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The Pixel Density Race and its Technical Meritsby Joshua Ho on 2/8/2014 4:25 AM EST
- Posted in
- Displays
- Smartphones
- Mobile
- Retina
102 Comments
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dyc4ha - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkVery interesting article! I wonder what 600 PPI would look like, I am very pleased with 440 PPI already though; then again I was very happy with my qHD 4.3" screen too. Reply
fokka - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkqhd is workable on 4,3", as long as it's not pentile we're talking about. of course we are used to sharper displays after the wake of 1080p devices in the last year, but eyeballing efficiency and thus battery life on our mobile companions i wonder if it wouldn't be more productive if we would be content with 720p on displays up to 5 inches. Reply
michael2k - Monday, February 10, 2014 - link600ppi would look like your 440ppi screen held farther away.
Seriously. Take an iPhone 4, 326ppi, and hold it at twice the normal distance and you get 652ppi. Reply
Death666Angel - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkYou are confusing pixel per inch (PPI) with pixel per degree (PPD). PPI is independent of the viewing distance, it is simply a measure of # pixel / area. PPD has the viewing distance in its number. Reply
michael2k - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkNo, I'm not confusing the two, I understand they are different. dyc4ha specifically asked what 600ppi would look like. Holding the iPhone at twice the difference should increase the pixel per degree by halving the apparent pixel size. I admit I didn't actually do the math, it might be that you can double the apparent PPI much closer than that by factoring in inherent limitations in human vision. Reply
MrSpadge - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkNo you're quite correct on that - no further correction needed! Reply
halbhh2 - Wednesday, February 19, 2014 - linkSuch a good point to remember. Also, I notice when reading at a reduced display light level that as your device gets dimmer, it's harder to discern the letters further away, and easier when it is brighter. Of course the implication of interest is really looking at the display in daylight. Reply
TonyTheToolGuy - Thursday, February 20, 2014 - linkAs to light levels effecting legibility, remember that with greater luminance, the iris constricts and so leads to increased depth of field and acuity, like with a pin hole camera. I believe this is the reason for discernment difference. Reply
Leftbranch - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkLove these types of articles. The reasons behind some of the manufactors decisions helps me to understand why some of the choices are made. Please keep them coming. Reply
ImSpartacus - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkI know!
Most of this info has been peppered throughout previous articles, but I love seeing a clear and concise compendium of pixel density knowledge. It's a primer of sorts. Reply
Beautyspin - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThere must be some rumors coming out about iPhone 6 so I think Anand is getting us prepared for this.
There is a better article here - http://www.cultofmac.com/173702/why-retina-isnt-en... Reply
A5 - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkYou know Anand doesn't write all the articles (or this one), right? Reply
ImSpartacus - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkOn that note, who's this Joshua Ho fella?
He seems to write about as well as the other writers, so I have no complaints. Reply
DanNeely - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkI don't think I've seen him before either. Maybe he's a new hire from the call for writers from a few weeks ago. Reply
iwod - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThe article you posted assume the best eyesight has 0.3 arcminutes value. While this suggest the upper bound to be 0.5. And that is a huge difference. Reply
blanarahul - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkWhat if we combine larger batteries and all these improvements in SoC, RF components, panel technology, and combine this with lower resolution display to get the possible battery life??
But I guess it will only a dream. Reply
fokka - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkthat's exactly what i was thinking about.
we just have to look at mobile gaming - a sector that is advancing at a high pace - to see the downside of the high-res craze. rendering 720p is much more power efficient than doing so on a 1080p display. current mid-high-end desktop graphic cards consuming hundreds of watts struggle with the arrival of 4k displays, yet we still demand our mobile games be processed in 1080p - a quarter of the resolution - on a platform that uses only about one hundredth of the power.
you don't even have to go with gaming. even rendering your daily slew of apps with only half the pixels will be much more efficient and smooth than on 1080p, or even higher resolutions. and that doesn't take in context the efficiency of the lower res screen itself, as stated above.
i'm not saying that i want displays to stay "720p forever", but seeing smartphone battery life still leaving much to be desired, although newer smartphones rivaling my 2006 desktop and my 2010 laptop in some performance metrics, i think we got our priorities just a little bit out of ourder. Reply
MrSpadge - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkSame for me please: reasonably high PPI and power savings! Reply
jimjamjamie - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkSony Xperia Z1 Compact Reply
a5cent - Tuesday, February 11, 2014 - linkTHIS! Given the choice between two screens of equal quality under 5", one being 720p and the other being 1080p, I would far prefer the former, provided it comes with noticeably better battery life. What really irks me is that the high end seems to be just about maxing out every possible spec, while cheaper devices scale everything down (contrast, brightness, battery capacity, etc), not just the resolution. It's a frustrating market if you are looking for a high end device that isn't just about the "biggest" specs, but about the most reasonable trade offs. Reply
bsim500 - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkGreat article. Above a certain practical level, it really is more marketing p*ssing contest than anything else. Most people want longer battery life & lower cost. Apple vs Android "extreme PPI" rat-race is a bit like arguing over whose HD audio is better : 96khz vs 192khz in a world where almost everyone continues to fail 96khz vs 44khz CD tests (once your strip out all the plaecbo and emotional "superman" wishful thinking rife in the audiophile world under controlled double-blind ABX testing conditions...)
If you require a perfectly dark room in order for people with better than 20/20 vision to see it, then it's mostly wasted. The human eye pupil diameter varies from 2-7mm. At 2mm, you're diffraction limited to only about 1 minute (roughly 300ppi from 12" away), so I'm pretty sure even if there was a marginal difference post 300ppi, most people still don't want to sacrifice 20% battery life for 1% of people to benefit from it only whilst sitting in a photographic dark-room. :-) Reply
r3loaded - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkIn the HD audio thing at least the physics can categorically state that anything higher than 44.1/48kHz sampling rate is completely useless to humans. Nyquist's theorem states you only need to sample at double the maximum frequency you need to encode (20kHz for human hearing) so sampling at 96kHz is wasting bandwidth and storage space. Unless you happen to be a dog and can hear sounds up to 48kHz. Reply
ZeDestructor - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - link"On the internet, nobody knows you're a dog..." Reply
nathanddrews - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThe 20-20K range has one flaw - two actually. Infrasonic and ultrasonic. Just because the brain can't identify the frequencies doesn't mean they don't affect your ear/brain/body or other frequencies. Studies have shown that some people - a small percentage - can tell the difference, so why limit ourselves to the average when we have the technology to record live audio with its entire range of frequencies, why not collect them all?
As to the PPI race, I care less about PPI from the perspective of what the human eye can see and more about how it will force GPU makers to step up their game. Reply
FunBunny2 - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - link-- so why limit ourselves to the average when we have the technology to record live audio with its entire range of frequencies, why not collect them all?
Sounds like another 1%-er demanding that the other 99% pay for its toys. Bah. Reply
nathanddrews - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkTechnically, the 16/44 covers approximately 97% of average human hearing, so let's call it what it is. 3%-er. ;-) Reply
buttgx - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkNo one can hear these ultrasonics, their presence can certainly be degrading to the audio experience though in more ways than one. Zero benefit. Anyone arguing against this is simply wrong.
I recommend this article by creator of FLAC.
http://xiph.org/~xiphmont/demo/neil-young.html Reply
nathanddrews - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkLike most things in life, you have to be careful with absolutes. Most of the available "HD music" hocked by websites are in fact not HD at all, but rather upsampled from dated masters. The facts are that in a recording workflow that starts and ends with 24/96 (or higher), there is a measurable difference compared to 16/44. To what extent this can be heard depends upon the playback setup, the playback environment, and the human doing the hearing. Ultrasonics can be negative, but only in improper setups.
One problem with the testing of music tracks in the Meyer/Moran study is that the content used was sourced from older formats that lack the dynamic range of a modern high-resolution master. You can't take an old tape master from the 70s and get more out of it than what's there.
For your consideration, live orchestras can exceed 150dB. Many instruments (and noises) operate outside the average human hearing window: from pipe organs can get down below 10Hz and trumpets can get above 40kHz. These are things that can be recorded and played back if done so appropriately. And no, 192kbps MP3s and Beats™ earbuds won't cut it.
