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Publishing frequency: 48 issues per year
Immediacy index: 1.028
Indexed in MEDLINE
Editor-in-Chief: Darrin Pochan
Soft Matter provides a unique forum for the communication of fundamental science underpinning the behaviour of soft matter. There is a particular focus on the interface between physics, materials science, biology, chemical engineering and chemistry.
The scope of Soft Matter covers the following.
• Bulk soft matter assemblies
• Soft nanotechnology and self-assembly
• Biological aspects of soft matter
• Surfaces, interfaces, and interactions
• Theory, modelling, and simulation
Darrin Pochan, University of Delaware, USA
Associate editors
Tommy Angelini, University of Florida, USA
Alfred Crosby, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA
Jan Dhont, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
Jianbin Huang, Peking University, China
Paul Janmey, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Sanat Kumar, Columbia University, USA
Oleg Lavrentovich, Kent State University, USA
Christos Likos, University of Vienna, Austria
Kathleen Stebe, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Dimitris Vlassopoulos, FORTH-IESL, Greece
Markus Antonietti, Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid und Grenzflachenforschung, Germany
Piero Baglioni, University of Florence, Italy
Anna Balazs, University of Pittsburgh, USA
Arindam Banerjee, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, India
Patricia Bassereau, Section de Recherche de l'Institut Curie, PhysicoChimie Curie (UMR CNRS 168), France
Vincent Craig, Australian National University, Australia
John Dutcher, University of Guelph, Canada
Thomas Epps, University of Delaware, USA
Glenn Fredrickson, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA
Jian Ping Gong, Hokkaido University, Japan
Bartosz Grzybowski, UNIST, South Korea
Ian Hamley, University of Reading, UK
Roque Hidalgo-Alvarez, University of Grenada, Spain
Olli Ikkala, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Kazunori Kataoka, University of Tokyo, Japan
Eugenia Kumacheva, University of Toronto, Canada
Frans Leermakers, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Ludwik Leibler, ESPCI, France
Jennifer Lewis, Harvard University, USA
Junbai Li, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Dongsheng Liu, Tsinghua University, China
Tom McLeish, University of Durham, UK
Bradley Olsen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
David Quéré, ESPCI, France
Sriram Ramaswamy, Indian Institute of Science, India
Jens Rieger, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Germany
Michael Rubenstein, University of North Carolina, USA
Sam Safran, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
Ulrich S Schubert, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Germany
Peter Schurtenberger, Lund University, Sweden
Howard Stone, Princeton University, USA
Hajime Tanaka, University of Tokyo, Japan
Jan Vermant, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Emanuela Zaccarelli, CNR-ISC, Sapienza Universita' di Roma, Italy
Neil Hammond, Executive Editor, Journals
Laura Fisher, Deputy Editor, Journals
Will Dennis, Editorial Production Manager, Journals
Laurent Mathey, Development Editor, Journals
Suzanne Howson, Publishing Editor, Journals
Carole Martin, Publishing Editor, Journals
Sarah Piggott, Publishing Editor, Journals
Jason Woolford, Publishing Editor, Journals
Emma Hayes, Editorial Assistant, Journals
Allison Holloway, Publishing Assistant, Journals
Article types
Soft Matter publishes:
- Communications
- Full papers
- Reviews
- Highlights
- Emerging areas
- Opinions
- Tutorial reviews
- Comments
See more information about these article types
Communications in Soft Matter contain novel scientific work of such importance and interest that rapid publication is required. Communications are concise and should not exceed four journal pages (~2000 words) in length; they may be accompanied by supplementary material. Communications start with a brief unreferenced abstract and do not contain any section headings. The number of references should be limited to ~15. A short justification statement must be included with the submission outlining why the work merits rapid publication.
Full papers
Full papers in Soft Matter present original, high quality primary research that has not been previously published. Full papers start with a brief unreferenced abstract and contain an introduction, results and discussion, experimental, and notes and references sections. A short justification statement must be included with the submission outlining why the study will appeal to the broad, interdisciplinary readership of the journal, and what fundamental issues it addresses.
Reviews in Soft Matter are critical reviews of a topical and significant area of research. They are typically up to 6,000 words in length (although they may be shorter) and include a short biography of the author(s). Reviews may not contain unpublished data.
Highlights single out important new developments and explain the significance of the work to the broad, interdisciplinary Soft Matter audience. They may point out further urgent follow-up work and challenges, and may be speculative in nature. No unpublished work should be presented; these papers are intended to put existing work into perspective. Highlights are typically no longer than 2,000 words.
Emerging areas
Emerging areas in Soft Matter are short, personal accounts of a potentially important and growing new field of research. They are typically up to 3,000 words in length and include a short biography of the author(s). Emerging areas should not contain unpublished data.
Opinions in Soft Matter are typically 2,000 words in length and provide a personal, often speculative, viewpoint or hypothesis on a topic of current interest to the scientific community. They may concern recent publications in Soft Matter or discuss any current hot topic from the author's point of view; provided that they are not defamatory to the work of others they can be controversial and stimulate counter-opinion. They can include a short biography of the author(s).
Tutorial reviews
Tutorial reviews are a type of review that provide an essential introduction to a particular area of soft matter. The article should have particular appeal to younger researchers and established researchers seeking new fields to explore. Tutorial reviews should be typically up to 6,000 words in length and include a short biography of the author(s). Tutorial reviews should not contain unpublished data.
