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New York: March 7, 2002
Atul Kohli Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University
Lecture is followed by question and answer session.
Robert Radtke
Good evening ladies and gentlemen. First of all let me introduce myself. My name is Robert Radtke. I am Vice President of Policy and Business Programs here at the Asia Society and it's my pleasure to welcome you here tonight for the fifth and final lecture in a series entitled "Roots of Sectarian Conflict." This is a series of programs the Asia Society cosponsored with The Center of Religious Inquiry of St. Bartholomew's Church and we started on September 10, as it would have it, with Senator George Mitchell talking about the peace process in Northern Ireland, Dennis Ross who then spoke about the Middle East, and we have been honored to have three speakers here at the Asia Society focusing first on Indonesia with Sidney Jones, and Sri Lanka last week with E. Valentine Daniel. Tonight we are lucky to have Atul Kohli who will be speaking about India. Now without further ado, let me welcome Mr. Farooq Kathwari to the podium who will introduce tonight's speaker. Thank you very much.
Farooq Kathwari
Good evening. I am very pleased to welcome all of you here on behalf of Asia Society and the Center for Religious Inquiry at St. Bartholomew's Church. The subject of today's discussion is that ethnic and communal violence in India is extremely important and relevant today. The communal violence in the Gujurat zstate of India last week raises many issues. We have recently had insightful articles and commentaries published in The New York Times on this subject. On February 25, 2002 Pankaj Mishra's op-ed entitled, "Hinduism's Political Resurgence" and March 6, 2002, Shashi Tharoor's article entitled, "India's Past Becomes a Weapon," are very relevant for our discussion today.
Now we are very pleased today to have Professor Atul Kohli who has a distinguished background. Currently a professor of politics and international affairs at Princeton University, he is the author of The State of Poverty in India and Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability and the editor of five volumes, The State and Development in the Third World, India's Democracy, State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World, Community Conflict and the State in India, and The Success of India's Democracy. His current research project is a comparative analysis of the politics of industrialization in South Korea, Brazil, India, and Nigeria. He is the editor of World Politics and has been the recipient of grants and fellowships from the Social Science Research Council, Ford Foundation, and Russell Sage Foundation. He received his PhD from the University of California, Berkeley. And before I welcome Professor Kohli, I will briefly like to give you the format of our program today. Professor Kohli will be talking for about 30 minutes and at that time we will open up for questions and his comments. Please welcome Professor Kohli.
Atul Kohli
Thank you very much. In the 30 or 35 minutes I will talk, I will focus on the two most recent instances of ethnic and communal violence in India that have dominated the news media, that is to say Kashmir and the Hindu-Muslim conflict in Gujarat. I will situate these conflictual situations in the broader political and historical contexts and suggest some general implications. Since the time is limited, many details and some nuances will get ignored in the main presentation, I will be happy to address related concerns in the question and answer period. Let me begin by making four general observations about ethnic and communal violence in India that in a sense are the main message of the talk. After that, I will talk more specifically about Kashmir and Gujarat and then conclude again with some general observations.
The first general observation--creating a functioning democracy in a setting of a poor multicultural democracy is a very difficult task, which very few countries have succeeded. For the most part, India has done an amazingly good job. Unfortunately, the Hindu-Muslim cleavage has proven to be fairly difficult to tackle even in India's considerably successful democracy. The current tensions have to be viewed within this broader perspective. The second general point, while some instances of ethnic and communal violence in India are produced by, let's call them "crazed fanatical true believers", for the most part, conflict and violence is planned, purposive, and more often than not, violence is aimed at achieving political objectives. The third general point, the main political goal that ethnic and communal violence seeks to achieve is power and, of course, resources that come with power in a place like India.
The reason that the normal urge for greater power by groups and individuals turns violent is because political institutions don't always work the way they are supposed to work. Thus, for example, sometimes people lose faith in the integrity of elections and take to streets. Or because political parties are weak, leaders seek to create quick majority coalitions by mobilizing around a motive and even explosive issues. Or because the police force does not work very well, mobilized groups kill each other and the state is unable to mediate and deal with the forces it has unleashed itself. The last general comment has to do with the prospects of conflict resolution. If the roots of the ethnic and communal violence in India are mainly political, they are also amenable to political solutions. Once conflict is at its advanced stage, resolution generally requires some combination of repression and accommodation. Repression requires the capacity by the government, especially in a democratic government, to exercise legitimate coercion, and accommodation in turn requires democratic sensibilities, especially among the top elite. Fortunately, India has both of these political resources. And thus, at least in principal, it ought to be possible to resolve most ethnic conflicts in India. Those are the four general points. Now let me focus much more specifically on what has been in the news lately, namely the conflicts of Kashmir and Gujarat in that order and then I will come back in the conclusion to address some general points.
First the problems in Kashmir. Kashmir is back in the headlines because of the developments in Afghanistan and Pakistan. But, of course, the conflict involving Muslim separatists of Kashmir and the Indian government is now more than a decade old. It is a very sad situation. The number of people killed is hard to determine but fair estimates suggest that nearly 50,000 may have died over the last 10-12 years and there is no early end in sight. Basic details of the conflict are probably known to all of you. In my comments on the situation, I also want to avoid getting too involved in who has the moral high ground in this conflict. In my assessment of the situation, this is a conflict without heroes. Indian government, Pakistani government, and Kashmir militants have all played nasty tricks with grave human consequences. Even outsiders like the United States and China have not always been very helpful.
The solution to conflict will come not from who is more right or wrong, but mainly at this stage from realpolitik considerations, whether you like it or not. I may not like it either, but that is what is going to happen. The sooner all the parties of the conflict recognize this, the sooner human suffering can be brought to an end. I will return to this point as I finish my remarks on Kashmir. Very briefly, the analysis of conflict as I see it. Kashmir, as most of you know, is India's northern most state with the population of some 12 million people, about 60 percent Muslim. Muslims are concentrated in the valley around Srinagar as you can see on the map, Hindus are concentrated in the south around Jammu, and the Buddhists of Ladakh in the east in the mountains. While one can trace the origins of the conflict back to the creation of India and Pakistan, and media often does it, the fact is between 1950 and the mid 1980s, that is to say for as many as 35 years, there was very little militancy to speak of. Sheikh Abdullah, the old ruler of Kashmir, and the Nehru Gandhi family struck a working arrangement that underlined the old Kashmiri culture of Muslim elites and Hindu Pandit elites rather well. This gave Kashmiris considerable autonomy within the Indian federation and a sense to Kashmiri people, especially Muslims, that they were ruled by their own leaders. All this changed over the 1980s, and this is critical to understand why things have gone so out of control in the 1990s and today.


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Full-text articles from the Wall Street Journal from 1979 through the present through the Factiva database. The Wall Street Journal is the financial newspaper of record, offering in-depth coverage of national and international finance as well as first rate coverage of hard news. To look for specific articles or search on a topic, click on "Search" at the top of the screen.
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Palestinians won't be pressured into resuming peace talks with Israel as long as construction in Jewish settlements continues, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas said Monday. According to the AP, Abbas said a complete construction freeze is a prerequisite for resuming talks.
In his speech Monday, Abbas stated he would not give in to possible Israeli or international pressure on the Palestinians to resume negotiations even if settlement construction continues. "For sure, we won't submit to pressures. For example, if they say `come and then we'll see, come.' No, we won't accept. Regarding the peace talks, this is our position, even if someone, if anyone in the world, says `you're wrong,'" he conveyed.
Abbas also rejected previous Israeli demands that Palestinians not only recognize the state of Israel — as Abbas and others have — but recognize Israel as a Jewish state. He said it's not his job to define the state of Israel. "Name yourself, it's not my business," he said. "All I know is that there is the state of Israel, in the borders of 1967, not one centimeter more, not one centimeter less. Anything else, I don't accept."
[1] http://www.albawaba.com


