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Public Relations - Essay Example
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Public Relations
Wilcox (2011), stated that public relations might comprise the following activities, training of a company's employees, conservation of the environment, compensation of damages or lives lost because of a tragedy caused by the activities of an organisation. Public relations in BP plc BP plc is a British multinational oil and gas company that has faced constrained public relations over the past years. According to studies by Reed (2011), BP plants have had the highest number of industrial accidents among gas and oil companies, which have resulted in the loss of lives and severe environmental pollution. The most memorable industrial accident that BP suffered was the DeepWater Horizon oilrig explosion that further resulted to oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in the year 2010. Reed (2011) further pointed out that the DeepWater Horizon explosion resulted to loss of lives and injuries. Because of these recurring accidents, the company has suffered negative publicity, which has amounted to doubts being raised about how BP handles its industrial accidents. With the aim to correct this negative publicity, the organization is bound to build a mutual co-existence with the locals in the areas that the company operates. ...
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Public Relations (Institution's Name) 13th May 2013 Public Relations Introduction According to Illia et al. (2013), public relations refer to the professional maintenance of a favorable public image by an organization or a public figure…
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Pages 3 (753 words)
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In relation to the present global business environment, it can frequently be observed that marketing activities along with Public Relations (PR) are concurrently deemed as a major focused area. In relation to the various observations from different scholars, it can be said that PR is one of the major, effective as well as versatile tools of marketing communication which enables to enhance the efficiency of each marketing activity. It can be executed both in the internal as well as in the external environment of the organisation. According to the present day context, advertising can be regarded...
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Machu Picchu
25 Nov 2012 at 14:34
Sammy, flat Chris, and flat Jenny enjoying a beautiful view. Don't blow away Sammy!
With Sammy
Press | FAQ | Terms of Agreement | Privacy Policy | Copyright © 2011 Flatter World Inc.
FLAT STANLEY® is a trademark of the Trust u/w/o Richard C. Brown f/b/o Duncan Brown. Used with permission. All rights reserved


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After weeks of speculation over the relationship status of Made In Chelsea co-stars, and former lovers, Spencer Matthews and Louise Thompson, we have finally got the closest thing we can to a confession that they are indeed an item again!
It has only been a matter of weeks since Spencer Matthews publicly chose Khloe Evans as the winner of this years The Bachelor, and his new arm candy, but ever since rumours have surrounded the pair on authenticity of their relationship, and that of his unfinished business with Thompson.
First of all Khloe revealed that the pair had split only a few hours after Matthews had declared her his new BGF, which was aired 7 weeks after it was filmed on location, stating Matthews involvement with ex-girlfriend, his Made In Chelsea co-star, Louise Thompson, as the reasons behind the break-up.
Fans of the hit E4 reality show will know how Matthews and Thompson got together, rather controversially, on a trip to Dubai during the last series, despite Thompson being involved with Matthews best friend, and MIC co-star,Jamie Laing.
The pair returned from their hols to a barrage of hate following their betrayal of poor Jamie, but declared they didn't care as this time their love was the real deal. And it was, for three weeks, when all of a sudden they split up, citing mutual agreement, but then literally days later Matthews had announced that he would be taking part in this year's The Bachelor.
This left a bitter taste in Thompson's mouth and she spent the next month or so telling anyone who would listen that Matthews would never find real love on the hit Channel 5 reality dating show as they were still secretly together.
Then pictures of Matthews, on set filming the new series of Made In Chelsea, holding hands with Louise Thompson began circulating, pretty much straight after Khloe Evans was also papped snogging The Only Way Is Essex star, Tom Pearce.
A friend of Spencer's at the time told MailOnline: "They're really good friends, and they're together a lot because of filming Made In Chelsea.
"They're very close friends."
Hmm, very close it would seem, as while we reported yesterday how Matthews said he would be "very lucky" to get back with the beautiful brunette, Thompson herself has now hinted that things are definitely "heating up" between the pair, according to the Daily Mail!
Speaking at the Gordon's gin limited edition bottle launch yesterday (Wednesday), Louise said: 'Nothing is official yet. We are still officially good friends.
"'But things are definitely heating up between us.
"We are spending a lot of time together while filming the next series of Made in Chelsea and we are flirting a lot.
"The old flame is being rekindled."
Louise and Spencer first got together four years ago, then reconnected last year before Spencer dumped her, declaring his undying love for co-star Caggie Dunlop.
However, they then got back together AGAIN (at the expense of poor Jamie Laing) at the end of the last series, just before Matthews revealed his taking part in The Bachelor!
Explaining why she took him back, Louise said: "I decided to give him a second chance.
"He begged and begged.
"But then after the series ended he wanted to do The Bachelor because it was a great opportunity, and I had to respect that."
Louise said she is unsure what the future holds for her and Spencer.
She said: "I don't know what I want.
"Things have been made easy for him by the fact the winner of The Bachelor cheated on him.
"We have had a big heart to heart which will be shown on the next series of Made in Chelsea.
"But things haven't been resolved yet."


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installed in order to view the
interactive version of this page
One page of an antisemitic coloring book widely distributed to children with a portrait of a Jew drawn by the German caricaturist known as Fips. In the upper left hand corner is the Der Stürmer logo featuring a Star of David superimposed over a caricature of a Jewish face. The caption under the star reads: "Without a solution to the Jewish question, there will be no salvation for mankind."
USHMM Collection, Courtesy of Salo Kluger


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Teenangels are being recruited to work at Stoke Damerel College and Lipson Community College.
They are teenagers who are taught how to protect themselves from paedophiles and cyber bullying while on the net.
They then pass on their know-how to other children. It is also hoped they will visit primary schools.
The organisation said it believed that since teens were the ones using the internet most, they also were the experts and therefore able to keep "less cyber-savvy kids and adults" safe.
There is just one chapter of Teenangels operating in the UK at the moment in Bradford.
The Plymouth Teenangels are being taught by their American counterparts who have been trained by the FBI, internet experts and top lawyers.
They are warning people about four key areas:
American Teenangel trainer Brittany Bacon said: "The internet has become such an integral part of our lives.
"But with the great things that are available on it, there are also many, many dangers. It's important young people are aware of this and know to do when the situation arises."
Volunteers are encouraged to specialise in areas of the web they enjoy.
Fourteen-year-old Alex, who is interested in web communication, said: "I go on to the internet a lot and I've heard a lot of stories about how people have been victimised by others on the web.
"I've got a chance to help them, so I'm going to take it."


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DALLAS – Doc Rivers isn't afraid to cuss now and then.
But following Friday's 119-112 victory over Dallas, a win that came with the cost of Chris Paul's separated shoulder, the Clippers coach put it in PG perspective.
"Stuff happens," he said.
All season, whether it was injuries to J.J. Redick, Matt Barnes, Reggie Bullock or whomever, Rivers has maintained that his team has to brush things off their shoulders and move on.
And with Paul likely out 3-5 weeks, that philosophy doesn't change.
"You just have to figure it out, get through the adversity part of it and keep winning," he said.
That, though, is much easier said than done.
Darren Collison will get the promotion into the starting lineup in a position he's been in before. During the 2009-10 season when both he and Paul were in New Orleans, Collison started 37 games after Paul suffered a torn meniscus.
"It's going to be tough. He's our engine. He's our leader. He does a lot for us," Collison said. "But at the same time, this team is very talented and we have the depth to overcome this."
After a slow start, Collison is averaging 11.8 points in his past 10 games.
Rivers issued a vote of confidence for his new starting point guard after Friday's game.
"Darren will be fine. I'm not worried about Darren, honestly," Rivers said. "I'm more worried about when Darren gets tired and where do we go from there?"
Jamal Crawford will play point guard some, and Maalik Wayns, whose contract becomes guaranteed Jan. 10, could also get a chance.
Once the Clippers and Rivers get more information on Paul's shoulder, they could make a roster move. Wayns and Stephen Jackson can be released on or before Jan. 10 without the team paying their salary for the rest of the season.
"A lot of things will play a role in it," Rivers said of the decisions. "We have to find out what is the injury, if it's three weeks, two weeks, five weeks. That has to do with what your decision-making is. That's why we have to find that out as soon as possible."
Without Paul, the Clippers leaned on their big men to make big plays, and Blake Griffin and DeAndre Jordan came through.
Jordan scored a career-high 25 points, catching lobs and scoring on post-up plays.
In an effort to exploit some mismatches, Rivers told Jordan the team would look to him on the block more than usual.
"DJ got deep post position, and that's where he's effective," Rivers said. "If you get him deep, he can score."
Jordan downplayed the scoring, saying it's not his first or second priority.
"I want to be the best defensive player out there," Jordan said. "If I can go out there and control the paint for us and only have two points, but I grab 20 rebounds and a couple blocks for the team, then other guys are going to be able to score."
Griffin, continued to impress from the foul line, where he made 11 of 13, including three clutch ones late.
"Everybody had to do their part tonight," Griffin said. "That might've been my part, getting to the line and hitting free throws so they can't foul you down the stretch."
In Griffin's past eight games, he's shooting 79.5 percent from the free-throw line.
Collison acknowledged he played with a little more juice against his former team. "There's always that one game that gets you ready, that you work hard for in the offseason," he said. "This is one of them." … The Clippers allowed Dallas to score a season-high 70 points in the first half, but an adjustment on their pick-and-roll coverages helped slow down the Mavericks, limiting them to only 42 points in the second half.
Contact the writer: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Wing riser tester I'm in CT. Been looking to buy some this would be great. Buying a rmm from You guys this weekend you can throw it in the same box ;)
Hey Ron, I'm interested in helping out with the riser kit. I saw you moved out to Vegas in another post. I'm here as well and can meet up any time over the next few weeks. After that I'll be out of town for the next month.
Looking to get a cp-e intake, I'm a 2015 FiST trying to get a dry filter and black intake
New Member


