in conjunction with the Founder of ATP ZETA Program – Mr. Frank Ellis. Since then, Agape Superior Living created great excitement within U.S.A., Canada, South East Asia, and Australia markets with people eagerly wanting to benefit from the Health Program promoted by the company, called the ATP Zeta Program. This Health Program is set to re-educate the people about the power of preventative health and how to successfully live a healthier life.
The ATP Zeta Health Solution, is the spearhead of Agape Superior Living, bringing back the real excitement and real value in the Health and Wellness Industry today. In addition to this program, Agape Superior Living are sourcing and putting together other world leading health and wellness products, technology and e-commerce solutions as well as self-development training seminars.
The Network of Agape Superior Living Group links from the Corporate Head Office in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to Australia, U.S.A., Canada, Taiwan, Thailand, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Brunei.
Agape Superior Living as an organization, is determined to become one of the leading Health Companies in the world. The current rapid growth of the company is already an evidence of this becoming a reality.


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Ok, got a room fairly cheaply. I contacted th hotel about an upgrade (and received one). I asked because I was a gold member so thought us was worth trying. I was sent a confirmation of the upgrade and price- based on what I reserved for in my first booking. When it came to check in, I received the upgrade and I also received the upgrade fee which when combined with what I had paid for my first reservation was more expensive than what I could book online for the same room on the day. When letting the check in staff know this it didn't seem to make a difference or register for that matter. And since I was paying not my company, I told them to cancel the upgrade. I could live without being on the executive floor. A little disappointed with the process and double information from the hotel, but lets just put that down to being their second language.
The room: we stayed in one of the normal rooms. The interior is heavily influenced by classic European flavors, which can give the room a feeling of being old and outdated. It is but you can also see the effort in the room. The room is large, the bathroom is classical with a lot of marble, there is matching writing desk, makeup mirror, chest if draws, bed end chair and lounge sofa. Despite all these items the room does not in any way feel squashed. In fact, in size alone, its probably the biggest hotel room I have stayed in for this hotel chain in Japan. The interior is not my preferred cup of tea but it is still nice.
The view is inhibited by an apartment block next door and gives a feeling of lost privacy but for the price we paid I can't really complain. I think the Westin in Tokyo is regarded as a category 6 SPG hotel. I personally would not say it is any higher than a level 5 but probably more like a 4.
The prices for food and services within the hotel are mind boggingly expensive and should be avoided at all costs unless money is no issue and $40 for a standard burger and nearly $20 for a chocolate smoothie is normal for you. One little thing I noticed, they have a carry bag in the closet that, whilst is a nice touch was also offered at the Westin in Sendai. However there, they also offered a larger bag as well and with a wife in toe was very useful as an additional carry bag to carry all the junk she bought (I mean that in the nicest possible way).
Would I recommend this hotel? Yes.
Would it be a MUST stay hotel? No.
Location? Fairly good, a little walk from the train staton but certainly not strenuous even with suitcases in toe.
Getting there from the airport: you can take the bus shuttle but I prefer to take the train, much more comfortable and reliable. It will cost more but I think it is worth it.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- The epitome of immaculate Japanese service, we tailor each guest's stay with personal, instinctive, and heartfelt hospitality. Enjoy the quietness in an upscale neighborhood of central Tokyo while staying close to the heart of actions happening at popular downtown sites. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Orbitz, Travelocity, Hotels.com, Expedia, Booking.com, JAPANiCAN, Priceline, Rakuten, TripOnline SA, Ctrip TA, Hotwire, Agoda, Cancelon and HotelQuickly so you can book your The Westin Tokyo reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- The Westin Tokyo Hotel Meguro
- Westin Hotel Tokyo
- Westin Hotel Meguro
- Westin Tokyo
- Meguro Westin
- The Westin Tokyo Meguro


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Boiled Eggs
READY IN: 15mins
Recipe by abed28
These Hard boiled eggs taste great and are a good accompaniment to salads and appetizers.
Top Review by Backwoods Baker
30 years old and I hated peeling eggs all my life...until now! Thank you for this recipe, I will now make hard boiled eggs with a smile on my face. Never knew it could be so easy!!!
See Discussion:4 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
Directions See How It's Made
- Place the eggs in a medium saucepan and cover with room temperature water. Bring the eggs to a boil, remove from the heat and let sit for 8 minutes. Shock the eggs in cold water to stop the cooking and shrink the egg from the shell. Peel.


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'New York made it a one-goal game on the power play with MacDonald on the bench for a 6-on-4. Bill Guerin sent a pass from the left side to the right where Comrie slammed it home with 1:34 to play. In the final moments of the game again with MacDonald on the bench, Okposo fought off a checker along the right circle and sent the puck to the slot for Campoli, who snapped a wrister into the right corner of the net with two seconds left in regulation.'
Note: While we are busy tweaking the front page design to make it more appealing and functional (especially for our mobile readers), you may notice odd layout errors. Please hit "control-F5" to refresh the page and load the latest files. Thank you!


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Opportunity Details
Prerequisite Opportunity: Getting Ahead in a Just-Gettin'-By World
Volunteers Needed
Children & Youth Education,
Age Minimum (with Adult) - 18, Minimum Age - 18+, Skill Category - N/A
Getting Ahead in a Just-Gettin'-By World
The Salvation Army of Broward County http://www.SalvationArmyBroward.org
Getting Ahead is an 18-20 week program for individuals who are living in poverty, generational poverty, or in unstable situations, to build and develop the necessary resources needed for stability. Volunteers will help with our childcare component which allows the participants to come to each session. Volunteers will be able to mentor children ages 5 through 17 through games, arts & crafts, discussions and more. Project takes place every Thursday evening from 5:30PM to 8:30PM. Volunteers will have to complete a level 2 background screening and attend our Safe From Harm Training where a certificate will be given. Once you express interest, Alyse, will contact you to schedule your volunteer hours.


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Oh, yeah.
Don't go ninja-in' nobody don't need ninja-in'.
- Diemon Dave
Originally Posted by Swamp Fox
You know all those stories about people following deer that they see all the time and even give names to? Are any of those summer deer that anyone can think of? If so, how big an area were these deer watchers watching?
I don't make a habit out of naming things I'm going to be eating! LOL!
Jon - looks good, keep us posted on their progress.
I like that squiggly rack buck, I think I'll name him "Squiggly"
Forum Rules