While I know for a fact that I can't hear them, I sure as hell can FEEL the bass under 20Hz in movies. War of the Worlds, with freqs down to 5Hz (my theater room in its current setup is only good for 12Hz) always serves as a good method for loosening one's bowels. LOL Reply
fokka - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - link"As to the PPI race, I care less about PPI from the perspective of what the human eye can see and more about how it will force GPU makers to step up their game."
this logic is somewhat backwards. so we have highres displays and framerates aren't as good as they could be. so gpu makers "step up their game" and implement more powerful, but at the same time more power hungry graphics solutions. so now we get the same framerates as we would have gotten if we only had sticked to slightly lower res displays, with the added benefit of having a hand warmer included in our smartphones. mhm. Reply
nathanddrews - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkYou know as well as I do that demand drives innovation. Consumers want devices that last all day (low power), look great (high DPI), and operate smoothly (high FPS). They aren't going to get it until SOC/GPU makers release better GPUs. The display tech has been here for a while, it's time to play catch-up. Reply
willis936 - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkWhile it's pointless to source higher than 44kHz it's important to appreciate the merits of upsampling during playback. Some receiver DACs do it on their own but most on board codecs in the past two years support 24 bit 192kHz. It does a more accurate interpolation before running it through the DAC and generally results in lower THD. You can go one step farther and do the upsampling in software with hefty algorithms like sinc in programs that support it. Two common ones that come to mind are foobar and mpc-hc. Granted doing it in software probably doesn't buy you much but I can't hear the difference and I don't have the equipment to test it either way. Reply
extide - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkFor the most accurate* sound, you do NOT want to upsample.
*Accurate meaning as close to the way it is supposed to be; or as close as possible to the artists intention. Reply
fokka - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkyou are right and although you probably already know, what i've heard is that higher sampling rates are primarily used in production, so that after mixing and adding effects and distorting it an whatnot you still have a relatively "clean" signal you can just downsample to eg. 44.1khz and sell this way.
even funnier is an article i read once on some site, where some alledged music professional physically explained why 192khz can even sound worse than your good ol' cd. but i guess we're getting ot ;) Reply
speculatrix - Friday, February 14, 2014 - linknot wanting to add to the o.t. conversation, but the filters required for using the Nyquist limit on lowest sample rate can be pretty harsh, and add to phase distortion too (even though the human ear isn't particularly sensitive to phase).. so sampling at a much higher rate with more bits makes the signal processing much easier so as to allow you to reproduce the original signal when fed through your DAC & final stage analogue filters. Reply
speculatrix - Friday, February 14, 2014 - linkp.s. my point is that you only want to accurately reproduce the 10Hz-20kHz spectrum, and drop everything that's not actually audible, but do it in a way that prevents aliassing and distortion, intermod etc. Reply
errorr - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThe problem is that human eyesight can exceed the theoretical physical limits through interpolation. It isn't as much as meeting the needs of the actual eye but the brain which has evolved the "software" to exceed the theoretical limits of the eye. Reply
janderk - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkWhat surprises me is that the assumption that a phone is always at 12 inches or 30cm, is accepted without any criticism. There are multiple reasons why printers go way beyond 300dpi. One of they is that paper is not always at 30cm distance.
Forget phones and go back 10 years. When looking at a high quality print or photo on paper there was a very efficient way to zoom in: you bring the print closer to your eyes, like 10cm. It is quite a lot more efficient than pinching on a screen. And suddenly 1200dpi makes a lot of sense.
Nobody with a low-res phone (say 300dpi or less) thinks of bringing a phone closer to zoom, because it is no use at all. But with high-dpi screens things look a lot clearer in close up. Reply
haikuginger - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - link"There are multiple reasons why printers go way beyond 300dpi."
Actually, professional-grade photo printing sits right at 300dpi. Reply
Nick2000 - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkYes but they are only photos. They do not generaly need high resolution. It also depends on the technology. Actual chemical photo paper (developed, not printed) combines the dots in a different way than inkjet or laser printers. I work with high resolution printers and while most "pictures" come in at a relatively low resolution (200 or 300dpi) we print them at 1200x1200 because it makes the single pixels less visible when dithering. Also, diagonal lines really do not look great on a photo so that is out for precise maps for example... Anyway, there are a lot of factors to take into account past simply source resolution. Reply
andy o - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThe "dpi" or ppi in a digital picture is meaningless. "per inch" means something only in the context of physical size. In a digital picture it's just metadata that will tell layout programs at what size the picture should be laid out on the page. You can change these values without even touching the digital picture, it will be exactly the same. The DPI in printers' specs are the physical ink dots the printer will lay out in the paper. They're different things. Reply
Solandri - Tuesday, February 11, 2014 - linkLaser printers go past 300 dpi because toner is black. That means each "dot" is either black or white, nothing in between. You need 600-1200 dpi to do half-toning with black and white dots to simulate a greyscale "pixel" at 300 dpi. Reply
Ktracho - Tuesday, February 11, 2014 - linkText is much easier to read at resolutions higher than 300 DPI, even though it is monochrome. 30 years ago, when I was trying to print the final copy of my thesis, the best printers could only do 300 DPI, whereas professional books were being printed at 2400 DPI. Guess which was easier to read, and by a huge margin? There is still a noticeable difference between a text document printed 600 DPI and one printed at 2400 DPI, even though you can't see the individual pixels in either document. Reply
JoshHo - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThat's definitely true, but there are limits to how close the display can get based upon the size and the minimum distance that an object can be from the eye before it can't be focused upon. Reply
fokka - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkso you say we should implement even higher res screens, which probably aren't cheap and also use considerable more power, just so we don't have to pinch our screens just to zoom in on scarlett johannsons nudes, instead we bring it up to 10cm to our exes?
doesn't seem very straight forward to me to let all the additional resolution and processing power go to waste in every standard use case, just so we can zoom in like this again. Reply
gg555 - Tuesday, February 18, 2014 - linkI was thinking more or less the same thing. I don't know why 12 inches is treated as some sort of magic number.
I often hold my phone closer to my eyes than 12 inches, especially if I have my glasses off, for any of many reasons. I imagine I am far from the only person who does this. My phone has about 320 ppi and I can easily see the pixelation. Even looking at some of the 450 ppi phones in stores, it's not hard for me to see the pixelation. I always thought Apple's "retina" claim was so demonstrable wrong, the first time I ever saw one of the screens, it was just stupid. Higher resolution would be nice.
If the question is what could make a difference in pratical real world use, then the 12 inch assumption seems like a bad one. Reply
npz - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkvery high pixel density == worse image quality
Why? Scaling. Images. Bitmap fonts (terminal fonts and Asian fonts).
The purpose of higher resolution should be for more screen real estate. Think about it, if your eyes are good enough to take advantage of the difference in higher pixel density i.e. you can resolve details down to the pixel level, then that means you should use it for efficiency, where the extra pixels provide more utility, as opposed to wasting it by scaling!
My eyes are very good, and I utilize the higher resolution by utilizing my ability to resolve pixels better than most people. I run 10 pixel high bitmap terminal fonts (ahh... so sharp) on a 15.4" 1080p laptop with ZERO scaling and practically none of my colleagues can make it out without sticking the screen right up to their faces. However, even my eyes are not good enough for 1:1 for high pixel density phones.
So, unless you have hawk-like eyes, the irony is those who expect higher quality visuals end up destroying image quality, blurring pixels into a mushy mess. Reply
ZeDestructor - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkJDI announced a 651ppi display back in 2012: http://www.j-display.com/english/news/2012/2012060...
From their press release images, you can see the extreme improvement in quality for the Japanese characters. Asian typefaces aren't bitmapped by choice. They are bitmapped by necessity, since current font smoothing techniques and display density aren't high enough to render vector-based characters in a readable fashion. Reply
npz - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThe irony is that the bitmaps produce better and *sharper* results by hand placement of the pixels. Font smoothing, or anti-aliasing in general, by definition always blurs the images. At high enough DPI you don't need font smoothing, like print.
In fact, font smoothing never helps. I still see rainbow color fringing on these webpages from sub-pixel font rendering. It's possible to have vector fonts look as sharp as bitmap fonts at small sizes by using sophisticated byte code interpreter and disabling anti-aliasing. This will align curved edges to the pixel grid, rather than force a curve according to it's original path. Because byte-code (essentially a small program) is already complex enough for Latin fonts, Asian (in particular Chinese and JP Kanji) just use bitmaps.
