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NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:
When Kara Kowalski was a senior at Musselman High School in Berkeley County, West Virginia, school administrators suspended her from school for five days for creating and posting to a MySpace.com webpage called "S.A.S.H.," which Kowalski claims stood for "Students Against Sluts Herpes" and which was largely dedicated to ridiculing a fellow student. Kowalski commenced this action, under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, against the Berkeley County School District and five of its officers, contending that in disciplining her, the defendants violated her free speech and due process rights under the First and Fourteenth Amendments. She alleges, among other things, that the School District was not justified in regulating her speech because it did not occur during a "schoolrelated activity," but rather was "private out-of-school speech."
The district court entered summary judgment in favor of the defendants, concluding that they were authorized to punish Kowalski because her webpage was "created for the purpose of inviting others to indulge in disruptive and hateful conduct," which caused an "in-school disruption."
Reviewing the summary judgment record de novo, we conclude that in the circumstances of this case, the School District's imposition of sanctions was permissible. Kowalski used the Internet to orchestrate a targeted attack on a classmate, and did so in a manner that was sufficiently connected to the school environment as to implicate the School District's recognized authority to discipline speech which "materially and substantially interfere[es] with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school and collid[es] with the rights of others." Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Community Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503, 513, 89 S.Ct. 733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, we affirm.
On December 1, 2005, Kara Kowalski, who was then a 12th grade student at Musselman High School in the Berkeley County School District, returned home from school and, using her home computer, created a discussion group webpage on MySpace.com with the heading "S.A.S.H." Under the webpage's title, she posted the statement, "No No Herpes, We don't want no herpes." Kowalski claimed in her deposition that "S.A.S.H." was an acronym for "Students Against Sluts Herpes," but a classmate, Ray Parsons, stated that it was an acronym for "Students Against Shay's Herpes," referring to another Musselman High School Student, Shay N., who was the main subject of discussion on the webpage.
After creating the group, Kowalski invited approximately 100 people on her My-Space "friends" list to join the group. My-Space discussion groups allow registered users to post and respond to text, comments, and photographs in an interactive fashion. Approximately two dozen Musselman High School students responded and ultimately joined the group. Kowalski later explained that she had hoped that the group would "make other students actively aware of STDs," which were a "hot topic" at her school.
The commentary posted on the "S.A.S.H." webpage mostly focused on Shay N. The first five comments were posted by other Musselman High School students and ridiculed the pictures of Shay N. One student stated that "shay knows about the sign" and then stated, "wait til she sees the page lol." (The abbreviation "lol" means "laugh out loud" or "laughing out loud.") The next comment replied, "Haha.. screw her" and repeatedly stated, "This is great." After expressing her approval of the postings, this student noted the "Shay has herpes sign" and stated, "Kara sent me a few interesting pics ... Would you be interested in seeing them Ray?" One student posted, "Kara= My Hero," and another said, "your so awesome kara ... i never thought u would mastermind a group that hates [someone] tho, lol." A few of the posts assumed that Kowalski had posted the photographs of Shay N., but Parsons later clarified that it was he who had posted the photographs.
A few hours after the photographs and comments had been posted to the MySpace.com page, Shay N.'s father called Parsons on the telephone and expressed his anger over the photographs. Parsons then called Kowalski, who unsuccessfully attempted to delete the "S.A.S.H." group and to remove the photographs. Unable to do so, she renamed the group "Students Against Angry People."
The next morning, Shay N.'s parents, together with Shay, went to Musselman High School and filed a harassment complaint with Vice Principal Becky Harden regarding the discussion group, and they provided Harden with a printout of the "S.A.S.H." webpage. Shay thereafter left the school with her parents, as she did not want to attend classes that day, feeling uncomfortable about sitting in class with students who had posted comments about her on the MySpace webpage.
After receiving Shay N.'s complaint, Principal Ronald Stephens contacted the central school board office to determine whether the issue was one that should be addressed with school discipline. A school board official indicated that discipline was appropriate. Principal Stephens then conducted an investigation into the matter, during which he and Vice Principal Harden interviewed the students who had joined the "S.A.S.H." group to determine who posted the photographs and comments. As part of the investigation, Principal Stephens and Vice Principal Harden questioned Parsons, who admitted that he had posted the photographs. Vice Principal Harden met with Kowalski, who admitted that she had created the "S.A.S.H." group but denied that she posted any of the photographs or disparaging remarks.
School administrators concluded that Kowalski had created a "hate website," in
Kowalski claims that, as a result of her punishment, she became socially isolated from her peers and received cold treatment from teachers and administrators. She stated that she became depressed and began taking prescription medication for her depression.
Kowalski acknowledged that at the beginning of each school year, including her senior year, she had received a Student Handbook which included the School District's Harassment, Bullying, and Intimidation Policy, as well as the Student Code of Conduct. The Harassment, Bullying, and Intimidation Policy prohibited "any form of ... sexual ... harassment ... or any bullying or intimidation by any student... during any school-related activity or during any education-sponsored event, whether in a building or other property owned, use[d] or operated by the Berkeley Board of Education." The Policy defined "Bullying, Harassment and/or Intimidation" as "any intentional gesture, or any intentional written, verbal or physical act that"
The policy also provided that violators would be suspended and that disciplinary actions could be appealed.
The Student Code of Conduct provided, "All students enrolled in Berkeley County public schools shall behave in a safe manner that promotes a school environment that is nurturing, orderly, safe, and conducive to learning and personal-social development." It also committed students to "help create an atmosphere free from bullying, intimidation and harassment" and to "treat others with respect" and "demonstrate compassion and caring." The Code classified "Bullying/Harassment/Intimidation" as a "Level III Violation" with possible consequences including an out-of-school suspension up to 10 days; signing a behavioral contract; being denied participation in class and/or school activities; and a social suspension of up to one semester. Before punishing a student under the Student Code of Conduct, a principal was required to "immediately undertake or authorize an investigation" of the incident and complaint, including "personal interviews with the complain[an]t, the individual(s) against whom the complaint is filed, and others who may have knowledge of the alleged incident(s) or circumstances giving rise to the complaint."
The school administrators' meetings with Kowalski and the other students involved in the "S.A.S.H." webpage were
Kowalski commenced this action in November 2007 against the Berkeley County School District, Superintendent Manny Arvon (in his official capacity), Principal Ronald Stephens (in his official and individual capacities), Vice Principal Becky Harden (in her official and individual capacities), cheerleading coach Buffy Ashcraft (in her official and individual capacities), and Assistant Superintendent Rick Deuell (in his official capacity), alleging free speech violations under the First Amendment, due process violations under the Fifth Amendment (which Kowalski has acknowledged should have been under the Fourteenth Amendment), cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment, and equal protection violations under the Fourteenth Amendment. The complaint also alleged violations of corresponding provisions of the West Virginia Constitution and a state law claim for intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress. In addition to damages, Kowalski sought a declaratory judgment that the School District's harassment policy was unconstitutionally vague or overbroad and an injunction requiring the school to expunge any record of her discipline.
On the defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint, the district court dismissed Kowalski's free speech claim for lack of standing, concluding that she failed to allege that she had been disciplined under the School District's policy for engaging in speech protected by the First Amendment. In a later ruling denying Kowalski's motion for reconsideration, however, the district court recognized that Kowalski had engaged in speech. Nonetheless, it held that Kowalski lacked standing because her injury would "not be redressed by a favorable decision." Despite this ruling, the district court revisited the merits of Kowalski's free speech claim when it denied her subsequent motion for reconsideration and again when it considered the defendants' motion for summary judgment on Kowalski's remaining claims. In ruling on the summary judgment motion, the court concluded that "the defendants could legitimately take action for [Kowalski's] vulgar and offensive speech and her encouragement of other students to follow suit." The district court also dismissed Kowalski's cruel and unusual punishment claim.
In granting summary judgment to the defendants, in addition to ruling against Kowalski on her free speech claim, the district court denied Kowalski's due process claim, concluding (1) that Kowalski was on notice that she could be punished for her off-campus behavior and (2) that she was provided with an opportunity to be heard prior to her suspension. The court also denied Kowalski's state law claims and her equal protection claim, with regard to which she had failed to produce any evidence. Finally, the court denied Kowalski's motion for reconsideration.
Kowalski appealed the district court's rulings on her free speech and due process claims under the U.S. Constitution and her state law claim for intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress. At oral argument, she stipulated that we should treat the district court's judgment as granting summary judgment (rather than a motion to dismiss) on the issues appealed. We review the district court's rulings de novo. See Stone v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 105 F.3d 188, 191 (4th Cir.1997).
Kowalski contends first that the school administrators violated her free speech rights under the First Amendment by punishing her for speech that occurred outside the school. She argues that because this case involved "off-campus, non-school related speech," school administrators
The Berkeley County School District and its administrators contend that school officials "may regulate off-campus behavior insofar as the off-campus behavior creates a foreseeable risk of reaching school property and causing a substantial disruption to the work and discipline of the school," citing Doninger v. Niehoff, 527 F.3d 41 (2d Cir.2008). Relying on Doninger, the defendants note that Kowalski created a web-page that singled out Shay N. for harassment, bullying and intimidation; that it was foreseeable that the off-campus conduct would reach the school; and that it was foreseeable that the off-campus conduct would "create a substantial disruption in the school."
The question thus presented is whether Kowalski's activity fell within the outer boundaries of the high school's legitimate interest in maintaining order in the school and protecting the well-being and educational rights of its students.
The First Amendment prohibits Congress and, through the Fourteenth Amendment, the States from "abridging the freedom of speech." U.S. Const. amend. I; Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 45 S.Ct. 625, 69 L.Ed. 1138 (1925). It is a "bedrock principle" of the First Amendment that "the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable." Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397, 414, 109 S.Ct. 2533, 105 L.Ed.2d 342 (1989).
While students retain significant First Amendment rights in the school context, their rights are not coextensive with those of adults. See Tinker v. Des Moines Indep. Community Sch. Dist., 393 U.S. 503, 506, 89 S.Ct. 733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969). Because of the "special characteristics of the school environment," id. at 505, 89 S.Ct. 733, school administrators have some latitude in regulating student speech to further educational objectives. Thus in Tinker, the Court held that student speech, consisting of wearing armbands in political protest against the Vietnam War, was protected because it did not "`materially and substantially interfer[e] with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school' [or] collid[e] with the rights of others," id. at 513, 89 S.Ct. 733 (quoting Burnside v. Byars, 363 F.2d 744, 749 (5th Cir.1966)), and thus did not "materially disrupt[] classwork or involve[] substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others," id. Student speech also may be regulated if it is otherwise "vulgar and lewd." See Bethel Sch. Dist. No. 403 v. Fraser, 478 U.S. 675, 685, 106 S.Ct. 3159, 92 L.Ed.2d 549 (1986). Finally, the Supreme Court has held that school administrators are free to regulate and punish student speech that encourages the use of illegal drugs. Morse v. Frederick, 551 U.S. 393, 127 S.Ct. 2618, 168 L.Ed.2d 290 (2007).
Although the Supreme Court has not dealt specifically with a factual circumstance where student speech targeted classmates for verbal abuse, in Tinker it recognized the need for regulation of speech that interfered with the school's work and discipline, describing that interference as speech that "disrupts classwork,"
In Tinker, the Court pointed out at length how wearing black armbands in protest against the Vietnam War was passive and did not create "disorder or disturbance" and therefore did not interfere with the school's work or collide with other students' rights "to be secure and to be let alone." 393 U.S. at 508, 89 S.Ct. 733. Of course, a mere desire to avoid "discomfort and unpleasantness" was an insufficient basis to regulate the speech; there had to be disruption in the sense that the speech "would materially and substantially interfere with the requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school." Id. at 509, 89 S.Ct. 733 (quoting Burnside, 363 F.2d at 749). The Court amplified the nature of the disruption it had in mind when it stated:
Id. at 513, 89 S.Ct. 733.
The Tinker Court referred to this amplified statement of its test later in its opinion in shorthand when it concluded that the regulation of armbands "would violate the constitutional rights of students, at least if it could not be justified by a showing that the students' activities would materially and substantially disrupt the work and discipline of the school." Id. (emphasis added). Because, in Tinker, the students' wearing of the armbands "neither interrupted school activities nor sought to intrude in the school affairs or the lives of others," there was "no interference with work and no disorder" to justify regulation of the speech. Id. at 514, 89 S.Ct. 733.
Thus, the language of Tinker supports the conclusion that public schools have a "compelling interest" in regulating speech that interferes with or disrupts the work and discipline of the school, including discipline for student harassment and bullying. See DeJohn v. Temple Univ., 537 F.3d 301, 319-20 (3d Cir.2008).
According to a federal government initiative, student-on-student bullying is a "major concern" in schools across the country and can cause victims to become depressed and anxious, to be afraid to go to school, and to have thoughts of suicide. See StopBullying.gov, available at www.stopbullying.gov (follow "Recognize the Warning Signs" hyperlink). Just as schools have a responsibility to provide a safe environment for students free from messages advocating illegal drug use, see Morse, 551 U.S. 393, 127 S.Ct. 2618, 168 L.Ed.2d 290, schools have a duty to protect their students from harassment and bullying in the school environment, cf. Lowery v. Euverard, 497 F.3d 584, 596 (6th Cir.2007) ("School officials have an affirmative duty to not only ameliorate the harmful effects of disruptions, but to prevent them from happening in the first place"). Far from being a situation where school authorities "suppress speech on political and social issues based on disagreement with the viewpoint expressed," Morse, 551 U.S. at 423, 127 S.Ct. 2618 (Alito, J., concurring), school administrators must be able to prevent and punish harassment and bullying in order to provide a safe school environment conducive to learning.
We are confident that Kowalski's speech caused the interference and disruption described in Tinker as being immune from First Amendment protection. The "S.A.S.H." webpage functioned as a platform
While Kowalski does not seriously dispute the harassing character of the speech on the "S.A.S.H." webpage, she argues mainly that her conduct took place at home after school and that the forum she created was therefore subject to the full protection of the First Amendment. This argument, however, raises the metaphysical question of where her speech occurred when she used the Internet as the medium. Kowalski indeed pushed her computer's keys in her home, but she knew that the electronic response would be, as it in fact was, published beyond her home and could reasonably be expected to reach the school or impact the school environment. She also knew that the dialogue would and did take place among Musselman High School students whom she invited to join the "S.A.S.H." group and that the fallout from her conduct and the speech within the group would be felt in the school itself. Indeed, the group's name was "Students Against Sluts Herpes" and a vast majority of its members were Musselman students. As one commentator on the web-page observed, "wait til [Shay N.] sees the page lol." Moreover, as Kowalski could anticipate, Shay N. and her parents took the attack as having been made in the school context, as they went to the high school to lodge their complaint.
There is surely a limit to the scope of a high school's interest in the order, safety, and well-being of its students when the speech at issue originates outside the schoolhouse gate. But we need not fully define that limit here, as we are satisfied that the nexus of Kowalski's speech to Musselman High School's pedagogical interests was sufficiently strong to justify the action taken by school officials in carrying out their role as the trustees of the student body's well-being.
Of course, had Kowalski created the "S.A.S.H." group during school hours, using a school-provided computer and Internet connection, this case would be more clear-cut, as the question of where speech that was transmitted by the Internet "occurred" would not come into play. To be sure, a court could determine that speech originating outside of the schoolhouse gate but directed at persons in school and received by and acted on by them was in fact in-school speech. In that case, because it was determined to be in-school speech, its regulation would be permissible not only under Tinker but also, as vulgar and lewd in-school speech, under Fraser. See Fraser, 478 U.S. at 685, 106 S.Ct. 3159. But cf. Layshock v. Hermitage Sch. Dist., 650 F.3d 205 (3d Cir.2011) (en banc) (holding that a school could not punish a student for online speech merely because the speech was vulgar and reached the school). We need not resolve, however, whether this was in-school speech and therefore whether Fraser could apply because the School District was authorized by Tinker to discipline Kowalski, regardless of where her speech originated, because the speech was materially and substantially disruptive in that it "interfer[ed] ... with the schools'
Given the targeted, defamatory nature of Kowalski's speech, aimed at a fellow classmate, it created "actual or nascent" substantial disorder and disruption in the school. See Tinker, 393 U.S. at 508, 513, 89 S.Ct. 733; Sypniewski v. Warren Hills Reg'l Bd. of Educ., 307 F.3d 243, 257 (3d Cir.2002) (indicating that administrators may regulate student speech any time they have a "particular and concrete basis" for forecasting future substantial disruption). First, the creation of the "S.A.S.H." group forced Shay N. to miss school in order to avoid further abuse. Moreover, had the school not intervened, the potential for continuing and more serious harassment of Shay N. as well as other students was real. Experience suggests that unpunished misbehavior can have a snowballing effect, in some cases resulting in "copycat" efforts by other students or in retaliation for the initial harassment.
Other courts have similarly concluded that school administrators' authority to regulate student speech extends, in the appropriate circumstances, to speech that does not originate at the school itself, so long as the speech eventually makes its way to the school in a meaningful way. For example, in Boucher v. School Board of School District of Greenfield, 134 F.3d 821, 829 (7th Cir.1998), the Seventh Circuit held that a student was not entitled to a preliminary injunction prohibiting his punishment when the student wrote articles for an independent newspaper that was distributed at school. And again in Doninger, the Second Circuit concluded, after a student applied for a preliminary injunction in a factual circumstance not unlike the one at hand, that a school could discipline a student for an out-of-school blog post that included vulgar language and misleading information about school administrators, as long as it was reasonably foreseeable that the post would reach the school and create a substantial disruption there. See Doninger, 527 F.3d at 48-49. The court explained, "a student may be disciplined for expressive conduct, even conduct occurring off school grounds, when this conduct `would foreseeably create a risk of substantial disruption within the school environment,' at least when it was similarly foreseeable that the off-campus expression might also reach campus." Id. at 48 (quoting Wisniewski v. Bd. of Educ., 494 F.3d 34, 40 (2d Cir.2007)). Cf. J.S. ex rel. Snyder v. Blue Mountain Sch. Dist., 650 F.3d 915 (3d Cir.2011) (en banc) (divided court assuming without deciding that the Tinker substantial disruption test applies to online speech harassing a school administrator).
Thus, even though Kowalski was not physically at the school when she operated her computer to create the webpage and form the "S.A.S.H." MySpace group and to post comments there, other circuits have applied Tinker to such circumstances. To be sure, it was foreseeable in this case that Kowalski's conduct would reach the school via computers, smartphones, and other electronic devices, given that most of the "S.A.S.H." group's members and the target of the group's harassment were Musselman High School students. Indeed, the "S.A.S.H." webpage did make its way into the school and was accessed first by Musselman student Ray Parsons at 3:40 p.m., from a school computer during an after hours class. Furthermore, as we have noted, it created a reasonably foreseeable substantial disruption there.
At bottom, we conclude that the school was authorized to discipline Kowalski because her speech interfered with the work and discipline of the school. See Tinker,
Kowalski next contends that she was denied due process because she "was afforded neither adequate notice nor a meaningful opportunity to be heard before she was deprived of her right to an education and her right to free speech." She argues that "no language" in the Harassment, Bullying and Intimidation Policy puts students on notice that they "could be subjected to discipline at school for behavior outside of school" and that the school "did not provide the due process required by [its] own policy."
The defendants contend that Kowalski acknowledged receiving copies of the Student Handbook at the beginning of each school year and that the Student Handbook put Kowalski on notice of the Harassment, Bullying and Intimidation Policy, as well as the Student Code of Conduct, both of which prohibit harassment and bullying. They argue, moreover, that "it was reasonably foreseeable [to Kowalski] that [her] chat room could, and in fact did, reach the school premises and cause a substantial disruption" there. The defendants also assert that Kowalski was told about Shay N.'s complaint and allowed to respond before being punished and that "an appeal process was available, and used on her behalf."
While schools are required to provide students with some level of due process, "`maintaining security and order in the schools requires a certain degree of flexibility in school disciplinary procedures, and we have respected the value of preserving the informality of the student-teacher relationship.'" Fraser, 478 U.S. at 686, 106 S.Ct. 3159 (quoting New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325, 340, 105 S.Ct. 733, 83 L.Ed.2d 720 (1985)). Moreover, schools require this flexibility because they "need... to control such a wide range of disruptive behavior." Sypniewski, 307 F.3d at 266. In other words, "the school disciplinary rules need not be as detailed as a criminal code which imposes criminal sanctions." Fraser, 478 U.S. at 686, 106 S.Ct. 3159.
We are satisfied that the Musselman High School Harassment, Bullying and Intimidation Policy, in conjunction with the Student Code of Conduct, adequately put Kowalski on notice of the type of behavior that could be punished by school authorities. The Policy prohibits "any form of racial, sexual, religious/ethnic and disability harassment or violence or any bullying or intimidation by any student ... during any school-related activity or during any school-sponsored event," and the separate Student Code of Conduct "sets the requirements for the conduct of students in Berkeley County Schools in order to assure a nurturing and orderly, safe, drug-free, violence and harassment-free learning environment that supports student academic achievement and personal-social development." The Code provides explicitly that "a student will not bully/intimidate or harass another student."
Although the prohibitions against harassment and bullying applied in a "school-related" context, both the Harassment, Bullying and Intimidation Policy and the Student Code of Conduct applied when conduct could adversely affect the school environment. Thus, while the prohibited conduct had to be related to the school, this is not to say that volatile conduct was only punishable if it physically originated in a school building or during the school day. Rather, the prohibitions are designed to regulate student behavior that would affect the school's learning environment. Because the Internet-based bullying and harassment in this case could reasonably be expected to interfere with the
With respect to Kowalski's claim that she did not receive an adequate opportunity to be heard, due process in this context only requires, "in connection with a suspension of 10 days or less, that the student be given oral or written notice of the charges against [her] and, if [she] denies them, an explanation of the evidence the authorities have and an opportunity to present [her] side of the story." Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 585, 95 S.Ct. 729, 42 L.Ed.2d 725 (1975). Here, these requirements were satisfied. Vice Principal Harden called Kowalski into her office, informed her of the harassment and bullying charge, discussed the "S.A.S.H." group with her, and, after Kowalski acknowledged her role, imposed a 10-day suspension. Because Kowalski admitted her conduct, the administrators were not required to provide a more extensive opportunity to allow her to justify her conduct.
Kowalski's argument that school administrators did not follow their own policies was not demonstrated in the record and also has no legal merit. Violations of state laws or school procedures "are insufficient by themselves to implicate the interests that trigger a [federal] due process claim." Wofford v. Evans, 390 F.3d 318, 325 (4th Cir.2004); Weller v. Dept. of Soc. Servs., 901 F.2d 387, 392 (4th Cir.1990).
Finally, Kowalski challenges the district court's dismissal of her claim for intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress. The district court observed that the claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress had no merit because the defendants' conduct did not endanger Kowalski's safety or cause her to fear for her safety, as required by West Virginia law. Brown v. City of Fairmont, 221 W.Va. 541, 655 S.E.2d 563, 569 (2007). The court also concluded that the defendants' actions could not be characterized as "extreme and outrageous," as required under Brown, id. at 569. Finding no error in the court's analysis of these claims, we affirm the district court's dismissal of them.
Kowalski's role in the "S.A.S.H." webpage, which was used to ridicule and demean a fellow student, was particularly mean-spirited and hateful. The webpage called on classmates, in a pack, to target Shay N., knowing that it would be hurtful and damaging to her ability to sit with other students in class at Musselman High School and have a suitable learning experience. While each student in the "S.A.S.H." group might later attempt to minimize his or her role, at bottom, the conduct was indisputably harassing and bullying, in violation of Musselman High School's regulations prohibiting such conduct.
Kowalski asserts that the protections of free speech and due process somehow insulate her activities from school discipline because her activity was not sufficiently school-related to be subject to school discipline. Yet, every aspect of the webpage's design and implementation was school-related. Kowalski designed the website for "students," perhaps even against Shay N.; she sent it to students inviting them to join; and those who joined were mostly students, with Kowalski encouraging the commentary. The victim understood the attack as school-related, filing her complaint with school authorities. Ray Parsons, who provided the vulgar and lewd — indeed, defamatory — photographs understood
Rather than respond constructively to the school's efforts to bring order and provide a lesson following the incident, Kowalski has rejected those efforts and sued school authorities for damages and other relief. Regretfully, she yet fails to see that such harassment and bullying is inappropriate and hurtful and that it must be taken seriously by school administrators in order to preserve an appropriate pedagogical environment. Indeed, school administrators are becoming increasingly alarmed by the phenomenon, and the events in this case are but one example of such bullying and school administrators' efforts to contain it. Suffice it to hold here that, where such speech has a sufficient nexus with the school, the Constitution is not written to hinder school administrators' good faith efforts to address the problem.
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.


