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The textured finish of this fine art paper makes it ideal for silkscreen work, offset lithography, etching, embossing, pastel, charcoal and pencil drawing. It's machine-made in the USA, out of 100% cotton. Neutral pH. 250 gsm weight.
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Standard screw mount clamp holds wire up to1/2'' diameter. Natural color. 50 per bag.
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Hackers have welcomed the release of the iPhone 5s with a contest to crack the device's fingerprint scanner, a high-tech feature that Apple says makes users' data more secure.
A micro venture capital firm joined a group of security researchers to offer more than $US13,000 ($13,750) in cash along with bottles of booze, Bitcoin currency, books and other goodies to the first hacker who cracks the device in a contest promoted on the website.
Arturas Rosenbacher, founding partner of Chicago's IO Capital, which donated $US10,000 to the hacking competition, said the effort will bring together some of the hacking community's smartest minds to help Apple identify bugs it may have missed.
"This is to fix a problem before it becomes a problem," he said. "This will make things safer."
Among those gearing up for the fingerprint reader hacking contest is David Kennedy, a former US Marine-Corps cyber-intelligence analyst who did two tours in Iraq and now runs his own consulting firm, TrustedSec.
"I am just waiting to get my hands on it to figure out how to get around it first," the founder of the DerbyCon hacking conference said. "I'll be up all night trying."
Why worry?
Security experts worry about the implications of using the module to grant access to sensitive data on the phone and potentially enabling mobile purchases.
The fingerprint scanner on the top-of-the-line iPhone lets users unlock their devices or make purchases on iTunes by simply pressing their finger on the home button. It has been hailed as a major step in popularising the use of biometrics in personal electronics.
Security engineer Charlie Miller, known in hacking circles for uncovering major bugs in the iPhone as well as circumventing security in Apple's App Store, said it could take fewer than two weeks for Kennedy or some other smart hacker to get around the new lock.
Once they're in, they could gain access to the cornucopia of data typically stored on a user's iPhone and might potentially be able to buy goods from iTunes and Apple's App store.
Apple declined to comment for this article.
To be sure, experts say they know of nothing intrinsically wrong with Apple's fingerprint reader, based on what the company has so far disclosed. Reviewers this week gushed over its ease of use and reliability.
The reader's sapphire crystal sensor is embedded in the phone's home button and reviews the fingerprint as a user touches it to verify his or her identity.
Data used for verification is encrypted and stored in a secure enclave of the phone's A7 processor chip. No information is sent to any remote servers, including Apple's iCloud system.
H.D. Moore, a well-known hacking expert and chief researcher with the security software maker Rapid7, said such protections mean "the bar is a little bit higher," but that certainly won't discourage hackers from trying to break the new technology.
"This is definitely something to target and something people will want to go after," he said.
Nothing personal
Apple shouldn't take hackers' enthusiasm personally.
All major electronics products are subjected to similar scrutiny as new features are rolled out, including devices from Google, Microsoft and Samsung.
For example, in 2012, Charlie Miller led a team that demonstrated techniques for taking over smartphones running Google's Android software through their use of near-field communications, or NFC, a wireless technology used for sharing data or making purchases at point-of-sales terminals.
Bugs are often disclosed by "white hats", hackers who unearth flaws and report them so manufacturers can repair them, preventing criminal exploitation. The hope is the good guys find them before "black hats" uncover them for nefarious purposes.
White hats have found multiple security issues with iPhones, iPads and in the App store since Apple launched its first smartphone in 2007. They say that scrutiny has helped make it one of the most secure devices on the market today.
Apple executives said at last week's iPhone launch that the new fingerprint reader, dubbed Touch ID, will help make phones far more secure by dint of its ease of use.
About half of all smartphone users don't bother to use current screen-locking technology because of the inconvenience of keying in multiple-digit passwords. Apple is betting users may be far more willing to avail themselves of a solution that requires a single finger-swipe.
"The technology within Touch ID is some of the most advanced hardware and software we put in any device," Dan Riccio, senior vice president of hardware engineering, said at the event.
Kennedy said he needs to examine the new iPhone to figure out how to best attempt an attack.
He said his choices include hacking the software that analyses the fingerprint data, or physically opening up the phone and connecting it to a custom-built device that would impersonate Apple's fingerprint reader.
He added that it might be possible to lift a user's fingerprint from elsewhere on the device and somehow make a clone of it.
Rich Mogul, an analyst with the security research firm Securosis, said he planned to use it and expects it to be widely adopted despite the fact that hackers are circling.
"Nobody has gotten their hands on it to see what the weaknesses are and how easy it is to crack," he said.
"We'll have to wait to see."


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One thing is for sure. Whether you are male or female, a fan of Batman or not, all of us have thought about what it would feel like to drive the Batmobile at some point or another.
Wouldn't it be great to evade the traffic cops and track down criminals (bad drivers) in your very own Batmobile? Yes it would. And now, you can – as one of Batman's famous Batmobile replicas has just been put up for sale.
The Tumbler is a version of the Batmobile found in the Dark Knight trilogy. While Christian Bale (aka Batman) got to drive around in one, 5 other replicas were made around the world and at least one of them can be yours. (more…)
Imagine the thrill of winning a Formula One race. It's probably one of the most thrilling, emotional and satisfying feeling in the world. So naturally, you would want to jump out of your skin of excitement and celebrate – obviously by making a 'victory doughnut'.
However, that wouldn't be allowed. Until today, that is. (more…)
Ford's legendary Mustang is celebrating it's 50th anniversary today. The Mustang was launched in 1964 and is one of those car's that completely encompasses American culture and of course, the rise of Ford.
Of course, in celebrating 50 years of Mustang, some interesting anecdotes and stories are bound to come out of the woodworks. One such story, is this one; the first Mustang ever sold – to a 22-year old (female) teacher from Illinois.
Gail Wise had just finished college in 1964, and had landed herself a job as a Grade 3 teacher. To get to and from work, Gail had to buy a car and with the help of her parents, set out to their local Ford dealership. (more…)
It sure does seem like any petrol head's dream to drive a Porsche GT3, an Aston Martin V12 Vantage S and a Mercedes-Benz C63 AMG Black Series. Now imagine having a go at these three cars all in one day.
Well, thats what our favorite petrol head, Chris Harris, has the opportunity of doing recently.
Chris drives these cars (we'd like to think on behalf of us) and gives a short breakdown on what it feels like to be at the steer of any of these. Which car is best for road driving? And which one is best suited to a racing track?
Check out the video below to find out:
Source: YouTube
After teasing us with their sneaky teaser clips, Audi has finally revealed the much anticipated, all new, Audi S1.
The reveal is also way ahead of it's planned debut at the Geneva Auto Show in March – but it seems that Audi fans worldwide (and perhaps Audi themselves) couldn't wait to see the S1 out in the open.
The S1 is sort of a variation of the Limited Edition Audi Quattro. The company had promised that they would be designing and manufacturing a car that will be the production model of the Quattro – enter the S1. (more…)
Renault's new concept car is so modern and futuristic, you would swear that it came straight out of a sic-fi film. However, that's not the case – this car is the result of months of imagining, re-imagining and design by Renault designers worldwide.
The Renault Kwid is the company's new concept. It was first introduced at the 2014 New Dehli Auto Expo in India. The car itself is also inspired by India, and designed to fit into the small roads across India.
The car itself is a small SUV, with super modern designs on both the exterior and interior. Renault says they plan on putting a 1.2 liter turbocharged engine inside the Kwid – so it won't be too slow either. (more…)
It's no secret that people in Dubai really love supercars. Rich Sheik's and powerful businessmen drive the city flat with their million dollar cars.
But it's not only the rich people that like they're cars fast and expensive; now the police force are also joining in on the game with the addition of their latest 'cop car', a Bugatti Veyron.
It seems almost insulting to call a Veyron a 'cop car', however, that is exactly what it is. The $1,6 million car is the perfect ride to catch criminals in a high-speed chase. I mean, it's a Veyron… I seriously doubt that a criminal will be able to out run a car like that – unless the criminal himself is a fan of Bugatti!
The Veyron is simply an addition to the Dubai police force's already impressive fleet of super cars. Other, 'super cop cars' include a Lamborghini Aventador, an Aston Martin One-77, a Mercedes SLS AMG, a Bentley Continental GT and a Ferrari FF – specifically for the female cops.
The Veyron will be fulfilling its duties as a patrol car in popular tourist spots. However, we're pretty sure they got a Veyron to chase criminals, and not just for casual patrolling rides.
The Dubai Police also introduced their latest addition in a (epic) video. Check it out below:
Source: CarBuzz
Audi is currently driving a very secretive (yet thoroughly exciting) marketing campaign in anticipation of the release of their latest model.
The new model, that no one really knows about, will be unveiled at the 2014 Geneva Auto Show in March. However, prior to the launch, Audi has been releasing sneaky teaser video's that only show a glimpse of the new car.
While many expected it to be the 2015 version of the Audi TT, the second teaser video in this series proves that it's not. The latest video shows a smaller, hatchback car. (more…)


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Big Think Interview With Hilda Huang
Hilda Huang
A conversation with the pianist.
