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Two stars are shining on the right and on the left. Two mirrors are set at a 45 degree angle (like letter V), and are reflecting star light down. Speed of two reflected lights is the same always. Therefore, when two mirrors move together to the right (or to the left), wavelength of two reflected lights changes. In other words, "density of waves" (number of waves per unit length of light path) of reflected light is changeable by mirror's motion. But how about incident light ? Density of waves is not changeable by mirror's motion !! In short, density of waves of reflected light and incident light is different generally. The theory of constancy of light speed will be impossible to explain this picture (situation). ¡ÔNote¡Õ Formula c = f ¦Ë. light speed = frequency x wavelength.
* ¡ÚWavenumber : Kayser¡Û In a book, i found a word "wavenumber" (number of waves per unit length [1m or 1cm] ; in a beam). Meaning is the same as above "density of waves". It's inverse number of wavelength. After this, it is written as "wavenumber". ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Wavenumber of visible light is between about 12,500/cm and 25,000/cm. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Formerly, wavenumber (/cm) seems to be called "Kayser" (K). Such as 25,000K.
* ¡ÚWavelength of incident light ¡§ a given condition¡Û In plural forums (including forums in English), there were opposing writings (not a few !! : to my post). They say, "Wavelength of incident light changes also". What ? Toward the star ? Toward the galaxy ? No ! Frankly speaking, out of the question ! Unimaginable ! Added on 11 Nov 06 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Light wave is a transverse wave. So, compression wave (retrogrades [goes upstream] toward light source. against stream of light) cannot be formed. Moreover, change of wavenumber is unimaginable (caused by the mirror). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ On an adjacent light (passes beside the mirror), mirror's motion has no effect (on every part of light path). On incident light, it will be the same.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Imagine circular waves of light that are emitted from a point source. These coming circular waves (and these wavelength) will not be disturbed by observer's motion. Then, light speed is variable (to observers). By the way, circular waves and constancy of light speed will be incompatible (impossible, simply cannot be). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ There is a light source. Its wavelength is particular value "a" only. Still, frequency will change continuously (to a moving observer).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In outer space, speed of star light is constant. So, wavelength is invariable (once emitted from the source). Therefore, to a moving observer, in c = f ¦Ë, f and c of coming light vary. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In a forum, i asked back as follows. "When there is no observer, how about wavelength of coming light (Imagine star light) ?"
* ¡Údo.¡Û By observer's motion, wavelength of incident light doesn't vary. One of the reasons is that it's in territory of the past. The past cannot be changed. Vanished things cannot be changed. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ On an incident light seen from every observer, a formula c = f ¦Ë is valid (true). By observer's motion, term f and c vary and term ¦Ë doesn't vary.
* ¡Údo.¡Û In outer space, plane waves (vertical) of star light are coming from the side. Toward the star, two observers are moving at different speed. To the two, different terms will be f and c (in c = f ¦Ë). Added on 18 Aug 15 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S.¡Õ A disk is rotating horizontally. Plane waves of light (wavelength is constant) are coming from diagonally above. According to the formula : c = f ¦Ë, to a point on the disk, f and c will be variable.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Along a light path (source's frequency is constant), an observer is moving in different motions. This changing (of motion) is based on a random numbers. Is wavelength of coming light based on the same random numbers ? Added on 16 Aug 15 (from mark *)
* ¡Údo.¡Û Before an observer's eyes, a beam of star light (source's frequency is constant) is passing (supposed from the right to the left). On the light path, imagine two points (distance is 10 meters). If light speed is the same, frequency at two points is the same. So, wavelength is the same also. On the left, there is a second observer. A second observer's motion can't change this wavelength. Added on 27 Aug 13 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Two light rays separated from the same source are emitted from a space ship. One ray is pointed at a star and the other ray is at the second space ship (approaching). To the second space ship, wavelength of coming light will be a given condition (unchangeable). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ An observer and a perfect black body are moving together. Wavelength of incident light will be unchangeable.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Incident light (coming light) doesn't know its destination. Much less, an observer's motion.
* ¡ÚAnother simple picture¡Û In outer space, plane waves of a star light are coming from just above. A mirror set at a 45 degree angle is reflecting star light. When the mirror moves to the right or the left, wavelength of reflected light varies. So, it is possible to equalize the wavelength of reflected light with wavelength of coming light. It means that speed of both lights is equalized.
* ¡ÚLight is propagated in two ways (in vacuum)¡Û The speed of reflected light will be changed by mirror (from various and variable speed to constant speed c ; temporarily ; relative to the mirror). How far does this changed speed continue ? At least, it will continue to over the moon. And to this extent, the emission theory (in other words, ballistic theory ; proposed by Ritz, Walter 1878-1909) will be valid (true) ; Noted later again (¢Í Ritz). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Mirror is a light source. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ This view will explain everything.
* ¡ÚTime's arrow¡Û Phenomenon of light seems not to be symmetrical (reversible) in the time flow. Added on 16 Oct 10 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S.¡Õ However, it will be common in wave phenomena.
* ¡ÚNote : frequency is the same¡Û When frequency of a light source (it's in an inertial frame) is constant, frequency observed at optional two points on a light path (distance between two points is fixed) is the same always. The reason is that if it is not the same, waves existing between two points (wavenumber x distance) increases or decreases endlessly. It's impossible. In some books, this logic (a truism) is touched on. Similarly, frequency observed at two points before and after reflection (distances between the mirror are fixed) is the same also. Therefore, dense light must be slow, sparse light must be fast (just like in refraction).
¡ÚAttention (important) : extinction, medium and light¡Û Books seem to say that propagation of light in air and in vacuum is the same (speed is somewhat different). It is "INEXPRESSIBLE" and "INDESCRIBABLE" misunderstanding (in air, air is a "frame" [reference frame] of propagation of light waves !! the same as sound waves !! so, the result of M-M experiment (done in air) is only natural !! explained later. ¢Í extinction ¢Í medium and light).¡ÔP.S. : repeated¡Õ In air, there is no problem about propagation of light waves. It's not worth taking up in this site.¡ÔP.S. : Therefore, .....¡Õ Therefore, in this site, light waves are (supposed to be) propagated in vacuum (please read so : including on the earth : unless otherwise noted). At each passage (at each time), it is not noted.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In vacuum of outer space (including on the moon's surface), almost all the passages will stand up (without any notes).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In fact, in this site, phrases "in outer space", "on the moon's surface" are added (not a few). ¡ÔP.S. Other attentions¡Õ In this site, frequency of a light source is constant, and a light source or a matter is in an inertial frame (unless otherwise noted).
PROOF ; LIGHT SPEED IS VARIABLE (To Observer) !! ¡ù¡ù¡ù¡ù
A laser light (wavelength is constant) is reflected by a mirror and is retracing (turns back) its path. The light source and the mirror are supposed to be at a standstill in an inertial frame. An observer moves (at a constant speed) along this light path toward light source. He has a hollow tube. Two lights (coming light and reflected light) are passing through this tube. The number of waves (of this two lights) existing inside of this moving tube (wavenumber x tube's length) is the same (the same number) always. The reason is that the wavenumber of two lights is the same (speed relative to the mirror is the same). On the other hand, because of Doppler effect, frequency of two lights is different to observer. Therefore, speed of two lights is different also.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Light speed = frequency x wavelength. And as mentioned already, wavelength and wavenumber is inverse number for each other.
* And also the reason is that the number of waves existing in full length of light paths is the same.
* Above result will be the same, when another laser light source (frequency is the same) is set as a substitute for mirror.
* ¡ÚInvariant¡Û In books, i found a word "invariant" and a passage "The number of waves (the number of things) is an invariant".¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Relativity seems to say that length is not invariant. But this proof is independent of it.
This PROOF is added on Mar 06.
AETHER OR ABSOLUTE REST FRAME ¡ù¡ù¡ù¡ù
How is spherical wave of star-light propagated ? Propagation will be independent of the motion of the light source (like water wave : binary star is an example). So, the rest frame exists !!
* ¡ÚTeaching of heaven¡Û Light wave of a planet (spherical wave ; sent from a point source) expands as sphere (it's true and perfect sphere, because light speed is constant in space). If it expands like matter, the sphere's geometrical center will leave (separate from) the orbit (how visible is it from afar ?).
* ¡Údo. : moving light source¡Û Barnard's star is the fastest fixed star (it's moving on the celestial sphere). Ahead of the Barnard's star, there is a star and its planet. On this planet, suppose an intellectual creature. They say, "Speed of light of approaching Barnard's star is the same as that of adjacent galaxy (reason ; the value of stellar aberration is the same)". From this, we (supposition ; we see just from the side) must say that light sphere's expansion is independent of motion of the light source.
* ¡Údo. : aberration¡Û Every kind of aberration is caused only by motion of the earth (qualitatively, quantitatively). Motion of heavenly bodies has no effect. For example, binary star, rotating galaxy, and so on (position on the celestial sphere is all). Noted later again (¢Í relativity of motion is false).
* ¡Údo. : light-time correction¡Û Phenomenon ; light-time correction (noted later. ¢Í light-time correction). It's direct evidence.
Thus, the rest frame is real. We find that aether (aether frame : reference frame of aether) again. But it's very rare (explained later. ¢Í mark ¢¡) !! No, dense enough (so, above phenomena are shown).
16 ADDITIONAL below are on light speed also. If you are a new visitor, skip over please.
ADDITIONAL (Two Light Paths and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
Two light rays (adjacent) are coming from a star. One is coming to observer A (moving at high speed ; along the light path direction), the other is coming to observer B (moving at low speed ; along the light path direction). Wavelength of two lights is the same. And light speed will be different (therefore, frequency is different). ¡ÔNote¡Õ light speed = frequency x wavelength. Added on 19 Dec 07
* This is a version (more certain). In this version, the effect of time dilation (i don't know it's true or not) is offset (canceled). ¡Ôa version¡Õ Observer C is added and C is midway between A and B. From viewpoint of C, A and B are receding symmetrically (along the light path direction). C receives data of frequency (of this star light) from A and B. To C (to view point of C), value of time dilation of A and B is the same. Added on 9 Jan 08 (from mark *)
* A picture more visual is shown. Three observers C, A and B are on a horizontal line (A and B are receding from C). Plane waves of a star light are coming from the upper left (at a 45 degree angle). Added on 9 May 16 (from mark *)
ADDITIONAL (Doppler Effect and Light Speed ; Principle of Radar Trap) ¡ù¡ù
An observer is emitting a laser light to approaching mirror, and is observing reflected light. And supposition is as follows ; speed of emitted light and reflected light is the same (to this observer). So, frequency of two lights is different and wavelength is different also (reason ; blue shift is visible). But, what combination is possible about mirror's inertial frame (about incident light and reflected light) ? Only this combination (frequency is the same [as already noted, it's unquestionable !]. wavelength is different and light speed is different also) will be possible. Partially rewritten on 14 Apr 06.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In air (windless and the observer is at a standstill), the above will be surely true.
* Too late !! But, i find that this ADDITIONAL will be principle of radar trap (or, speed trap ; a sort of Doppler radar unit ; used for speed limit enforcement) or radar speed gun (uses micro wave or laser light). Added on 4 Jul 07 (from mark *).
* In a web site, the formula of radar trap is shown. There are that terms (c+v), (c-v). Added on 21 Jul 07 (from mark *).
* ¡ÚReally simple !¡Û A car is moving (at a constant speed) toward radar trap (working). At ahead of the car, imagine a fixed point F (1 meter from the car : on the path of both waves). The number of both waves that pass this point (per unit time) is the same. So, if light speed is the same, wavenumber (wavelength) is the same also. Therefore if light speed is the same (in inertial frame of radar trap), Doppler effect will not be observable. Added on 29 Jul 07 (from mark *). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In air, it will be as follows. In inertial frame of radar trap (at a standstill in air ; and windless) ; Light speed is the same. Frequency is different and wavelength is different also. In inertial frame of moving car ; Frequency is the same. Wavelength is different and light speed is different also. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In vacuum, it will be as follows (based on the emission theory). In inertial frame of radar trap ; Light speed is different. In inertial frame of moving reflector ; Light speed is different also.