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Pininfarina and Bertone put new "supercar" concepts on display at the Geneva Auto Show, demonstrating that the two design houses are putting their financial troubles behind them, executives said.
Both family-held bodymakers have been forced to sell their manufacturing plants and focus on becoming "pure" design firms, penning dream cars for mainly Asian clients on commission.
But the crowds flocking to view the Pininfarina Cambiano and Bertone Nuccio concept cars on view in Geneva show that neither company has lost its ability to make eye-popping designs as they re-make themselves as smaller firms.
"We are proud to continue the Italian bodymaking tradition," said Pininfarina CEO Silvio Angori, talking about the new Cambiano at the company's crowded stand.
Design DNA
For manufacturers wanting to make an electric car that offers 500 horsepower and zero to 100 kilometers per hour in four seconds, the Cambiano can do the trick.
It boasts the sleek and understated trademark Pininfarina styling that is part of the house's DNA, Angori said.
Unusually, the high tech car's floors and door panels are made out of old, pockmarked wood recovered from recycled pilings that used to sit underwater beneath the lagoon of Venice.
At Bertone, which clinched a place in design history in the 1960s with the Lamborghini Miura, the low slung Nuccio supercar has a windshield and roof that look like a crocodile's eye, said Michael Robinson, its designer.
The term "wild ride" could be equally applied to both the car and Bertone's recent brush with collapse. The firm sold off manufacturing operations to Fiat. Nuccio Bertone's widow Lilli Bertone is resurrecting Bertone as president of the design house.
"With this car, we wanted to celebrate the fact that Bertone has turned a corner," said designer Robinson.
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Crocus Tip
Prunus avium 'Plena'
wild cherry
- Position: full sun
- Soil: moist, well-drained, fertile soil
- Rate of growth: fast-growing
- Flowering period: April
- Hardiness: fully hardy
A large, spreading tree that is smothered in long-lasting, double white blossom in mid-spring with the new leaves, followed by small reddish fruit. The leaves are dark green and turn rich, vibrant red in autumn. It forms a natural pyramid shape becoming rounded with age, making it an ideal choice for a large garden or as an avenue tree. It is a particularly versatile variety that will tolerate most soils.
- Garden care: When planting incorporate lots of well-rotted garden compost in the planting the hole and stake firmly. Lightly prune in summer to retain the shape and cut back any dead, diseased or branches which cross to healthy wood.
2 litre pot in stock
1.5 litre pot in stock
1.5 litre pot in stock
Do you want to ask a question about this?If so, click on the button and fill in the box below. We will post the question on the website, together with your alias (bunnykins, digger1, plantdotty etc etc) and where you are from (Sunningdale/Glasgow etc). We'll also post the answer to your question!
1 Question | 1 Answer
Displaying question 1
Q:How do I plant my Cherry blossom tree?
Hi, What is the depth of hole I should dig for the Cherry tree 10L pot please? What type of compost should I use? Should I plant the pot the plant comes in as well or remove it before planting? How often should I be watering this tree if I plant it within the next two weeks? i.e. Ever other day for two weeks, etc. Regards, ScottAsked on 30/6/2009 by Scott Gilmour
1 answer
A:Hello Scott, You should dig a hole twice as wide and deep as the existing rootball of the plant. You should then dig in lots of composted organic matter (or John Innes No 3 compost) and backfill until the plant will sit (without its pot) at the same soil level as it had in the pot. You can then gently backfill the sides around the rootball and firm it down without compacting it. As for watering, this will depend on a number of factors, but to be sure all you need to do is keep an eye on it and water it when the surrounding soil feels dry. We do have an article on how to plant on our site which you may find useful - just click on the following link to go straight to it. http://www.crocus.co.uk/features/_/artcat.114/ I hope this helps. Helen Plant DoctorAnswered on 4/7/2009 by Crocus Helpdesk
Displaying question 1
Make the most of over 3000 years of gardening tradition by creating an oriental-style garden. Originally designed as a place for intellectual contemplation and meditation, they are an ideal sanctuary from the pressures of modern living. Japanese gardens aRead full article