Of course you end up with exactly the same problem once you render the font out at a particular resolution, then need to scale it i.e. images with Asian characters. Reply
Nick2000 - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThis is why we want vector fonts because you skip the blurry mess. Scaling algorithms can also be smarter with edge detection etc... This alievates the blurriness somewhat. Reply
bsim500 - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linknpz - "very high pixel density == worse image quality"
Personally, I'm left wondering what source material all these people demanding ultra-high res screens are going to view on it, given most pictures they take is with a built-in camera whose overall quality (15.5 mm2 camera sensor size area on iPhone 5) is "left wanting" compared to typical 225 mm2 area "Four-Thirds" or 464 mm2 area 35mm Full Frame sensor sizes on proper cameras. I can understand a "Prosumer" wanting to view his $1,000 camera RAW files on it, but let's be honest, most typical uses consisting of sending each other blurred / grainy / noisy (tiny CMOS -> JPEG compression) snaps with the built in camera's tiny lens, is a bit like buying a 4k TV only to watch cheap and nasty webcam footage on it. Even if the resolution is higher, there's more to image quality than resolution alone, as is painfully obvious every time a new iPhone comes out with a higher MegaPixel rating and the Moron Brigade start churning out the same articles like "Is the Digital Camera dead?" every two years :-D
In fact, "Zoom in" to a full res iPhone 5 photo and what you mainly get is CMOS noise on every mid-dark area of the photo that can actually look much worse on shaper screens, the sky in this photo being an obvious example:-
And don't even get me started on the "quality" of low-light iPhone photo's at 100% viewed even at 96dpi:-
http://2.static.img-dpreview.com/files/p/E~sample_... Reply
fokka - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkoh, the good old megapixel race.
this is why i was very pleased with htc announcing the htc one with "only" a 4mp ultrapixel camera.
1:1 viewing images of about every consumer cam, smartphones even more, will always result in a washed out, blurry mess. why anybody would want anything more than maybe 5mp in a phone is beyond me. even on my 600d i'd rather have a 12mp sensor, than the 18mp thing it's got inside. just too much useless resolution. Reply
1Angelreloaded - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkNot entirely, but if we are talking Computer monitors resolution is never enough, as even playing games the higher the subsequent PPI is the less AA you need depending on the monitor size. real estate is nice but they reality is you get a worse blurry image especially from post effects covering up Jagged edges when pixel density is low on a larger screen. Reply
fokka - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkless aa is actually the only thing i'm really happy to see with, say, 4k gaming on desktop. Reply
Mr Alpha - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkWhat about something like Occulus Rift, where you are strapping the screen to your face? Reply
ZeDestructor - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThey use a 7" panel and the founder has gone on record saying that even 8K per eye isn't enough:
Specifically, he says that 8K per eye is enough for imperceptible pixels, but the human eye can still see more detail than that, ad the promoted comment goes on to talk about. Reply
Solandri - Tuesday, February 11, 2014 - linkI suspect for applications like the Oculus Rift, the future is going to be direct imaging onto the retina. The benefit being that instead of having to render the entire image at ultra-high resolution, you only need to render the point the fovea is aimed at at that resolution. Everything else can be rendered at a much lower resolution because it'll be falling on the peripheral vision. Reply
npz - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkSure, the ability to resolve something is also dependent upon how close/far something is as well as the size, so yes, it can make a difference in that case. But you still end up with the same issue: scaling. If you can't render your 3d models or 2d vectors at native resolution, you have scale the resulting bitmap images and so you get worse image quality. Reply
frakkel - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkWhere this article fails is that it try to tech out a single spec from the screen.
For me a screen has several parameters that cannot be left out when you are speaking about the quality of the screen.
- PPI. This parameter is probably the easiest. And this is also the parameter where we are seeing the different marketing organizations compete.
- Pixel density. This parameter is a little bit more difficult to determine because he you need to look at the single pixel size and compare to how much "black" is around. You could in principle have very high PPI, but almost all area is black. Pixel density influence directly on required back lighting for a certain luminescence.
- Black. Black is very important for a screen. And for some when they first notice that the screen is not black but grey that are not happy.
- Color accuracy. This parameter is again more tricky and where you often see over saturated screens to give a bit more "puf" to the images. To have a realistic picture which looks like out of the window we need true colors.
This is not a rant this is more that when we are discussing such topics about screens we need to look at all parameters together and not take a single one out. A disclaimer explaining this would have been nice. Reply
blanarahul - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkCan you put your views about differences between PPI and pixel density more elaborately? Super AMOLED 1080p displays have a lot of black area around the actual pixels. But that doesn't affect its viewability. However it does lack a little in sharpness thanks to the fact that it uses RGBG like pattern. Reply
frakkel - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkPPI is how many pixel per inch. Let us just say for example that there are 1 pixel per inch but the pixel itself is 1/2 inch in each direction. That means the pixel itself only occupies 25% out of the total 1 inch x 1 inch area.
Just because you have more pixel per inch does not necessary means you have any good pixel density if the pixels are that much smaller.
If you look at any close up pictures of any screen there are alot of black. There should be no black. Reply
MrSpadge - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkWhat you are describing as "pixel density" is actually something like a fill factor, as in "the area covered by pixels". Talking just about the meaning of "pixel density" it is.. well, the density of the pixels. x number of pixels per length or area. Which is just the same as PPI. Reply
JoshHo - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkYour point about the luminous area of a display vs the supporting circuity's area is definitely a good one but it's not easily calculated compared to most other parameters.
Contrast is definitely important, as is color accuracy, but there's definitely been a lot more information out there for those aspects, as there is some level of an objective standard for those two. Reply
fokka - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkyou are right of course, but i think that's part of the reason we even have this debate: manufacturers have chosen first screen size and now resolution as their sole marketing argument. nobody is advertising their black levels, their contrast, colour accuracy. they throw around with buzzwords like "super +" and "quattron" and "bravia", but the only metric that's really sticking out is resolution.
it's a fault on the manufacturers part if even sony includes somewhat substandard screens on its flagship devices, but hey, at least they are 1080p.
at the same time i applaud anandtech for once more giving perspective to an area which is presented somewhat askew by the manufacturers. so this article should be only about resoltion, so we can once and for all stop worrying about "how much is enough" and maybe - just maybe - concentrate on other, often not less important, aspects of our screens. Reply
MrSpadge - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkWhat you have here is af ocused article. It talks about 1 issue and clearly states so in the headline. Had he gone on and on about the other important display metrics it would have been much longer and some would have rightfully criticized it for missing the topic in large parts.
Apart from that you are obviously right that there's more to good displays than resolution. That's why I wouldn't want a 4k display with a TN panel even as a gift. Reply
zodiacfml - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkI say, please continue with the progress so that I can afford the 1080p displays in the near future. Reply
HisDivineOrder - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkI imagine that higher resolution displays will become more prevalent as cost and efficiency continue to improve. Right now, there is a serious cost. In the future, the cost may be negligible. That's why high end devices with high end prices and serious batteries will go up in resolution while lower end devices will stick with the tried and true with smaller batteries.
Just like it is now. In fact, this is so true as to make the point of the article seemingly a "Duh?" moment. The information held in the earlier part of the article is nice, though. It's just the conclusion that seems suspect, given that it's telling us what we already know.
Higher resolution displays are for the rich and are for the most part gratuitous. Reply
jjj - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkYou also got:
- cost, big high res displays are quite expensive
- glasses, where we kinda want high res
- we should also have stretchable screens soon enough ( not too long after just flexible) and very high PPI becomes less when expanded. Reply
iwod - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkI dont want a tech that doubles the PPI to 600. I want a tech that HALFES the current power usage. Reply
thesavvymage - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkwell PPI and power usage dont even scale together... Reply
edzieba - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkA very nice 2003 paper from the AFRL titled http://www.itcexperts.net/library/Capability%20of%...">Capability of the Human Visual System give an excellent overview of what specifications a truly indistinguisable-from-reality display would have to fulfil, as well as an overview of the human visual system and various methods of measuring acuity. As well as angular resolution, it includes things like display update rates (depedant on refresh technique), luminance levels and range, colour gamut, etc.
For example, a super-Oculus display (covering the entire human binocular visual field at 0.5arc-seconds per pixel) would require a display on the order of 1.5 TERApixels.
However, the paper does not take into account other effects, such as the vestibulo-ocular reflex that would necessitate even higher update rates for the edge case of the display being physically fixed in respect to the head. Reply
edzieba - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkhttp://www.itcexperts.net/library/Capability%20of%...