ADDITIONAL (Moving Tube and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
There is a tube. In the middle of it, a plate glass is fitted (like a lens). On the right, a star shines, and star light is passing through this tube (from the right to the left). When this tube moves (at different constant speed) to the right (or the left), in the formula "light speed = frequency x wavelength", frequency and wavelength will change in the left part of this tube. Frequency and light speed will change in the right part of it (at tube's inertial frame). Added on 12 Oct 06 (from mark *). ¡ÔExplanation¡Õ Aether is very rare. So, in the left part of the tube, the emission theory is valid (glass is a light source). Light speed is constant c (relative to the glass). In the right part of it, speed of light (that comes from far away [far more than planets]) is constant in aether. Tube moves at variable speed relative to aether. Therefore, light speed is variable also.
ADDITIONAL (Stellar Aberration and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
Now, we are on the moon's surface. There are two stars. One star is at the upper left at just 45 degrees. The other star is at the upper right at just 45 degrees. On the ground, two telescopes are set, and these are pointed at two stars. The moon (ground) is moving to the right. Therefore, because of aberration, one telescope is erected somewhat. The other telescope is laid somewhat. Telescope's length is the same. So, when inlets (suppose that telescopes are hollow tubes [without lens]. light passes as rain-drops) are set at the same height from the ground, height of outlets is not the same. Lights (photon) that enter inlets at the same time, don't go out of the outlets at the same time (light speed is different). And lights reach ground at the same time.
* ¡ÚOne more illustration (seen from the aether frame)¡Û Inlets are line A, outlets are lines B and C, ground is line D. Four lines are horizontal. To these, two star lights come from 45 degrees above (it's premise, given condition). Two lights (two photons) that pass A at the same time will reach D at the same time.
* In aberration (a few kinds are), there seems to be a hidden forbidden value. It is light speed relative to the earth. However, to calculate it from measured values seems to be possible easily.
ADDITIONAL (Photons and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
Imagine photons that form spherical waves of light emitted from a point source. An observer is moving in a uniform linear motion toward the source. Is the speed of every photons (to the observer) constant c ? Impossible, will be.
* Imagine a light sphere (house size : emitted from a point source) and photons in this sphere. From viewpoint of a moving inertial frame, every photon will have the same motion component v. This picture will be an unmistakable picture as a counter evidence for constant c. Added on 23 Jan 15 (from mark *)
* Let's regard "photon" as a classic real particle (in this site). To ensure images of behavior of light.
ADDITIONAL (Photons, Light Waves and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
Plane waves of light (wavelength is constant) are coming from just above. An observer is moving horizontally at different speed. Speed relative to the waves does not vary (c = f ¦Ë). But speed relative to photons or light ray will vary (both will be real existence). ¡ÔP.S.: generalization¡Õ In outer space, plane waves of a star light are coming from just above. An observer is at a standstill. Speed of light waves and photons (light ray) relative to the observer will not be the same (generally). About the speed of the two, nothing can be said without measurement. By the way, speed of light waves and of photons (light ray) relative to the aether frame is the same and a fixed value (a physical constant : not c, maybe).
ADDITIONAL (Prism and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
From just above, a fine laser light is coming (frequency is constant). A triangular prism (set like pyramid) crosses (to the right ; at a constant speed) this vertical beam. Number of waves that enter both (right and left) faces of the prism will be different (reason ; it's possible to regard motion of pin-point of laser light [incident on the face of prism] as motion of an observer along the light path). ¡ÔNote¡Õ light speed = frequency x wavelength. Added on 19 Nov 07
* It's a digression. Above mention will not stand up about star light (plane waves ; come from just above). The reason is that the number of waves that reach optional two points on both faces of the prism (per unit time) is the same always. It's unrelated to the prism's uniform linear motion (both horizontal and vertical. so, diagonal also). Look at the points. Not faces but points. Added on 20 Feb 09 (from mark *)
ADDITIONAL (Standing Wave) ¡ù¡ù
Standing wave (in other words, stationary wave) of light is formed by mirror (when incident light is coherent). Now, light is incident on a mirror at a 90 degree angle. So, if light speed is the same, standing wave seems to be observable at distant position also. Laser light is written that it keeps its coherency (ability of interference) within 2 or 3 km. How about direct star light ? It's formed intermittently ?
ADDITIONAL (Two Passenger Cars and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
On the moon's surface, plane waves of light are coming from upper right at 45 degrees angle. Two passenger cars are moving to the right. One is at high speed and the other is at low speed. On the roof of each car, there is a small hole (position is the same). Light waves pass this hole and reach the floor. Position of the spot light on the floor is not the same. This will show that light speed is not the same (to observers in the car).
ADDITIONAL (Drone and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
A passenger car is moving. From a light source set at the center of the car, light rays are being sent to the front and the rear. Above this moving car, a drone is flying in irregular motion (then, drone lands on a hill). Speed of light will be explained only by Galilean transformation.
ADDITIONAL (Plane Waves of Light and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
Plane waves of light are coming (in space) from north south east and west directions. An observer is moving (at different speed) to the south-southwest direction. How does constancy of light speed explain ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Plane waves of light are coming from opposite directions. How about relative speed ? Is it meaningless question ? If so, by what reason ?
ADDITIONAL (Emission Theory and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
Imagine spherical waves of light (or light sphere) that are sent from two point sources in relative motion. Except the emission theory, what explanation is possible ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Two circular waves that are crossing on a plane (in two dimensions) will be the same also. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ On a plane (imagine two dimensions), a point light source is shinning. Imagine circular waves and Huygens's many semicircular waves. In vacuum, the light source is moving in a uniform linear motion. This picture seems to support the emission theory. How does relativity explain semicircular waves ?
ADDITIONAL (Basically, the Same as Sound Waves) ¡ù¡ù
The wavelength of sound waves is determined by frequency of its source, motion of the source and the sound speed. Wavelength cannot be varied by observer's motion (it will be an invariant). On the other hand, frequency varies by observer's motion. Therefore, speed of sound waves (to the observer) varies also. Basically, light waves will be the same.
ADDITIONAL (Accelerated Motion and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù
The speed of propagation of light is uniform basically. Now, an observer is moving in an accelerated motion toward the direction of light coming. To this observer, speed of the light will not be constant. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ No book seems to touch on an observer in an accelerated motion (to light waves).
ADDITIONAL (A Passenger Car and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù¡ù¡ù
A passenger car is moving to the right. A light ray (frequency is constant) is sent from the source set on the rear wall and is reflected by the front wall and returns to the rear wall. Path forms angle bracket > (acute angle). There is an observer on the ground. In front of him, imagine a vertical line. The passenger car passes the line. Frequency of two light paths is different and wavelength is the same (number of waves is invariant). According to that formula: v = f ¦Ë, light speed is different. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Above picture seems to show also that pictures on relativity of simultaneity or on Lorentz contraction (a moving passenger car is shown in books) must be reexamined.
ADDITIONAL (Mirror and Light Speed) ¡ù¡ù¡ù¡ù
In outer space, a mirror is reflecting a star ray. On incident ray and reflected ray each, a formula c =f ¦Ë is valid (seen from the mirror). In this two formulas, term f is the same (the same number) always. So, when ¦Ë is different (usually, it's different: by reflection), c must be different.
A PUZZLE OF LIGHT !! ¡ù¡ù¡ù¡ù¡ù
The earth is moving in space. Therefore, if previously mentioned view (light sphere's expansion is independent of motion of the light source) is true, everything on the earth will not be visible at its real position (night and day). Emitted position (where the light was emitted) remains (is fixed) in space, and light source is moving in space. Therefore, some gap (a sort of parallax) will occur to observer (and on optical surveying instruments, evident effect will occur also). It's logical inference. But this gap seems not to be observable. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ This problem is mentioned in some books (in Japanese).
* ¡ÚOne answer to the above : a hypothesis¡Û This is a hypothesis. Its sayings are as follows. This gap exists actually (on the earth). But we don't see it. The reason is that this gap is offset (canceled) fully by that aberration (aberration will also exist about everything on the earth logically). Yes fully, because this gap and aberration each is composed of only earth's speed and light speed. And we see everything at the position that Einstein says (light sphere's expansion is dependent on motion of the light source. the reason is that there is no absolute or privileged frame in space). This gap and aberration both are hidden in everywhere around us (but how tricky !!).
* ¡ÚPlanetary aberration¡Û In an encyclopedia, i found a word "planetary aberration". It is composed of two phenomena ; light-time correction (it's above "gap") and annual aberration. An illustration is shown. In it, the earth is passing an outer planet (in this situation, offset is partial). What !? It's unthinkable that such a phenomenon is peculiar only in the heaven. These two (namely planetary aberration) will exist and are hidden in everywhere around us. Thus, this hypothesis insists.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Light-time correction is a phenomenon based on the absolute rest frame. So, common explanation (without rest frame) is knotty.
* ¡ÚA thought experiment¡Û This hypothesis is based on a thought experiment as follows. In outer space, a space ship is moving in a uniform motion. Its speed and moving direction are the same as those of the solar system. This space ship has several wings on its sides, and at the end of each wing, a light source is shining (the length of wings is ten meters, a hundred million km and 4 hundred thousand km). To the position of an observer (he is in this space ship), these are situated at a 90 degree angle (as a structure). These all will be visible at the same position (at a 90 degree angle).
* ¡ÚThis hypothesis cannot be all negative, maybe¡Û The same mechanism (full offset ; caused by solar system's linear motion) will exist about every heavenly body of the solar system. Secular aberration seems to be offset (so, orbit of planets doesn't warp also in appearance ?).
* ¡ÚConclusion¡Û Sorry, the above must be modified as follows. About earthly sights (and also, about nearby sights [anywhere of the universe]), Einstein (light sphere's expansion is dependent on motion of the light source. the same as matter) will be true. No, only Ritz will be true. Therefore, about the light sphere's expansion, there will be difference (in a law and reality) between within earth-moon scale and over planet-planet scale (on the surface of water, waves that move at different speed coexist. it will be the same in space. thus, aether is rare) ¢¡. If it's true, the result of Michelson-Morley experiment is quite natural (in addition, mirrors and a half mirror each will work as light source. each will be a light source that follows [depends on] Ritz's emission theory). Added on 13 Sep 05 (from mark *).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In short, by earthly light sources, rest frame cannot be found. Only by heavenly light sources, it can be found.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ If Michelson-Morley experiment is done in over planet-planet scale, what about the result ?
* ¡Údo. : the sun and the moon¡Û Therefore, apparent position of the sun and the moon will be settled by different mechanism. And the outcome is the same.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Is laser beam returned from the moon always (from a corner cube set on the moon's surface : to the source's position : returned beam is widened to several km) ? If so, the emission theory seems to be true (in all direction).
If you are a new visitor, skip over following ADDITIONAL please.
ADDITIONAL (The Moon Confusing ¡ª¡ª) ¡ù¡ù
Among all celestial bodies (except artificial bodies), annual aberration is not observable only for the moon. But why ? One answer is "offset" (mentioned already ; offset by light-time correction for the moon that is caused by orbital motion of the earth) and the other answer is the emission theory (valid in moon-earth scale). Probably, the latter will be true.
* Distance between the moon and the earth is measured to meter level (with light beam). This will mean that the emission theory is valid in moon-earth scale (if aether acts, error of dozens of km level will be measured).
* ¡ÚLight-time correction for the moon ?¡Û ¡¡Value of light-time correction for the moon is written to be 0.704 arcsec (corresponds to moon's speed in orbit). Is it true ? Two horizontal lines and a vertical line cross. At the upper intersection and lower intersection, space ships are situated. Regard the upper space ship as the moon and the lower one as the earth. Common view says that the upper space ship is moving horizontally (at 1.023 km/sec ; imagine a few seconds only). But it will be possible to say also that lower space ship is moving (because there is no rest frame). Now, along the lower line, two space ships are moving. One measured value 0.704 arcsec and the other 1.408 arcsec. What values are these ? Light-time correction is impossible to have two values. These values must be recognized not as light-time correction but as aberration like (aether doesn't act. so, it's "like").¡ÔP.S.¡Õ i found a word "velocity aberration".
