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4 Student Loan Debt Forgiveness Or Monthly Payment Reduction Options
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6 Effective Student Loan Relief Options
With student loan debt exceeding the trillion dollar mark, student loan help is needed more than ever before. The good news is that a piece of legislation was approved, that allows federal student loans to now be consolidated through the Department of Education. The legislation is called the William D. Ford Act.
The student loan consolidation programs include income and hardship based plans that may also lead to debt forgiveness. Today we will take a closer look at these options and by the time college graduates are done reading this; they will be pointed in the right direction.
The Standard Plan
The first program is called the Standard Student Loan Consolidation Program. This program often sets up students with the highest monthly payment when compared to the other plans, because of the fact that their loans will be paid off in the fastest time-frame, and they must be paid off in full. On this plan a student has 10-30 years to pay off their loan.
The Graduated Repayment Plan
The second plan is called the Graduated Repayment Plan. On this program a person will start out with a low payment, and that payment will gradually increase every two years. This program is good for the college graduate who has their career locked in, but will start out with making a very low income. Their monthly payment on this plan will never be less than the amount of interest that accrues between payments. On this plan a person has up to ten years to repay their loan.
The Income Based Repayment Plan (IBR)
The third plan is called the Income Based Repayment (IBR) plan. This program can significantly lower a person's monthly payment. A person's monthly payment on this program is based on their family size and income. This program is great for a person that has a hardship situation and low income. The best part about this student loan consolidation program is that after 20 years of making their payments, the rest of their loan could be canceled and a person would no longer have any other payments. If a person works in public service, after ten years of payments on the IBR plan, the rest of their loan could be forgiven.
The Income Contingent Repayment (ICR) Plan
The fourth plan is called the Income Contingent Repayment (ICR) Plan. This plan is based on a person's gross annual income, family size and what their total student loan debt amount is equal to. Each year a person's income will be re-evaluated and they must get re-approved for the right program. This plan has lots of flexibility. The maximum repayment period on this program is 20 years. If a person has not paid off the entire loan by 20 years, the unpaid portion of the loan will be discharged.
To get approved on these student loan consolidation programs, the paperwork and procedure can be complex. It is very easy to get set up on the Standard Plan, and not approved on one of the income based plans, where a person's monthly payment would be higher than it potentially should be. On top of that, it is often required that a person must get re-approved annually. If any of the paperwork or timing of getting everything submitted is off or has an error, a person could get kicked out of the program.
The only student loans that are not eligible for consolidation are loans made by a state or private lender (not backed by the federal government), Primary Care Loans, Law Access Loans, Medical Assist Loans and PLATO Loans.
Companies such as Golden Financial Services are available to assist consumers with getting set up on the right student loan consolidation program and re-approved annually, making the process easy.
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Paul Paquin is the CEO at Golden Financial Services. Paul has been involved in the debt relief industry for 10 years and has done extensive research in this field. His company strives to offer the most effective debt relief program on the market.
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9 Comments
Does this advice also work with a line of credit interest rate? TD is raising mine 3.75% beginning April 2 – so I'll be paying 9%, the same rate as my TD Emerald Visa. I am trying to minimize both my credit card debt and student loans all at once.
There are different options available for your unsecured line of credit and for the student loan debt. For the line of credit if you need a program there are two options available.
Option 1: Debt Settlement Services - Pay back less than the full amount owed. The settlement company will negotiate with your creditors to reduce the balance. You must be behind on your debt for this to work.
Option 2: Consumer Credit Counseling - Your interest rate would be negotiated down. This can slightly lower your payment. All debts would also be consolidated into one monthly payment with consumer credit counseling.
Federal student loan debt will NOT QUALIFY for either of these options.
For the student loan debt, there are government programs available. If you have a hardship, which I think you may, you can have your payment reduced down to zero dollars per month. You can contact the Department of Education or Golden Financial Services to get help with your student loan debts.
You can learn about all your debt relief options by scrolling around on the site. goldenfs.org
I honestly don't see why the government give loan forgiveness to public servicemen and teachers only. What about students like myself who just need a little help.
One way to get out of debt is to do it yourself. The first step to relieving debt is to find out where you are. The best self-help plan for relieving debt is planning and discipline.
You actually make it appear so easy together with your presentation however I find the topic of student debt to be one thing that I might never understand.
I do not even know how I ended up here, but I thought this post was good.
I pay a visit daily to a few websites to read articles or reviews, and this website gives quality based articles.. i love them, thank you for sharing!
This is all really good tips. Today's education has become so expensive, we can not read without the loans. thank for sharing this article post.
It is a good blog on student loans debt forgiveness in US many companies are helping on this matter.
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- The student loan consolidation programs include income and hardship based plans that may also lead to debt forgiveness.
- The best part about this student loan consolidation program is that after 20 years of making their payments, the rest of their loan could be canceled and a person would no longer have any other payments.
- If a person works in public service, after ten years of payments on the IBR plan, the rest of their loan could be forgiven.
- This plan is based on a person's gross annual income, family size and what their total student loan debt amount is equal to.


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Insider Report visits Motorfest 2013 in Stoufville
While some of the Wheels.ca team spent Saturday at the first ever Cobble Beach Concours D'Elegance on Georgian Bay, I spent my day a bit closer to home. Much closer. Even though I live in Whitby, I had never heard of Stouffville Motorfest, which is considered one of the largest cruise shows in Ontario. The 2012 edition saw more than 1,400 cars on display. And so I headed northwest to the wilds of Stouffville to see what the buzz was about.
I can honestly say that I don't think I have ever been to a larger show. Sure, Autofest in Oshawa is big and covers lots of parkland, but the sheer mass of vehicles at Motorfest was simply mind boggling. Fortunately, Mother Nature did her best to provide a fantastic day for the show. I was happy to see a very wide range of cars, from the expected American muscle to German and Japanese sports cars and pretty much everything in between. I will be sure to go back next year.
GEOX – Scream Challenge with Infiniti Red Bull Racing Team
Somehow the scared passenger in a fast car video just never gets old. While I can't share many of these videos because they include scantily clad (or less) young ladies being scared witless, this marketing contest held by running shoe maker GEOX is perfectly safe for work. Winners of a contest were brought out to a race track to receive 20 pairs of new shoes. The catch was that they had to go for a ride with Red Bull Formula 1 drivers Sébastien Buemi and Sebastian Vettel. Each time they screamed, they lost a pair of shoes. The resulting video is quite funny!
Kenny Brack gives a lesson in car control
Prototype sports cars of the late Sixties and early Seventies were not easy to drive at the best of times. Add in rain and the task becomes even more difficult. At the Goodwood Revival this weekend in Jolly Olde, former Indycar racer Kenny Brack was driving in a special class called the Whitsun Trophy, which was for only Ford GT40s. That's correct, a field of nothing but Ford's Ferrari killer. Brack's steed for the weekend was Team Red Bull F1 engineer Adrian Newey's personal beast.
The skies opened prior to qualifying, which meant that a bunch of very expensive, irreplaceable historic cars would be an even bigger challenge. Brack at least partially dispelled the myth that modern racers aren't real drivers, by taking the wild beast out and wringing its neck. This guy is nothing short of a rain master. The massively powerful Ford bucks and tries to spin every inch of the way, and I don't think it goes in a straight line once in this whole video. Spectacular.
Introducing the Infiniti G37 Coupe Track Car
While I'm on the topic of Infiniti and Red Bull, now might be a good time to tell you about their new promotional tool. The Infiniti gang has been having a bit of fun tweaking a G37 Coupe and turning it into a track weapon to be used for demonstrations, displays and passenger rides. They are promising that this machine will tour the globe, so let's hope that it makes a stop in Canada soon.
15 Seconds With: 2014 Ford Fiesta ST
Juvenile. That is the word a friend, who used to race a Mini in the U.K. used to describe his first impression of the Fiesta ST. He meant that in a good way, as the car made him feel twenty years younger and gave him the urge to drive it like a racer. I have to say that the Fiesta ST is a car that brings out the hoon in the loose nut behind the wheel. I haven't had this much fun in a car in ages. Even though my bad back makes getting into the Recaro racing seats a bit of a production, I look forward to driving the ST each and every time, just so that I can squirt that torque-y little 1,600 cc four cylinder again and again.
After a week's worth of fun, I noticed this morning that there is a lot of brake dust on the front wheels. I'm wondering if it is the Torque Vectoring Control system, which applies the inside front brake to prevent understeer that is causing this. Regardless, owners will not complain about washing their ST because they will want it nice and shiny when they go out to play.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hi! I just recently had a breast reduction (3 days post) and I am more than excited.
Like many women on this site, I began growing breast at a very young age--12 to be exact. By 6th grade, I was a 34 C while all of my friends were A cups or not even developing yet. Like many others, I began to become self conscious and resented the attention men (way too older) gave me.
Getting this procedure was always apart the plan for my life but many people tried to discourage me. They said I was too young and I should wait until after children. One day I woke up, went to work and decided this was my life and no one else so I called a plastic surgeon (April 2011) and got the ball rolling so to speak.
The anxiety I felt waiting for my insurance to approve and the actually surgery date to arrive was tough. I am a worry wart and who challenges all my anxiety into researching. As the date (9.7.11) I combed this site and others very similar to get other women's experiences and to figure out what to expect. I looked at so many before and after pictures if there was a FBI for boob watching I would be a the top of the most wanted list!
Finally I figured out how to let it go and wait for my surgery date and IT CAME!
I am 26 yrs old 122 pounds and 5'2 1/2. Here I am 3 days post surgery and I couldn't be happier with my decision. The doctor took 350 grams (I believe in total) I was too drugged up at my follow up to ask for clarification. Initially I was a size DD--which were beginning to barely fit so I imagine I was a DDD.
I wanted to be a large B or small C but the doctor told me I would probably be a large C. Which.... to be honest is not what I wanted. I communicated to my doctor my desired size but now I find myself obsessing over what size I will actually be. I know my beast will continuously change over the next year and I will not truly know my size until a year from now but can anyone tell me there story or give me advice to ease my anxiety over what size I will turn out to be?