Comments are a medium for the discussion and exchange of scientific opinions normally concerning material published in Soft Matter. Submitted Comments will normally be forwarded to the authors of the work being discussed, and these authors will be given the opportunity to submit a Reply for publication together with the Comment. For publication of a Comment or Reply, they must be judged to be scientifically significant and of interest to the Soft Matter readership.
Comments should not be a personal attack on an individual or group of individuals and will undergo the usual peer-review process. Comments will not normally exceed a length of one printed journal page. Publication will take place only when all parties have had an opportunity to respond appropriately.
Journal guidelines
For guidance on preparing your article please visit our Prepare your article page, the content of which is relevant to all of our journals. Note that some journals have additional specific guidelines.
Readership information
Soft Matter has a global circulation and interdisciplinary audience.
- Physicists
- Biophysicists
- Bioengineers
- Biological scientists
- Biochemists
- Chemical engineers
- Materials scientists
- Surface scientists
- Physical, organic and theoretical chemists
Subscription information
Soft Matter is part of collections RSC Gold and Materials Science
Online only 2017: ISSN 1744-6848, £1,597 / $2,813
*2016 Journal Citation Reports ® (Clarivate Analytics, June 2017)
Soft Matter
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Crime scene cleanup in Reva, VA is necessary type of biohazard cleaning that deals with the cleanup aftermath of a death. The components involved are primarily in relations to the hazards that can happen in a contaminated room where a dead person lay. In dealing with a crime scene or even a natural death, the careful craft of the work is done by people who have gone to crime scene cleanup schools and have had on the job training to ensure effective cleaning. The bio removal of blood is considered one of the more dangerous components involved but is not the only thing that the cleaners have to consider. The aftermath of a death can have other bodily fluids released including bile and decomposed dead body tissue. Crime scene cleanup companies in Reva, VA like ours can give you the 24 hr services you need to get this cleaned before other people come in contact with these dangers. Remember that in the hazmat world of cleaning, protective clothing and proper job training is very needed. Even employees of crime scene cleaning companies have injury that occurs due to the undisputed danger of these jobs even in places like homes in Reva, VA and throughout the County. Other aspects that must be considered and are by companies who will go into these biohazards is the other environmental harms that can be in the home. For a drug addict or a diabetic patient, there may very well be needles in places you wouldn't even imagine. Hoarders who die can often have other wastes that are unseen and careful cleaning must be engaged. We can ensure you that in Reva, VA our crime scene cleanup company can more then contend with whatever the situation is. Our goal is to give you the support you need, to provide you with the compassionate consideration that you deserve, and to prove our work with cost effective programming that gives you the cleanup you need the day you need it. Do not fall victim to having to cleanup blood yourself, contact your local 24 hr crime scene cleanup in Reva, VA today and get the job done now.
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subset: commoncrawl


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From a bartender to university students, Monday's historic election created a high number of first-time MPs, leaving pundits, reporters - heck, sometimes their own parties - scrambling to learn more about the people who will represent Canadians for the next four years. Anna Mehler Paperny looks at a few of the most notable ones
THE FOREIGN AFFAIRS GOLDEN BOY Chris Alexander; Conservative; Ajax-Pickering Chris Alexander was a Tory star candidate from Day One. How could he not be? He had been Canada's ambassador to both the United Nations and Afghanistan; he told stories of having driven with his wife Hedvig from Kabul to Moscow – "the kind of trip you wouldn't do if you knew what it was like." The graduate of Oxford and University of Toronto Schools came back after spending years abroad – but instead of being dismissed as a carpetbagger, on Monday he wrested Ajax-Pickering from Liberal incumbent Mark Holland, taking 44 per cent of the vote. While the 42-year-old father was declining interviews Tuesday, many have him pegged as the next foreign minister – especially because the Tories' former foreign minister Lawrence Cannon lost his Pontiac seat to NDP challenger Mathieu Ravignat.
(Graeme Smith/The Globe and Mail)
THE KARATE KID Mathieu Ravignat; NDP; Pontiac That's Sensei Mathieu Ravignat to you. The karate instructor has 20 years' experience under his black belt. But his lack of political savvy didn't stop him from toppling former Foreign Minister Lawrence Cannon in what was supposed to have been one of the Tories' safe Quebec ridings. Mr. Ravignat, who's also a federal government researcher, played into constituents' employment concerns in recession-hit Pontiac. While he lacks Mr. Cannon's five years in the House of Commons, Mr. Ravignat has run before – in 1997, as an Independent backing the Communist party. He and the party have been quick to clarify that this flirtation with the far left was part of his "experimental" student years. "He's a good social democrat," said NDP spokesman Marc-André Viau. Like his now-defeated political opponent, however, Mr. Ravignat has also been to China – in his case, to deepen his karate-related knowledge at the famous Shaolin Temple.
(Sean Kilpatrick/CP)
The MCGILL FOUR Matthew Dubé, Charmain Borg, Mylène Freeman, Laurin Liu (pictured); NDP; Chambly-Borduas, Terrebonne-Blainville, Argenteuil-Papineau-Mirabel, Rivière-des-Mille-Îles McGill's alumni association may as well create a Quebec NDP chapter: Four current or former students swept into Parliament Monday. Mr. Dubé and Ms. Borg were both elected heads of NDP McGill at the beginning of the 2010 school year. They didn't exactly make a media splash in their campaigns: An NDP spokesman had to tell local paper Le Trait d'Union that Ms. Borg didn't own a cell phone when an inquisitive reporter found her "introuvable." Nevertheless, Ms. Borg and the other three all handily beat their incumbent Bloc opponents, some with almost 50 per cent of the vote.