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August 6, 2012 at 10:00 am
"The Mist", only because arguably, it is the best story king ever wrote and the film completely ruined it.
August 6, 2012 at 10:00 am
The Mist isn't the worst? I'm surprised.
August 6, 2012 at 10:08 am
Close behind Stand By Me I'd put the film version of The Dead Zone, a quiet, melancholy film with some really good performances.
August 6, 2012 at 10:14 am
Nothing regarding Hearts in Atlantis? They did to that what they did to Irving's A Prayer for Owen Meany — unwatchable, without reason, utterly stupid and insipid.
August 6, 2012 at 10:46 am
Interesting list. I loved the part about comparing the Dreamcatcher aliens with the Ridley Scott aliens. I also get what you mean about It. Great book. Bestworst is the best way to describe the TV adaptation. Let's see how the Dark Tower adaptation (if it ever does get made) fits in that list.
August 6, 2012 at 10:50 am
Seriously? Stand by Me and Shawshank over Misery? Both of those movies are Stephen King sanitized and simplified for public consumption – the titles alone show this, never mind the movies. Misery, now, there's nothing they could have called it (except maybe: "Bitch be crazy") – best performance Kathy Bates ever gave, and a minimum of sentimental claptrap, if any. Misery is his best book, with its meta discussion of the nature of authors, novels, and writing, and it was made into his best film, a chilling little horror story about obsession.
I will leave you with my favourite Kathy Bates/Annie Wilkes lines, prompted by Paul saying that everybody swears and curses:
"THEY DO NOT! At the feedstore do I say, "Oh, now Wally, give me a bag of that F-in' pig feed, and a pound of that bitchly cow corn"? At the bank do I say, "Oh, Mrs. Malenger, here is one big bastard of a check, now give me some of your Christ-ing money!" THERE, LOOK THERE, NOW SEE WHAT YOU MADE ME DO! "
August 6, 2012 at 11:14 am
I think that there's really little if any kind of a good/right way to do this. Maybe as a top ten list (top ten best, worst, bestworst) instead. There have been some great King movies, there have been some lousy ones, but picking out just one is practically impossible. How about picking the ones we'd love to see made but never will be. I'd love to see a film made of The Long Walk, maybe directed by Norman Jewison (the novel has a very Rollerball feel to it). It'll never happen tho. And if it did, it would never be done with the bleak, brutal despairing violence found in the book.
August 6, 2012 at 11:16 am
Can't edit my comment, so continuing in the same mental thread. It's like the movie The Expendables. As near as I could tell, people had more fun sitting and arguing back and forth who *should have* been in the movie, than they did actually watching the movie.
August 6, 2012 at 11:20 am
That's how you know the film wasn't all that great! What a wide-open category!
August 6, 2012 at 11:32 am
"It's important to note that this list is reflective of the movies only, not the works on which they were based."
You can't do that when talking about adaptations. The above comments show as much.
August 6, 2012 at 12:42 pm
I don't like most of Stephen King's movie adaptations. The only two that I like are Stand By Me and Misery. I've never seen Green Mile, but I've heard good things.
August 6, 2012 at 12:44 pm
Oh… I forgot about The Shawshank Redemption. Love that one.
August 6, 2012 at 1:10 pm
Honestly – He has a ton of great adaptations. Pet Semetary will holds up today as a great Book > Film translation. Dream Catcher is really the worst of the bunch. The MIst – meh, it gets points for Dark Tower references. There are a lot, but a top ten list of best and the top ten worst would make for a great article.
August 6, 2012 at 2:37 pm
I really hated The Mist so hard that it hurt, but Dreamcatcher didn't bother me so much. Yes, it was annoying that it was soooo different from the book, but whatever. I think the BESTWORST for me would have to be The Stand. It's fairly terrible, but I enjoy watching it.
August 6, 2012 at 3:34 pm
To be fair, you have to consider: 1. Quality of the source (the book, short story, etc.) 2. Quality of the movie. 3. How well the movie adapted the story.
Example: We Can Remember It For You Wholesale is a good, though not brilliant short story by Phillip K. Dick. Total Rekall (the original, since I haven't seen the remake) was a great movie. The movie had nothing to do with the original short story (despite what they say with the new one, neither does the new one).
With King, Tommyknockers was a shamefully terrible film, but the book wasn't all that great either. It was a bad movie which did a poor job of telling the story from a bad book.
How about The Shining? The original, not the made for TV one. Good book, good movie, movie had little to do with the book.
All that said tho, filmmakers can get really disgustingly full of themselves with adaptions. When Burton made the remake of Willy Wonka, he kept explaining how his work was closer to the original artist's vision. But the script for the original movie was written by Roald Dahl, the author of the books. Be fair, you don't get much closer to the artists vision than when the artist writes the script.
August 6, 2012 at 5:15 pm
Totally agree with the worst and the bestworst, they butchered "It" in terms of the novel, but they did it in the most entertaining manner. The best adaptation, in my opinion, was the Green Mile. It was one of the best movies I've ever seen, and it was true to the book in most ways except for a few, the main character's age by the end (which I don't understand why they had to change that) just to name an example.
August 6, 2012 at 8:56 pm
Since Dreamcatcher was such a terrible book it's no surprise it made an awful movie.
August 6, 2012 at 8:57 pm
The bestworst for me would be Silver Bullet 100% guilty pleasure
August 8, 2012 at 5:45 am
Did you know Running Man was an adaption of one his books? Terrible stuff. Just awful.
August 8, 2012 at 3:35 pm
Why do people dislike The Mist i thought it was a well told tragedy..Perhaps people were looking for the typical good feeling ending?
August 10, 2012 at 6:17 am
I thought the Mist's ending was perfect and King loved it too. Rather than simply have the characters venture off into the unknown in search of hope as is in the book, the movie demonstrates the bitter consequences of giving up on hope, through the despair caused by its eponymous antagonist. In the end it wasn't the monsters that got to them. Great horror movie. Granted I didn't read the book ending until later…
August 18, 2012 at 1:25 pm
Wow, great post! My fav is actually 1408, although I haven't read the short story 🙂 but I have this thing about John Cusack 😉
And wow, directed by Joss Whedon & Tim Burton, and adapted by Neil Gaiman – I think I died & went to heaven – at least that's how it would feel like 😀 it would be so beyond awesome 😀
And hahahahahaha for the worst 😀 and I agree a musical would be BestWorst
September 4, 2012 at 2:23 pm
Not only was Lawnmower Man terrible, it was so bad that Steven King sued to get his name taken off of the credits:
September 5, 2012 at 10:10 am
I totally agree with you: Dreamcatcher was awful. Loved the book. Hated the movie.
I would love to see Anna Dressed in Awesome. I think it would full of Awesome!
August 6, 2012 at 8:42 am
August 6, 2012 at 8:53 am
August 6, 2012 at 9:03 am
August 6, 2012 at 9:13 am
August 10, 2012 at 1:01 pm
September 19, 2013 at 11:01 am


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The aim of this project was to create a new line of templates for the most popular company on the Theme Forest site. Using smooth lines and with a focus on the user's consumer preferences, the challenge was to deliver personalized content for each user profile and to create a far better consumption experience for the company's products.
I worked on a lot of cool things during the time I spent in Detroit. One of those was a proposal for the new site for Hello Aerial, which is a company that produces video content. Hello Aerial's work speaks for itself, so the challenge was to think of a way to present this work in a simple and attractive, multi-platform accessible way.
Like most Brazilians, I am passionate about cars. So, naturally, I found it easy to channel this passion into the redesign of the Jeep Renegade site, one of the top 10 popular cars in its category. The redesign consisted of focusing on the stand out features of the car, without forgetting the main objective of the page, which is to help users choose the Jeep Renegade.


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Main club email addresses
Social email address
Touring email address
Club Officers
Please make sure you add these addresses to your list of contacts so that replies will make their way to you and not your junk mail box. If you are interested in receiving information about WHC social events and tours please email the relevant address so you can be added to the mailing list. Other important contact details of club officers and captains are listed below.
|John Atkins
|John Phillips
|Mike Latham
|Honorary Secretary
|Claire Satchwell
|Honorary Treasurer
|Steve Brown
|Press & Publicity
|Luke Casey & Tim Chamberlain
|Website Administration
|James Lanyon & David Shannon
|Social Secretaries
|Sports Trust
|Fon Leigh
|Welfare Officer
|Guy Windsor-Lewis
|Director of Junior Hockey
|David Shannon
|Oxon Umpires
Association Liaison
|Guy Hildred
|Umpiring Coordinators
|Penny Hawson & Hattie Wood
|Ladies Club Captain
|Philippa Morris
|Mens Club Captain
|Tim Chamberlain
|Ladies Fixture Secretary
|Josie Brettell
|Mens Fixture Secretary
|Rich Hawson
|Ladies 1st XI Joint Captains
|Helen Gupwell
|Ladies 2nd XI Captain
|Heather Merryweather
|Ladies 3rd XI Captain
|Jenny Capon
|Ladies 4th XI Joint Captains
|Jess Meredith & Jane Ryde
|Mens 1st XI Captain
|Adam Mills
|Mens 2nd XI Captain
|Nich Golding
|Mens 3rd XI Captain
|Nick Henry
|Mens 4th XI Captains
|Perry Leigh
|Mens 5th XI Captain
|John Evans
|Mixed XI Captain


text:
GPS Repair Problems? Ask a GPS Technician for Answers ASAP
Hi there and welcome
There can be a number of causes for this.
First, disconnect the charger and hold the power button for 60 seconds then release.
Connect the charger, turn it on and tell me if it can now get to the maps please


text:
Michael Castle on Education
Senator Thune has stated that he supports the goals of the No Child Left Behind Legislation. He supports the Head Start Program which provides funding for pre-school.
Support for Head Start
In November of 2007, Senator Thune released a press statement noting the passage of funding for the Head Start legislation.
"The early years of any person's life are extremely important in their development," said Thune. "Head Start gives low income families the opportunity to provide their children important health, nutritional, social and educational services to be better prepared for the years of education ahead.
"The legislation we passed today also seeks to improve accountability in the Head Start program and to increase the academic focus of day to day education. I applaud these changes."
The Head Start reauthorization bill includes important safeguards against financial abuse in the Head Start program to improve the program for families and taxpayers. The conference report requires all Head Start grantees to make publicly available an annual report detailing how their money is spent, the sources from which funds are received and how the grantee performs in terms of meeting the requirements of the law. The bill also requires that all grants be designated for renewal every five years.
The Head Start program is administered by the Department of Health and Human Services, which awards grants directly to local providers. Head Start grantees include public and private school systems, community agencies and faith-based organizations, in addition to home-based, nonprofit and for-profit entities, local governments and Indian tribes. Approximately 2,827 children in South Dakota participate in Head Start.
Official Website Statements
The quality of education our students receive in South Dakota is among the best in the country. As the father of two daughters who attended public schools in South Dakota, I know first-hand the importance of ensuring that educators have the tools they need to help children reach their full potential.
The "No Child Left Behind Act" has refocused our country on greater accountability and achievement in our elementary and secondary schools, but there is much more that can be done. I believe in the goals of the No Child Left Behind Act. I also believe that as Congress debates its reauthorization, we will have an important opportunity to strengthen and improve the law for future generations.
Without a doubt, South Dakota's rural schools have unique needs. That is why I continue to support education proposals that give schools the necessary resources and flexibility while keeping them accountable to taxpayers, parents and students.
Voting Record
America COMPETES Reauthorization Act
In May of 2010 the House voted on reauthorizing the America COMPETES Act. The act passed the House 262-150. Michael Castle voted in favor of reauthorizing the America COMPETES Act.
Michael Castle voted in favor of reauthorizing the America COMPETES Act.
College Cost Reduction and Access Act
The College Cost Reduction and Access Act is a significant education bill dealing largely with funding for higher education. The bill removes tuition sensitivity for Pell Grants, increases the amount available for Pell grants, Funds the Upward Bound program, establishes the TEACH Grants, reduces student loan repayment rates, sets deferments based on need and establishes some partner based grants. The bill got the full support of the Democrats, but passed with the support of only about 1/4 of the Republicans. Michael Castle voted in favor of the College Cost Reduction and Access Act.
Michael Castle voted in favor of the College Cost Reduction and Access Act.
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
No Child Left Behind was the primary focus of the Bush administration prior to 9/11. The bill requires states to develop assessments in basic skills to be given to all students in certain grades, if those states are to receive federal funding for schools. The Act does not assert a national achievement standard; standards are set by each individual state. The bill got the support of most Democrats and Republicans and passed the House in a 384-45 vote. Michael Castle voted in favor of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.
Michael Castle voted in favor of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.
DC Scholarship Program
In 1998, the House voted on an amendment to the yearly appropriations bill to Washington D.C.. The amendment allocated $7 Million dollars to a program for scholarships to low-income children. The amendment was ' agreed to with the support of most Republicans and most Democrats. Michael Castle voted in favor of the DC Scholarship Program.
Michael Castle voted in favor of the DC Scholarship Program.
Education Savings and School Excellence Act of 1998
This 1998 legislation would have allowed people to take money from their IRAs to pay for qualified elementary and secondary education expenses, including home schooling expenses. It increased the annual contribution limit from $500 to $2,000. It permits corporations to contribute to education IRAs. Although the bill passed both the house and the Senate, it was vetoed by the President. Michael Castle voted in favor of the Education Savings and School Excellence Act of 1998.
Michael Castle voted in favor of the Education Savings and School Excellence Act of 1998.
Sponsored and Cosponsored Legislation
Session-110; Bill Number-H R 1971; Teach for America Act - Cosponsor
To provide for recruiting, selecting, training, and supporting a national teacher corps in underserved communities.


