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Social Processes: Methodology · Types of test
The US Army Apha Test was developed firstly by Roger Thomas Lennon in 1917 as an intelligence measure for assessing US army recruits.
Arthur Sinton Otis developed it further to improve cost and time efficiency as compared to one developed by Alfred Binet (1857–1911), which was individually administered. Given in multiple-choice format and administered in groups, 1.7 million World War I recruits took the Army Alpha test. The results were published in 1921 and included the relative performance of recruits of different national origins.
The Army Alpha is a group-administered test further developed by Robert Yerkes and six other committee members that was used to evaluate vast numbers of military recruits in the United States during World War I.[1] It was first introduced in 1917 due to a demand for a systematic method of evaluating the intellectual and emotional functioning of soldiers. The test measured "verbal ability, numerical ability, ability to follow directions, and knowledge of information".[2] Scores on the Army Alpha were used to determine a soldier's capability of serving, his job classification and his potential for a leadership position. Soldiers who were illiterate or foreign speaking would take the Army Beta, a nonverbal equivalent of the exam.[3]
Army Beta The Army Beta was a version of the test developed for use with those who were illiterate. The Development of the beta test and of the performance test for the examination of the foreign speaking and illiterate presented special problems. The use of demonstration charts and pantomime to convey the instructions to the persons being examined proved successful. The new type of the test in the beta, using geometrical designs, mutilated pictures, etc., required different principles in its construction. The individual performance tests also involved additional and peculiar standards of construction and evaluation.[4]
The important purpose of these supplementary tests was, of course, to give to those handicapped by language difficulties a real opportunity to show their ability. In addition, two definite aims were planned in the use of all forms of testing: first, to point out the feeble-minded and those incapable of military service because of mental deficiency; and second, to find those of unusual or special ability. The arrangement of each test, in both group and individual examinations, was therefore checked against the sources of men in institutions for the feeble-minded. If no score had meant low mentality, the first task would have been solved; but it had been shown that literacy was an important factor in the alpha test. The beta test practically eliminated this factor and was thus a step further in selecting those of low intelligence. To prove conclusively that a man was weak-minded and not merely indifferent or malingering, the performance test was added.[5]
The individual examinations as finally used in the Army were, therefore, primarily checks on the group examinations. No person was reported as feeble-minded until a detailed individual psychological examination had been made. Many cases of mental disorder were discovered and referred to the psychiatrists for examination. Disciplinary cases referred to the psychologists were always given individual examinations, as were referred cases of men having difficulty with drill or those who failed to improve in the Y.M.C.A. schools and elsewhere.[6] The Army Alpha and Army Beta was discontinued after WWI.
Relationship of Scores and Errors
In any psychological aptitude test, the person scoring the test has to take into consideration any error that the examinee will possibly make while taking the test. C. R. Atwell did a small study on the relationship of scores and errors based on the results of administration of the "Army Alpha". C. R. Atwell (1937, p. 451) wrote, "The number of errors made by a subject on a test should be indicative of his approach to the test, whether he works in a hurriedly and rashly or slowly and cautiously. Considered alone, however, the number of errors is a relatively meaningless figure, since more errors would be expected with lower scores. If for a given score wide deviations occur in the number of errors, the error score of a subject should be of value in giving additional information about him."[7]
Yerkes outlines 7 purposes for administration of the "Army Alpha". These are 1) "Classify soldiers according to their mental ability, thus supplementing personnel records of occupational qualifications and assisting with assignment in the Army, 2) "Supply a mental rating for each soldier which shall assist personnel officers in building organizations of equal or of appropriate strength, 3) Assist in regimental, company and medical officers by careful examination and report on men who are not responding satisfactorily to training, or are otherwise troublesome, 4) Assist officers of development battalion with classification, grading, training, and ultimate assignment of men, 5) Assist in discovering men of superior mental ability who should be selected for officers' training camps, for promotion, or for assignment to special tasks, 6) Assist in discovering and properly placing men of marked special skill, as for example, observers or scouts for intelligence service, 7) Assist in discovering men who are mentally inferior and who in accordance with degree of defectiveness should be recommended for discharge, development battalions, labor organizations or regular military training"[8]
Methods and ResultsEdit
The administration of the "Army Alpha" was carried out in the following manner: 1) The obviously illiterate were segregated from the literate, 2) Administration of the "Army Alpha" (for literates). The time of the test was 40 to 50 minutes and there were 100 to 200 men in a group. 3). Administration of the "Army Beta" (for illiterates and men who failed the "Army Alpha"). The time of the test was 50 to 60 minutes and there were up to 60 men in a group. 4) Men who failed the "Army Beta" were subject to individual examinations. Literates who failed the "Army Alpha" and "Army Beta" are given the Stanford-Binet and/or the Point-Scale, depending on the subject. Illiterates who failed the "Army Beta" were given a Performance Test[9]
On November 11, 1918, the psychological personnel consisted of about one hundred and twenty officers and three hundred and fifty enlisted men. Over five hundred additional clerks were used in the examining service in the thirty-five different camps in which psychological examining had been established. The army intelligence examination had been given to 1,726,966 men; of these 41,000 were officers. Approximately 83,000 individual examinations had been given. Over 7,800 men had been recommended for immediate discharge; 10,014 had been recommended for labor battalions or other service organizations; 9,487 had been recommended for development battalions for further observation and preliminary training. Nearly 30 percent of the 1,556,011 men for whom statistics are available were found to be unable to "read and understand newspapers and write letters home," and were given a special examination prepared for illiterates, the Army Beta.[10]
The methods originally prepared for use in the Army were subjected to repeated revisions, in the light of results, for increase in reliability and military value. The procedure finally adopted and used throughout the Army consists of two chief types of examination: the group examination and the individual examination. The former was necessitated by the demand for speed of examination and report, the latter by the desire for reliability and fairness to the individual.[11]
Men were examined in groups as large as five hundred. Every man was supplied with a pencil and an examination blank. He then, under military discipline, follows directions to the best of his ability. The examination required approximately fifty minutes. It demands almost no writing since responses were indicated by underscoring, crossing out, or checking. The examination papers were quickly scored by means of stencils, and mental ratings recorded for prompt report. To avoid, within reasonable limits, the risk of coaching, several duplicate forms of the examination had been made available. Each test of examination alpha consisted of a number of parts arranged in order of difficulty low to high. It was therefore possible for low-grade subjects to make a start on each test, and, at the same time, practically impossible for highly intelligent subjects to complete the tests within the time allowed. The test were varied in character and undoubtedly sample the most important types of intellectual process.[12]
Administering the Test
The general procedure of examining, which was developed to meet military requirements, is briefly describable as follows: A group of draftees, the size of which is determined by the seating capacity of examining room (it varied from one hundred to five hundred men) is reported to the psychological examining building for mental testing. The first essential step is the segregation of illiterates. This is accomplished by having all men who cannot read and write their own letters and those who have not proceeded beyond the fifth grade in school step out of the original group. The remaining men are sent to the alpha room. Naturally, among them there are likely to be several who will subsequently have to take the Army Beta examination. The illiterates are sent directly to the Army Beta room.[13]
Men who fail in the alpha were sent to the Army Beta in order that injustice by reason of relative unfamiliarity with English may be avoided. Men who fail in Army Beta are referred for individual examination by means of what may appear to be the most suitable and altogether appropriate procedure among the varied methods available. This reference for careful individual examination is yet another attempt to avoid injustice either by reason of linguistic handicap or accidents incident to group examining.[14]
The "Army Alpha" is divided into 8 tests. There are also five forms of the test—forms 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. The questions asked are ordered in ascending difficulty. Army recruits are asked to answer the questions as quickly as they possibly can.
Test 1Edit
Test 1 is on the front page of the Army Alpha, where soldiers print their first and last name, their age, state/country they were born in, their race, and their highest school grade. After this information is filled in, the examinee is instructed to read a statement on the purpose of the exam[15]
Test 2Edit
Test 2 is arithmetical problems. There are 20 questions asked on this test and they are in ascending difficulty; for example, the first question asked on Form 5 is "How many are 30 men and 7 men?" (Answer: 37 men)--a simple addition problem, while question 10 is "If it takes 6 men 3 days to dig a 180-foot drain, how many men are needed to dig it in half a day?" (Answer: 36)--where recruits need to know how to divide. The final and most difficult question asked on Test 2 is "A commission house which had already supplied 1,897 barrels of apples to a cantonment delivered the remainder of its stock to 29 mess halls. Of this remainder each mess hall received 54 barrels. What was the total number of barrels supplied?" (Answer: 3,463).[16]
Test 3Edit
The third test is a test of common sense. For each question, soldiers are given 3 choices and must select the right answer by marking the correct answer with a cross. There are 16 questions in ascending difficulty. The following are the questions used in Form 5 of the test:[17]
1. Cats are useful because ẞ they catch mice ẞ they are gentle ẞ they are afraid of dogs" (Answer: they catch mice).
2. Why are pencils more commonly carried than fountain pens? ẞthey are brightly colored ẞthey are cheaper ẞthey are not so heavy (Answer: they are cheaper)
3. Why is leather used for shoes? Because ẞit is produced in all countries ẞit wears well ẞit is an animal product (Answer: it wears well).
4. Why judge a man by what he does rather than by what he says? Because ẞwhat a man does show what he really is ẞit is wrong to tell a lie ẞa deaf man cannot hear what is said (Answer: what a man does shows what he really is).
5. If you were asked what you thought of a person whom you didn't know, what should you say? ẞI will go an get acquainted ẞI think he is alright ẞI don't know him and can't say (Answer: I don't know him and can't say)
6. Streets are sprinkled in summer ẞto make the air cooler ẞto keep automobiles from skidding ẞto keep down dust (Answer: to keep down dust)
7. Why is wheat better for food than corn? Because ẞit is more nutritious ẞit is more expensive ẞit can be ground finer (Answer: it is more nutritious)
8. If a man made a million dollars, he ought to ẞ pay off the national debt ẞ contribute to various worthy charities ẞ give it all to some poor man" (Answer: contribute to various worthy charities).
9. Why do many persons prefer automobiles to street cars? ẞan auto is made of higher grade materials ẞan automobile is more convenient ẞstreet cars are not as safe (Answer: an automobile is more convenient)
10. The feathers on a bird's wings help him to fly because they ẞmake a wide, light surface ẞkeep the air off his body ẞkeep the wings from cooling off too fast (Answer: make a wide, light surface
11. All traffic going one way keeps to the same side of the street because ẞmost people are right handed ẞthe traffic policeman insists on it ẞit avoids confusion and collisions (Answer: it avoids confusion and collision)
12. Why do inventors patent their inventions? Because ẞit gives them control of their inventions ẞit creates a greater demand ẞit is the custom to get patents (Answer: it gives them control of their inventions)
13. Freezing water bursts pipes because ẞcold makes the pipes weaker ẞwater expands when it freezes ẞthe ice stops the flow of water (Answer: water expands when it freezes)
14. Why are high mountains covered with snow? Because ẞthey are near the clouds ẞthe sun seldom shines on them ẞthe air is cold there (Answer: the air is cold there)
15. If the earth were nearer the sun ẞthe stars would disappear ẞour months would be longer ẞthe earth would be warmer (Answer: the earth would be warmer)
16. Why is it colder nearer the poles than near the equator? Because ẞ the poles are always farther from the sun ẞ the sunshine falls obliquely at the poles ẞ there is more ice at the poles (Answer: the sunshine falls obliquely at the poles).
Test 4Edit
The fourth test is an evaluation of vocabulary, where soldiers are required to indicate whether two words are the same or opposite. There are 40 questions on this test in ascending difficulty. The following are some sample questions from Form 5:[18]
1. wet—dry...............................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
3. hill—valley.............................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
4. allow—permit..........................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
5. expand—contract...................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
7. former—latter..........................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
10. delicate—tender...................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
11. extinguish—quench..............................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
13. accept—reject.......................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
15. lax—strict............................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
17. champion—advocate.............................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
20. dissension—harmony..........................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
21. repress—restrain..................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
22. bestow—confer.....................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same)
23. amenable—tractable............................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
24. avert—prevent......................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
25. reverence—veneration.........................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
26. fallacy—verity.......................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
27. specific—general..................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
28. pompous—ostentatious.........................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same)
29. accumulate—dissipate...........................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite)
30. apathy—indifference............................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
31. effeminate—virile..................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
33. benign—genial......................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
35. largess—donation..............................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
37. vesper—matin......................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: opposite).
39. abjure—renounce..................................................................................................................same—opposite (Answer: same).
40. encomium—eulogy.............................................................................................................same-opposite (Answer: same).
Test 5Edit
Test 5 is a true/false test, where army recruits were to determine whether the words are in the correct order. Army recruits were ordered to circle true if the statement could be complete or circle false if the statement could only be incomplete. If the words were in the correct order, the army recruits also had to determine whether the complete statement is correct. This test has 24 questions in ascending difficulty. The following are some sample questions from Form 5:[19]
1. lions strong are............................................................................................................................true . . false (Answer: true)
8. and eat good gold silver to are.....................................................................................................true . . false (Answer: false)
15. not eat gunpowder to good is.....................................................................................................true . . false (Answer: true)
24. repeated call human for courtesies associations..........................................................................true . . false (Answer: true).
Test 6Edit
Test 6 is an evaluation of the ability to determine number patterns. There are 20 questions on this test in ascending difficulty. The following are some sample questions from Form 5 of the test:[20]
1. 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...... ...... (Answer: 9, 10)
4. 3 6 9 12 15 18 ...... ...... (Answer: 21, 24)
10. 9 9 7 7 5 5 ...... ...... (Answer: 3, 3)
14. 29 28 26 23 19 14 ...... ...... (Answer: 8, 1)
18. 16 17 15 18 14 19 ...... ...... (Answer: 13, 20)
20. 20. 3 6 8 16 18 36 ...... ...... (Answer: 38, 76).
Test 7Edit
Test 7 assessed the ability to use analogies. Army recruits were to underline which word shows the relationship between the two words in the question, with 4 different options to choose from. There are 40 questions on this test in ascending difficulty. The following are some sample questions from Form 5 of the test:[21]
1. gun—shoots....................................................................................................................................knife—"run——cuts——hat——bird (Answer: cuts)
8. eat—fat............................................................................................................................................starve—"thin——food——bread——thirsty" (Answer: thin)
15. bold—timid....................................................................................................................................advance—"proceed——retreat——campaign——soldier" (Answer: retreat)
21. success—joy...................................................................................................................................failure—"sadness——success——fail——work" (Answer: sadness)
27. December—January........................................................................................................................last—"least——worst——month——first" (Answer: first)
34. rudder—ship..................................................................................................................................tail—"sail——bird——dog——cat" (Answer: bird)
38. moon—earth..................................................................................................................................earth—"ground——Mars——sun——sky" (Answer: sun)