Looks like the URL got eaten. Reply
HanzNFranzen - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkVery interesting, thank you! I have had many conversations with many differing opinions on this very topic, so it is nice to see a technical explanation that was easy to understand. In my personal opinion, 99.99% of the time you are not using a phone for any sort of critical viewing, so getting up and beyond 400ppi really is not in my interest. I would gladly trade any extra ppi for extra frame rate and battery life by not taxing the gpu so hard. Now, if we are talking desktop monitors, BRING IT ON. Because it has upset me for years now that companies are so gung ho about creating these super high ppi screens for something like a phone, but completely ignore an area where they can actually be utilized and have a noticeable impact...so we've stagnated at this 90-110ppi range in the 24"/27" monitor sizes. Reply
surt - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThe main goal should be to get all displays to at least 4k. That way they can play back 4k content without scaling (and scaling artifacts are often rendered MORE noticeable by high PPI displays if they don't reach an even scaling multiple). Reply
Nick2000 - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkYes but they are only photos. They do not generaly need high resolution. It also depends on the technology. Actual chemical photo paper (developed, not printed) combines the dots in a different way than inkjet or laser printers. I work with high resolution printers and while most "pictures" come in at a relatively low resolution (200 or 300dpi) we print them at 1200x1200 because it makes the single pixels less visible when dithering. Also, diagonal lines really do not look great on a photo so that is out for precise maps for example... Anyway, there are a lot of factors to take into account past simply source resolution. Reply
Nick2000 - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkOops that was a reply to an earlier comment regarding professional photo printing being good enough at 300dpi Reply
Bobs_Your_Uncle - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkKudos on the quality of the article. Some who comment express an element of dissatisfaction, yet the quality of the article has yielded an equally high level of enlightening discussion. And it's generally pretty civil too! I'm sassified!
Thanks Joshua, a ho bunch! (And I promise to NEVER repeat that pathetic word play, which undoubtedly makes you ill with each pedestrian repetition. I'm not striving to alienate you; I'm simply a very, very, disturbed obsessive/compulsive, i.e. Mr. Creosote desiring "just 1 more thin mint!"). Reply
JoshHo - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkI definitely haven't seen that one before, but thanks for your input. Reply
sonicmerlin - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkI found this article to be rather frustrating. At first I was excited to see the author mention the importance of cognitive processing's effects on the perceptual quality of vision. A good example of this is the perception of a hair follicle. Even in a super high density display you can tell the follicle is slightly off, even if you can't discern individual pixelation.
However the author then hand waved the issue away by saying we'll never have 1800 PPD displays in the near future, so it's not important- utterly missing the point.
Research has demonstrated the closer you get to the ideal 1800 PPD, the more "lifelike" a display becomes. As in, rather than looking at a super sharp image on a screen, you start having the sensation you're looking at something *real*. That's why palmar luckey of oculus rift said 8k per eye wasn't enough. It's not just about making individual pixels indistinguishable. It's about going beyond that and tricking your brain into thinking you're looking at looking through a clear glass window. Reply
JoshHo - Sunday, February 09, 2014 - linkThat's definitely true, but it's rather unfeasible to achieve 1800 PPD currently, although in the long run it may be possible. For a 5" display at the 12 inch distance mark (which is contrived, but is a generally realistic distance for mobile), it would take 37453x21067 to have enough resolution, which would require square pixels with a side length of around 2.96 microns. For comparison, a 5 inch panel with 1080p resolution would have pixels with a side length of 57.7 microns. Shrinking a display pixel to that size is years away at this point. Reply
BMNify - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkJoshua, why didn't you mention the fact that UHD-1 and later UHD-2 is in fact more than just pixel density , its about providing the consumer with real Rec. 2020 10bit real color space rather than the antiquated Rec. 709 (HDTV and below)8 bit pseudocolor of today's panels .
"Rec. 2020 allows for RGB and YCbCr signal formats with 4:4:4, 4:2:2, and 4:2:0 chroma subsampling.[1] Rec. 2020 specifies that if a luma (Y') signal is made that it uses the R'G'B' coefficients 0.2627 for red, 0.6780 for green, and 0.0593 for blue.[1]"
as regards using more power that's what the latest quantum dot display is for, as in, that light is supplied on demand, which enables new, more efficient displays and allows for mobile devices with longer battery lives.
"Colloidal quantum dots irradiated with a UV light. Different sized quantum dots emit different color light due to quantum confinement." Reply
JoshHo - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkThat's not so much about pixel density as it is about 24-bit vs 30-bit color. I'm not too well educated on HDTV spec, but sRGB is 24-bit and is the industry standard, while Adobe RGB is 30-bit but is effectively limited to content creation purposes, as only applications like Photoshop are really aware of colorspace. Reply
JoshHo - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkI think I conflated color depth with color space, so my foot is currently firmly in my mouth, they are independent of each other.
But for the most part, sRGB is the standard, and within that limited gamut, 8-bit color is the standard. In the future 10-bit color or greater will happen, but it doesn't seem likely for now. Reply
BMNify - Monday, February 10, 2014 - link:) thats ok,just remember to always ask and answer the question on all future reviews , "is this [UHD] panel International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Rec. 2020 10bit real color space ready out the box" Reply
JoshHo - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkFor sure, but I think that mostly applies to TV applications. For smartphone and desktop displays, it seems that sRGB will remain the standard, although there may be some movement towards wider color gamuts some day. Reply
BMNify - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkoh and just to save looking it up
"In coverage of the CIE 1931 color space
the Rec. 2020 color space covers 75.8%,
the digital cinema reference projector color space covers 53.6%,
the Adobe RGB color space covers 52.1%,
and the Rec. 709 color space covers 35.9%"
"The NHK [and the BBC] measured contrast sensitivity for the Rec. 2020 color space using Barten's equation which had previously been used to determine the bit depth for digital cinema.
11-bits per sample for the Rec. 2020 color space is below the visual modulation threshold, the ability to discern a one value difference in luminance, for the entire luminance range.
The NHK [and the BBC] is planning for their UHDTV system, Super Hi-Vision [UHD-2] , to use 12-bits per sample RGB" Reply
MrSpadge - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkHigher resolution always reduces power efficiency of the system. As the article says: if there are other improvements to power efficiency to offset this loss, they could always be used to reduce power at lower resolutions. Our choice.
Regarding quantum dots: it's hard to pump them electrically, quantum wells are much better than this. But all of the pretty much require expensive III-V or II-VI compound semiconductors (like LEDs and many lasers), which doesn't bode well for large-area applications. That's why they're going for the OLEDs instead.
And about pumping them optically: well, you don't want to have to put on sun screen in order to look at your phone for longer than a few minutes, do you? Anyway, UV light sources are neither cheap nor efficient. A cure worse than the desease, so to say. Reply
victorson - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkGood to see some deeper analysis on display resolution and congratulations for this well-written article. The Snellen eye test is probably a good enough measure for a Westerner, but people tend to forget there are other languages out there. Namely, Chinese and Japanese (and I would guess the arabic languages) readers are the once who benefit the most from higher pixel densities, as complex Chinese characters can be an extremely complicated drawing that fits in the space of almost a single letter. My guess would be that pixel densities over and around 500ppi would actually make for a tangible improvement in the reading experience, but it'd be interesting to see more reasearch on this. Reply
jerrylzy - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkWhile I am interested in how a 600-PPI display would look like, I tend to favor a phone with lower resolution and PPI. Since the difference may not be very noticeable, I weigh more on battery life and overall smoothness which a higher resolution display would definitely impact. Reply
piroroadkill - Tuesday, February 11, 2014 - linkI agree. I'm loving the fact Moto X came with a 1280x720 screen, an the Xperia Z1 compact too.
Let's bring some goddamn sanity back into things.
Lower cost and higher battery life is what I care about over jamming my retinas against the glass and complaining if I can see a discernible element. Reply
MrSpadge - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkJoshua, it would have been nice if you commented more directly on the images you're showing. I recognize them as different sub tiles, but apart from that I have no idea what I'm looking at and how the images relate to the text. Reply
JoshHo - Monday, February 10, 2014 - linkThanks for the feedback, I'll be sure to do this now and for future articles. Reply
MrSpadge - Tuesday, February 11, 2014 - linkThanks! And I previously forgot to mention I really enjoyed that article :) Reply
Sivar - Tuesday, February 11, 2014 - linkNow _this_ is the kind of stuff that makes Anandtech the site that it is.