Over a year ago
Hilda Huang:
I'm Hilda Huang and I play the piano.
What do you love about Bach?
Hilda Huang:
I love how complex it is on the inside, but when you look at it from a distance, it's so simple and pure and elegant that you would never suspect that it's such an architectural masterpiece. Like it follows all of the forms of a fugue, say a prelude, any type of a dance, but when you just listen to it, it's just a charming piece by itself. And you don't have to hear like, oh this is an
, oh this is a
. But of course, it helps to know.
What is a fugue?
Hilda Huang:
So a fugue is when there's two, three, four, five voices—or more if you'd like. And each voice is basically just a line and each line has a subject, but the subjects are all the same in each line. So, say the first voice will enter with the subject and when the subject is finished, then the second voice enters and does the subject, but usually in a different key. Then the third voice enters when the second voice is finished with its subject, then the fourth voice enters when the third is done and so on and so forth.
Why is Bach's music so complex?
Hilda Huang:
In Bach's music, there's always a lot of lines going and if you have, say, a two-voice fugue, each line is completely independent of each other, which is really confusing to play of course, because you have to pay attention to one, like, one character, then the other one has to be a completely different character. But when you move on to the bigger fugues with three, four, five voices, that's a really, really hard task to do because you only have two hands but you have to take care of basically five different people playing five different lines.
And then on top of that, these five different people are interacting with each other in ways that are sometimes a bit surprising. Like sometimes they like to say argue with each other, the voices interrupt each other and other times they kind of play with each other and it's a very friendly piece. But there's an outline in which they all work. So, say there's a friendly part and they all work together, but then after that, they suddenly turn against each other, so now they're angry at each other. So you have to create the distinction between those two characters as well as the five different characters as well as the interaction between those five characters. And the list goes on and on, of course.
What is your favorite Bach piece?
Hilda Huang:
I'd have to say my favorite is "The Art of Fugue" because this really showcases Bach's magnificent fugue writing. I mean, it's the entire 16 fugues are based on just one simple subject in the first fugue that comes in four different voices. But then, it's kind of like a set of variations. You have 15 more fugues, with each subject as a variation of the first subject. And that works really well because each one has a different subject and each subject is unique in its own way in the fugue itself. And often times, in each different fugue he takes subjects from different fugues and puts them in. So I think there's some fugues that you have three different subjects at the same time and others you have two different subjects at the same time. So now you're not dealing with just a fugue, you're dealing with a double fugue or a triple fugue.
What do you mean by "subject?"
Hilda Huang:
So a subject is basically like a very specific motif in a piece. You have say a line like da de da de da. And that is mirrored by da da da da da in the second voice, but then the third voice comes in doing da da da da da and then the fourth voice comes in and doing da da da da da da, so it's always the same. The fugue is, the subject is always set and the sequence of the notes is always the same, but often Bach will take little bits of that subject, cut it up and place it at random places in the fugue, or he'll take the subject and transform it to completely different keys, or take it from major to minor and put it all over again.
You once said that playing Bach is like playing Nintendo. How so?
Hilda Huang: Well, okay so, when I was really young, I loved playing video games and I kind of noticed that when you play video games, you have to be really, really focused. So if you're playing maybe "Mario Cart" on the Nintendo 64, so you're driving along and of course there's a koopa waiting to hit you. But if you blink or you say, "Oh I need to get something to eat or I need some chips," so you put your controller down, and, wham, the koopa smashes in to you, so you die and lose a life. And of course, in video games, you have plenty of lives, so it's okay. But in Bach, when you're performing, you don't have that kind of a privilege. So you have to stay really focused through the whole thing and you can't stop.
When was your first public performance?
Hilda Huang:
I think that was when I was five or six. I think six. I went to this piano competition in Oakland and I was playing a piano concerto with my older piano teacher, and I think that was the first time I ever played in public, which is kind of interesting because it wasn't actually a performance, it was a competition.
Do you get nervous before a performance?
Hilda Huang:
I mean of course I get nervous, so I just try to focus on the music itself. I try not to think about anything besides the music. So usually before I walk on stage, I'm just kind of playing the piece over to myself again and again and walking through some of the spots where I know I need to be focused on what kind of sound or character I'm producing.
What happens if you make a mistake during a performance?
Hilda Huang:
Often in Bach, if you make a big mistake, it's really difficult to find your way back, so it's almost necessary to just stop and start over again, which I've done that a few times. But if just little mistakes, like if you miss a couple of notes, I try to forget about that section and maybe skip to a few bars forward so that a few bars forward, I know that I can keep playing and it'll be fine.
What is your style of playing Bach?
Hilda Huang:
I mean, when I play Bach, I try to make the dances a dance and make them all really lively and light and think about how they would have been played in the Baroque era. Of course now that we have the piano, compared to the harpsichord or the clavichord, there's a completely different sound, so I wouldn't try to imitate the harpsichord. But we still want to keep some of the essence of the harpsichord in it, so I like to play with some of the timings in it because on harpsichord there's no dynamics. So all you can do is with timing and with touch and articulation. So I like to bring some of those aspects onto the piano and but keep it in the Baroque style while having a piano sound.
How is playing Bach different from other composers?
Hilda Huang:
I think one, I have a lot of friends who also play instruments and mainly their reason for not liking Bach is because it's so hard, but I like to encourage them to explore more of it because it's hard, so that they can discover something new within each piece and hopefully they can use that and take it and apply it to other composers. So that's also helpful.
I think it's a good way for people to learn how to multitask, because you have to deal with so many different voices at once and they all have to be really clean. It's also just really fun to play and it helps you improve your technique. There's so many running lines, I mean you have to practice them at first, of course, but after a while when you get the hang of it, it's really fun to just see your hands moving all the way over the keyboard.
How long does it take to prepare a new piece?
Hilda Huang:
I usually work on pieces for at least a year. I listen to them when I first start playing them and I listen for which ones I like. So, I'll pick them up, find the music and just start working on them by myself. And usually it takes me about a year or so to get some good practicing in to get some good understanding about the piece. And then after that—of course, during that time, I work with my teacher—but after that, we'll start preparing it to use maybe for performances or other things like that.
What is the iBach app that you want to develop for the iPhone?
Hilda Huang:
So, this is of course, very unlikely because I can't program, but I'd like to create an iBach app where for every day of the year, the user can just click on the app and it'll show your Bach piece of the day. So, maybe that's an independent piece or maybe it's a movement of a suite. But every day there's a new piece, because there's so many pieces, not just keyboard works, but there's chorales, there's violin pieces, cello pieces, orchestra suites. And every day I'm going to attempt to put a new one and I think there's enough for I think three years, if every day is different. And with each piece, I'd like to provide a short summary of what the piece is about, of what kind of a dance it is. Of course, that's a lot of research, so that's going to take a while to get together. But, that's what I'd like to do in the future and just get people to find out what the Bach piece of the day is and then if I can't fit the whole piece of music on the app, then maybe provide a link for them to go to YouTube and listen to it and see what kind of music that they're actually interested in. And I'm sure they'll find something within this massive amount of works. So, in essence, it's going to help people explore more of Bach's music.
Why aren't more young people into classical music?
Hilda Huang:
I think classical music now has become less successful than it was maybe 50, 100 years ago. I mean, now when we have pop albums coming out, they're $10 an album at every store, at every store you can imagine, Wal-Mart, Target, wherever you want. Everybody can just get access to them easily. And also the music itself is very accessible. It's not as complex as what Bach and what other classical musicians wrote. Certainly, there's a lot of instruments, but when you look at say symphonies or the chorales or masses, there's much more instruments. There's maybe 100 singers and an orchestra. So I think people haven't discovered their own interest for digging deeper into these kinds of music. They are just kind of interested in having something nice to hear.
What influence has Glenn Gould had on you?
Hilda Huang:
So with my second teacher, when I was learning all the inventions, after I finished and I made just a recording for myself, she gave me this CD of Glenn Gould and said, "This is Glenn Gould, do not copy him." So I went home and listened to it and at first, it was really striking because it was so odd and we'd never heard anything like it. I mean the first invention, when the first couple of notes come in, it's pretty normal for everybody. But when the second voice comes in, it was so clear and so, it had such a fire underneath it that it kept making you listen and usually I listen to one piece and not the whole set. But after this, I listen to all 15 of them at a time instead of just one of them. And after you listen to all 15 of them, you realize what a genius he is because each one is so unique and they're all so special, but they're all unified and the ideas in each one are so peculiar and sometimes you're kind of wondering, "Wait, why does he even do that. It sounds not quite right."
And after listening to that, I gave the CD back to my teacher. And she's like; you didn't copy him, right? I said, no I didn't copy him and she's like okay, good.
What was the music on that first CD?