40. cold—ice........................................................................................................................................heat—"lightning——warm——steam——coat" (Answer: steam)
Test 8Edit
Test 8 assesses the ability to complete sentences with term that makes the sentence true. There are four words to select from with one being the correct answer. There are 40 questions on this test in ascending difficulty. The following are some sample questions from Form 5 of the test:[22]
1. America was discovered by............................................................................................................."Drake——Hudson——Columbus——Balboa" (Answer: Columbus)
5. The U.S. School for Army Analysts is at............................................................................................"Annapolis——West Point——New Haven——Ithaca" (Answer: West Point)
7. Bud Fisher is famous as an..............................................................................................................."actor——author——baseball player——comic artist" (Answer: comic artist)
8. The Guernsey is a kind of..................................................................................................................."horse——goat——sheep——cow" (Answer: cow)
15. Emeralds are usually........................................................................................................................."red——blue——green——yellow" (Answer: green)
21. The dictaphone is a kind of..............................................................................................................."typewriter——multigraph——phonograph——adding machine" (Answer: phonograph)
24. Larceny is a term used in..................................................................................................................."medicine——theology——law——pedagogy" (Answer: law)
27. Turpentine comes from......................................................................................................................"petroleum——ore——hides——trees" (Answer: trees)
31. The author of "The Raven" is..............................................................................................................."Stevenson——Kipling——Hawthorne——Poe" (Answer: Poe)
36. The Overland car is made in................................................................................................................"Buffalo——Detroit——Flint——Toledo" (Answer: Toledo)
40. Scrooge appears in.............................................................................................................................."Vanity Fair——The Christmas Carol——Romola——Henry IV" (Answer: The Christmas Carol)
The Army Beta yield numerical scores or intelligence scores which for practical military purposes are translated into letter grades. The several letter grades used in the Army, with their score-equivalents and appropriate definitions are presented in the following table.
Intelligence grade...........Definition..........Score (alpha)..........Score (beta)
A.......................................Very superior.........135-212...................100-118
C+.....................................High Average..........75-104......................80-89
C-......................................Low Average...........25-44........................45-64
D-......................................Very Inferior...........0-14..........................0-19
E grade was reserved for men who were recommended for rejection, discharge, development battalion, or service organization. All men deemed satisfactory for regular military duty were graded D- or higher.[23]
A = Very superior intelligence. This grade is ordinarily earned by only four or five percent of a draft quota. The "A" group is composed of men of marked intellectuality. "A" men are of high officer type when they are also endowed with leadership and other necessary qualities.
B = Superior intelligence. "B" intelligence is superior, but less exceptional than that represented by "A". The rating "B" is obtained by eight to ten soldiers out of a hundred. The group contains many men of the commissioned officer type and a large amount of non-commissioned officer material.
C+ = High average intelligence. This group includes fifteen to eighteen percent of all soldiers and contains a large amount of non-commissioned officer material with occasionally a man whose leadership and power to command fit him for commissioned rank.
C = Average intelligence. It includes about twenty-five percent of soldiers. Excellent private type with a certain amount of fair non-commissioned officer material.
C- = Low average intelligence. This group includes about twenty percent. Although below average intelligence, "C-" men are usually good privates and satisfactory in work of a routine nature.
D = Inferior intelligence. It includes about fifteen percent of soldiers. "D" men are likely to be fair soldiers, but they are usually slow in learning and rarely go above the rank of private. They are short on initiative and so require more than the usual amount of supervision. Many of them are illiterate or foreign.
D- and E = Very inferior intelligence. This group is divided into two classes (1) "D-" men, who are very inferior in intelligence but are considered fit for regular service; and (2) "E" men, those whose mental inferiority justifies their recommendation for development battalion, special service organization, rejection, or discharge. The majority of "D-" and "E" men are below ten years in "mental age."[24]
The "Army Alpha's" origin was based off intelligence tests created by Alfred Binet.[25] As the World War II began to unfold, it was apparent to certain individuals that the proper utilization of man power, and more particularly of mind or brain power, would assure ultimate victory.[26] The "Army Alpha" was created by a group of psychologist that consisted of: Robert Yerkes, W.V. Bingham, Henry H. Goddard, T. H. Haines, Lewis Terman, G.M. Whipple, F. L. Wells. Each of these men brought to the committee a large amount of material that was sifted to produce the group test and individual examining material "Examiners Guide".[27] These seven experts in practical mental measurement was organized in the summer of 1917 and called together for the preparation or selection of suitable methods. This group of men worked almost continually for a month, devising, selecting, and adapting methods. Another month was spent thoroughly testing the methods in military stations in order that their value might be definitely established before they should be recommended to the Medical Department of the Army. The results were gratifying and the methods were therefore recommended to the Surgeon General of the Army in August, 1917, and promptly accepted for official trial.[28] The official medical inspector formulated the following statements and recommendations: "The purposes of psychological testing are (a) to aid in segregating the mentally incompetent, (b) to classify men according to their mental capacity, (c) to assist in selecting competent men for responsible positions."[29]
The original purposes of the committee in the preparation of methods for intelligence testing were less important than the uses actually made of the results. It was the intention of the committee as stated above to prepare an examination that would indicate the drafted men who were too low-grade mentally to make satisfactory privates in the Army; it was desired also to indicate, if possible, those who were mentally unstable or who might prove incorrigible so far as army discipline was concerned. In addition, the committee hoped to be able to pick out exceptional types of men who could be used for special tasks that demanded a high degree of intelligence. In interesting contrast with these original purposes of mental examining stand the results actually achieved. 1. The assignment of an intelligence rating to every soldier on the basis of systematic examination. 2. The designation and selection of men whose superior intelligence indicates the desirability of advancement or special assignment. 3. The prompt selection and recommendation for development battalions of men who are so inferior intellectually as to be unsuited for regular military training. 4. The provision of measurements of mental ability which enable assigning officers to build organizations of uniform mental strength or in accordance with definite specifications concerning intelligence requirements. 5. The selection of men for various types of military duty or for special assignment, as for example, to military training schools, colleges, or technical schools. 6. The provision of data for the formation of special training groups within the regiment or battery in order that each man may receive instruction suited to his ability to learn. 7. The early discovery and recommendation for elimination of men whose intelligence is so inferior that they cannot be used to advantage in any line of military service.[30]
"Examination A" was the pilot version of the "Army Alpha". 140,000 prospects were administered "Examination A" in the fall of 1917. There were actually multiple different pilot versions created. The different pilot versions include; Examination A,B, C.D, and E. "Examination A" is the most talked about because it was the first pilot administered and virtually the beginning of the testing of the "Amy Alpha."[31]
Robert Yerkes and his members asked the question, "How should the results of widely distributed testing of this sort be interpreted?" As a result of these different forms of pilot tests, Robert Yerkes and the other members found decided that, "in this connection it may be emphasized again that the group examination used in the Army was interpreted entirely in terms of military need." They made necessary changes to the test to measure an individual's abilities to place them in the right field of the Army.[32]
This is more about the history of how the test was constructed. "The test to be devised for army use the committee believed should, first, be adaptable for group use for the examining of large numbers rapidly. Second, it should be a high degree of validity as a measure of intelligence. Third, the range of intelligence measured by the tests should be wide; that is, the test should be made difficult enough to measure the higher levels of intelligence and at the same time be an adequate measure of the extremely low levels that would probably be found in the Army. Fourth, as far as possible, it should be arranged for objectivity of scoring and the elimination of personal judgment concerning correct answers; thus the results of scoring in one camp would be strictly comparable with those obtained in another. Fifth, the test should be so arranged that the scoring could be done rapidly and with the least chance of error. Also, this arrangement should be so simple that relatively inexpert assistance could be used in scoring the large numbers of papers. Sixth, there must be either different forms or alternative tests of equal difficulty to prevent coaching. Seventh, it was necessary also to obtain clues which would enable examiners to detect malingering in connection with the examination. Eighth, cheating must also be avoided. Ninth, the test must be made as completely independent of schooling and educational advantages as possible. Tenth, the arrangement should be such as to allow a minimum of writing in recording answers. Eleventh, the tests must consist of material which would arouse interest in the subjects. Twelfth, the different tests used should be arranged to yield an accurate measure of intelligence in a reasonably short time."[33] With these criteria in mind the committee set to work on the materials available to produce what is now known as the army mental test.[34]
Originally, there were thirteen different tests. These were rated by the psychologists present on the basis of their validity as measures of intelligence. These were given to selected groups and the results compared with the criteria laid down. As a result certain tests were eliminated because they failed to meet the requirements. For each test a series of sample items correctly answered was given.[35]
Psychologists spent over two months in the study of results and in the revision methods. From this study of the results, the nonverbal group examination beta was prepared for examiners to make a rapid survey of the 30 percent who either couldn't read English or read it so slowly that they couldn't do themselves justice in the test opposed to literates. The Stanford-Binet and the Point Scale were adapted for army use at this time and the individual examination for foreigners and illiterates was prepared.[36]
One of the most obvious criticisms of the "Army Alpha" is that testing has evolved so much since World War I that the information purposed in the demographics of the intelligence test is out of date. Although, a lot of the formats, even some of the questions, used from the "Army Alpha" are still around today.
There were even criticisms when the test was originally accepted to be used. Yerkes and Yoakum (1920) wrote, "When psychological examining was originally accepted by the Medical Department for Official trial, there was extreme and widely prevalent skepticism even among psychologists themselves concerning the reliability of the measurements of intelligence which could be secured and still more concerning their practical value to the Army".[37]
Another problem that arouse durning its creation and administration, was that psychologist examiners had a difficult time basing a soldiers future with the Army solely on a test. Yerkes and Yoakum (1920) state, "It was repeatedly stated and emphasized by psychological examiners that a man's value to the service should not be judged by his intelligence alone, but that instead temperamental characteristics, reliability, ability to lead and to "carry on" under varied conditions should be taken into account. Even after the feasibility of securing a fairly reliable measure of ever soldier's intelligence or mental alertness had been demonstrated, it remained uncertain whether these measurements would correlate positively with military value to a sufficient degree to render them useful. Data which have become available during the past year settle this question definitely by indicating a relatively high correlation between officers's judgments of military value and the intelligence ratings".[38]
Revisions from the Army AlphaEdit
The Army Alpha: First Nebraska Edition
The "Army Alpha": First Nebraska Edition was a revision that used four earlier forms of the "Army Alpha". It was revised in 1937. The most diagnostic items were selected and items referring unnecessarily to military affairs or depending upon out-of-date information were eliminated. The items are arranged in order of difficulty as empirically determined."[39]
"The make-up and scoring follow the plan of the original Alpha. The directions are given orally for each item in the directions test, also separately timed, and oral directions precede each of the subtests. This has often seemed to be one of the inconvenient features of the Alpha, especially when used with college and adult subjects."[40]
"Norms were apparently not recalculated from an administration of the present revision, as 'the average level of difficulty for each test is the same as that for the original forms of the Army Alpha, and so the customary norms should, therefore, apply.' Norms are given in terms of percentiles for the adult population. An estimated mental age and IQ may also be obtained from the same table. The norms for IQ are derived from a comparison of the percentile norms with those offered by Terman and Merrill for the distribution of IQ's in the American white population."[41]
"The manual contains no data on reliability or validity, presumably as high or higher than the original. The test should serve as a profitable research device or as a preferred substitute for the earlier Alphas when given in the original manner."[42]
Army Group Examination Alpha: Schrammel-Brannin Revision
The Army Group Examination Alpha: Schrammel-Brannin Revision was published in 1936.
"Three of the original five forms of the five forms of the army test, with modifications and the introduction of new items. The items are equal from form to form. The eight subtests of the original Alpha have been retained. The scoring is easier, the responses being digits or a plus or minus placed in parentheses to the left of each item. Each item is not timed individually. Oral Directions were eliminated, and the test is self-administered. The examiner records the time for the group at five-minute intervals, allowing a later return to earlier items not completed if time allows. The items are presumably in order of difficulty. Scoring was done by cardboard keys supplied with the test."[43]
"Grade, age, and a few occupational norms are supplied. The grade norms extend from the fourth grade through the elementary, high school, and college level. The number of cases for each grade averages around 700, with over 2000 college freshmen and about 300 for each of the other college years. Age norms extend from 8 to 25 and above. There is progressive increase in the median score up to age 17, after which the increase is irregular. The norms would seem to be best from ages 9 to 17, both on this point and on the number of cases. The tentative norms are based almost entirely on school and college groups, a fact evidently to be taken into consideration if the subjects to be tested are not students. The occupational norms are for C.C.C. Camps, General Electric Company applicants, police officers, student nurses, and public school teachers. These must be regarded as very tentative."[44]
"The mimeographed manual gives no data on reliability, which perhaps would be high, nor on validity, which would probably also be fairly good for the measurement of abstract intelligence or scholaptitude. The elimination of oral directions, the existence of three forms, and the modification for ease of scoring are appealing features of the test."[45]
See alsoEdit
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24.
- ↑ http://official-asvab.com/history_rec.htm
- ↑ http://official-asvab.com/history_rec.htm
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.10
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.10
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.10
- ↑ Atwell, C. R. (1937). RELATIONSHIP OF SCORES AND ERRORS ON THE ARMY ALPHA TEST. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 21(4), 451.
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA43
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA43
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.12
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.15
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.16
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA220, p.18
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA220, p.19
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA205
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA206
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA210
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA212
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA214
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA216
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA218
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA220
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., pp.17
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA220, pp.22-23
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.1
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.x
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.2
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.xi
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., p.xi
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., pp. xii-xiii
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., pp. 7
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., pp. 8
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., pp. 2-3
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., pp. 3
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., pp. 3-4
- ↑ Army mental tests. URL accessed 2012-09-24., pp. 9
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA220, p. 19
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books/reader?id=xhECAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA220 pp.21-22
- ↑ Guilford, J. (n.d). Army Alpha Examination: First Nebraska Edition.
- ↑ Guilford, J. (n.d). Army Alpha Examination: First Nebraska Edition.
- ↑ Guilford, J. (n.d). Army Alpha Examination: First Nebraska Edition.
- ↑ Guilford, J. (n.d). Army Alpha Examination: First Nebraska Edition.
- ↑ \Schrammel, H. E., & Brannan, C. (n.d). Army Group Examination Alpha: Schrammel-Brannan Revision.
- ↑ \Schrammel, H. E., & Brannan, C. (n.d). Army Group Examination Alpha: Schrammel-Brannan Revision.
- ↑ \Schrammel, H. E., & Brannan, C. (n.d). Army Group Examination Alpha: Schrammel-Brannan Revision.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).