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Edwards' reality show pushed back
The premiere of former Gov. Edwin Edwards' reality show is being pushed back to the summer.
First scheduled for February and then March, "The Governor's Wife" now will debut on A&E at a date to be announced.
"Perfection takes time," Edwards' wife, Trina, posted on Facebook on Friday.
The show will focus on Edwards, his wife and their blended family of six children.
Group promoting tax overhaul
While the details of the tax overhaul package are being worked out between legislators and the Governor's office, "Believe in Louisiana," will be spending some time and resources "sharing with people the value in eliminating the income tax," Timmy Teepell wrote in an email Friday. Teepell is Gov. Bobby Jindal's chief political adviser and is a partner with OnMessage Inc., the political consulting group based in suburban Washington, D.C.
"Believe in Louisiana" is a Baton Rouge-based tax-exempt, organized under Section 527 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, and in the past has reported raising more than $1 million to promote Jindal's agenda.
Teepell said the group would advertise on television and through digital mediums in support of the governor's plan to abolish state individual income tax and corporate income and franchise taxes.
Survey polls state voters
Forty-eight percent of voters responding to a new Voter-Consumer Research survey disapprove of the job Gov. Bobby Jindal is doing, while 46 percent approved of his job performance.
Meanwhile, nearly half — 47 percent — of those surveyed, said the state is on the wrong track; 37 percent believe it's on the right track and 9 percent have mixed opinions.
The Louisiana State Medical Society commissioned the telephone survey of 600 voters. The poll was conducted Jan. 13-17 by the Washington, D.C., based firm. It has a margin of error of plus or minus 4 percent.
The questions were included in a poll that surveyed voters on health care issues, including whether Louisiana should participate in the federal Medicaid expansion.
Of those responding, 51 percent said the state should participate, while 43 percent said it should not. And 52 percent believed that by not participating in the program, "Louisiana taxpayers would be leaving millions of federal dollars on the table that would be available for health services."
Dardenne named a GOP to watch
Lt. Gov. Jay Dardenne has made Governing magazine's list of state Republican officials to watch in 2013 around the United States.
Dardenne's in the company of such officials as Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott, Florida Commissioner of Education Tony Bennett, Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli, Ohio Secretary of State Jon Husted, and Iowa Lt. Gov. Kim Reynolds among others.
The article notes Dardenne's career as a state senator, secretary of state and now lieutenant governor and being a Senate floorleader under GOP Gov. Mike Foster when the Senate was controlled by Democrats.
"He has evolved into an occasionally acerbic critic of GOP Gov. Bobby Jindal, who he is expected to succeed. Dardenne is also known as an energetic booster of the state's culture, as well as a prolific raconteur who ... finished first once and won two honorable mentions in the 'vile pun' category of the Bulwer Lytton Contest, a tongue-in-cheek competition to choose the worst opening line in a novel," the magazine wrote.
Speaker's staff welcomes Dodd
House Speaker Chuck Kleckley's staff has a new addition.
Kleckley hired former Senate staffer Kim Dodd as executive assistant to the speaker at a $110,000 annual salary.
Dodd had worked in the governor's Division of Administration.
"Her main role will be to provide professional support for the management and coordination of the various activities of the House of Representatives," Kleckley said in a statement.
"Her duties include managing legislative issues and initiatives; providing research and analysis; helping to coordinate policy and operational issues; and gathering necessary information from various state agencies for legislative purposes."
Johnson returning to Jindal administration
A former cabinet secretary is returning to the Jindal administration.
Ruth Johnson retired last year as secretary of the state Department of Children and Family Services. More than six months later, she is back, this time as the state's chief information officer.
Johnson will replace Ed Driesse, who is retiring.
Michael DiResto, spokesman for the Division of Administration, said Johnson will make $150,000 a year, less than Driesse's annual salary of $167,000.
Commission re-elects chairs
The state Civil Service Commission re-elected Mandeville lawyer David Duplantier as its chairman and Alexandria lawyer John McLure as vice chairman.
The seven member commission oversees state employment policies and practices, including a new performance evaluation system. Six members are appointed by the governor from lists of nominees submitted by private college presidents. The seventh member is an elected state employee representative.
Lawyer appointed to Mineral Board
Gov. Bobby Jindal has appointed Prairieville lawyer Louis Lambert to the Louisiana State Mineral Board.
Lambert, a new appointee, is a former state senator and Public Service Commission member.
Jindal reappointed four other Mineral Board members: Emile Cordaro of Shreveport, a government affairs manager for Southwestern Electric Power Co.; Robert "Michael" Morton of Broussard, president of LandCoast; Thomas Sanders of Lake Charles, an attorney; and W. Paul Segura Jr. of Lafayette, president and CEO of Segura Development.
The 11-member Mineral Board has the authority to lease state property for the development and production of minerals, oil and gas.
Little named to board of directors
Former state Rep. Sam Little, of Bastrop, got a new stint on the Louisiana Citizens Property Insurance Corp. board of directors, courtesy of Gov. Bobby Jindal.
Little is a retired farmer. He was nominated for reappointment by the largest insurer in the state, Farm Bureau.
Myers named counsel for association
Brad Myers, a partner in the Baton Rouge-based Kean Miller law firm, was named general counsel for the Louisiana Municipal Association.
Prior to joining Kean Miller, Myers was as a law clerk to Judge Michael E. Ponder of the 19th Judicial District Court in Baton Rouge. He also served as Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Louisiana and Special Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Eastern and Western Districts of Louisiana.
Jindal to keynote at Mo. conference
Gov. Bobby Jindal is making a second straight appearance as the keynote speaker for a Missouri Republican conference.
The Missouri Republican Party says Jindal is to speak Saturday at a banquet for its annual Lincoln Days conference in St. Louis. Jindal also was a keynote speaker during the Missouri Lincoln Days event last year in Kansas City.
Press Club off for Mardi Gras
The Baton Rouge Press Club will not meet Monday because of the Mardi Gras holiday. The Press Club will meet again Feb. 18.
City to discuss energy plan
At the direction of the New Orleans City Council, Entergy New Orleans will host a public meeting from 2 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. Wednesday to review the company's proposed Integrated Resource Plan.
The City Council is seeking feedback prior to decisions about energy planning for New Orleans.
The meeting will be held at UNO Lindy Boggs International Conference Center, 2045 Lakeshore Drive, in New Orleans.
To RSVP, call (504) 670-3614 or email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Alliance for Affordable Energy is available to answer questions. Call Forest Bradley-Wright at (504) 208-9761 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Compiled by The Advocate's Capitol news bureau. Contact email address is email@example.com.


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Hi 'm a Uni student and i'm doing a research project on Responsive Web Design and the question i'm asking is
"Responsive Web Design: a stop gap technique or the future of building web sites? "
I intend on researching whether RWD will becoming an "industry standard" way of design or will it be developed and pave the way for a different method which hasn't been discovered?
I would just like to hear various opinions and beliefs of anyone who's work it influences.
Thanks in advance
I think so, As we are observing use of devices other than PC and laptops, it is increasing with a fast rate. These devices like smartphones, PDA's, are providing better interfaces and they are convenient to carry and to use from any place we can expect the same.It is expected that by 2014, mobile internet will overtake desktop internet usage, Various source of study have already shown the average American spends 91 per cent of the time socialising on mobile internet (Smartphone's and tablets ) in compare to 79 per cent on desktop; already more than 50 per cent of all local searches are done from a mobile device, and hence they are big source of acquiring business.
Responsive Web Design is present to build website with features like more flexible and re-adjusts . And in present it counts best way to build a website " It makes a website fit to be used on different platforms like tablets, desktops and mobiles" "No need to make separate websites" . As Web change with new technologies frequently and future may something completely different with techniques of designing web pages . So I think it is present . Thanks
Yes, rwd has been around in forms for a long time before it got it's name.Embracing the flexibility of the canvas and making content accessible to anyone on any browser or device is one of the core concepts of web tech.
Yes. With more and more prople accessing the web from their cellphones of various screen sizes and tablets. Responsive design is infact the future. You need to make sure the crowd can consume your media on all platforms.
It is the future of building websites.
But I'm sure it too will morph a little as time goes by. For instance, desktop displays have nice effects available on mouseover, but small devices do not have mouseover capability. So eventually mouseover will be added to small devices, or it will stop being used on desktops, or someone will invent responsive code that lets mouseover effects be triggered in a new way on small devices. Responsive design will itself respond to necessity.
It's an interesting topic. It's easy to get swept along by a fad, only to find that it fizzles out after a while. It is quite possible that RWD is such a fad. I meet people all the time who prefer the see the desktop view on their mobiles, and to zoom in on elements by double tapping. If that becomes more common on mobiles, then it may prove more useful that RWD.
The more useful aspect of this RWD movement is that it has made people question all the useless fluff that is typically crammed onto desktop designs. As wilto famously tweeted:
"Mobile users want to see our menu, hours, and delivery number. Desktop users definitely want this 1mb png of someone smiling at a salad."
There's food for thought in that (ahem). The rise of mobile is a godsend for the web, as it is increasingly filling up with junk that has no place on websites.
That depends entirely on the website. For example, would you like a responsive book of novels? i wouldnt. Some things are good the way they are.
I personally think so. From a functioning point of responsive web design might not be the best solution, some argue having multiple versions of your website for various resolutions might be the best solution as you can watch over each bite used and shape the CSS to it's bare minimum.
However, as mobile internet speeds and devices speed up it's no longer been such a huge issue. This being the case it's easier to design one website that works on everything, rather than coding 2/3 versions of your website. The only drawback to responsive web design is that you need to work harder in the beginning, but once it works it works across everything.
Just to highlight the importance of mobile devices, early this month yet another iPad was launched, and Microsoft have also unveiled their mobile tablet, mobile is the new computer!
I've actually been pretty iffy with this, since I really hate it when new stuff appears just when I was confident on my skills after learning other stuff
Anyway, in the past month I have started coding only responsive designs and they're actually not that hard to do. And it's indeed nice to see them display properly on various display sizes. While I personally don't use a smartphone and my Nook Tablet has enough res to display my pages fully (if held horizontally), I cannot ignore the rest of the world is going 'mobile'. So, why not offer my clients the latest technologies, when it takes me just a little effort to tweak my styling behavior?
The principles behind RWD might accompany us for quite a while. What is "the future" on the web? A few years ago, people said that this time around HTML and CSS would be a thing of the past, CMSes would be replaced by Facebook and similar sites, nobody would use websites anymore for personal use and that commerce would be done through social media channels. We know how these predictions turned out...
This industry is moving fast, yes, but technologies don't. Instead, the technologies and methods of yesterday get improved on and extended. But, in essence, we're still using the same tools we used 10 years ago. They've just progressed to become richer, more complicated, a lot better and a lot worse.
The same goes for RWD. It's a snapshot of where we are and the ideas behind it will continue to be relevant, though probably not in the same way we define it here and now.
But to answer your question, RWD, or rather, the principles of RWD are indeed a standard today. They've been for quite a while but a catchy buzzword was needed to have a larger base accept its validity.
Thank you all for your feedback, in line with what Ralph.M has pointed out a lot of people I've spoken too prefer the desktop version when using mobile devices and are happy to pinch to zoom, I won't deny RWD is a nice approach but i'm beginning to think the devices we use and their ability to adapt to content on mobile devices coupled with improvement in mobile speeds pointed out by Sega will help decide and may render RWD as less of a necessity.
I personally think RWD is 'right now' and it's not just about having a single website for all devices, there are other benefits such as 'mobile first' - a methodology that helps fine tune the functionality of the site, eliminating unnecessary clutter in the user's experience across all devices.
And as for the future, this industry changes far to quickly to be have a definitive right or wrong way of doing something, let alone predict what that might be!