No marketspeak, no dumbing-down, but still accessible to mortals due to no use of overly esoteric terms, rehashes of academic papers, or any "look how smart the author is" insecurity.
A realistic, practical, educated, intelligent look at a significant topic.
Joshua Ho, please write for Anandtech more often! Reply
JoshHo - Thursday, February 13, 2014 - linkThanks for the input, I hope to do so. :) Reply
MadAd - Friday, February 14, 2014 - linkSo in the same way what PPI would be necessary for a single eye screen at maybe 1 inch? (as in x2, ala VR headset or screen glasses?). Reply
JoshHo - Wednesday, February 19, 2014 - link3" is the realistic value. The human eye can't realistically see anything closer that's in focus.
At 120PPD, 2300DPI or so is needed at 3" away. So there is capacity to go further for VR purposes. The ST1080 VR display has already achieved such densities, but the price is relatively high compared to a smartphone display. Reply
coburn_c - Friday, February 14, 2014 - linkTangible merits is what you meant. Technical merits are obvious as it is a technical difference. Reply
JoshHo - Thursday, February 20, 2014 - linkI guess I was trying to say the merit from a more technical perspective than previously examined, as much of the discourse hasn't been very well fleshed-out in light of the existing literature. Reply
wumpus - Thursday, February 20, 2014 - linkIt doesn't matter if the trumpets are playing 30kHz or 40kHz, unless you really care what your dog hears (you won't hear the difference). Try playing a 11kHz signal back as a sine wave and as a square wave (which are only different due to supersonic harmonics). You won't hear a single difference (even with 30kHz+ headphones).
Also, don't count having that 20kHz hearing. Wiki claims "most children and some adults" can hear 20kHz. Out of ~20 teenagers in my old electronics shop class one *1*! student could tell when another student left the amplifier test at 20kHz (all we tested for) and told him to "turn it off already". My max hearing was about 16kHz then (at 16 years old. Now at [censored] I can "hear" 12kHz, but at 40dB lower than 10kHz.)
I can't argue the low frequencies, but nobody is claiming that is "hearing". Reply
Gottfired - Friday, February 21, 2014 - linkThere's one very good reason for small 1440p displays. Oculus Rift. Reply
peterfares - Saturday, May 10, 2014 - linkI'm happy with 1920x1080 RGB.
Instead of going to stupid 2560x1440 on smartphones Samsung should just finally switch back to RGB. They used to do pentile then RGB then pentile with higher resolution but they're sticking with pentile. I hate pentile. Reply
vnrlifestyle - Saturday, July 18, 2015 - linkThank you for this very interesting technical article on ppi.
As a person with a keen interest in display quality, I really appreciate your detailed discussion of the issue.
After my mother bought a 1080p (6.4 inch 16:9 screen) smartphone nearly 2 years back at a ppi of nearly 330, I have found full hd to be the perfection of visual clarity for a smartphone.
This week she bought a new 5.5 inch smartphone of 720p resolution at ppi around 266.
It is a very well designed display and I found it just as good as the earlier full hd phone display of 330ppi.
Having used phones smaller than 4.5 inch, I find that amazingly high ppi may not give an advantage on such a small screen for the regular range of activities of a modern smartphone, which is nowadays a powerful mini computer.
So my humble personal conclusion in this matter is that
1. Minimum 5 inch screen size in 16:9 format is required for a really good user experience
2. Upto 5.5 inch size at least, a 720p hd screen at 267ppi is at least 90% as good as full hd screen for routine purposes
3. Higher resolutions and higher ppi are much more appreciable and useful at screen sizes above 6 inches
4. And finally, a well developed and sophisticated smartphone screen with a well designed user interface can produce amazingly pleasing display results and user satisfaction even with a ppi of around 275 (720p hd on a 5.5 inch screen) saving upto Rs.7500 (indian) for the purchaser by opting for lower resolution.
Thank you. Reply


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Deutsche Telekom investors like the idea of selling its US mobile business much more than shareholders in the putative buyer, with shares in Japan's Softbank down almost as much as those of the German telecoms group are up this morning.
As Telecoms correspondent Dan Thomas writes, weekend reports revived the prospect of a bid for T-Mobile USA by Sprint, which is 80 per cent owned by Softbank, although without coming to any conclusions about whether it would happen this time. Read more


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Teniecka Drake
Enough Negativity!
Trying to Find the Ups, When All You See Are the Downs
May 19, 2014
Hello and first of all may I just say wow!!!! Okay, so your girl has been MIA for the ending of last year and the beginning of this year. Last year was kind of a whirlwind for me. For those of you who follow me you know I just had a baby last year. During this time my family was going through a kind of transition period. I usually can always find a positive out of something. Except for the ending of last year up to just recently I could not. Since my baby is fifteen months I cannot chalk this up to my hormones still being out of whack. I am going to take a slight detour off this subject and I will get right back to it.
Taking Medication When It Is Not Always Convenient
May 24, 2013
Oh my goodness, how long has it been since doing a regular journal? I cannot believe how time goes by so fast at times. What is new -- I have finally gotten my degree. I got it in April; finished classes in February. My youngest daughter is now almost 5 months old and doing really great. My other three children are doing excellent; my oldest will be starting kindergarten for the fall school year. The family is doing wonderful and I am blessed to have them in my life.
The End of My Pregnancy Journey
March 1, 2013
It has been about four weeks since I gave birth to my beautiful angel. Her name is Matasha and she is just a cutie baby girl. I wanted to give as much information as possible on what happened before delivery, during delivery, and after.
37 Weeks: Baby Coming in 4 Days!
January 25, 2013
Hello! I am very sorry that I have not written as frequently as I wanted to. I am 37 weeks into my pregnancy, as the title says, and the baby will be here on January 29. That is exactly four days away for me.
31 Weeks Pregnant and Climbing
December 22, 2012
This has been quite a journey again with my fourth child. Only reason I say that is there has been so much going on with me and my family. I am finally moved and settled into our new home. I am still going to school, but this is my very last course and I will be done!!! I am very excited; this degree has been a long time coming, and I was not going to stop until I finished. My other three children are doing great and growing big, and my husband remains supportive and strong for me.
Pregnancy at 23 Weeks!
October 22, 2012
It has been a little bit since I wrote, but I have a lot to tell. My mysterious absence is due to a couple things. The first is I am moving and have been going back and forth between two states. The transition is a process within itself, so that is one of the things. I still have packing left to do, moving trucks, cleaners and carpet cleaners coming.
Expecting Number Four!
September 18, 2012
The title pretty much says it all. I am expecting my fourth child which is indeed a blessing. Of course, having gone through this three times previously I should know what to expect, right? Wrong!
Let the Haters Hate!!!
July 13, 2012
It is one thing to have to wake up every day and deal with being HIV+. It is quite another issue to have to deal with a hater. Let me just say the playing fields are not even. Why in the world am I talking about haters? Is this blog not supposed to be about positivity? This is still true and this blog will be just that positive.
Finding Strength After Adversity
February 28, 2012
At times I find myself reminiscing about the past. Trying to go back in my mind and ask myself, Could I have done anything different? Did I really let this happen? Why, was I so gullible and naIve to make such a stupid mistake! Not sure if anyone else struggles with that, but I do on occasions.
Secrets Are Not Always Worth Keeping
December 17, 2011
Sometimes secrets can be light-hearted and carefree. Then there are those secrets that are detrimental and not good to keep. It would seem like the right thing to do is be honest about whatever the secret entails whether bad or good. That is not often times what individuals do to one another. Sometimes secrets are kept from another to hurt that person(s). For example, if I am hurt then I will just hurt you. Then that becomes one very vicious and mean cycle. One secret, which is HIV/AIDS, should not keep anyone in the dark.
Enough Negativity!
Teniecka Drake
Since her HIV diagnosis in 2001 -- and her marriage, and the recent births of her three children -- Teniecka really has been taking life for more fun! She's spoken nationally about living with HIV, been in Ebony Magazine, and now she's blogging to encourage other HIV-positive people in times when they might need a boost.