text:
Sustainable Moves Committee | Alternative Fuel Vehicles
KVCC began offering Automotive Repair curriculum in September, 1968. The faculty for these programs are well versed in the latest advancements in automotive technologies. In 2006 and 2008, KVCC held Odyssey Day events for the general public to learn more about alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehicles. This is a biennial national event in celebration of alternative fuels.
Why alternative fuel vehicles? In an effort to reduce dependency on fossil fuels that are finite, non-renewable and add to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - the use and continued research of alternative forms of fuel is critical to growing future-sustainable transportation needs and jobs in this field.
Alternative fuels include:
- Liquified natural gas (LNG) - natural gas that is very, very cold
- Liquified petroleum gas (LPG, also called propane) - hydrocarbon gases under low pressure
- Liquids made from coal - gasoline and diesel fuel that doesn't come from petroleum
- Biodiesel - a lot like diesel, but made from plant oil or animal fat
If you would like to be a part of this important committee please contact Ted at 269-488-4284 or e-mail him


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Prime Minister Tony Abbott has personally briefed Chinese president Xi Jinping about the search for missing aircraft MH370, warning him there could be a long and painstaking road ahead.
Mr Abbott on Friday updated President Xi on the Australian-led search effort for the Malaysia Airlines plane in the Indian Ocean during a bilateral meeting at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
The prime minister said Australian authorities had very much narrowed down the search area to some kilometres after receiving "strong detections" from what they're confident is the plane's black box.
But he didn't mince words, warning his Chinese counterpart there was still a long way to go.
"This will be a very long, slow and painstaking process," he said.
He thanked President Xi for being the first leader to send ships to assist with the search once it shifted to the Indian Ocean.
The doomed plane went down more than a month ago in mysterious circumstances.
Of the 239 people aboard, 154 were Chinese.
President Xi thanked Australia for spearheading the search, and said China would remain in "close communication and cooperation" as they continued assisting the search.
"We would like to offer our sincere appreciation," he said through a translator.
Mr Abbott also used the meeting to extend a rare invitation to President Xi to visit Canberra and address Australia's parliament.
If he accepts, it will be just the second time a Chinese president has addressed parliament.
Hu Jintao became the first when invited in 2007.
Mr Abbott also canvassed the ongoing free trade talks with China, and raised his concerns over North Korea's recent provocative missile tests.
This could prove a potentially thorny issue, given China is Pyongyang's main ally and supplier of food, weapons and energy.
Mr Abbott will wrap up the formal engagements of his North Asia trip with a dinner hosted by President Xi.


text: This white paper outlines what Trojans are and why they pose a danger to corporate networks. As early as 2001, an eWeek article reported that tens of thousands of machines are infected with Trojans. This is still the case today - and the use of more sophisticated technology makes them all the more alarming: Trojans can be used to steal... Read More


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Truro and Falmouth MP Sarah Newton has given her stamp of approval to the extensive modernisation work recently completed at Truro Post Office.
Praising Post Office investment in a "great service for the community" she cut the ribbon at the new-look branch on Wednesday.
The team at Truro Post Office (TR1 2AP) are now serving customers in a brighter, more modern, open-plan branch following refurbishment as part of a major Post Office investment programme.
The refurbished branch now has new open-plan counters, as well as a dedicated counter to accept mails. Four new self-service kiosks have also been introduced, giving customers sending letters and parcels even more options as to how they access Post Office services, reducing queue times for customers.
The branch also has a private consultation room in which customers can discuss Post Office's financial services products with trained staff.
Ms Newton said: "I am really pleased to be with the team here today to celebrate the excellent refurbishment of Truro Post Office.
"The impact of the investment in this branch is evident once you walk in the doors. This is now a modern space for a modern service. The new open-plan layout is particularly good, making it easier for customers and staff to converse.
"This is a great service for the community and I am sure that customers will appreciate and embrace the changes that have been made."
Truro Post Office Manager Carole Trelease said: "A huge thank you to our customers from us all for your understanding during the refurbishment. It's great to now have a modern office to welcome you all into.
"Come and use our new machines to post your mail, get your holiday money, passport and insurance sorted and speak to our in-branch expert for a great mortgage deal too. We really hope you like it."


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Australians are ignoring government pleas to work longer and instead are taking early retirement when they hit their 50s, new figures show.
The government wants workers to retire at 67, but the average retirement age is closer to 59 for men and 50 for women, the Australian Bureau of Statistics revealed on Monday.
Last financial year, the average age at retirement for people aged 45 and over was 53.8.
The bureau's latest survey on "retirement and retirement intentions" in Australia suggests government plans to increase the retirement age to 67 may face some resistance.
It shows the average actual age of retirement is lower than the average intended age of retirement for all age groups.
But it also shows a significant number of people in the labour force aged 45 or over – almost one in five – are not planning to retire until they are at least 70.
"We found that, of the 2.3 million people who gave an age that they intended to retire, 17 per cent intended to retire at 70 years and older," ABS director of labour force Stephen Collett said.
About half of those surveyed (49 per cent) intended to retire between 65 and 69 years and 25 per cent intended to retire between 60 and 64 years, he said.
The report also found differences between those who were already retired and those intending to retire, when it came to expected sources of income.
"While almost half (46 per cent) of the people who had retired reported 'government pension or allowance' as their main source of income at retirement, less than one-third (27 per cent) of people aged 45 years and over who were intending to retire indicated that this would be their main expected source of income at retirement," Mr Collett said.