DOPPLER EFFECT OF LIGHT ¡ù¡ù¡ù
In a space ship, an observer is observing a star. When this space ship moves (by gas jet ; at different constant speed ; along the light path direction), frequency of star light changes (change corresponds to gas jet). The following are reexaminations of Doppler effect of light (related to expansion of space is excluded).
* ¡ÚWavelength of incident light : a given condition¡Û In the above, change of wavenumber (it will be inevitable outcome of the theory of constancy of light speed) of the light path (from observer to the star) will be out of the question (in the first and the second PROOF, mentioned already). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Wavelength of coming light is unchangeable (by observer's motion). Other two (light speed and frequency) change. This most simple reality (c'=f' ¦Ë ) is rejected.
* ¡ÚCause and effect : Really simple !¡Û Doppler effect will be caused immediately by relative motion between observer and light waves. Not light source but light waves (not an action at a distance. never !!). Common view is impossible.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ And, light source is an existence of the past.
* ¡Údo. : changing of wavenumber¡Û When Doppler effect is caused by the motion (relative to aether) of light source (it's far away [at least as far away as the planets]), wavenumber (of incident light) will be (had been) changed. On the other hand, when Doppler effect is caused by the motion of observer, wavenumber (of incident light) will not be changed (like moving train and railroad ties). Added on 26 Jan 06 (from mark *).
* ¡Údo. : changing of wavenumber¡Û When distance between observer and light source is within earth-moon scale, Doppler effect will be caused by relative motion between both (strictly, between observer and light waves). And wavenumber (of incident light) will not be changed. Added on Dec 06 (from mark *).
* ¡Údo. : sound wave is basic¡Û Doppler effect of sound and light will be the same basically. The reason is that sound waves and light waves are propagated in medium (to light, aether is one of media. these media are "frames" [reference frames] of propagation !!) at constant speed (explained later. ¢Í extinction ¢Í medium and light). So, formula of light must be the same as formula of sound. Only in vacuum, and only in an instant (after emission from light source ; may be for a few second), Doppler effect of light will be unique (formula differs). Added on 9 Jun 09 (from mark *)
* ¡ÚDistance between dark-lines¡Û In spectrum of a star light, there are two dark-lines (peculiar to atom or molecule). The distance between both will show the motion of this star (along the light path direction) relative to aether. Therefore, by frequency of a dark-line, motion of the earth relative to aether will be shown also. Added on 12 Feb 10 (from mark *)
* ¡Údo.¡Û Wavelength, namely distance between two dark-lines (peculiar to atom or molecule) isn't changed by observer's motion. So, every observer can know the motion of a star relative to aether.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Arago experiment (1810) is on the light speed (whether light speed [of a star] is changed by orbital motion of the earth or not). After discovery of Doppler effect (1842), experiment based on this effect seems not to be done.
* Wavelength of sun-light will expand and contract slightly once a year.
* ¡ÚDifference of colors¡Û Common view says, colors of visible light are caused by the difference of wavelength. Really ? Frequency is also different. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Into water and into air, light rays (emitted from the same source) are incident. So, in the two media, frequency is the same and wavelength isn't the same. How about color development of color films that are exposed in each medium ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ If color is caused by difference of wavelength, observer's motion doesn't vary color.
* See also "ADDITIONAL (Doppler Effect and Light Speed ; Principle of Radar Trap)"
AETHER OR ABSOLUTE REST FRAME ¡ù¡ù
About relativity of motion, there is a passage (in a book in Japanese) as follows. "An observer on the moving earth is able to say that he is at a standstill. It also gives a clear explanation for Doppler effect or aberration of star light (without inconsistency)". What !? Then, how about binary star ? Each star's orbital motion has no effect on the value of aberration. Motion (star's and earth's) is not relative. About Doppler effect, it's the same (as mentioned above).
* ¡ÚRelativity of motion is false¡Û To explain annual aberration (a 365 day cycle) will be impossible. "Einstein-geocentric system" !! Added on 19 Feb 08 (from mark *).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Countless stars do not move in orbital motion (in a 365 day cycle). The earth's side only moves (moves relative to aether).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ To begin with, about rotary motion, non- linear motion, etc, relativity of motion doesn't stand up (in dynamics also).
* ¡ÚAether is real¡Û Propagation of star light follows (depends on) aether frame (motion of the source is ignored). Emitted position (where the light was emitted) is fixed in the frame (coordinate) of aether (in every medium, it's the same. like water waves). Emitted position (where the light was emitted) is also fixed on the celestial sphere.
* ¡Údo.¡Û The value of all sorts of aberration depends only on (corresponds only and solely to) the motion (direction and speed : vector) of the earth. Aether exists (without doubt).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ The value of annual aberration observed on each planet of the solar system is determined by the speed of orbital motion only. It's (a part of) the speed relative to aether.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Aether frame will be the stage of all motions (and distinguishes accelerated motion from non-accelerated motion). Not only stage of light. And may be the stage of gravity.¡¡
* ¡Údo.¡Û On a glass moving in water, aberration will occur also (in principle). Like the earth moving in aether.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A website (in Japanese) says "uniform speed frame" and "non-uniform speed frame" (accelerated frame). To each of the two, the absolute rest frame will be premise.
* ¡ÚNewton's bucket¡Û A tube is rotating like propeller. In the middle of the tube, a light source is lighted. When the rotational speed increases, light will be impossible to leave the tube. This will be the phenomenon "Newton's bucket" also (light version). Added on 24 Sep 07 (from mark *).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Different side (aspect) of aether (shown with rotating light source) ?? If it is so, aether is not rare. Or, by different reason ?
* ¡ÚAether is measurable¡Û A space ship (mother ship) is at a standstill in outer space (non-gravitational). Close by the mother ship, plenty number of probes are standing by (at a standstill also). To each probe, a star is assigned (scatteringly on the celestial sphere). On each probe, telescope that is pointed at the assigned star is loaded. Now all probes begin uniformly accelerated motion toward the assigned stars at the same time. States of acceleration are the same (the same g). Because of aberration, star will disappear from the field of view of the telescope at certain point in time. These data (time) are sent to the mother ship. Then, the motion (direction and speed) of the space ship relative to aether (and also relative to the celestial sphere) will be disclosed. Added on 4 Feb 08 (from mark *). ¡ÔP. S.¡ÕLater on, a few simpler versions are shown (¢Í aether is measurable).
* ¡ÚInference¡Û Allow me to show a hasty inference. The speed (relative to aether) of expansion of light sphere (its scale is over planet-planet) will probably be slower than c (if two kinds of light sphere's expansion [noted before] is true). Added on 25 Feb 07 (from mark *).
* ¡Údo.¡Û In outer space, a mirror is reflecting a ray of star light. The angle of incident light and reflected light will not be the same generally. The reason is that speed of incident light is variable. Added on 21 Jul 10 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ On the angle of refraction, it will be the same.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ It will be an effect of mirror's and medium's motion relative to aether.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Dark matter is aether ? Not dark but transparent.
OTHERS (Related to SR) ¡ù¡ù¡ù¡ù¡ù
In a book, i saw a name E.Mascart and his findings (any effect caused by the motion of the earth isn't detected on 7 optical phenomena [reflection by mirror and so on]). For these findings, he was awarded the prize of Paris academy of sciences in 1873. There will be many other phenomena and experiments that are related to Einstein's postulate (constancy of light speed to observer). However, many books are talking about M-M experiment only. An evil dream (to an amateur).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Word "wavenumber" seems not to be in books on SRT. Can SRT explain Doppler effect by this word ?? There may be many other irrational matters.
* ¡ÚExtinction¡Û i found a word "extinction" in a book Special Relativity by French, A.P. 1968. It's written as follows (original text ; quoted from "Google book" ; in 5-2). "Thus, for example, with visible light, a thickness of about 10-5cm of glass or 0.1mm of air at atmospheric pressure is almost enough to erase any possible memory, as it were, of the motion of the original source" (10-5cm is 0.0001mm). What ?? Is the light speed equalized in medium ? If it is so (from frequency or from wavelength, "memory" is not erased), what about Fizeau experiment ("Fizeau effect" or "light drag effect" [effect on speed] isn't partial !? Imagine an observer and a medium that move together) ?? Added on 24 Jan 09 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In a forum (in English ; anti-relativity.com), i was shown a web-site below (there is a heading "Optical Extinction"). Light speed seems to be equalized (in a medium). i am grateful to cincirob.
* ¡Údo. : M-M experiment (done in air) is nonsense ¡Û Above passage says that 0.1mm of air is enough to extinction. It will be "everything" of Michelson-Morley experiment (done in air). Added on 24 Jan 09 (from mark *)
* ¡ÚMedium and light¡Û In a book Theory of Relativity by Pauli, W 1958, it's written as follows (quoted from English version ; in 1-6). "Rather should one say that for an observer moving with medium, light is propagated as usual with velocity c/n in all directions". Extinction will ensure it. Also it seems to be the "very and true explanation" for M-M experiment !! ¡ÔNote¡Õ About vacuum, the emission theory. Added on 2 Feb 09 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ There is Einstein's passage the same as above Pauli's. Therefore, probably, he said that he didn't know M-M experiment (and he mutters, "popular explanation for M-M experiment is nonsense and I have no obligation to point out it").
* ¡Údo.¡Û In a forum, i wrote about M-M experiment as follows. "If air moves at the speed of 30km/sec relative to the equipment, expected result will be found. But air was at a stand-still. Null result is only natural". In air, propagation of light waves depends on (follows) frame of air (the same as that of sound waves). But we still seem not to understand it.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Wind will be influential in radar trap (or, speed trap ; a sort of Doppler radar unit ; uses micro wave or laser light) or radar speed gun.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Aether will be a medium. For "extinction", thickness of several hundred thousand km may be. Added on 3 Feb 09 (from mark *)
* ¡Údo.¡Û Propagation of light follows aether frame, the emission theory and air's frame. In every case, to a moving observer, speed of light varies.
* ¡ÚFizeau experiment (with flowing water ; 1851)¡Û There is a pillar made of glass (section is square ; laid horizontally ; we see a long side). A light ray (emitted from a light source that is set at the upper face of the glass) is propagated in the glass like letter V (at a 30 degree angle ; reflected by a mirror ; from the left to the right). One pillar is moving to the right, the other pillar is moving to the left at the same speed. To an observer (stands on the ground), how about the light speed (in the glass) ? Added on 28 Oct 09 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ On the moving glass, Galilean transformation stands up. And it will be the same on light also (in the glass). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ How about, when another light ray is retrograding (on the same path) ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In the above pillar, two laser lights (come from above) are crossing like letter X. The appearance of interference fringes (interference pattern) will be the same to all (including the one who is moving relative to the pillar).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ About standing wave (formed in the glass ; horizontally), it will be the same.
* ¡ÚSpeed of light exceeds c : Galilean transformation again : common sense is true¡Û From the roof of a passenger car (railway carriage), light ray is emitted diagonally downward (to the right at a 45 degree angle). One passenger car is moving to the right, the other passenger car is moving to the left at the same speed. To an observer who stands on the ground, the length of two light rays is different. Added on 17 Apr 09 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Einstein's theory seems to be invalid on diagonal light ray.
* ¡Údo.¡Û From the roof of a passenger car, several light rays are emitted down radially (at intervals of ten degrees). How is this moving passenger car explained ? Added on 27 Apr 09 (from mark *)
* ¡Údo.¡Û From the roof of a passenger car, a light ray is emitted down vertically. The car is moving to the right. When the car is filled with water, diagonal of light ray is gentler (to an observer who stands on the ground). And the diagonal (depends only on c/n and v) will be mere appearance. It will be the same about air or vacuum too. Added on 17 Apr 09 (from mark *). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Galilean transformation seems to be true about all.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On the moon's surface, there is a passenger car. The roof is flat plate glass. From just above, light waves (plane waves) of a star are entering this roof horizontally. These plane waves reach floor horizontally too (it must be so geometrically). To an observer who stands on the moon's surface, the speed of waves (front of waves : in the moving passenger car) is unchangeable (reason : number of waves is invariant). Therefore, apparent speed of light ray is variable. Added on 3 Feb 10 (from mark *)
* ¡Údo.¡Û A disc is rotating. A light ray is passing by the disc. How does the theory of constancy of light speed explain (speed relative to the disc) ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û In outer space, plane waves of light are coming from two different directions. An observer is moving in a complicated curved motion. How does relativity explain ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û To a swinging stick, light speed varies. Like sound waves, water waves.