text:
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Coyote Content
Cincinnati, OH
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About this pro
How does your business stand out?
Coyote Content primarily provides office support, copywriting, marketing and website development for small businesses and entrepreneurs. Office support for day to day tasks can be provided, and customer service support as well. Even if you just need some general ideas about what kind of marketing goals to set in the digital environment, or if you need technical assistance with your website, with email migration from one service to another, we can create a solution for you.
What do you enjoy about the work you do?
Our business is focused on creating solutions for small businesses, and doing so in a way that supports local economies in environmentally friendly ways. Coyote Content stands in solidarity with working people around the world, and we believe that it is our responsibility to hold each other to higher standards than profit and expediency.
Cincinnati, OH 45258
Years in business
Number of employees
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3 Reviews
Daniel L.
Jan 18, 2016
Had so much help promoting 2 new businesses this year! Don't know what I'd do without Dave! I'm pretty new to 21st century business promoting and Dave has not only educated me about using computers but has sent my businesses soaring! He's personable, reasonable and I'm very indebted to him. Daniel Lebenstein, Owner Blue Ridge Arts and Crafts Homes, and Ashevilleartscrafts.com
Shayla K.
Nov 1, 2015
Joseph B.
Jun 17, 2015
David helped my office move from Go Daddy IMAP mail to Google IMAP mail and set up our professional level Google presence including switching the domain names and transferring gigabytes worth of data. Well, maybe not literally, but it seemed like that at the time. David was prompt, affable, competent, reported often without interrupting my business flow, and I intend to use him any time I have complex computer issues to deal with. He operated from his location on the East Coast, and I from mine in the Midwest and we were able to work together with ease and comfort. I highly recommend David as an honest diligent and extraordinarily competent assistant in technological efforts. Yours truly, Joseph W Booth, attorney-at-law.
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What should the customer know about your pricing (e.g., discounts, fees)?
There is a base rate of $30 an hour for new clients, with specific projects and flat fees based on estimates close to that figure.
What is your typical process for working with a new customer?
Once cost and customer needs have been identified in a basic way, we reach out to the customer. A phone call, Skype call or email is needed to go over in detail the specific details of a job. Once that is done, work begins with regular updates on progress until everything is complete.
What education and/or training do you have that relates to your work?
I have a bachelor's degree, and over 25 years of experience in office support, marketing, and customer service in a variety of industries. This allows me to adapt to any client and ensure that whatever is needed is done.
What types of customers have you worked with?
Artists, educators, construction companies, law firms, web sales companies, real estate professionals, and content providers. In the past I have worked in market research, insurance, and direct sales, as well as operations management both in call centers and offices large and small.
Describe a recent project you are fond of. How long did it take?
I assisted a client migrate his email service from GoDaddy to Google Apps, ensuring a rapid transfer of data, migration of all historical emails, and seamlessly set up his existing email client with the new system. No interruption of business occurred, and everything was completed in less than a week. For a single email account, the same thing can be accomplished in a few days.
What advice would you give a customer looking to hire a provider in your area of work?
Get a solid idea of the work that will be provided, and the rate that will be charged. A signed agreement is the best protection for both customers and work providers.
What questions should customers think through before talking to professionals about their project?
What work will be done, including specifics? What rate will be charged? How long will it take to complete the task, both in hours worked and days until completion? What specific experience do you have with this work?
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text:
Hi. I'm the.night.creature.
I am a girl.
I eat noodles.
I play world of warcraft.
Sometimes I do both at the same time.
I like to take photos
I like to listen to Japanese Rock.
And I can't do long division.
|AnimeGalleries [dot] Net
|AnimeWallpapers [dot] Com
|AnimeLyrics [dot] Com
|AnimePedia [dot] Com
|AnimeGlobe [dot] Com
Hi. I'm the.night.creature.
I am a girl.
I eat noodles.
I play world of warcraft.
Sometimes I do both at the same time.
I like to take photos
I like to listen to Japanese Rock.
And I can't do long division.
It's not rocket science.
Nice , your a japanese rock fan.
Welcome to af , have fun till your here.
Dont spam and please stay active.
Pm me if ya need anything to ask or say.
wish me luck for furture guys!!!!Thanks for everything!!!^___^
So is it true what they say about girl WoW players?
If each mistake being made is a new one, then progress is being made.
hi, im a random human, extending greetings to you, dont have an accident and die, that wouldnt be fun, but then, dont fear death, because it cant exist whilst you do. have a fun time here.
set made by someone very dear to me, who i doubt you know.
Hello and welcome to AF
PM me if you need anything or just want a friend.
Your color is Black. You value power, ambition, and darkness. You love power at any cost, and are a corrupting influence on those around you. At your best, you are resourceful and unashamed. At your worst, you are parasitic and amoral. Your symbol is a skull. Your enemies are white and green
Let me think of a good nickname for you.. Hmm..
I'll call you Crea because I took the "Crea" out of creature. Asides from that welcome to the anime forums, have fun and well stay active and if you ever want a buddy message me!
Nonon Jakuzure - Best Kill la Kill baePretty damn great! #spoke2soonOta "The Cutest Otaku" 2016 - Lol, how's your account doing lately? Oh wait.
Night Creature you say?
Well, I hope you enjoy your stay here and welcome to AF.
Welcome to AF.
Hope you have a fun time.
If you ever want a friend to
talk with or have any questions
feel free to PM me. ^_^
[Click ♥] Ask me something please? o ~ o
♥ Sasuke Uchiha ♥
|♫|"Cause I was born to tell you I love you, and I am torn to do what I have to,
to make you mine. Stay with me tonight."|♫|
hola welcome to AF
We Know There Is A End Before There Is Ever A Beginning
Hi there and welcome.
My AF family:
Cousins: Astral_Mage
Greetings Night CreatureHi. I'm the.night.creature.
I am a girl.
I eat noodles.
I play world of warcraft.
Sometimes I do both at the same time.
I like to take photos
I like to listen to Japanese Rock.
And I can't do long division.
Welcome to AF
Cup Ramen is awesome
Blizz Con is coming up
I see u can multi-task
Kool hobby
Good Taste in Music
Math isn't for everyone
Have fun meeting new ppl and hope to see u around.
welcoem to AF =D
joey and kaiba dance avatar gets a rep anyday =DDD
Lex Luger R.I.P
¦ Sexy Logo By Me ¦ R A R E R E N D E R ¦ Tutorial requests and PSD Requests open ¦ Tag Thread
Sweet intro. Long division sux.^^ I'm ari. Nice to meetcha.
Feel free to pm me whenever. Make lotsa friends and stay active. Buh bye.
Imma kittie named ARI!^^ Here me meow... meow... haha^^
Rawr... he's my awesomatical family:
lil sisters: Sailor Mystery & Tsuki Moon88
big sister: yilin
big brother: ~Zetromis~ & TheDesertFox
always looking for more family nd friends. xp ^^hehe
cookies rawk... btw...
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Twin sister: Angella_Kagamine
So many nice people!
-feels loved-
It's not rocket science.
Welcome to anime forum!!!
PM me if you want!!!
[Random words of wisdom here]
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welcome to aF!
just PM me if you need a friend...
enjoy! ^^
siggy by tsuki
I like to take photos too. Welcome to the site, the.night.creature. Hope you enjoy it.
"Kisses, darling."Swoosh.Oofl.
qwlcome to AF.
hope you enjoy you'r stay!!!!
Created to Overrule Everything
Hi there, welcome to AF! Enjoy your stay here and be active, unlike me, heheh... Have fun and PM me if you want to make new friends. Do take care.
>>Enter My World<<
Thanks to Ms Lucy for this awesome, funny gif.
The person that you are now is not the person that I used to know. You're becoming a stranger that I've never met before. Not liking the change though.
Hi and welcome,
ever need a friend just PM me.
welcome to the forums.
see you later.
[set by blueangel06661]♥
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Detached House, 5 Bedrooms, 3 Bathroom
most beautiful and elevated c.2500sqft 5 Bedroom Residence with exceptional unobstructed views of Rosscarbery Bay and Estuary. Built c.30 years ago, this elegant family home has been well maintained, extended and upgraded and sits on a plot of 0.4 Acre with manicured gardens, tarmac driveway and detached garage. This is an unique opportunity to acquire a fine family home with magnificent coastal views and within a 20 min walk to Rosscarbery Town Centre, 15 mins walk to local Primary & Secondary Schools and 15 mins walk to The Warren Beach.
Viewing Strictly By Appointment Only


text: Saturday it finally happened. The MOAG delivered and I was finally able to get a 2k chuck! After fighting mother nature and work on several attempts, we finally got a weekend off that had nice weather (part of the time). I had goodgrouper, 7mmrhb, and old bear to help spot the shots. All of us had a good time as we actually had three new entries into the VHA downrange clubs. 7mmrhb made the 500 yard club with his 22 hornet, and old bear made the 1k club with his dirty old 25-06, and me with my 2k entry. Here is the big pic: Here is the place where the chuck bit the dust: This is a pic looking back at our camp and shooting bench from the kill site with my camera zoomed in half way: Here is the happy dudes minus 7mmrhb:


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4/10-11: fabulous dinner at Buck's with a few cool artists from my gallery; a couple shots of the in-progress Jason Gubbiotti, Leon Berkowitz, and Portia Munson show installation; and, finally, dinner at Raf's with another friend and artist.
I'm off to NYC this morning, returning Monday. I strongly urge everyone in the known universe to attend the Saturday night opening at Hemphill Fine Arts, it's a really colorful, exciting, and intelligent show.
Thursday, April 12, 2007
1 comment:
- mike said...
The show kicked ass. and the art happening in the space across the street, it was better than that!
- Mon Apr 16, 09:22:00 AM EDT
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New Book
Posts Tagged 'USAF'
National Security Cinema – New Book Reveals Government Censorship/Propaganda in Hollywood
National Security Cinema
is a new book that uses over 4,000 pages of documents to reveal government censorship and propaganda in Hollywood. From the Pentagon's rewriting of James Bond to the CIA's manipulation of
Meet the Parents
this is the biggest and best book ever written about military-intelligence propaganda in ...
Read more
Alaska, the Air Force and the Science and Entertainment Exchange
Newly released reports from the US Air Force Entertainment Liaison Office (ELO) confirm their continuing influence over the political content of the productions they support and refer to a mysterious event called the 'Alaska CLT'. The role of the Science and Entertainment Exchange - technically a non-governmental body - was ...
Read more
Air Force One – Tom Secker on Uncle the Podcast
Uncle and Aaron invited me back to drink Hoegaarden and discuss the movie
Air Force One
. This typically chaotic discussion focused on how the Air Force rewrote parts of the film in exchange for their support, why Hoegaarden reminds me of happy times, and how terrorists open locked doors on ...
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Pentagon Production Assistance Agreement for United 93
United 93
was the first and - to date - the only major movie to depict what happened in the skies over the US on the morning of the 9/11 attacks. The film-makers intended it to be as accurate and realistic as possible, so they reached out to the Pentagon ...
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ClandesTime 094 – How Many Films has the Pentagon Supported?
The Department of Defense is the government agency with the largest and most influential operations in Hollywood. But to how many films have they provided production assistance? How many movies have they supported? In this episode we explore the answer to this question, why it is so difficult to answer ...
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Pentagon Production Assistance Agreements for Transformers
Despite only producing 4 films so far the
series is already one of the top 10 movie series of all time. In a paradox that encapsulates much of Hollywood, it appears that the worse the
films get the better they do at the box office. These production assistance ...
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ClandesTime 093 – The Pentagon and the Cinematic Universe
In less than 10 years Marvel has created the biggest money-making film franchise of all time with the Marvel Cinematic Universe. However, this probably wouldn't have been possible without the help of the Pentagon. In this episode we examine the rise of the MCU, the Pentagon's involvement, and the fallout ...
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Updated 'Complete' List of DOD Films
Sometimes the Freedom of Information Act is a strange beast and you receive something you didn't ask for, but are still happy to get. That happened to me recently when in response to a request about the Pentagon's Hollywood database I received an updated list of DOD Films - movies ...
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Pentagon Production Assistance Agreements for Iron Man 1&2
The first two
Iron Man
movies are far more important to cinematic history than their daft scripts, super-arrogant star performer and cartoonish presentation might suggest. Between them they made over $1.2 billion worldwide and established the Marvel Cinematic Universe, which has since become the biggest film franchise of all time. ...
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Pentagon Production Assistance Agreement for Tomorrow Never Dies
Tomorrow Never Dies
is perhaps the most military-heavy Bond film of recent times, benefiting from production support from both the British and American armed forces. Despite this the Pentagon's Hollywood liaison Phil Strub denied that they provided any assistance to the film-makers. This document proves that Strub is not telling ...
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Copyright © Spy Culture 2017


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cat in the dino hat …
Made by Scooter Knits: etsy.com/listing/79106225/the-dinosaur-hat-in-magentaish
Select Page
Posted by Danielle | Sep 18, 2011 | cat on a hot knit pouf, pethack | 0 |
Made by Scooter Knits: etsy.com/listing/79106225/the-dinosaur-hat-in-magentaish
Danielle Holke is a long-time knitter, first taught by her beloved grandmother as a young girl growing up in Canada. In 2008 she launched KnitHacker, a lively blog and knitting community which has since grown to be a popular presence in contemporary knitting culture, reaching more than a million readers each year. As a marketing professional, Danielle advises and works with a motley squad of artists, yarn bombers, film makers, pattern designers, yarn companies and more.
March 17, 2013
October 28, 2011
February 14, 2010
February 28, 2010


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Véto-pharma is a French pharmaceutical company that develops, produces, and distributes a range of innovative products to support honey bee health.
Our expertise guarantees the quality of our products, distributed in more than 20 countries around the world, positioning Véto-pharma as the current worldwide leader in Varroa treatments.
The heart of our work in the service of honey bee health is, by nature, oriented toward sustaining development.
At Véto-pharma, this value is a key part of our development strategy and our decision-making processes.
All of our activities are driven by our ongoing search for excellence and our unswerving commitment to developing the best products and services for honey bee health. Our status as a pharmaceutical laboratory requires high quality in our work, and we apply these standards of quality not just to our range of products, but to our internal procedures as well.
A company's reputation is built upon the values of its men and women. The cohesion of our team is one of the major strengths of our company, which, despite the small size of its workforce, rises to meet significant challenges every day.
Each member of the team is recognized for his or her skill, personality, and convictions, which must mesh with those of the company. We do everything we can to give each member of our staff the ability to develop his or her full potential.
Our internal and external relationships are based entirely on the team's strong commitment to the success of our projects and the service of our clients:


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An Extended Track of My Previous Song Pone Pomanna Pone From Meeku Meere Maaku Meeme. Hope you guys Love it 🙂
Month: February 2016
Pone Pomanna Pone From Meeku Meere Maaku Meeme
An attempt to sing this Beautiful Song from the Recent Telugu Movie Meeke Meere Maaku Meeme directed by My Friend Hussain Sha Kiran. The Song was originally composed and sung by Prema Ishq Kaadal Fame Shravan.
Hope you guys love this Track sung by Me 🙂
Congratulations and All the Best for the M2M2 Team!!


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To keep the Aladdin Disney story inspired makeup looks alive, I wanted to make another glittery cut crease look inspired by princess Jasmine.
Category Archives: FOTD
Disney Inspired Looks – Aladdin (Part One).
Last weekend it was time for me to make a new Disney Inspired look again! This time I really wanted to do something with the Aladdin story so this is my first part of the Aladdin Disney movie :) I liked this look so much I simply dedicated a whole post and 3 photos of it!
Look – Nude Is The New Black!
Lately I have been loving my peachy nude colours with a strong black liner. No glitter or bright colours, just some nudes and a bunch of highlighter on the cheekbones. Also, in these shots I have been rocking my new fave earrings! I got them for about a dollar on Aliexpress.
Look – With Or Without Glasses ;)
I am an almost fulltime glasses wearer so I know how hard it can be to make your makeup match well with your glasses and not make your face look crazy. Today a look with and without my glasses to show all of you lovely ladies and gents you don't have to skip makeup when you do need glasses in life.
Disney Inspired Looks – Beauty & The Beast.
After doing the Alice in Wonderland and The Little Mermaid inspired looks, I really wanted to make some looks inspired by Beauty & The Beast. They are inspired, so I gave them all my own little twist ;)