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One-Pot Spaghetti Dinner Recipe
- 1 pound lean ground beef (90% lean)
- 1-3/4 cups sliced fresh mushrooms
- 3 cups tomato juice
- 1 can (14-1/2 ounces) no-salt-added diced tomatoes, drained
- 1 can (8 ounces) no-salt-added tomato sauce
- 1 tablespoon dried minced onion
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder
- 1/2 teaspoon ground mustard
- 1/4 teaspoon pepper
- 1/8 teaspoon ground allspice
- 1/8 teaspoon ground mace, optional
- 6 ounces uncooked multigrain spaghetti, broken into pieces
- Fresh mozzarella cheese pearls or shaved Parmesan cheese, optional
- 1. In a Dutch oven, cook beef and mushrooms over medium heat until meat is no longer pink; drain. Add tomato juice, tomatoes, tomato sauce, onion and seasonings.
- 2. Bring to a boil. Stir in spaghetti. Simmer, covered, 12-15 minutes or until spaghetti is tender. If desired, serve with cheese. Yield: 4 servings.
Nutritional Facts
1-1/2 cups (calculated without cheese): 414 calories, 10g fat (4g saturated fat), 71mg cholesterol, 925mg sodium, 48g carbohydrate (15g sugars, 6g fiber), 33g protein.
Reviews for One-Pot Spaghetti Dinner
Average Rating
"My family enjoyed the flavors of this meal. I prefer a non-meat spaghetti dish, but I would make this again. I made a few changes but only after I prepared the recipe as it reads above. I added diced green peppers and mushrooms and thought that the sauce was a little bland for my taste at that point. (I had used V8 low sodium in lieu of tomato juice.) Raiding the spice cabinet, I added about 2 T of sugar and 1 T. of Penzey's Mural of Spice. With these additions, I thought that recipe had a bit more depth of flavor."
"Very good. I used diced onion instead of minced and added diced green peppers."
"I made a few changes due to availability and preferences. First of all, I swapped out the mushrooms for diced bell peppers, and used one small onion. I did not have tomato juice or diced tomatoes, so used a second can of tomato sauce and a can of "25% less sodium chicken broth". I used ground pork for my meat, and used only black pepper, dried mustard, and allspice for seasoning. Compared to the recipe as written it should have been too thick, but I thought it was perfect. My husband, who usually does not like tomato sauces, said it was delicious. It doesn't get much better than that! I will make this again!"
"Loved the allspice in this! I left out the mace.......but the allspice was so subtle. New, go to recipe for quick spaghetti!"
"Loved it batter than jar brands. I also had no allspice and mace so I left it out. I used real small onion and 1/8 teaspoon of onion powder instead of minced onion."
"Simple and delicious!"
"i omitted the allspice and added italian herbs - SO GOOD!!"
"Like this a lot and used V8 spicy tomatoe juice! It is so easy & delicious!!!"
"I also have made this 3 times since the magazine came out and my husband and I enjoyed it. I didn't use the mace, but added italian spices. I loved how it was all done in one pot and complete in about 30 min."
"Great for my family of 4. Made it without the mace. Still had a wonderful taste. Will make again."
"I made a few changes. I added a chopped bell pepper and onion at the same time that I added the mushrooms. I also added basil, oregano, and parsley when I added the rest of the seasonings. I have made it twice now, and everyone has loved it! :)"
"I didn't use allspice or mace. Used Italian seasoning. It was missing something."
"I have made this 3 times since the recipe came out in the magazine. I tried the allspice twice and this last time used basil and oregano. We liked both ways. Definitely a keeper!!"
"Love this one!"
"My daughter made this and raved about it. Said best spaghetti ever for a quick good meal. Will make many times. I am going to make it also."
"WOW! My other half hates multigrain pasta but he loved this recipe. I did make some significant changes. I used hot and spicy V-8 instead of the tomato juice (that?s what I had on hand). Instead of the mace, I substituted cinnamon but a scant 1/8 teaspoon and I added ½ of a chopped green pepper. FYI - Substitutes for mace are: Allspice; cinnamon; ginger; or nutmeg."
"I did not have allspice or mace so just left those out. My husband and I enjoyed this recipe. Will definitely make again."