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Topic: Too My Papa from his Lexy:
I think this will bring a smile to you all. My Granddaughter wrote this at 17 a few months after Teddy passed.
My papa was old, wrinkly, and short.
His age made him the wise kind of sort.
His stature was perfect for making a fort.
His wrinkles were from smiling so much,
My Papa was kind, gentle to the touch.
Papa told us to soar for the moon.
He'd show us the stars and be back by high noon.
He'd tell us to jump, imagine, run wild and free.
No one was better at this game than he.
Our tummies would hurt from all of the laughing and prancing.
Rumbling tummies, Grandma would cook lunch without glancing.
Papa would steal her hand and around the kitchen start dancing.
They twirled and spun with such smiles on their face,
He'd yell "my two favorite ladies are here" Then he'd ask me to take her place.
When we played too rough or I had a bad day,
My papa would always be there to say,
"Young lady cheer up! You're too pretty to be gray!"
Then he'd whisk me up in his arms and sing me a tune,
Tomorrow will be better and tomorrow is soon!
When I grew up, he said, I could be anything I wanted,
An Astronaut, Jazz player, or a Princess he taunted.
I said I don't know, and he said I've got time.
It might be hard, but if you love what you do it'll be worth the climb!
He'd give the best hugs, squeezing just right,
I'd hate goodbyes, I'd put up a fight,
Papa is my hero, my shining blue knight.
He'd give me a wink and a kiss on the cheek,
I miss him times a million and two so-to-speak.
After the day was done they'd walk me out to the lawn,
I'd drive away and wave until they were gone.
I'd be thinking about our adventures until dawn.
Papa always knew exactly how to show love,
That's the man I think the world of!