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Distinguished Scholar Award - LIU, Brooklyn
Provided by: Long Island University, Brooklyn
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The Distinguished Scholar Award is open to new freshmen and transfer students at Long Island University, Brooklyn who receive the University Scholar Award or the Presidential Scholarship. Freshmen must have a minimum 88 high school average and a minimum 1200 SAT (480 verbal) score. Transfers must have completed at least 45 credits with a minimum 3.75 GPA. This award is renewable with a minimum 3.0 GPA. All recipients must enroll in at least 16 credits per term.
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Superga platforms and a floral dress on a hot summer day This month I attended a fashion event put together by Superga and Fiat. I went there with my best friend Kaja and we had a blast! We each got a pair of Superga sneakers as a gift and instantly fell in love with the brand. I've had a pair of Superga sneakers before (I wear them all the time) and you can check out how I ... Read More
It's all about that bag
Yellow is such a happy, optimistic and a positive color. When I received my first regular pay check in the middle of February I decided to celebrate by buying myself a bag (surprise, surprise). I've been checking out Liu Jo bags for quite sometime and when I saw this beautiful yellow bag in the store I knew it would be perfect for up coming spring season. I'm not a big fan of ... Read More
A touch of spring in February
The temperatures are slowly starting to rise to something that I find acceptable to go outside out of the house for more than 10 minutes and yes, today I saw sun after the long, never ending gray foggy winter. I live in a capital city of Slovenia, Ljubljana and the weather is extremely foggy during the winter season. And with the lack of sun comes a very grumpy Pia. My mood ... Read More
Going minimal with an over sized blazer
Hello darlings :). How was your weekend? Mine was kind of interesting for a change. I went to a party on Friday with my friends from work (including my boyfriend of course) and had an awesome time! We danced all night and I actually liked the music that was being played. For me a good night out basically means lots of dancing on a good music. Which is harder to find than you ... Read More
Getting my grunge on
I have to say I really like grunge style. Especially for fall and winter season. If I would have to describe grunge style with one word it would be cool. I'm loving the laid back, I don't really care kind of vibes that grunge gives you. And yes, I felt very cool wearing this look ;). I got the cute green sweater SHEINSIDE online shop, you've probably heard of it, because ... Read More
My (almost forgotten) summer uniform: denim shorts & white T-shirt
I almost forgot I did a photo shoot on the Savudrija beach in September and I was super happy when I rediscovered these photographs, because the weather in Ljubljana has been absolutely horrible lately and I'm sitting on a couch right now, wrapped in a warm blanker, drooling over these summer pics! I found these gorgeous shorts in Brandy Melville, when we visited Florence and ... Read More


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Lottery tickets can be purchased from authorised retailers in the country where the game is played. As an alternative, you can choose numbers online from the comfort of your own home and play for the biggest jackpots around the world.
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- 1. Select the game of your choice from the list above and click 'Choose'.
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You can purchase tickets for international lotteries thanks to lottery concierge services such as theLotter. The tickets you order are bought by local agents, before being scanned and uploaded to your account as proof of purchase.
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The lotto ticket payment system is entirely safe and secure for your peace of mind.
When you choose your numbers for a lottery, you will receive a scan of the ticket which will be placed into your online account.
Your winnings will be paid into that account as well.