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Invirase capsules
Generic Name: saquinavir (sa-KWIN-a-vir)
Brand Name: Invirase
Invirase capsules are used for:
Treating HIV infection. Invirase capsules must be taken along with ritonavir.
Invirase capsules are a protease inhibitor. It works by blocking the growth of HIV.
Do NOT use Invirase capsules if:
- you are allergic to any ingredient in Invirase capsules or to ritonavir
- you have severe liver problems, certain electrolyte problems (eg, low blood potassium or magnesium levels), or a certain type of irregular heartbeat (heart block) and you do not have a pacemaker, or if you are at risk of heart block
- you have a history of a certain type of irregular heartbeat (eg, congenital long QT syndrome, QT prolongation)
- you are taking alfuzosin, amiodarone, bepridil, cisapride, dihydroergotamine, dofetilide, ergonovine, ergotamine, flecainide, fusidic acid, a garlic supplement, lidocaine, lovastatin, methylergonovine, oral midazolam, pimozide, propafenone, quinidine, rifampin, salmeterol, simvastatin, tipranavir/ritonavir, trazodone, or triazolam
- you are taking sildenafil for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
- you take colchicine and also have kidney or liver problems
Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.
Before using Invirase capsules:
Some medical conditions may interact with Invirase capsules. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:
- if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding
- if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement
- if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances
- if you have heart problems (eg, slow or irregular heartbeat, congestive heart failure [CHF]), high blood cholesterol or triglycerides, hepatitis or other liver problems, kidney problems, hemophilia, or blood electrolyte problems
- if you have diabetes or high blood sugar, or if a member of your family has diabetes
- if you have alcoholism or a history of alcohol abuse
- if you are lactose intolerant
- if you take any medicine that may increase the risk of a certain type of irregular heartbeat (prolonged QT interval). Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are unsure if any of your medicines may increase the risk of this type of irregular heartbeat
Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Invirase capsules. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:
- Many prescription and nonprescription medicines (eg, used for abortion, allergies, anxiety, asthma or other lung or breathing problems, birth control, blood thinning, blood vessel problems, cancer, cystic fibrosis, depression or other mental or mood problems, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, gout, heartburn or reflux, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, HIV, immune system suppression, infections, inflammation, irregular heartbeat or other heart problems, migraine headaches, narcotic dependence, nausea or vomiting, overactive bladder, PAH, pain, seizures, sleep, stomach or bowel problems), multivitamin products, and herbal or dietary supplements (eg, garlic, St. John's wort) because they may interact with Invirase capsules. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you are unsure if any of your medicines might interact with Invirase capsules
This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Invirase capsules may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.
How to use Invirase capsules:
Use Invirase capsules as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.
- Invirase capsules comes with an extra patient information sheet called a Medication Guide. Read it carefully. Read it again each time you get Invirase capsules refilled.
- Take Invirase capsules and ritonavir within 2 hours after a full meal.
- Ritonavir should be taken at the same time as Invirase capsules.
- If you cannot swallow the capsule whole, you may open it and place the contents into an empty container. Add 15 mL of either sugar syrup (or sorbitol syrup for patients with diabetes) or 3 teaspoons of jam to the container. Stir with a spoon for 30 to 60 seconds. Allow the mixture to come to room temperature, then swallow the mixture. Do not store the mixture for future use.
- Taking Invirase capsules at the same times each day will help you to remember to take it.
- Take Invirase capsules on a regular schedule to get the most benefit from it.
- Talk with your doctor before you eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice while you use Invirase capsules.
- Continue to take Invirase capsules even if you feel well. Do not miss any doses.
- If you miss a dose of Invirase capsules, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.
Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Invirase capsules.
Important safety information:
- Tell your doctor or dentist that you take Invirase capsules before you receive any medical or dental care, emergency care, or surgery.
- Invirase capsules interacts with many other medicines. The risk of Invirase capsules's side effects may be increased or Invirase capsules's effectiveness may be decreased. The risk of the other medicines' side effects may also be increased. This may include severe, life-threatening, or fatal side effects. Check with your doctor and pharmacist to make sure that it is safe for you to take Invirase capsules with all of your other medicines (prescription or over-the-counter, natural products, vitamins).
- Changes in body fat (eg, an increased amount of fat in the upper back, neck, breast, and trunk; loss of fat from the legs, arms, and face) may occur in some patients taking Invirase capsules. The cause and long-term effects of these changes are unknown. Discuss any concerns with your doctor.
- Invirase capsules may improve immune system function. This may reveal hidden infections in some patients. Tell your doctor right away if you notice symptoms of infection (eg, fever, sore throat, weakness, cough, shortness of breath) after you start Invirase capsules.
- Do not stop taking Invirase capsules or change your dose without talking to your doctor.
- When your medicine supply is low, get more from your doctor or pharmacist as soon as you can. Do not stop taking Invirase capsules, even for a short period of time. If you do, the virus may grow resistant to the medicine and become harder to treat.
- Invirase capsules are not a cure for HIV infection. Patients may still get illnesses and infections associated with HIV. Remain under the care of your doctor.
- Invirase capsules does not stop the spread of HIV to others through blood or sexual contact. Do not have any kind of sex without protection (eg, latex or polyurethane condoms) if you have HIV infection. Do not share needles, injection supplies, or items like toothbrushes or razors. Talk with your health care provider about ways to prevent the spread of HIV to others.
- Hormonal birth control (eg, birth control pills) may not work as well while you are using Invirase capsules. To prevent pregnancy, use an extra form of birth control (eg, condoms).
- Hemophilia patients - Some people with hemophilia have developed increased bleeding while taking protease inhibitors, such as Invirase capsules. Report all bleeding episodes to your doctor.
- Invirase capsules may raise your blood sugar. High blood sugar may make you feel confused, drowsy, or thirsty. It can also make you flush, breathe faster, urinate more often than usual, or have a fruit-like breath odor. If these symptoms occur, tell your doctor right away.
- Diabetes patients - Check blood sugar levels closely. Ask your doctor before you change the dose of your diabetes medicine.
- Severe skin reactions (eg, Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis) have happened with Invirase capsules. They can cause serious health problems that may not go away, and sometimes death. Get medical help right away if you have signs like red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin (with or without fever); red or irritated eyes; or sores in your mouth, throat, nose, or eyes.
- Lab tests, including liver function, electrocardiogram (ECG), blood cholesterol or triglyceride levels, blood glucose levels, and blood electrolyte levels, may be performed while you use Invirase capsules. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.
- PREGNANCY AND BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of taking Invirase capsules while you are pregnant. It is not known if this medicine is found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while taking Invirase capsules. Mothers infected with HIV should not breast-feed. There is a risk of passing the HIV infection or Invirase capsules to the baby.
Possible side effects of Invirase capsules:
All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:
Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:
Diarrhea; mild stomach pain; nausea; tiredness; vomiting.
Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); black, tarry stools; burning, numbness, or tingling; chest pain; confusion; coughing up blood; decreased coordination; dizziness or light-headedness; fainting; fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat; fever, chills, or persistent cough or sore throat; flu-like symptoms; mental or mood changes (eg, depression); one-sided weakness; seizures; severe or persistent headache; shortness of breath; slurred speech; stomach pain or tenderness; suicidal thoughts or attempts; swelling of the hands, ankles, or feet; symptoms of liver problems (eg, dark urine, loss of appetite, pale stools, right-sided stomach pain, yellowing of the skin or eyes); unusual bruising or bleeding; unusual tiredness or weakness; vision changes; vomit that looks like coffee grounds.
This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.
If OVERDOSE is suspected:
Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately.Proper storage of Invirase capsules:
Store Invirase capsules at room temperature, between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C) in a tightly closed bottle. Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store Invirase capsules in the bathroom. Keep Invirase capsules out of the reach of children and away from pets.
General information:
- If you have any questions about Invirase capsules, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.
- Invirase capsules are to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.
- If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.
- Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.
This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take Invirase capsules or any other medicine. Only your health care provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for you. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about Invirase capsules. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to Invirase capsules. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You must talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using Invirase capsules.
Disclaimer: This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this medicine or any other medicine. Only your health care provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for you. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this medicine. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this medicine. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You must talk with your healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this medicine.
More about Invirase (saquinavir)
- Side Effects
- During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding
- Dosage Information
- Drug Images
- Drug Interactions
- Support Group
- En Español
- 0 Reviews – Add your own review/rating
- Drug class: protease inhibitors
Consumer resources
Other brands: Fortovase