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Uh Oh!
It appears that the page you are looking for is either lost, hasnt arrived yet, or was never here. Please visit our main page and from there use our site navigation or search box to find what you are looking for. Or, if youd rather, contact us directly through our Contact page.


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Home Security Systems Phoenix
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Haines Alaska is Gorgeous!!!! My short review.
View Single Post
Lil' Lori
Senior Member
Join Date: Apr 2004
Location: Phoenix
Posts: 737
Well, here is another post on Alaska. We choose to do Haines, instead of the usual Skagway. I thought Haines was the prettiest port of call out of our itinerary. We did, Ketchikan, Juneau, Haines, Tracy Arm, and Victoria. Ketchikan and Juneau in my opinion we pretty, but they looked like the rest of the inside passage. I did think Haines was the prettiest. It sits on the waterfront of a large body of water, surrounded by tall mountains with LOTS of snow on them. Don't blink or you will miss it. The mountains had MUCH MORE snow then the mountains in the other ports. Our excursion guide pointed to a mountain, and said that Glacier Bay was on the other side of it. In Haines we did the Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve Float Trip. It was made a Eagle Preserve to prevent the potential logging that was being considered. There is a high concentration of Eagles there. We saw LOTs of eagles, and their nests, with some tearing into there salmom meals on the river banks. The float trip is on the Chilkat river, and the eagles sit on the banks waiting for a meal. It is a calm river, no white water is involved. There are also Glacier Bay helicopter trips from Haines. Also, there is a "fast ferry" to Skagway for $40 something dollars R/T, it takes 35-45 minutes to get to Skagway. Alot of people on our ship did that. Yes, Haines is tiny, not much to see or do in town. The Fort Seward est. in 1903 is there, that is about it for historic places. Well, that is my short review of what we did in Haines, and what I thought of the port. If anyone has any questions, I will do my best to answer them. Lil' Lori
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text:
Criminal Law
Criminal Law Questions? Ask a Criminal Lawyer.
Hello, so you are looking for an individual that shared a cell with those 2 individuals?
there were 3 cells there and each of the men were in their own separate cell.
I understand, that information is not readily available to me. However, I can recommend, if you are looking for information on patients in a psychiatric hospital, you may run into some legal red tape, as the disclosure of patient information on their condition is protected by federal law. You could seek to contact the hospital for a simple patient log or ask if there is a way to access their patient log archive on the internet. They are going to have to give you voluntary access to that information.
I've already tried reaching someone at that hospital. It was 50 years ago and no one seems to know anyone who was there at the time. Who would I ask for the simple patient log?
You are going to have to get ahold of an administrator who has access to their closed patient files, and hopefully they have not been purged. In a lot of circumstances, they have either been stored at an alternate location, or they will have them scanned into a server.
ok, thanks for the information. I'm signing off.


text:
GENEVA (Jan. 12)
After several years of obstructions by the Soviet Union and Poland, the United Nations Subcommission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities today took up the question of drafting an international convention guaranteeing religious freedom. The draft of such a convention will be presented tomorrow by the representative of the United States, Morris B. Abram, who is also the president of the American Jewish Committee.
The text of the U. S. draft does not mention the Soviet Union by name, in conformance with the Subcommission's rules. However, it was clear to the members of the Subcommission that the draft is aimed primarily against the Communist countries where religious practices are being restricted by the respective governments, and especially against the Soviet Union where Jews are being denied religious rights as compared with other religions.
The draft of the international convention prepared by Mr. Abram today provoked in advance the opposition of the representatives of the Soviet Union and Poland in the Subcommission. The Polish representative, Wojciech Ketrzynski, told the session today that he will have a draft convention of his own which he wants debated. The representatives of Great Britain and of India also announced that they have prepared texts of their own. The chairman of the Subcommission, Hernan Santa Cruz, of Chile, then said that he would name a working group to consider all the drafts.
Meanwhile, an open clash took place today between Mr. Abram and the Soviet representative, Evgeni N. Nasinovsky, on a related issue. This dispute centered about a proposal made by Mr. Abram that a study being conducted on equality in the administration of justice must include not only statements from governments but also data supplied by non-governmental organizations. The study is being conducted by the Sudanese member of the group, Chief Justice Abou Rannat, of Sudan.
Mr. Abram urged Justice Rannat to include, specifically, a recent report by the International Commission of Jurists which accuses the Soviet Union of persecuting Russian Jews in connection with trials for alleged "economic crimes." Mr. Nasinovsky objected to the Abram proposal with considerable heat, stating that the report by the International Commission of Jurists "is a libel against the Soviet Union." Pierre Juveny, of France, supported Mr. Abram's demand that the International Commission's data be included in the Rannat report.
The Soviet representative finally said his Government was not opposed to the participation of non-governmental organizations, provided such organizations were affiliated with organizations in the Soviet Union. Mr. Abram retorted that, while such an attitude was well and good, he wanted to know about organizations that were not allowed to have affiliates in the Soviet Union, such as Jewish organizations.
None of the Jewish non-government organizations accredited to the UN have affiliates in the USSR. Such groups include the World Jewish Congress, Agudath Israel, B'nai B'rith, the Board of Deputies of British Jews, Angle-Jewish Association. Alliance Israelite Universelle, and others.
The U. S. text of the draft for an international pact to eliminate religious discriminations, which Mr. Abrams will introduce tomorrow, calls upon all governments of the world "to preserve, protect and defend the right to freedom of thought." It stipulates that "every person and every group or community have the right to manifest their religion or belief in public or in private, without being subjected to any discrimination on the ground of religion or belief." This right, the text points out, includes in particular:
"1. Freedom to worship, to assemble and to establish and maintain places of worship or assembly.
"2. Freedom to teach, to disseminate at home and abroad and to learn their religion or belief including its sacred language and traditions (pointing to the fact that Hebrew is a forbidden tongue in the Soviet Union).
"3. Freedom to observe the rites, dietary practices and customs of their religion or belief, and to produce the objects, foods and other articles and facilities customarily used in their observances and practices, with freedom to import such articles from abroad if necessary." (This article points particularly again at the Soviet Union–without mentioning the USSR, where restrictions have been placed on baking of matzoth and the making and supply of Hebrew prayer books, mezuzahs and calendars.)
"4. Freedom to practice their religion or belief by establishing and maintaining charitable and educational institutions.
"5. Freedom to observe the Holy Days associated with their religion or belief. Everyone shall have the right to make pilgrimages and other Journeys in connection with their religion or belief, whether inside or outside his country, and free access shall be granted to all Holy Places.
"6. Legal protection for their places of worship, for their rites, ceremonies, and activities, and for the burial places associated with their religion or belief.
"7. Freedom to organize and maintain local, regional, national and international associations in connection with their activities. Everyone shall have the right to communicate with and visit his co-religionists and believers, whether individuals or organizations, at home or abroad."
Addressing the Subcommission this morning. Mr. Abram expressed the view that the draft International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Religious Intolerance is to be a document treating with precision, frankness and explicitly every subject it set forth to include, if it is to be an efficient instrument. He said that it was necessary for the Subcommission to include in its work researches made by different non-governmental and specialized organizations, such as the recent report by the International Committee of Jurists on economic crimes in the USSR.
In this context, Mr. Abram expressed serious doubts as to the objectivity of an official Ukrainian document recently presented to the United Nations, concerning the ways and means utilized for the elimination in Ukrainia of all forms of racial and religious discrimination. Each problem has to be faced frankly and openly, and not by quoting the Constitution, said Mr. Abram.
Mr. Abram later referred explicitly to the situation of the Soviet Jews. He quoted his correspondence during the whole year of 1964 with Boris Ivanov, Soviet member of the Subcommission, in which Mr. Abram asked Mr. Ivanov's opinion as to the publication of a State organism, the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, of the anti-Semitic book by T. Kichko, "Judaism Without Embellishment." The only answer which Mr. Abram obtained was a press communique of the Soviet Embassy in Washington, explaining nothing, neither on the moral or on the legal plane.
The Soviet member of the Subcommission answered that "Judaism Without Embellishment" was an isolated case, not reflecting the official attitude of the Soviet Government on these matters. He also asked the Subcommission to be careful in using non-governmental papers which can prejudice official governmental publications.
The French delegate. M. Juvigny, underlined the importance which he attached to the work done by non-governmental organizations, which, in his view, do not minimize the importance of governmental documents but, on the contrary, complete them. Thus, speaking about the book by T. Kichko, M. Juvigny said that it was probably the intervention by some non-governmental organizations interested in those problems, that has drawn world attention to an affair which the government concerned might have had otherwise neglected.
Agreeing that this might be indulging in a hypothesis, the French delegate said that it is doubtful whether the measures finally taken against "Judaism Without Embellishment" would have been the same without this intervention. Dr. Arcot Krishnaswami, of India, also underlined that international opinion forced the authorities of Ukrainia to disavow officially the anti Semitic book.
During the same session, Dr. Marmor, observer for Israel, spoke on the subject of a paragraph concerning the right of everyone to leave any country, including his own. Mr. Marmor mentioned the case of thousands of Jewish families separated after the Second World War. "Could there be a more humane impulse for those fragmented families than to be reunited again, one part of the family living in the USSR and the other in Israel " he asked.
This effort has, unfortunately, encountered difficulties and it is the emphatic enunciation and the faithful application of the right of everyone to leave any country which could remove them. The members of a split family should be free to decide on where they choose to be reunited, the Israel representative stressed.