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(Continued from Part 4)[4] Religious literature: The kings were referred to as Maharaja in the Buddha period. Today the Dhalias while saluting the Naiks proclaim them as 'Maharaj.' Naik in turn offers them some donations for entertainment.[5] Folk Literature: Folk lores, legends, Saki, Kelawat, proverbs, rituals at the time of birth, marriage and death etc. all provide references about the Gor kings.[6] Foreign Travelers: Chinese traveler Hun-en-Tsang has mentioned about Gor kings. Two Portuguese travelers, who visited India in 16th century, have mentioned in their Bakhar about Vijayanagar Empire about the traders with thousands of oxen laden with goods. These traders might be the Gors.[7] Independent Dialect: The independent dialect of a tribe cannot be created till the tribe does not live in a single region for about 300 years. Gor dialect is an independent dialect of the Gors. This dialect flourished under their rulers. Due to the efforts of Vasantrao Naik the Gor community in Yevatmal district now speaks the dialect.[8] Other historical references: Gorvamshiya's trade in the Greek period was spread from Afghanistan to Malawa province. Diga Naik Majma Naik was ruling in the Malawa province. Naresh Singran in Maurya's time was a Gorvamshiya. The famous king Alexander's daughter's friend was a Gor girl. Research may reveal the similarity between the ancient Greek culture and Gor culture. The tragedy of Greek King Oedipus Rex is still a part of the Gor literature. Does this mean that the Gor culture was named as Greek culture? It is a challenge to the researchers. These entire historical criterions are fulfilled by the Gors. The unknown history of the Gors has come to light now. It was unknown according to Indian historians. Even the Gor Banjaras were ignorant about their original history. The Gor Banjaras were considering themselves of Rajput clan due to ignorance. They have also taken up surnames like Rathod, Pawar, Chavan and Jadhav. These are not the surnames of Gorvamshiyas. Their clans are different. e.g. in Rathores it is Ramawat, in Jadhav it is Vadatiya, in Chavan it is Mud while in Pawar it is Palthya. Almost 2000 clans belong to Pada Khap. The Rajput dynasty is basically originated from Shak Hun. The reference about Rajput dynasty is found after 9th Century only. Earlier it was not in existence. In this way the history of Gor dates back to minimum 3 thousand years and maximum 7 thousand years.Alha UdalThe Samat of Gor kingdom Mahoba, Alha Udal fought from Parmal King's side and against Prithviraj Chauhan in 1182. The Chauvan's army was frustrated due to the bravery of Udal. He did not spare Prithviraj even. Udal caught Prithviraj in this battle. Kavi Chand Bardai Bhat mediated for the release of Chavan. In the end Alha Udal became martyr in this war. The heroic attitude of Udal is still remembered by the Gors in Central Province through songs. It is said that Udal was blessed by Waghai (Jagdamba). She has given 5 horses to him. Whoever would ride the horses was blessed against death. Alha Udal was ruling in Mahoba region. King Parmal asked for the 5 horses from him. Udal declined the demand. In the end he left the King Parmal and went to King Jaichand. Reference has been found that Alha Udal won number of battles due to the love and insistence of King Parmal's wife (Bundelkhand Ki Sanskriti Aur Sahitya, page 2). One more reference in the book Khajuraho Lokkatha Se Itihaas says: "Alha Udal was brave warrior of Vindhya region. His nephew Sardar Malkhan was ruling in Sinhalgad (Omkar Sahi, page 29).Lawan Prasad Veerdhaval GorWanik Gors were chief in the court of Chalukya King Bhimsingh IInd during 1178-1241 AD. They later on became ministers. He was well known for his political skills. As a minister he handled the governance for almost 24 years. He number of times subsided the revolt against the state and he was skilled to work together with all concerned (Devgiri Ke Yadav, by Dr. Rajmal Bora, page 29). It proves that Gors were kings and administrations at number of places.Samant Gora-BadalIn the story of Rajput King Rattan Sen, Queen Padmini and Allauddin Khilji, Gorvamshiya soldier Gora and Badal's bravery is famous among Gor Banjaras. Gora and Badal were uncle and nephew in relation. In the collection of Pundit Gaurishankar Oza there is a reference on page 87: " One soldier used to handle hundreds of Shakas in a day." A fort is built in his memory. It is called as Gorshring. Oza further says: "The word Gor is not individual but suggestive of a clan." Gora and Badal were chiefs of Kshatriya Gorvamshi army. When King Rattansen was arrested Queen Padmini went to Gora-Badal's house for consultation (Rajasthani Puratan Granthmala, page 37). A parallel reference is found in epoch poem Padmavat of Jayasi, which is a dialogue between Padmavati and Gora-Badal:"+ÉMÉ汃 MÉÉä¯û ¤Éä]Úõ Ênù]õÒ iÉ¤É iɺÉÖ xÉ ªÉähÉä +Ê¨ÉªÉ {ɪɽþ MÉÉä®ú<Ç ÊnùføÒ, VÉ¤É {ÉnÂù¨ÉhÉÒ ½þ¹ÉÔiÉ ½ÖþªÉÒ"Gora was 12 years old then. Padmini and Gora changed their drapery. A fierce battle erupted. Gora and Badal were killed in this battle. Two memorials have been erected in their memory on Chittorgarh near Padmini Palace. It is called as Gora-Badal palace. Banjara tribe fondly remembers the heroic acts of Gora and Badal (Udaipurka Itihaas, Part II by Gopinath Sharma, page 193).Samant Jaymal and Fatta ChudawatGorvamshiya Samants ruled in the mountain range of Udaipur. They fought against the Mughals as chief of armies or kings. Emperor Akbar tried to appoint Gors in his country but he failed. They did not make even matrimonial relations with them. Jaymal Rathod and Fatmal Chudawat was the army chief in the court of King Udaysingh. When Akbar attacked Udaipur in 1567, King Udaysingh fled in the jungles. He had handed over all governance to Chudawat and Jaymal. Gorvamshiya fought the fort for 3 months. In the end they died while fighting. Emperor Akbar was also impressed by their performance. He erected a memorial near Chittorgarh in their memory (Rajasthan Ka Itihaas by B.L. Pangadia, page 13). A poetic reference to these two men is found in the book 'Gor Banjara Lokancha Itihaas by Baliram Patil, page 13.¦ÉÖÊEòªÉÉ iÉÖ VÉMÉä¨ÉÉ UÖô ÊEòSÉÒ ¨ÉÉä`öÉä ÊSÉiÉÉèb÷ MÉbä÷{É ´ÉHò +ɪÉÉ VÉxÉÉ EòiÉ MÉäiÉÉä VÉªÉ¨É±É ¡òiÉ¨É±É ´ÉäMÉä ºÉiÉÉʴɺÉäxÉ ºÉÉiÉGor in South IndiaReference about Gor Banjaras venturing in whole South India is found. According to Ashraf Khan's 'Dakshin Bharat': "In the regime of Krishna Devarai in South India every thing was brought in Vijaynagar laden on the oxen. Daily 2 thousand oxen used to enter the gates of Vijayanagar with goods laden on them" (page 297). In general, South Rajasthan, North Madhya Pradesh and North East part of Gujarat was under the rule of Gor kings. As per availability of fodder and water for the cattle they used to practice agriculture on Malawa plateau and mountain regions of Nimadi for many years. They used to travel for 8 months for trade and goods transport and return to their original Tandas in the rainy season. The Tandas never used to move with all women and children (Maharashtra Volume I by Chintamani Karve, page 628). During the regime of Prithviraj Chavan the next of kin of Alha Udal went to Kajari forest to live along with their Tandas. The Tandas stopped at the southern feet of South Vindhya. They started practicing agriculture on a large scale. Deola Naik was looking after the governance of 10 villages in Udaipur while fighting with the Moguls. Some of the Tandas were destroyed when Pathans captured the Malawa province in 1546. The Tanda of Naik Kripalsingh Gor reached Vindhyas with lakhs of Oxen in 1668 (Banka Bol Bundelkhand by Kailash Madwaiya, page 75). The transport business of Gor Banjaras became important during the 15th to 17th Century. Provision of materials to the armies became their monopoly business. They were known for their honesty. According to Mr. Henry Elliot, Gor Banjaras were adopting honest trade practices hence the Mughal Kings had full faith in them (Rajasthan Ki Jatiya by Bajranglal Lohia, page 167). A reference in the book 'Rajasthan' by Dharam Pal says that Banjaras were engaged in the trade of transport of goods for many centuries. During the Mughal period their armies needed to halt for many days at a place due to shortage of oxen to carry the material (page 40).Some of the Gor Tandas among the Kshatriya Rajvamshiya Gor proved their mettle in the transport business in the country. Only one class i.e. Kshatriya Vaishya was present in the Gupta period. They were engaged both in war and trade. Gor Banjaras are also engaged in these two occupations since the Gupta period.Supplying goods to ArmyThe Vazeer of Shahjahan, Asharaf Khan took the Banjaras from Bundi Kota region to supply essentials to Mughal army in the south around 1630 (The Army of Indian Mughal, Dr. Asharaf, page 230). Jangi-Bhangi Rathod and Bhagwandas Wadatiya first came to south India with the army. Jangi-Bhangi had 1 lakh 80 thousand oxen with them. While Bhagwandas Wadatia had 52 thousand oxen. Considering their ability of transport they were regarded with high esteem in the mughal court.They were presented with a Copper Place (Tamrapatra) on which following words were written:®ÆúVÉxÉ EòÉ {ÉÉxÉÒ, Uô{{É®ú EòÉ PÉɺÉ, ÊnùxɨÉå iÉÒxÉ JÉÖ¨É ¨ÉÉ¡ò VɽþÉÄ +ºÉ®ú¡òJÉÉxÉ Eäò PÉÉäbä÷, ´É½þÉÄ VÉÆMÉÒ ¦ÉÆMÉÒ Eäò ¤Éè±É JÉbä÷Except Marathwada and Khandesh in Vidarbha all Gor Banjaras in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are descendents of Jangi-Bhangi and Bhagwandas Wadatiya. Considering the honour, money, forest area for the food for cattle number of Tandas gradually migrated to south India from Central Province. They did not return to Bundi Kota region again. When the Railway became operational in 1896, their traditional business was gradually closed down. Some Tandas started practice of agriculture on large scale, country liquor, stealing wood from jungles and other big things. The British made a Criminal Tribes Law in 1871 and branded this tribe as criminal. The legal oppression of Gor Banjaras started. The law eroded their life in totality. In 1952 Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar as a law minister modified the Criminal Tribes Act but the law was not abolished completely. Its ill effects are still faced by the Banjaras.Marathas and Gor BanjarasAlmost all kings have taken benefit of the transport facility provided by the Gor Banjara tribe. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj came to meet Aurangzeb at Agra in 1666. They had 500 oxen and 100 Banjara with them. They were even able to fight depending on the situation. Shivaji Maharaj used a huge herd of oxen for goods transport when he looted Surat in 1664 and 1670. The ancestors of Thakasingh Naik from Bushanpur were also working as bodyguards of Shivaji. Bajirao Peshwa, after returning Delhi in 1730, halted at Bhopal. At that time Nizam put a seize around Bhopal city. Durgadas Banjara refused to transport goods for the Nizam. Ultimately the Nizam was forced to lift the seize. Bajirao Peshwa was very much pleased with Durgadas. He brought Durgadas to Pune and honoured him (Chandakaleen Bundelkhand by Dr. Ayodhya Prasad Pandey, page 130). Gor Banjaras were in service of Marathas. After the entry of British the profession of supplying material to armies subsided. Moguls and Nizams had given waste lands on large scale to British to make them cultivable. The Waste Land Rules 1865 had given rights to Naiks to collect the agriculture cess along with the landlords. Also government posts like Police Patil in rural area were given to Naiks.In North India, especially Central Province, the Banjaras were highly placed in government courts at par with Samants and landlords. The Gors from Indukhi were related to courts of Orchha, Panna and Delhi. Gorvamshi Baghraj to Tagsingh ruled in this region up to their 16 generations. The Mughal Emperor had awarded Jahagir of 52 villages to them. The Indukhi region was given to Kriparam Gor. The references to this effect are found in the history of their 8th generation Pahad Singh and Bhagat Singh. Later on Shinde won the Jahagiri of Indukhi and then Gor Tandas came to settle at Neemraja in Datiya region (Bundelkhand Ki Poorva Riyasatomein Pandulipiyonka Sarvekshan by Dr. Kamani, page 24). The Tandas of Gor Banjara used to halt in Delhi area since many years. Lakhishah Gor Banjara owned thousands of acre land in Paharganj Raisina area.When the 9th Guru of Sikhs, Guru Teg Bahadur was martyred in 1675 the Banjara did not allow the enemy to take the head and body of the Guru and Lakhishah Banjara put his Raiseena Tanda on fire and consigned the body of the Guru to flames. This incident is highly revered in the Sikh religion. It lead to very close relations between the Sikhs and Gor Banjaras. Some Gor Banjaras adopted Sikh religion during that time. Lakhishah Banjara owned hundreds of acres of land in Delhi till the British arrived on which the buildings now standing on almost the 300 acres of land from Paharganj to Secretariat, Parliament House and other government offices belonged to Gor Banjara Tandas. The Rakabganj Gurudwara is testimony to the above mentioned event. The land in Mahavir Nagar, Najafgarh, Bhadola, Ranapratap Bagh settlements once belonged to Gor Banjara and now encroached upon by others. This means