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Tried out the 513T
Mounted a old K6-1 Weaver on it. One ragged hole at 50 yards with CCI mini Mags. 3/4 MOA with Green Tag at 100 yards. I was going to refinish the stock. Nope, this keeper will just ride the Pick-Up with me.
Lengthened to 10 characters.
A Remington 513T is not a truck gun.
Is to Tango
Yes but that Remington 513T is a very nice gun and shoots very well. Why not get a mossberg 602 or 702 to beat up in the truck.
I can't have a truck gun because wife said I can't have a truck.
Lordy, Lordy,
Thats all good I am going to get a bike next year with my tax return (That is if they are giving back).
I am looking at either the Suzuki DR-Z 400SM
The KTM 990 Supermoto R
That 990 is a 990cc dirt bike. Talk about muther effing fun. WOO HOO I might end up in jail though for doing 140 mph on I-95 LOL.....
Gotta love the old Remingtons! I don't have a 513T yet, but do have it's little sister the 521T Junior Target. Slimmer barrel and non-adjustable trigger - but a good shooter!
Capt - I hope you are a good wrencher! Those Katooms are maintenance hogs. :D
But, you'd sure blow my over-weight&under-powered KLR650 into the weeds!
Every bike I ever had spent more time in my shop than it did on the track. So I gave up on having them.
The Katommies are nice looking bikes.
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Michael Hadley, a fisheries biologist in the DWR's Southern Region, sent in this report on a Koosharem Reservoir Survey conducted April 26:
Even snow and a cold wind couldn't dampen spirits at seeing fat, healthy trout return to Koosharem Reservoir. Though numbers are still not high, all trout are in great condition and should provide some improved fish opportunities this year. Cutthroat trout made up the majority of the fish caught, while several rainbow trout and even a couple of brook trout were also sampled. We saw more fish in the 15-18 inch range than in recent years. The largest fish caught was a cutthroat trout that measured nearly 24 inches and weighed 5.5 lbs. The cold weather and water temperatures reduced our ability to catch Utah chubs, so it is difficult to say whether their numbers have been significantly reduced. What is clear, however, is that recent good water years have improved the ability of trout to compete with chubs and thrive. Photos:This cutthroat trout sampled at Koosharem Reservoir on April 26, 2011, measured nearly 24 inches and weighed 5.5 pounds
A pile of fat, healthy rainbow trout collected at Koosharem Reservoir on April 26, 2011.


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|OraclePl/SQL Developer @Rate : $45/hr Need 10+ yrs of profile
|Kevin Quest
|Mon, 20 Jun 2011 21:14:38 +0530
Hi All
Location : Washington DC
Duration : 6+months
Experience in developing software/database applications for Finance/Investment Banking Industry.
Ability to learn products quickly.
Hands-on experience in developing Oracle 10g applications and interfaces using Scripting, PL/SQL, Oracle SQL, .Net and developing reports
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The 'Midnight in Paris' actress joins the production of Wim Wenders' movie, which already began filming in Montreal.
Rachel McAdams has just added a new work commitment. The 34-year-old Canadian beauty, who starred opposite then boyfriend Ryan Gosling in the Teen Choice Award-winning romance "The Notebook", is set to join James Franco in "Every Thing Will Be Fine", the upcoming drama from director Wim Wenders.
In the story as unveiled by The Hollywood Reporter which broke the casting news, Franco's character is a man responsible for the death of a young boy who channels his guilt into a successful writing career. As he gets more famous, however, he represses and rejects the emotional connection he has to the boy's brother and mother post-the accident.
McAdams will be featured as Franco's on-screen girlfriend, who needs to deal with his deteriorating mental health. Charlotte Gainsbourg plays the mother of the aforementioned young kid, while Robert Naylor is playing the brother, who reaches out to Franco's character, Thomas, 10 years after the accident.
Wenders directs from a script by Bjorn Olaf Johannessen. Gian-Piero Ringel is on board to produce the movie, which already kicked off its production in Montreal last week.
McAdams, also known for starring in "The Vow", will next be seen in "About Time", a romantic comedy from Richard Curtis, the writer of "Notting Hill".


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About MeI am seeking any opportunities to broadcast myself whether through modeling or acting. Even though I consider this my passion, I also take it very seriously. If i seem of interest please message me and we can set something up!
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Tuesday, August 22, 2017
Anxiety and Stress Disorders
Nervous Habit or Compulsion
Hi. I am a 22 year old female and am working at my first job out of college. When I get stressed, I pick at the palm of my hand, sometimes to the point of bleeding. I had stopped picking for awhile, which took much strength, but have recently begun picking again. I also pick the middle of the bottom of my foot.
I was wondering whether you have ever heard of this before? I have been doing it for at least six years, but only during stressful times. Also, do you know why I pick at these places? Are they pressure points?
I know it would be easy to just say stop, but I can`t. Any advice?
What you are describing could be a "nervous habit" or it could be a "compulsion." It is impossible to tell with a brief internet description. I recommend that you talk to your primary care physician or a mental health professional to better help you figure out what is going on.
Nervous habits are common, repetitive actions we do to help us in stressful situations or when we are feeling some mild anxiety. The actions of nail biting, hair twirling, skin picking, etc. focus our sub-conscious attention on the activity and allow us to get through the stress or anxiety. The actions then become habits because we do them again and again because they were successful - we made it through the anxiety by biting our nails, so we continue to do so. Nervous habits often begin in childhood, and may continue into adulthood unless we find more successful ways to deal with stress and anxiety such as talking with friends and family, exercise, meditation, prayer, etc. Occasionally "nervous habits" continue just as habits because we have done them so often. They no longer serve a purpose to decrease anxiety, but we do them because we have done them for so long.
Compulsions are different, and are part of a more serious anxiety disorder called obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that a person almost feels driven to do. They are aimed at preventing or reducing distress (or preventing some dreaded event) but they are either not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to prevent, or they are clearly excessive. For example, if someone feels driven to wash their hands ten times in a row each time they wash in order to kill germs, the excessive hand washing will not realistically decrease germs, but a person with OCD will feel anxious or upset if they don't do the handwashing 10 times.
People with compulsions eventually recognize that the behavior is excessive or unrealistic, but they feel powerless to stop the behavior because their level of distress is so high if they don't do the compulsion. Eventually, these compulsive behaviors interfere with a person's life -- they either take so much time or cause physical, work or social problems.
When a person finds it impossible to stop a behavior that has negative consequences for them, it is a good idea to get some professional help. Your aren't picking at your hand or foot because it is a pressure point - this is the habit or behavior that you have developed to help you deal with anxiety. However, when the "habit" becomes a problem itself, it is time to get professional help. Luckily, treatments today can really help people with these problems.
Nancy Elder, MD
Associate Professor
College of Medicine
University of Cincinnati