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1. I'm only blogging when I feel like it.
2. Practice pact people, I'm still doing the pact. I apologize for shirking the past week. So please, enter those minutes if you still want to participate!
3. Check out this week's Tarheel Tavern. Mandie did a great job. Lots of nice pictures!
4. I love merlot.
Waterfall's blog about writing • poetry • hiking • fitness • books • motherhood • George the Piano • etc.
Sunday, June 26, 2005
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text:
DIRECTV's TV Service is Recommended by CableTV.com
Independent consumer survey results declare DIRECTV the best TV service provider among satellite TV or cable companies in Deerfield, WI. When comparing cable companies and various television services available in your area, this data can help you determine which package will work best for your needs and budget.
While you can find most of the major channels in pretty much every area, some TV packages in Deerfield might not offer the same smaller channels that you'd find in a similar package in a different city. Finding a comprehensive TV package that offers a variety of channels will ensure you never miss your favorite shows or the and Green Bay Packers games that are important to you. With the best cable company in Deerfield, WI, you should be able to get all the channels you want at a price you can afford. We've made it easy to compare the highest rated providers in Deerfield—from the number of channels available to any additional features offered.
Choosing the right TV provider is partly about getting full access to your favorite channels, but customer service and reliability are important points to consider, too. That's why these factors are taken into consideration in CableTV.com's TV provider ratings. When we recommend a cable company in Deerfield, WI, you can rest easy, knowing you're getting a highly rated provider that offers both premium TV packages and great customer service.


text:
Gainesville Superintendent Merrianne Dyer said she has communicated with Hall Superintendent William Schofield this afternoon about the weather conditions.
While officials could make a determination about Monday classes this evening, any decision likely wouldn't come until early Monday morning, according to Gordon Higgins, spokesman for the Hall County school system.
Gainesville State College closed Sunday afternoon, but a decision about Monday classes will be made by 6 a.m. Monday, according to the school's Web site.
Check gainesvilletimes.com throughout tonight and Monday morning for the latest information on closings and delays.


text:
AN anti-hate crime ambassador crossed the sea to help spread the message of inclusion to youngsters on the Isle of Man.
Adrian Derbyshire, from Whitecross, has been travelling across the country on a hand cycle to help raise awareness of the impact hate crime can have on victims.
The former wheelchair fencer also earlier this week spoke at an event at Walton Hall alongside Claire Haslam, from (LGBT) Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Community, about the impact of hate crime.


text:
Transaction Chain Approach To The Regulation Of The Nonpoint Water Pollution From Farms-Runoff
We offer a decentralized solution to the asymmetric information and hidden action problems in the nonpoint source (NPS) pollution case. Farmers in the same watershed generate homogeneous NPS pollution. The regulator, R, pays for (or represents a group of point-source, PS, polluters who pay for) pollution reduction credits earned by the group of the farmers. To resolve the asymmetric information problem, R is concerned with only the total level of the abatement achieved, while the group of farmers (called the Association, A), undertakes responsibility to distribute the payment so as to induce farmers to deliver abatement. We show that A can devise an optimal contract to deal with the farmers' hidden action problem. We identify the restrictions under which such a policy can be implemented, evaluate its effects on the product market, and show that in the NPS case information rents are higher than in the PS case.
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text: Hanukkah Gobble tov! Recipes for a combined Thanksgiving and Hanukkah By Shanna Lewis Nov 26, 2013 CPR News Thanksgiving and Hanukkah overlap this year. It's a very rare occurrence, so we asked local chefs for their ideas for special holiday dishes. View slideshow Recipe: Colorado red beet, butternut squash and cranberry 'Thankhanukkah' latkes By Shanna Lewis Nov 26, 2013 CPR News Chef Daniel Asher shares his multi-layered holiday recipe for latkes. Read more Recipe: Butternut squash bisque By Shanna Lewis Nov 26, 2013 CPR News A holiday recipe for butternut squash by Boulder Chef Hosea Rosenberg. Read more Hanukkah Lights By Mark Coulter Dec 2, 2010 Robin Skyler Tell via Flickr A special holiday Showcase December 5th at 2:00pm and December 6th at 9:00pm Read More Hide Take CPR With You Wherever You Go Stay connected to CPR while you're on the go, with the free Colorado Public Radio app for smartphones and tablets. Get details CPR Explores Colorado News and Stories Thanks to Member Support Join Today