Hilda Huang:
The first CD was the two part inventions that my piano teacher gave to me. She loaned it to me. Then I went home and I bought it. And my mom bought it off of Amazon I think. We listened to it, loved listening to it, so we found more of his recordings and the most famous one is the Goldberg Variations. So we bought both the 1955 and the 1981. We also bought the suites, the Partitas, the English suites, the French suites. And I think just a couple of years ago, just two years ago I think, there was a LP boxed Glenn Gould memorial set or something like that, I think celebrating his 25th anniversary of his death and so we bought the whole thing. It was $200, but now I have a big box in my bedroom with 80 Glenn Gould CDs in it and a nice thick booklet with his own writing on each one of those CDs.
What did your teacher mean, don't copy him?
Hilda Huang:
I think she was kind of intrigued by his unique interpretations. Of course, if I tried to copy him, it would not be very good. But I think she just didn't want me to play that out of the box, because his interpretations at that time, to her I think, were really crazy and I think some of them were a bit unacceptable. But she just wanted me to listen to them so I could see how other people played it.
Recorded on June 7, 2010
Interviewed by Paul Hoffman
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"Ugly Betty" Recap: Episode 20, "Petra-gate"
"Ugly Betty" Recap: Episode 20, "Petra-gate"
In this week's "Ugly Betty," Betty examines her friendships, while her sister Hilda examines the relationship she has with Justin's dad, Santos. At Mode Magazine there are the same old fights over who should be in charge, and Amanda takes a shine to a new fashion designer who shows promise — in more ways than one. Yet at the last minute, when everything looks all wrapped up, Betty hears some troubling news.
To read more of the recap — caution, spoilers ahead —
Betty and Friends
Betty learns a lot about herself this week, as she mends her relationship with Daniel: "When you hired me, you got more than an assistant — you got a friend. And when you screw up, I'm going to tell you." Still, she continues to give Christina the cold shoulder despite Christina's many attempts at reconciliation. It's Hilda who gets Betty to realize — during a "hairapy" session, naturally — that she's way too hard on her friends. Hilda reminds Betty about what happened with her old best friend Treena: During Treena and Betty's "anti-prom" ("It was our celebration of how much we hated the prom!"), Treena got a call from her crush and left to go to the prom. A hilariously buck-toothed teenage Betty never talked to Treena again. Softened, Betty talks things out with Christina and reconnects with Treena.
Meanwhile, Hilda finally tells Ignacio about her re-sparked relationship with Santos, so Ignacio tells Santos to leave before Hilda becomes hopeful for a future with him. Yet Santos surprises everyone — except for Justin, adorably — by proposing to Hilda! She wavers at first, but finally decides to say yes, and I completely melted when she ran outside and he was there waiting on the porch. Sigh!
Daniel Goes to Jail — Almost
After last week's rendezvous with Petra the underage model, Daniel is given two options: make Petra the cover model, or go to jail for sleeping with a minor. Daniel's attempts to get Alexis to make Petra the cover model are shot down, but Betty and Henry join forces to save the day when they reveal that Petra is actually over 18!
How badass are Henry and Betty? The best part: when they sat down across from Petra and her mom and crossed their legs in unison. After the whole thing with Petra's passport, Henry and Betty hug and say they missed each other. They so look like they're going to make out, but they don't. Still, they're cozy enough to shock Henry's girlfriend who shows up just in time to see them embrace.
Amanda Loves the Gays
When a hot young designer walks into Mode, Amanda develops a gay crush — with some hetero mixed in. ("If I were a gay guy I would so tap that.") She gets him another meeting with Wilhelmina, so he has her over his apartment to help him pick out designs for the meeting. When she undresses to try on one of his pieces, however, it becomes apparent that he's no gay guy. The two end up in bed together and he admits that he's a "closeted straight." They strike a deal: In public, she'll be part of his entourage, but when they're alone it's all great sex and couture.
The Cat Scratch Club
Wilhelmina continues her fake-affair with Bradford, though she's getting tired of him (in all meanings of the word "tired"). Meanwhile, Alexis is drawn to the hot photographer Rodrigo, who flatters her by calling her "the most beautiful woman in the room," and he asks her out. She's stirred by unusual womanly feelings but is wary of being physical with a man now that she's, you know, a woman. Finally, she decides to just do it, though Rodrigo realizes this is her first time when she says, "Do you need a condom? I have one in my wallet." Afterward, Rodrigo tries to woo Alexis to Brazil with him, and she considers it. Later we see that Bradford is paying the Brazilian to lure Alexis out of the country and out of Mode.
Betty's Dad Has to Return to Mexico!
That's all. How sad!
Photos copyright 2007 ABC, Inc


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As a blog and online spiritual community the purpose of Awakened Life Now is to inspire and empower individuals all over the world, through a consciousness of Unconditional Love and the sharing of New Thought-Ageless Wisdom teachings, to live their lives at their highest potential; and to remind us all that, as Spiritual Beings having a human incarnation, our true nature is one of greatness, limitless possibilities, and endless joyous expansion.
"Each of us is capable of comprehending the truth only at the level of our own receptivity. That is to say that the Infinite reveals itself to us only to the degree that we are receptive to it.
And so our task is to create within our own consciousness the conditions that will allow us to move beyond mere belief systems, mental concepts, and religious indoctrination into the realm of experience. That is the only place where real transformation can occur. Real transformation doesn't happen at the level of the intellect. Real transformation surpasses the intellect. Real transformation is experiential.
The birthing of Awakened Life Now has come out of a deep desire to reach out and make a difference. I have found that my own Soul's Journey this time around is one of not only becoming the embodiment of its own highest potential, but to also inspire and empower others along the way. We live in a time of great awakening. No one can deny that there are some enormous changes happening on our planet right now. Yet these changes are nothing to be afraid of, for in actuality they are the birthing of a new world. A world in which humanity begins to evolve as a species, where more and more of us begin to transcend the superstition of materialism, and begin to cultivate a very real and powerful sense of our Oneness with All That Is.
Once this shift occurs in the sweetness of our own awareness, we begin to realize that we already have within ourselves all that we could ever need to fulfill our destiny, transform our lives into the miraculous, and turn our dreams into the reality of our experience.
Enlightened individuals create enlightened societies. And so Awakened Life Now is intended to be a powerful online presence that contributes to the shift that is occurring on our planet right now. It is a place of transformation. A virtual place for those of us to gather who are committed to turning our lives into the wondrous works of art they were meant to be, and in the process become a blessing not only to ourselves, but to everyone whose lives we touch."
Alex Rubit – Founder, Awakened Life Now


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The Greater Texas Foundation has awarded SWTJC a $5,000 grant to support need-based scholarships for students.
In a letter to SWTJC President Dr. Ismael Sosa, Jr., Aubrey Wynn Rosser, Ph.D., executive director of the foundation, notified the college that the grant was being awarded from the foundation's President's Fund in recognition of SWTJC's selection as a finalist for the Aspen Prize for Community College Excellence.
"We appreciate Southwest Texas Junior College's commitment to post-secondary persistence and completion," Dr. Rosser said in his letter.
The Aspen Prize recognized 10 national community college finalists last month in Washington, D.C., for their outstanding academic and workforce outcomes in both absolute performance and improvements over time.
According to Dr. Sosa, the scholarships will be awarded through the college's Friends and Alumni Network fund.
"We take great pride in being named one of the top 10 community colleges in the U.S." Dr. Sosa said. "We thank the Greater Texas Foundation for recognizing our success with this generous grant and I know our students will put it to good use."
Headquartered in Bryan, Texas, the foundation serves the citizens and educational institutions of Texas by supporting initiatives that increase rates of post-secondary enrollment and completion for all Texas students, with a particular focus on students who may encounter barriers to post-secondary success.
Welcome to Southwest Texas Junior College, one of the top ten community colleges in the United States! More →


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The official blog of University of Missouri Skeptics, Atheists, Secular Humanists, & Agnostics
Welcome to the official MU SASHA blog!
Click here to Like our Page on Facebook (or use the sidebar if you're logged in).
I love language. I love its power, beauty, and flaws. I adore etymology, linguistic anthropology, linguistic semantics, and collecting interesting quotations. Some of my most-prized possessions are books, including a signed, first-edition/first-pressing of Anne Lamott's "Bird by Bird." Language can do more than any other force on Earth, for good or otherwise.
You may not be familiar with this word, but it's a fun one: argot. An argot is a special vocabulary of a particular group. They can be very useful as a tool for group cohesion and identity. For example, asking "When does the narwhal bacon?" is used by Redditors to identify themselves in public to other Redditors. (I don't feel bad about spilling the beans because only Redditors even know what a Redditor is, anyway).
Lots of groups do this in lots of different ways. In cases where there is some kind of motivation to keep the information secret unless you know how the other person will take it, you can use argot and see what happens. An old-fashioned term for this among gay people is "dropping bobbies" or "dropping hairpins." For example, you can mention Brokeback Mountain and see if your conversation partner reacts negatively or not. Argots work in much the same way: Among other things, they help LGBT people & allies identify each other in conversation without asking directly.
If you don't have a background in LGBTQ issues, you may be inadvertently causing offense. I presume that, if you are causing harm unintentionally, you would like to know about it. So, that's why I'm writing this.