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Rooming in London with Herbert Pocket, Pip is obsessed with Estella, the proud beauty he first met as a child at the home of her guardian, Miss Haversham. However, his future is bound to another figure from his past, the escaped convict, Magwitch.
This was the third screen telling of Charles Dickens's classic novel, following a 1916 version, starring Jack Pickford and Louise Huff, and a 1934 remake, with Phillips Holmes and Jane Wyatt. Written by David Lean, Ronald Neame and Anthony Havelock-Allan, the screenplay is a model of judicious pruning and compression, with characters being removed or reduced to `a sniff' to keep the action moving and the focus firmly on the principals. Yet, not only is the story's twisting intrigue retained, but the Dickens spirit pervades every scene
The plot is built around Pip's enduring obsession with Estella. But, as in all Dickensian dramas, justice had to be done to the vivid secondary characters and Martita Hunt was ethereally sour and brittle as Miss Haversham, Bernard Miles exuded geniality as Joe Gargery and Finlay Currie combined desperate menace with remorseful benevolence, as Magwitch.
His entrance, in the Kentish churchyard, remained among Lean's finest directorial moments, although it owed much to his expertise as an editor to achieve its resounding impact. Guy Green's Oscar-winning monochrome photography was also key, as it reinforced the brooding atmosphere of the art direction by John Bryan and Wilfred Singleton, who also won Academy Awards for such masterly sets as the virtual mausoleum in which Miss Haversham mourns the demise of her romantic dreams and Mr Jaggers (Francis L. Sullivan)'s legal office, whose walls are lined with the death masks of those he couldn't save from execution.
Always prone to stiffness, Valerie Hobson proved less alluring than her junior counterpart, Jean Simmons. But 38 year-old John Mills and 34 year-old Alec Guinness (who was making his full debut, after appearing as an extra in Evensong in 1934) bely their years to capture the innocence and exuberance of a youth that is remorselessly tempered by the cruel Victorian reality that undercuts any lingering certainty in the far from sentimentalised happy ending.
This is still the definitive version of Charles Dickens' amospheric and occasionally creepy classic


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Contact Us
Just look at the Nixon Case. That was only a political stupidity and no one was hurt.
Clinton was convicted of perjury (lying) and impeached and lost his law license. only Lewinsky was hurt.
Obummer must be removed from office before he hurts more people and destroys the country and transform us into a banana republic.
What do you think?
No Republican President, not even Richard Nixon has ever come close to the abuses of power we see today in the White House. Imagine if Nixon had said he would govern with a pen and phone? The media and Democrats would have blown off the ceiling. Emperor Obama said he would change America and he is surely doing it, all for the worse.


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Mobile telephone carriers must allow customers' competitors to connect to their networks, and they must make roaming available to competitors for a "reasonable" cost, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) said Tuesday.
Reacting to complaints about large carriers charging heavy roaming fees to customers of smaller competitors, the FCC voted to require that mobile carriers provide roaming services on a nondiscriminatory basis. Providing roaming connections is an obligation of commercial mobile phone carriers, the FCC said.
In addition to mobile voice calls, carriers must provide roaming to competitors for text-messaging and push-to-talk services, the commission said.
The FCC's two Democrats applauded the majority's decision, but said the commission should have extended the roaming order to broadband data services as well. "I believe we should have taken another step forward today," said commissioner Michael Copps, a Democrat. "Consumers rely upon their mobile handsets these days for a dizzying array of data services, going well beyond those we cover in today's item."
Related Links
E.U. to Call Out Carriers Not Offering Cheap Cellular Roaming
Roaming Charges Too High, Survey Says
The commission declined to set roaming rules three times since 1996, but some consumer groups have complained about roaming fees as high as US$0.79 a minute. The fees have been particularly high for customers of small, rural carriers accessing large carriers' networks, Copps said.
"Today's item is good news for consumers who want to be able to use their mobile phones as they travel across the United States," Copps added.
Republican Commissioner Robert McDowell said he supported the FCC's "narrowly tailored" decision. The new rule does not set roaming rates or launch an investigation into roaming fees, he said. "Our light regulatory approach will benefit wireless consumers because we are allowing the industry to fulfill consumer expectations of anytime, anywhere communications through seamless roaming arrangements," McDowell added.
Large mobile carriers such as Sprint Nextel argued against new roaming rules, saying a competitive market was taking care of the problem. More than 8 percent of wireless calls were roaming calls in 1996, compared to less than 2 percent in 2006, Sprint Nextel said in a letter to the FCC dated July 23. Average roaming charges have dropped in that time from $0.82 per minute in 1995 to $0.04 in 2006, Sprint Nextel said.
But the Rural Cellular Association urged the FCC to set roaming rules for voice and data on mobile networks. Small carriers asking for roaming agreements for data have been rejected by large carriers, the trade group said in a letter to the FCC July 18. "Consumers need and should have access to voice and data services at all levels, including 3G and higher, when they leave their home carrier's service area," the letter said. "When the market fails, as it has here, the commission must step in to allow consumers to use their wireless equipment to access other carriers' high-speed networks."
The new roaming rules require automatic roaming connections when the equipment is technologically compatible.
"Consumers increasingly expect that their mobile phones will function where they work, where they play and where they travel," said FCC Chairman Kevin Martin. "Automatic roaming fulfills these expectations in a manner that is seamless and transparent to the consumer."


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Damon wants to use Silas to bring Bonnie back to life, but the cost is beyond what Damon can imagine.
Damon comes up with a very dangerous idea to bring Bonnie back to life. In a preview for the next episode of "The Vampire Diaries", he tells Jeremy, "I want to use Silas' death to bring Bonnie back to life."
Jeremy seemingly doesn't believe what he just heard as he asks back, "You want to work with Silas?!" Even Bonnie is against the plan, saying, "What about the consequences? When you abuse magic, there's always a price!"
Silas, indeed, wants something in return for his favor and the cost may be beyond what Damon can imagine, as Silas asks Damon to kill his brother Stefan.
On campus, Elena is touched by a sad and secretive student named Aaron (guest star Shaun Sipos). Elena and Damon attend the Whitmore Historical Ball dressed as Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. At the Ball, Elena shares a dance with Dr. Maxfield (guest star Rick Cosnett), who has a disturbing message for her.
Caroline's evening at the Ball takes her from happiness to heartbreak. Meanwhile, Nadia (guest star Olga Fonda) reveals her surprising history to Katherine, and Damon tries to make a deal with Silas. Silas' demand that Damon commit an unthinkable act leads to a violent confrontation.
"Monster's Ball" will air on Thursday, October 31 at 8/7c on The CW.