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In statistics, the intraclass correlation (or the intraclass correlation coefficient, abbreviated ICC)[1] is a descriptive statistic that can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups. It describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other. While it is viewed as a type of correlation, unlike most other correlation measures it operates on data structured as groups, rather than data structured as paired observations.
The intraclass correlation is commonly used to quantify the degree to which individuals with a fixed degree of relatedness (e.g. full siblings) resemble each other in terms of a quantitative trait (see heritability). Another prominent application is the assessment of consistency or reproducibility of quantitative measurements made by different observers measuring the same quantity.
Early definition Edit
The earliest work on intraclass correlations focused on the case of paired measurements, and the first intraclass correlation (ICC) statistics to be proposed were modifications of the interclass correlation (Pearson correlation).
Consider a data set consisting of N paired data values (xn,1, xn,2), for n = 1, ..., N. The intraclass correlation r originally proposed by Ronald Fisher is
- ,
- ,
- .
Later versions of this statistic [2] used the proper degrees of freedom 2N −1 for s2 and N −1 for r, so that s2 becomes unbiased, and r becomes unbiased if s is known.
The key difference between this ICC and the interclass (Pearson) correlation is that the data are pooled to estimate the mean and variance. The reason for this is that in the setting where an intraclass correlation is desired, the pairs are considered to be unordered. For example, if we are studying the resemblance of twins, there is usually no meaningful way to order the values for the two individuals within a twin pair. Like the interclass correlation, the intraclass correlation for paired data will be confined to the interval [-1, +1].
The intraclass correlation is also defined for data sets with groups having more than two values. For groups consisting of 3 values, it is defined as[2]
- ,
- ,
- .
As the number of groups grows, the number of cross-product terms in this expression grows rapidly, but the equivalent form
where K is the number of data values per group, and is the sample mean of the nth group, is much simpler to calculate[2]. This form is usually attributed to Harris.[3] The left term is non-negative, consequently the intraclass correlation must satisfy
- .
For large K, this ICC is nearly equal to
which can be interpreted as the fraction of the total variance that is due to variation between groups.
There is an entire chapter that concerns the intraclass correlation in Ronald Fisher's classic book Statistical Methods for Research Workers[2].
"Modern" ICCs Edit
Beginning with Ronald Fisher, the intraclass correlation has been regarded within the framework of analysis of variance (ANOVA), and more recently in the framework of random effects models. A number of ICC estimators have been proposed. Most of the estimators can be defined in terms of the random effects model
where Yij is the jth observation in the ith group, μ is an unobserved overall mean, αi is an unobserved random effect shared by all values in group i, and εij is an unobserved noise term[4]. For the model to be identified, the αi and εij are assumed to have expected value zero and to be uncorrelated with each other. Also, the αi are assumed to be identically distributed, and the εij are assumed to be identically distributed. The variance of αi is denoted σα2 and the variance of εij is denoted σε2.
The population ICC in this framework is
An advantage of the ANOVA framework is that different groups can have different numbers of data values, which is difficult to handle using the earlier ICC statistics. Note also that this ICC is always non-negative, allowing it to be interpreted as the proportion of total variance that is "between groups." This ICC can be generalized to allow for covariate effects, in which case the ICC is interpreted as capturing the within-class similarity of the covariate-adjusted data values [5].
A number of different ICC statistics have been proposed, not all of which estimate the same population parameter. There has been considerable debate about which ICC statistics are appropriate for a given use, since they may produce markedly different results for the same data[6][7].
Relationship to Pearson's correlation coefficientEdit
In terms of its algebraic form, Fisher's original ICC is the ICC that most resembles the Pearson correlation coefficient. The key difference between the two statistics is that in the ICC, the data are centered and scaled using a pooled mean and standard deviation, whereas in the Pearson correlation, each variable is centered and scaled by its own mean and standard deviation. In a paired data set where there is no meaningful way to order the two measurements within a pair (e.g. a measurement made on two identical twins), the ICC is a more natural measure of association than Pearson's correlation.
An important property of the Pearson correlation is that it is invariant to application of separate linear transformations to the two variables being compared. Thus, if we are correlating X and Y, where, say, Y = 2X + 1, the Pearson correlation between X and Y is 1 — a perfect correlation. This property does not make sense for the ICC, since there is no basis for deciding which transformation is applied to each value in a group. However if all the data in all groups are subjected to the same linear transformation, the ICC does not change.
Use in assessing conformity among observersEdit
The ICC is used to assess the consistency, or conformity, of measurements made by multiple observers measuring the same quantity[8]. For example, if several physicians are asked to score the results of a CT scan for signs of cancer progression, we can ask how consistent the scores are to each other. If the truth is known (for example, if the CT scans were on patients who subsequently underwent exploratory surgery), then the focus would generally be on how well the physicians' scores matched the truth. If the truth is not known, we can only consider the similarity among the scores. An important aspect of this problem is that there is both inter-observer and intra-observer variability. Inter-observer variability refers to systematic differences among the observers — for example, one physician may consistently score patients at a higher risk level than other physicians. Intra-observer variability refers to deviations of a particular observer's score on a particular patient that are not part of a systematic difference.
The ICC is constructed to be applied to exchangeable measurements — that is, grouped data in which there is no meaningful way to order the measurements within a group. In assessing conformity among observers, if the same observers rate each element being studied, then systematic differences among observers are likely to exist, which conflicts with the notion of exchangeability. If the ICC is used in a situation where systematic differences exist, the result is a composite measure of intra-observer and inter-observer variability. One situation where exchangeability might reasonably be presumed to hold would be where a specimen to be scored, say a blood specimen, is divided into multiple aliquots, and the aliquots are measured separately on the same instrument. In this case, exhangeability would hold as long as no effect due to the sequence of running the samples was present.
Since the intraclass correlation coefficient gives a composite of intra-observer and inter-observer variability when used with data where the observers are not exchangeable, its results are sometimes considered difficult to interpret in that setting. Alternative measures such as Cohen's kappa statistic, the Fleiss kappa, and the concordance correlation coefficient.[9] have been proposed as more suitable measures of agreement among non-exchangeable observers.
Calculation in software packages Edit
The SPSS statistical package may be used to compute 10 different types of intraclass correlation, based on those outlined by McGraw and Wong.[10]
|Shrout and Fleiss convention
|Name in SPSS
|One-way random single measures
|One-way random average measures
|Two-way random single measures (Consistency/Absolute agreement)
|Two-way random average measures (Consistency/Absolute agreement)
|Two-way mixed single measures (Consistency/Absolute agreement)
|Two-way mixed average measures (Consistency/Absolute agreement)
The open-source R-Project may also be used to compute the intraclass correlation (packages 'psy' and 'irr').
References Edit
- ↑ Koch, Gary G. (1982). "Intraclass correlation coefficient". Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences 4. Ed. Samuel Kotz and Norman L. Johnson. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 213–217.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ronald A. Fisher (1954). Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Twelfth, Oliver and Boyd.
- ↑ J. Arthur Harris (October 1913). On the Calculation of Intra-Class and Inter-Class Coefficients of Correlation from Class Moments when the Number of Possible Combinations is Large. Biometrika 9 (3/4): 446–472.
- ↑ Donner, Allan, Koval, John J (1980). The Estimation of Intraclass Correlation in the Analysis of Family Data. Biometrics 36 (1): 19–25.
- ↑ Stanish, William, Taylor, Noel (1983). Estimation of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient for the Analysis of Covariance Model. The American Statistician 37 (3): 221–224.
- ↑ Reinhold Müller & Petra Büttner (December 1994). A critical discussion of intraclass correlation coefficients. Statistics in Medicine 13 (23-24): 2465–2476. See also comment:
- P. Vargha (1997). Letter to the Editor. Statistics in Medicine 16: 821–823.
- ↑ Kenneth O. McGraw & S. P. Wong (1996). Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychological Methods 1: 30–46. There are several errors in the article:
- Kenneth O. McGraw & S. P. Wong (1996). Correction to McGraw and Wong (1996). Psychological Methods 1: 390.
- ↑ P. E. Shrout & Joseph L. Fleiss (1979). Intraclass Correlations: Uses in Assessing Rater Reliability. Psychological Bulletin 86 (2): 420–428.
- ↑ Carol A. E. Nickerson (December 1997). A Note on 'A Concordance Correlation Coefficient to Evaluate Reproducibility'. Biometrics 53 (4): 1503–1507.
- ↑ Richard N. MacLennan (November 1993). Interrater Reliability with SPSS for Windows 5.0. The American Statistician 47 (4): 292–296.
External links Edit
- Michael T. Brannick, "Shrout and Fleiss Computations for Intraclass correlations for interjudge reliability"
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text:
Explaining GetHashCode method.
Posted by Vadim on July 5, 2008
Every object you ever created or used in .NET has GetHashCode method along with Equals, GetType, and ToString methods. This method is an instance method of an Object class from which any other class derives.
GetHashCode() method returns an integer that identifies an object instance. I also can repeat MSDN documentation but you can read it on your own.
You would want to override this method along with Equals() method in your class if the object of your class is going to be used as a key in Hashtable.
The best way to explain it is to show an example. In my previous post I was using class Point as an example. I'm going to continue with this class. So let assume that we have class like this:
1: public class Point
2: {
3: private readonly int _x;
4: private readonly int _y;
6: public Point(int x, int y)
7: {
8: _x = x;
9: _y = y;
10: }
11: }
Next we want to use Point as a key in a Hashtable. Remember that the key of the Hasthable must be unique. In the code bellow we have two identical keys (line 2 & 4). We should expect ArgumentException.
1: Hashtable hashtable = new Hashtable();
2: hashtable.Add(new Point(2, 3), "Point 1");
3: hashtable.Add(new Point(5, 3), "Point 2");
4: hashtable.Add(new Point(2, 3), "Point 3");
However, no exception was thrown. There are two reasons why exception is not thrown:
- Equals() method that is also an instance method of Object class will always indicate that Point in line 2 and line 4 are different. This expected because two objects have different references.
- GetHashCode() method returns different number for these objects.
Try to execute code bellow:
1: static void Main(string[] args)
2: {
3: var point1 = new Point(2, 3);
4: var point2 = new Point(2, 3);
5: Console.WriteLine("point1 Hash: {0}"
6: , point1.GetHashCode());
7: Console.WriteLine("point2 Hash: {0}"
8: , point2.GetHashCode());
9: Console.WriteLine("point1 equal to point2: {0}"
10: , point1.Equals(point2));
11: }
You will get output similar to this one:
point1 Hash: 58225482
point2 Hash: 54267293
point1 equal to point2: False
You can see that we got different hash codes.
To solve this problem we override Equal() and GetHashCode() in our Point class.
First we override Equals() method:
1: public override bool Equals(object obj)
2: {
3: if (ReferenceEquals(null, obj)) return false;
4: if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj)) return true;
5: return ((Point)obj)._x == _x && ((Point)obj)._y == _y;
6: }
You can see that I use ReferenceEquals() method that is static method of Object class. It checks if the specified objects are the same.
Next we override GetHashCode() method:
1: public override int GetHashCode()
2: {
3: unchecked
4: {
5: return (_x * 397) ^ _y;
6: }
7: }
The whole Point would look like this:
1: public class Point
2: {
3: private readonly int _x;
4: private readonly int _y;
6: public Point(int x, int y)
7: {
8: _x = x;
9: _y = y;
10: }
12: public override bool Equals(object obj)
13: {
14: if (ReferenceEquals(null, obj)) return false;
15: if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj)) return true;
16: return ((Point)obj)._x == _x && ((Point)obj)._y == _y;
17: }
19: public override int GetHashCode()
20: {
21: unchecked
22: {
23: return (_x * 397) ^ _y;
24: }
25: }
26: }
Now if you try to execute the application the output should look exactly like this:
point1 Hash: 793
point2 Hash: 793
point1 equal to point2: True
Also if we try to add new Point(2, 3) twice, we get an ArgumentException as expected.
15 Responses to "Explaining GetHashCode method."
July 31, 2008 at 5:17 pm
How did you arrive at (x_ * 397) ^ _y for the value of Point.GetHashCode()? Why not (x_ * 396) ^ _y, for example, or (_x + _y).GetHashCode()?
July 31, 2008 at 5:18 pm
Err, (_x.ToString() + _y.ToString()).GetHashCode()
April 30, 2009 at 10:53 am
It's just a prime that's big enough to overflow.
June 30, 2009 at 8:11 pm
This will be the best Hash for a point
((_x % Int16.MaxValue) << 16) + (_y % Int16.MaxValue)
July 18, 2009 at 5:43 pm
Aside from the flawed implementation of the hashcode, the implementation of Equals is incorrect – it will throw an exception if the object being compared to is not an instance of Point. You should check for this as well, e.g.
if (ReferenceEquals(null, obj) && !(obj is Point)) return false;
February 17, 2010 at 11:58 am
GetHashCode() is assumed to be cheap compared to Equals().
Guess you have may many other classes with 2 numbers and they all implement
GetHashCode as _x + _y
In this case GetHashCode would be a bad indicator for equality and Equals() would be called many times when the objects are in fact totally different.
That is you use *your prime* (397 here) as the random part to make sure that your class generates not the same hashcode as all the other classes with 2 properties.
April 22, 2010 at 2:26 pm
Thanks for your post I've found it very useful. I may be way off but I believe the explanation of
(x_ * 397) ^ _y
is as follow. ^ is a bitwise operator (XOR) which will return true in the following formula
x_ ^ _y x=2,y=3 and x=3,y=2As you can see the GetHashCode() function will return the same number for two points that only are different in the order of their value. Theres where the magic number comes into play if you multiple only one side of the equation by the number the result will be different if you interchange the order of value
[(x=2,y=3) (x_ *397)^ _y] [(x=3,y=2) (x_ *397)^ _y]Does this make sense?
April 22, 2010 at 2:30 pm
what i meant was
[(x=2,y=3) (x_ *397)^ _y] != [(x=3,y=2) (x_ *397)^ _y]
December 8, 2010 at 11:41 pm
Thank you for writing this article. It was helpful for me. Just a note, I think you meant to say override the GetHashCode() method, but you typed GetHashTable().
– Lev
January 1, 2011 at 2:09 pm
Thank you for taking the time to write this article in such clear terms.
Thank you also to the folks who took time out to write the follow-up comments.
January 22, 2014 at 5:46 am
Thanks for this post. Just a quick question – what about Eric Lippert's guideline (referred to below as The Guidline) that "the integer returned by GetHashCode() should never change"? http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ericlippert/archive/2011/02/28/guidelines-and-rules-for-gethashcode.aspx
To me, this seems to be contradictory to his first rule (referred to later as The Rule), that two objects considered equal should return the same hash code. In the sense that using your Point class above, I could define Point p(1,1) and Point q(2,2) –> which would most likely have different hash codes. but then if i say p._x = 2; p._y = 2 –> then the hashcode of at least one of them should change according The Rule, but this directly contradicts The Guideline.
Any light you can shed on this would be great.
November 12, 2014 at 6:29 am
The idea of hashcoding is to split a collection to a set of small buckets. The hach code is the index of the bucket that contain the object.
The hash coded collection will be represented like this:
hash code 1 ===> ———————————————————————–
| Object 1 | Object 2 | Object 3 | Object 4 |
hash code 2 ===> ———————————————————————–
| Object 5 | Object 6 | Object 7 | Object 8 |
hash code n ===> ————————————————————————-
| Object n-3 | Object n-2 | Object n-1 | Object n |
We have to make the right choice of hash code to dispatch the data by the right way.
So the hash code will help to organize this structure but it is not mandatory to be unique for each object. The equatibility will be calculate using the Equals method.