the Gor Banjaras had a powerful sit in Delhi at that time. It was an important trade center for them. The Gor Banjara also ruled mountain areas in Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh. Numbers of Tandas owned forestlands in Khair, Pilibhiti and Gorakhpur area of Uttar Pradesh. The Arjun Naik Banjara had a small state of its own comprising 155 villages till 1788. There is a big city named after a Tanda in Sitapur district. While the Jaitpur district comprises towns named after Gor Badshahpur and Banjarapur, which have huge markets. Piriya Banjara of Pilibhit was a big landlord. He built the magnificent Pilibhit. Gor Banjara have established the city of Devaria. The Tanda of Jahajor Naik was situated in the mountain forest of this region. He had 82,141 acre land of his own. He used to deposit Malgujari for this land with British till 1900 (Banjara Samaj by Dr. Sharma, pages 12, 17, 100). Also the Kripa Singh Gor had the title of mountain region in the Satpuda range. The palace built by King Vijay Singh Naik during British region in East Gujarat is still there.That means the Gor Banjara tribe ruled in some states from 1st Century till the departure of British. Later on the tribe has preserved its legacy in the form of chiefs of army in the courts of kings and later as landlords. This glorious history of Gorvamshiyas was unknown till date. Therefore we can conclude that Gors are Kshatriyas. They are not Banjara, nor Rajputs and also not traders. They are Aryans, basically Hindus. The Tandas were not nomadic in nature rather used to settle down at a place. The men used to return to the Tanda after the trade. This is a tribe without a class, which was engaged in herding, agriculture, and transport of goods according to changing times.Freedom Fighter and Patriot: Govind Guru BanjaraThe occupation of Banjara tribe ceased to exist after the arrival of Railway in India. It lead to extinction of many Tandas. Govind Guru Banjara revolted against the British, who, according to him were responsible for destroying the Tandas and hence should be driven out of the country. He established a religious sect called Lasodia (Lawadiga) and united people to revolt against the British through the saints and sages. He spread a great deal of awareness especially among the Bhils in the mountain region of Gujarat like Durgapur, Banswada, Sudhrapur, Panchmahal and Kheda. Once upon a time the Bhils had a big Kingdom of their own in the region. In order to regain the Kingdom by driving out the British out of the country Govind Guru aroused the feeling of patriotism among them. Lakhs of Bhils became his followers. He made them his disciples with a Deeksha and laid down a strict daily regimen for them, which included abstinence from liquor and non-vegetarian food, taking a daily bath and chanting the name of lord Rama. He used stories from Ramayana and Mahabharata to inculcate a sense of patriotism among them. Thousands of people started pouring in to see him. He built up an Ashram at Manavgarh in the forests.In the night of Diwali in 1913 he called all his followers together at Manavgarh. Thousand of Bhils gathered with their bows and arrows and other weapons. They decided to attack on a nearby camp of British in the night. The British got information about the gathering of lakhs of people in the jungle that night. Colonel Shutton put up a seize around Manavgarh with all his men and machinery. A fierce battle followed. Around 2 thousand people died in the firing. Gauging the situation Govind Guruji ordered his followers to hide in the forest and himself surrendered to Colonel Shutton. He was ordered to be hanged till death. The enraged lakhs of Bhils then took to the streets. It forced the British to change the sentence awarded to Govind Guru to Kalapani. There are instances of numerous such warriors from Banjara Tandas but their history remained unknown till date. We can say that Gors were in forefront even during the freedom struggle.(Continued...)
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Baseball's Hall of Fame voting process has become one of the most discussed and debated topics of the offseason especially in recent years due to some of the stars of the Steroid Era becoming eligible for induction.
During that time people have hit from all angles of the morality and ethics pyramid and have left out some very deserving candidates with no attachment above suspicion of use of performance enhancing drugs.
My opinion on the subject has changed over time. At first, I was vehemently against including anybody with proof against them into the Hall. I love baseball. And the Hall to me was sacred.
I don't feel that way anymore.
The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is exactly that: a museum. A place where the history of the game can be represented and taught to future generations and a place for those who are getting on in years to reminisce about the games and players they cheered for when they were once the younger generation.
What I've also come to realize is that you'll never be able to identify all who cheated and may, at times, do a disservice to some honest players who maybe didn't take PEDs, but were linked due to their appearance.
In order to properly represent the history of the game, the Steroid Era cannot be swept under a rug and buried under a floorboard never to be seen again. As such, the most elite players from said time period should be acknowledged as such. You don't have to agree. This is just how my feeling on the subject has evolved over time. I'd rather put them all in and truthfully represent the times rather than keep out those who deserve it, but won't meet the voting percentage because of suspicion.
That being said, the Hall released their official list of eligible candidates for this year's vote, which can be read here. Using the actual rule of only being allowed to vote for a maximum of ten candidates, I've put together what my ballot would be if I had one (which I never will). I didn't go out of my way to get to ten, but it happened rather easily.
At first run through, I identified 12 candidates on the list that I would place a vote for. The two players that I ended up pushing off were both first-year eligibles who – in theory – should gather the 5% of the vote needed to remain on the ballot for next year at which point I can reevaluate their case for inclusion. Since I know you'll ask, it was Trevor Hoffman and Edgar Martinez. But enough about them! Let's get to the ten that would get my vote:
1. Jeff Bagwell
Won Rookie of the Year, an MVP, a Gold Glove and was a three-time All-Star at a position that is traditionally tough to crack. Was also a member of six postseason teams, though he was a diminished version of his past self by the time the Astros finally got to the World Series in 2005. Over 400 homers, 1500 RBIs and a career OPS+ of 149. Easy choice.
2. Barry Bonds
You all know the deal. You either don't dwell on the steroids stuff or you do. If you don't he's at the top of the list.
3. Roger Clemens
See Bonds, Barry.
4. Ken Griffey, Jr.
Simply put, one of the most exciting players to ever watch play. Junior just made everything look so damn smooth and easy and, if you were a kid watching him like I was, so fucking cool. It's hard to think of anybody that ever looked as if they were having more fun playing baseball than Ken Griffey, Jr. and man, was he good. Lost a significant amount of time due to injuries as he got older and should definitely lose votes because he invoked his 10-And-5 rights to veto a trade to the Mets, but it wouldn't be a real Hall of Fame without him there.
5. Jeff Kent
I'm sure a lot of people will disagree with this one and I doubt he'll ever get in because of his contentious relationship with the media, but when looking at his career, especially in the scope of second basemen in history, Kent is very deserving. Four top-10 MVP finishes including winning the award in 2000, five All-Star selections, 377 career homers and 1518 RBIs to go with a 123 OPS+ predominantly out of the 2B spot put him among the position's elite. His case suffers because of how many teams he played for (6 in 16 years) thus never becoming a franchise-face or someone a singular fanbase can point to as "our guy", but that's hardly a reason to keep him out. Fuck, if Bill Mazeroski can be in, Kent should get in twice.
6. Mike Piazza
My obvious Mets bias aside, Piazza is the greatest offensive catcher to ever play the game and was not-as-bad-as-you-think-but-still-not-winning-a-gold-glove on the defensive side. Piazza gets the Bagwell treatment for suspicion without proof (which admittedly is a big reason for my rethinking the subject) but has eye-popping numbers at a position that simply wasn't built for them. If all things are equal, he's another obvious, easy choice.
7. Tim Raines
Most people probably remember Raines as a productive platoon player for the last portion of his career, but before that, Tim Raines was the fucking bee's knees. I'm not kidding either. Tim Raines could do it all, dude. He hit, he hit some dingers (love the word "dingers"), he'd steal bases. He was exciting. You didn't turn away from the game when Tim Raines was going to hit or run. He was THAT good. Rickey Henderson may have gotten more of the headlines, but Raines wasn't far behind if at all. The issue of his drug suspension for cocaine is obviously in the conversation, but he paid his penance and his career numbers still stack up favorably.
8. Curt Schilling
Schilling may not have the typical numbers for a Hall of Fame starter, but he does have over 3,000 strikeouts and 200 wins to go with a great postseason ledger which includes 3 World Series wins, an NLCS MVP in 1993 and a Series MVP in 2001. Schilling boasts around an 80 career WAR (depending on which source you use and if you like stats like WAR) which is slightly higher than the average Hall of Famer, but I do put the extra emphasis on his showing up in the bigger games and would vote him in.
Side note, I understand he's an asshole and everything he says and tweets makes you want to hit him, but, as a player, he was great and that's all I'm going on.
9. Alan Trammell
Trammell is one of the most under-appreciated shortstops in history and a lot of it probably has to due with being in the American League shadow of Cal Ripken, Jr. during the 80s, but that shouldn't be an excuse. A six-time All-Star, five-time Gold Glover and one-time World Series champion, he was an offensive plus at a position almost void of them for the time along with providing excellent defense up the middle for some good Tigers teams in the mid-80s. He stacks up favorably to other shortstops already in and using the Baseball-Reference JAWS tool, actually ranks as the 11th best at his position in history. That's enough for me. He's in.
10. Larry Walker
Coors Field or not? That's really the argument here. And similar to how it's not my responsibility to judge what substances – whether legal or illegal – should be considered in a candidate's election, neither should the environmental circumstances. An excellent right fielder and an absolute hitting machine, Walker won an MVP when doing so was not at all easy and also provided us one of the all-time great All-Star moments when he turned his helmet backwards and tried to hit Randy Johnson from the right side of the plate after being frightened like most other left-handed hitters during the time period. But Walker's numbers are right there with any qualification of what a Hall of Famer is. If you think Coors Field was that much of a factor, well that's your choice, but I can't punish a guy for playing where he was told to.
So there you have it. Agree, disagree, whatever you will. If I had a ballot, this is what it would look like. If you hate it, don't worry, I don't have a ballot. It's unlikely anywhere near ten candidates get in for all sorts of different reasons, but I didn't put anybody on this list who I felt wasn't deserving. I genuinely hope the writers of the BBWAA feel the same because there is plenty of deserving players (even beyond the 12 I've mentioned) and I do hope that a good number of them get to celebrate in Cooperstown next summer.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 26, 1978
|Filing date
|Oct 26, 1976
|Priority date
|Oct 25, 1975
|Publication number
|Takashi Matsuda, Kazuo Niwa, Yasusuke Sumitomo
|Original Assignee
|Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Referenced by (24), Classifications (31)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit whose island region is electrically isolated through a dielectric layer, and a method for manufacturing the same.
It is known that a digital integrated circuit using Metal Oxide Semiconductor Transistor (hereinafter referred to merely as MOS transistor) is superior to a circuit using bipolar transistors in such points as integration density, power consumption and ease of manufacture.
However, in operating speed, the former is inferior to the latter. To overcome this shortcoming of the MOS integrated circuit, namely to increase the operating speed, the SOS (Silicon on Sapphire or Spinel) technique was recently developed. This technique is as follows: after growing a silicon layer having 1 μm thickness on one surface of sapphire monocrystalline substrate by using epitaxial process, a selective etching is made to remove the epitaxial layer selectively, leaving some portions where circuit elements are formed. This technique has some merits as follows compared with the conventional one.