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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 11/4/2014 (1224 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
We Winnipeggers have a tendency to focus on what's wrong with our city -- which is understandable given all that's wrong with it these days -- but there's lots that's getting better. And there are people who are trying to make it better in ways we don't often consider.
Restaurants, for example.
Which brings me to an event that exemplifies the effort on that food front. Next Thursday, Takashi Murikami, the godfather of local chefs and former coach of Canada's team at the World Culinary Olympics, will be honoured at the inaugural Top Chef Award Dinner. The funds raised at the black-tie dinner will send a pair of Red River College culinary arts students on four-month international internships at the renowned Institut Paul Bocuse in Lyon, France. The idea is to broaden their experience. The hope is that at least some of them will bring their talents back to Winnipeg for all to savour and enjoy. The concept was dreamed up by Fort Garry Hotel managing partners Ric Bel and Ida Albo, as their way of enhancing the major funding contribution from Andrew Paterson and his family to the college's culinary arts program, that's formally known as the Paterson Global Food Institute and housed in Western Canada's first skyscraper, the refurbished Union Bank Tower.
How will this international internship work and what will it do for the students and perhaps even our city?
Well, the program hasn't even sent its first interns, and we already have a glowing example. His name is Adam Donnelly and today he is the 31-year-old chef at the popular Segovia Tapas Bar and Restaurant in Osborne Village. And, along with his 26-year-old wife, Carolina Konrad, and her business partner parents, they have created one of the most acclaimed eating spots in the city. In Canada, for that matter. Donnelly, a Red River College culinary arts grad (class of 2005), accomplished that because he invented a self-funded international internship program of his own. One that took him to the kitchens of Melbourne, Australia and London, England and to tastings at the tapas-style restaurants of Spain that inspired his own. That's a long trek from where he started, on the edge of the Canadian Shield, in picturesque Pinawa, a place known for its fine people, but not its fine dining. His mother Chris served basic meat and potatoes at home, and he was a basic sports-playing boy. Then, one day, in his late teens, he saw something in the new-book section at the public library; celebrity chef Anthony Bourdain's Kitchen Confidential: Adventures in the Culinary Underbelly. Undoubtedly, it was first watching Bourdain on TV that made young Adam reach for the book.
"It looked like a pretty interesting lifestyle," he remembers.
Still, when he applied at Red River College it was initially in hotel management. That didn't last long. By 2003, he was in Red River's culinary arts program, cooking for the first time with risotto as his first dish. Risotto being a kind of initial test of whether he had the patience to be a chief. "It took a lot of time, and stirring and constant watching."
Part of the program involved three-month restaurant placements where the long hours and physical nature of the work tend to separate the cooks from the future chefs.
Adam thrived on it. "I liked how much I was learning."
Still it took a year off, travelling in Australia, working in kitchens and falling in love with the citrus-infused flavours of the land to keep him on the road to where he would end up.
But, as inspiring as his trip Down Under was, Adam wasn't sure he was in love with being a chef.
The only love of his life he was certain of when he returned to Winnipeg was his future wife, Carolina.
And together they moved to London.
Once settled, he was accepted to work, for free at first, with Michelin-starred Chef Tom Aikens. It's there the thought of being a chef moved from simmering on the back burner, to almost boiling over on the front. "When I was in London that's when I really knew it was for me and that's what I wanted to be."
But he wanted to be a chef in Winnipeg, where his friends and family were.
It was also while they were still there, and anticipation of the couple's hope of opening their own restaurant back home, that Carolina's parents purchased the house on Stradbrook near Osborne that became Segovia on their return to the city. Segovia opened Dec. 1, 2009, less two weeks before his 27th birthday. By 2012 Maclean's magazine had anointed Segovia one of Canada's top 50 restaurants.
Adam still travels, to grow as a chef, although I expect the birth five months ago of another love of his life, the couple's first child, a girl named Ausette, may cut down on some of those working holidays. But, obviously, travelling the kitchens of the world and bringing it back home, has made him a better chef. And Winnipeg a better place to live.
As I was saying, Adam Donnelly did that the hard way, on his own. But if you would like to help the next Adam Donnelly, and enjoy a world-class meal, too, tickets to the Top Chef Award Dinner are available at http://events.rrc.ca/topchefawarddinner.


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Production of first Iranian car goes on stream
The Tehran-based automaker Khodro Corporation announced the official launch of the country's first locally designed and assembled vehicle brand, the Samand. The family car is made up of 85 percent domestically produced autoparts.
Officials expect the Samand brand sales to earn the government up to five billion dollars is value-added tax over the next five-year period, reported the official IRNA. The same sources estimated the national project had so far cost nearly $50 million in government investments.
The Samand engine is a 97-horsepower 1,800 cc engine. A fully automated assembly line has produced 2,800 Samands so far, with production is scheduled to reach 43,000 units by April 2003, and more than double that then on. The 45 percent state-owned Iran Khodro plant manufactured 220,000 passenger vehicles last year, with the British Paykan model in the lead.
Iran produced 30 percent more vehicles in the first 11 months of the Iranian year 1380, which started March 21, 2001. Official statistics recently published by the Ministry of Industries and Mines indicated that all in all 343,941 units were assembled during that period, 289,954 of which were passenger cars. — (menareport.com)
© 2002 Mena Report (www.menareport.com)


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Fort Wayne, IN
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We will travel, with compensation, to the destination of your choice!
Our combined fifty years of service in the wedding photography field assures you of only the finest in coverage of your special day.
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CRAIG Charles may currently be best known for his portrayal of cabbie Lloyd Mullaney or as Dave Lister in Red Dwarf, but many forget about his other passion for and life in the music scene.
And it's not unless you specifically follow him that you may know about his many years presenting on BBC Radio 6 Music with his funk and soul show and his almost annual appearances at festivals including Glastonbury, Lovebox, Latitude and his latest appearance at Bromyard's Nozstock.
"I started off doing the Kiss FM Breakfast Show and now I've been on BBC 6 for 13 years," he said.
"The BBC music show is growing so big now it's hard to believe. When I first started it was a lot different."
The show, which he started presenting in 20012, started being broadcast live on BBC Radio 2 from the start of this year because of it's growing popularity and the fact that it has the largest audience share than any other show on the network.
But aside from the radio and acting roles, Craig curates a day at the annual Jazz, Funk and Soul Festival in Birmingham and has been involved in many bands around his DJing.
"We mix the music from when I was a kid with modern day stuff so it's not all for one type of music-lover," he said. "I love going to festivals to perform because I play to guys in Lambretta jackets, teens and grannies and that's what music is about."
Craig will be bringing his Craig Charles Funk and Soul Club to the family festival Nozstock: The Hidden Valley tonight with a special treat for his fans.
"I've just got this festival remix of Jungle Boogie which I will be playing especially for the audiences at Nozstock so that should be good," he said.
There are still tickets available for the festival, which starts today, but online sales are over so they will be sold on the gate on arrival.