(Graham Hughes/The Canadian Press)
THE CHILD PRODIGY Pierre-Luc Dusseault; NDP; Sherbrook Pierre-Luc Dussealt has made Canadian political history before even stepping foot in the House of Commons: At 19 years and 11 months, he's the country's youngest MP ever. (The previous holder of that title is Liberal Claude-André Lachance, who was elected in 1974 at the age of 20 years, three months.) But the second-year political science student at the Universite de Sherbrook insists he entered the race with one goal in mind: Victory. "I knew I could win." The newly minted MP has been an NDP member for two years. He readily cites his party's policies on Quebec sovereignty and the Sherbrook Declaration, which respects Quebec's jurisdiction within the federal system – he talks about the need for "a government in Quebec's image." His polisci degree, however, will have to wait, he says: He has some governing to do.
(NDP Handout/The Canadian Press)
THE LUCKY LONGSHOT Ruth Ellen Brosseau; NDP; Berthier - Maskinongé For better or for worse, Ruth Ellen Brosseau, 27, begins her political career best known as the Member of Parliament who went to Las Vegas during the campaign. At the time, NDP spokeswoman Kathleen Monk said the rookie candidate had planned the vacation much earlier, and was unable to reschedule. It was seen as an example of NDP unpreparedness at the time – missteps from "placeholder" candidates who didn't have a shot. In addition to her absenteeism, she wasn't from the riding – an NDP spokesman said yesterday that as far as he knows, she may never have set foot there – and her French lacked a certain on ne sait quoi. As luck would have it, Ms. Brosseau rode Jack Layton's orange wave to victory, beating out Bloc incumbent Guy André by almost 6,000 votes. NDP spokesman Marc-André Viau said he's received upwards of 100 interview requests for Ms. Brosseau. "She needs to catch up. We're going to start her with local media first," he said.
THE STRONG, SILENT UPSET Wai Young; Conservative; Vancouver South There was an awkward moment at a rally for Conservative Leader Stephen Harper in Mississauga when booing crowds drowned out a reporter's question about why Vancouver South Tory candidate Wai Young had accepted the public endorsement of Ripudaman Singh Malik, a man charged in connection with the Air India bombing. The Prime Minister was adamant: Ms. Young didn't know about Mr. Malik's connection with the case when she attended a school he helped found. Despite this – maybe even because of it – Ms. Young was victorious on Monday night, beating out political veteran, former B.C. premier and Liberal incumbent Ujjal Dosanjh. Mr. Dosanjh had campaigned tirelessly and publicly in the riding after barely beating Ms. Young in 2008. His Tory opponent, on the other hand, eschewed the mainstream media, campaigning hard on her own in the immigrant-heavy riding.
(Lyle Stafford for The Globe and Mail)
THE DOCTOR IS IN Kellie Leitch; Conservative; Simcoe-Grey Kellie Leitch laughs when asked about the drama that's surrounded her newly claimed riding of Simcoe-Grey. The pediatric orthopedic surgeon beat popular incumbent Helena Guergis on Monday. Ms. Guergis, a former cabinet minister, ran as an independent after being shunted from the Conservative caucus last spring amid a string of allegations the RCMP later found didn't warrant investigation. Dr. Leitch, for her part, says what drew voters to her was her focus on two things she says she knows a lot about: The need for jobs, and the need for family doctors. "I'm a physician: Doctors can recruit doctors."
(Fred Lum/The Globe and Mail)


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SAINT LEO, Fla. – The Saint Leo University women's basketball team (2-1) opened its 2012-13 home season with a 72-39 victory over the University of Puerto Rico-Bayamon (0-1), Friday evening from the Marion Bowman Activities. The Lions notched 40 points in the paint and 21 second chance points as Saint Leo notched the first win of the Saint Leo Invitational.
Individually, after nearly collecting a double-double from junior Chelsea Connelly in the first half, Connelly propelled herself to a game-high 16 rebounds, while adding a team-best 17 points for her second double-double of the year. Aiding in the Lions effort was a first double-double of the year junior Chelsea Williams with 16 points and 10 rebounds. Teresa Manigrasso chipped in an additional 16 points.
In a tightly contested first half, the Lions darted out to a 13-6 behind the offensive prowess of Connelly. Still, after seeing the lead cut to two, 13-11, with 12:17 to play in the half, the Lions went on an 8-0 win highlighted by back-to-back three pointers from Kinara Lewis and Manigrasso.
Eventually owning a half-high 13-point lead, 29-16, with 3:12 to play in the half, the Lions cruised into the halftime break up 31-20.
After connecting on a three-point basket to open the half, Bayamon could only score only six additional points over the next 10 minutes against a stingy Lions' defense.
In the meantime, the Lions exploded for 21 points over that period to gain a 26-point, 52-26, lead. Connelly, Williams, and Christina Granville combined for 14 points over the game-deciding stretch.
Saint Leo kept the running 20-point margin over the remaining 10 minutes before closing the game on a 7-0 run to uphold the 33-point win.
For the game the Lions shot a 40.8 percent (29-for-71) from the floor, while converting 23 points off of 18 Bayamon turnovers.
For more on the women's basketball program, visit SaintLeoLions.com.
'Follow' the Lions on Twitter at Twitter.com/SaintLeoLions'. Also, be sure to 'Like' the Lions on Facebook at Facebook.com/SaintLeoLions
This postgame recap is brought to you by Papa Joe's Italian Restaurant. Located in Brooksville, Fla., you can contact Papa Joe's at 352-799-3904 for dine in or catering needs.