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Odubel Herrera 'Worth Price of Admission' for Phillies
ESPN MLB writer David Schoenfield made a list of one player from every team worth the price of admission, naming centerfielder Odubel Herrera as that player for the Philadelphia Phillies.
ESPN MLB writer David Schoenfield made a list of one player from every team worth the price of admission, naming centerfielder Odubel Herrera as that player for the Philadelphia Phillies.
The Pride of Millville has done it again!
Congratulations, Mike Trout! MVP!
Millville high alum Mike Trout is a big Eagles fans. Even thought he plays on the west coast, he hasn't forgotten his South Jersey roots, which makes him a die-hard Eagles fan...
Yep, you can own the very first truck ever owned by Millville's own Mike Trout!
How do you pop the question if you've got a $144 million dollar deal with the Angels? Mike Trout, a Millville native, used the heavens and lots of sparkle.
MAYS LANDING — On April 27, ACIT security guard Terry Tully fetched Jacob Hackett and told him his presence was required at the main office. Hackett immediately got a lump in his throat. Getting called down to the office is not usually a good thing when you are a high school student. So there was a little bit of trepidation in Jacob's fingers as he guided his wheelchair down to the office.
Millville's own Mike Trout is finally moving out of his parents' house!
Millville's own Mike Trout was involved in a big-time April Fool's Day prank!
For the 2016 Opening Day roster the Phillies have a whole new look with no one from last season among the five man rotation.
USA Today's Steve Gardner reviewed why the Phillies rotation is better this season and had high praise for Vincent Velasquez and Aaron Nola:
"(Aaron) Nola is a guy that can throw strikes and be effective...
Despite a $144 million contract and a home in sunny Los Angeles, CA, Mike Trout comes back home during the off season.