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Patient Died at New York VA Hospital After Alarm Was Ignored
The Veterans Affairs Office of Inspector General again found problems with the care provided by nurses in a cardiac monitoring unit at the VA hospital in Manhattan.
Registered nurses at a Manhattan Veterans Affairs hospital failed to notice a patient had become disconnected from a cardiac monitor until after his heart had stopped and he could not be revived, according to a report Monday from the VA inspector general.
The incident from last June was the second such death at the hospital involving a patient connected to a monitor in a six-month period. The first, along with two earlier deaths at a Denver VA hospital, raised questions about nursing competency in the VA system, ProPublica reported last month.
The deaths also prompted a broader review of skills and training of VA nurses. Only half of 29 VA facilities surveyed by the inspector general in a recent report had adequately documented that their nurses had skills to perform their duties. Even though some nurses "did not demonstrate competency in one or more required skills," the government report stated, there was no evidence of retraining.
Monday's report documents the June 2011 death of patient in his 80s at the Manhattan campus of the VA's New York Harbor Healthcare System. The man had undergone several heart procedures and needed to have his vital signs continuously monitored, the report said.
On his fifth day at the hospital, monitor records show that an alarm indicated a problem with the device or the patient. But there is no evidence nurses were aware of the alarm until the man was discovered unresponsive an hour and a half later. He was declared dead shortly afterward, the report said.
"The patient's telemetry status was not effectively monitored at the time of his death due to a lack of awareness of the disconnected lead," inspectors concluded.
Registered nurses assigned to telemetry units typically place cardiac leads, set parameters for the monitors tracking each patient, verify heart rhythms and take appropriate actions if there is an irregularity. They also enter progress notes and inform doctors of any changes.
Ironically, federal inspectors were in the hospital the same month to investigate the first death, which occurred in a different monitoring unit in January 2011.
During that investigation, the inspectors discovered nurses at the hospital didn't understand how the monitors even worked. None of those interviewed could accurately explain what would happen if a patient became disconnected from a cardiac monitor.
Inspectors also found no evidence that the nurses' competence had been checked. Records showed that one of the patient's nurses had last received training on the monitors 13 years earlier, according the October 2011. The report recommended sweeping changes and retraining, which the hospital agreed to implement.
IG inspectors were not notified of the second death at the Manhattan facility until someone complained in November 2011, five months after the alarm was missed and the patient died.
The latest report does not recommend any additional changes or training at the hospital because "managers have made significant progress" after the first report.
In a response to the inspector general, the hospital acknowledged receipt of the report and said it concurred with the document. A spokeswoman for the VA in Washington didn't immediately respond to our requests for comment.
21 comments
Monitoring the status of heart patients is basic nursing. If they don't understand this they are not qualified to be hired as nurses. Veterans deserve better than this terrible shoddy treatment.
This just proves the old military saying, you are given two opportunities to give your life to you country: once on the battlefield, and again in the VA hospital.
You seldom hear of this sort of thing in a private hospital or one associated with a religious organization. That's because the first person notified in those organizations when someone dies or is injured under questionable circumstances is their legal staff. The first person survivors, or the injured party, will see is not one of the doctors, but a lawyer, most often than not offering shut up and go away money. As a user of both the military medical system and the VA with a couple of chronic problems, I have always found the care to be good.
I once had a nurse supervisor living in my apt house. She
was dealing with a local hospital where all the nurses were
from a given country—and she was dumbfounded at how
little they cared about their patients. She was truly shocked!
Well obviously to save even more money, Conservatives need to make more cuts in the evil socialist VA. This would cut down on pay for staff, and more "accidents" can happen.
I used to work at the Manhattan VA back in 1970's.
The nurses always gave good care back then.
I am surprised at the lack of education the nurses
have now a days.
I always had the up most respect for the veterans
we cared for. I
We need to thank them better for their service by
giving them excellent care.
I hold administration responsible.
Don't blame the nurses! Blame cutbacks for not enough staff! I agree with Corey Mondello. The nurses do the best they can in situations like these. Hold the administration, all the way up to CONGRESS, responsible. It's unfortunate that you can't really sue the Government.
Yes, thank the nurses for their service. Their managers should be disciplined, or better, fired, for not noticing the nurses did not know how to use the monitors. Further, the doctors responsible for this travesty should be terminated. Not retrained, just fired. There are many eager to take these jobs. Time to clean out all the incompetents and negligent managers and executives. Criminal prosecution might also be considered.
Quit blaming Republicans for everything. This is about poor care by an incompetent staff, not budget cuts.
No surprises here. Care provided by the VA Health Admin is inferior across the board. Not only are they underfunded, they are staffed for the most part by the second string. Vets deserve better.
checking a monitor should be not less than hourly. to not know that one is not operational is negligent.
a good monitor would have an alarm to signal if any leads became nonfunctional and thats what happened
the nurses were not fit for duty in the environment provided
fix it
The VA system in this country MUST be held accountable for the lack of care to our precious veterans. Last October, my son, a Marine who served three tours in Iraq met with a therapist for help with PTSD. His medical records show that he was in desperate condition, telling of his recent flashbacks, insomnia, road rage, general irritability to the point that while driving he would often have a flashback and had to pull off of the road because he couldn't figure out if he was still in Iraq or here. The therapist let him walk out the doors of the VA Hosp. in Dayton, Ohio. A month later, he committed suicide. I, his mother, was listed as his emergency contact but whomever he saw, didn't see fit to make a call that would have probably saved his life. After his death, I requested his medical records and was absolutely sick to my stomach when I found out what he had endured in his three years in the war. Something HAS to be done to get families involved in treatment for PTSD and TBI. My son was a young 29 year old who had the rest of his life to live but because of a negligent "therapist" who had seen him for almost three months prior to his death, didn't pick up the telephone to let anyone in the family know his condition. Our beloved veterans and their families deserve BETTER than what they are getting. If it takes my last breath on this Earth, I am going to see that things are changed and families will be the first contact when a veteran is seen for PTSD and/or TBI. Often they abuse alcohol or drugs, compounded with PTSD and TBI. This is a lethal combination, that, without the proper treatment will end in disaster as did my son's life. I don't know how to carry on without my son . . . .the irony is he survived three and a half long years in the warzone . . . . but couldn't survive in civilian life back here in the states. Something is terribly, terribly wrong with the "system".
Jody, my heart aches for you in the loss of your son. He with many others are getting substandard care despite volunteering and committing themselves to defend the constitution and uphold democracy.
My daughter served in Afghanistan and fought in combat with the Taliban before Congress even knew women were out there doing what they were trained to do. She was turned away by the VA hospital she went to because women are not real soldiers.
I had the same experience and still fight for my care and getting someone to help me with my PTSD. I have had to push to get the correct cancer care for my spouse who served two tours in V. Nam and still deals with PTSD.
Incompetent administrators, physicians, nurses, staff and employees are never fired; they are just relocated to another hospital clinic or to work in another VA hospital.
It will take a lot of work to get the VA to become responsible. It is also important to look at care for our wounded veterans all through their life cycle and get resources in place. We need a support system where a family can get support and information as they help their veteran get their rightly deserved benefits and complete health care.
There are many who feel the same way you do. The various veteran groups are continuously lobbying Congress for more financial allocation for providing care. Unfortunately, those who have not served and have health care plans which provide access to outstanding care, do not understand the promise made to our military members must be kept. The budget must never, never be balanced on the back of those who have served this country.
My prayers are with you.
ALL hospitals must be held accountable!!! Over 100,000 die every year due to hospital or medical errors! We went to war over the deaths at the World Trade Center! We must go to war over these deaths and demand an end to these kind of mistakes!
Nursing staff at the VA hospital in Memphis killed my brother. While I was visiting him one day, the nurses were moving him from one bed to another when his IV feel to the floor. Time went by before I could get a nurses' attention to tell her about the IV. She came to the room and picked up the IV from the floor and was going to re-insert it. I made her stop and get a new IV. She got mad and I threatened to report her. She said "God can't fire me! I have a job for life and don't care what you do!" Sadly, my brother died a few weeks later. Oh, he walked into the hospital for blood work and came out a paraplegic, having contracted a rare Staph infection while in the hospital. VA hospitals need to be closed down and patients referred to private hospitals before more veterans die.
The VA system is like a patchwork quilt. Some are wonderful - the Lexington, KY VA is one of those - and some are houses of horror. And some are great in one area, and lousy in another. There needs to be a way to target the bad ones and reward the good ones.
After ruling out machine error, Terminate by firing the charge nurse and the patient nurse; this gross error cannot be tolerated. Also suggest every cardiac ICU nurse be forced to retrain to the point that he/she is expert on the techniques by obtaining their signatures on a document certifying their level of training. I was a clinical lab inspector back in the 1970's and can verify that some, not all, VA hospitals were death traps. We shut down some of them. Our local VA hospital in Portland, Oregon is an excellent institution, one I would not hesitate using. I have personally witnessed extraordinary cardiac ICU nursing and physicians work at this shop and cannot compliment them more.
I remember when a family member was in an acute care facility, the staff would sit around the nurses station, eat and chat while alarms were going off. Most of the people in this facility were hooked up to breathing machines. The alarms went off when the patients were struggling to breathe. I spent every waking moment at my family member's bedside to be her advocate.
Unfortunately this is going on everywhere. And it's beyond inhumane when people just show up to work when they are dealing with life and death situations.
What is the answer? You could have a health care facility on every corner, but it still wouldn't matter if the people that work there are incompetent.
As a nurse I cannot think of why this patient was not checked on before the hour and a half went by and he was found without a pulse….especially patient's with monitors!!! Frequent checks are a must!
This is so unfortunate but not surprising. I have worked in the Health Care Field for 30years and I can tell you that the caliber of people that work in the hospitals, Long term care centers etc are so far from being empathetic or compassionate. It is not only in the VA but across all boards when it comes to care. I have worked along side of people who did not have the right license or certification to take care of a dog let alone a human. Sad but true.
February 2011, my father unexpectedly had "routine" neck surgery at Southern New Hampshire Medical Center. Less than 24 hours after surgery my father was "found" unresponsive in his room; partially naked. His neck brace was on; front piece appeared to be torn off! It was obvious there were signs of a struggle. Once the nurses were notified medical records reflect that it took the nurses 5 min to respond, another 5 min went by and a code blue was called. Took 18 min to get a pulse. He ended up being rushed to ICU, machines doing a 100% of the breathing for him. When my brother & I saw our father, his neck was severely bruised and very swollen. The hospital tried to cover it up by placing a hand towel over his neck. I was told it was to help with all the tubes??? Why should a patient ever be "found" in a hospital? The more and more I research the more I see it. A 69 yr. old man who is a diabetic, has had kidney problems, and issues with his heart , less than 24 hours after surgery; and not be connected to a heart monitor. "It wasn't deemed necessary" I was told. No alarms went off and no one knows how long he was down. Completely Unacceptable could have been anywhere from 10 - 30 min. Now there are saying it was due to a clot. Whether it was due to a clot or not is irrelevant, a man was unable to breathe in a hospital and no one came to assist. I honestly feel that the clot ruptured as a result of the stress and anxiety he was under trying to get the neck brace off. There is evidence that he was struggling. Oddly enough, when I spoke to the chief medical examiner she quoted, there is no question in anybodys mind that your father in fact did struggled to breathe. (let me finish the sentence…and no one responded to help himn either) I can only imagine what my father was going through in that hospital room the last minutes of his life. It is clear that his neck began to swell as a result of his surgery and the neck brace was basically suffocating him! Why else would his neck be bruised so badly, and the front piece of the collar torn off? My father was fighting for his life to breathe! The latest excuse I have been given, "There are no guarantees that the nurses would have been able to respond to your father in time." I was appalled, so it is okay that a man in a HOSPITAL is down the hall fighting for his life, trying to remove a neck brace so he can breathe; and no one to help him! My father lost his life. Now imagine if this was your father?
Commenting on this story is closed.