I sometimes see even otherwise well-educated people make errors in this realm. I do it myself! I understand that it's not out of malice and I hope no one blames people for honest mistakes. But in the interest of correcting these things, I want to point out a couple of misused terms I've noticed floating around the interwebz and in conversation… No one is upset here, but I think that by educating people about this, we can all live a little more peacefully.
Not all people, even among LGBTQ activists, agree about the correct or incorrect use of all these terms, or as I like to say, "Homosexual does not mean homogeneous." If you're unsure, ask! Even the "stupidest" question will be well-received if you make an effort to come across as sincere and genuinely curious in your inquiry. Most of us – if not all of us – are very understanding people who desire to get along and help everyone become more educated about this. It's just a matter of consciousness-raising, and patience is a big part of that. We're not out to get you if you say the wrong word or something!
It seems to me that a lot of people are either 1) unaware that they are causing offense or 2) aware that they may be causing offense but don't know what words to use instead, and are afraid to ask, for fear of offending someone. I can't speak for all LGBTQ activists when I say this, but I would much prefer you ask and show me that you are at least trying to have empathy, than to say nothing.
It's perfectly okay to talk about this stuff and we don't mind if you bring it up (if we have the time and are in the mood to discuss it). In fact, a lot of us appreciate your interest, if you're respectful and sincere about it.
A lot of us activists enjoy talking about these things, especially people like me, who are interested in linguistics. In linguistics, this is called "lavender language" and it has its own jargon flush with highly-charged semantic underpinnings. No one expects you to know all of this as if by magic. But if you're trying to forge a friendship or conversation with a foundation of respect, it really goes a LONG WAY to get the details right, and I hope to help with that in my post today.
Let's start with "LGBTQ" itself. This stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (or Transsexual), and Queer (or Questioning). Some people leave it at LGBT (or sometimes GLBT); others append one or more Qs, and -I or -IA for intersex & ally. I have seen LGBTTQQIA in print (for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,Transgender, Transsexual, Queer, Questioning, Intersex, & Ally), although personally I think that's too unwieldy to be useful. I prefer "LGBTQ," or when referring to allies like me, "LGBTQ ally," but you are unlikely to offend anyone if you stick with "LGBT."
This is a huge topic and obviously I'm not going to be able to cover everything in one post. A lot of LGBTQ activists will probably disagree with me about this or that aspect of lavender language, and that's okay. I encourage further reading if this topic interests you. For now, without further ado, here are some pointers for those interested, but afraid to ask:
Why is this important for skeptics?
Lots of reasons. First of all, much of what Western society has historically considered "normal" romantic relationships is based on Christian dogmatic pronouncements on the topic that are not in line with real life. Humans are not, and never have been, monogamous, two-gendered, two-sexed animals. The trumped-up idealization of a male/masculine paired with a female/feminine in a lifelong relationship with no premarital sex and no masturbation, no exceptions, is more-or-less unique to Judeo-Christian cultures. It's archaic, harmful, and it denies our heritage and sexual expression as intelligent animals. It's also not even true within Judeo-Christian cultures, even though a lot of Christians pretend that it is, the same way many of them lie through their teeth about, for example, masturbation.
Throughout history and throughout world cultures, other genders have been recognized, and sexual relationships are not really expected to be 1) monogamous or 2) life-long. Not that we can't have cissexual lifelong relationships with no premarital sex and no masturbation if that makes us happy and feel comfortable in our bodies doing so, but putting pressure toward these characteristics as a cultural norm for everyone is not only harmful to our nature for many people, but it makes a lot of people very unhappy, trying to live up to expectations that may not be realistic or even healthy.
It's like blaming someone for not being able to fly. Some animals can do that, like falcons or hummingbirds or pterodactyls, but it's just not in our biology, much as we might fantasize about it in our dreams and in comic books. Lots of people would be very happy to try out flying, and consider it a success as far as their lives are concerned, but it's just not a realistic expectation given our biology.
But we can do lots of things that falcons and hummingbirds and pterodactyls can't do. We can write books, we can use computers, we can fly to the Moon! It takes all kinds to make the world go 'round. THERE IS NOTHING INFERIOR OR UNDESIRABLE about not identifying with the two-gender/two-sex "model," nor with the lifelong-monogamy model, nor with the no-premarital-sex/no-masturbation model. These things are just not part of what makes us human. I say we embrace it!
There is another, very important reason that these issues matter to skeptics, and this will be the subject of Saturday's post.
Until next time,
– Dave
Dave Muscato is Vice President of MU SASHA. He is a vegetarian, LGBTQ ally, and human- & animal-welfare activist. A junior at Mizzou majoring in economics & anthropology and minoring in philosophy & Latin, he posts updates to the SASHA blog every Monday, Thursday, and Saturday. His website is http://www.DaveMuscato.com.
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Have you heard of Polari? This is a now dead slang vocabulary used in the days when gay people in Britain had to secretive about their sexuality and their activities. Polari has it's origins in London's fishmarkets, the theatre, and fairgrounds and circuses. Its use declined when gay people became more open and accepted in society. The only word Polari word that has entered in standard English is 'naff' (nasty, cheap) which is widely used in Britain today.Just thought I'd mention it!
On the other side of it, I've seen people flip out when they hear the term "fag" used, not realizing that in the UK, this is a harmless word that is synonymous with "cigarette". This is another useful bit to know… chastising others for innocuous usage often diminishes the intended respect of proper language.
Regarding "gay lifestyle," this was once indicative of a particular trend in the lifestyles of homosexuals, particularly those in San Fransisco and NYC when homosexuality was finally asserting itself in the U.S.. At that point it was identified by the gay community as the sort of free-love lifestyle that was common among self-identified homosexuals in that cluster that emerged following the sexual revolution among the general population. Of course, that has largely become obscure as a concept as the homosexual community has grown to recognize the diversity of preferences and lifestyles within their group.
The More You Know
I've never encountered any resistance to "homosexual/homosexuality" as they're common terms in the medical and psychological fields. Of course, there are contexts in which it could be construed as offensive, but usually offense seems to be tied directly to the context rather than the word. i.e., if replacing "homosexual" with "gay" still sounds offensive, it likely is… if not, it likely isn't. I can't speak for everyone, of course.
And not that I condone using offensive language, but I likewise don't condone being offended by language. Acquiring a thick skin for these sorts of inevitable cultural faux-pas is important to personal resilience and adjustment, and encouragement to do so shouldn't be interpreted as tacit acceptance of intentionally derogatory language. Not that I always follow my own advice, either.
I've become a bit won over by the principle that it is more reasonable to expect allies to condition their language than to expect LGBTQ people to condition their reactions. Reasonable people tend to acquiesce to language prudence with respect to various racial categorizations, and the difference here seems to be that one demographic has been burdened with a greater pool of such slurs, so that asking allies to refrain from all of them at once can more easily generate resentment. (This, too, is only my impression.)
I do, however, also want to ask for some specifics and, if possible, citations regarding "homosexual(ity)". I recognize the error in referring to "homosexuals" (rather than "homosexual people") but i can't recall anyone objecting to the adjective use (or to "homosexuality"). I've even had some very label-conscious transgender and transsexual friends check my language from time to time and i don't think this has ever come up (though i'll be asking them again now!).
Also, thanks for the heads-up over "opposite-sex" versus "male–female" or "female–male". I'd been using the former and almost unconsciously feeling uneasy about it.
Thanks for explaining those myriad terms and concepts, and general circumstantial appropriateness of them. Not nuances and definitions I'm real familiar with, so it's good information for me. I'll put in my 'files.'
The A in LGBTQIA is meant to represent the oppressed group asexual/aromantic, and not ally. this glaring misstatement makes it hard to read further in your article. Allies are always welcome, but do not require a special place in the acronym, as they are the broad population-a segment of the people from whom we've been fighting all this time to get our rights.
Hi Daniel, it can stand for either, just like the Q can stand for Queer or Questioning.


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This week I am going to be sharing some Freezer Friendly recipes that I have come across, mostly over on my favorite obsession… Pinterest. Today we'll have a few ideas that could be used for lunches. So easy to make and freeze for future use! Check them out!
Do you have any Lunch recipes that you make ahead of time and then freeze for easy, future use? Wanna share with us?Cheesy Ham Biscuits
By OnceaMonthMom
(These are on my To Do List…)
Pizza Bread
By 5DollarDinners
Ham and Cheese Pockets
By AmysFinerThings
DIY Smoothie Packs
By LaceyInLove
Now, which one has inspired you to try it? Send some in your kids lunch the next day, enjoy a pc. yourself and freeze the rest!
If you need to see any of the previous posts in our Freezer Cooking series, check out the list below:
- To see What is it? Click Here;
- For Why Do It? Click Here.
- For How To Do it? Click Here.
- For Resources. Click Here.
- For an idea of What Can I Freeze? Click Here.
- For Various Ways to Freeze, Click Here.
- For Freezer Friendly Breakfast Recipes, Click Here.


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I'm sorry but that attachment makes no sense, to me anyway.