* ¡ÚAether is measurable¡Û On the moon's surface, there is a passenger car. To the roof, waves of sun-light (plane waves) are coming horizontally. In the roof, there is a small hole. When the passenger car moves to the right (or to the left), a point of light projected on the floor will move. Added on 7 Sep 09 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Moon's motion will have an effect (on the point of light) also. The angle of light ray (in the passenger car) will not be 90 degrees.
* ¡Údo.¡Û When frequency and wavelength of two star lights (coming from the opposite direction) are measured (in outer space : at the same time), observer's motion (relative to aether : in star's direction) will be clarified. So, with plural stars, vector of the observer (relative to aether and to the celestial sphere) will be clarified. Added on 8 Dec 13 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Sum of the speed of the two lights will be constant. So, light speed relative to aether frame will be clarified also.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Speed of aether drift may be dozens of km/sec. Above measurement will not be easy. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Value c now in use is calculated from values f and ¦Ë. The range of error is ¡Þ 1.2 m/sec.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On the moon's surface, there is an interferometer. It tracks a star automatically and it receives two rays of this star. One ray is entering directly and the other ray is coming through (has penetrated) a plate glass. This glass slides toward the star (along a guide rail that is a part of the interferometer). As the glass slides, interference fringe (of two waves) will change connectedly. If so, light speed (in the direction of the star) will be found. And if the same measurement is done (at the same time) on a star situated at the opposite position on the celestial sphere, all (in the direction of the stars) will be clarified. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ A light that penetrated the glass will follow the emission theory (speed is c). The other light will follow aether frame. Added on 25 Aug 14 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Length of the guide rail will be enough in a few meters.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On the moon's surface, there is a pillar made of glass (section is square ; laid horizontally ; we see a long side). From the upper right and the upper left, light waves of two stars are coming (and suppose that wavenumber of both waves is the same). Now this pillar moves to the right or to the left (at different speed). Frequency and light speed of the incident lights (before incidence ; seen from view point of the inertial frame of the pillar) will be changeable. And in the glass, frequency and wavenumber (refraction angle also) will be changeable. These change will be effects of the motion of the glass relative to aether. Added on 12 Dec 09 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In the above, angle of wave front (in the glass) will be changeable also. This will be the mechanism of aberration.
* ¡ÚAberration : Reexamination¡Û The angle of incident light (coming from outer space) is bent by upper atmosphere (of moving earth). This phenomenon (light drag effect) is concluded there (in that place). So, the result of Airy experiment (aberration with a telescope filled with water ; 1871) is natural. Analogy with rain-drop is unsuitable. Added on 4 Feb 09 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ By extinction, angle of wave front is bent immediately. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ This "dragging" will not be partial (reason ; the value of aberration depends on the light speed and the speed of the earth's motion).
* ¡Údo.¡Û In outer space, the object lens of telescope will "drag" (as a moving medium) the ray (path) of star light. So, aberration will occur. In outer space, aberration will occur about hollow tube also (photons pass through like rain drops). Added on 18 Feb 09 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ The value of the former will be larger (we find Airy's telescope !), and the value of the latter will be nearly usual.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On the moon's surface, there is a pillar made of glass (section is square ; laid horizontally ; we see a long side). Light waves of a star (plane waves) are entering the upper face horizontally. These plane waves reach bottom face horizontally also (it must be so geometrically). This pillar is moving from the right to the left because of the motion of the moon. Now, imagine light rays. In the glass, these light rays must be bent (from view point of the aether frame). Reason is as follows. From view point of inertial frame of glass, light rays are at a 90 degree angle to the wave front always (reason ; if it's not 90 degrees, speed of both in medium differs. it's impossible). In short, "dragging" (effect on direction) by a moving medium occurs and it will not be partial. Added on 30 Jan 09 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ There will be three kinds of motion of medium. Relative to light source, to other media, and to aether.
* ¡ÚSecular aberration¡Û If some angle (not 90 degrees) of light ray (to the plane waves) is detected in outer space (on a star light), it will be an effect of observer's motion relative to aether. Added on 6 Feb 09 (from mark *).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ And by elimination of known aberrations, secular aberration (in this star's direction) will emerge.
* ¡Údo.¡Û In a web-site (in Japanese), i found value 13.4 seconds of arc (it's value of secular aberration) !! We have measured aether already ?
* ¡ÚLight clock¡Û A light clock is working in a moving train. Light path of light clock is illustrated vertically (in books). But this light clock leans somewhat to the right (or to the left). So, to an observer who stands on the ground, zigzag of the light path (saw-tooth like) warps. Two kinds of dilation ? And if two clocks work, and if these lean differs ? Added on 25 Jun 07 (from mark *).
* ¡Údo.¡Û This is a new-type light clock. A windmill is rotating. At the end and at close to the center of a blade, light sources are fixed and flash once per 100 rotations of the windmill. Time dilation will not be observable.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ How about a sensor that is rotating (the windmill does not rotate) relatively ?
* ¡ÚTime dilation¡Û Two fiber-optic cables are laid between the north pole and the equator. A laser beam (frequency is constant) emitted from the equator is reflected at the north pole and is coming back. Frequency at the above three points (and every optional point of the cable) is the same. Relative motion or difference of gravity will not cause time dilation. Added on 19 Jan 14 (from mark *)
* ¡Údo.¡Û There is a swimming pool. Two swimmers started from facing walls (at the same time) and are passing each other. The speed is the same. Plane waves of a star light are coming from just above. Where is the time dilation ?¡ÔP.S.¡Õ It's the same when one is accelerating or decelerating.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Two light sources (frequency is the same) are shining. To an observer, both are visible adjacent. One is at a standstill. The other is moving in a regular reciprocating motion (approaches and recedes ; relative to the observer). Number of waves that this observer receives per unit time (supposition ; per 100 reciprocating motions) will be the same. In short, phenomenon time dilation is unthinkable. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Another version (effects caused by acceleration and deceleration are excluded) is possible (passes a baton to a light source that comes from opposite direction at the same speed [frequency is the same]. and it's repeated). Added on 7 Oct 10 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Now, many space ships are moving in the Brawnian motion like. Time dilation seems to be unimaginable.¡ÔP.S. ; A simpler version of "jumbo jet experiment" 1971¡Õ At a spot N near the north pole, there are some atomic clocks. Now, half of these are moved to a spot E near the equator. And after enough time, the other half are moved also to the spot E. It will be simpler than "the jumbo jet plane experiment" (but i have never heard that difference of latitude causes time dilation.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Relative motion is said to cause time dilation. Now, at the north pole and at the equator, there are atomic clocks. How is time dilation found ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û There are three passenger cars A, B and C. A is standing. B is moving to the right , C is to the left. Speed of B, C is the same. So, value of time dilation is the same (if it's true). Then, how about time dilation seen from B or C ? In books, motion shown seems to be between the two only.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A disk is rotating. To an observer, how about time dilation of each point on the surface of the disk ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ A disk is rotating horizontally. From just above, plane waves of light are coming. Number of waves incident on every point of the disk is the same. Where is time dilation ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û In Japan, they are crying, GPS ! GPS ! And are silent about radar trap or speed gun (if light speed is constant, radar trap doesn't work).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Time adjustment on atomic clocks on the ground (latitude and altitude differs) seems to be no need (except a leap second). Then, who (what organization) adjusts clocks loaded on GPS satellites (orbits differ) ? None seems to claim that we do.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Two observers are moving apart (at a constant speed : on a straight line). Light is being sent from a light source of each observer (frequency is the same). Phenomena each observer sees is the same, and time dilation will be impossible. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Two observers are moving apart (at a constant speed : on a straight line). Light is being sent from a light source of each observer (frequency is the same), and is being reflected by a mirror of the other observer and is returning. Phenomena each observer sees is the same, and time dilation will be impossible.
* ¡Údo.¡Û In outer space, plane waves of light are coming from the right and from the above. Ahead of an observer, a space ship is moving to the right. Time dilation will not stand up. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In outer space, plane waves of light are coming from the right. Ahead of an observer, one space ship is moving to the right and the other space ship is moving to the left at the same speed. Time dilation will not stand up.
* ¡ÚRelativistic mass increase¡Û A book says that mass is not invariant. But it's unthinkable that effect caused by collision of two masses depends on observer.
* ¡ÚParticle accelerator¡Û In a colliding-beam accelerator, relative speed of two particles is below c ?? And, energy (generated by collision) shows the mass increase of a particle ??¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In accelerator, upper limit of particle's speed is c (light speed). And it will be the speed relative to accelerator (the emission theory will be valid to particles also).
* ¡ÚLorentz contraction¡Û A passenger car is moving. Two light rays are sent from a source (frequency is constant) set on the floor and are reflected by mirrors set on the roof and are coming back to the source (the light path forms oblong letter V). Number of waves that stays on the path is the same to an observer stands on the ground (because it's an invariant). This picture will support the emission theory. Not only Lorentz contraction, but also constancy of light speed and relativity of simultaneity will be denied.
* ¡Údo.¡Û The picture of a moving passenger car will be founded on Michelson-Morley experiment. On that vacant experiment. I say, the result of experiment done in air is only natural. Anyway, the picture of a moving passenger car will be invalid also (every possible light path can be explained ? the emission theory can explain).
* ¡Údo.¡Û The main point shown by Michelson - Morley experiment (done in vacuum) will be that light follows light source's motion. A picture of a moving passenger car is incompatible with this. How about when the equipment is loaded in the passenger car ? To an observer stands on the ground, light speed will have the motion component of the passenger car : v. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In the moving passenger car¡¢propagation of light follows only one rule (of physics : seems to follow the emission theory). And the rest all will be Galilean transformation (mere calculation). If so, bye, Lorentz contraction ! ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ On a plain of the moon, from a point, 8 equipment of Michelson Morley experiment are receding in 8 directions (radially : in uniform linear motion). The speed is various. The result will support the emission theory. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ On a plain of the moon, from a point, equipment of Michelson Morley experiment depart for the south. And next, the second equipment follow. But the speed is half of the first equipment (the two are in uniform linear motion). The result will support the emission theory.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A passenger car is moving. From the rear wall to the front wall, a light ray is being sent. Light path is one way. Can the formula of Lorentz contraction explain ? And how about when the ray slants somewhat (vertically) ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Both ways of light path (on contraction of a passenger car) can be explained. But, one way cannot be ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û In a moving passenger car, Michelson Morley experiment is being done. On rotating equipment, variation of interference fringes is not seen. And it will be the same to an observer stands on the ground (to everyone : like an invariant). Now, it is said that to the observer on the ground, moving passenger car contracts (Lorentz contraction). If so, speed of light (average speed) must be slower in moving direction of the passenger car !? Added on 27 Oct 16 (from mark *)
* ¡Údo.¡Û A passenger car is moving. In the car, a light path forms an equilateral hexagon. Along the path, light (frequency is constant) is going around clockwise (only one round). If Lorentz contraction is true, speed of light cannot be constant.
* ¡Údo.¡Û In a moving passenger car, a light ray is being sent and on the ground, there is an observer. In a picture on a light clock, the light ray follows passenger car's motion. In a picture on Lorentz contraction, it doesn't (by spherical waves, more clear, will be).
* ¡Údo.¡Û Imagine a picture of a moving passenger car (frequency of the light source is constant). The number of waves existing in the emitted light and reflected light is an invariant. To an observer stands on the ground, how is it visible ? The picture shown in books will not stand up. Possible explanation will be the emission theory.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A formula of Lorentz contraction is the formula on Michelson - Morley experiment (light goes back and forth). Independently of Michelson - Morley experiment, Einstein brandishes this formula and causes a disaster. In the formula of Lorentz contraction, terms (c+v), (c-v) seem to be hidden.