Subscribe to Teniecka's Blog:
Recent Posts:
May 19, 2014 - Trying to Find the Ups, When All You See Are the Downs: A Blog Entry by Teniecka Drake
May 24, 2013 - Taking Medication When It Is Not Always Convenient: A Blog Entry by Teniecka Drake
March 1, 2013 - The End of My Pregnancy Journey: A Blog Entry by Teniecka Drake
January 25, 2013 - 37 Weeks: Baby Coming in 4 Days! A Blog Entry by Teniecka Drake
December 22, 2012 - 31 Weeks Pregnant and Climbing: A Blog Entry by Teniecka Drake
Interviews With Teniecka:
Teniecka Drake: Balancing HIV Advocacy, a Husband and Three Young Children (March 7, 2011)
A Brief Disclaimer:
The opinions expressed by TheBody.com's bloggers are entirely their own, and do not necessarily reflect the views of TheBody.com itself.


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Read an eBook Week @ your library
Mar 03, 2013 09:00 AM
Mar 09, 2013 05:00 PM
|Contact Name
|Dawn Schrandt
|Contact Phone
|Add event to calendar
Come help the library celebrate eBooks! Our goal this week is to check out 50 eBooks and you can help us! Stop by and learn how to check out an eBook, show us what you've checked out, and tell us about your favorite eBook.
This week the library will be offering several open houses so you can drop by with your questions relating to eBooks and eReaders. So grab your device and stop by the library anytime during one of the scheduled open house hours and get some help using your eReader. Or feel free to call and schedule an appointment. Open House hours are scheduled for the following days:
Tuesday, March 5 from 10:00am-5:00pm
Thursday, March 7 from 1:00pm-8:00pm
Friday, March 8 from 10:00am-5:00pm
Saturday, March 9 from 10:00am-4:00pm


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21 They went to Capernaum; and when the sabbath came, he entered the synagogue and taught. 22They were astounded at his teaching, for he taught them as one having authority, and not as the scribes. 23Just then there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit, 24and he cried out, What have you to do with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are, the Holy One of God. 25But Jesus rebuked him, saying, Be silent, and come out of him! 26And the unclean spirit, throwing him into convulsions and crying with a loud voice, came out of him. 27They were all amazed, and they kept on asking one another, What is this? A new teachingwith authority! He* commands even the unclean spirits, and they obey him. 28At once his fame began to spread throughout the surrounding region of Galilee.
The New Revised Standard Version (Anglicized Edition), copyright 1989, 1995 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
Enter another bible reference:
v 2.2.7
10 February 2011


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Electing to stay at home and age in place may seem a viable option for seniors, especially in today's economy. However, it may prove less desirable than it appears.
First and foremost is the stress of renovating an existing home, an emotional strain most seniors would like to avoid. Unforeseen financial expenditures and significant decision-making, from selecting reliable contractors to managing a construction timeline to ongoing interruptions, may create unnecessary psychological and/or physical burdens.
"Renovating is like layers of an onion. One thing can be overlaid and dependent of another," said Assaad Zeid, Executive Director of the Village at Sherman Oaks, a luxury independent and assisted living community in Sherman Oaks. "What might begin simply as the installation of grab bars in the shower can easily turn into the widening of doorways or the lowering of kitchen counters to accommodate wheelchairs."
Top-notch senior living communities have been designed from inception with the senior consumer in mind. Smart planning, which includes universal design features, allows residents to age in place without the need for modifications.
Even if renovations can be accomplished, remaining in an existing home presents other challenges such as finding reliable caregivers or becoming socially isolated.
At continuum of care communities like the Village at Sherman Oaks, licensed nurses are available on-site 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and offer residents a comprehensive menu of care services.
According to Zeid, free from the burden of home-maintenance concerns, residents at the Village at Sherman Oaks often experience an enhanced social life and find themselves with more time to enjoy the things they love.
"A senior living community offers significant benefits," said Zeid. "From gourmet dining and resort-style amenities to a wealth of health and fitness programs, retirement communities offer seniors an excellent value. But more importantly, the lifestyle afforded by communities like The Village at Sherman Oaks provides peace of mind for the future."
The Village at Sherman Oaks includes 239 luxury independent and assisted living residences, a wealth of services and amenities, plus a full calendar of social, cultural, educational and recreational activities. Residents enjoy numerous resort-style features including: the Village Restaurant, open 12 hours daily; a fully equipped fitness center; the Albers Theater; Internet lounge; bank; market; mailroom; arts and crafts room; library; bistro bar; swimming pool and spa; a full-service beauty salon; and secured parking garage.
For more information or to schedule a personal appointment, call the Village at Sherman Oaks at (818) 994-7900 or visit www.srgseniorliving.com.


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Changes related to "Individually Designed Major in Engineering"
From Undergraduate Engineering Handbook
This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category).Pages on your watchlist are bold.
Legend: N - new page, m - minor edit, b - bot edit.
No changes on linked pages during the given period.


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Stanley 10-00163
Stanley Classic Vacuum Drink-Thru Bottle 16oz.
Loading Selection...
The mug/bottle hybrid is one of a kind. Drinking like a mug, its vacuum insulation keeps brewed coffee piping hot all day so you can stay strong from hard commutes to long meetings. Leak-proof lid twists open and shut securely so you transport with confidence.• Vacuum insulation: Keeps hot/cold 6 hours.
• Hybrid mug/bottle: Performs like a bottle, drinks like a mug.
• Double-wall construction: Takes a beating. Still performs.
• Stainless steel: Built tough. No liners/coatings.
• Car-cup and bike-cage compatible: Equipped for adventure.
• Leak proof
• BPA free
• Lifetime warranty
• Imported
|Customers who viewed the Stanley 10-00163 also viewed:
Stanley 10-00764
Outdoor Stainless Steel Water Bottle 32oz
3.8 / 5 (6 Reviews)
Stanley 10-01266
Nineteen13 1-Handed Water Bottle 34oz
4.3 / 5 (3 Reviews)
Stanley 10-01565
XL Recycled Camp Mug 20oz
4.4 / 5 (5 Reviews)
Be the first to write a review.


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ORLANDO, Fla. - Chief Judge Belvin Perry has suspended on Tuesday the use of GPS trackers in new criminal cases in the Ninth Judicial Circuit until further notice.
The individuals who are currently being monitored by Court Programs of Central Florida or Electronic Resource Associates GPS tracking programs will continue to be monitored by the private companies. The GPS monitoring devices are often used as a condition of bail.
"The judges lose a tool that they thought was important for them, maybe for their piece of mind but I'm not sure the tool was that effective anyway," said Public Defender Robert Wesley.
Wesley says he believes judges use the GPS devices too often.
"I think judges just put too much reliance that it's going to solve every problem or every worry they have, and I think judges overuse it as a result," he said.
According to the Orange County release, in light of the events associated with the Wilfred Gregory case, a comprehensive review of these private vendors will be conducted immediately.
Gregory is accused of opening fire during an Apopka Easter party while on private GPS monitoring. Police said Gregory then cut off the device and has not been found since.
In February, Orange County also suspended its home confinement program after defendant Bessman Okafor violated and allegedly killed a witness that was going to testify against him in a home invasion trial.
Copyright 2013 by ClickOrlando.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Antibacterial Ointments (Neosporin, Polysporin)
The specific ingredients vary, but these ointments are commonly used to prevent infection in minor wounds.
Hot Compress, Bath or Tub
Hot compresses have been used to treat acne, with the goal to bring pimples to a head so they can drain and dry out. Some cyclists use one of the many home formulas used for acne treatment, and apply it with a hot compress.
Since it is somewhat difficult to apply a hot compress to your bum, some cyclists will sit in a hot bath or hot tub to encourage the saddle sore to come to a head and drain. Often, an antiseptic or a wound cover is applied after the pimple drains.
This is a thin, transparent wound dressing that I covered in the column "When Flesh Meets Earth". It is a wound care product that some cyclists have found helpful when covering and treating saddle sores.
The powder category is used more for chamois rash than for saddle sores. Some cyclists believe the powders prevent saddle sores, while others have not had the same positive experience.
Talcum Powder
Often referred to as "talc", it is a mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate in the loose form. Interestingly it is used in many industries, including electrical switchboards, due to its resistance to heat. It has astringent properties (tends to shrink or constrict body tissues) and is often the main ingredient used in baby powder, tailor's chalk and a hand-drying agent for basketball players.
There is concern that inhaling talcum powder can lead to serious respiratory problems.