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Color Your Hair Like a Pro
Your dye-in-a-box can get you salon-quality color. Here, tips from the pros on how to get your color right and keep it looking top-notch
FIND THE RIGHT HUE Go only one degree darker at a time. You can always go darker step by step, but if you go overboard, you'll need a pro's help to lighten a botched job. If you're considering darkening your hair a few shades but aren't quite sure the look will suit you, try a trick from New York City stylist Eva Scrivo, who says, "Hair becomes two to three shades darker when wet. Wet your hair, put on your daytime makeup, and comb the hair next to your face. You will instantly know if your complexion looks brighter, healthier, or clearer surrounded by the darker hue."
WATCH OUT FOR... Getting stuck in a rut. "Brown is one of the easiest haircolors to do at home," says Kiyah Wright, a hair colorist at Warren Tricomi salon in Los Angeles. But that doesn't mean you should reach for the same old box you've been using for years. Especially as your hair grays, your old standby isn't likely to produce the same results. If you're a natural brunette, stay within one or two shades of your own color. That will ensure that the outcome will still be flattering to your skin. Going too light might make your skin look sallow. Even if your usual color still looks good, consider giving hair a boost: John Frieda Precision Foam Colour Salon Blends Collection ($13, drugstores) is the first at-home color formula with three tones in one bottle, not the usual one or two — closer to a custom salon blend, which produces more vibrant color. Another way to keep brown dynamic, not drab: Use a light styler, like Pantene Aqua Light Weightless Conditioning Shake ($6, drugstores). Its conditioners will give hair an even sheen, so the color looks shiny.
MAKE IT LAST The challenge with brown hair is usually not darker regrowth (as with blond or light red), but visible gray roots, which can show up every two weeks. Even if you get your color at a salon, fixing roots at home is a convenient time saver. Try Revlon Root Erase by ColorSilk ($4.50, drugstores). This mini hair dye is designed to go on your roots only, though in the last few minutes you can run it through the rest of your hair to boost its vibrancy. For especially resistant grays, try Clairol Professional Gray Busters ($6, Sally Beauty Supply), a pro line that can be used at home. Whatever you choose, don't apply it all over your hair, warns celebrity hairstylist Sarah Potempa. If you continually re-dye your ends, they'll turn out drab. If you don't have time to color, there are also several quick, short-term fixes for gray roots: A spray, a hair mascara, or even dark brown powder eye shadow will provide easy coverage.
LEAVE IT TO THE PROS Get help when you want to switch color families. When it comes to brown shades, "there are ashes, red-browns, and neutrals," says Wright, and for at-home tweaks, it's best to stay in the same color family as your existing hue. Otherwise, you'll end up too red or too dark, and you'll need a pro to correct the color.
FIND THE RIGHT HUE Consider what image you want to project and for how long you want to project it. "Blue-based blacks are more funky," says Potempa. "Most people want to go for a warmer red-black." Once you've chosen your color, consider formulation. "I recommend using a demipermanent dye, which gives hair lots of shine but only lasts four weeks, in case you change your mind," says Wright, because a permanent dye requires a full-on commitment: "If you're not happy with the result, you'll have to bleach your hair to change the color."
WATCH OUT FOR... "A muddy look," says Potempa. Be sure to avoid clarifying shampoos. "People think they leave hair healthier because they strip away built-up product," she says. "But the shampoo will take your haircolor with it." Instead, keep locks lustrous with L'Oréal Paris EverCrème Intense Nourishing Shampoo and Conditioner ($7 each, drugstores), which don't have any harsh detergents. And don't be fooled into thinking going from blond to black is a snap, Potempa warns: A colorist needs to accomplish this tricky feat by putting in red fillers and toners to compensate for your hair's missing red tones.
MAKE IT LAST You want to avoid fading no matter what your hair color, but especially if the defining trait of your hair is that it's black and shiny. "If you're feeling dull between treatments, use a clear glaze," says Potempa. One to try: Fekkai Salon Glaze ($28, Ulta). Then style with a shine serum, like Matrix Biolage Colorcaretherapie Shine Shake Spray ($14, matrix.com for salons).
LEAVE IT TO THE PROS Face-framing highlights. "If your hair is already dark, black's one of the easiest at-home haircolors, because you're usually not trying to create dimension. It's flat," says Potempa. But if a dramatic Cher look isn't what you had in mind, "lighter black around your face will add warmth to the hair." Leave this move to a colorist: Highlights are tricky no matter the hair color, and poorly done ones can undercut the intensity of a dark hue.
FIND THE RIGHT HUE Don't go to extremes. This is good advice for those with all hair colors, but especially for blonds, who usually hope to "lift" their natural hair color and go lighter. Choose an at-home dye that makes you only a couple of shades blonder than your starting color. And if you're attempting to further lighten already-dyed hair whose virgin state is dark and textured (like, for example, that of Indians, Latinas, or African Americans — think Beyoncé), "choose an ashy blond. Otherwise, dark hair's natural red tones will show when it's lightened," warns Wright.