text:
Little Bean (rainboot liners) by Alicia Plummer
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Little Bean (rainboot liners)
This pattern is available for $3.00 USD buy it now
These rainboot liners are great for keeping your children's feet warm in the cold and unpredictable spring weather! Super fast and inexpensive to knit up, they are sure to be a favorite instant-gratification project! They utilize stirrups instead of a whole boot sock shape so that you can switch out socks depending on what it's like outside.
Also, since a majority of the yarn in this pattern is hidden, feel free to use scrap yarn on the inside of the liner for a quick stash-busting project!


text:
Creating Laws for Computer Security
In 2016 the website KrebsonSecurity was taken down by a large distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. More recently, many large sites became inaccessible due to a massive DDoS attack (see, e.g., "Hackers Used New Weapons to Disrupt Major Websites Across U.S." by Nicole Perlroth, Oct. 21, 2016, NY Times).
Sadly, the "Internet of Things" is really the "Internet of painfully insecure things". This is fundamentally an externalities problem (the buyers and sellers are not actually bearing the full cost of the exchange), and in these cases mechanisms like law and regulation are often used.
So, what laws or regulations should be created to improve computer security? Are there any? Obviously there are risks to creating laws and regulations. These need to be targeted at countering widespread problems, without interfering with experimentation, without hindering free expression or the development of open source software, and so on. It's easy to create bad laws and regulations - but I believe it is possible to create good laws and regulations that will help.
My article Creating Laws for Computer Security lists some potential items that could be turned into laws that I think could help computer security. No doubt some could be improved, and there are probably things I've missed. But I think it's important that people start discussing how to create narrowly-tailored laws that counter the more serious problems without causing too many negative side-effects. Enjoy!
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Get your CII best practices badge!
If you're involved in a free / libre / open source software (FLOSS) project, go to bestpractices.coreinfrastructure.org and get your best practices badge!
The Linux Foundation's Core Infrastructure Initiative (CII) has just announced its CII best practices badging program for FLOSS projects. It's a free program that lets developers explain how they follow best practices, and if they do, they can get a badge that they can show on their GitHub page or anywhere else. Early badge earners include the Linux kernel, Curl, GitLab, OpenBlox, OpenSSL, Node.js and Zephyr.
The idea is straightforward. The Heartbleed vulnerability in OpenSSL made it obvious that there are widely-accepted best practices that not everyone is doing - and that even includes important projects. This isn't just speculation; if you compare OpenSSL before Heartbleed with current OpenSSL the difference is striking. I think it's clear that if more projects would apply generally-accepted best practices, we'd have more secure software. This badging process helps projects identify those best practices, determine if they meet them, and show everyone else that they're meeting them.
The web application and criteria are being maintained as an open source software project, so we'd love to have you! I say "we" because I'm leading this project… but it's not just me, and we would love to have you involved.
More detail is in the Linux Foundation press release about the best practices badging project.
path: /oss | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
US government - Reusable and Open Source Software
The US White House has announced (in its blog) Leveraging American Ingenuity through Reusable and Open Source Software. They state that, "Today, we're releasing for public comment a draft policy to support improved access to custom software code developed for the Federal Government." They are accepting comments on this draft policy via GitHub pull requests, GitHub issues, or email. I definitely plan to take a look, and I'm sure they would like feedback from many people.
Note that I also posted this information on Twitter.
path: /oss | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Using open source software to help technology transition of research
If you're doing software research and development (especially on how to improve computer security), and are thinking about using an open source software (OSS) approach but don't know a lot about it, here's something that may help: Using an Open Source Software Approach for Cybersecurity Technology Transition (IDA paper P-5279, aka the "PI guide"). If you're an old hand at developing Free/ libre/ open source software (FLOSS or OSS), you probably know most of this information. However, I've found that a lot of people could use a hand. Here's that helping hand.
path: /oss | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Address Sanitizer on an entire Linux distribution!
Big news in computer security: Hanno Boeck has recently managed to get Address Sanitizer running on an entire Linux distribution (Gentoo) as an experimental edition. For those who don't know, Address Sanitizer is an amazing compile-time option that detects a huge range of memory errors in memory-unsafe languages (in particular C and C++). These kinds of errors often lead to disastrous security vulnerabilities, such as Heartbleed.
This kind of distribution option is absolutely not for everyone. Address Sanitizer on average increases processing time by about 73%, and memory usage by 340%. What's more, this work is currently very experimental, and you have to disable some other security mechanisms to make it work. That said, this effort has already borne a lot of valuable fruit. Turning on these mechanisms across an entire Linux distribution has revealed a large number of memory errors that are getting fixed. I can easily imagine this being directly useful in the future, too. Computers are very fast and have lots of memory, even when compared to computers of just a few years earlier. There are definitely situations where it's okay to effectively halve performance and reduce useful memory, and in exchange, significantly increase the system's resistance to novel attack. My congrats!!
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Ransomware coming to medical devices?
Forrester Research has an interesting cybersecurity prediction for 2016: We'll see ransomware for a medical device or wearable.
This is, unfortunately, plausible. I don't know if it will happen in 2016, but it's pretty reasonable. Indeed, I can see threats.. even if we can't be sure that the ransomware is even installed.
After all, Dick Cheney had his pacemaker's Wifi disabled because of this concern (see also here). People have already noted that terrorists might use this, since medical devices are often poorly secured. The additional observation is that may be a better way to (criminally) make money. We already have ransomware, including organizations who are getting better at extorting with it. Traditional ransomware is foiled by good backups; in this case backups won't help, and victims will (understandably) be willing to pay much, much more. And I think that medical devices are actually a softer target.
With luck, this won't come true in 2016. The question is, is that because it doesn't show up until 2017 or 2018… or because the first ones were in 2015? DHS is funding work in this area, and that's good… but while research can help, the real problem is that we have too many software developers who do not have a clue how to develop secure software… and too many people (software developers or not) who think that's acceptable.
In short, we still have way too many people building safety-critical devices who don't understand that security is necessary for safety. I hope that this changes - and quickly.
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Government adoption of OSS
If you're interested in open source software (OSS), or in how governments can work better, take a look! Mark Bohannon has posted the article "U.S. report highlights positive elements of government open source adoption" on Opensource.com. This discusses a paper Tom Dunn and I wrote Open Source Software in Government: Challenges and Opportunities, and discusses a few things that have happened since. Enjoy!
path: /oss | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Reveloping open source software in Linux Foundation projects: $5 billion and 30 years
The Linux Foundation now estimates it would cost $5 billion and 30 years to redevelop "the software residing in The Linux Foundation's collaborative projects". That's not even all free / libre / open source software (FLOSS). Of course, there are many caveats, but that's still an intriguing number; it provides a simple view of just how big FLOSS has become. They also credit me, since they applied the same general process I developed earlier in my "More than a Gigabuck" paper. Thanks! If you're interested in FLOSS, I think you'll find this paper intriguing.
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Heartbleed found with american fuzzy lop (afl) and Address Sanitizer (ASan)
Big news in security vulnerability research: Hanno Böck found Heartbleed using american fuzzy lop (afl) and Address Sanitizer (ASan) - and in only 6 hours of execution time.
This means that software developers should seriously consider using a more-advanced fuzzer, such as american fuzzy lop (afl), along with Address Sanitizer (ASan) (an option in both the LLVM/clang and gcc compilers), whenever you write in C, C++, Objective-C, or in other circumstances that are not memory-safe. In particular, seriously consider doing this if your program is exposed to the internet or it processes data sent via the internet (practically all programs meet this criteria nowadays). I had speculated that this combination could have found Heartbleed in my essay on Heartbleed, but this confirmation is really important. Here I will summarize what's going on (using the capitalization conventions of the various tool developers).
The american fuzzy lop (afl) program created by Michal Zalewski is a surprisingly effective fuzzer. A fuzzer is simply a tool that sends lots of semi-random inputs into a program and to detect gross problems (typically a crash). Fuzzers do not know what the exact correct answers are, but because they do not, they can try out more inputs than systems that know the exact correct answers. But afl is smarter than most fuzzers; instead of just sending random inputs, afl tracks which branches are taken in a program. Even more interestingly, afl even tracks how often different branches are taken when running a program (that is especially unusual). Then, when afl creates new inputs, it prefers to create them based on inputs that have produced different counts on at least some branches. This evolutionary approach, using both branch coverage and the number of times a branch is used, is remarkably effective. Simple dumb random fuzzers can only perform relatively shallow tests; getting any depth has required more complex approaches such as detailed descriptions of the required format (the approach used by so-called "smart" fuzzers) and/or white-box constraint solving (such as fuzzgrind or Microsoft's SAGE). It's not at all clear that afl eliminates the value of these other fuzzing approaches; I can see combining their approaches. However, afl is clearly getting far better results than simple dumb fuzzers that just send random values. Indeed, the afl of today is getting remarkably deep coverage for a fuzzer. For example, the post Pulling JPEGs out of thin air shows how afl was able to start with only the text "hello" (a hideously bad starting point) and still automatically figure out how to create valid JPEG files.
However, while afl is really good at creating inputs, it can only detect problems if they lead to a crash; vulnerabilities like Heartbleed do not normally cause a crash. That's where Address Sanitizer (ASan) comes in. Address Sanitizer turns many memory access errors, including nearly all out-of-bounds accesses, double-free, and use-after-free, into a crash. ASan was originally created by Konstantin Serebryany, Derek Bruening, Alexander Potapenko, and Dmitry Vyukov. ASan is amazing all by itself, and the combination is even better. The fuzzer afl is good at creating inputs, and ASan is good at turning problems into something that afl can detect. Both are available at no cost as Free/ libre/ open source software (FLOSS), so anyone can try them out, see how they work, and even make improvements.
Normally afl can only fuzz file inputs, but Heartbleed could only be triggered by network access. This is no big deal; Hanno describes in his article how to wrap up network programs so they can be fuzzed by file fuzzers.