Baby Powder
The original Johnson and Johnson Baby Powder is 99-percent non-fibrous talc. Other baby powders include some variation of the following ingredients: corn starch (used for generations to prevent or help heal diaper rash and other skin irritations as starch is thought to absorb wetness), arrowroot powder (arrowroot is a tuber containing about 23 percent starch), tapioca starch (another plant root starch), zinc oxide (antibacterial and deodorizing), calendula extract (aids in wound healing), as well as other ingredients.
Anti Monkey Butt
This is a powder using talc or cornstarch and contains calamine, which is a combination of zinc oxide and iron oxide. It has mild antipruritic (anti-itching agent), antiseptic and astringent properties.
On a positive note, at least one cyclist has had a positive experience with every item on this list. It may take you a bit of experimenting to determine which product or technique is best for you, because like most things every body is different and what works for you may or may not work for someone else.
If you have other home remedies for saddle sores or chamois rash, let us know.
Of course, see a doctor if your saddle sore or rash condition gets worse or causes you to stop riding.
Gale Bernhardt was the USA Triathlon team coach at the 2003 Pan American Games and 2004 Athens Olympics. Her first Olympic experience was as a personal cycling coach at the 2000 Games in Sydney. She currently serves as one of the World Cup coaches for the International Triathlon Union's Sport Development Team. Thousands of athletes have had successful training and racing experiences using Gale's pre-built, easy-to-follow cycling and triathlon training plans. Let Gale and Active Trainer help you succeed.
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Mature Mega Pass
The mothership of all mature websites on the web. Everybody wants to be just as big as us, but there can be only one the biggest!
My Wifes Mom
Hubbies get the hots for their mothers in law, and wives get mad about it when they find out. But with the 1920px multi-format videos and hi-respictorials nobody seems to care. Heat level goes through the roof with MyWifesMom full HD flicks in a choice of formats, mobile devices included. The site supercharges the mature porn we know with a previously unavailable thrill of being caught in the act.
Granny Bet
This all-new bestseller is bringing hi-resolution granny porn and thrilling interactivity together. Members are hooked straight away, nobody can afford to miss the competition between two studs whose bet is to nail as many horny old age sluts as possible. The score keeps growing as the site expands its selection of downloadable HD material. Combine the competition thrill with flawless 1920x1080 flicks, and you have the recipe for success.
Grandma Friends
Nothing less than a brand new bomb for the mature/granny scene, GrandmaFriends.com is loaded with good stuff. We don't even know where to start: full 1920px HD movies, no-DRM downloads, catchy plots and sex-crazed grannies always up for some team work. The high quality of the movies persists in the mobile section as well, and the users love filling their gadgets with first grade granny sex action.
Glory Hole
Mature sluts sucking cock through a hole. They don't care who's cock it is, as long as it's long and hard.


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FOLLOWING hot on the heels of Andy Thorn's departure, Kidderminster Harriers have announced that Gary Whild will assume the post of manager until the end of the season.
Whild has been an integral part of the club's progress since first taking up post as assistant manager in 2010 when he linked up with former boss Steve Burr.
Responsible for recruiting a large number of the club's strongest previous and current talent, he has exceptional knowledge of the local football scene and a crucial understanding of non-league football.
Having continued to work with the club since Burr's departure earlier in 2014, Whild will take the role as manager immediately Aggborough chairman Ken Rae said: "Gary knows the club, its players and the supporters. His record here, working with Steve, is very strong and I know how hard he has worked to bring players here who've been extremely successful.
"We have agreed to take things until the end of the season and to then look at the situation again, but I am confident that Gary and his backroom staff can help bring some confidence back into the team and give supporters a lift.
"With 13 games left and in the position we're in, our aim is still to get ourselves into the play-offs and I would urge every Kidderminster Harriers supporter in and around the town to come and support Gary and the players in achieving that.
"There is a big game to be played at Wrexham on Saturday, but I'd love to see a big crowd here at Aggborough against Macclesfield next Tuesday."


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Braves win eighth straight behind resurgent Santana
Righty's 7 1/3-inning gem propels Atlanta past lowly D-backs
ATLANTA -- As the Braves slumbered through the latter part of May and first half of June, Ervin Santana provided reason to wonder if he would be a $14.1 million bust. But like the defending National League East champs, Santana has regained his moxie over the past couple weeks.
After the Braves extended their winning streak to eight games with Friday night's 5-2 victory over the D-backs, Santana proved he had regained that smile he had lost a few weeks ago. The veteran pitcher had just pitched into the eighth inning for the first time since his April 9 season debut and his offensive mates had once again proven they can provide sufficient support without power.
"We're not scoring from the power like we normally do, but we're just showing you guys we can do all sorts of things," Braves first baseman Freddie Freeman said. "It's definitely good to see. We're getting a lot of hits, a lot of key hits here and there and it was just enough for [Santana] tonight."
Freeman notched the first of his two RBI singles in the two-run first inning and added another to provide an insurance run in the seventh inning. In between, the suddenly efficient Atlanta offense manufactured three other runs without hitting a ball over the outfield wall. The Braves are now 17-26 when they do not homer and six of those wins have been notched within their past seven games.
Surprisingly, this encouraging offensive trend has transpired since Braves manager Fredi Gonzalez made the baffling decision to move B.J. Upton to the leadoff spot. Upton has recorded a hit in each of the games he has played since moving to the top of the lineup. He matched a career-high 10-game hitting streak with a single to begin the bottom of the first and then notched one of the four singles D-backs starter Josh Collmenter surrendered in the two-run second inning.
"Everybody is pitching in and everybody is getting timely hits," B.J. Upton said. "We're getting runners on base and capitalizing on it."
With their 10th win in their past 11 games, the Braves extended their lead to 1 1/2 games in the National League East race. They have also moved 10 games above .500 for the first time since they began this season with a 17-7 record that was aided by Santana's strong April.
Fresh off of consecutive sweeps of the Phillies and Mets, the Braves began this three-game set by tallying a pair of runs in each of the first two innings. The early advantage proved to be more than enough for Santana, who allowed two runs and six hits in 7 1/3 innings. This marked the second time in eight starts that he completed at least seven innings. The other occurrence, on June 7, happened to come at the expense of this same Arizona offense.
"He was spotting," former Brave Martin Prado said. "I saw him pretty good, but I feel like he was commanding his fastball -- he's that kind of guy -- and using his secondary pitches to get you to reach and chase pitches, so I felt like we didn't have a big opportunity to score."
Santana scattered four singles through the first three innings and might have escaped that stretch unscathed had he not uncorked a wild pitch and then whiffed on Gerald Laird's flip back to the plate. Had he caught the flip cleanly, he likely would have tagged Prado before he slid across the plate.
The Braves right-hander found a groove in the fourth inning and retired 11 straight before allowing singles to two of the three batters he faced in the eighth inning. Luis Avilan inherited runners at the corners and induced a David Peralta grounder that would have resulted in an inning-ending double play had Andrelton Simmons not made a low throw back to Freeman at first base.
"Ervin was really, really good," Gonzalez said. "He was mixing his pitches well, especially to a left-handed dominant lineup. I thought he did a nice job mixing his breaking pitch. It's a shame he gives up two runs, one on a wild pitch and another [double play throw] in the dirt."
After producing a 1.99 ERA through his first six starts, Santana posted a 6.44 ERA in the six starts that followed. But he has allowed three earned runs or less and completed at least six innings in each of his past four starts, making him look more like the guy the Braves envisioned when they gave him a one-year, $14.1 million deal in March.
"Everything is getting back to my way again," Santana said. "I just have to keep my mind positive and keep working down in the zone."
Mark Bowman is a reporter for MLB.com. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.


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Barnardo's is appealing for people in Guiseley and the surrounding towns and villages to raise money to help vulnerable children.
The charity is looking for people to become fundraising volunteers in their local community and help raise cash to support Barnardo's projects across the Leeds area, working with disadvantaged children, young people and their families.
Those receiving help include children living in poverty, at risk of homelessness or caring for a sick or disabled relative The role could involve placing collection boxes in the community, counting donations raised by schools or inspiring others about the charity's work.
Community fundraising volunteer manager Amanda Warrent said: "Volunteering with Barnardo's is a great way to meet new people and help others.
"By giving us a little of your spare time you can also gain invaluable experience that could provide a stepping stone to a new career or add to your personal statement for college or university. It's an opportunity to have some fun by joining the local Barnardo's team."