* ¡ÚLorentz contraction : Additional¡Û A passenger car is moving. Between mirrors set on the rear wall and the front wall, a light ray nearly horizontal is drawing an acute zigzag. How does an observer on the ground explain ? Added on 3 Feb 16 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Pay attention to the number of waves. Speed will be nearly c + v and c - v.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A passenger car is moving. From the roof, two laser lights are emitted diagonally and cross at near the floor, and interference fringes are formed. Waves of lights are based on two different random numbers and interference fringes are varying continuously. These interference fringes (pattern only once) will be the same also to an observer on the ground. A picture on Lorentz contraction (of a moving passenger car) will not stand up.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A passenger car is moving. At the fixed point, from a window, a flash is sent to the left at 90 degrees. Regard the flash as a photon. Ahead of the photon, a wall stands on the ground and on the wall, a vertical line is drawn. This line is situated at just 90 degrees. The photon will hit on the point that is out of the line a little (to the moving direction of the passenger car ; because there is no rest frame). But, what does it mean ? Imagine light sphere that is formed in the passenger car and photons in this sphere. From viewpoint of an observer on the ground, every photon will have the same motion component v (to the moving direction of the passenger car).
* ¡Údo.¡Û A light ray (frequency is constant) is passing through a tube (at a standstill). There are two observers who are moving relative to the tube in different uniform motion. Number of waves existing in the tube is the same to two observers (it's an invariant). If tube's length is not the same because of Lorentz contraction, light speed must not be the same also to two observers.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A passenger car is standing. At the left inner wall of the car, a light source is shining. Marathon runners are passing by to the right and to the left (relative to the car). Galilean transformation will be all. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ How about when runners are moving in irregular motions ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û Circular waves of light are emitted from a point source. On this plane, an observer is moving (at a uniform speed) along a straight line that grazes the source. Is Lorentz contraction (1892) possible to explain this common and simple picture ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û See also ADDITIONAL (A Passenger Car and Light Speed)
* ¡Údo.¡Û The same two disks are rotating (axis is common) to the opposite direction. On the edge of each disk, 360 divisions are marked. Lorentz contraction is unthinkable.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Coupled two passenger cars are moving in a tunnel. From the center of the outer wall of each car, a light ray is being sent to the rear at 45 degrees (like swept-back wing). This light ray is reflected by a mirror set on the wall of the tunnel and returns to the car. Returned two points will not show Lorentz contraction. Light path forms a letter V and two letters V are congruence.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Plane waves of light (wavelength is constant) are coming from the upper left (at a 45 degree angle). A bar (horizontal) is moving to the left. The number of waves that hits the front end and the rear end of the bar (per unit time) is the same number always. It is unrelated to the speed and speed varying of the bar. So, the number of waves that stays between both ends is invariable. Lorenz contraction is unthinkable.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ And the number of waves that stays between both ends is invariant. To every observer, it is the same number.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Two tubes are standing side bay side (length is the same). Light rays emitted from the same source (frequency is constant) are passing thorough two tubes. Number of waves existing inside of two tubes is the same. Each tube is accompanied by an observer. Then, two tubes (and the observers) move toward the opposite direction along the light paths. To the observer, front end and rear end of the tube are the same time (simultaneous) always. So, number of waves existing inside of the tube is unchanging. Lorentz contraction will be impossible (if wavelength is unchangeable). ¡ÔP.S.: Addition¡Õ Two tubes are passing each other (along the each light path). There is the third observer and to his position, motion of two tubes is visible to be symmetrical. To this observer, number of waves existing inside of two tubes is the same number. So, to observers accompanied by tubes, it is the same number also. Lorentz contraction will be impossible (if wavelength is unchangeable).
* ¡Údo.¡Û A light is passing through a tube (tube is at a standstill). It is said that to an observer moving relative to the tube, Lorentz contraction occurs on the tube. When there are a hundred observers (direction of motion is not x direction only), a hundred kinds of contraction ? And space also ?
* ¡Údo.: some other questions¡Û Does only muon contracts space ? How about other elementary particles or other particles ? / If space itself contracts, how about constancy of light speed ? Imagine spherical waves of light. / As many motions, as many contraction ? How about in an accelerated motion ? The whole universe contracts (as an action at a distance) ? It seems not to be physics. / The best disproof will be MM experiment (done in vacuum). And aberration will guarantee absolute space. / Lorentz contraction is said to be contraction of space. Then, suppose that there are plural space ships. How about when relative motions between these ships and an observer differ ? / On formula of Lorentz contraction, a question occurs. In a picture of a moving passenger car, position of an observer (on the ground) is not determined. Incomprehensible ! / Without light, does Lorentz contraction stand up ? How is it explained ?
* ¡ÚRelativity of simultaneity¡Û From just above, plane waves of light are coming horizontally. At the front edge and rear edge each on the roof of a moving passenger car (railway carriage), a sensor and a light source are set. In response to a special change of plane waves, the two flash. Two flashes will be simultaneous also to an observer stands on the ground (no ! there is no need to bring up sensor and light source).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ A passenger car is moving in a tunnel. The whole of outer side wall of this car is made of luminous plate and is sending plane waves of light. Plane waves will reach side wall of the tunnel as plane.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A passenger car is moving. To an observer stands on the ground, it is said that there is a time delay (time dilation) in the car. And also it is said, at the front and the rear end of the car, simultaneity is relative. Are the two compatible ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Books show a picture of a passenger car. In it, two light rays are sent horizontally (from the center of the car). Now, two rays are slanted at 5 degrees upward (like letter V). The points on the walls where two rays hit are different to two observers (in the car and stands on the ground) ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In a moving passenger car, planetarium is projected. Position of stars will be the same also to an observer stands on the ground. Light sphere will follow passenger car's motion. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ A passenger car is standing. At the center of the car, a tiny sensor is set. From the same height of the front and the rear inner walls each, a photon is sent downward at a 5 degree (at the same time). Only when arrival of two photons is at the same time, the sensor responds and light flashes. Now, the other passenger car is passing by. From this passenger car also, flashlight will be visible. Pictures on relativity of simultaneity (on a moving passenger car) will not stand up. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ A light ray (wavelength is constant) is passing thorough a tube. Number of waves existing inside of the tubes is invariant. So, to a moving observer, it is the same number also. Namely, the front end and rear end of the tube will be simultaneous to every observer. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Many books show a passenger car. In it, a light source is set at the center and is sending light rays to the front and the rear. But, how about on the other settings (e.g. Plural light sources)¡¡? The same conclusion will be impossible.
* ¡Údo. : Newton's absolute time¡Û An equilateral triangle is at a standstill in an inertial frame. Suppose that apexes are C, A, B and at C, a light source is shining. By the above, simultaneity of A, B will be guaranteed. So, simultaneity between every point of this frame will be guaranteed also. But, how about between different inertial frames ? In the above, suppose that an equilateral triangle is enlarging at a constant speed (apexes C, A, B each is in an inertial frame). By this, simultaneity of A, B will be guaranteed (also, between A, B, there will be no time dilation). So, simultaneity between optional two inertial frames will be guaranteed also.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In the equilateral triangle (shown above), number of waves that stays in two light paths is the same (to every observer), because it's an invariant. So, every paired two waves that leave C at the same time reach A, B at the same time (to moving observers also).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Difference of the distance between the observer and A, B is other problem.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Imagine that at apexes A, B, C each (of the equilateral triangle shown above), a light source is shining (frequency is the same and constant). Simultaneity of A, B, C will not be relative.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ How fine Newton's findings are !
GRAVITY & INERTIAL FORCE ¡ù¡ù¡ù
Not a few mentions (of this section) seem not to be sure (differently from previous sections). If there are errors or invalid, irrelevant, wordy mentions, repetition, forgive, please.
* ¡ÚSpeed of gravity¡Û In Encyclopaedia Britannica 1969, there is a passage as follows (in item "Gravitation" ; original text). "If the action of gravitation were not absolutely instantaneous"(omission)"All experiments and observations were, however, consistent with the law, from the short distances employed in laboratory experiments to the long ranges used in interplanetary calculations". It says, action will be instantaneous.
* ¡Údo.¡Û There is a space ship. It is at a standstill in aether. Therefore every aberration (secular aberration also) doesn't occur on loaded telescope. The sun (distance between the space ship is 1.5 hundred million km) is passing at the speed of 20 km/sec (imagine letter T). Because of "light-time correction", apparent position of the sun is the position where the sun was 8 minutes odd before. Therefore if gravity comes at infinite speed, "emitted position" is different. But difference is slight. Nearly a 0.005 degree angle (apparent diameter of the sun is about a 0.5 degree angle). Can we distinguish it ?¡ÔP.S.¡Õ From the earth, this measurement will be possible logically. The reason is that the motion of the earth relative to aether is measurable. Added on 7 Jan 11 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Suppose that speed of propagation of gravity is the same as light speed (and propagation depends on (follows) aether frame). If it is so, it's conceivable that because of the motion of the earth, direction of gravity (at the earth's surface) deviates from the center of gravity of the earth (and rotation of the earth will have an effect also). And strength of gravity will also change.
* ¡Údo.¡Û The whole of the solar system is in a uniform linear motion. However, on the sun's gravity, phenomenon like "light-time correction" seems not to exist (if it exists, effect on the orbit of planets will accumulate).
* ¡ÚSeeliger's paradox¡Û If there is a minimum limit (like quantum) in gravity, this paradox will not stand up.
* ¡ÚEquivalence principle : Inertial force is a real force¡Û 1) In outer space, force F pushes a body through a spring (F = ma) and the body is accelerated. A force F that pushes buck the spring (inertial force) will be a real force. 2) In a body accelerated, internal force will occur. It will be the same in rotary motion, orbital motion and in falling (including free fall). All will be explicable quantitatively. Internal force will be a real force. 3) Centrifugal force will be a real force. 4) On a body accelerated (horizontally) in a stationary fluid, resistance of fluid and inertial force will occur. The two will be real forces. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In the above picture with a spring, pushed spring shows only one value (physical quantity). To every observer. Inertial force is a real force. Also, value of centrifugal force can be shown with a spring. On the other hand, Coriolis force is a simple appearance of a locus (how about the moon ?). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Force will be the same to everyone (qualitatively, quantitatively). Force all will be an invariant. Inertial force also. Coriolis force is not a force.
* ¡Údo. conclusion¡Û In outer space, through a spring (mass of the spring is supposed to be zero. and so on to the next page), force F is pushing body (from the right). Inertial force from the accelerated body was mg. As action and reaction, the two forces are the same (F = mg) and the two are real forces. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Inertial forces will be caused by an accelerated motion of a body relative to aether (by cooperation of the two). Bodies are existence in aether. So, there will be no exception qualitative and quantitative (caused by gravity also). On light sources in air, aether cannot be seen. But everywhere, aether can be seen as inertial forces (in curved motion, rotary motion also). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Acceleration, non-acceleration will be distinguished by one and sole aether frame (something is keeping an eye out and besides, is measuring). It is unacceptable that innumerable inertial frames participate. ¡ÔP.S. : Aether resistance ¡Õ Differently from air resistance, resistance of aether to a body in a uniform linear motion will be zero. And to a body in a uniform accelerated linear motion, it will be ma. It will have relation to momentum (to its change). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In a formula F = ma, if F is an invariant (m will be so also), term a will be an invariant also. Aether frame will be a real existence. And, inertial force will be an invariant. It is not a fictitious force.
* ¡Údo.¡Û From the roof of a passenger car, a body is hung. About inertial force, this picture is often shown. Well, imagine that this hung body touches rear wall, but between the two, a spring is set. When the passenger car moves forward in a uniform acceleration, pushed spring shows only one value. To every observer. A formula mg = F stands up. As action and reaction. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ A web site says, Newton himself does not state that inertial force is a fictitious force (an outline). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ About inertial force, there are acceptable web-sites (says that it is real force : in Japanese).
* ¡Údo.¡Û From the roof of a passenger car, a body is hung. The passenger car increases acceleration to the right and the string hanging the body now shows 45 degrees angle. It means that gravity and inertial force are equalized. The two can be actions and the tension of the string can be reaction. Inertial force is a real force (as an action on the potential energy also).