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2 doors, 4 rooms, thinking of wireless
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Wireless burglar alarm to detatched house and seperate garage
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Homework Help: Social Studies: Psychology
Recent Homework Questions About Psychology
psychology 220
1.73 (1 pts.) Dr. Strickland has neglected to notify Gary, one of his newest clients, about the potential risks of therapy and the limits of confidentiality during therapy sessions. Dr. Strickland has not provided him with the information needed for Gary to give A) information...
how can i explain racism in relations to cognitive perspective?
Marla is talking to a friend and spreading a rumor that she heard about a co-worker. When the friend asks where she heard the rumor, Marla cannot remember. Marla is experiencing what psychologists call 1)retrograde amnesia. 2)anterograde amnesia. 3)source amnesia. 4)stress ...
Recent neuroimaging research indicates that people with OCD show increased levels of grey matter in the _____ and the _____ relative to those who do not have OCD. 1)splenium; corpus collosum 2)locus ceruleus; hypothalamus 3)thalamus; left frontal cortex 4)thalamus; right ...
psychology 220
1.72 (1 pts.) Which of the following types of disorders would not meet the criteria for insanity according to the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984? A) schizophrenia B) major depression C) bipolar disorder D) antisocial personality disorder (my answer is "A schizophrenia") ...
psychology 220
1.72 (1 pts.) Which of the following types of disorders would not meet the criteria for insanity according to the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984? A) schizophrenia B) major depression C) bipolar disorder D) antisocial personality disorder (my answer is "D antisocial ...
psychology 220
1.71 (1 pts.) Wendy has been involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital. When she tries to use the ward pay phone, the staff members stand nearby and listen to her conversation. Occasionally they have actually interrupted her calls and have hung the phone up on her. ...
psychology 220
1.69 (1 pts.) Dr. Ramirez is a clinical psychologist who treats individuals with somatoform disorders, yet he is still troubled by his own somatic complaints. Which of the following roles and responsibilities would be in question in this case? A) therapist competence B) ...
Psychology 220
1.68 (1 pts.) In order to evaluate the effectiveness of a new psychotherapeutic technique, Dr. Schwartz is testing the therapy on clients that have sought treatment from him at his private practice. According to Martin Seligman, Dr. Schwartz is conducting an A) epidemiological...
psychology 220
1.67 (1 pts.) Shelly meets twice a week with a number of individuals who also have similar problems. They openly share their problems with others in a trusting, receptive environment which also facilitates improvement of their interpersonal skills. Shelly is participating in A...
psychology 220
# 1.66 (1 pts.) James is a person with schizophrenia and has delusions that the CIA is after him. He believes that everyone on the street is trying to kill him and, as a matter of fact, he has been brought to a psychologist by the police after being arrested for assaulting an ...
Psychology 220
1.65 (1 pts.) David is a junior at the local high school. The school's administration believes his recent emotional outbursts during class may be due to problems in his home life. Who might be best suited to deal with this situation? A) the principal B) a guidance counselor C...
Psychology 220
1.64 (1 pts.) Sangue dormido, or "sleeping blood" is a condition observed among individuals from the Cape Verde Islands (located off the west coast of Africa) and involves paralysis, convulsions, blindness, and tremors. This condition is referred to in DSM-IV as a(n) A) ...
Psychology 220
# 1.55 (1 pts.) Which of the following information led Dr. Tobin to conclude that Peter was suffering from bipolar disorder? A) the fact that he reported having intense bouts of anxiety B) the fact that he had recently been married and soon after was divorced C) the fact that ...
Psychology 220
1.60 (1 pts.) "Coughing, sniffling, sneezing, runny nose, achiness, scratchy throat, and inability to sleep." This collection of symptoms represents a A) constellation. B) diagnosis. C) prognosis. D) syndrome. (MY answer is B) AM I RIGHT?
Psychology 220
1.63 (1 pts.) Robert has a serious drinking problem, but his therapist feels that the drinking is a result of Robert's constant bouts with depression. Based on this information, what would Robert's principle diagnosis be? A) alcoholism B) bipolar disorder C) degenerative ...
psychology 220
# 1.62 (1 pts.) A psychologist suspects that Dan's psychotic episode may be related to the recent death of his wife. On which DSM-IV Axis would this stressful event be recorded? A) Axis I B) Axis II C) Axis III D) Axis IV (My answer is D) Am i right?
PSYchology 220
# 1.61 (1 pts.) Dr. Johnson believes that the frequency and intensity of compulsive behavior exists on a continuum from mild to severe. Dr. Johnson prefers to use which approach when viewing this behavior? A) categorical B) dimensional C) medical D) nominal (MY answer is B) AM...
PSYchology 220
1.60 (1 pts.) "Coughing, sniffling, sneezing, runny nose, achiness, scratchy throat, and inability to sleep." This collection of symptoms represents a A) constellation. B) diagnosis. C) prognosis. D) syndrome. (MY answer is D) AM I RIGHT?
PSYchology 220
# 1.59 (1 pts.) Ralph has been sad and listless for 3 years. He can't sleep and has lost his appetite. Using a diagnostic system, one clinician arrives at a diagnosis of depression. Using the exact same diagnostic system, another clinician arrives at a diagnosis of ...
Statistics of Psychology
Create a numerical and verbal hypothesis statement: People who are cyber bullied have, for the most part, been bullied in more traditional manners as well." Their research showed that the incidence increased over time, with 23 cases (56%) taking place between 2003 and 2010. ...
Statistics of Psychology
Create a numerical and verbal hypothesis statement: People who are cyber bullied have, for the most part, been bullied in more traditional manners as well." Their research showed that the incidence increased over time, with 23 cases (56%) taking place between 2003 and 2010. ...
psychology 220
# 1.55 (1 pts.) Which of the following information led Dr. Tobin to conclude that Peter was suffering from bipolar disorder? A) the fact that he reported having intense bouts of anxiety B) the fact that he had recently been married and soon after was divorced C) the fact that...
psychology 220
# 1.56 (1 pts.) Mr. Kang, a recent immigrant from China, is extremely overwhelmed and distressed by the untimely death of his wife. His co-workers are concerned about his mental health because he believes he is in constant contact with her and can be seen talking to her on a ...
psychology 220
# 1.49 (1 pts.) Donna's clinician has requested that she undergo electroconvulsive therapy in an attempt to control her current, drastic suicidal impulses. What stage of treatment is she in? A) immediate management B) assessment of objectives C) assessment of current ...
Psychology 220
# 1.36 (1 pts.) Based on the incidence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in various ethnic groups, which of the following individuals would be considered high risk? A) a woman of French Canadian descent B) a woman of Irish descent C) a woman of Italian descent D) a woman of Native ...
psychology 220
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PSYchology 220
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psychology 220
A) Alzheimer's clients suffer from sudden cognitive losses; clients with vascular dementia suffer from gradual losses. B) Alzheimer's clients suffer from global cognitive losses; clients with vascular dementia suffer from selective losses. C) Alzheimer's clients suffer from ...
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ABNORMAL psychology 220
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Child Psychology
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hello, can you help me try to find research for sigmund freud unconscious mind thank you
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what is the study called where the same people are tested repeatedly at different ages?
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Adult Development and life Assesment
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abnormal psych
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introduction to psychology
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understanding psychology
What happens four weeks from conception and cell division?
What country has the best system for dealing with mental health issues?
A psychologist is performing an experiment involving a controlled group and an experimental group. With the experimental group, the psychologist is giving a placebo and labeling it as caffeine pill. The control group receives a caffeine pill, which is noted as such. Which of ...
the spillover effect is best explained in terms of the?
psychology and the pursuit of happiness
Write a 700- to 900-word paper explaining the cultural and historical factors that contribute to this perspective. Contrast the traditional American perspective on happiness with the traditional Asian perspective on happiness. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Terry often gets lost when driving places. It seems he just can't understand maps and often confuses north with south. Terry is probably weak in which type of intelligence? a)linguistic b)kinesthetic c)logical d)spatial Anthea is people smart. She is good at reading the ...
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Algorithm are helpful in finding solutions to problems because although we may not understand them, they
A heuristic can be very helpful in solving a problem because
I am doing a journal review paper for Psychology. What are the implications of this work (i.e. what light does it shed on the particular topic related to psychology)? I do not understand the question. What is it asking me to do? Can someone explain the question so I am can ...
I am doing a journal review paper. What are the implications of this work (i.e. what light does it shed on the particular topic related to psychology)? I do not understand the question. What is it asking me to do?
Without education it can affect your life in many ways how???? besides not having a job
forensic psychology
explain how and why the ADA is relevant to forensic psychology professionals working in the police subspecialty in the screening and selection of police officers
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what is ETHICAL RELATIVISM
Your body's reaction to the stress you have been under for the past two weeks is that you have become more tired and now have a sore throat. What is this called? Object–relations theory Opponent–process theory Two–factory theory Type B behavior pattern General adaptation...
While the blood flow that is used by the brain is redirected to the body, the brain does not get the necessary oxygen that it needs to think. Explain how this physiological process affects higher order thinking. Remember that the prefrontal lobe is most affected by the lack of...
What kind of memory is involved in remembering how to tie shoes? Semantic Episodic Procedural Priming Prospective
Your body's reaction to the stress you have been under for the past two weeks is that you have become more tired and now have a sore throat. What is this called? Object–relations theory Opponent–process theory Two–factory theory Type B behavior pattern General adaptation...
Why did early Psychologists NOT focus on "the mind" it was too complex it was genetically determined it was largely unconscious it was unobservable it was environmentally determined
In order to treat a specific phobia, this therapy would be best Antidepressant drugs Systematic desensitization Implosion therapy Psychoanalysis Aversion therapy
Psychology -- Check please?
Studying the effects of mercury on the brain is this type of research Biological Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic Psychoanalytic I'm torn between cognitive and psychoanalytic, but am leaning towards cognitive...
Which of these brain abnormalities is associated with Schizophrenia? Enlarged, fluid filled areas of the brain correlated with shrunken cerebral tissue Damage to the medulla Abnormally high activity in the frontal lobe Increase in brain waves that reflect synchronized neural ...
Sigmund Freud explained that when an individual is unable to resolve a conflict at any stage in his development, he becomes "stuck" there and experiences anxiety. Which of these terms best fits? Fixation Repression Regression Sublimation Reaction formation
Psychology -- Check please?
Gertie can feel roaches running over her feet even though they are not there. What is this called? a fixation a hallucination an illusion an eidetic image a phobia I would think that Gertie would be having some sort of a hallucination..
Psychology -- Check please?
According to Solomon Asch's study of conformity, which of these situations would not increase conformity? feeling insecure feeling you have reached your potential feeling impressed by a group's status feeling that others are watching you feeling that everyone else agrees with ...
Dr. Thompson asks his patient to describe an inkblot. Which technique does he use? Trait/type Projective Forced choice Simulation Personality inventory
Mrs. Smith has achieved her goals and is striving for personal fulfillment. According to Maslow, where is she on the hierarchy of needs? biological needs aesthetic needs physiological needs belonging needs self-actualization needs
Hello, can you lead me to how I would search for peer reviewed journal articles on freud psychoanalysis peer reviewed thanks
Which statement best illustrates the idea that people adjust their behavior according to the gender schema theory? Choose one answer. a. Agnes tells her son that it is wrong to put makeup on his face and that boys don't wear dresses and skirts. b. Bart sees two doors in the ...
Alfred Binet's work is associated with intelligence testing visual perception psychopathology comparative psychology classical conditioning
To establish a cause and effect relationship, which should be used? Naturalistic observation An experiment A survey A test A case study Wouldn't you need to conduct an experiment..?
To measure the relationship between age and cell phone use, a researcher should use a Correlation Central tendency A histogram Standard deviation A t test
What approach to therapy would be used by a therapist who teaches a deaf child to sign "help" by rewarding him each time he makes the sign? Cognitive Biological Behavioral Psychodynamic Humanistic I'm torn between behavioral and cognitive.
Jennifer reads books recommended by her history teacher even though there is no grade given for reading them. Which of these applies? Functional fixedness Intrinsic motivation Inductive reasoning Incubation Heuristics
Which of the following would best explain a situation in which a small child is afraid of a guinea pig because he had a previously fearful experience with a hamster? Stimulus discrimination Second-order conditioning Stimulus generalization Sensory preconditioning Spontaneous ...
Which of these believe that a healthy child will choose what is good for his own growth? Humanistic Social learning theory Psychoanalytic Behavioral Psychodynamic
AP Psychology
Why would a neurosurgeon cut the corpus callosum and therefore disrupt left/ right brain hemisphere communication? reduce anxiety attacks and phobic reactions. prevent the spread of epileptic seizures. reduce the incidence of violent behaviors. treat schizophrenia. reduce mood...
AP Psychology
Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic drug that reduces paranoia and hallucinations by increasing involuntary muscle movements. reducing involuntary muscle movements. dampening responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli. decreasing the availability of norepinephrine. elevating arousal ...
AP Psychology
In comparison to generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder is characterized by periods of distress that are more intense and more prolonged. less intense and less prolonged. more intense and less prolonged. less intense and more prolonged. unwanted repetitive thoughts and/...
Identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior.
Thesis Statement regarding the overall wellness of young children and the role an early education setting can play in a young child's health and well-being.
The mean time to complete a psychology exam is 34 minutes with a standard deviation of 8 minutes. Assume the distribution is normal. Find the probability of a student taking less than 28 minutes.