WATCH OUT FOR... Dryness. When you've lightened your hair, "you've just stripped your hair's pigment and its lubricating outer layer of lipids," says Potempa. So make sure your at-home kit comes with a good conditioner, advises New York City celebrity colorist Marie Robinson — that will help it keep the color longer. (Robinson likes Clairol Nice 'n Easy Color Blend Foam, $9, drugstores.) Then replace your regular daily conditioner with a deep conditioner, which delivers a bigger punch of hydrators. Try Aussie Moist 3 Minute Miracle Deep Conditioner, with jojoba oil and aloe ($3.25, drugstores). And "avoid excessive chlorine and sun exposure," adds Robinson; these also dry hair and contribute to fading.
MAKE IT LAST If you stay closer to your own shade (and you aren't graying yet), your color will last a little longer between dye jobs. This is especially true for light brunettes or dark blonds: "Their own color naturally lightens slightly in the sun, which softens the contrast," says Robinson. If you just need to cover grays — not address brown or black roots — Potempa recommends Rita Hazan Root Concealer Spray in Blonde ($24, Sephora), which is very easy to use between colorings.
LEAVE IT TO THE PROS If you're thinking platinum, don't try it at home. "Extreme blond is a challenge," says Wright. The same goes for noticeable highlights. If you envision a multidimensional head of hair à la Jennifer Aniston, get to a colorist. Because of the amount of bleaching and the number of shades involved, "highlighting is still too complicated for women to master themselves at home," says Robinson. However, if you're toying with the idea of highlights and want to test out the look before committing at the salon, you can try on streaks with Alterna Stylist 1 Night Highlights in Shimmering Blonde ($29, Sephora), which won't bleach hair but will layer color on top — until your next shampoo (think of it as makeup for your hair).
FIND THE RIGHT HUE "It's all about red right now," says Wright, who is seeing more clients go for the hue, from strawberry blonds to red-based blacks. To find your perfect shade, "consider your skin tone," Wright says. "The paler it is, the more flattering copper shades are (think Julianne Moore). If your skin is darker, I love violet reds, like Rihanna's former 'do."
WATCH OUT FOR... Uneven color buildup. "Of all the shades, red pigment has the most difficulty penetrating hair," says Potempa. It's key to have an even application, so you're not piling too much color onto some areas of your head and too little onto others. She advises separating your hair into three sections — left, right, and back. Then, she says, "brush the dye on a two-inch-wide section at a time. Don't just put on globs and wash it in!"
MAKE IT LAST "Red tends to fade the fastest, so you constantly want to refresh it," says Wright, who recommends that redheads fight fading with what she calls "a shampoo rinse": After every shampoo, mix half a bottle of Clairol Professional Jazzing in Red Hot ($6, Sally Beauty Supply) with a dollop of shampoo and run it through your hair. "It's a semipermanent color, which only lasts six to eight shampoos. The mix just amps up the red a bit; it won't lighten your hair," says Wright. Another trick to keeping red vibrant: Cut down on fade-inducing washing and water exposure by freshening your hair with a dry shampoo every other day. Try Tresemmé Fresh Start Strengthening Dry Shampoo ($5, drugstores). And use a styler with UV filters, like Bumble and Bumble Color Minded UV Protective Styling Balm ($28, Sephora), to protect hair from that other fading culprit, the sun.
LEAVE IT TO THE PROS Save a big leap for the salon. If you're going from darker hair to light red hair, you run the risk of that orangey shade most of us remember from youthful indiscretions with Sun-In spray. So "don't disregard where you're starting from," warns Potempa. "Be sure to find the closest thing to your hair color on the package chart" and see where the chart says your hair will end up color-wise.


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Boral has suffered a first half net loss of $25.3 million and says it expects conditions to remain challenging in the building products market.
Boral's net loss for the six months to December 31 compared to a net profit of $153 million in the previous corresponding period.
Boral reports H1 loss
Boral Limited (ASX:BLD) reports a first half net loss of $25.3 million, down from a net profit of $153 million in the previous corresponding period.
Shares were up 0.6 per cent to $4.90.
The latest result was dragged down by $77 million worth of significant items, including impairment charges relating to the suspension of clinker production at Waurn Ponds in Victoria and first half restructuring and redundancy costs.
Those costs were partially offset by a gain on the divestment of the Asian Construction Materials businesses.
The company announced 700 job cuts in January as it reduces costs to deal with a prolonged housing slump.
Boral's underlying net profit before significant items was $52 million.The company had forecast an underlying profit of about $52 million.
''Conditions will remain challenging for building products in the second half, although the division will benefit from cost reduction and restructuring programs,'' the company said in a statement this morning.


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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 1/7/2014 (1149 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Premier Greg Selinger toured flooded areas near Brandon this morning, promising that a Manitoba Conservation helicopter will be moved to the city to help with medical responses in western Manitoba.
The helicopter will be moved to the Brandon Municipal Airport today.
Over the last 48 hours, towns and RMs expressed safety concerns caused by the overland flooding and road closures throughout south western Manitoba.
"We are working with the department of conservation to move a helicopter to Brandon today," Selinger said, before leaving to tour Deloraine and Melita.
"We are concerned about the amount of water that still has to come from Saskatchewan," Selinger said. "An updated forecast of how much is expected later today, and that will hopefully give us and communities an idea of what needs to be done."
The Red River floodway was activated at 9 a.m. today to protect basements and homes in Winnipeg from an expected rise in river levels. Boaters cannot access the area around the floodway inlet and the control structure.
The Red is expected to rise to about 17.4 to 17.7 feet James over the next week and stay about 14 feet until mid-July. Normal summer average levels for the Red are usually 6.5 feet James; the walkway along the Assiniboine River is at 8.5 feet James.