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Hearings and Votes
You can watch the Committee proceedings live, on a given markup or hearing page. We also provide an archived video link for markups and hearings that have already concluded.
Aug 1, 2013 | Hearing
Oversight of DOE's Strategy for the Management and Disposal of Used Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste
Markup of H.R. 2810, the Medicare Patient Access and Quality Improvement Act of 2013, and H.R. 2844, the Federal Communications Commission Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013
Communications and Technology Subcommittee Vote on the FCC Process Reform Act and the FCC Consolidated Reporting Act
Department of Energy Oversight: What is Necessary to Improve Project Management and Mission Performance?
Jul 23, 2013 | Hearing


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Roche (SIX: RO, ROG; OTCQX: RHHBY) announced today that the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has expanded the approval of Pegasys (peginterferon alfa-2a) plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). The new label includes children and adolescents five years of age and older, who have not received treatment and who have tested positive for the virus.1 Pegasys in combination with the antiviral ribavirin is the foundation of treatment for chronic HCV in adults. The medicine was first approved in the European Union over ten years ago.1
"Hepatitis C can ultimately lead to the development of advanced liver disease if left untreated. This approval provides doctors and parents of children as young as five with a treatment combination for this infection," said Hal Barron, MD, Roche's Head of Global Product Development and Chief Medical Officer.
Mother-to-child transmission of HCV is the most common route of acquiring the infection in children,2,3 with approximately 65,000 children estimated to live with chronic HCV in Europe.4-6 While the minority of children (4-10%) born to infected mothers become infected, 80% of these children will develop chronic disease.2,3 Most children infected with chronic HCV do not have any symptoms, but the disease is progressive and can lead to advanced liver damage (cirrhosis), liver cancer and end-stage liver disease.2,3,7
The approval of Pegasys plus ribavirin provides an important additional treatment option for these children.
About the study
The expanded EMA approval is based on a randomised controlled trial involving 114 children between the ages of five and 17 years with chronic HCV. The study assessed the efficacy of Pegasys in combination with ribavirin, as compared to treatment with Pegasys alone. The study showed that treatment with Pegasys plus ribavirin achieved sustained viral response (undetectable HCV ribonucleic acid [RNA] in the blood 24 weeks after completion of treatment) in over half of the children treated (53%), compared with 21% of children who received Pegasys alone.8 The majority of patients were infected with HCV genotype 1, a difficult-to-treat genotype. These results in children and adolescents are consistent with the pattern of response rates seen in adults infected with HCV genotype 1 treated with this combination of medicines.9
About Pegasys
Pegasys is approved for the treatment of a broad range of adult patients, including those with chronic HCV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV co-infection and chronic hepatitis B. Pegasys is a modified form of interferon, a naturally occurring protein produced by the body to fight viruses. The medicine is made by attaching a branched 40KD polyethylene glycol chain to interferon alfa, which allows the interferon to be absorbed more slowly and stay active in the body longer. Pegasys is administered as a once-a-week injection at a dose of 180


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Tom Munro's Celebrity Portraits
Taylor Swift, the Grammy-winning singer whose album Fearless was 2009's best-seller, arrived to ELLE's cover shoot in a refreshingly un-diva-like manner—with just her mom and three acoustic guitars. No hair extensions or shiny jumpsuits, either—just a long-sleeve cotton shirt, a skirt, and men's oxfords. However, after only minutes with ELLE's hairstylist, Ken O'Rourke, Swift's signature corkscrew curls vanished, along with her girl-next-door style, replaced by straight bangs and a seriously sexy '60s pleated cream dress from Chloé. Next, the singer happily zipped into alpine white Oscar de la Renta bloomers, blouse, and lace-covered bowler hat, worn with rhinestone Sonia Rykiel platforms. Soon, though, Swift came back down to earth in a simple, pale pink Jason Wu dress. She'd asked that it be saved for last. You can change the clothes, but you can't change the girl.
Straw bag, Emilio Pucci, $2,535, at Emilio Pucci stores nationwide, visit www. emiliopucci.com
Taylor Swift Cover Shoot


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THE SQL Server Blog Spot on the Web
When Power View appeared, one of the big outcries was "but what about connecting to existing cubes!".
Great to see that the SQL Server team have addressed that. A CTP that allows connecting Power View to SSAS Multidimensional cubes is now available:
Help the team get this out the door by trying it and providing feedback.
If you would like to receive an email when updates are made to this post, please register here
Subscribe to this post's comments using
Thanks for posting this - great news! :)


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Vikings Make Roster Cuts Including Rosenfels
The Vikings cut their roster from 75 to 53 Friday night. Among the cuts are quarterback Sage Rosenfels, receiver Emanuel Arceneaux, cornerback Chris Carr, offensive lineman Chris DeGeare, and running back Jordan Todman. The Vikings elected to keep McLeod Bethel-Thompson to be third quarterback and Joe Webb will be the backup to Christian Ponder.


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November 15, 2012
Canada's cricket team retained the Auty Cup on Thursday after a draw with the United States in Lauderhill, Fla.
After putting up a total of 196 over its first innings on Wednesday, Canada shut down the American attack. The U.S. managed just 114 runs before all 10 batters were out.
Canadian bowler Junaid Siddiqui accounted for three of the outs, catching two and dismissing the other via leg before wicket.
Canada put up 150 runs by the tea break in its next innings, and decided to bat out for the draw rather than declare and let the U.S. take a run at Canada's totals. Raza-Ur Rehman led Canada with 54 runs.
The two teams meet for a 50-over game on Friday before playing a pair of Twenty20 matches on Saturday.