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Run DMC And Adidas Reveal 2013 Fall/Winter "Injection" Pack
Run DMC is no stranger to sporting Adidas tracksuits, Shell Toe kicks and other swag comfort clothing. A relationship dating back three decades, the fashion label and rap duo are joining forces once again on a capsule collection called the "Injection" pack.
The hip-hop legends new collection will feature sweats, hoodies, t-shirts, shorts and their iconic logo in black or white text on select clothing. Sneakerheads also have reason to be excited as a special edition pair of Superstar 80s – or Shell Toes – will be made available for purchase.
Be prepared to camp out as only 1,000 pairs will be made available worldwide.
While crafting their line to launch, Rev Run and DMC are also teaming up with Fool's Gold founder, A-Trak, for Adidas' "Unite All Originals" campaign. –Alley Olivier
Photo Credit: Getty


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 17, 2006
|Filing date
|Jun 10, 2005
|Priority date
|Feb 26, 1997
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Raymond J. Beffa
|Original Assignee
|Micron Technology, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (108), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (10), Classifications (30), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/600,148, filed Jun. 19, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,944,567, issued Sep. 13, 2005, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/067,728, filed Feb. 4, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,594,611, issued Jul. 15, 2003, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/793,938, filed Feb. 27, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,363,329, issued Mar. 26, 2002, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/537,839, filed Mar. 29, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,208,947, issued Mar. 27, 2001, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/302,338, filed Apr. 29, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,067,507, issued May 23, 2000, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/806,442, filed Feb. 26, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,915,231, issued Jun. 22, 1999, which is related to: Ser. No. 08/591,238, filed Jan. 17, 1996, now abandoned; Ser. No. 08/664,109, filed Jun. 13, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,962, issued Apr. 20, 1999; and Ser. No. 08/785,353, filed Jan. 17, 1997 now U.S. Pat. 5,927,512, issued Jul. 27, 1999.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing and, more specifically, to methods in IC manufacturing processes for identifying and redirecting ICs mis-processed during their manufacture.
2. State of the Art
As shown in
After being probed, ICs are sawed from their wafer 12 into discrete IC dice or "chips" using high-speed precision dicing equipment. IC dice identified as good by their wafer map 14 are then each "picked" by automated equipment from their sawed wafer 12 and "placed" on an epoxy coated bonding site of a lead frame, while IC dice identified as bad are discarded into a scrap bin 16. The epoxy attaching the good IC dice to their lead frames is then allowed to cure, and the attached dice are wire bonded to their lead frames using high speed bonding equipment. At this point in the process 10, the lead frames of IC dice are still connected to other lead frames.
Once wire bonded, IC dice and their lead frames are formed into IC packages using a hot thermosetting plastic encapsulant injected into a mold. Leads of the lead frames project from the IC packages after encapsulation, and these leads are dipped in a cleansing chemical bath in a process referred to as "de-flash." After de-flash, IC packages are cured to set their plastic encapsulant, and their projecting leads are then electroplated with a lead/tin finish.
After lead finishing, connections between the lead frames of different IC packages are cut to "singulate" the IC packages into discrete IC devices. Discrete devices are then tested in a simple electronic test that checks for "opens" (i.e., no connection) within the devices where connections should exist and "shorts" (i.e., a connection) where connections should not exist. Devices that fail the opens/shorts test are discarded into the scrap bin 16, and devices that pass proceed to extensive back-end test procedures where they are tested for functionality and operability before being shipped to customers.
On occasion, bad IC dice are accidentally picked from a sawed wafer 12 for subsequent assembly and back-end testing as described above. This can happen, for example, because a human, software, or electronic error causes the automated pick and place equipment described above to access the wrong wafer map 14 for a wafer 12. It can also happen because of a misalignment, referred to as a "registration" error, between the automated pick and place equipment and a wafer 12. In either case, such accidents typically are not detected until the bad IC dice undergo at least some back-end testing and, as a result, waste back-end testing resources. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a method of identifying and discarding accidentally assembled IC dice before the dice undergo back-end testing procedures.
As described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,301,143, 5,294,812, and 5,103,166, some methods have been devised to electronically identify IC dice. Such methods take place "off" the manufacturing line, and involve the use of electrically retrievable identification (ID) codes, such as so-called "fuse IDs," programmed into individual IC dice to identify the dice. The programming of a fuse ID typically involves selectively blowing an arrangement of fuses or anti-fuses in an IC die so that when the fuses or anti-fuses are accessed, they output a selected ID code. Unfortunately, none of these methods addresses the problem of identifying and discarding accidentally assembled IC dice "on" a manufacturing line.
The present invention provides a method that can identify and discard accidentally assembled integrated circuit (IC) dice "on" an IC manufacturing line before the dice undergo back-end testing procedures.
In one embodiment, the method identifies and redirects ICs that have been mis-processed, such as bad ICs identified at probe that have accidentally been assembled and packaged. The method includes storing data, such as an electronic wafer map, at probe, for example, in association with a unique identification (ID) code, such as a fuse ID, of each of the ICs. The stored data indicates a process flow within the IC manufacturing process that each of the ICs should undergo. For example, the stored data may indicate that an IC is bad and should be discarded, or that an IC is good and should be assembled and packaged.
As described above, on occasion, one or more ICs do not undergo the process flow they should undergo. For example, some bad ICs may proceed through assembly and packaging rather than being discarded. To check for ICs that have not undergone the process flow they should undergo, the present method also includes reading the ID code of each of the ICs at, for example, the opens/shorts test at the end of assembly. The data (e.g., the wafer map) stored in association with the ID code of each of the ICs is then accessed and evaluated to identify any ICs that have undergone a process flow within the IC manufacturing process that is different from the process flow their data indicates they should have undergone, such as bad ICs that have proceeded through assembly and packaging. Any ICs identified as having been mis-processed are then redirected within the IC manufacturing process. Thus, for example, bad ICs that have been assembled and packaged may be discarded so they do not proceed to back-end testing.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a method of manufacturing IC devices, such as Dynamic Random Access Memory Devices (DRAMs), from semiconductor wafers includes providing the semiconductor wafers and fabricating ICs on the wafers. A substantially unique ID code, such as a fuse ID, is then stored in each of the ICs, and data is stored in association with the ID code of each of the ICs that indicates a manufacturing process flow that each of the ICs should undergo. Each IC is then separated from its wafer to form an IC die, and the IC dice are assembled into IC devices, such as wire bond/lead frame devices, Chip On Board (COB) devices, or flip-chip devices. The ID code associated with each of the IC devices is then read, and the data stored in association with the ID code associated with each of the IC devices is accessed and evaluated to identify any IC devices that have undergone a manufacturing process flow that is different from the manufacturing process flow their data indicates they should have undergone. These identified IC devices are then redirected (e.g., discarded), and the remaining IC devices continue on to back-end testing.
A further embodiment of the present invention comprises a method of manufacturing Multi-Chip Modules (MCMs) similar to the method of manufacturing IC devices described above.
A still further embodiment of the present invention comprises another method of manufacturing IC devices from semiconductor wafers. The method includes providing the semiconductor wafers and fabricating ICs on the wafers. Each IC is electronically probed to identify good and bad ICs on the wafers and then programmed with a unique fuse ID. An electronic wafer map is stored for each wafer indicating the locations of good and bad ICs on the wafer and associating each IC on the wafer with its fuse ID. Each IC is then sawed from its wafer to form a discrete IC die that is automatically picked and placed on an epoxy coated bonding site of a lead frame. The epoxy is allowed to cure, and the IC dice are then wire bonded to their respective lead frames. Next, the IC dice and their associated lead frames are injection molded to form IC packages. Projecting leads of the packages are then de-flashed, the packages are cured, and the leads are then electroplated. Then, each package is singulated to form a discrete IC device, and each device is tested for opens and shorts. The fuse ID associated with each IC device is then electrically retrieved so the wafer map stored in association with the fuse ID associated with each of the IC devices may be accessed and evaluated to identify any IC devices that include a bad IC and any IC devices that include a good IC. Any IC devices identified as including a bad IC are discarded, and any IC devices identified as including a good IC proceed to back-end testing.
As shown in
After fabrication, the ICs are electronically probed in a probe step 28 to evaluate a variety of their electronic characteristics, and data from the probe step 28 identifying bad and good ICs are noted and stored as wafer maps 30, as described above. During the probe step 28, ICs fabricated on the wafers 22 are programmed in the manner described above with a fuse identification (ID) unique to each IC. The fuse ID for each IC is then stored in association with the wafer maps 30 such that each die location on each wafer map 30 is associated with the unique fuse ID of a particular IC. The fuse ID may identify, for example, a wafer lot ID, the week the ICs were fabricated, a wafer ID, a die location on the wafer, and a fabrication facility ID.
It will be understood, of course, that the present invention includes within its scope ICs having any ID code, including those having fuse IDs. It will also be understood that the ICs may be programmed with their fuse IDs at steps in the manufacturing process of inventive method 20 other than the probe step 28.
Once programmed, the ICs proceed through an assembly process 32 to an opens/shorts test 34 as described above. At the opens/shorts test 34, the fuse ID of each IC is automatically read and correlated with the wafer map 30 of its wafer 22. If a bad IC has accidentally proceeded through the assembly process 32, the fuse ID of the IC, in correlation with the wafer map 30 of the ICs wafer 22, will identify the IC as a bad IC so it can be discarded to a scrap bin 36 instead of proceeding through back-end testing. The present invention thus provides a method of identifying and discarding accidentally assembled ICs before they undergo back-end testing.
It should be understood that although the fuse IDs of ICs in the process of inventive method 20 are typically read electronically, they may also be read optically if the fuse IDs consist of "blown" laser fuses that are optically accessible. It should also be understood that the present invention includes within its scope any method in an IC manufacturing process for identifying and redirecting ICs mis-processed during their manufacture using ID codes such as fuse IDs.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, the invention is not limited to this embodiment. For example, while the various steps of the preferred embodiment have been described as occurring in a particular order, it will be understood that these steps need not necessarily occur in the described order to fall within the scope of the present invention. Thus, the invention is limited only by the appended claims, which include within their scope all equivalent methods that operate according to the principles of the invention as described.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 8, 2010
|Fee payment
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|Mar 19, 2014
|Fee payment
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|May 12, 2016
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text:
Shadow Of A Doubt
Show off your figure in this mermaid-style wedding dress, about $7,700, by Ines Di Santo, inesdisanto.com. Vintage "daisy" jewelry, $3,200 for the set, at Kentshire, kentshire.com. White leather gloves, $290, by Portolano, 212-719-4493. Vintage bracelet, $500; and vintage clutch, $450, both at Carole Tanenbaum, 416-782-3005.
- Featured In: Old Hollywood-Inspired Wedding Dresses