Volunteers, who are of all ages and come from all walks of life, are given training and ongoing support. See barnardos.org.uk/volunteering, or contact Amanda Warrant at firstname.lastname@example.com or on (0113) 263 3252.


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Research Projects
Marian Medical Miracles as a Tool for Cultural Syncretism and Political Hegemony in Thirteenth Century Iberia
Scholars have recognized the opportunity for interdisciplinary interrogation of thirteenth century Iberia available through the Cantigas de Santa Maria (Canticles of St. Mary, CSM) composed in Galician-Portuguese at the court of King Alfonso X the Learned. His father having reunited Christian Spain, Alfonso X devoted his rule towards a cultural identity dominated by Castilian language and Christianity. His court's legal, scientific, linguistic and cultural efforts supported that goal: He established universities; Muslim, Jewish and Christian scholars worked together to create a law code and astronomical-astrological works and to translate numerous religious and other texts from Arabic into Latin and Castilian. CSM was composed between 1252 and 1284 as a collection of 427 texts, among them prayers, songs, and over 350 Marian miracles, in large part illustrated and set to music. The miracles address numerous medical issues, which were often cured by the Virgin to save her followers, but at times ignored by her in case of non-Christians, and occasionally caused by her as punishment. Our project examines the nexus between political, daily life, religious, medical, cultural and intellectual spheres within CSM. We are parsing through the visual, musical and poetic rhetoric of the miracles to analyze the evidence of medical beliefs, gender relations, status of Jews, Muslims and those considered Christian heretics, and employment of Marian veneration for political sanction.
Dr. Francisco Gondim, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
Sarah Hermes Griesbach, Department of Art History and Archaeology, Washington University
Amos Lieberman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Dr. Julia Lieberman, Department of Modern and Classical Languages, Saint Louis University
Dr. Florian P. Thomas, Saint Louis University School of Medicine (Facilitator)
Perspectives on Health and Medicine in Africa
Culture and health intersect. Shifts in the nature of diseases and human contacts are dependent on contexts of environment, power, and history, all of which are anchored in culture. Micro-level studies focused on interactions between external and local cultures, or subsets within a broader culture, are critical to the understanding of content and direction of change in the development of health and medicine in Africa. This research group takes an intercultural perspective in examining a complex array of topics that include epidemiological patterns, health promotion and related behavior change, political and economic circumstances that are temporally and spatially contingent, causes and effects of specific diseases, production of knowledge and competing strategies in the institutionalization of medicinal cures, as well as the role of local and international organizations in the development of health services in Africa.
Dr. George O. Ndege, History (Facilitator)
Dr. Emmanuel Uwalaka, Political Science
Visual and Performing Arts as Vehicles of Cultural Agency for People of Color in Antebellum America and Colonial Lagos
This project traces the deployment of visual and performing arts by peoples of color in antebellum America and colonial Lagos, Nigeria, to negotiate the relations of power instituted by dominant Euro-American groups. It specifically examines how they used innovative techniques and exploited ambivalent spaces within the hierarchical and racial frameworks that relegated them to subjugated socio-cultural positions. Although photographs and performances may be perceived as relatively straightforward forms of cultural expression, this joint project exposes their deeply textured displays and multivalent meanings conveyed by symbolic representations introduced into these formats by people of color to express their cultural identity and agency.
Dr. Olubukola A. Gbadegesin, Fine and Performing Arts
Dr. Katrina Thompson, History (Facilitator)
Charity and Poverty in Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the Early Modern Period
Tzedakah, Caritas and Zakat are three terms often lumped together under one word—charity, as they refer to how normative Judaism, Christianity and Islam have historically addressed the needs of the more vulnerable members of their respective societies. Yet, behind these three terms stand very different histories and practices. On the one hand, there are parallels between the three terms. They all deal with the distribution of wealth, and the recognition that not all members of a given society have equal access to it. In each of the three traditions, these terms are closely related to their inheritance systems and family structures. Furthermore, as the three traditions have often been neighbors, they have influenced one another. On the other hand, there are also startling differences between the cultural meanings of these terms, as the three traditions have different attitudes to not only poverty but also wealth. There is also the question of disparity in political power and whether or not the society under study is the host culture or one of its minorities. This research project will include studies of charitable institutions--in Jewish, Christian or Islamic societies--that will illustrate both the interconnectedness of the poor and the wealthy, and the interplay between dominant and minority cultures and faiths.
Dr. Julia R. Lieberman, Modern and Classical Languages (Facilitator)
Dr. Philip R. Gavitt, History
Dr. Claudia Karagoz, Modern and Classical Languages
Access to the Healthcare System and Successful Aging among Immigrants after Midlife
The health care delivery system of our country has faced many challenges over decades, and researchers have studied health disparity among different racial groups in order to address and redress inequality that challenges health care providers and policy makers. An increasing number of immigrants, who bring in various cultural backgrounds and expectations, creates further challenges in improving the system. When people from different cultures meet, who decides what is right or wrong, what is appropriate or inappropriate, and what is ethical or unethical? While this question permeates many areas in our lives, the area of healthcare system is one of the crucial aspects of human survival in our society. One out of five people in the U.S. are immigrants or their offspring, and the proportion is estimated to increase further. Our community-based research projects explore several issues, including access to healthcare system, successful again, caregiving arrangements, and end-of-life care. The immigrant groups selected for the projects (Bosnians, Chinese, Koreans, Latinos, and South Asians) present different backgrounds in terms of entry to and length in the U.S., race and religion, and size and structure of the communities. Issues related to access to healthcare system and successful aging will be illuminated in the context of acculturation, perceived discrimination, distrust in healthcare system, psychological well-being, and social support.
Dr. Hisako Matsuo, Sociology and Criminal Justice (Facilitator)
Dr. Lisa Willoughby, Psychology
The Impact of Race and Religion on the Refugee Resettlement Process in American Society
The study will compare and contrast resettlement processes of two distinct refugee groups: refugees from Bosnia-Herzegovina and those from Somalia. Although the population size of Bosnians and Somalis in St. Louis is different, these two groups present culturally intriguing similarities and differences in their racial and religious backgrounds. Bosnians' religious background as secular Muslims and their racial background as Europeans seem to have contributed to their acceptance by the mainstream society, rendering Bosnians racially 'invisible' in the American society which continues to appreciate whiteness. Somali refugees on the other hand come from a country that exists only in name. Years of extreme violence and famine have taken a toll on their psyche. An understanding of the level of stress or conflict experienced by Somali refugees in their home country would be important in their resettlement process. The project will build upon Matsuo's earlier work on Bosnian refugees in St. Louis. The study will use a grounded-theory method in order to explore the impact of race and religion on Somali refugees' resettlement process. The authors will conduct in-depth interviews with approximately twenty Somali refugees, recruiting them with a snowball sampling. The data to be collected will be transcribed in English for data analyses, and the findings will be compared against Matsuo's previous findings of studies on Bosnians.
Dr. Hisako Matsuo, Sociology and Criminal Justice (Facilitator)
Dr. Emmanuel Uwalaka, Political Science
Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Interculturality
The rapidly growing global traffic of information, people, and goods has created an urgent need for a deeper understanding of difference. Expanding our knowledge about the mechanisms of interactions between distinct cultures has become one of the most important academic challenges of our time. It is an effort that requires a high degree of epistemological self-awareness on the part of the scholar, as well as a conscious attempt to overcome the tendency to universalize and objectify one's own cultural meanings and imaginaries. Most analytical frameworks are currently tailored to the specialized needs of particular academic disciplines, leading to ever-increasing fragmentation and compartmentalization of knowledge. The goal of this team project is to provide innovative intellectual resources for studying and interpreting interculturality by developing theoretical frameworks--illustrated by case study applications of resultant methodologies--that mediate between disciplines and promote cross-fertilization among them.
Dr. Monica Eppinger, School of Law
Dr. Judith L. Gibbons, Psychology
Dr. Michal Jan Rozbicki, History (Facilitator)


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Mucho Bocho wrote:Rookie, Is that your kitchen? Very rustic. Also are you using a pressure cooker to cook the curry? You've got quite a strong ingredient list, I love adding an apple to the final stages of the curry. The acid really brings the flavors out. Nice work. Big meal for a big guy huh Rooke!
victoon wrote:what's that thing beside the toaster that looks like a fridge from the 70s?
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