* ¡Údo.¡Û On the floor of a passenger car, the same five bodies form a line. Between the first body and the right wall, and between five bodies are joined with strings. Now, the passenger car starts a uniform accelerated motion to the right. Friction of the floor is supposed to be zero and mass of strings to be zero also. Tension of the first string will be 5ma and the last string will be 1ma (when acceleration is double, 10ma and 2ma). It will be the same to every observer. Inertial force is a real force.
* ¡Údo.¡Û In a uniform accelerated linear motion (ideal), both sides of F = ma keep constancy. Acceleration a keeps constancy also. Namely, action and reaction are equal and the body is accelerated. An equal sign assures that inertial force is a real force. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ How valid is F = ma in actual situation ? It seems not to be certain. The certain thing is that inertial force ma is ma to every observer and is a real force. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Inertial force is considered to be fictitious force. About its reason, a web site says that if the external force and inertial force are the same, a body cannot accelerate. Is it a common view ? This view is incompatible with a formula F = ma. Now, a force F is acting on a body. Whether the body accelerates or not, action and reaction will be the same (imagine a spring). Formula F = ma will be F = ma + f (case ma is zero and case f is zero).
* ¡Údo.¡Û On a disk rotating, centrifugal force is acting. Our image of centrifugal force is a force in the direction of a line that heads outward from the center. Besides, on the disk (at every point), the same two forces (pull outward) will be acting from the both sides in the arc direction. This force (caused by centrifugal force) is a real force also (just like centrifugal force).
* ¡ÚDefinition of force¡Û Between two bodies, a spring is set and shows expansion and contraction. It is evident that force is acting on the spring. But we can not tell whether three bodies are accelerated (and value a) or not. Definition of force written in encyclopedias is not acceptable.
* ¡ÚIs accelerated motion relative ?¡Û Causes of accelerated motions are apparent usually. If an accelerated motion is relative, what about this cause (its position, its role) ? Added on 7 Mar 11 (from mark *).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ For example, elevator, building and motor.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Equivalence principle seems to be inconsistent with momentum, the law of inertia, the law of causality (causal relationship), the law of gravity and so on.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Momentum (potential energy also) of an elevator cabin in free fall is changing. Change of momentum cannot be relative.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Some books on relativity say that accelerated motion is not relative.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ "Accelerated motion is not relative". It's a subheading of a book (in Japanese). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡Acceleration is indicated by accelerometer. Namely, acceleration cannot be relative (on rotating motion, it is more evident).
* ¡Údo.¡Û On a plane (no friction), three bodies (mass is the same) line up. With strings, bodies on right and left are connected to the body at center. Now, tension acts on two strings. Value of the tension of the right and the left is the same and tension each is real force. To every observer. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Inertial force is not seen in the body at center (internal force differs). Relativity of acceleration will not stand up.
* ¡ÚEquivalence principle¡Û Some books say, an accelerated motion is not relative. It will be true. And the followings will be possible to state (so, equivalence principle will not stand up). (1) A vector of an inertial force (measurable) is equivalent only to a vector of an accelerated motion. Qualitatively, quantitatively. None can have an effect (direct) on this. Gravity cannot also. (2) On the other hand, action of gravity is depending only on the position of bodies. When the position is the same, the same g (unrelated to the motion of bodies). Namely, inertial force and gravity are noninterference mutually. (3) The formulas are different. The formulas also show, the two forces are noninterference mutually. (4) Free fall is explicable reasonably only by basic principles. (5) In free fall, acting external force is gravity only (at infinite small area also). So, formula F = ma can be written as ma = mg. Vanishing of the two forces is appearance. Not 0 = 0. According to each principle, two force acts and is concluded (at every infinite small area also). (6) Probably, at everywhere of space, the above are the same. No exception. (7) In the frame of space, gravity comes from many directions. The direction of inertial force is different principally. (8) When the same vector of inertial force continue, change of the circumstances is inevitable. Gravity is not so. (9) By an accelerated motion, momentum changes. (10) See also ¡ÚRotary motion and equivalence principle¡Û shown latter. Denying will be impossible.
* ¡Údo.¡Û An elevator is in free fall. Gravity and inertial force acting on each point of the cabin is nearly the same, but both take certain exact value (not 0 : calculable). Vanishing of gravity will be only appearance. In physics, ¡È0 vs 0¡È and ¡Èa vs b (nearly a)¡É will not be the same.
* ¡Údo.¡Û An observer is moving to the left at a uniform speed. Free fall of an elevator cabin starts. The cabin draws a parabola. In free fall, gravity acts also. Equivalence principle will be wrong. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ When gravity is weak (or other conditions meet), parabola is unmistakable.
* ¡Údo.¡Û There are two pictures with a small rocket. One is at a standstill on the ground and the other is accelerating upward vertically (in outer space). As shown above, accelerated rocket is possible to draw parabola (seen from an inertial frame). A rocket on the ground is impossible. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Suppose that in gravitational sphere of the earth, a small rocket is in accelerated motion in various directions and at various g. Equivalence principle will be wrong.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Falling of body that draws parabola starts. At an optional point on the parabola, the same parabola can be drawn (seen from an inertial frame that corresponds to the optional frame). It shows that action of gravity is unrelated to the motion of body. In free fall also. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Independently of the state of motions, on bodies, gravity will be acting at the same g. Why, free fall sole is exception, and gravity vanishes ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û An elevator cabin is hung by a crane. At the side of it, the second elevator cabin is passing in free fall. Passing speed is measured. This value is different from the value that was measured when the moon was just above. This difference can be explained with the gravity of the moon. On falling elevator cabin, gravity of the earth is acting also.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Allow me to write frankly. In discussion on free fall, a starting point of falling, center of the gravity (center of the gravity source) cannot be ignored. When these are lacking, we will be unable to start talking. If there is a picture with a starting point of falling, center of the gravity (center of the gravity source), existence of acceleration, inertial force (in free fall) will be self-evident.
* ¡Údo.¡Û An elevator cabin is hung by a crane. At the side of it, two elevator cabins pass in free fall. Passing speed is measured. The passing speed differs because height of starting point of the two differs. Gravity of the earth is acting on the two (on an infinite small area also), so, the passing speed differs.
* ¡Údo.¡Û There is a structure. On it, rails are lied. The structure slants (to the left) at a 10 and a 20 degree angle. At the right end of the rails, there is a sled and by slanting, the sled slides down to the left. The rails are no friction. Forces act on the sliding sled are gravity, normal reaction and inertial force. Each value is concrete and calculable. It will be the same on a 80 degree angle. So, the writings on a 90 degree angle written in books must be replaced with D'Alember's principle.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Value of gravity will be unrelated to angle.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Settings of the structure are the same to the above. The sled is at the left end and is pulled from the upper right with a string extends along the rails. Tension is 1.2 mg. Forces act on the accelerating sled are gravity, normal reaction, tension and inertial force. Each value is concrete and calculable. It will be the same on a 80 degree angle. So, the writings on a 90 degree angle written in books must be revised.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A body mass m is moving in an inertial motion to the right. Now from the side, this body is pulled by a string with force mg. The locus of the body will be the same to that is caused by free fall. Gravity is not erased in free fall. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ A body (mass is m) begins free fall. At the same time, force mg acts to the right. The focus of the body will be a straight line heads to the lower right 45 degrees. Gravity is not erased in free fall.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A body mass m is moving in an inertial motion to the right. Now, from the side, this body is pulled by a string with force mg. The parabolic locus of the body will be the same to that is caused by gravity g. The same force the same parabolic locus. Namely, inertial mass will be the same to gravitational mass !? No, in the first place, mass is mass (in above picture, the same resistance to the same force) !?
* ¡Údo.¡Û An elevator cabin is hung by a crane. Tension of the rope will be F = mg - ma (a = 0). In free fall, "a" will be the same to "g" (a = g). Gravity will not vanish. Added on 20 Jan 17 (from mark *)¡¡
* ¡Údo.¡Û In Cavendish experiment, only gravity will occur. In rotating disk, only inertial force will occur. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Gravity and inertial force occur and act independently (usually different in direction, in strength). Both are different effects of different physical causes. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Can all of gravity be explained with inertial force ? Can all of inertial force be explained with gravity ?¡¡¡ÔP.S.¡Õ The origin of gravity and inertia (inertial resistance) is not known yet. However, both seem not to be equivalent. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ This is a hypothesis. "Inertial force is caused by the motion (excludes uniform linear motion) of bodies relative to the aether frame". On the other hand, gravity acts independently of the motion of bodies (this will be a fact).
* ¡Údo.¡Û In outer space, there is an elevator cabin. A ray of Sirius (a star of the first magnitude) is passing through a small hole on the left wall and on the right wall, a light spot is projected. When the cabin is floating in non-gravitational field, the light spot does not move. But in free fall, the light spot moves. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ When the above cabin is moving in an accelerated motion (upward), the light spot moves. But when it stays on the surface of the moon, the light spot does not move (by g).
* ¡Údo.¡Û A frame that is accelerating relative to an inertial frame is not inertial frame. An elevator cabin in free fall is not also.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Suppose that inertial frame is defined as a frame of a non accelerated body. Momentum of this body is not varying. Gravity is not erased in free fall.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Aether frame will be the stage of all motions (and accelerated motion is distinguished from non-accelerated motion). Not only stage of light. And may be the stage of gravity. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Inertial frame will be a frame that is not accelerated (at a standstill or in uniform linear motion) relative to aether frame. Not only light, but also acceleration / non acceleration will follow aether frame. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Any uniform linear motion (inertial frame) is under the same treatment (in dynamics).
* ¡ÚEquivalence principle : Conclusion¡Û ¡ÔGravity¡Õ When a position of bodies (in a gravitational field) is the same, gravity acts with the same g. It is independent of the motion of bodies. In free fall also. ¡ÔInertial force¡Õ Inertial force is caused by acceleration (including deceleration) of bodies. At everywhere of space, a homogeneous mesh of net is spread and all follows. There is no exception (qualitative, quantitative). The net is sure. Yes, the same acceleration brings the same inertial force and for it, gravity is noninterference, does not act (directly) at all. In free fall also.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Acceleration caused by gravity follows this rule also. Entirely. Acceleration is acceleration. In free fall also. There is nothing special. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ At everywhere of space, a surveillance network on acceleration, deceleration is spread. None can avoid. Heaven's net is sure.
* ¡ÚTrial of definition : Inertial frame and accelerated frame¡Û This is a trial of definition. Inertial frame: Frame where inertial force is not seen. It can be said also to be non accelerated frame. Accelerated frame: Frame where inertial force is seen. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Allow me to add that only frames at a standstill or in a uniform linear motion (relative to aether frame) will be inertial frame. ¡ÈAction of force¡É written in encyclopedia seems to cause needless confusions (the same external force F does not guarantee the same acceleration, the same inertial force. rotating motion also). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ By inertial force (a real force), it will be possible to define inertial frame and accelerated frame without external force. This direct definition is acceptable qualitatively and quantitatively.
* ¡Údo. : our sense is tested¡Û Now, we have aether frame, inertial frame, accelerated frame, inertial force and etc in our hand. How to manage these in generalization or in given problems ? Our sense is tested. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ An elevator cabin in free fall is in an accelerated frame. Every infinite small area also.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Common definition of inertial frame (a state of a standstill or a uniform linear motion) is based on external force. Is it supreme definition ? Doubts cannot be wiped out (principally and actually). Definition of inertial frame must be based on inertial force (a real force : measurable).
* ¡ÚTrial of definition : Inertial force¡Û It is a force of resistance by aether that acts on a body in an accelerated motion relative to aether frame. Also, it is called as inertial resistance. It is areal force depending on a vector of the accelerated motion. This force is caused inevitably and nothing can affect directly (gravity also). In a uniform accelerated linear motion, it is ma (in free fall, mg). In action and reaction, usually it is reaction. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Centrifugal force is noted as F = mvv/r. It can't be misunderstood. On the other hand, inertial force of uniform accelerated linear motion will be noted as F = ma. But meaning of F differs from F of centrifugal force. Clear image of inertial force seems to be disturbed. Inertial force corresponds to accelerated motion only (qualitatively and quantitatively). Cause of accelerated motion is not an issue (corresponding only on geometrical aspect of acceleration). Do not be confused. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In a formula F = ma, on F (force), two interpretations (force as output and force as input) seems to be possible. On force output, the formula (ma = F) stands up always. But, how about force input ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Inertial force, accelerated motion and changing of momentum three are inseparable (qualitatively and quantitatively : interdependence : trinity). Inertial force is not a fictitious force. Impossible to be.¡¡
* ¡Údo.¡Û In rotational motion, inertial force (centrifugal force) will be measurable easily by internal force. About a uniform accelerated linear motion (in non-gravitational field), inertial force will be measurable reliably by internal force (On the earth surface also. But the problem is limited horizontally). Inertial force is a real force.