text:
Author : Shreyas
Manchester United's striker Robin van Persie (L) scores during the UEFA Champions League Group A match between Manchester United and Bayer Leverkusen at Old Trafford
Everyone's beloved Champions League is under way, with Bayern Munich hoping to defend their title, and being favourites to do so.
However, after a deluge of activity in the transfer window, other clubs are not far behind.
Some of them made strong statements of intent in their first fixtures of the season, where we saw debutant managers, a couple of sending-offs, and plenty of headed and direct free-kick goals. Here are eight of the best:
8. Hulk (Zenit St. Petersburg vs Atletico Madrid)
After proving his credentials at the Confederations Cup over the summer, Hulk continued in fine fashion, scoring his side's lone goal in a losing cause against Atletico Madrid.
7. Robin van Persie (Manchester United vs Bayer Leverkusen)
Now averaging a goal per game for both club as well as country this season, RVP made it look easy as he negotiated both a difficult angle as well as having to stretch for the ball to extend United's lead.
6. Yaya Toure (Manchester City vs Viktoria Plzen)
After a slightly quiet season last time around, Yaya Toure marked his presence with a monstrous strike to ensure that City's campaign got off to a better start this season than the last time around.
5. David Alaba (Bayern Munich vs CSKA Moscow)
With all the midfield superstars burgeoning in the Bayern side, David Alaba is probably a name that doesn't pop up as a contender for the best goal. However, when he steps up and does what he does here, there is no questioning that he deserves to be here.
Olympiacos FC Vladimir Weiss (C) about to score despite Paris Saint-Germain FC Gregory Van der Wiel (R) during the Champions League match Olympiakos vs Paris Saint-Germain at the Karaiskaki stadium in Athens
4. Lorenzo Insigne (Napoli vs Borussia Dortmund)
An almost perfect free-kick, both in terms of height as well as placement, earned local boy Insigne's Napoli a win over last season's runners-up Borussia Dortmund.
3. Lionel Messi (Barcelona vs Ajax)
After losing out to Ribery in the European player of the year race, Messi was back to business as usual, scoring three wonderful goals, none more magnificent than this tricky free-kick.
2. Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid vs Galatasaray)
After signing a new contract at Madrid, and singing praises of the club, Ronaldo followed it up on the pitch with yet another hat-trick; two tap-ins backed up by this wonderful piece of skill.
1. Vladimir Weiss (Olympiakos vs PSG)
Summer signing Weiss's first goal for the club was Olympiakos's only consolation in their 1 -4 rout by PSG. A promising sign for the footballing world though, if the winger can repeat such miraculous trickery.


text:
1 pkg. chocolate cake mix
1 c. water
1 (8 oz) container sour cream
4 eggs
1 c. chocolate chip morsels
3/4 c. vegetable oil
1 pkg. instant chocolate pudding mix
Spray slow cooker with nonstick cooking spray or lightly grease. Mix cake mix, sour cream, chocolate chips, water, eggs, oil and pudding mix in bowl by hand. Pour into slow cooker. Cover and cook on low six – eight hours or on high three – four hours. Serve hot or warm with ice cream or whipped topping. Makes 12 servings.