You have JOHN DOE in the before data, but no JOHN DOE in the after data.
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I am curious if there is a way to combine the content of rows based on a change in account number(column A). The tricky part of it is that an account number could be in the file once and another could be in the data twelve times. The list is sorted by account number. I want to take the product code and description and keep placing in the combined row for each account number.
Attached is a sample of the data.
Thank in advance for the help.
I'm sorry but that attachment makes no sense, to me anyway.
You have JOHN DOE in the before data, but no JOHN DOE in the after data.
Try This,
HTHVB:Sub test() Dim i As Integer Dim b() As Variant Dim val As Variant With CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") .CompareMode = vbTextCompare For i = Range("B" & Rows.Count).End(xlUp).Row To 2 Step -1 val = Cells(i, 2).Value If Not IsEmpty(val) And Not .exists(val) Then .Add val, i Else Range("IV" & .Item(val)).End(xlToLeft).Offset(, 1).Resize(1, 2).Value = _ Cells(i, 7).Resize(1, 2).Value .Item(val) = .Item(val) - 1 Rows(i).EntireRow.Delete End If Next i End With End Sub
Last edited by Reafidy; May 8th, 2007 at 09:52. Reason: Changed Code
Hi TKO,
The attached will do exactly as your example. Inserts a summary row, copies data to the Sumary row and formats it light grey (on my machine). It also deletes any previously built summary rows before proceeding to build new ones.
If I read your explanation and the example correctly this is it...
"Questions, help and advice for free, small projects by donation. large projects by quote"
Will the names of people always be together if they are the same?
Or could it be?
VB:Sub test() Dim a, i As Long, w(), y With Sheets("ifsubs") a = Range("a2",.Range("a" & Rows.Count).End(xlUp)).Resize(,8).Value With CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary") For i = 1 To UBound(a,1) If Not IsEmpty(a(i,1)) Then If Not .exists(a(i,1)) Then .add a(i,1), Array(a(i,7), a(i,8), i + 1) Else w = .item(a(i,1)) : Redim Preserve w(UBound(w) + 2) w(UBound(w) - 2) = a(i,7) : w(UBound(w)-1) = a(i,8) w(UBound(w)) = i + 1 .item(a(i,1)) = w End If End If Next y = .items : Erase a End With For i = 0 To UBound(y) .Cells(y(i)(UBound(y(i)), "g").Resize(,UBound(y(i))).Value = y(i) Next End With End Sub
Thanks for the help. I have yet to try any of your sugestions. As soon as I get a chance I will let you know the results.
Thanks again
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Pulmonary Medicine
Disability Evaluation (Impairment evaluation)
What every physician needs to know:
- The Language of Impairment and Disability:
Are you sure your patient is eligible for an impairment rating? What should you expect to find?
- Beware: There are many guidelines for rating impairment.
What laboratory studies are useful in rating pulmonary impairment?
What imaging studies are useful in rating pulmonary impairment?
What physiologic studies are useful in rating pulmonary impairment?
- Role of resting pulmonary function tests in rating impairment
- Role of spirometry in rating impairment
- Role of diffusing capacity in rating impairment
- Role of methacholine bronchoprovocation in rating impairment
- Role of exercise test in rating impairment
- How does one rate impairment for asthma?
- How does one rate impairment for pneumoconioses?
- How does one rate impairment for lung cancer?
- How does one rate impairment for sleep apnea?
- What should the physician's report state?
What's the evidence?
What every physician needs to know:
The management of a chronic lung condition does not end with treatment alone. Patients need additional assistance and guidance on issues related to lung impairment, such as causation or attribution, apportionment, eligibility for various compensation systems, workplace modifications or removal from the workplace, and vocational and other forms of rehabilitation. Because of a general fear of the legal system, pervasive confusion about various compensation systems, the mistaken notion that those who seek impairment evaluation are usually malingerers, and lack of training in impairment evaluation, most physicians shy away from providing this service, often with disastrous socioeconomic and medical consequences for the patient.
The physician's role in what is commonly referred to as "disability evaluation" is more properly termed "impairment evaluation," since the goal is objective measurement of the extent of loss of physical or physiological function. On the other hand, the impact of the loss of function on a person's ability to perform day-to-day activities is called disability. Disability evaluation is usually performed by administrative and legal experts, while physicians provide additional input on impairment. The two terms, impairment and disability, are not synonymous. Impairment may occur without disability, and disability may occur without measurable impairment. Furthermore, two individuals with exactly the same impairment may suffer differing impacts on their lives and so have different levels of disability.
The Language of Impairment and Disability:
Specific terminology is used in conducting evaluations of impairment and disability:
Temporary vs. Permanent Impairment
Permanent impairment is not expected to improve with time and treatment. Temporary impairment is expected to do so.
Partial vs. Total Disability
Total disability implies that an individual is unable to perform any work of the kind that he or she has the skills and qualifications to perform. Partial disability implies that an individual is able to perform some, but not all, of the work.
Causation or attribution refers to whether an exposure has been a substantial contributing factor in either causing or exacerbating the lung disease. The level of certainty required in determining causation for occupational lung disease is different from the usual standard of 95 percent certainty used in medical research. The commonly accepted standard of certainty for occupational cases is that the illness is substantially caused by or exacerbated by an occupational exposure on a "more probable than not" basis, or a level of certainty greater than 50 percent.
Apportionment describes the relative contribution of multiple factors to the total lung impairment or disability. For instance, both chronic inhalational asbestos exposure and cigarette smoking may be contributory factors to lung cancer. From a scientific perspective, it is usually difficult, if not impossible, to "apportion" the relative roles of factors in causation of a complex, multifactorial disease. Physicians are often asked to state their opinion on apportionment in the context of the body of available knowledge in that area.
Are you sure your patient is eligible for an impairment rating? What should you expect to find?
The first step in evaluating impairment is confirmation of the diagnosis of lung disease. Because of the medicolegal nature of the evaluation, the physician should have a greater certainty of the medical diagnosis than is sometimes used in clinical practice. In other words, objective confirmation of the diagnosis is preferable.
The second step in evaluating impairment is defining maximal medical improvement (MMI). MMI occurs at the point at which no further clinical or physiological improvement is expected to occur following maximal therapy. If therapy has not been maximized, the physician should delay impairment evaluation. A permanent impairment evaluation should be performed at or after MMI has been reached.
Beware: There are many guidelines for rating impairment.
There are several compensation systems exist, each with its own guidelines. Therefore, identification of the compensation system for which the patient is eligible is essential, and the evaluating physician must be familiar with the specific guidelines used for determining compensation. The most common compensation systems used in the United States are the federally funded Social Security Impairment (SSI) system, the Veterans Administration system, and the Workers Compensation system.
While the rules for the last of the three vary from state to state, they usually follow one of the editions of the American Medical Association (AMA) Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. The various editions of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment have markedly different sets of recommendations on impairment evaluation, so one must choose the right edition for the purpose. Use of the wrong edition may result in an erroneous impairment rating.
While some guidelines are available on the Internet without charge, use of web-based AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment carries a fee.
Although the American Thoracic Society (ATS) has also developed consensus guidelines for rating pulmonary impairment, these guidelines may not be accepted by a specific compensation program.
Social Security Impairment System
The Social Security Impairment program has some unusual features that distinguish it from other compensation programs. First, the program requires a "hard copy" of the volume-time curve of a recent spirogram obtained following administration of inhaled bronchodilator (if obstruction is present), as well as a maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) maneuver, a maneuver that is no longer routinely performed during pulmonary function testing. Second, the program incorporates arbitrary, height-specific cutpoints for spirometric lung function for deciding impairment status; the cutpoints are not determined by race, ethnicity, age, or gender.
Third, the program denotes the patient as impaired or not impaired, rather than specifying a percent impairment. In the setting of impaired/not impaired categorization, those considered impaired under Social Security criteria are expected to have an impairment sufficient to prevent working for a period of one year or longer. Finally, the program does not focus on occupational causation but on the disease itself; it also takes into account impairment from coexisting non-pulmonary conditions, such as substance abuse.
Workers Compensation System
Workers' compensation is a "no-fault" system of medical care and disability insurance in which private insurers (or self-insured employers) pay benefits to an employee who sustains an injury or illness because of a workplace exposure. Under workers' compensation laws, the workers cannot sue their employer for injury or illness.
Workers' compensation laws vary from state to state. While rules vary among states, they usually follow one of the various editions of the American Medical Association (AMA) Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment.
Choosing a Guideline
Patients who apply for disability can be classified into three general types:
Those with advanced lung disease who apply for disability benefits under the Social Security program.
Those with work-related lung disease who apply under the Workers Compensation System (but also other programs, such as the Black Lung Act).
Those who develop lung disease while working for certain employers, such as the Veterans Administration.
Of course, some patients may fit into more than one category and may apply for more than one program contemporaneously. The physician should identify the most appropriate program(s) and be familiar with the guidelines used.