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I made this quilt for our first grandchild and gave it to him when he was 2 1/2 months old. It was lots of fun and since then I've started taking classes. Reenie
Reenie your baby quilt is precious. You did an excellent job on your first quilt.
Fantastic quilt Reenie. Hope you are enjoying your classes. Looking forward to seeing more of your creations.
reenie, nice job on a first quilt gini
I can't believe this is your first quilt. Those squares in a square aren't as easy as they look. Nice job.
Your quilt is adorable. Love the pattern and the fabrics and especially the quilting design. Nice job!
very cute and very good job on your first quilt.
Great first quilt!
Very beautiful baby quilt. Hope you continue to enjoy your classes and the adventure of quilting.
Nice job Reenie. It's a really cute quilt.


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Elephant Tote Bag
cute design of elephant love. carry books, groceries, baby stuff, or your sketch book. whatever you choose, use this bag to remember our friendly giant pals
What do you get when you add a moose hunter to the Republican Presidential Candidate? You get an elephant with antlers that's a prime candidate for hanging on your hunting lodge wall.Tags: t-shirts, politics, tees, republican, election, VOTE!, moose, elephant, election '08Added 9 Years Ago from Cafepress


text: Frizzy350 1,120 Report post Posted February 2, 2014 The reality is this was basically a 4 man debate. You generally need to be a winner to be considered for DPOY (unless you have a freakishly unreal season). It was basically between Sherman, Thomas, Keuchly and Mathis. I think many of the voters considered Keuchly to have shouldered a bigger load than these guys (or they've actually watched his tape). 1 Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


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The Employment Minister, Tony McNulty, has admitted the jobless total has "aways to go before we reach the bottom".
The Tony McNulty and Michael Howard interview
With the latest unemployment figures showing 1.8 million people out of work, Tony McNulty went on to say that he expected the number of people out of work to continue to rise.
More data, which will be released on Wednesday 21 January, is expected to show this expected rise in the jobless total.
"One thing I will say clearly is, if you ask me, have we reached the bottom of this? No, we haven't," Mr McNulty said.
"Unemployment is a lagging indicator, so the figures that come out this Wednesday will be for last December and I do fear that they will still be going in the wrong direction," he said.
Asked if the UK was nearing the bottom, the Employment Minister said, "I don't think it is at the moment. We'll have to wait and see.
"We learn richly from every month's worth of data. At the moment, it's across all sectors, all geographic areas and all age ranges
the rate per month has gone up.
A Clarke return..?
Also, ahead of speculation that the former Conservative Chancellor Ken Clarke is to return to the Shadow Cabinet, the former Conservative Leader, Michael Howard, told the programme that Mr Clarke "has a huge amount to contribute".
Reports suggest that there is growing unease amongst Conservative MPs as to the virtues of resurrecting Mr Clarke's front-bench career.
Mr Howard, who was Employment Minister during the last recession, said he had a lot of merits:
"I think Ken is a very, very talented politician. I've great admiration for him. I've worked with him for many years and he has a great record. He was the author of the golden economic legacy."
Asked if he could give just a yes or no answer to the question of Mr Clarke's return, he said: "I don't pick the Shadow Cabinet, but I think he's a very talented politician
with a great deal to contribute in the present economic climate.
"It's a matter for David whether he's brought back, but he would have a huge amount to contribute."
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It's finally here! Nigerian rapper Overdose has released his fourth video off his very popular 'Hustle or Die' album. Directed by Clarence Peters for CAPital Pictures, Overdose takes to a more colorful and youthful approach with break dancers and B-Boys taking turns in stunning.The veteran rapper is currently signed to X3M Music and is gearing up for 2nd album release under the label.
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I can't shout….
nice tune.. 🙂
i can shout, i dint lyk it much