Sometimes afl and ASan do not work well together today on 64-bit systems. This has to do with some technical limitations involving memory use; on 64-bit systems ASan reserves (but does not use) a lot of memory. This is not necessarily a killer; in many cases you can use them together anyway (as Hanno did). More importantly, this problem is about to go away. Recently I co-authored (along with Sam Hakim) a tool we call afl-limit-memory; it uses Linux cgroups to eliminate the problem so that you can always combine afl and ASan (at least on Linux). We have already submitted the code to the afl project leader, and we hope it will become part of afl soon. So this is already a disappearing problem.
There are lots of interesting related resources. If you want to learn about fuzzing more generally, some books you might want to read are Fuzzing: Brute Force Vulnerability Discovery by Sutton, Greene, and Amini and Fuzzing for Software Security Testing and Quality Assurance (Artech House Information Security and Privacy) by Takanen, DeMott, and Miller. My class materials for secure software design and programming, #9 (analysis tools), also cover fuzzing (and are freely available). The Fuzzing Project led by Hanno is an effort to encourate the use of fuzzing to improving the state of free software security, and includes some tutorials on how to do it. The paper AddressSanitizer: A Fast Address Sanity Checker is an excellent explanation of how ASan works. My essay How to Prevent the next Heartbleed discusses many different approaches that would, or would not, have detected Heartbleed.
I do not think that fuzzers (or any dynamic technique) completely replace static analysis approaches such as source code weakness analyzers. Various tools, including dynamic tools like fuzzers and static tools like source code weakness analyzers, are valuable complements for finding vulnerabilities before the attackers do.
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Security presentation updates
I've updated my presentations on how to design and implement secure software. In particular, I've added much about analysis tools and formal methods. There is a lot going on in those fields, and no matter what I do I am only scratching the surface. On the other hand, if you have not been following these closely, then there's a lot you probably don't know about. Enjoy!
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Z3 is OSS!
Z3 has been released as open source software under the MIT license! This is great news. Z3 is a good satisifiability modulo theories (SMT) solver / theorem prover from Microsoft Research. An SMT solver accepts a set of constraints (such as "a<5 and a>1") and tries to produce values that satisfy all the constraints. A satisfiability (SAT) solver does this too, but SAT solvers can only work with boolean variables; SMT solvers can handle other types, such as integers. Here is a Z3 tutorial.
SMT solvers are basically lower-level tools that have many uses for building larger capabilities, because many problems require solving logical formulas to find a solution.
I am particularly interested in the use of SMT solvers to help prove that programs do something or do not do something. Why3 is a platform that lets you write programs and their specifications, and then calls out to various provers to try to determine if the claims are true. By itself Why3 only supports its WhyML language, but Why3 can be combined with other tools to prove statements in other languages. Those include C (using Frama-C and a plug-in), Java, and Ada. People have been able to prove tiny programs for decades, but scaling up to bigger programs in practice requires a lot of automation. I think this approach of combining many different tools, with different strengths, is very promising.
The more tools that are available to Why3, the more likely it will solve problems automatically. That's because different tools use different heuristics and focus on different issues, resulting in different ones being good at different things. There are already several good SMT solvers available as OSS, including CVC4 and alt-ergo.
Now that Microsoft has released Z3 as OSS, there is yet another strong OSS SMT solver that tools like Why3 can use directly. In short, the collection of OSS SMT solvers has just become even stronger. There's a standard for SMT solver inputs, the SMT-LIB format, so it's not hard to take advantage of many SMT solvers. My hope is that this will be another step in making it easier to have strong confidence in software.
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Plans for HTTPS (SSL/TLS) on this site
Currently this website uses only HTTP, and does not support HTTPS. That means that users cannot trivially authenticate what they receive, and that in some cases users reveal to others what they are viewing on the site. (Technical note: HTTPS is implemented by a lower-level protocol; the current protocol versions of this protocol are named TLS, and the older ones are named SSL, but a lot of people use the term SSL to include TLS.) I would like to use HTTPS, but this website is entirely self-funded. I do have a plan, though.
My current plan is that I am waiting for Let's encrypt to stand up and be ready. Once that gets going, I intend to use it to add support for HTTPS. I'd like to eventually only support HTTPS, since that prevents downgrade attacks, but I need to make sure that the TLS certificates and configuration works well. Also, I pay others to maintain the server; since I am not made of money, I necessarily use low-end cheap services. That will limit what I can do in terms of HTTPS configuration hardening. On the other hand, it should be better than the current situation.
The software I develop is generally available on SourceForge or GitHub, and they already provide HTTPS, so you don't need to wait for that. Currently you have to log into SourceForge to get HTTPS, but that is expected to change, and for now just log in.
Anyway, I thought some of you might like to know that there is a plan.
path: /website | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Learning from Disaster
Learning from Disaster is a collection of essays that examines computer security disasters, and what we can learn from those disasters. This includes Heartbleed, Shellshock, POODLE, the Apple goto fail, and Sony Pictures. If you're interested in computer security I think you'll find this collection interesting.
So: please enjoy Learning from Disaster.
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Cloud security
There seems to be a lot of confusion about security fundamentals of cloud computing (and other utility-based approaches). For example, many people erroneously think hardware virtualization is required for clouds (it is not), or that hardware virtualization and containerization are the same (they are not).
My essay Cloud Security: Virtualization, Containers, and Related Issues is my effort to counteract some of this confusion. It has a quick introduction to clouds, a contrast of various security isolation mechanisms used to implement them, and a discussion of some related issues.
So please check out (and enjoy) Cloud Security: Virtualization, Containers, and Related Issues.
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
I hope we learn from the computer security problems of 2014
As 2014 draws to a close, I hope anyone involved with computers will resolve to learn from the legion of security problems of 2014.
We had way too many serious vulnerabilities in widely-used software revealed in 2014. In each case, there are lessons that people could learn from them. Please take a look at the lessons that can be learned from Heartbleed, Shellshock, the POODLE attack on SSLv3, and the Apple goto fail vulnerability. More generally, a lot of information is available on how develop secure software - even though most software developers still do not know how to develop secure software. Simiarly, there are a host of lessons that organizations could learn from Sony Pictures.
Will people actually learn anything? Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel reportedly said that, "We learn from history that we do not learn from history".
Yet I think there are reasons to hope. There are a lot of efforts to improve the security of Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) that are important yet inadequately secure. The Linux Foundation (LF) Core Infrastructure Initiative (CII) was established to "fund open source projects that are in the critical path for core computing functions" to improve their security. most recent European Union (EU) budget includes €1 million for auditing free-software programs to identify and fix vulnerabilities. The US DHS HOST project is also working to improve security using open source software (OSS). The Google Application Security Patch Reward Program is also working to improve security. And to be fair, these problems were found by people who were examining the software or protocols so that the problems could be fixed - exactly what you want to happen. At an organizational level, I think Sony was unusually lax in its security posture. I am already seeing evidence that other organizations have suddenly become much more serious about security, now that they see what has been done to Sony Pictures. In short, they are finally starting to see that security problems are not theoretical; they are real.
Here's hoping that 2015 will be known as the year where people took computer security more seriously, and as a result, software and our computer systems became much harder to attack. If that happens, that would make 2015 an awesome year.
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Sony Pictures, Lax Security, and Passwords
Sony Pictures, Lax Security, and Passwords is a new essay about the devastating attack on Sony Pictures. We now have new information about how Sony Pictures was attacked; from that, and public information about Sony Pictures, we can see why the attack was so devastating. Even more importantly, we can learn from it. So please, take a look at Sony Pictures, Lax Security, and Passwords.
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Lessons learned from Apple goto fail
The year 2014 has not been a good year for the SSL/TLS protocol. SSL/TLS is the fundamental algorithm for securing web applications. Yet every major implementation has had at least one disastrous vulnerability, including Apple (goto fail), GnuTLS, OpenSSL (Heartbleed), and Microsoft. Separately a nasty attack has been found in the underlying SSLv3 protocol (POODLE). But instead of just noting those depressing statistics, we need to figure out why those vulnerabilities happened, and change how we develop software to prevent them from happening again.
To help, I just released The Apple goto fail vulnerability: lessons learned, a paper that is similar to my previous papers that focuses on how to counter these kinds of vulnerabilities in the future. In many ways Apple goto fail vulnerability was much more embarassing compared to Heartbleed; the goto fail vulnerability was easy to detect, in a portion that was a key part of its functionality. This vulnerability was reported back in February 2014, but there does not seem to be a single place where you can find a more complete list of approaches to counter it. I also note some information that doesn't seem to be available elsewhere.
So if you develop software - or manage people who do - take a look at The Apple goto fail vulnerability: lessons learned.
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Peter Miller and improving make
First, a sad note. Peter Miller died on 2014-07-27 from leukemia. He did a lot of important things, including writing the influential paper "Recursive Make Considered Harmful". Rest in peace.
I should point out an essay I've written about improving make. Make is widely used, but the POSIX standard for it lacks key functions, including vital ones that Peter Miller pointed out years ago. Thankfully, progress has been made. My hope is that progress will continue to happen; I welcome help for improving the standard and implementations of make.
path: /misc | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
Open Source Software in U.S. Government
The report "Open Source Software in Government: Challenges and Opportunities" is available to the public (you can jump to the "Download full report" link at the bottom). This paper, which I co-authored, discusses key challenges and opportunities in the U.S. government application of open source software (OSS). It became publicly available only recently, even though it was finished a while back; I hope it's been worth the wait. If you're interested in the issues of OSS and government, I think you'll find this report very illuminating.
path: /oss | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry
POODLE attack against SSLv3
There is a new POODLE attack against SSLv3. See my page for more info.
path: /security | Current Weblog | permanent link to this entry