1) High speed of the circuit operation owing to the decrease of parastic capacitance according to the decrease of PN junctions.
2) High integration density of the integrated circuit owing to the decrease of the area of isolation region between circuit elements. However, this SOS technique is accompanied with such inconvenient phenomenon as lattice defects owing to the difference of lattice constant and crystal construction between silicon and sapphire, occurrence of aluminum impurity by reaction of the sapphire substrate with silicon layer and warp of the sapphire substrate owing to the difference of the expansion coefficients of both. These increase the leakage current of the device two to three fold compared with bulk silicon's, which makes the power consumption high. Furthermore, the carrier mobility becomes smaller sharply, and accordingly, the operating speed of the integrated circuit is decreased. For these reasons, it is difficult to apply this SOS technique to CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) circuit and the Dynamic circuit.
On the other hand conventionally known is a semiconductor integrated circuit in which an electrical insulation is made between semiconductor elements using a dielectric layer. A plurality of semiconductor elements of the integrated circuit are arranged at a predetermined interval on one side of a semiconductor polycrystalline layer, and a dielectric layer or insulator separation layer is formed in a manner to insulate the semiconductor elements from the polycrystalline layer. In this integrated circuit, the floating capacitance is very small, so that high break down voltage is obtained. Accordingly the abovementioned technique is especially used in the bipolar integrated circuit in which the thickness of monocrystalline layer is about 3 μm to 10 μm, so that therefore, the scatter of the thickness is of little matter. However in the MOS integrated circuit, the thickness of the monocrystalline layer is about 1 μm. Accordingly it is very difficult to make the thickness constant within a scattering value of �0.1 μm using a lapping method or an etching process. Therefore, application of this technique to the MOS integrated circuit is very difficult.
Furthermore, in the process where a polycrystalline layer is formed by gas phase growth, at first the size of a polycrystalline particle is small. However it becomes larger and larger with the advance of the polycrystalline growth, which causes a warp of the semiconductor substrate owing to the difference of the expansion coefficient of the polycrystalline layer in the direction of its depth. Furthermore, warping occurs also owing to the difference of expansion coefficient between the polycrystalline layer and the monocrystalline layer in which the semiconductor element is formed. This warp of the semiconductor substrate is difficult to be got rid of, and make the subsequent photoetching process difficult.
For these reasons, the prior art as above mentioned is unsuitable for manufacturing the semiconductor integrated circuit.
This invention overcomes the problems arising from the processing sequence and the construction of the prior art wherein the polycrystalline layer is grown by gas phase.
One object of this invention is to provide a method capable of easily manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit isolated through dielectric material.
Another object of this invention is to provide a semiconductor integrated circuit having an island region isolated through dielectric material, and having a MOS transistor element in the island region, whose gate region is located at the bottom side of the island region.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a semi-conductor integrated circuit without warp of the support body.
Further object of this invention is to provide a semiconductor integrated circuit whose power consumption is small and operating speed is very high.
In one aspect of this invention, a semiconductor integrated circuit comprises a support body, at least one bottomed enclosed dielectric layer whose one end is open at one surface of the support body forming an island region, a MOS transistor element in the island region having source, drain and gate regions, wherein said source and drain regions are formed adjacent to said one surface of the support body and the gate region is formed at a bottom portion of the island region.
In another aspect of this invention, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit comprises the steps of: forming a mask layer on one side surface of first semiconductor substrate having first conductivity; removing at least two portions of the mask layer; etching the semiconductor substrate down to a predetermined depth through the exposed portions thereof to form first and second mesa regions; forming a gate insulating layer at a portion on the top surface of the first mesa region; forming source and drain regions in the first mesa region and gate electrode contact region in second island region so as to reach to the bottom of the mesa regions respectively, by diffusing an impurity having second conductivity type forming a gate electrode on said gate insulating layer and an interconnection lead which connects said gate electrode and said gate electrode contact region; growing a insulating layer which surrounds the mesa regions to form island regions; fitting a second substrate to said first semiconductor substrate including said island regions using a glass adhesive plaster at low temperature; etching the first semiconductor substrate to exposure said source, drain and gate electrode contact regions, forming source electrode, drain electrode and gate outer electrode on the exposure surface of said island region, contacting to said exposed regions respectively.
This invention will now be explained in reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a plan view showing an embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the A--A line of FIG. 1 showing an embodiment of this invention.
FIGS. 3A to 3J are process views for explaining a method for manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B.
FIG. 4 is a section view showing a semiconductor integrated circuit according to another embodiment of this invention.
There will now be discussed a semiconductor integrated circuit according to one embodiment of this invention with reference FIGS. 1 and 2.
In FIGS. 1 and 2, a MOS transistor in a semiconductor integrated circuit according to this invention is shown Two island regions (10), (11) are formed in the glass layer (28) on the semiconductor substrate (12), surrounded by a dielectric layer (13), made of SiO2. In one island region (10), a MOS transistor having a source region (14), a drain region (15) and a gate region (16), and in another island region (11) a gate electrode contact region (17) are formed, in which the gate region (16) is formed at a bottom portion of the island region (10) and gate electrode (16A) is connected to the gate electrode contact region (17) by interconnection lead (18). The gate electrode contact region (17) is formed at the same time when source region (14) and drain region (15) are formed by diffusing an impurity. Finally, gate outer electrode (19), source electrode (20) and drain electrode (21) are formed at apertures of the SiO2 layer on the surface of the island regions (10), (11). Gate electrode (16A) and interconnection lead (18) are made of doped polysilicon layer.
Explanation is now made upon reference to FIGS. 3A to 3J, of a method of manufacturing a semiconductor integrated circuit of the above construction.
In FIG. 3A, use is made of a n conductive type silicon wafer (22) whose top surface is oriented to a (100) face and whose specific resistance is below 0.005 Ωcm, and having the thickness of 300 μm.
The wafer (22) has on the top surface a layer (23) of p conductive type having a resistivity above 1 Ωcm and a thickness of 4 μm, which is epitaxially grown using a known epitaxial vapour growth method. Subsequently, n conductive type epitaxial layer (24) having a resistivity of 5 Ωcm and a thickness of 1.3 μm is formed on the p conductive type layer (23). Furthermore a thermal oxide layer (25) having 700 A thickness and a silicon nitride film (26) having 1000 A thickness are formed on the n conductive type layer (24) successively as masking layers, using C.V.D. (Chemical Vapour Deposition) method.
Then, as shown in FIG. 3B, selective etching is made so as to expose the n conductive type layer (24) leaving a corresponding portion where island regions are to be formed, using hydrazine as etchant.
Likewise, as shown in FIG. 3C selective etching is made to remove the portions of the layer (24) not covered by the mask layers (25)(26), and thermal oxide layer (27) having 6000 A thickness is grown over the surface of the epitaxial layer except where covered by the masking layers (25)(26). Subsequently as shown in FIG. 3D the masking layers are removed, for instance silicon nitride film (26) is removed by plasma etching method, and thermal oxide layer (25) is etched by fluoridation ammonium. In this process, thermal oxide layer (25) isn't all removed, because the thickness of the layer (27) is 6000 A, while that of the thermal oxide layer (25) is 1000 A. Next, as shown in FIG. 3E gate oxide layer (16B) is grown on a portion of the epitaxial layer (24) in the oxide atmosphere at 1100� C., and as shown in FIG. 3F polycrystalline layer is selectively grown to form interconnection lead (18) and gate electrode (16A). Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 3G boron as an impurity is diffused into the portions of epitaxial layer (24) where source, drain and gate electrode contact regions (14), (15) and (16) are to be formed. In this diffusion process, at the same time, the impurity is doped in the polycrystalline layers (16A), (18) to perfect interconnection lead (18) and gate electrode (16A) lowering the resistivity. As is well known the impurity penetrates in the polycrystalline layer (18) but not in the SiO2 layer (16B). This diffusion is made so as to reach the layer (23). Furthermore, the gate electrode (16A) and interconnection lead (18) may be made of metal layer. In this case, the forming of source and drain regions must be made previous to the forming of gate electrode (16A) and interconnection lead (18). Then as shown in FIG. 3H SiO2 layer (13) having 5000 A thickness is grown on the entire surface of the substrate using C.V.D. method about at 500� C. As shown in FIG. 3J, the semiconductor substrate having the abovementioned island regions is fitted to another semiconductor substrate (12) using PbO--SiO2 system glass (28) as adhesive plaster, whose expansion coefficient is about equal to the monocrystalline silicon substrate's, at low temperature 500� C., where the warp of substrate doesn't happen. Then, substrate (22) and epitaxial layer (23) are etched away by some etchants down to B--B line. Firstly the substrate (22) is etched using a etchant consisting of HF, HNO3 and CH3 COOH and secondly epitaxial layer (23) is etched using hydrozine. Next, as shown in FIG. 3J on the etched surface of island regions, thermal oxide layer (29) having 6000 A thickness is formed, and drain, source and gate electrode contact portions of the thermal oxide layer are apertured. Subsequently, aluminum layer is evaporated on the thermal oxide layer and electrode contact portions of MOS transistor, and selective etching of the metal layer is made to form source electrode (20), drain electrode (21) and gate outer electrode (17).
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment according to this invention. In this embodiment, gate electrode (16A) of MOS transistor is led out using inner lead (40) which extends to the surface of the island region, isolated from other regions by insulating layer (13)(41).
In this embodiment, the inner lead is made of aluminum metal layer or double metal layers of aluminum and titanium.
In summary, this invention provides several advantages over the prior art. Among these advantages are first, the warp of a support body doesn't happen because a semiconductor substrate including island region is fitted to another substrate at low temperature. Second the interconnection of circuit elements is easy and the integration density of the integration circuit becomes high because the interconnections can be made in the support body. Lastly, the method according to this invention hasn't a lapping process, therefore the manufacturing of the semiconductor integrated circuit becomes easy and accurate.
Although this invention has been disclosed and illustrated with reference to particular applications, the principles involved are susceptible of numerous other applications which will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The invention is, therefore, to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the amended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification


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Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up purple clover? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).