Winnipeg police warned Tuesday that both the Red and Assiniboine rivers are extremely high, fast moving and filled with debris, and advised against boating on the waterways. All city of Winnipeg boat launches are closed and barricaded.
200 evacuated from homes
More than 200 people have been evacuated as flooding continues to wreak havoc in large parts of Manitoba, according to Steve Ashton, Manitoba's minister of infrastructure and transportation.
"We're seeing record flows on many of the tributaries across the province. We're seeing some very significant flows, much greater than normal," Ashton said in a press conference.
The province is focused on dealing with immediate flooding issues around the province as quickly as possible. Until communities are out of harms way, it will not have an estimate of how much the damage will cost, Selinger said.
"It will depend on what happens over the next few days, but we expect claims to be made for disaster financial assistance," the premier said.
Manitoba Emergency Measures Organization encourages residents to take appropriate action and keep track of expenses and losses. Recording damages with pictures and spending costs will help to make claims for disaster financial assistance later.
Flood warnings have been issued for:
- the Assiniboine River, from the Shellmouth Dam to Brandon,
- all points along the Winnipeg River system including Nutimik Lake,
- Lake St. Martin,
- Dauphin Lake,
- Qu'Appelle River,
- Vermillion River and Valley River near Dauphin,
- Medora Creek near Napinka,
- Gainsborough Creek near Lyleton,
- Gopher Creek near Virden,
- Roaring River at Minitonas,
- McKinnon Creek near McCreary,
- Scissor Creek near McCauley,
- Little Souris River near Brandon,
- Epinette Creek near Carberry,
- Graham Creek near Melita and
- the Little Saskatchewan River near Rivers.
Flood watches have also been issued for Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg, with high water advisories for all points along the Red, Souris and Saskatchewan rivers.
Emergency procedures are being enacted, Ashton said. opened. Construction will also begin on the Lake St. Martin emergency outlet channel on July 2, and will start taking water soon after, Ashton said.
Because of road closures, the province is also asking travelers to call 511 to check on road conditions before travelling.
-- with files from the Brandon Sun


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History of John Dingman Wilcox
[Published in the John Dingman Wilcox Family Bulletin #1 in 1974, pp 7-12]
Written by his daughter,
Martha Wilcox Hacking
In the little town of Mountain, Upper Canada, where is now the Providence of Ontario, in the year 1839, there dwelled Samuel Allen Wilcox, his wife, Martha Parker Wilcox, and their small daughter, Melinda.
They were naturally religious people who tried to live according to the teachings of the Bible. Sometimes they found it hard to reconcile these teachings with those of the church of which they were members.
So when two Mormon Missionaries came to their home, their hearts were open to receive the message brought to them. These missionaries, Christopher Merkley and William Snow, were welcomed into the Wilcox home and their teachings eagerly accepted.
Soon both husband and wife were converted to the new faith and were baptized September 14, 1839. They had a great desire to see the prophet Joseph Smith and to mingle with others of their faith, so on the fifth day of August, 1840, they left their comfortable home and started for Commerce, later called Nauvoo, Illinois. They arrived October 9th.
Speaking of her meeting with Joseph Smith, Mrs. Wilcox said, "When I saw him, my heart rejoiced for I knew beyond a doubt that he was a Prophet of God."
One year after they reached Nauvoo their second child was born, Sarah Jane, October 24, 1841; and on April 23, 1843, their first son, John Dinginan Wilcox, the subject of this sketch, was born. The family were poor in circumstances owing to the sacrifice they had made to gather with the Saints. The mother's bed was a straw tick on the floor in the corner of the room but her heart was filled with joy in the possession of her son. As to the father, his pride knew no bounds. This beautiful dark-haired boy was just what he had longed for.
While Mrs. Wilcox was still confined to her bed, William Law, who was at that time counselor to Joseph Smith, called at their home with a paper which he wished them to sign, stating that the Prophet Joseph was a false Prophet and an adulterer.
Martha Wilcox raised up on her elbow and rebuked him saying, "You are possessed of the devil. There is a hole the carpenter made. Get out of it as quickly as you can." Law slunk away without another word.
Through hard work the family were living more comfortably when another daughter, Asenath Viola, came to them April 1, 1845.
Mr. Wilcox helped to build the Temple and the couple received their endowments there, but sealings were not done in the Nauvoo Temple. They later were sealed in the Endowment House on January 26, 1869.
Mrs. Wilcox was a member of the first Relief Society, though not present at the organization.
Then came the terrible trials when the Prophet was killed and the Saints were driven from their homes. What this family along with others must have suffered. Turned out in the bitter cold with their four little children! So much has been said and written of the suffering of these exiles that little need be said here.
The Wilcox family, after crossing the river with the rest of the Saints, went to a place called Bonepart in Van Buron Co., Iowa. Here their second son, Adam, was born. John was at this time nearly four years old. Mr. Wilcox got a job working with his team for a man named Currans. This enabled him to provide for his family and earn enough to go to Ferryville just across the river from Winter Quarters. Not being in a position to cross the plains at that time, they rented a farm at Keg Creek two miles down the Missouri River. They farmed there two years and then moved thirty-five miles down the river into Fremont Co.
Here on a stream called Nishnabotna Creek, Mr. Wilcox homesteaded and. bought land amounting to 320 acres. John's boyhood days were spent on this farm. They lived here for eleven years. John and Adam grew into husky boys and soon became real farmers. The land was rich and they raised large crops of corn and other grains. Hog raising was very profitable. Not only was it a good corn country, but wild nuts and plums grew in abundance on which the hogs grew fat.