subset: commoncrawl


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Did you know?
The Cederberg holds the highest possible conservation status, which accounts for the pure river water.
What could be more pleasurable than basking on a boulder until you're warmed through by the sun, then slipping into the cool, refreshing depths of a natural rock pool? Where in the world do you still find rivers clean enough to swim in, where you can even safely drink the water? At the Rondegat River rock pools in the Cederberg, these simple pleasures still exist.
There are so many pristine rock pools in this wilderness area that you can take your pick. Proclaimed a wilderness area in 1973, the Cederberg holds the highest possible conservation status, which accounts for the pure river water and unspoilt rock pools that make swimming here so memorable.
Cederberg rock pools come in all kinds. Whether you want a quick dip in a pond surrounded by tall grasses, a shallow paddling pool for your toddler, or to leap off a ledge into a majestic pool surrounded by rocks and fed by a sparkling waterfall, you'll find your favourite in one of the rivers that crisscross the 71 000 hectares of the reserve.
The Cederberg is also renowned for its unusual rock formations, spectacular landscapes and its plant and animal life. It's a favourite place for hikers and climbers, who enjoy cooling off in the rock pools before tackling another challenge. Rock art enthusiasts find it a rich source of ancient rock paintings, created thousands of years ago by the San people who once lived in this area.
The Cederberg stretches between the towns of Citrusdal and Clanwilliam, and is an easy morning's drive from the city. For those who want to truly experience the wilderness, and even take midnight dips in a natural rock pool, Cape Nature has a camp site at Algeria Forest Station right on the banks of the Rondegat river.
Travel tips & Planning info
Who to contact
CapeNature Reservations
Tel: +27 (0)861 227 362 or +27 (0)21 483 0190.
How to get here
Clanwilliam is three hour's north of Cape Town off the N7.
Best time to visit
Late spring, summer and early autumn (September to April) are the best times to swim in the rock pools.
Where to stay
Algeria Forestry Station camp site or on a Cederberg farm like Driehoek.
What to eat
You'll have to come supplied with all your self-catering needs as there are no shops nearby.
Best buys
Peace of mind and restoration of the soul and body.


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DES MOINES, Iowa - In Decision 2012, it's the last minute push in Iowa as the candidates look to pull voters in their direction.
It's very possible the candidate who will take the GOP nomination is tonight's winner.
Michelle Bachmann kicked off a morning Rock the Caucus event at a high school in West Des Moines.
She told the students, "Today is going to be a great day. History is going to start here today."
For hundreds of the students at the event, this will be their first time participating in a caucus.
Senior Connor Grandquist told Local 2, "I'm looking forward to getting into the process of caucusing because I've been researching the candidates and looking at what I like for each one."
If "applause-o-meters" mean anything, Ron Paul's resounding welcome could be an indicator the Texas congressman might have the young vote.
Paul told the audience, "We see this as a real opportunity, this campaign and what's coming up tonight and the next several months."
Frontrunner Mitt Romney sent his four sons.
Tagg Romney began by saying simply, "Listen, I'm here to brag about my dad for a few minutes."
But Rick Santorum isn't going down without a fight.
Heading out, he told Local 2, "I feel very good about things."
KPRC Local 2 caught up with Rick Perry at a town hall meeting in Des Moines.
When asked how he's feeling about the upcoming caucuses, he told Local 2, "Everything is great. Everything is good."
Lagging in the polls, he stayed on message asking Iowans, "Who will stand up for those fiscally conservative principals? Who will get America back so it can be this powerful economic force again?"
Lt. Gov. David Dewhurst was at Perry's side.
He told Local 2 that while in Iowa, "I've been talking to friends. I'm going to be speaking at one of the caucuses tonight."
The caucusing processes begins at 7 p.m. and results will come a few hours later.
Copyright 2012 by Click2Houston.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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an word with adjective, verb, and noun forms used to describe any activity in which an undersexed overhorny person (usually pubescent and male) lies, stoops, oggles, or performs any other number of usually shameful and tacky acts shamelessly on the premise that it's okay if it leads to sex.
(adj.) when he pretended his mom died of cancer so she'd sleep over, that was pretty macchi. (verb) please don't let me drink tonight guys, i'm afraid if i get drunk i'm going to macchi the first fat chick i see. (noun) it was a total macchi when you shouted out the wrong girl's name in bed and then kept shouting out wrong names so she'd think you were joking.
by king kong NINJA April 19, 2004
The Urban Dictionary Mug
One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids.Buy the mug