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Did you know?
Bontebok can't jump, but they're expert at crawling under fences.
The Bontebok National Park is one of the best of the historic town of Swellendam's attractions, and is worth a visit to the area in its own right. No matter the time of year, there's always something to see in this pretty park.
For a start, there's always some species of fynbos in bloom here, whatever the season.
Then there are the Langeberg mountains, providing the kind of backdrop any artist would leave home to paint. The gleaming Breede River winds through the park.
But the undoubted star is the rare antelope that gave this park its name. Bontebok means 'pied antelope'. It is a pretty little antelope, with a white blaze on its face and a body delicately shaded in berry-chocolate and vanilla white.
A mercy then, that this species was snatched from the brink of extinction. In 1931, when the Bontebok National Park was proclaimed, there were only 17 individuals left.
Before colonists arrived in the mid 1600s, bontebok were plentiful, seen in herds of up to 1000 or more. But the fact that they lived close to Cape Town meant they came under hunters guns too often.
After decades of careful bontebok conservation, which included moving the park to more suitable land in the 1960s, the world population of this antelope has slowly risen above 3000. Of course, you won't see all of them here. All but 200 have been moved to other parks.
What you'll also see are the rare Cape mountain zebras, uncommon grey rhebok, and more common, but very attractive, steenbok. Be there at dusk, and you'll stand a good chance to catch sight of local predators: jackal, caracal, bat-eared foxes and Cape foxes.
Birders can look out for Denham's bustard, blue cranes, secretary birds and spurwing geese, among many other species.
Best of all, relax on the banks of the Breede with a pair of binoculars to hand. In summer, you won't be able to resist slipping into its cool, clean water.
Travel tips & Planning info
Who to contact
SANParks reservations
Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 9111
Bontebok National Park
Tel: +27 (0) 28 514 2735
How to get here
Swellendam is a three-hour drive from Cape Town and is situated beside the N2 highway. From the town, it's a short drive south to the entrance of the park.
Tours to do
You can hike and bike in the park, or swim and fish (with a permit) in the Breede River.
What will it cost
Park entry for day visitors is about R60 for adults, and R30 for children.
Length of stay
Most people visit the park as a day trip, but the peaceful beauty may convince you to stay overnight.
What to pack
In summer, don't forget your swimming costume. The Breede River is clean and cool, and doesn't have crocodiles.
Where to stay
There's a rest camp called Lang Elsie's Kraal within the park, designed for minimum environmental impact and maximum community benefit. There are also wheelchair-friendly chalets, or you could camp. Swellendam also offers plenty of options.


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Area business, organizations, individuals, and children are being asked to put on their Santa hats, donate their time, talents, and creativity to the Sixth Annual Kandy Kane Xpress Holiday Festival.
The Mini Tree Decorating Contest and Auction is one of the highlights of the event scheduled in conjunction with Akron General Health & Wellness Center Green on Dec. 1 from 1 to 5 p.m. Last year 72 trees were entered in the contest. The event supports The Dane Foundation.
The two-foot, mini or tabletop pine trees are provided to entrants as part of their $25 entry fee.
The Deck The Halls Party tree preview and pre-bidding is Nov. 28 from 6 to 7:30 p.m. Admission to the wine & cheese preview is free with the donation of a new bath towel to The Dane Foundation.
Decorated trees can be delivered to Green's Parks and Recreation Department or by making arrangements to drop off at The Dane Foundation's office in Cuyahoga Falls. Deadline to enter trees is Nov. 21 at 4 p.m.
For more information on The Kandy Kane Xpress' Mini Tree Contest and Auction or to volunteer, call The Dane Foundation at 330-703-1183 or the City of Green Parks and Recreation at 330-896-6621. Visit www.TheDaneFoundation.org for details.


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The Brandi Vintage Filigree Wedding Invitation
"Love! Love until the night collapses!" - P. Neruda
The Brandi wedding invitation, in neutral colors with bronze and silver accents, is part of The Europa Collection consisting of beautiful, custom-made, vintage themed wedding invitations with rustic European flair. The collection is rich in one of a kind romantic, French-style filigree designs, unique to our studio.
Each invitation is designed to meet your wishes and they include the invitation card, the RSVP card and envelope with addressing and a European C6 style outer envelope with return addressing.
Options to add a silk paper wrap, ribbons, a wax seal and a peacock feather are available.
We can also print your guest addresses for an additional fee.
Everything comes assembled and ready to mail to your beloved guests.
Using only the finest quality products, we work with you to design your stationery, in any color and fonts you wish.
When ordering 75 invitations or more please enter discount code Invites 75+
When ordering 100 invitations or more please enter discount code Invites 100+
When ordering 150 invitations or more please enter discount code Invites 150+
When ordering 200 invitations or more please enter discount code Invites 200+
Please note that we do not sell samples individually. If you'd like to see samples of our work please order a sample pack HERE and specify your color scheme and wedding date when checking out. Thank you.


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Did you know?Kosi Bay Turtle Tours offer a wonderful opportunity to view these ancient reptiles in their natural habitat during the only time of the year that the turtles leave the water: November to March, when they are nesting.
At Jacana Trails the phrase 'take a hike' is what they live for.
Whether it's just a short day excursion close on the Frogs Trail in Cullinan, north of Pretoria, or a hike lasting several days along the Tsitsikamma coast, or a customised kayak or horse riding trail, there's a trail with your name on it.
In Mpumalanga, the Olifants River Gorge Cycad Trail follows a route overflowing with these ancient endemic plants. Or perhaps the lichen-covered rock formation's of Limpopo's Lindani Trail is more your scene?
If a great hike not far from Johannesburg is what you have in mind, the Uitkyk Trail is a day walk overlooking the magnificent Hartbeespoort Dam in the North West province, just an hour from the city.
For those who enjoy hiking in comfort, there's the option of slackpacking, hiking without a backpack and with a hot bath, cooked meal and comfy bed at day's end.
Four hours from Cape Town, the Swart Tobie Coastal Trail is a five-day wilderness slackpacking hike of 15 to 18km a day along the beaches of the West Coast near Koekenaap.
The Kosi Bay Slackpacking Trail takes in the pristine beaches of Maputaland where you walk along isolated beaches, through sand forests, dune forests, savannah, wetlands and rivers. The Silver Sands Trail and Oystercatcher Trail are other slackpacking options.
Or perhaps you have a taste for adventure, or you're a keen angler, mountain biker, 4x4 enthusiast or paddler? Jacana also has specialised trails perfectly suited to these pursuits in various parts of the country.
Travel tips & Planning info
Who to contact
The Jacana Collection
Tel: +27 (0)41 378 1439 (Port Elizabeth)
Tel: +27 (0)12 803 9109 (Pretoria)
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
How to get here
Jacana trails are located across South Africa. The company has headquarters in Port Elizabeth and Pretoria.
Best time to visit
It's usually a good idea to avoid mid-summer and mid-winter, when temperatures can be extreme. Outside of these periods the weather is pleasant in most provinces, although the Cape is prone to winter rain.
Tours to do
Depending on the terrain, various trails include activities such as abseiling, rock climbing, diving, river rafting, quad biking, canopy tours, swimming, game viewing and bird watching.
What will it cost
Costs for each trail vary, depending on the distance, duration and facilities required.
What to pack
A good pair of hiking boots, thick socks, hat, sunscreen, camera and binoculars.
Where to stay
Accommodation is varied and suited to each trail. From self-catering on private farms to lodges, tented bush camps and national park camps.


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You are here
Office of Capital Access | Resources
If your institution has any non-SBA loans to the borrower or its principals/guarantors, or has liens from any such loans against collateral securing the SBA loan, please be aware that proceeds from sale of collateral should be applied based on relative lien position as required by the SBA Loan Authorization. SBA also would expect that prudent and reasonable liquidation-related expenses be allocated by lien priority. Please be mindful that SBA will only recognize other lender priority liens, such as purchase money liens, if the lender has properly perfected and received SBA's prior written concurrence.
Lender's non-SBA-guaranteed loans and recoveries obtained on those loans:
If your institution has any non-SBA-guaranteed loans to the borrower or its principals/guarantors, whether those loans are secured by any of the same collateral that secures the SBA-guaranteed loan or not, lender must not take any action that will confer a preference upon itself in terms of recovery on its own loan as compared to its recovery on the SBA-guaranteed loan. The lender's recoveries on each such loan against collateral securing both generally will be governed by lien priority, although SBA expects the lender to diligently pursue recovery of both liens. When lender takes collection action against borrower's other assets or other assets of principals/guarantors (for example, through salary offset), SBA expects the lender to prudently pursue recovery on both loans. SBA also expects that any recoveries lender realizes from such action will be divided pro rata (based on the comparative balances outstanding on the two loans) between the SBA-guaranteed loan and the lender's own loan. SBA also would expect that prudent and reasonable liquidation-related expenses be allocated by lien priority if expenses can be so identified and broken out. However, if not practical, expenses to pursue actions affecting multiple loans can be shared pro rata between both such loans (although SBA would not agree to share in expenses exceeding its pro-rata share of recoveries).
For additional questions or concerns contact email@example.com.