* ¡ÚEquivalence principle : Additional¡Û At the roof and the floor of an elevator cabin, strength of gravity differs slightly. In accelerated motion, this difference will be impossible. Added on 26 Dec 13 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In 1994, a comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 was broken into pieces before falling to Jupiter. It will be impossible in non-gravitational field.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Two elevator cabins are in free fall. The two are connected with a rope like a Chinese character ¡ÈϤ¡É. On the rope, tension is working. As the gravitational source approaches, tension increase. Value of tension is possible to calculate. It will be impossible to say that the two are in zero gravity. On every point, gravity acts (with a certain value). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ But on earth, why accelerated motion continues ? Because of gravity, will be.
* ¡Údo.¡Û An elevator cabin that was hung with a rope is now falling in free fall. Tension of the rope is 0mg. Well, it is possible to control this tension. Tension is controlled to be 0.2mg, 0.4mg, 0.6mg and 0.8mg. It will be natural to see that in all, the same gravity g is acting.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Two bodies at a standstill start free fall from each starting point. Height of the two differs. On the ground, falling speed (momentum also) is measured. Free fall seems not to be inertial frame.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A passenger car is moving to the right in an accelerated motion (at 1/100 g). In the car, a body is moving to the right in an accelerated motion (at 2/100 g). All can be explained with inertial force and aether frame. For gravity, there will be no room for speaking. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Gravity seems to be field and is said to be wave (??). The two will be oil and water.
* ¡Údo.¡Û By accelerated motion, no change of gravity will be caused. Added on 14 Mar 11 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In non-gravitational field, a space ship (mother ship) is floating. Now, two probes separate from the mother ship and begin accelerated motion in the same direction (at 2g and 1g. by gas jet). No gravitational field will be caused on the mother ship (and it will be the same on every local field).
* ¡Údo.¡Û There is a small space ship (regard this as an elevator cabin). In this space ship, a crew man is standing and he is feeling 1g. Now he starts a jet engine (jetted out downward ; power is weak). If 1g is caused by gravity, the space ship doesn't move (reason ; power is weak). But if 1g is caused by an accelerated motion (by gas jet), 1g will be increased. How does the equivalence principle explain ? Added on 9 Mar 11 (from mark *)¡¡
* ¡Údo.¡Û There are two pictures with a small rocket. One is at a standstill on the ground and the other is accelerating upward vertically (in outer space). On the floor of each, acceleration 1g is acting. Now, an engine (the second engine) of each rocket starts. Propulsive force by jet downward is 1.2mg. Acceleration acting on the floor will be 1.2g in the first rocket and 2.2g in the second rocket. Gravity and inertial force will not be equivalent.
* ¡Údo.¡Û There is a small space ship (regard this as an elevator cabin) in free fall. A crew man doesn't feel gravity. But if this space ship is in non-gravitational field and moves in an accelerated motion (by 1g ; by gas jet), he feels "gravity" 1g. In spite of the same accelerated motion (momentum is changing) !! How does the equivalence principle explain ?¡ÔP.S.¡Õ On the ground, gravity acts onto the floor. In an accelerated space ship, acceleration acts from the floor. Added on 13 Mar 11 (from mark *).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ A small space ship is in an accelerated motion (upward ; non-uniformly accelerated motion). A body is hung by an elastic string from the ceiling. Motion of the body will not be the same as the motion caused by the change of gravity (if two bodies are hung by each string [length is different], it will be more apparent. ; about gaseous body, apparent also). It's the same at beginning of a uniformly accelerated motion.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Strength of gravity acting on a roller coaster will be independent of the motion of the roller coaster. Don't be confused by appearance.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ On non-uniformly accelerated motion, does general relativity say anything ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û Two elevator cabins are hung by cranes. One is at a standstill and at the side of it, the other is moving upward in an accelerated motion. Each instrument shows value 1g and 1.2g. If the existence of inertial frame is admitted, equivalence principle is difficult to accept.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On the ground, g is acting. On the other side of the earth, it is the same. These two positions are not in accelerated motions that can explain this g. Equivalence principle does not stand up. ¡ÔP.S. : 24 Mar 17¡Õ From the opposite direction of a gravitational source, two bodies are falling in free fall. It is impossible to say that the two are in an inertial frame. Equivalence principle does not stand up.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On the ground, an elevator cabin is accelerated with a rope to the left. Tension of the rope is 1.2mg. Next, this cabin is accelerated upward with a rope. Tension is the same 1.2mg. In this cabin, the same 1.2g is measured also. But, length of rope that was winded onto a reel will be different.
* ¡Údo.¡Û In a space ship windowless, acceleration downward g is measured. The crew can vary the direction of the space ship (direction of center line relative to the celestial sphere). The crew will be able to show whether g is caused by gravity or by jet of the space ship.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On three elevator cabins each lined up on the ground, acceleration 1g, 2g and 3g acts upward. After certain time, the position from the starting line will be 0d, 1d, and 2d. If the starting line is accepted to be an inertial frame, the explanation will be possible only by gravity. By the way, position of a falling body (in free fall) is shown by formula 1/2gtt. ¡ÔP.S.¡ÕPlural bodies are being pulled up. Acceleration is 2g, 3g, and 4g. How does equivalence principle explain ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û Some books deny relativity of accelerated motions. Some books seem not to deny. The latter will mean the denial of inertial frames. But it is not mentioned. Like a bat in Aesop's Fables. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Inertial frames will deny an assertion of a free fall. (local area will not be a refuge). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ When forces act on a body is gravity only (supposed from one direction only), the body will do an accelerated motion. So, free fall will be an accelerated motion. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Under the condition that external force (vector) is one, formula F = ma stands up always and a body is accelerated. Including free fall.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On a body, acceleration g is acting. If there is only one case that shows the cause of g, equivalence principle seems to be impossible.
* ¡Údo.¡Û In Wikipedia (in Japanese), the equivalence principle is also written as follows. ¡ÈIn the infinite small area, acceleration of motion and of gravity cannot be distinguished". However, in general, vector of the two (the two are calculable) will be different (unrelated than different : qualitatively and quantitatively). Even in the infinite small area (locally), it will be so (in general). A case that the two is confusing is exceptional and is limited only to a point, to a line or to a plain. Why is that a principle ?¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡Does principle of gravity and inertial force acting on a body differ according to the size of body ? Why infinite small area is treated specially ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡ The influence of voice of each infinite small point (area) of an elevator cabin in free fall must be equal. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡ Why this problem is limited to infinite small area and momentary ? But no book seems to explain. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡ An elevator cabin is falling in free fall. Some books say windowless and some books say an infinite small area. And on the two each, reason seems not to be explained.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Three elevator cabins start free fall. There is the interval of 0.1 seconds at the start time. How does relativity explain ?¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡Why we must put a blindfold ?Reason is not shown. Rather, plural observers must be welcomed (in an elevator cabin, wise artificial intelligence).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡ Newton says, inertial frame is a frame of a body on which no force is acting. How about an elevator cabin in free fall ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û Only the distance from the gravitational source has an effect on gravity. So, assertion on free fall is wrong.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On half of the locus, a comet will be in free fall (substantially and essentially). But gravity of the sun is acting continuously on comet moving on the locus (on infinite small area also). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Not only a comet, but also the moon, a stone will be the same to an elevator cabin.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On a plane, plural bodies are moving in uniform linear motions (inertial motions). It is possible to suppose that one of these bodies is at a standstill and is possible to rewrite motions of other bodies. But it will be Herculean (or nonsense) on plural bodies in moving in accelerated motions. Relativity of accelerated motions will be impossible. Free fall will not be inertial frame.
* ¡Údo.¡Û In non gravitational field, a space ship is moving in a uniform accelerated motion (along a straight line : horizontal). From the space ship, four bodies are sent horizontally like letter X. After a few seconds, four bodies the same again. Each locus seen from the space ship will draw parabola. Relativity of accelerated motion will not stand up. Assertion on free fall will not also.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Gravity and inertial force acting on a moving automobile are unrelated. Locally (at infinite small area), it will be the same. On an elevator cabin in free fall, there will be no meaning (worthy of special mention) in physics, I believe (except weightlessness).
* ¡Údo.¡Û On the ground, an elevator cabin is moving to the right in a uniform accelerated motion. A body hung from the roof leans somewhat to the left. This angle is explicable quantitatively. In this picture, equivalence principle will not stand up. But in many motions, why free fall only ?
* ¡Údo.¡Û Two glass tubes are standing vertically (adjoining). Inside of one is vacuum and inside of the other is rare air. The same bodies are falling. One is in free fall and the other is at a terminal speed. Acting of gravity is evident. The two are adjoining (continuous) phenomena that follow the same principle.
* ¡Údo.¡Û There are three pictures A, B and C, where the elevator cabin is falling. The density of air in the falling space is high in A, middle in B, and sparse in C. The acceleration (momentary value) observed on each floor was 0.6g for A, 0.4g for B, and 0.2g for C. This is supported by calculation with hydromechanics. When falling space were a vacuum (other circumstances are the same), gravity 1g will be acting also.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡ In the above, compared was momentary values. But the comparison of terminal speed will be more smart. Also in these new pictures, common premise of hydromechanics will be gravity 1g. And in free fall too (will be). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡ Gravity g and whether air exists or not (and density of air) is unrelated. In free fall, gravity is acting also.¡¡
* ¡Údo.¡Û Speed of gravity is said to be light speed. Unrelated to the motion of bodies, is it light speed ? How is change of inside of an elevator cabin (before and after starting of free fall) explained ?).
* ¡Údo.¡Û A free fall. A solar eclipse is associated. A big fuss.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On acceleration, the same phenomenon (qualitatively, quantitatively) is seen everywhere of space (in dairy life also). In space, there will be one and only physical frame. Acceleration seems to be based only on this frame. Relativity of acceleration will be impossible (in free fall also). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡Gyroscope with laser and with inertia seem to work the same. Aether to inertia also. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡This frame seems not to move to celestial sphere.
* ¡Údo. : Supposition of the Existence of the Rest Frame¡Û The reason why the inertial force occurs will be that the frame is moving in an accelerated motion relative to the rest frame. The reason why the inertial force does not occur will be that the frame is at a standstill or is moving in a uniform linear motion relative to the rest frame. And this rest frame shown by dynamics will probably be the same frame shown by light (measurable). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡In non-gravitational field, two bodies are moving in inertial motions. Distance of the two will be a function of the time (seen from optional inertial frame). There will be one and only frame in space and the two follow this frame. How about more than two bodies ? The above seems to be true.
* ¡Údo.¡Û In space, gravity spreads. On the other hand, on space, a rotating disk will have no effect. In space, no field will be formed by inertial force.
* ¡ÚMach's bucket¡Û A thought experiment Mach's bucket will be invalid. The reason is that it doesn't stand up about plural rotating bodies. Added on 11 Jul 10 (from mark *).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ A hundred disks are rotating at the same (and a constant) speed. Now one of these increases the speed (by man act). Effect will be limited to this disk only (as action-reaction).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Asteroid Toutatis is rotating (cycle is 5.41 days and 7.35 days) on two axes. It's difficult to imagine Mach's bucket.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ On an axis, there are three disks A, B and C. A is rotating clockwise, B is rotating counterclockwise and C is at a standstill. How does "Mach's bucket" say ?¡ÔP.S.¡Õ About revolution (on ellipse orbits) of planets, how does "Mach's bucket" say ?¡ÔP.S.¡Õ From viewpoint of kinetic energy also, rotary motion will be absolute.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Action at a distance (instantaneous) is major premise of Mach's bucket. So, it will contradict relativity.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Imagine propagations of star lights (in space). Mach's bucket will be a fantasy or a fairy tale (at most an episode).