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Chandler, Arizona
September 15, 2014
- Height: 5'6" to 5'8"
- Weight: 220 pounds
- Sex: Male
- Build: Large
- Race: White
- Age: 40 years old
- Remarks: The suspect was wearing a black San Tan Brewery baseball hat, black sunglasses, black long-sleeved sweatshirt with an unknown logo on the front, beige shorts, white shoes and was carrying a burgundy and grey Franklin drawstring bag.
On September 15, 2014, at approximately 9:21 a.m., the suspect entered the San Tan Credit Union located at 78 West Ray Road, Chandler, Arizona, and proceeded to the teller counter. He placed a Franklin drawstring bag on the counter and told the teller to give him all the money and stated he was armed. The teller complied and gave the suspect a known quantity of US Currency. The suspect fled the bank and rode off on a black mountain bike westbound.
Should be considered armed and dangerous
If you have any information regarding this robbery, please contact the Phoenix FBI Office at 623-466-1999.If you have any information concerning this case, please contact your local FBI Office or the nearest American Embassy or Consulate. You can also submit a tip at: tips.fbi.gov
Field Office: Phoenix


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Though Theodor Geisel (aka Dr. Seuss) was involved with moviemaking during his days with Frank Capra's Armed Forces Motion Picture unit during World War II, he was wary about the way his work would be depicted on the screen.
His death in 1991 meant less selective licensing of the Seuss name on movies, TV shows, straight-to-video releases, even on Broadway.
Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who!
Jimmy Hayward, Steve Martino
Jim Carrey, Steve Carrell, Carol Burnett, Seth Rogen, Will Arnett, Isla Fisher, Dan Fogler, Amy Poehler, Dane Cook
(20th Century Fox)
US theatrical: 14 Mar 2008 (General release)
UK theatrical: 14 Mar 2008 (General release)
With "Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who!" opening Friday, consider this list of mostly theatrical releases that have attempted - and occasionally succeeded - in adapting the good doctor for the screen.
"Horton Lays the Egg" (1942): Seuss' first movie adaptation was this uneven mix of whimsy and wacky Warner Bros. cartoon non sequiturs. The elephant doesn't forget his pledge to protect an egg, while director Bob Clampett delivers topical gags, including a fish that shoots himself in the head and a bird with pipes like Katharine Hepburn.
"Gerald McBoing Boing" (1951): The UPA animation studio did a better job with this Seuss story about a kid who doesn't talk but makes noises instead. The cartoon's modern design, playful soundtrack and respect for the Seuss sensibility earned it an Oscar for best animated short.
"The 5000 Fingers of Dr. T." (1953): Seuss wrote the story and lyrics. He also had a hand in the surreal set design of this live-action fantasy musical about a boy (Tommy Rettig of "Lassie") who is enslaved by his evil piano teacher, Dr. Terwilliker (Hans Conried), on a monster piano. It was a flop when first released, but the movie's do-mi-do dose of Seussian weirdness has since earned it a deserved cult following.
"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" (1966): Though made for television, this 26-minute adaptation had plenty of Hollywood pedigrees in its take on the holiday-hating title character. With horror legend Boris Karloff narrating and veteran animator Chuck Jones at the helm, the cartoon has become a holiday chestnut.
"How the Grinch Stole Christmas" (2000) and "The Cat in the Hat" (2003): These recent live-action versions of Seuss standards cleaned up at the box office but are generally reviled by true fans. Basically big-budget vehicles for stars Jim Carrey and Mike Myers, the movies found critics gleefully rhyming words like "spastic" and "bombastic."
"Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who!" (2008): Computer animation proves a better fit for this Seuss spectacle in which Horton (Carrey again) protects tiny creatures no one else can see. The G rating may shield it from the usual fart jokes and kid-movie double entendres. Best of all, Horton's s message about caring for fellow creatures appears intact.
Christian Lopez "1972" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Common Deer "Glass" (video) (premiere) // Music
Iglooghost "Bug Thief" (Singles Going Steady) // Music
'The Story of 90 Coins' Tackles Imperfect Romance
// Short Ends and Leader
"Michael Wong's critically-acclaimed short film debut turns on the charm and leaves us with a familiar question about relationships.READ the article


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Sesame Street Season 47
Sesame Street's 47th season officially began Saturday January 7 on HBO. After you see the new episodes, post here and let us know your thoughts.
Who's voicing Ernie here?
Discussion in 'Sesame Worlds' started by antsamthompson9, Oct 24, 2012.
Page 1 of 2
Page 1 of 2


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Ok, so I would like to buy this theme:
However, I need this wonderful theme to also have a Store menu item so I can sell items. All Genesis themes are supposed to integrate with WooComerce using:
Does anyone have experience with this? If so, what will happen? Will it just add a Store menu item to the existing theme?
Please advise.


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Symmetry Health Chiropractic Center is proud to offer cutting edge Chiropractic Care in Cedar Park, TX, featuring the NUCCA system of treatment. NUCCA is a gentle system of treatment with proven results.
These Chiropractors in Cedar Park, TX are dedicated to locating and correcting the cause of numerous health complaints such as:
- Neck Pain
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- Chronic Pain or Stress
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- Low Back Pain/Sciatica
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- Frozen Shoulder
Are you tired of just your symptoms getting treated? Are you looking for a correction once and for all? Then you have finally found the right place!
Please give us a call (512) 331-7422 or feel free to explore our site to learn more about our services. We want you to feel comfortable knowing that from your first visit, you will be treated with the care and compassion you would expect from a team of professionals.


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Relationship Health Message Board
Jealous boyfriend..or just protective? - dont wear short skirts he says!
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Kareena Kapoor is very excited to marry the Nawab of Pataudi, Saif Ali Khan on 16 October 2012. On her wedding day, the stunningly beautiful actress will sizzle in a traditional sharara, which belongs to Saifs mother Sharmila Tagore. Sharmila wore this sharara when she married Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi 43 years ago.
A source told a leading daily, There was talk of Kareena draping a new saree but then, this is the custom in the Pataudi family and it is generally followed. Kareena had no issues when she was told about it. She and Sharmila bond very well.The source also told about Saif and Kareenas marriage preparations, The interesting part being Kareena will be seen in Sharmilas sharara at the biggest moment of her life.  The wedding is likely to be held at the familys ancestral home in Pataudi. The preparations have started which includes readying Kareena and Saifs outfits.
Well, Sharmila is really lucky to have a daughter-in-law like Kareena!


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MedCath director Powers dies following illness
by The Associated Press
Hospital operator MedCath Corp. on Tuesday said longtime board member Galen Powers died May 27, following an extended illness.
Powers, 73, was on the board for 12 years. The company expressed its condolences to his family, in a statement.
"Galen was a special man," said John Casey, chairman of MedCath's board of directors. "He was a pioneer of health care law as a subspecialty, and through his entrepreneurial skills and spirit and his business acumen leaves an indelible mark on many companies, MedCath among them."


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US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson proposes that the Federal Reserve be given powers it does not have today, to demand information from/inspect the books of /impose constraints on the behaviour of – the primary dealer-brokers (that is, investment banks), for as long as the Fed is providing these investment banks with money through open market operations (via the Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF) ) or at the Fed discount window (through the Primary Dealer Credit Facility(PDCF)). Once the investment banks stop suckling at the Federal Reserve nipple, however, the new supervisory/regulatory role of the Fed vis-a-vis the investment banks would shrivel and the ancien regime would re-emerge more or less intact.
This proposal is a recipe for increasing financial instability. The times when the Fed comes to the rescue of stricken investment banks is when the bad investments made during the most recent period of financial excess come home to roost. These are the times that the fundamental worsening in the financial prospects of this sector is amplified by liquidity crises and crunches. Systemically important financial markets (like the interbank market, the ABCP markets, other ABS markets and wholesale capital markets across the board) dry up as lack of trust and confidence, fear and panic replace euphoria, hubris, over-confidence and master-of-the-universe-syndrome. Under those circumstances there is never any objection from the afflicted private financial enterprises to the Fed asking awkward questions and sticking its nose in the books, as long as the central bank is willing to take assets off their books at prices well above what could be realised in an impaired, inefficient, free market. Beggars can't be choosers.