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Open-minded and hating any restrictions, very empathic but sarcastic, friendly but straightforward, spontaneous but reasonable, introvert but extremely curious about everything.
Music-, Beauty and Internet-addicted. Couchsurfer lifestyle.
Furry animals lover:)
Looking for interesting people of any gender from all over the world for anything meaningful it may lead to:)
Living with my beloved man and definitely not interested in changing that.
Books: mostly I prefer science fiction, utopias, cyberpunk, from time to time smth crazy like Palahniuk, Burroughs. Adore Tolkien by default.
Movies: I'm no really an active movie watcher, but those which I can watch again and again are "Fight club", "Butterfly's Effect", "Point break", "Girl. Interrupted", "Gone with the Wind", "The Legend of 1900"
Travelling: I'm a true couchsurfer and consider it the best ever way of traveling and getting to know new places and people. I enjoy the very process of going somewhere, planning the trip with all details, meeting new people, dealing with troubles, getting know new places. Physically can't stay in one place for more than 2 months without traveling.
I like different youth subcultures, freaks and social movements. Consider myself rather left-wing.
Social sciences: this is not a profession, this is mentality.
Internet: I just live there almost 24h a day: it's my home, my tool, my job and subject of study.
Volunteering, international youth camps, festivals and conferences.
Make up and everything beautiful.
...all that is new, extraordinary and progressive, sea and ocean, small furry animals, esp. hamsters :)
Cats & hamsters
Sea & sun
It can be concert/travel/friends/watching TV series at home/dance/work/study/whatever
...but please read my profile first. Thanks:)