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Regulatory Sponsored by
The International Fragrance Association (IFRA) has applauded the adoption of the EU Commission's proposal on the protection against unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure of confidential business information and know-how.
The recently issued draft directive introduces a common definition of trade secrets, as well as means through which victims of trade secret misappropriation can obtain redress. The directive aims to make it easier for national courts to deal with the misappropriation of confidential business information, to remove the trade secret infringing products from the market and make it easier for victims to receive damages for illegal actions.
According to IFRA, the proposal to harmonize national laws, establishing a common definition and ensuring that cases of misappropriation, use or disclosure will be covered by sufficient and comparable levels of redress across the EU will contribute to an effective internal market.
"The fragrance industry, one of the most creative sectors in Europe has long recognized the significance of its know-how for its long-term development, but in the eyes of the law there remains ambiguity," said Pierre Sivac, IFRA's president.
"The enforcement of the protection of know-how is exceedingly difficult because of inconsistent regimes across EU Member States. This bold proposal from the commission, if successful, will go a long way to ensuring that innovative European industries, such as the fragrance industry, remain competitive," Sivac added.
Join the fragrance world's thought leaders for three days of exhibitions, education and networking that will unite suppliers, marketers, retailers and other key industry stakeholders. Find out more!


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2017 Watercolor Workshop Opportunity
painting by artist Jacqueline Gnott
12.5 in X 17 in (31.8 cm X 43.2 cm)
This painting is available directly from the artist.
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© 2017 Daily Painters Gallery. All artwork is copyrighted by the individual artists.
Images may not be reproduced without the permission of the artist.


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Deerfield, Ill. Walgreen Co. will open its first stores in Alaska in 2009, giving the chain a presence in all 50 states, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.
The first store is planned for Anchorage, with an opening date of summer 2009. Two more locations are expected to open by the end of that year. The company is initially focusing on Anchorage and Southcentral Alaska.
This is only the beginning of Walgreens' expansion into Alaska.
"We're going to make substantial investments in Alaska in the years ahead," said William Hose, Walgreens VP of store operations for Alaska.


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3 May 2011
By clicking Submit, you accept the Adobe Terms of Use.
In this exercise you will create an application that lets administrators choose an employee to feature on the Employee of the Month panel of the Employee Portal.
The application involves two custom components: one to choose the employee and write a congratulatory message and the other to preview how the Employee of the Month panel will appear on the Employee Portal (see Figure 1).
The Preview custom component will initially be invisible. When the user clicks the Preview button in the Choose custom component, an event is dispatched to the main application that will make the Preview component visible. In the next exercise you will populate the Preview component with data from the Choose component.
In this exercise you will learn how to:
You have used many event types in this video training series. For example, you have used the
click event type for a Button control and the
change event for the DropDownList control.
Remember that the Flex framework classes can be modified and extended for your application needs. In this section, you will create your own
showPreview event type within the
Choose custom component.
Figure 2 shows the application. The
DropDownList control is populated with XML data and you can type a message into the
TextArea control. The Employee of the Month panel does not show any content and nothing happens yet when you click the Preview button.
You can see that the main application file defines an
HTTPService call to retrieve data from the employees.xml file in the data folder and then populates a class property named
employeeData with the returned data. The
employeeData object is then passed to the
chooseEmployee instance of the
Choose custom component, which then binds the data to the DropDownList control.
The Preview.mxml custom component expects two properties:
employeeInfo and
message. The values of these properties are bound to the image and text controls in the component. However, since this data is not yet provided, the display appears empty.
Preview custom component instance in the ex3_01_starter.mxml main application code.
<s:HGroup gap="30">
<components:Choose id="chooseEmployee"
employeeData="{employeeData}" x="30" y="90"/>
<components:Preview id="previewEmployeeOfTheMonth"
title="Employee of the Month" x="250" y="90" width="250"/>
components:Preview tag, assign the
visible property value to a value of
<components:Preview id="previewEmployeeOfTheMonth"
title="Employee of the Month" x="250" y="90" width="250"
This code will make the
Preview instance invisible at application start-up. The event that you will create, dispatch, and handle in the rest of this exercise will make the
Preview instance visible again.
Metadata comment.
Metadata tag block.
<!-- Metadata ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -->
Metadata tag block, type [Ev to invoke the content assist tool and select the
Event directive. In the generated template, name the event type
showPreview and leave the default type value for the flash.events.Event class.
[Event(name="showPreview", type="flash.events.Event")]
Keep in mind that this is an arbitrary name that you have created for your custom component event. In other words, you've created your own event type for the built-in Event class.
Metadata tag is a compiler directive that registers this new event type with Flash Builder. If you save Choose.mxml and return to the main application file and use code hinting to see the properties, methods, and events in the component instance, you will see the
showPreview event listed.
The application scenario includes the administrator selecting an employee from the DropDownList control in the
Choose custom component instance, typing a congratulatory message to the user, and then clicking the Preview button. This means that you must handle the
click event on the Preview button.
When a user clicks the Preview button, you will handle the
click event by creating an instance of the event object you defined in the
Metadata compiler directive and then dispatching the event to the main application using the
dispatch() method of the Event class.
id property value assigned to
Button control, use the content assist window to add a
click event property (see Figure 3).
click event will present you with the Generate Click Handler option in the content assist window (see Figure 4). Click the option or press the Enter key to use the option to generate a function.
Script tag block, below the event handlers comment, locate the generated
preview_clickHandler() function.
// event handlers -------------------------------------------
protected function preview_clickHandler(event:MouseEvent):void
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Remember that generated event handlers are named first by the object's
id value (in this case
preview), then the event type (in this case
click), and then the word
Handling the
click event is not the learning point of this exercise. You have created and handled many events already in the course of this video training series. For the purpose of this exercise, you will create an event object and dispatch it.
preview_clickHandler() function, delete the generated stub comment and declare a variable named
eventObject and data type it to the Event class.
protected function preview_clickHandler(event:MouseEvent):void
var eventObject:Event
Note: The name of this event object,
eventObject, is arbitrary. Remember, though, that it is an instance of the Event class.
eventObject using the
new keyword and assign it to the
showPreview event type that you named in the
Metadata tag block.
protected function preview_clickHandler(event:MouseEvent):void
var eventObject:Event = new Event("showPreview");
You have just created an event object that is typed to your own
showPreview event type. You do not need to import the Event class.
preview_clickHandler() function, below the
eventObject variable instantiation, use the
dispatchEvent() method to dispatch
protected function preview_clickHandler(event:MouseEvent):void
var eventObject:Event = new Event("showPreview");
dispatchEvent() method dispatches the event object to the main application. You will handle the event in the main application file next.
In this section, you will create an event handler function to handle a dispatch of the
showPreview event within the main application file.
HGroup container that nests the
Choose and
Preview components tags.
<s:HGroup gap="30">
<components:Choose id="chooseEmployee"
employeeData="{employeeData}" x="30" y="90"/>
<components:Preview id="previewEmployeeOfTheMonth"
title="Employee of the Month" x="250" y="90"
width="250" visible="false"/>
You can see that the
Choose and
Preview instances are named
chooseEmployee and
previewEmployeeOfTheMonth, respectively.
components:Choose tag, use the content assist tool to add the
showPreview event (see Figure 5).
Metadata compiler directive has directed Flash Builder to treat the
showPreview event type that you created as any other event of the
Choose component.
showPreview event will present you with the Generate Click Handler option, within the content assist window (see Figure 6). Select the option or press Enter to generate the function.
Script block, below the event handlers comment, locate the generated
chooseEmployee_showPreviewHandler() function.
protected function chooseEmployee_showPreviewHandler(event:Event):void
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
chooseEmployee_showPreviewHandler() function, delete the generated stub code and assign the
previewEmployeeOfTheMonth Preview custom component's
visible property to
protected function chooseEmployee_showPreviewHandler(event:Event):void
previewEmployeeOfTheMonth.visible = true;
You have just dispatched the
showPreview event from the
Choose component and handled it in the main application in the
chooseEmployee_showPreviewHandler() event handler.
Note that the Employee of the Month panel container is not visible (see Figure 7).
The Employee of the Month panel container is now visible (see Figure 8).
In this exercise you learned how to create and trigger an event, dispatch it to the main application, and handle the event. In the next exercise you will pass data from the Choose component instance to the Preview component instance.