General approach for evaluating pulmonary impairment
After determining patient eligibility for a specific compensation system (as described previously), the physician gathers data that is relevant to rating pulmonary impairment. In general, impairment criteria are based upon the history, physical examination, and pulmonary function test results.
Relevant features in the history include occupational history, tobacco use, environmental exposures, and the presence of dyspnea, cough, sputum production, and wheezing.
Physical examination should include a description of breathing pattern, cyanosis, clubbing, adventitious lung sounds, and evidence of cor pulmonale.
Pulmonary function tests are the cornerstone for rating pulmonary impairment. Relationships between resting spirometric measurements (FVC and FEV1) and diffusing capacity measurements (DLCO) on one hand, and exercise-related maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max) on the other hand, have been established. On the basis of these studies, spirometry and diffusing capacity are the key objective elements in assessing respiratory impairment.
Chest radiography or computed tomography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and arterial blood gas determinations are usually not necessary for rating impairment.
The sixth edition of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment uses a standardized grid that incorporates five classes of impairment severity. The grids incorporate objective, test-based key criteria for defining the impairment class, along with other criteria for fine-tuning the severity grade within a given class. Among the objective tests (spirometry, DLCO, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing), the most severely affected test result is used to define the impairment class. Simpler grids are also used in other compensation systems.
What laboratory studies are useful in rating pulmonary impairment?
Laboratory studies are used primarily for confirming the diagnosis of lung disease, rather than for rating pulmonary impairment.
Immunological tests are useful in diagnosing occupational lung diseases (e.g., antibody tests for evaluating occupational asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and beryllium lymphocyte proliferation tests of blood or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for assessing chronic beryllium disease).
For the purpose of rating impairment, resting and exercise-related hypoxemia derived from arterial blood gas results, adjusted for altitude and arterial PCO2 level, may be used under the Social Security Impairment system to classify gas exchange abnormalities. Although the presence of hypoxemia noted on two occasions was previously used to rate impairment as severe under the fifth edition of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, the sixth edition does not include hypoxemia in the rating of pulmonary impairment. Hence, arterial blood gas analysis is unnecessary in impairment evaluation. The possible rationale for its exclusion is that no validated relationship has been defined between resting arterial oxygenation and physiologic impairment.
What imaging studies are useful in rating pulmonary impairment?
Imaging studies are primarily useful for confirming the diagnosis of lung disease. They are less useful in rating pulmonary impairment since the correlation between radiographic abnormality and physiologic dysfunction is imperfect.
Chest radiographs and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest are useful in diagnosing interstitial lung disease, small airways disease, lung neoplasms, and pneumoconiosis.
Chest radiographic evidence of pneumoconiosis is rated according to the International Labor Organization (ILO) classification scheme (also called "B-reading"), formulated under the Black Lung Act for coal worker's pneumoconiosis. The extent or profusion of small-sized opacities is rated as 0, 1, 2, or 3. An intermediate score of 1/0 (i.e., profusion of small opacities greater than 0 but less than 1) is often used to confirm the presence of pneumoconiosis.
What physiologic studies are useful in rating pulmonary impairment?
Physiologic studies are the foundation for rating pulmonary impairment. Several tests are useful in rating pulmonary impairment, including resting pulmonary function tests, methacholine bronchoprovocation, and maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Performance of these tests should adhere strictly to standards of the American Thoracic Society (ATS).
Role of resting pulmonary function tests in rating impairment
The tests most commonly used in rating impairment are spirometry and measurement of diffusing capacity (DLCO). Relationships between resting spirometric and diffusing capacity measurements on one hand, and exercise-related maximal oxygen consumption on the other, have been established. On the basis of these studies, spirometry and diffusing capacity are the key objective elements in assessing respiratory impairment.
Role of spirometry in rating impairment
In obstructive airway disease, spirometry should be done following administration of an inhaled bronchodilator.
While not necessary for Social Security Impairment rating, adjustment of pulmonary function tests for race and ethnicity is performed as part of other impairment assessments. According to the sixth edition of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, race- and ethnicity-specific NHANES III reference standards for spirometry should be used for Caucasian Americans, Mexican Americans, and African Americans. For the remainder of the population subgroups, no clear guidelines are provided. The Black Lung Benefits Program (for coal miners) continues to employ Knudson reference equations for this purpose.
Pulmonary function test criteria used under the Social Security Impairment system are specific only to height and are not adjusted for age, gender, race, or ethnicity. Therefore, under this system, older women are more likely to be rated as disabled than are younger men. Furthermore, maximal voluntary ventilation, a test not usually performed, is required for the Social Security impairment rating for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Role of diffusing capacity in rating impairment
The corrected single-breath is used under the AMA and Social Security guidelines for impairment rating, but it is not used under the Veterans Administration guidelines. Crapo's reference standards for DLCO are used for comparison.
Role of methacholine bronchoprovocation in rating impairment
Methacholine bronchoprovocation tests are useful for rating impairment for asthma. The methacholine PC20 (provocative concentration of methacholine in mg/mL that results in at least 20% drop in FEV1 compared to the pre-test baseline during a bronchoprovocation test) is a key parameter for rating asthma impairment under the sixth edition of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. The value for PC20 is usually increased among asthmatics who have been treated with maximal therapy. As a result, a normal value for PC20 on maximal asthma therapy may result in a 0 percent impairment rating for a well controlled asthmatic.
Role of exercise test in rating impairment
Exercise tests are difficult to perform, they are expensive, and they are not readily available. Clear agreement on the role of exercise tests in the evaluation of pulmonary impairment is lacking. Generally, in cases in which dyspnea (a subjective sensation) is disproportionate to the resting pulmonary function test results, or when pulmonary function tests are difficult to interpret because of submaximal performance, cardiopulmonary exercise tests may be considered. Such tests may also help identify unanticipated coexisting conditions, such as cardiovascular or muscular disease, as the cause of exercise limitation.
When an individual's aerobic capacity is uncertain, maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing may be useful in determining whether he or she can perform a job with a known energy requirement. Under the ATS guidelines, the estimation of impairment from maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is based on the premise that a worker can comfortably perform at 40 percent of VO2max for prolonged periods, and that VO2 requirements can be assigned to specific occupations. Those whose VO2max is less than 15 mL/kg/minute would be uncomfortable performing most jobs. Unfortunately, the data on the VO2 requirements of most jobs in modern workplaces are not currently available. Furthermore, jobs with the same title may vary considerably in their VO2 requirements from one work site to another.
Under the Social Security Impairment system, submaximal exercise tests at a workload of approximately 17 mL O2 /kg/minute or less of exercise can be performed to obtain steady-state arterial blood gases, which are then used to evaluate impairment of gas exchange when criteria for neither obstructive nor restrictive disorders are met.
How does one rate impairment for asthma?
Impairment rating for episodic diseases like asthma is problematic, and the ratings vary widely among various compensation systems. The methacholine PC20 is a key parameter for rating asthma impairment under the sixth edition of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. Under the Social Security Impairment criteria, asthmatic patients may be rated by FEV1 or MVV or by a clinical history of frequent, severe exacerbations despite maximal asthma therapy.
Impairment ratings for occupational asthma is even more problematic than those for nonoccupational asthma. In these cases, the impairment evaluation is performed using the scaling systems devised for nonoccupational asthma at least two years after removing the individual from exposure. In many with occupational asthma, physiologic tests may be normal, and symptoms may be lacking in the absence of exposure to the specific agent. Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate impairment in such patients under the existing guidelines. Nevertheless, the best prognosis in immune-mediated (or sensitizer-induced) occupational asthma is attained by removing the individual from further exposure.
How does one rate impairment for pneumoconioses?
According to the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, those who develop pneumoconiosis should limit further exposure to the offending agent, "particularly if radiographic changes have occurred at a relatively young age or if there is associated physiologic impairment." It follows that an older patient who is nearing retirement, with minimal radiographic change after a long history of exposure, could elect to continue in the workplace under the assumption of a lower risk of developing future disabling disease. Such discretionary decisions should be made with informed discussion between the patient and physician.
The Veterans Administration system has specific guidelines for impairment ratings for pneumoconiosis.
Under the Social Security Impairment system, common criteria for assessing lung diseases in general are used for rating impairment that is due to a pneumoconiosis.
How does one rate impairment for lung cancer?
According to the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, lung cancer is a cause of severe impairment at the time of diagnosis. If no evidence of tumor is found at re-evaluation a year later, then impairment is recalculated on the basis of the degree of physiologic impairment present at that time. On the other hand, if there is evidence of tumor, the patient remains classified as severely impaired.
Under the Social Security Impairment system, lung cancer produces impairment if it is unresectable, if it is incompletely resected, if it is recurrent or metastatic, if it has small cell histology, if it is a squamous cell cancer with metastasis beyond hilar nodes, or if it is one of other histologic types with metastasis to hilar nodes.
Under the Veterans Administration system, degree of impairment is not categorized clearly but is left to the judgment of the physician.
How does one rate impairment for sleep apnea?
Impairment ratings for sleep apnea are problematic, and they vary among compensation systems.