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Yeah, I had a little fun with Aja's remake, but there's nothing quite like madman Wes Craven's 1977 original. It's a simple story of two modern families set upon each other due to opposing social mores and ravenous cannibalistic munchies. Honestly, no other film in Craven's canon quite matches the "Dear God Who Made This Movie?!?!?" insanity of The Hills Have Eyes. As the film rushes to its brutal beatdown climax, with dogs gnashing, teenagers booby-trapping, and beautiful hairless Michael Berryman howling, your chest clenches, your fingers tighten, and your bloodlust pulses. If you haven't seen it, here's your chance to check it out in all it's 1080p wonder.
Image Entertainment will be releasing a new Blu-Ray on September 9th, and even though the cover art is not much to write home about – and it looks like most of the special features appeared on the 2003 Anchor Bay DVD – I really am looking forward to the High Definition transfer. As it is with Westerns, the desert setting has the potential to take your grindhouse-guzzling breath away. Here are the details:
Blu-ray™ Bonus Features:
-Commentary with Wes Craven and Peter Locke
-Looking Back At The Hills Have Eyes
-The Directors: The Films of Wes Craven
-Restoration Demo
-U.S. and German Trailers
-Alternate Ending
-Still Galleries
-Wes Craven Biography
-DVD-Rom features
LOOKING FOR UNDERGROUND CULT MOVIES, DVDs, LIMITED VHS & OTHER COOL STUFF.
Latest posts by dailygri (see all)
- Cult Movie Mania Releases Lucio Fulci Limited Edition VHS Sets - January 5, 2016
- Daily Grindhouse looks at the greatest winter movies ever made. - December 25, 2015
- NO-BUDGET NIGHTMARES PODCAST #71: BAD TASTE (1987) - December 25, 2015


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The first one is my card for CPS Sketch 155...such an awesome sketch this week! It is also for Gina K Designs blog hop this month....which also had a color challenge attached to it. You had to pick two of the colors she listed, and I chose equivalents to innocent pink and ocean mist. And last but not least, I am also entering it into the Moxie Fab "Olypmics of Stamping". This card could be used for a few different themes....baby, wedding, birthday....but I am entering it in the Thinking Of You category this time around!
"God Bless You..." supplies:
Cardstock: Bazzill Basics
Paper: My Mind's Eye
Stamps: Gina K Designs (Lovely Labels set)
Ink: Clearsnap (pigment: dusty plum, aqua)
Ribbon: Renaissance By Design
Twine: Darice Inc.
Button: Doodlebug Designs
Felt: Provo Craft
Jewels: Doodlebug Designs & Zva Creative
Corner Rounder: EK Success
Embossing Machine: Cuttlebug by Provo Craft
Embossing Folder: Houndstooth by Provo Craft
Ink: Clearsnap (pigment: dusty plum, aqua)
Ribbon: Renaissance By Design
Twine: Darice Inc.
Button: Doodlebug Designs
Felt: Provo Craft
Jewels: Doodlebug Designs & Zva Creative
Corner Rounder: EK Success
Embossing Machine: Cuttlebug by Provo Craft
Embossing Folder: Houndstooth by Provo Craft
Instructions: Fold white cardstock in half to make card base, and round the right hand corners. Emboss the front of the card using the Cuttlebug and Houndstooth embossing folder. Tie ribbon around the left side of the card, and attach a button to the bow using twine. Round the right hand corners of an aqua circle paper block, and adhere to the front. Stamp the houndstooth label to white cardstock using pink ink, and cut out. Adhere to the middle of the card. Cut a strip of plaid patterned paper and adhere to the right of the ribbon. Stamp the sentiment to the right of the pink label. Attach the felt butterfly to the front, and embellish with aqua jewels, and clear jewel flourishes. Accent the top of the sentiment with three jewels.
Do the cuts on this card look familiar? Yep- two of them are the same from one of the cards I did for yesterday's PTI blog hop. I cut things too big or too small all the time when using my Cricut Expression. I try not to waste cuts, so when I cut the cloud cut FAR to big yesterday...I decided to make another card with it. And I love how different the cards turned out....even using two of the same cuts!
"Heaven Sent" supplies:
Cardstock: Bazzill Basics
Patterned Paper: October Afternoon
Pearls: Kaiser Craft
Glitter: craft supply
Corner Rounder: EK Success
Diecut Machine: Cricut Expression by Provo Craft
Diecut Cartridges: Paper Dolls Dress Up & Stamping Solutions by Provo Craft
Instructions: Fold white cardstock in half to make card base. Round the corners of a cloud paper block, and adhere to the middle. Cut the cloud at 5" from white cardstock using the Cricut Expression and Paper Dolls Dress Up cartridge. Cut the same shape at 4.5" from yellow cardstock. Cut out the stars, glitter them, and adhere to the white cloud cut. Attach to the front of the card. Cut the moon at 3" from blue & yellow cardstock. Cut the stars from the yellow cut, glitter them, and adhere to the blue cut. Attach to the front of the card. Cut the sentiment & shadow layer at 1.5" from yellow and blue cardstock using the Stamping Solutions cartridge. Adhere the shadow cuts to the front of the card, and then adhere the yellow cut over top with dimensional adhesive. Accent the card with blue and yellow pearls.
I picked up Josh from the airport last night after his trip to Portland. It is nice to have him home! Tonight we are heading over to Butte to watch Casey play basketball. They played last night and won by 11 points! So, that is awesome! I wasn't able to make it to that game, so hopefully they I will get to see a good winning game tonight as well!! It is crazy to think that Casey's time in high school is quickly coming to a close. Time flies so quickly...it is so hard to believe he is 19, and about to head off to college. If I feel this way, I can't imagine how my parents feel. And while I am sentimental and gooey about all of it....it makes me feel OLD too. Yikes....that whole age 30 thing keeps sticking out its tongue at me and making funny faces. Sheesh! :)
Any thoughts on who was cast off on American Idol last night? I was kind-of bummed that Janell didn't make it another week. I thought she had a good voice, just not the best song choice. But, that is how it goes! I really hope next week's performances are so much better!
Well, I am going to get going for now! I hope you have a super wonderful Friday!! ♥♥♥
Until later,


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Somewhat as predicted, or at least predicted by me, Tim Geithner went as far as he could go in suggesting that various options were on the table for trying to push the Chinese into letting the exchange rate rise without giving any hostages to fortune.
The Murphy-Ryan bill (similar to Schumer-Graham in the Senate) got respectful attention and the possibility of support, though no commitment. Naming China as a currency manipulator, though, seems still to be off the table. Read more


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Bernadette Crochet St. Germain
Funeral services for Mrs. Bernadette Crochet St. Germain, 57, will be held at 10 a.m. Thursday, March 21, 2013, at Bethel Christian Church with Rev. Gordon St. Germain officiating.
Burial will be in Bertrand Cemetery under the direction of Miguez Funeral Home.
Mrs. St. Germain died at 3:20 p.m. on Monday, March 18, 2013, in a local hospital.
Visitation will begin today, Wednesday, March 20, 2013, from 11:30 a.m. until 9 p.m., with a rosary being prayed at 6 p.m., and will continue on Thursday, March 21, from 8 a.m. until the time of services.
Mrs. St. Germain was a lifelong resident of Jennings. She found her strength in her faith in God and the love of her family. Her sole concern in her life was the welfare of her family and friends. No matter the trials, tribulations, or hardships life had to offer her, she received them with a smile. She was a beacon of inspiration to every person in her life and she will be missed by all.
Mrs. St. Germain is survived by her husband, Dwight St. Germain of Jennings; one daughter, Keisha St. Germain of Jennings; four sons, Heath (Missy) St. Germain, Jed (Christine) St. Germain, Blaine (Tiffany) St. Germain, and Kelly St. Germain, all of Jennings; three sisters, Phoebe Crochet of Canton, Ohio, and Cindy LeJeune and Amanda Miller, both of Jennings; two brothers, Lonnie Crochet and Charles Crochet, both of Hathaway; and one granddaughter, Payton St. Germain.
Mrs. St. Germain was preceded in death by her parents, Edward and Betty Jean Cormier Crochet.
Words of comfort may be expressed at www.miguezfuneralhome.com.
Short URL: https://www.jenningsdailynews.net/?p=18345


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Every now and then a game comes along that changes the way you look at video games. It makes you appreciate the story telling abilities of a medium that is much to often criticized for it's alleged crippling of youth. Games are crucified year after year but now we have a chance. We have a chance as gamers and game makers to prove that games are not there in inhibit but to allow the mind to expand and think in ways we never thought possible. Valve's games have had an important role in this with Half-Life being a major pillar in a rapidly growing movement.
So it ends. Time stands still and like Deja Vu the G-Man returns to give us one more offering of counsil. The ambiguity of his speech on time and a new job offering that "will all make sense in the course of...well, I'm really not at liberty to say" has all the makings for an ending that is right down my alley. I fully believe in the ambiguous ending. The ones where the writers give you all the information to form logical conclusions of our own and continue to talk about the material, years after, while not laying it all out like were idiots.
Not many movies can pull this off, less TV shows even come close but a video game that captures the imagination, has groundbreaking gameplay mechanics and pulls of the ambiguous ending is so rare that it's not a mystery why this game continues to have a life this long after it's release. It still is a beutiful game in every sense of the word and I know I'll come back to it again and again.