* ¡ÚRotary motion and equivalence principle¡Û In a space station, strength of gravity and inertial force (centrifugal force) differs generally (acts on each of the atoms). Equivalence principle will be wrong. Added on 16 Mar 11 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S. ; 27 Mar 11¡Õ Imagine gravity and inertial force that act on every point of a blade of windmill (also imagine change of rotational speed). To the two, different explanations will be necessary (necessary and sufficient).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ There is a space elevator. Strength of gravity and inertial force (act at each point of the cable) is different.
* ¡Údo.¡Û On the ground (inertial frame), a disk is rotating horizontally. Centrifugal force (inertial force) is the same in all direction. The second disk is rotating vertically. Centrifugal force (inertial force) will be the same in all direction also. Gravity and inertial force each will be noninterference. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ The same two disks are rotating vertically at the same speed. One is on the ground and the other is on a tall tower. Centrifugal force of the two will be the same. Gravity and inertial force each will be noninterference. Free fall will not be zero gravity.
* ¡Údo.¡Û A disk is rotating vertically. At the edge of the disk, centrifugal force (inertial force) is 3g. And gravity is 1g. Acceleration acts on the each point of the disk depends on inertial force and gravity. Gravity 1g acts on every point. Like a free fall. Unquestionably.
* ¡Údo.¡Û It is said, "at an infinite small area and momentary". On the ground, a disk is rotating vertically. At a position on the disk, gravity and inertial force are possible to be equalized. But gravity 1g does not vanish. Unquestionably.
* ¡ÚAbout momentum ¡Û In rotary motion, vector of momentum of bodies (as rotary motion) is possible to know. Like this, in linear motion, bodies will have own each vector of momentum (as linear motion : an absolute value relative to aether frame). But way with dynamics to know is unknown.
* ¡ÚFree fall and a light ray¡Û An elevator cabin is at a standstill (is floating) in non-gravitational field. In the side wall (suppose it's the left wall), there are three small holes. Rays of Sirius (a star of the first magnitude) are passing through the holes horizontally. Then, on the right wall, three points of light are projected (don't move). Now, free fall of this elevator cabin starts (downward). Points of light will move upward (however, relativity says these don't move).
* ¡ÚBending of light¡Û Books show an elevator cabin in free fall and explain bending of light. Now, two elevator cabins are falling before an observer's eyes (light comes from the outside). Falling speed of the two is different, because starting points of falling is different. All will be problem of geometry.¡ÔP.S. 9 Apr 15¡Õ Books also show an elevator cabin accelerating upward. Now, two elevator cabins are ascending before an observer's eyes (light comes from the outside). Ascending speed of the two is different, because starting points of accelerating is different. All will be problem of geometry.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In non-gravitational field, an elevator cabin is accelerating upward at 1g. This cabin is frame only. Two light rays are coming horizontally. One is passing through the inside of the frame and the other is passing by the outside of the frame. Two light rays each will not be bent by the frame. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In some books, light ray (horizontal) is coming from the outside of the elevator cabin. In some books, light source is set on the inner wall of the cabin. In the former, motion of the cabin will have no effect on light ray (the cabin is frame only). In the latter (if the emission theory is true), behavior of light ray will be easy to imagine.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Fixed stars are visible as a point (in principle). It seems to be negative about bending of light (by gravity).
* ¡Údo. : solar eclipse & Eddington¡Û The moon is passing in front of stars (in the night sky). To observe the effect of gravity (on the position of stars), this situation seems to be more suitable than solar eclipse (reason : no surrounding gas etc),. But no book seems to refer to the moon. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ The value of bending of light at the rim of the sun is said to be 1.75 arc sec. The ratio of surface gravity of the sun and the moon is 28.02 ¡§ 0.165. So bending of light that must be observed on the moon (at the rim of the moon) is 0.0103 arc sec. It is said that the annual parallax of fixed stars is measured with an accuracy of 1 / 1,000 arc sec. However, no book touches on it.
* ¡ÚGravitational redshift¡Û In many books, a thought experiment (an elevator cabin is accelerating upward ; uniformly ; in non-gravitational field) is shown. And it's written that frequency of light source (set on the roof) and frequency observed at the floor is different. It will be impossible. A star light (coming from just above) is passing a hole in the roof and is incident on the floor. Frequency (at the roof and at the floor) will be the same.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ¡¡Number of waves existing between the roof and the floor is constant (does not increase or decrease). ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Books say, difference of frequency is dependent on the distance between both (roof and floor). Disproof is easy. On the roof, there are two light sources (frequency is the same). At the midpoint of one light path, imagine a relay point. Frequency at the relay point is the same as the frequency of the other light path (at the midpoint). And it will be possible to regard this relay point as a new light source (and it's possible to move relay point toward the floor limitlessly).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ For 10 seconds, an elevator cabin accelerated upward (after this time, shifted to a uniform motion). Number of waves of light that appears and vanishes during this time will be the same (time lag is revised). So, frequency (at the roof and at the floor) will be the same.
* ¡Údo.¡Û Several books (e.g. Einstein's Legacy by J Schwinger) say, ¡ÈFrequency of a light source that is at a standstill in a different gravitational field and frequency that an observer receives is the same. But it's not the same as frequency that the same source at hand (of the observer) emits" (gist). Right or wrong will be proved easily by interference of this two lights (by earthly experiment).
  * ¡Údo.¡Û Imagine a unit time u second (the time needed for a light wave to reach the floor). In this accelerated cabin, one light source is switched on. And after 99u second, the other light source (frequency is the same) is switched on. At the moment (the latter light reaches floor), number of waves existing in both light paths will be the same. Phenomenon : difference of frequency is unthinkable.
  * ¡Údo.¡Û This problem (on an elevator cabin accelerating upward) must be considered under the emission theory. As the light source (set on the roof) recedes, speed of waves (relative to the cabin) will increase. And wavelength becomes longer. Though, in the cabin, state (number of waves also) will be unchanging (reason ; acceleration is uniform).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ When acceleration is not uniform, frequency is not the same.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ In an elevator cabin in free fall, it will be the same (light source is set on the floor).¡ÔP.S.¡Õ How about when a light source in free fall is observed from above ? Light speed will become slower, wavelength will become longer and frequency will decrease. When it's observed from below, all will be opposite.
  * ¡ÚAccelerated frame and light speed¡Û Is light speed constant also to an accelerated observer ? i have no memory of such a heading in books. Added on 8 Mar 14 (from mark *) ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ How about the speed of bent light in an elevator cabin (accelerating upward) ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ To an accelerating observer, frequency of coming light changes usually. To an observer stays in a gravitational field, it doesn't change usually.
* ¡ÚSagnac effect¡Û Two will be shown. One is that on the light emitted from an accelerating source (including in a linear motion), there will be an effect by the rest frame (even in earthly scale). And the other is that Mach's bucket is invalid.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Sagnac effect will show the following. That is, a light (imagine a photon) follows an inertial motion of the source, and does not follow an accelerated motion of it (regarded as an inertial motion).
* ¡ÚTime dilation¡Û In books, it's written that Harvard experiment (done at Jefferson tower of Harvard University : height is 22.6 meter : 1960) proved time dilation. The following is a different version of this experiment. Now, a mirror is set at the top of the tower. From the ground (point G), a light ray (frequency is constant) is emitted to the mirror, and reflected light is observed. Emitted light and reflected light at point G will be the same (in frequency). Where is the time dilation ?¡ÔP.S.¡Õ It will be the same in principle on a space elevator or a stationary satellite.
  * ¡Údo.¡Û Time dilation in a gravitational field is said to not be appearance. According to the equivalence principle, it will be the same about an accelerated frame. But, imagine a rotating disk. Rotational speed (r.p.m.) at every point of the disk is the same. Where is time dilation ? ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ From non-gravitational field to gravitational field, a light ray is emitted. When two waves (from the start of emission, n+1th and n+2th [in these turn]) are emitted, the second light ray (frequency is the same) is emitted. Behavior of four waves (two are the front waves of second ray) in gravitational field will be the same. Phenomenon time dilation will be impossible.
  * ¡ÚTwin paradox¡Û One is in a gravitational field. The other is in an accelerated frame (g is supposed to be the same). How does relativity say ?¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Imagine three atomic clocks. Problem U-turn will not exist.
* ¡ÚD'Alembert's principle¡Û When a body is accelerated by force 1 mg, inertial force is -1 mg (D'Alembert's principle). By the above, the action and effect of gravity (one of external forces) in free fall will be explained (zero-weight).
* ¡ÚGravitational mass and inertial mass ; a monolog¡Û Newton's second law (F = ma) will be valid on gravity also. And this formula will be valid not only on a falling body but also on a body on the ground (it will be the origin of a free fall). So, in falling and on the ground, the value F and a (g) each will be the same (state of motion of a body has no effect on value F, g). Then, m is the same. Thus, gravitational mass and inertial mass will be the same.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Change of a, g, v, and r seems not to affect the value m. If so, mass will be the one and only.¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Who has proposed ¡Ègravitational mass¡É and ¡È inertial mass¡É ? ¡ÔP.S ; 22 Jul 14.¡Õ There are the same two bodies. If gravity that acts on one body is mg, it is 2mg in two bodies. Similarly, if inertial resistance of one body is x, it is 2x in two bodies (under the same acceleration). Is it different from Eotvos experiment ?
Nakayama, Hisashi (Yokohama, Japan)
Appreciation : Thank you for your visiting. And i am deeply thankful to all shown below (random order). Yahoo (geocities) : Forums (that admitted my posts) : A site www.crank.net/einstein.html : Persons who wrote gentle reply in forums : RationalWiki : Administrator CCC (anti-relativity.com) for his precious help : Google Directory (for about three years, this my site had been listed. directory disappeared in Jul 2011) : Not a few directories (in these, this site is still listed).
All of this site came from Kubota,Takashi's writings. i saw 2 books of his own, 4 joint work books (6 books were published from 1993 to 1997) and his web-site. Shown below is his web-page (written in English).
* ¡ÚPending questions¡Û The direction of aberration (occurs in refracting telescope ; in the air) seems to be opposite (to the direction of rain-drop illustration) ?? Added on Mar 09 (from mark *)¡ÔP.S. ; Direction of aberration¡Õ From the upper left, a ray of star light is entering upper atmosphere. The earth (imagine the air and the ground) is supposed to move to the right. As a result, at the upper atmosphere, the ray of star light will be bent to the right slightly (but sharply and fully : ignore refraction). It's light drag effect. To a telescope set on the ground, direction of aberration seems to be opposite to rain-drop illustration. And it will be the same about refracting telescope moves in outer space.¡ÔP.S. ; Light speed¡Õ We must say that our consideration on light speed is irrelevant (extinction is overlooked !!). Except the emission theory, is explanation impossible ?¡ÔP.S. ; Motion of photons¡Õ Now, photons are emitted from a rotating light source (rotating at high speed). If the emission theory is true, in vacuum, speed of photons will be various (relative to the source ; some photons exceed c ; for a few seconds).¡ÔP.S. : Pythagorean theorem¡Õ Pythagorean theorem explains a light ray vertical. But Pythagorean theorem cannot explain a light ray non - vertical. How does relativity explain ? ¡ÔP.S. : Pythagorean theorem¡Õ A particle is moving in Brownian motion. A light ray is coming vertically from the above. Pythagorean theorem cannot be used. It cannot be used also on a particle moves in spiral motion.
* This site is formed by unremitting additions. And a few parts that must be rewrote are left (as it is).
* My English is not good. If there are passages difficult to grasp, i ask to see Japanese page (below).
* Last modified on 24 Mar 2017. i am tired a little. i want to leave further studies (including reexamination of this site) to young persons. ¡ÔP.S.¡Õ Many web-sites of the past disappear and we cannot see. This my site will be also.
* Feel free to link or cite. Former title was MYSTERY OF LIGHT. ¡ÔKey word¡Õ wavenumber, extinction, aether or ether, rest aether, aether frame, absolute rest frame, absolute space, light sphere, planetary aberration, light-time correction, radar trap, radar speed gun, the emission theory, invariant, velocity aberration.
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