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All Boots Ship Free (more...)
- Made in the USA
- Full Grain Leather Upper
- Leather Lined
- Oak ICE™ Outsole
- PilloCushion Insole with DRY-LEX®
- 935 Toe
There's no job too big or too small for the USA-made ICE Buckaroo boots. The buckaroo style is a style that is worn for fashion and function. These buckaroos feature full leather uppers that are leather-lined for maximum comfort and breathability. The PilloCushion™ insole offers all day comfort no matter how long of a day you have ahead of you. The upper part of the boot is stitched to lower part with welted construction, allowing you to resole these boots if needed. Double-H completed these boots with their Oak ICE outsole. This sole has outstanding abrasion, oil, and slip resistance.
Style(s): DH1571


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THIS year's Glastonbury festival is now in full swing as music fans make the most of their Worthy Farm experience.
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Assessment |
Biopsychology |
Comparative |
Cognitive |
Developmental |
Language |
Individual differences |
Personality |
Philosophy |
Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Social psychology: Altruism · Attribution · Attitudes · Conformity · Discrimination · Groups · Interpersonal relations · Obedience · Prejudice · Norms · Perception · Index · Outline
Models of communication refers to the conceptual model used to explain the human communication process.
Shannon and Weaver Edit
The first major model for communication was the Shannon–Weaver model developed in 1949 by Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories[1] Following the basic concept, communication is the process of sending and receiving messages or transferring information from one part (sender) to another (receiver).[2]
The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.[1]
In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Social scientists Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:
- An information source, which produces a message.
- A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals
- A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission
- A receiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal.
- A destination, where the message arrives.
Shannon and Weaver argued that there were three levels of problems for communication within this theory.
- The technical problem: how accurately can the message be transmitted?
- The semantic problem: how precisely is the meaning 'conveyed'?
- The effectiveness problem: how effectively does the received meaning affect behavior?
Daniel Chandler critiques the transmission model by stating:[3]
- It assumes communicators are isolated individuals.
- No allowance for differing purposes.
- No allowance for differing interpretations.
- No allowance for unequal power relations.
- No allowance for situational contexts.
David Berlo Edit
In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver's (1949) linear model of communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication.[4] The Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of communication separated the model into clear parts and has been expanded upon by other scholars.
Schramm Edit
Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schramm (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message.[5] Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).
Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules:
- Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),
- Pragmatic (concerned with the relations between signs/expressions and their users) and
- Semantic (study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent).
Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This commonly held rule in some sense ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self-talk, both secondary phenomena that followed the primary acquisition of communicative competences within social interactions.
Barnlund Edit
In light of these weaknesses, Barnlund (2008) proposed a transactional model of communication.[6] The basic premise of the transactional model of communication is that individuals are simultaneously engaging in the sending and receiving of messages.
In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.
Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).
Psychology of communication Edit
Bernard Luskin, UCLA, 1970, advanced computer assisted instruction and began to connect media and psychology into what is now the field of media psychology. In 1998, the American Association of Psychology, Media Psychology Division 46 Task Force report on psychology and new technologies combined media and communication as pictures, graphics and sound increasingly dominate modern communication.
Constructionist Model Edit
There is an additional working definition of communication to considerTemplate:Examples that authors like Richard A. Lanham (2003) and as far back as Erving Goffman (1959) have highlighted. This is a progression from Lasswell's attempt to define human communication through to this century and revolutionized into the constructionist model. Constructionists believe that the process of communication is in itself the only messages that exist. The packaging can not be separated from the social and historical context from which it arose, therefore the substance to look at in communication theory is style for Richard Lanham and the performance of self for Erving Goffman.
Lanham chose to view communication as the rival to the over encompassing use of CBS model (which pursued to further the transmission model). CBS model argues that clarity, brevity, and sincerity are the only purpose to prose discourse, therefore communication. Lanham wrote, "If words matter too, if the whole range of human motive is seen as animating prose discourse, then rhetoric analysis leads us to the essential questions about prose style" (Lanham 10). This is saying that rhetoric and style are fundamentally important; they are not errors to what we actually intend to transmit. The process which we construct and deconstruct meaning deserves analysis.
Erving Goffman sees the performance of self as the most important frame to understand communication. Goffman wrote, "What does seem to be required of the individual is that he learn enough pieces of expression to be able to 'fill in' and manage, more or less, any part that he is likely to be given" (Goffman 73) Goffman is highlighting the significance of expression.
The truth in both cases is the articulation of the message and the package as one. The construction of the message from social and historical context is the seed as is the pre-existing message is for the transmission model. Therefore any look into communication theory should include the possibilities drafted by such great scholars as Richard A. Lanham and Erving Goffman that style and performance is the whole process.
Communication stands so deeply rooted in human behaviors and the structures of society that scholars have difficulty thinking of it while excluding social or behavioral eventsTemplate:Weasel-inline. Because communication theory remains a relatively young field of inquiry and integrates itself with other disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, and sociology, one probably cannot yet[update]Template:Dated maintenance category expect a consensus conceptualization of communication across disciplinesTemplate:Weasel-inline.
Communication Model Terms as provided by Rothwell (11-15):
- Noise; interference with effective transmission and reception of a message.
- For example;
- physical noise or external noise which are environmental distractions such as poorly heated rooms, startling sounds, appearances of things, music playing some where else, and someone talking really loudly near you.
- physiological noise are biological influences that distract you from communicating competently such as sweaty palms, pounding heart, butterfly in the stomach, induced by speech anxiety, or feeling sick, exhausted at work, the ringing noise in your ear, being really hungry, and if you have a runny noise or a cough.
- psychological noise are the preconception bias and assumptions such as thinking someone who speaks like a valley girl is dumb, or someone from a foreign country can't speak English well so you speak loudly and slowly to them.
- semantic noise are word choices that are confusing and distracting such as using the word tri-syllabic instead of three syllables.
- For example;
- Sender; the initiator and encoder of a message
- Receiver; the one that receives the message (the listener) and the decoder of a message
- Decode; translates the senders spoken idea/message into something the receiver understands by using their knowledge of language from personal experience.
- Encode; puts the idea into spoken language while putting their own meaning into the word/message.
- Channel; the medium through which the message travels such as through oral communication (radio, television, phone, in person) or written communication (letters, email, text messages)
- Feedback; the receivers verbal and nonverbal responses to a message such as a nod for understanding (nonverbal), a raised eyebrow for being confused (nonverbal), or asking a question to clarify the message (verbal).
- Message; the verbal and nonverbal components of language that is sent to the receiver by the sender which conveys an idea.
Linear Model Edit
It is a one way model to communicate with others. It consists of the sender encoding a message and channeling it to the receiver in the presence of noise. Draw backs – the linear model assumes that there is a clear cut beginning and end to communication. It also displays no feedback from the receiver.
- For example; a letter, email, text message, lecture.
Interactive Model Edit
It is two linear models stacked on top of each other. The sender channels a message to the receiver and the receiver then becomes the sender and channels a message to the original sender. This model has added feedback, indicates that communication is not a one way but a two way process. It also has "field of experience" which includes our cultural background, ethnicity geographic location, extend of travel, and general personal experiences accumulated over the course of your lifetime. Draw backs – there is feedback but it is not simultaneous.
- For example – instant messaging. The sender sends an IM to the receiver, then the original sender has to wait for the IM from the original receiver to react. Or a question/answer session where you just ask a question then you get an answer.
Transactional Model Edit
It assumes that people are connected through communication; they engage in transaction. Firstly, it recognizes that each of us is a sender-receiver, not merely a sender or a receiver. Secondly, it recognizes that communication affects all parties involved. So communication is fluid/simultaneous. This is how most conversation are like. The transactional model also contains ellipses that symbolize the communication environment (how you interpret the data that you are given). Where the ellipses meet is the most effect communication area because both communicators share the same meaning of the message.
- For example – talking/listening to friends. While your friend is talking you are constantly giving them feedback on what you think through your facial expression verbal feedback without necessarily stopping your friend from talking.
Communication Theory Framework Edit
- Main article: Theory of communication
It is helpful to examine communication and communication theory through one of the following viewpointsTemplate:Weasel-inline:
- Mechanistic: This view[attribution needed] considers communication as a perfect transaction of a message from the sender to the receiver. (as seen in the diagram above)
- Psychological: This view[attribution needed] considers communication as the act of sending a message to a receiver, and the feelings and thoughts of the receiver upon interpreting the message.