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A GROUP of ten male dancers will be impressing audiences at the Wycombe Swan with their latest show, which the artistic director says is an accessible introduction to dance.
BalletBoyz will be hitting the road in February with theTalent and their double bill of work by two of the UK's biggest choreographers- Liam Scarlett's 'Serpent' and Russell Maliphant's 'Fallen'.
The dancers were brought together by Michael Nunn and Billy Trevitt, ex-principal dancers for the Royal Ballet.
The Talent incorporates elements of ballet, physical theatre and parkour, which is a holistic training discipline using movement that developed from military obstacle course training.
Co-founder and co-artistic director, Michael, said: "What we don't want is when people hear BalletBoyz to think it is going to be all ballet.
"It is a dance show that incorporates ballet but it has more contemporary stuff.
"A lot of people say if you are going to see dance or modern dance for the first time go and see BalletBoyz.
"It is more of a accessible start. The work is just as serious but we package it in a different way.
"You get to see a very beautiful short film before each work explaining why we chose it. "You hear from the choreographer and see the boys work on it."
BalletBoyz was founded by Michael and Billy in 2001.
Together they created the documentaries Ballet Boyz and Ballet Boyz II - The Next Step and presented and curated the 4Dance season on Channel 4 in 2002 and 2003.
Michael said: "We were dancers at the Royal Ballet for a dozen years.
"For the last few years of that we decided to record our everyday life."
He said it was not for TV but for the archive, but Channel 4 picked it up and they called it BalletBoyz, and the name has stuck. So how did they decide on touring with ten dancers? Michael said some of that come down to the budget- they have to pay for hotel rooms when they are on tour and the more dancers- the more it adds up.
He said: "We worked out the optimum number and the size of space we perform in. It works well."
They are next thinking of organising an all female dance troupe with all female choreographers, of which he said there aren't that many. 2010 saw the first edition of BalletBoyz''ground breaking new project the Talent.
Michael and Billy selected nine male dancers from a variety of backgrounds and worked with them closely, mentoring and coaching to create a company of first-rate performers.
The show has toured nationally and internationally to rave reviews, recently completing a sell-out run at Sadler's Wells Theatre London.
In the Autumn of 2011 BalletBoyz created a one off performance in Addis Ababa Ethiopia, which was included in the final part of BalletBoyz : The Next Generation, a documentary charting the rise of the company over the last two years.
Since they started the company the age demographic of audiences is getting lower and lower. Michael said: "For most dance companies- 50 to 60 plus are the main block of the audience.
"For us now it is really that we have more of a theatre audience from 12-year-olds upwards."
Michael and Billy have studios in Kingston, where they run regular dance classes, including those for children aged three to ten.
Michael said: "We have even started running a dads class- they come in for an hour on a Sunday. "We have just started doing it. They are all learning about modern dance- their kids do it.
"Hopefully after a time we will dads and sons dance together."
For the BalletBoyz production he said the dancers are in training every day working from about 10am to 6.30pm.
He said: "They are a good bunch of lads. We are lucky at the moment- it is not always that way.
"As with a lot of stuff- it only takes a couple of people to ruin it. "They are on the road together, sharing hotel rooms, they have to be able to get on. "That comes across- there is a really nice energy."
And he is feeling very positive for the future of dance in the UK.
He said: "I think it is really strong. We work quite a lot in America and see what's going on there.
"We are streets ahead really in the modern dance market in the UK. "There is a lot of innovation. the money is tight at the moment because of the downward spiral in funding.
"People are still making work. People are still going to see productions and people are coming to the theatre.
"It is fantastic- long may it continue."
BalletBoyz is at the Wycombe Swan on February 24 at 7.30pm. Tickets are £19 to £25, with a £1.50 booking fee. To book call 01494 512000 or go to www.wycombeswan.co.uk.
For more leisure stories including what's on, gigs listings and food reviews click here.


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HELP HAITI – Art Fundraiser
I'm sure you're all aware that Haiti needs help right now, so here's a chance to lend a hand and get some amazing artwork in the process!
All of the artwork displayed here is listed with the agreement that the artists will donate all of the proceeds from each sale to Haiti.
If you're not interested in purchasing any of the artwork but you'd like to make a donation to a recognized organization, Google has made it very easy! http://www.google.com/relief/haitiearthquake/
Ben Tour
Giclee Print on museum rag paper
17 x 22 inches
EMAIL TO PURCHASE – mention "Haiti Fundraiser"!


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Oh, I know.... A day for history to remember, no matter which side you're on.
It's very refreshing to have some faith in my country again. It's been a while. And I'm sure that aside from so many others rejoicing, 32 million Americans who are gonna be covered are gonna have a pretty great day too.


text:
On the 5th of November 2011, around 70 alumni attended a special seminar on Swedish innovation in conjunction to the Exhibition; "Innovative Sweden". We had the honor of having former Swedish Institute scholarship recipient, Dr. Anna Stenport as our moderator. The program offered two different perspectives on Swedish Innovation, with Christian Quarles Van Ufford, Vice President, Director Global Marketing Metro International, giving his take on why Metro has become a global success story. Another angle on the Swedish innovative climate was presented by Cecilia Hertz, Founder & CEO of Umbilical Design.
With breaks for "fika" and rounding off with a plenty of time to mingle, all in all it was a success. We are planning our second alumni meeting in the US to take place in April at the Swedish Embassy "House of Sweden" in Washington DC.
Hopefully we will see you there!


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The Crap We Missed – Wednesday 11.28.12
Welcome to Wednesday's The Crap We Missed, brought to you by Shaq's new jewelery collection – For the lumbering hulk in your life who already has everything. Seriously, that bracelet is just an old Goodyear tire. Anyway, we've also got what Madonna would think she saw in the mirror if she actually had a reflection, Gerard Butler letting this girl know what it's going to take for him to actually read that script (Hint: It's port-a-potty fellatio), and finally, you're move, Rumer Willis.
Because they both have barely acceptable cleavage and just awful, awful faces,
- Photo Boy
Click Here To Start The Gallery
Photo: Bauer-Griffin, Fame/Flynet, Getty, INFdaily, Pacific Coast News, Splash News, WENN


text:
Someone who is obsessed with meat. Bacon for breakfast, hamburger for lunch, and steak for dinner. These are the people who would eat a live chicken or a moose's cock if it could earn them a few bucks. They hunt and fish with their sons day and night and are often diehard Republicans who are religious as fuck and often send their kids to school wearing camo pants. They almost always have a deep hatred for all vegans and vegetarians, and ask them questions about if they would eat a pig if they were on a deserted island. They would stab their mom for a slim jim and would assassinate the CEO of PETA for some fried chicken.
Jessica: I told John that I was thinking of becoming a vegan, and he bitch-slapped me!
Marissa: OMG, he is SUCH a meat whore!
Marissa: OMG, he is SUCH a meat whore!
by SlutVista November 02, 2013
The Urban Dictionary Mug
One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids.Buy the mug


text:
The Lord's anointing oil is on you. —Leviticus 10:7
Our reward in heaven will not be determined by yesterday's anointing but by today's fresh anointing. I will not receive a reward for how well I preached, how many thousands I reached or blessed, or even how many people were converted under my ministry. To be rewarded for my gifts is nonsense! "For who makes you different from anyone else? What do you have that you did not receive? And if you did receive it, why do you boast as though you did not?" (1 Cor. 4:7). God is not going to reward me for the ability He alone gave me. My reward in heaven (may God grant that there is such) will come entirely by whether I practiced what I preached: walking in the light, dignifying the trial, totally forgiving others, and placing utmost priority on my intimacy with Him.
And yet my continued effectiveness here below is also determined by my hearing God's voice today. If my anointing given me yesterday is replenished by a fresh anointing that comes by the way I live personally and privately, I will continue to hear God speak and will know His will daily. I will not miss what He wants of me or what He wants me to see around me. I can think of nothing worse than missing out on what God is doing. And yet my knowledge of the Bible will not in and of itself guarantee that I will recognize what He is up to today.
We must all learn to distinguish the difference between what is important and what is essential—and always do the latter. Whether with our use of time, money, our diaries, or social relationships, the issue is what is essential and being sure we do what is essential. Yesterday's anointing is important; today's fresh anointing is essential.
Excerpted from The Anointing: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow (Charisma House, 2003).
Readers are Leaders! Subscribe now and get 3 magazines for the price of 1. Get Charisma, Ministry Today and SpiritLed Woman all for $24. YES - Sign me up!
3 Reasons Why you should read Life in the Spirit. 1) Get to know the Holy Spirit. 2) Learn to enter God's presence 3) Hear God's voice clearly! Click here to draw closer to God!