The variables used for pulmonary impairment rating (discussed above) cannot be used for rating impairment related to sleep apnea. Therefore, the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment recommend assessment of complications of sleep apnea (such as the presence of cor pulmonale or polycythemia). Any "add-on" for strictly pulmonary impairment must be determined by a sleep specialist and should not exceed 3 percent of total impairment.
Under the Social Security Impairment system, sleep apnea is rated according to criteria for cor pulmonale, obesity, or organic mental disorders.
The Veterans Administration makes no mention of a specific impairment rating for sleep apnea.
What should the physician's report state?
Physicians' evaluations of impairment require a comprehensive report of the patient's history, physical examination, and review of objective tests. The assessment should provide clear and accurate answers, in lay terms, to the questions asked. The evaluation should state the diagnosis and whether MMI has been reached and should make note of the presence and degree of pulmonary impairment. The specific impairment scheme used (including the specific page and table of the guideline used) should be referenced. In work-related respiratory disorders, causation, apportionment, and work restrictions should also be addressed, as requested.
What's the evidence?
"American Thoracic Society. Evaluation of impairment/disability secondary to respiratory disorders". The American Review of Respiratory Disease. vol. 133. 1986. pp. 1205-9.This consensus article, written by leading authorities in the field and approved by the American Thoracic Society, addresses the scientific foundation for assessing lung impairment. Despite distinct differences from AMA guidelines, this article forms the basis for recommendations developed in subsequent editions of the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment for lung disease.
"American Thoracic Society, Medical Section of the American Lung Association. Guidelines for the evaluation of impairment/disability in patients with asthma". The American review of respiratory disease. vol. 147. 1993. pp. 1056-61.This consensus article overcomes the limitation of the previous reference by focusing on the unique issues related to impairment in asthma, an episodic respiratory disease. Written by leading authorities in the field and approved by the American Thoracic Society, this article forms the basis for recommendations for asthma impairment that were developed in subsequent editions of the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment.
"ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing". American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. vol. 167. 2003. pp. 211-77.Although long and densely written, this comprehensive statement addresses the scientific basis, performance, and interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and its use in impairment evaluation.
Crapo, RO, Casaburi, R, Coates, AL. "Guidelines for methacholine and exercise challenge testing-1999". American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. vol. 161. 2000. pp. 309-29.This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999. This consensus article, written by leading authorities in the field and approved by the American Thoracic Society, addresses the scientific basis, performance ,and interpretation of methacholine challenge testing in asthma. The test is useful in rating asthma impairment.
Lindgren, I, Muller, B, Gaensler, EA. "Pulmonary impairment and disability claims". JAMA. vol. 194. 1965. pp. 499-506.This is one of the first landmark articles to address pulmonary impairment and disability. Published in 1965 and therefore difficult to access, this article is primarily of historical interest.
Macintyre, N, Crapo, RO, Viegi, G. "Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung". The European respiratory journal: official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. vol. 26. 2005. pp. 720-35.This consensus article, written by leading authorities in the field and approved by the American Thoracic Society, addresses the scientfic basis, performance and interpretation of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in lung disease. The test is useful in rating respiratory impairment.
Mahler, DA, Franco, MJ. "Clinical applications of cardiopulmonary exercise testing". Journal of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. vol. 16. 1996. pp. 357-65.This article addresses the clinical use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing.
Miller, MR, Hankinson, J, Brusasco, V. "Standardisation of spirometry". The European respiratory journal: official journal of the European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology. vol. 26. 2005. pp. 319-38.This consensus article, written by leading authorities in the field and approved by the American Thoracic Society, addresses the scientific basis, performance, and interpretation of spirometry in lung disease. The latter is the most useful test in rating respiratory impairment.
Miller, WF, Scacci, R. "Pulmonary function assessment for determination of pulmonary impairment and disability evaluation". Clinics in chest medicine. vol. 2. 1981. pp. 327-41.This article addresses the pulmonary function aspects of rating pulmonary impairment.
Morgan, WK, Lapp, NL, Seaton, D. "Respiratory disability in coal miners". JAMA. vol. 243. 1980. pp. 2401-4.While focusing on coal miners, the significance of this article lies in the conclusion that arterial blood gas analysis is unnecessary in the determination of pulmonary impairment.
Ortega, F, Montemayor, T, Sanchez, A, Cabello, F, Castillo, J. "Role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and the criteria used to determine disability in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. vol. 150. 1994. pp. 747-51.While resting PFTs generally correlate with exercise capacity, using a COPD study population, this article cautions that classification of impairment differs when resting and exercise tests are used separately.
Pellegrino, R, Viegi, G, Brusasco, V. "Interpretative strategies for lung function tests". The European respiratory journal. vol. 26. 2005. pp. 948-68.This consensus article, written by leading authorities in the field and approved by the American Thoracic Society, addresses the standardized interpretation of spirometry in lung disease and argues that FEV1 percent predicted values can be used for rating impairment in both obstructive and restrictive lung disease.
Richman, SI, Smith, CJ. "Legal aspects of impairment and disability in pneumoconiosis". Occup Med. vol. 8. 1993. pp. 71-92.This article explains the unique characteristics of the Federal compensation program under the Black Lung Act' for coal workers pneumoconiosis.
Rondinelli, RD, Beller, TA. "Impairment rating and disability evaluation of the pulmonary system". Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America. vol. 12. 2001. pp. 667-79, xi.This article highlights the diagnostic procedures and assessment criteria of choice for determining pulmonary impairment.
Rubinfeld, AR, Pain, MC. "Respiratory disability in workers' compensation claimants". The Medical journal of Australia. vol. 1. 1983. pp. 119-21.The significance of this article lies in its demonstration that, in contrast to some reports and popular perception, claimants for compensation for work-related chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases do not tend to exaggerate their disabilities.
Sood, A, Beckett, WS. "Determination of disability for patients with advanced lung disease". Clinics in chest medicine. vol. 18. 1997. pp. 471-82.This simple and comprehensive review article is aimed at beginners in this field.
Sood, A, Redlich, CA. "Pulmonary function tests at work". Clinics in chest medicine. vol. 22. 2001. pp. 783-93.Although not primarily focused on the process of determining disability, this simple review article addresses the use of pulmonary function tests in establishing work-relatedness in the diagnosis of occupational lung diseases. The confirmation of medical diagnosis is the first step in rating impairment.
Sue, DY. "Exercise testing in the evaluation of impairment and disability". Clinics in chest medicine. vol. 15. 1994. pp. 369-87.This article argues for the use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in rating impairment for respiratory diseases.
Townsend, MC. "Spirometry in the occupational setting". Journal of occupational and environmental medicine. vol. 42. 2000. pp. 228-45.This article addresses the unique issues related to spirometry in the occupational setting.
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Quotable: Solange Isn't Feeling The Lack Of Color In Nylon
"Just realizing ive never seen a black girl on the COVER of @NylonMag and its one of my fave mag's EVER! Can we fix that please?"
– Solange Knowles on Nylon, which hasn't put a woman of color on the cover since 2003 cover girl, Lil' Kim. That's worse than Vogue, y'all. [Jezebel]


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An Otley hair salon has been proving it is a cut above the rest when it comes to supporting WaterAid.
The owner of Cutting House, Jayne Cunningham, led by example by completing a 100-mile sponsored bicycle ride in Suffolk in April.
Then this week the Aveda salon held a 'bake-off' featuring an array of brightly-decorated, specially-baked Victoria sponge cakes, which raised more than £600. Staff also donated all of their tips last month to Earth Month, which is when Aveda's salons, spas and stores work together to raise money for WaterAid – whose water supply and sanitation projects save lives around the world.
Cutting House manager Helen Cooper said: "We've had a brilliant time baking and supporting Aveda Earth Month and WaterAid."
Representatives from local businesses including Pauline Coultas from Sweet Treats, Trevor Backhouse from Patisserie Viennoise, Diane Broadbent from the Traditional Sweet Shop, Tom Hatley from Christopher Little, and Chris Payne from Korks judged the baking competition.
Verity Glover was declared the winner with Helen Cooper taking second place and Charlotte Bell and Gemma Thomas sharing third spot.
This year's fundraising will help a clean water initiative in Andhra Pradesh, India. The salon's efforts can be supported at justgiving.com/ CuttingHouseAvedaEarthMonth.


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The most sensational portions of Brian David Mitchell's kidnapping and sexual assault trial may be over, but evidence still to come will go to the heart of Mitchell's insanity defense.
The upcoming mental health witnesses beginning Monday in federal court and continuing for up to two weeks could have a powerful influence on the jury's verdict.
During previous testimony, jurors have heard from victim Elizabeth Smart, wife Wanda Eileen Barzee and a handful of Mitchell's family members. Those witnesses told them about the defendant's sometimes stormy upbringing, his "divinely inspired" and self-serving revelations, and his alleged knife-point abduction of then-14-year-old Smart.


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Paris Hilton's parents visited their daughter behind bars Sunday June 17th and she even got her dad a Father's Day card.