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A mounting death toll from prescription drug abuse has vaulted narcotics like Oxycontin to the top of this year's Albany agenda, but the state legislature is now deeply divided on how to respond.
As pharmacies continue to fill forged prescriptions by the tens of thousands, a proposal advanced by Attorney General Eric Schneiderman for a comprehensive electronic tracking system is running into fierce objections from doctors and pharmacies, including chains like CVS and Walgreens. While a bill based on Schneiderman's proposal sits in the State Senate's health committee, its chair, Kemp Hannon, is advancing a set of more modest reform proposals favored by the industry.
Pharmacies in the state filled more than 7.75 million prescriptions for oxycodone and hydrocodone last year, almost a million more than in 2009. An untold number of those prescriptions are fraudulent, originating with forgers like Suzanne Benizio of the Bronx. Last week, a state judge sentenced Benizio to prison for up to eight years for trading in stolen prescriptions for OxyCotine and other narcotics, and to refund more than $211,000 in Medicaid funds to the state. She had been the ringleader of a drug operation that forged more 250 prescriptions stolen from hospitals around New York. Benizio filled out the forms in the names of Medicaid recipients, then presented the slips to pharmacies.
Schneiderman asserts that his proposed tracking system, called I-STOP, or Internet System for Tracking Over-Prescribing, would preempt schemes like Benizio's, by requiring doctors and pharmacists to report and review prescriptions in real time. That would make schemes like Benizio's virtually impossible, because the system would immediately flag when the same patient sought multiple prescriptions simultaneously. It would also prevent so-called doctor-shopping, in which individual patients obtain multiple prescriptions to feed their addictions.
"From doctors and patients to law enforcement officials and legislators, bipartisan support continues to grow for Attorney General Schneiderman's I-STOP plan to build an online database that addresses the prescription drug epidemic in real time and replaces the broken system now in place," said Jennifer Givner, a spokesperson from Schneiderman's office.
The bill based on Schneiderman's proposal accumulated sponsorship from 33 state senators, almost enough to pass. But it must first get through the Senate Health Committee, whose chair, Sen. Kemp Hannon (R-Garden City), has pushed his own alternative measures favored by doctors and pharmacies. Prescription drug abuse is a must-act issue for Hannon and other legislators on Long Island, where in June an addicted gunman shot and killed four people in a pharmacy in Medford, then stole 10,000 hydrocodone pills.
Schneiderman has signaled he won't settle for less than a complete overhaul of a system his office has called "outdated with regard to how and when data is collected, who has access to it, and how it is used."
Last Monday, Hannon convened a panel of regulators, doctors, parents and politicians for a roundtable at the State Capitol, then introduced a package of four bills of his own. Later that afternoon the full Senate approved the measures, which increase criminal penalties to physicians and pharmacists found illegally issuing prescription drugs and enforce stronger monitoring at pharmacies of the most addictive painkillers, such as oxycodone. High-grade prescription drug sales to minors, would be criminalized, and pill mills would have to be investigated more thoroughly.
Hannon released a white paper late Wednesday afternoon that cautions against too-aggressive intervention. "There is no 'quick fix' for this crisis," the report concluded. "We must make prompt, but incremental change to correct flaws in the current system." Without Hannon's support, it's unlikely I-STOP will get to the Senate floor for a vote.
Senator Hannon said in an interview that he would review all the current legislation in play and come up with an appropriate plan – but not a real-time database. "We have an existing system," he said. "But I am committed to getting out legislation within this session."
That last sentiment echoes through the Capitol. On Wednesday, Gov. Andrew Cuomo issued a public statement pleading with both sides to come to agreement on a solution. "My administration is committed to working with the Senator, Attorney General Schneiderman and key stakeholders to address this issue and stem the tide of crime and drug abuse that has been caused by the illegal distribution of prescription drugs," said Cuomo.
Senator Hannon is not alone in his opposition to the proposed database: Doctors' groups, consumer organizations, pharmacies and even some prosecutors take issue with it.
The Medical Society of the State of New York, a trade association for doctors, has warned that I-STOP would place heavy new burdens on practitioners. Last year it spent more than $1.2 million on Albany lobbying, and this year the organizations is likely to spend much more in its effort to make sure Schneiderman's measure does not pass the legislature, says society vice president Morris Auster. "Our doctors already work very hard," said Auster. "I-STOP would mean most clinics would be forced to hire an extra person to take care of data entry."
When I-STOP was first introduced last session, it drew opposition from the Pharmacists Association of New York City and New York State, which spent $155,398 on state lobbying last year, and the Chain Pharmacy Association, whose lobbyists billed for $62,198 in fees. AARP, the Retail Council of New York, pharmaceutical company Eisai and even Mastercard and AOL have all had their lobbyists weigh in on the regulation of pain medicine prescriptions and sales.
Opponents of Schneiderman's I-STOP proposal system want to improve on – but not replace – an existing database, called the Prescription Monitoring Program, through which pharmacies report information on prescriptions for controlled substances. These transmissions are sent to the federal Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement each month. Although the database is an important tool for curbing fraud, New York is one of the only states in the U.S. where pharmacies are only required to file once a month instead of daily or weekly, or even in real time.
It's a time lag that destroys lives, according to Bridget Brennan, special narcotics prosecutor for the City of New York, who handles more than 3,000 cases a year. "Those extra days mean that the data we're trying to work with is almost always out of date." Brennan lamented. "And investigations are often compromised."
Brennan's own caseload shows the epidemic in force: prescription drug investigations now account for one-fourth of her entire budget, and in just the last two years her caseload for prescription drug prosecutions has increased from about 65 to more than 200 cases. Similarly, statewide the number of investigations annually has tripled since 2009, to 2,270 last year.
Yet while Brennan thinks Schneiderman's proposal is a good idea, she would prefer to see other measures put in place first. "I see the advantages to I STOP, but really the issue calls for more urgency." she said. "We need real-time reporting within 24 hours, that should be entered into the system as prescriptions are filled. Pharmacists should have full access, and they don't." All this, says Brennan, could be accomplished right now by tinkering with the existing system.
Also concerned about the impact are advocates for patients who may find it more difficult to obtain medication they've been prescribed, especially if I-STOP technology turns out to be imperfect. Said Blair Horner, Vice President of the American Cancer Society, "It's always an issue of how to balance keeping the criminals out without creating obstacles for people who really need medication." Another consideration, Horner notes, is cost: the attorney general projects the integrated database could cost anywhere between $4 million and $23 million over the next decade.
Arthur Levin of the Center for Medical Consumers, an independent nonprofit, calls the plan "pie in the sky" and a "waste of money."
"The AG's proposal imagines a world that doesn't exist," he said. "In this world there is a real-time ability to take a look behind the curtain and find out what a person is taking!"


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Spigen iPhone 5 Neo Hyrid EX Snow Series Case hands-on
0. phoneArena posted on 15 Oct 2012, 15:53
The Neo Hybrid EX Snow Series Case for the iPhone 5 is merely Spigen's version of Apple's popular bumper cases – meaning, it's only protecting the trim of the device. Interestingly enough, this case keeps the rear of the smartphone exposed, but Spigen is nice enough...
This is a discussion for a news. To read the whole news, click here
1. Republican (Posts: 99; Member since: 05 Apr 2012)
A great case for an unsurpassed phone. Truly for the elite.
2. tunde1990 (Posts: 6; Member since: 14 Jul 2012)
I'm not a fan of cases.
3. sum182 (Posts: 229; Member since: 19 Nov 2011)
Not a fan of cases either, havn't had my Nexus in a case for even a day....think i ruins the "feel" off the phone. Unless you get something small, which doesn't really do its job of protection then.
4. honsc (Posts: 1; Member since: 15 Oct 2012)
Case for the iPhone5 is not for protection, is just for the broken camera!!!!
5. kissily (Posts: 53; Member since: 09 Oct 2012)
Spigen iphone 5 case is really good. I saw its black and yellow color case among some good cases herewww.squidoo.com/best-iphone-5-bumper-cases
6. shirleydd (Posts: 7; Member since: 30 Oct 2012)
The Element Vapor 4 case for iphone 5 is much better than this,http://www.case2case.net/brand-case/element-case.html


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Analysts at Deutsche Bank are of the view diversified health and protective equipment manufacturer
A combination of weaker input costs and stable selling prices have worked in Ansell's favour, and with acquisitions being bedded down Deutsche Bank upgraded its recommendation from hold to buy, increasing its 2013-14 net profit forecast by 2.2 per cent.
The broker cited recent results from a Malaysian examination glove competitor, highlighting earnings support from declines in the prices of natural rubber latex and nitrile latex of more than 10 per cent. These commodities are used across Ansell's health and industrial equipment businesses.
The broker also expects margins to be slightly higher than previously forecast. These factors prompted an increase in its 12-month price target from $19.30 to $22.00. If Deutsche Bank is on the mark with its medium-term forecasts, it would pay investors to look past Ansell's 2013-14 result to 2014-15, when profit is expected to increase 16 per cent from US$160 million ($170 million) to US$186 million.
Acquisitions made in the last 12 months will have a greater impact in 2014-15 and this combined with healthy, organic growth should in itself ensure the company achieves Deutsche Bank's forecasts. However, if industry conditions begin to improve, Ansell could substantially outperform expectations, resulting in a price-earnings based rerating.
The 2014-15 price--earnings multiple of 15 is lower than that traditionally applied, particularly prior to the global financial crisis when the company consistently traded on multiples close to 20.
The Australian Financial Review