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Expanding the Ready-to-Eat Revolution: New Tools Target Malnutrition
The nutritional product "Plumpy'nut" has received some media attention recently. Despite the cute name, this product has shown considerable promise when it comes to tackling childhood malnutrition. As a "ready-to-use-therapeutic-food," or RUTF, it is a nutritional product that could have a significant impact on the 34 million children who suffer from severe forms of acute malnutrition around the world: a tiny percentage—only about 7-13%—of them ever receive treatment, resulting in as many as 1 million childhood deaths each year.
Ready-to-use-therapeutic-foods (RUTFs) already provide a partial solution by helping aid organizations like Action Against Hunger reach larger numbers of undernourished kids than before. Expanding the use and availability of these products—along with other non-therapeutic ready-to-use-foods (RUFs)—could provide further gains in the prevention and treatment of childhood malnutrition.
From Therapeutic Milk to Ready-To-Use-Therapeutic-Foods
Huge strides were made 13 years ago when Action Against Hunger piloted the first ever therapeutic milk formula used in the medical treatment of severe acute malnutrition. Prior to 1994, one in four children with severe acute malnutrition did not survive treatment. Their bodies too weakened to recover, they would die despite the availability of food and medical attention. It wasn't until the development of specialized nutritional products like the milk formulas F-100 and F-75 that mortality rates began to drop significantly. And drop they did—by 75%, a revolutionary advance by any standard. These novel products were made widely available, thanks in large part to the refusal of Action Against Hunger's Scientific Committee to patent the formula they'd created, thus making it available to all humanitarian NGOs treating malnutrition.
A second revolution began some 10 years ago, and is only now coming to fruition. The advances achieved with the milk formulas are being multiplied as nutritional products evolve. The F-100 milk formula is still a miracle drug, but its use is circumscribed by its "hospital" setting. It must be diluted with clean water and administered at very specific intervals by medical professionals on 24 hour shifts—sometimes through nasal drips, as severely malnourished children can't actively participate in feeding. This framework, while essential for malnourished kids with medical complications, limits the application of this wonder-drug: it's a simple function of staff size, geographic reach, and the space limitations of any given field hospital. RUTFs have altered this equation to some degree.
Building on Action Against Hunger's field experience, scientists worked to develop a new formulation that could be used outside of the hospital framework. They succeeded in creating a "ready-to-use" version of the milk formula that replicated its therapeutic nutritional value, but with added benefits. This new RUTF requires no preparation before being eaten, no dilution with water (thus avoiding contamination from unclean water sources), requires no refrigeration, possesses a long shelf-life, and can be stored virtually anywhere—making distribution more convenient for our beneficiaries. This ready-to-use version was named "Plumpy'nut" and is the most widely used RUTF to date.
With the development of this new product the fight against malnutrition could be carried out beyond the confines of our therapeutic hospitals. It was now a question of developing appropriate "outpatient" treatment protocols for testing and administering this new product. Our colleagues at Concern Worldwide and Valid International pioneered these efforts, and the resulting tests proved just as effective as the cure rates in our therapeutic hospitals. The shift towards community-based care had begun, thanks to this innovation in treatment.
Calling on the International Community to Prioritize Childhood Malnutrition
The use of RUTFs and RUFs is an essential component of a much broader strategy targeting malnutrition. As vitally effective tools for both treatment and prevention—boosting malnourished kids' diets with enriching micronutrients and strengthening their physical development during the crucial first three years of life—their use should be broadly expanded.
Institutional donors, private foundations, and governments should recognize the importance of ready-to-use-therapeutic-foods and pledge to make them widely available to the estimated 34 million severely malnourished children around the world. This in turn calls for modifying malnutrition strategies in the field to ensure local production of RUFs and regular access to medicines like RUTFs. If properly supported, these nutritional products could allow for a scaling-up of prevention and treatment efforts.
As amazing as these products are, they are only short-term solutions to hunger. Real solutions lie in the long-term development of community-based capacities that foster health and independence among vulnerable communities. Dependence on nutrient-dense commercial products is not an end in itself, but as a lifesaving stop-gap, it's hard to beat. Saving lives, preventing the ravages of malnutrition, and getting families back on their feet remain the primary goals, and we need every possible tool to help us get the job done.


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The National Transportation Safety Board has launched investigations into two recent incidents in which airspeed and altitude indications in Airbus A330s might have malfunctioned, adding to the suspicion that an instrument failure could have led to the June 1 loss of an Air France A330-200 (Flight 447) in the Atlantic Ocean, killing 228 people.
The first incident occurred on May 21, when TAM Airlines Flight 8091, flying from Miami, Fla., to São Paulo, Brazil, lost primary speed and altitude information while in cruise flight. The flight crew reported an abrupt drop in indicated outside air temperature, followed by the loss of the Air Data Reference System and disconnections of the autopilot and autothrust, along with the loss of speed and altitude information. The crew used backup instruments for five minutes, before they restored primary data and landed in São Paulo with no further incident.
The NTSB said a similar incident might have occurred in a Northwest Airlines A330 during a June 23 flight from Hong Kong to Tokyo. That aircraft also landed safely. Investigators have begun collecting data recorder information, aircraft condition monitoring system messages, crew statements and weather information from both cases.
Meanwhile, search crews have recovered 51 bodies from the downed Air France jet, including Flight 447's captain and one of its flight attendants. Authorities have called off the search for bodies; however, the search continues for the airplane's flight recorders, suspected to lie at least 15,000 feet below the surface. Designed to emit so-called "pings" for only about a month, the flight recorders will stop signalling within a week, at which time the chances of finding them will diminish to virtually nil.


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Velvet Travel Silky!
$13.16 $17.88
Your baby will love the soft fabrics and satin backings of our colorful Silky! blankies. The velvet designs combine pink velvet with purple satin trim, blue velvet with butter trim, sage velvet with chambray blue trim, or butter velvet with pink trim. Whichever you choose, your infant will look adorable clutching the smooth, comforting Silky! Perfectly sized for little hands at 13" x 16", the machine-washable Travel Silky! will become the security blanket prized by your child for years.
Note: The CPSC, AAP and NICHD recommend that infants under 12 months be put to sleep in a crib with no soft bedding of any kind under or on top of the baby.
Sold by Baby Earth


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Marketing SymposiumThe Rice Marketing Symposium is an invaluable opportunity to hear from some of the brightest marketing minds in Houston. In 2011, some 250 business leaders, marketing practitioners, scholars and MBA students came together at McNair Hall to share their thoughts and ideas, and we are looking forward to even more participation in 2012. Through this event, we seek not only to provide Houston-area marketing professionals with valuable education and insight into current marketing trends and best practices, but to strengthen relationships between leading marketing professionals and their respective organizations.Marketing Research CampEvery year, the marketing faculty with the assistance of the Jones School Marketing Club prepares and hosts "Marketing Camp." In the past, professors, lecturers and researchers from other business schools such as Wharton, Chicago Booth, and others present topical presentations on research related to marketing for the benefit of the entire Jones School community. Past topics have included pricing, consumer behavior, and the correlation of service quality, price and competition.Marketing Case CompetitionIn Spring of 2012, the inaugural Marketing Case Competition was held at the Jones School. Through the support of corporate sponsors, students have the opportunity to analyze marketing challenges, present paths of strategy, receive feedback from experts in the field and potentially win awards based on performance in the competition.
The competition allows for:


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Intel 3.2E vs. 3.2EE vs. 3.2C: Comparing Baseline Performanceby Wesley Fink on 2/12/2004 2:46 PM EST
- Posted in
- CPUs
19 Comments
Back to Article
mindless1 - Sunday, April 18, 2004 - linkWOnder of all wonders... we have evolved to supporting INDUSTRY STANDARD image file formats yet the review uses proprietary pics. I (and I suspect others) are "a rock" on this point, won't run flash. Using such pics in an article simply causes readers to go elsewhere, which in an overall elite-snob sort of way may not matter but in the grand scheme of things, losing readers beside of abandonment of industry standards is just a dumb idea. Reply
Aervires - Saturday, February 14, 2004 - linkAre you sure you bought both processors retail?
The P4EE is $955 AND THE A64FX-51 is $745
The total cost a the P4EE will run you more however both are a waste of money. Also the when socket 939 comes BEWARE. Reply
Aervires - Saturday, February 14, 2004 - linkReply
Pumpkinierre - Saturday, February 14, 2004 - link#9 Trog, if it was only pipeline related then the p4EE comanche4 results should have the same as the northwood. But clearly it is better because of the extra cache 2Mb L3. The Prescott has 1Mb L2 and 16K L1 so it should have results in between the 3.2EE and 3.2c (if not close to the P4EE) if it had the same core as the n'wood and cache latency. In fact it is markedly down in commanche4 cf. with N'wood. Given that other games benchmarks/demos and tests have the two processors within 10%, I dont think this failure is solely as a result of the 31 stage pipeline and branch predictor etc. (remember intel also improved its efficiency with a lot of tweaks). The main problem is the cache latency has slowed down and this obviously has a marked effect on comanche4 as it would in real time gaming where memory subsystem latency is paramount. See here:
"Yes, unfortunately, we have to state that not only the size of Prescott's cache-memory has grown bigger, but also its latency. And the latency grew up a lot, I should say: for L1 cache the latency doubled! As a result, Intel will no longer be able to boast the extremely low latency of its L1 data cache. From the temporal point of view, the latency of Pentium 4's L1 data cache got close to that of Athlon 64 L1 cache, though the latter is four times larger. However, the increase in the L1 cache latency is another forced measure, so that the new Pentium 4 processors on Prescott core could go beyond 4GHz core frequency.
Similar changes were made to the L2 cache, too. In terms of L2 cache latency, the new Prescott processor yields to Northwood, as well as to the competing CPUs from AMD Athlon 64 family."
That, plus poor fpu plus heat- not a good gaming cpu scenario. Intel have blundered big time and they must be rushing to get something out soon to relegate this doozer to the dustbin of history.
truApostle - Friday, February 13, 2004 - linkThe P4 extreme is a total waste of money, IMHO. To spend $550 more dollars only to gain 3-5 fps in some of the new(er)games is NOT worth it. OF course if you are still playing Quake III then you will realize some smokin fast frames in which case it's all overkill anywho. In every bench from content creation to encoding to gaming the P4EE was marginally ahead, at best. I guess if your a Rockefeller or a Rothschild then it's okay to build a system based upon that proc.
I think the best deal out right now is a 64 3400. Benchmarks are really close to FX-51 and are matched too (content creation, encoding) or better (in gaming benchs) than most Pentium archrivals. Just my humble opinion.
Either way isnt it a great time to be human, with all this technology to play with.
-when you aim for perfection, you find that it's a moving target.
sipc660 - Friday, February 13, 2004 - linkwe seem to go down the same road as with the previous article.
#1 was right you should overclock both 3.2C and 3.2E to show the overclocked performance delta with the measured temperature.
that should give people who are interested in buying either a better comparison since the chips are going to be the same price at launch
what you also should drain out of intel is wether or not it has built in 64 bit circuitry. and can it be unlocked through bios at a later stage.????
right now at the moment it seems 3.2C is a clear winner regardless of the high end workstation performance.
overall i would buy barton before i'd buy any of the intel chips. i don't beleive anyone here would buy any of these chips till they seriously come down in price.
just keep it cool (hehehehe)....
go amd
P.S: cramitpal is a passionate joker, if no one can c that than you are blind. personally i'd give him a nice friendly hug if i met him on the street.
LOL Reply
Superbike - Friday, February 13, 2004 - linkI think I'll pick up a Prescott I need a computer/space heater. Reply
edub82 - Friday, February 13, 2004 - linkWell this article clinches it for me...
The 3.2EE must be mine, the increased performance over that pathetic 3.2C is well worth the 600 extra dollars I'm going to have to spend.
kmmatney - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkYep...
Athlon 3400+ $270
2x512Mb PC3200, Corsair: $155
Total Price $522.
That's the system we just ordered at work. We do a lot of image processing and image compression, and fpu intensive image manipulations and the Athlon is faster than a P4 - at least with our particular applications. Reply
vedin - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkThat's true johnsonx but..
Athlon 3400+ $404
2x512Mb PC3200, Corsair: $155
Total Price 656.
And it's like, what? .5% slower than the Athlon FX-51?
I see your point about the FX though, as do most here. It's kinda useless with a much cheaper AMD option right next to it performance-wise. But either way, the system I just described makes BOTH systems look silly for buying, unless you just like spending money. Reply
TrogdorJW - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkPumpkinierre, I think you are totally wrong on the cause of the Prescott slowdowns. Without getting technical, let me just assure you that it has pretty much everything to do with the 31 stage pipeline in the Prescott compared to the 20 stage pipeline in the Northwood (and P4EE).
The larger cache can help the Prescott overcome the effects of the long pipeline, but in certain types of code, you're basically screwed. Even the branch prediction can't help in some instances. Say a program has a lot of branches, and they're spread over a large enough area that the predictor can't track all of them. If you "overflow" the size of the branch prediction table, then the penalties of the longer pipeline are going to become very apparent.
It appears that games are quite capable of doing this, and Comanche 4 in particular seems to have a lot of unpredictable branch code. Really, though, who cares? Comanche 4? I tried it, and thought it was pretty lame. At least UT2K3 and Q3 are pretty fun to play, even if they're old now. Reply
johnsonx - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkCram says the P4 EE (aka the Piss-4 Enema Edition, according to Cram) is a $1000 pipe dream. Lets compare, shall we, using prices from NewEgg:
Socket 478 Mainboard, ABit IC7: $119
Intel P4 EE 3.2Ghz: $880
2x512Mb PC3200, Corsair: $155
Socket 940 Mainboard, ASUS: $205
AMD Athlon64 FX-51: $733
2x512Mb PC3200 Registered, Corsair: $258
Why is the P4EE more of a "$1000 pipe dream" than the FX-51? The P4EE is actually a touch cheaper, plus the board and ram are both standard types which many people may already have; with the FX-51, it all has to be purchased new yet will soon be obsolete.
Seems to me the FX-51 in it's current form is just silly... perhaps even a $1200 pipe dream.
None of this has much to do with the article these comments are supposed to be referring to, but Cram's comments never do either...
Pumpkinierre - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkThe p4 northwood IS a good gaming chip. The equivalent a64 doesnt beat it in some games and only by < 10% in the others. If AT had included a stock cooled o'clocked email@example.com in these benchmarks (and I believe they've got a good one in the cupboard) the story would be a lot different. The big problem here is Prescott. It's too hot to o'clock sanely with standard air and stock, it underperforms Northwood which has half the cache. Why? Is the fpu a dog? Is the double sized cache slower latency-wise? From all reports its both.
Comanche4 gives it away- generally regarded as a cpu intensive benchmark. The p4 EE is the same as the Northwood up to the L2 cache but the P4EE has 2Mb of L3 which lowers memory latency in some apps. cf. to Northwood. So the difference in performance, 3.2c vs 3.2EE, cant be fpu related but must be dependent on memory sub system latency The same lowering of memory latency can be achieved by o'clocking a 2.4c. In the case of the Prescott you cant do this because of the heat, you are just stuck with a dog!
I think 512K L2/8K L1 caches is the optimum for gaming with the P4. Northwood is the better gaming and enthusiast P4 as well as still the best all round cpu (coolness, reliability, compatibility and M'board support). Prescott is relegated to workstation/encoding where sse3/HT play a bigger part and o'clocking/tweaking/ reliability are'nt of great importance. A poor fate for the P4 where Prescott should have been its crowning glory. Reply
PrinceGaz - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkThe article pretty much confirms my gut feeling about Prescott after reading all the reviews on NDA day, which is that its every bit as good as the Northwood for non-gamers if you aren't going to overclock it and therefore not concerned with heat.
As the Northwood is still considerably behind the A64 in all gaming type applications, its a non-issue that the Prescott is slower than the Northwood for games as no gamer would consider buying either anyway. As for the P4EE, systems built using it will only be purchased by those where cost isn't a concern -- I can't see many people who build their own box actually opting for it over an A64 (gamers) or P4 'E' (DVD-rippers).
Please don't mock Cram..., he may actually believe some of what he spouts and it sure gives me a good giggle whenever I get to read any of it (before mods delete it) :) Reply
Icewind - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkAthlon 64 is just looking better and better every day.
Can't wait to upgrade this summer. Reply
cliffa3 - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkwhen anand publishes his article on how his mac experience goes, that's still going to be the "bottomline" according to cram...can we get a feature that auto-posts that as a comment to each new article to save him the trouble?. Reply
CRAMITPAL - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkBottomline:
Prescott SUCKS and PEEEEEE is a $1000 Pipe Dream.
Only a fool... Reply
araczynski - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkGreat article, very usefull and to the point.
Good job :) Reply
tfranzese - Thursday, February 12, 2004 - linkNice article and I'm glad you guys went ahead and published it as is. I just wish I did encoding - then I'd have a good reason to put together an Intel system. I may just do it for fun someday to compliment my other boxes.
Can you guys please included distributed.net RC5 crunching benchmarks? I would like to see that and benchmarks of overclocked Prescotts vs. overclocked Northwoods to better see the scaling @ 3.4/3.6 GHz and how big a gap will start to form. Reply