Does she change already? Paris Hilton showed her softer side when parents, Rick Hilton and Kathy Richards, visited her in Los Angeles prison on Sunday June 17th.
Momma Kathy said her beloved daughter "is doing very well and much better." The only problem is that she's been cold in her cell. Being asked on what Paris does on her free time, the former actress said she "just looks at the four walls and reads some nice fan mail."
Greater than all, Paris had made poppa Rick "a beautiful Father's Day card with his picture." The hand-made card surely will make it the best Father's Day ever for Rick.
Paris was sent back from the medical wing of the Twin Towers Correctional Facility in Los Angeles to the Century Regional Detention Facility in Lynwood as soon as her condition was declared stable. She's expected to be released from the facility June 25th later this year due to good behavior.


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A flag mix-up at the Olympics left officials cringing after the South Korean flag was used alongside the names of North Korean soccer players.
The flag mix-up occurred before the North Korean women's team kicked off against Colombia, with the South Korean national flag appearing on the giant screen at Glasgow's Hampden Park stadium. The match was delayed for an hour while the offended Koreans refused to kick a ball.
The game eventually went ahead, though the matter is by no means concluded. After the game, North Korean coach Gun Sin Ui seemed genuinely furious about the incident, and said he planned to take up the matter with the London organising committee (LOCOG) and world soccer body FIFA:
"Our players were announced with their photos and names alongside the South Korean national flag. The national flag difference is a big problem. Our team was not going to participate unless the problem was solved properly. Unfortunately it took some time later for the broadcast to be done again properly and we made the decision to go on with the match."
Ui was also asked if he thought the flag mix-up was a deliberate ploy:
"That was the question I was going to ask LOCOG and FIFA. We were angry because our players were shown as if they were from South Korea which affects us very greatly. Our players cannot be shown especially with other flags, especially the South Korean one. If this matter had not been solved, continuing would have been a nonsense."
A spokesman for LOCOG later issued an apology for the mistake, and promised a similar flag mix-up wouldn't happen again:
"Today ahead of the Women's football match at Hampden Park, the South Korean flag was shown on a big screen video package instead of the North Korean flag. Clearly that is a mistake, we will apologise to the team and the National Olympic Committee and steps will be taken to ensure this does not happen again."
Football fan James Crossan was at Hampden Park for the match, and caught the awkward moment when the South Korean flag made its unexpected appearance:
@gdnlondon2012 South Korea flag used to introduce North Korea players at Hampden twitter.com/jamescrossan/s…
— James Crossan (@jamescrossan) July 25, 2012
He later tweeted to show the correct flag being used:
@gdnlondon2012 that's better! twitter.com/jamescrossan/s…
— James Crossan (@jamescrossan) July 25, 2012
If this all seems like a storm in a teacup, the two countries are not the wisest to get mixed up – the North and South are technically still at war despite fighting stopping in 1953, and tensions on the Korean Peninsula remain high.
Fortunately, the flag mix-up didn't seem to effect the Koreans too adversely – they coasted to a comfortable 2-0 victory.
See also:All of our Olympics coverage


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Hey Hey, it's a Saturday time warp
LET'S recap what defiant John Blackman declared in 2005 after Dr Derryn Hinch made his incorrect diagnosis of Graham Kennedy's "AIDS" death. "I'd rather stab myself in the eye with a satay stick than attend a function where Derryn was the main attraction." Bygones have become bygones because on Saturday, Hinch attended a function where Blackman was the main attraction, his 60th birthday bash at St Kilda's Riva. As Blackman says, he's buried so many Hinch hatchets during their tempestuous friendship that his garden has gone rusty. But what was teetotalling Hinch doing at the bash with a glass of red? Simple explanation. It was a non-alcoholic Edenvale beverage and Hinch, the born-again wine connoisseur, brought his own. How times change, just like Blackman's transition from a 23-year-old chick magnet into a 60-year-old chook magnet so content in the marital coop with wife Cecile and daughter Tiffany. The chook has reason to cock-a-doodle-doo because he's filming a pilot of the reborn Hey Hey It's Saturday with Daryl Somers at Channel Seven on August 4 a Saturday and fellow old-timer Red Symons has also been summoned to relive the mayhem. In fact, Blackman's bash doubled as a Hey Hey/showbiz reunion starring: Wilbur Wilde, former director Ray Punjer, sound effects guru Murray Tregonning, Shane Bourne, Ken Morgan, Gavin Wood, Darryl Cotton, Bruce Mansfield, Annette Allison, Mike Brady, Glenn Robbins, Trevor Marmalade and Geoff Coxy. To the disappointment of many gents, leggy Rhonda Burchmore did not jump out of a cake but she did serenade Blackman with a sultry Marilyn-esque Happy Birthday and Hinch hip-hip-hoorayed. Footnote: no satays were served.
Fire saleHERE'S one way to pay for Eddie's generous $4.7 million salary. GTV 9 staff have been given the opportunity of a lifetime to buy the well-worn furniture from the Richmond canteen. Tables for $50! Chairs for $20! Make an offer! Surely the bean-counters could have raised more with a glitzier sales pitch: revealing which star sat in which throne and if any tables were inscribed with "Bert woz ere". As Gerald Stone alluded in his fascinating book Who Killed Channel 9?, the big fella must be turning in his grave, but staff have been reassured that times aren't as bad as everyone thinks: the furniture has been replaced.
Vital organsTHEY were so looking forward to it. Golden Tonsils John Laws was forced to cancel an Albury-Wodonga meet-and-greet last Thursday due to an ailing rib but he has rescheduled for August to appease fans wanting to bid him a final farewell. Tonsils was due to broadcast from the ACE 2AY (as in Associated Communication Enterprises) at the Commercial Club and mingle with local luminaries the night before at a cocktail party, if it wasn't for a torn rib cartilage that unfortunately takes the golden edge off his tonsils. Could this be the health problem behind Laws' decision to switch off his golden microphone for good? Manager John Fordham would not elaborate on his condition, and strangely, no one in 2UE's camp seemed to know about the event. But 2AY general manager Frank Davidson is revved up, telling Diary: "We can't wait for him to come down!" Take care of those ribs, Tonsils.
That's showbizQANTAS passengers at Perth airport did a double-take the other day when a PA announcement told them to head to gate 6 for their flight to Bris Vegas and friendly staffers "Brad and Angelina" would be on hand to assist. It is unknown whether these two are also humanitarians who collect children.
It's differentPOPCORN machines will be working overtime for the 19-day Melbourne International Film Festival starting on July 25, one of the offerings Run Rabbit Run, a flick about SA Premier Mike Rann by his pal, the temperamental Bob Ellis, who is also a speechwriter for Labor's second unelected PM, Bill Shorten. One of the more unusual entries likely to enrage some opinionated talkback radio hosts is the South Korean animation Aaschi and Ssipak, described as "the world's first film about a futuristic society powered by human faeces" with "plenty of poo jokes". The brains behind the concept is director Bum Jin Joe.
How much?JETTING over to Thailand, pyjama tsar Peter Alexander and mum Julette found Jetstar is staying true to its frugal roots even in the "premium economy" StarClass, serving a delicious Four'N Twenty pie in plastic for dinner. But it did come with a "choice of accompaniments": tomato or sweet chilli sauce. Once touring the sights, Peter confounded the traders with his unorthodox bargaining style, asking them "Give me your worst price!" followed by "Come on, you can do worse than that!" and then paying them even more. Try it during your next holiday.
The write stuffTHE honour roll just gets longer for the 1988 RMIT journalism graduates who forged ahead despite the dire predictions of fearsome lecturer Peter Temple, the multi-gonged crime author (Diary, last week). There's even a remarkable Schapelle Corby connection given 60 Minutes producer-turned-author Kathryn Bonella co-wrote the jailbird's controversial book My Story. Other alumni are the Winning Post's John Barker a member of the student rat pack with Channel Nine's Nick Johnston and Ten's Gareth Boreham and Louise Oswald, who rose to international success in Fleet Street, most recently with the creative News of the World. Another fine batch of hardened journos making their mark in a tough game.
Tinsel townTHE Christmas in July bandwagon is rolling on. Kmart at Brunswick's Barkly Square had a Christmas tree for sale, and the Entertainment Consulting Group's eager Matthew Banks is spruiking "Christmas polo" at Werribee Park "Your No.1 Christmas party option". Banks is such an early bird that he's even taking bookings for spring racing carnival marquees (apparently tables are "filling fast"). It's hard to turn your thoughts to hats and dresses right now with thermals on.
Crikey!STEVE Irwin Inc forges ahead in his absence through the merchandise available in the Australia Zoo's Crocodile Hunter online shop. There's "Bindi Wear" for young adventure girls, as well as the "Bindi Baby" collection, and something for the rugged outdoors man: the memorial "Steve Lives" surfwear featuring T-shirts, shorts and fleece jackets with the "Steve Lives" logo. Catchy, isn't it? From the catalogue: fashionable Brett models the "wet shirt" and he often teams it with crocodile-print shorts. The only thing missing is the crocodile boots and matching wallet.
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