- Social Constructionist (Symbolic Interactionist): This view} considers communication to be the product of the interactants sharing and creating meaning. The Constructionist View can also be defined as, how you say something determines what the message is. The Constructionist View assumes that "truth" and "ideas" are constructed or invented through the social process of communication. Robert T. Craig saw the Constructionist View or the constitutive view as it's called in his article, as "…an ongoing process that symbolically forms and re-forms our personal identities." (Craig, 125). The other view of communication, the Transmission Model, sees communication as robotic and computer-like. The Transmission Model sees communication as a way of sending or receiving messages and the perfection of that. But, the Constructionist View sees communications as, "…in human life, info does not behave as simply as bits in an electronic stream. In human life, information flow is far more like an electric current running from one landmine to another" (Lanham, 7). The Constructionist View is a more realistic view of communication Template:Opinion because it involves the interacting of human beings and the free sharing of thoughts and ideas. Daniel Chandler looks to prove that the Transmission Model is a lesser way of communicating by saying "The transmission model is not merely a gross over-simplification but a dangerously misleading representation of the nature of human communication" (Chandler, 2). Humans do not communicate simply as computers or robots so that's why it's essential to truly understand the Constructionist View of Communication well. We do not simply send facts and data to one another, but we take facts and data and they acquire meaning through the process of communication, or through interaction with others.
- Systemic: This view[attribution needed] considers communication to be the new messages created via "through-put", or what happens as the message is being interpreted and re-interpreted as it travels through people.
- Critical: This view considers communication as a source of power and oppression of individuals and social groups.[7]
Inspection of a particular theory on this level will provide a framework on the nature of communication as seen within the confines of that theory.
Theories can also be studied and organized according to the ontological, epistemological, and axiological framework imposed by the theorist.
Ontology Edit
Ontology essentially poses the question of what, exactly, it is the theorist is examining. One must consider the very nature of reality. The answer usually falls in one of three realms depending on whether the theorist sees the phenomena through the lens of a realist, nominalist, or social constructionist. Realist perspective views the world objectively, believing that there is a world outside of our own experience and cognitions. Nominalists see the world subjectively, claiming that everything outside of one's cognitions is simply names and labels. Social constructionists straddle the fence between objective and subjective reality, claiming that reality is what we create together.Template:LopsidedTemplate:POV-statement
Epistemology Edit
Epistemology is an examination of how the theorist studies the chosen phenomena. In studying epistemology, particularly from a positivist perspective, objective knowledge is said[attribution needed] to be the result of a systematic look at the causal relationships of phenomena. This knowledge is usually attained through use of the scientific methodTemplate:POV-statement. Scholars often think Template:Weasel-inline that empirical evidence collected in an objective manner is most likely to reflect truth in the findings. Theories of this ilk are usually created to predict a phenomenon. Subjective theory holds that understanding is based on situated knowledge, typically found using interpretative methodology such as ethnography and also interviews. Subjective theories are typically developed to explain or understand phenomena in the social world.[How to reference and link to summary or text]
Axiology Edit
Axiology is concerned with how values inform research and theory development.[8] Most communication theory is guided by one of three axiological approaches . The first approach recognizes that values will influence theorists' interests but suggests that those values must be set aside once actual research begins. Outside replication of research findings is particularly important in this approach to prevent individual researchers' values from contaminating their findings and interpretations.[9] The second approach rejects the idea that values can be eliminated from any stage of theory development. Within this approach, theorists do not try to divorce their values from inquiry. Instead, they remain mindful of their values so that they understand how those values contextualize, influence or skew their findings.[10] The third approach not only rejects the idea that values can be separated from research and theory, but rejects the idea that they should be separated. This approach is often adopted by critical theorists who believe that the role of communication theory is to identify oppression and produce social change. In this axiological approach, theorists embrace their values and work to reproduce those values in their research and theory development.[11]
Mapping the theoretical landscape Edit
A discipline gets defined in large part by its theoretical structureTemplate:Weasel-inline. Communication studies often borrow theories from other social sciencesTemplate:POV-statement. This theoretical variation makes it difficult to come to terms with the field as a wholeTemplate:POV-statement. That said, some common taxonomies exist that serve to divide up the range of communication research. Two common mappings involve contexts and assumptions.
Contexts Edit
Many authors and researchers[attribution needed] divide communication by what they sometimes called "contexts" or "levels", but which more often represent institutional historiesTemplate:POV-statement. The study of communication in the US, while occurring within departments of psychology, sociology, linguistics, and anthropology (among others), generally developed from schools of rhetoric and from schools of journalism . While many of these have become "departments of communication", they often retain their historical roots, adhering largely to theories from speech communication in the former case, and from mass media in the latter. The great divide between speech communication and mass communication becomes complicated by a number of smaller sub-areas of communication research, including intercultural and international communication, small group communication, communication technology, policy and legal studies of communication, telecommunication, and work done under a variety of other labels. Some of these departments take a largely social-scientific perspective, others tend more heavily toward the humanities, and still others gear themselves more toward production and professional preparation.
These "levels" of communication provide some way of grouping communication theories, but inevitably, some theories and concepts leak from one area to another, or fail to find a home at all.
The Constitutive Metamodel Edit
- Main article: Communication Theory as a Field
Another way of dividing up the communication field emphasizes the assumptions that undergird particular theories, models, and approaches. Robert T. Craig suggests that the field of communication as a whole can be understood as several different traditions who have a specific view on communication. By showing the similarities and differences between these traditions, Craig argues that the different traditions will be able to engage each other in dialogue rather than ignore each other.[12] Craig proposes seven different traditions which are:
- Rhetorical: views communication as the practical art of discourse.[13]
- Semiotic: views communication as the mediation by signs.[14]
- Phenomenological: communication is the experience of dialogue with others.[15]
- Cybernetic: communication is the flow of information.[16]
- Socio-psychological: communication is the interaction of individuals.[17]
- Socio-cultural: communication is the production and reproduction of the social order.[18]
- Critical: communication is the process in which all assumptions can be challenged.[19]
Craig finds each of these clearly defined against the others, and remaining cohesive approaches to describing communicative behavior. As a taxonomic aid, these labels help to organize theory by its assumptions, and help researchers to understand why some theories may seem incommensurable.
While communication theorists very commonly use these two approaches, theorists decentralize the place of language and machines as communicative technologies. The idea (as argued by Vygotsky) of communication as the primary tool of a species defined by its tools remains on the outskirts of communication theory. It finds some representation in the Toronto School of communication theory (alternatively sometimes called medium theory) as represented by the work of Innis, McLuhan, and others. It seems that the ways in which individuals and groups use the technologies of communication — and in some cases are used by them — remain central to what communication researchers do. The ideas that surround this, and in particular the place of persuasion, remain constants across both the "traditions" and "levels" of communication theory.
Some realms of communication and their theories Edit
- universal communication Law: Universal Theory, Dynamic-transactional Ansatz
- message production: Constructivist Theory, Action Assembly Theory
- message processing: Elaboration Likelihood Model, Inoculation theory
- discourse and interaction: Speech Acts Theory, Coordinated Management of Meaning
- developing relationships: Uncertainty Reduction Theory, Social Penetration Theory, Predicted Outcome Value Theory
- ongoing relationships: Relational Systems Theory, Relational Dialectics
- organizational: Structuration Theory, Unobtrusive and Concertive Control Theory
- small group: Functional Theory, Symbolic Convergence Theory
- media processing and effects: Social Cognitive Theory, Uses and Gratifications Theory
- media and society: Agenda Setting, Spiral of silence, Symbolic Convergence Theory
- culture: Speech Codes Theory, Face-saving Theory
- making social worlds: Coordinated Management of Meaning, Symbolic Interactionism
References Edit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press
- ↑ Crag, Robert T. (1999). Communication Theory as a Field, International Communication Association. URL accessed 12.07.2011.
- ↑ Chandler, Daniel (1994). The Transmission Model of Communication, University of Western Australia. URL accessed 11.06.2011.
- ↑ Berlo, D. K. (1960). The process of communication. New York, New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
- ↑ Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. In W. Schramm (Ed.), The process and effects of communication (pp. 3-26). Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
- ↑ Barnlund, D. C. (2008). A transactional model of communication. In. C. D. Mortensen (Eds.), Communication theory (2nd ed., pp47-57). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction.
- ↑ Littlejohn, S.W. and Foss, K.A. (2008). Theories of human communication, 9th edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
- ↑ Miller, Katherine (2005). Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts 2nd Edition, Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
- ↑ Miller (2005). {{{title}}}, 30.
- ↑ Miller (2005). {{{title}}}, 30–31.
- ↑ Miller (2005). {{{title}}}, 31.
- ↑ Craig, Robert T. (May 1999). Communication Theory as a Field. Communication Theory 9 (2): 119–161.
- ↑ Craig 1999, pp. 135-136.
- ↑ Craig 1999, pp. 136-138.
- ↑ Craig 1999, pp. 138-140.
- ↑ Craig 1999, pp. 141-142.
- ↑ Craig 1999, pp. 142-144.
- ↑ Craig 1999, pp. 144-146.
- ↑ Craig 1999, pp. 146-149.
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