Each family had their own smoke cellar and cured their own meat which was freighted by team to the nearest cities. The father did considerable freighting and much of the farm work fell to the boys. They had a faithful dog named Bob who always accompanied them to the field. Snakes were numerous and old Bob would grab a snake and with a few quick jerks snap off its head.
Prosperity came to the Wilcox family here. While they were living on that farm five children were born to them; Samuel Allen Jr., Joseph, Silas, Phebe, and Boyd. The two eldest daughters, Melinda and Sara, married and went west. The mother often longed to go too, and join the body of the Saints and often urged her husband to do so, but he would say, "Wait a little longer Mother, then we will go."
Then one day he came home from one of the freighting trips to St. Joseph, Missouri, in a state of excitement. Throwing the lines one on one side and the other on the opposite, he said, "Mother, you can start packing. We are going West. The United States is at war. The first gun was fired at Ft. Sumter, South Carolina, just as the Prophet Joseph prophesied. If we don't leave now, we may never be able to go."
Soon they were on their way West. They sold their wonderful farm getting what cash they could and taking cattle for the remainder. At the end of the first days travel, Mr. Wilcox found that he had been paid $100.00 more than the price agreed upon and went all the way back to rectify the mistake.
Arriving at Winter Quarters they started across the plains traveling in David H. Cannon's Company. It was a long slow journey. The boys drove the cattle, the father one team and wagon, and the mother another.
John, thinking to wile away the evenings, brought along a violin. Its squeaking exasperated his father to such an extent that he broke it over the wagon wheel.
Asenath became very ill with some kind of fever and it looked as if they might have to leave her by the wayside, but after weeks of illness her life was spared and she slowly recovered.
While traveling along the Platte River they came to a little shack near the road in which they found a young couple by the name of Burgoyne. This couple had embraced the gospel in England. Immigrating to America they had arrived at Winter Quarters in time to join a company going west. At this point in the journey the young wife became unable to travel and so the company left them saying that they could join the next company.
Seeing their fear and loneliness, Mrs. Wilcox said, "Sam, our cattle and horses are tired, why not turn them out on this good grass to rest and fatten. Then when these folks are ready to go we can travel fast and overtake the others." It was a risk, but seeing the situation and Sam's heart being tender as that of his wife, they stayed. A few days later a son was born to the Burgoynes and soon the proud mother was able to continue the journey.
The young man was so grateful that he wanted to do something to help so Mr. Wilcox said he could tend Mother's team. Glad to be of service, he took over. That night it took him an unreasonably long time to unhitch the team. The next morning noticing that he was having trouble in getting them harnessed, John went to his assistance. He found that every buckle on the harness had been unbuckled.
The company arrived in Salt Lake City, October 7, 1861. Learning that Cedar Fort Valley, about 140 miles southeast of Salt Lake was a good place for cattle they went there to settle.
At the point of the mountain between Salt Lake Valley and Utah Valley they met the Johnston army just leaving for the east. The family lived that winter at Camp Floyd in one of the houses vacated by the army. The following spring they moved to Cedar Fort.
John was now in his nineteenth year. He had been well taught in the principles of honesty and religion and was a young man of sterling character. He helped to get his parents settled at Cedar Fort, building a house of logs. Then lured by the hope of high wages, he went to Montana to work in the mining camp. Montana was at that time Wild West at its worst. On the way up John traveled for a while in the company of a man who was taking a load of whiskey to sell at a mining camp.
The Portneuf River was so high at that time that they had to be ferried across. They stopped for some time, the whiskey dealer selling some of his ware to the ferryman. When the bill was presented, the ferryman refused to pay saying he hadn't got that much. Quick as a flash the dealer drew a gun. John grabbed the gun just as the trigger was pulled, and the hammer came down on his thumb. The ferryman's life was saved, the quarrel was settled, and they continued their journey.
John went to Bannock, then one of the largest towns in Montana. He saw many things that were shocking to him in that mining town where the law had not yet come. But though there was no law there were some honorable citizens who sought to uphold justice.
To illustrate, an old man had been robbed and murdered. Two men were accused of the crime. John witnessed the trial of the two men. The procedure was as follows: One man was chosen to judge the case, one to prosecute, and another to defend. The trial was held on the street corner where a large crowd had collected. The judge mounted a box, called the crowd to order, and announced the trial. He stepped down. The prosecutor stood on the box and presented the evidence against the accused, then he stepped down. The man appointed to defend the case stepped upon the box and presented his side of the case and returned. The judge then took the box and said, "You have now heard the evidence for and against the accused. All those who believe them guilty step to this side of the street and those who believe them not guilty step to the other side." Nearly everyone voted guilty and the two men were taken out of town and hung.
Later a Vigilante Committee was formed by men who had experience in the California Gold fields.
From Bannock John vent to Virginia City. He took up a claim in the famous Alder Gulch which turned out to be one of the richest locations in the state. Not being familiar with assessments and rules he failed to complete his assessment work soon enough and his claim was jumped.
He returned to Cedar Fort that same year in the fall and in 1864 vent to Bear Lake.
In 1865 he married Mary Theodotia Savage, daughter of David Savage and Mary White Savage. The family had moved to Bear Lake from Cedar Fort in 1863. The couple were married at Paris, Idaho, August 23, 1865. They were sealed in the Endowment House May 11, 1867.
The spring following his marriage, John and his father-in-law took up homesteads on Swan Creek on the western shore of beautiful Bear Lake. They built houses, cleared land, and planted crops and gardens.