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+ POOL - Men's Graphic T-Shirt
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• whizbang •
Pronunciation: (h)wiz-bæng • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Adjective, Noun
Meaning: 1. A firework that jumps around making a whizzing sound with periodic bangs. 2. Someone or something known for its startling, unexpected, even explosive effect or excellence.
Notes: Whizbang may be used as a noun, an adjective, and, in some circles, as a verb without adding anything to it. "That was a whizbangin' concert, man," may be slang, but today's Good Word itself isn't all that far away from slang.
In Play: Today's Good Word works fine as a noun: "Susan Liddy-Gates is a whizbang at convincing juries to give her clients large settlements." But it also works just as well as a noun modifier: "No amount of whizbang technology can help Ivan Odor get elected to public office."
Word History: Whizbang arose in World War I. It referred to the shell of a small-caliber high-velocity German gun that had the characteristic set of sounds that whizbang tries to capture. So, originally this word arose by means of onomatopoeia. However, whiz and bang were words already in the language. Whiz has two origins. First, there is the obvious imitation of a hissing sound. But that does not explain the phrases whiz kid or he's a whiz at math. This usage apparently came from a reduction of wizard. Bang would seem to have originally referred to the sound a hammer makes striking metal. It shows up in Old Norse banga "to hammer" and Bengel, which means "stick, cudgel" in some German dialects. English could have picked it up from either of these sources. (Let's all thank David McWethy, a whizbang at garage sales and frequent contributor of Good Words, for today's.)


text:
Heat oil in a medium skillet. Sauté onions, mushrooms and salt for 2 to 3 minutes. Add flour and sauté, stirring constantly, for 2 minutes until all vegetables are coated with the flour. Slowly add the Edensoy, stirring constantly until the sauce thickens. Add the mirin. Simmer on low, uncovered, stirring occasionally for 10 to 15 minutes. Add pepper and parsley. Mix and place in a serving bowl.
Per serving - 106 calories, 5 gram fat (42% calories from fat), 7 gram protein, 9 gram carbohydrate, 4 gram fiber, 0 milligram cholesterol, 211 milligram sodium


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Jennifer Garner Runs Errands With Violet in a Fuzzy Hat
Jennifer Garner Takes a Crazy-Hat-Wearing Violet Out Shopping
Jennifer Garner took her daughter Violet on an errand run around Santa Monica, CA, on Monday. The duo made a stop at Fred Segal, where they picked up a large box and later left a Janie & Jack boutique with a shopping bag in hand. Jennifer also took Violet to get a haircut during the outing, though the eldest Garner-Affeck child covered up her locks in a fuzzy pink-and-purple hat.
Jennifer is back on mom duty after Ben Affleck stepped out with his girls over the weekend. Ben took Violet and Seraphina to the farmers market to pick up fresh fruit and flowers. The family day came in the middle of a busy time for Ben, who has been making the award-show rounds. He'll be back in the spotlight this weekend at the SAG Awards, since Argo is up for outstanding performance by a cast at the event.


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Here's another batch of Fallout: New Vegas previews.
A pretty bad one from Gamer Limit:
That's the thing, without someone talking you up, guiding you, showcasing the high points of the game, etc. Fallout: New Vegas is way too vast to experience through a demonstration. Don't get me wrong, finding those marquee moments are what makes this game so enthralling – when you have the complete version and essentially an infinite amount of time at your disposal – but if you're restricted to 15 minutes of gameplay, you don't have time to find those moment.
I think we all can agree that it's not a game where you can just pick-up and play. There are options about how you talk to people that determine the path you follow. For example, upon meeting a hotel lobbyist, all I wanted to do was fight him to see how the VATS system improved the melee combat, so I picked all the confrontational dialogue boxes. After I killed the guy, my character was permanently banned from the hotel and I was forced to restart the demonstration because I broke it. Someone whispering in my ear that I need to be nice to the lobbyist, so that I can see all the casino games and witness how luck plays a larger role would have piqued my interest. Instead, I felt like a wandering child walking into the middle of the street.
To no surprise, I broke the demo a few more times, and eventually I just gave up to go play Brink. With no direction and a limited time to play, it's impossible to get the full spectrum of New Vegas. In all honesty, this is a game that would have greatly benefited from a hands-off demonstration – showcasing all the new and improved characteristics."
In spite of a bullet from an anti-material rifle bouncing harmlessly off a tree branch – a VATS glitch familiar to Fallout 3 veterans – New Vegas boasted noticeable improvements on the Fallout 3 engine. In particular, animation appeared smoother and crisper, and the game appeared to handle large numbers of NPCs more easily; the NCR-Legion battle featured a good eight or so NCR rangers assaulting multiple Legion defenders. Whether this is a one-off scripted event or more common throughout the game is not clear, though the Vegas strip was also well populated."
I was dropped out into the Nevada desert with a companion named Boone at my side, and we made our way to a small campsite with some paramilitary types sending me on an errand to retrieve supplies. I got the chance to use some of New Vegas' many new weapons, including an impressively powerful grenade launcher and a new type of plasma rifle, on some entirely new mutated enemies. Boone had warned me that he'd kill members of a group called the Legion on sight, and when they showed up in their Roman-style regalia, he made good on his promise. Because I helped him kill them, I took a hit against their faction, but also gained karma. I suppose that means that the Legion are inherently evil, but apparently not all encounters with factions are so aligned with good or bad, so you won't always be pushing karma in one direction or another when choosing who to shoot."
The Bethsoft rep began explaining how they were striving for a greater sense of immersion in this one by having just about any person you meet along they way have something to say to you. He did mention that some of this dialogue may be copied from another random citizen, but they would never be silent. Maybe it is my curious nature, but I immediately darted for the first civilian I could find and, sure enough, she did speak to me. She also happened to be a merchant so I opened up her inventory to see what kind of new tech I would be able to buy in New Vegas. I was very pleased to see not only plasma-based weaponry but also light machine guns a la the United States M60 machine gun were all available for purchase."
Here I learned more about the objective. Every faction in the Mojave desert is vowing for resources. Although the landscape looks like a nuclear bomb went off in the big war, the banter of the NCR troops made clear that the desert was a wasteland before and after the war, without any bombs going off whatsoever. This was an interesting parallel to what Fallout 3 featured, in that the radiation hadn't been such a problem for these desert-dwellers as it was in the whole of Washington D.C. and the surrounding cities. I was freely able to take a rad-free drink from a creek running through the camp, which made me appreciate the subtlety that Obsidian was putting in to make the game seem that much different."
As the name suggests, the game takes place in Vegas. You can visit casinos, shows, and other Vegasy things. I started the game and almost immediately ran into a hooker. She asked me if I was looking for a good time, so i responded by punching her in the face.
I guess the robot security guard didn't like that and he responded by shooting at me with his bullet arms. This caused everyone to run screaming away and me to ultimately get killed."


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Discovery Phil Harmonic Audio Developer
Want your child to grow up to appreciate music? Or do you want to help your baby build auditory function? This toy has won numerous awards for its ability to help babies develop their sense of hearing, which in turn aids in speech development. It has several stages that grow with your child - from infancy to toddler. Check out the discoverychannel.com for music and sound samples.


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Last Comic Standing Finalist Ron G Will Open for Seth Meyers at Ithaca College
ITHACA, NY — One of the hottest up-and-coming comics will serve as the opening act for the Seth Meyers performance at Ithaca College on Saturday, April 12. Ron G was a finalist in the sixth season of NBC's "Last Comic Standing" and was named College Comic of the Year by the Association for the Promotion of Campus Activities.
Tickets are still available for the 8 p.m. show in the Athletics & Events Center by Meyers, a former "Saturday Night Live" performer and head writer and the new host of NBC's "Late Night." Tickets can be purchased at iceventstickets.com.
Describing his comedy as "high energy and clever with an urban flare," Ron G graduated with a dual degree in finance and management from the University of South Carolina but quickly decided he didn't fit into the corporate world. At his cousin's urging he got up on stage for the first time at a club in Atlanta, and though he got booed severely, he calls that "the best and worst day of my life — the day I fell in love with comedy."
He has appeared in the films "Margarine Wars" and "Truly Blessed," and on shows for the VH1 and BET television networks. He currently has a one-year talent holding deal with NBCUniversal.
Ticket prices for the general public are $30 for regular seating and $40 for premium seating. The price for Ithaca College students is $15 for regular seating. All seats are reserved, and a large screen will be set up to ensure that all audience members have a view of the stage.
There is a $2 service charge per ticket, and each buyer can purchase up to six tickets. Premium parking passes are also available for purchase.
For more information, visit ithaca.edu/seth-meyers.


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