Mary was an excellent housekeeper and she made their little home beautiful with her own handiwork and shine with her neatness.
Their first child, John Elbert, was born August 28, 1866. This event seemed to make their happiness complete, but dark days were ahead for the little family. The stock from the near hills kept getting into their fie1ds and so John and his neighbors decided to run a fence through a slough on the shore of-the lake and joining their land. John had a strong presentiment that he should not go into the water, but as men two or three times his age were ready to do so, he was reluctant to refuse. He worked in the cold water up to his waist all day. The next morning his body ached from head to foot and he didn't go to work. However, he felt that the day should not be entirely lost, so he walked up the hill back of his home to get an oak stick with which to make an ax handle. He got his stick and started home but had gone only a short distance when a severe pain struck him in the right hip and down the back of his leg. It soon became difficult for him to walk and he was forced to stop and rest at short intervals. While resting he started to shape the ax handle by hewing the stick. In some way the ax he was using slipped, cutting a deep gash about four inches long in his leg. The pain in his hip was so severe that he couldn't feel the cut when it became infected.
His good wife helped him to bed and there he remained for many weeks suffering from rheumatic fever. It settled in the sciatic cord drawing it up and shortening the cord about four or five inches, leaving him a cripple for life.
For five years he suffered greatly, unable to step on his foot. He was barely able to get around on crutches. Not willing to burden his dear wife more than was necessary; he took up shoe making as a means of adding to their income. At first he only mended, but he soon became efficient in the manufacturing of boots and shoes.
In 1869 they went back to Cedar Fort, thinking the warmer climate might be beneficial to his health. Except for a short time spent at Lewiston, a nearby mining camp, and at Goshen where he went to ply his trade, he spent seven years at Cedar Fort. While there he worked at the shoe-making trade, taught school, and played the violin for dances.
The lot on which their house stood was very rocky and not being able to clear it, John told, his pupils that if they would gather the rocks from his garden plot he would give them a dance. They went to work with a will and soon had the land cleared. And what fun they had at the dance! Perhaps the knowledge that they had earned it made it more enjoyable.
Mary loved gardening and what gardens she did raise!
Two more Sons were born to them in Cedar Fort. David Oswell, born Sept. 18, 1870, and Samuel Orris, born Oct. 19, 1872.
In l874 the family moved to Holden, Utah where a united order had been established. They worked in the order until it was discontinued. While there Lucy Abigail, their first daughter, was born, November 3, l874
In 1877 they moved to Kingston in southern Utah where the Thomas King family had established the United Order. Both John and Mary were prominent in the affairs of the Order.
John was head of the shoemaking department which did all the shoemaking for the colony and mending also, and considerable work for others. He was Superintendent of the Sunday School, taught school, and played for dances.
Mary was superintendent of the kitchen and dining room, President of the Young Woman's Mutual Association, and secretary of the Relief Society. It was here that their second daughter, Martha Elnora, was born, August 6, 1877.
Both Mary and John often spoke of the time spent in the Order as the happiest part of their lives. The people were content and prosperous. They built a gristmill, a tannery, and later a woolen mill. They raised sheep and cattle and all shared alike. But after the death of the founder, Thomas King, dissension and dissatisfaction crept in and gradually undermined the organization.
In the autumn of 1879, John D. Wilcox and seven other men left the order and with their families went up to Grass Valley, about twenty miles from Kingston and settled close to what was then called Otter Creek, which flows into the East Fork of the Sevier River. A partnership was formed for the purpose of getting means to obtain outfits to go to Arizona where they hoped to build homes. The men in partnership were John D. Wilcox, James Huff, John Wheaten, Christian Sorensen, Niels Nielson, Hans Jensen, Canute Petersen, Peter Nelson. Edward Decauls also went with them, but returned to Kingston.
Each man had received cattle for their share of the United Order funds. They traded the cattle for meadow land receiving only $10.00 per head and homesteaded land adjoining making 160 acres. That winter they lived mostly on trout, which was plentiful, milk, and some bread.
James Huff was a mill-right and under his directions they built and operated a sawmill in Coyote Creek Canyon. They produced quantities of lumber for sale and for their own building needs.
The Antimony mines were not far from there, so Huff did some prospecting and they took up several claims. The "Little Emma" and the "Big Injun" were worked and the ore hauled to Salt Lake City and sold. Later a man by the name of Fred Day bought up all their claims.
At the end of the year's time all the property of the company was sold except the real estate, part of which could not be sold until a government title was obtained. It was finally decided that John Wilcox and Niels Nielson should stay on the land. Six splendid outfits were made up for the others to go to Arizona.
Though they had the land, there was nothing to run it with, but a good friend in the person of Archie M. Hunter came to their rescue, letting them have a good team with the privilege of hauling poles whenever they could find time, to pay for them. Mr. Hunter owned a ranch nearby and wanted the poles for fencing. He was a very generous friend and helped the Wilcox family over many hard places. He was always repaid, generally with work.
A branch of the Church was organized on the 8th of February with John D. Wilcox presiding Elder. The place was called Wilmont.
After a few years Niels Nielson sold. his land to Mr. Wilcox, making him 200 acres. His boys grew up on the farm and worked with him even after they were married. The farm was most conveniently located. The farming land sloped gently to the west. Below the house was the corral from which the milk cows were turned into a fine pasture and on toward the river was the rich meadowland.
Four children were born to them at Wilmont. Joseph Ezra, born March 11, 1880, died April 6, 1881; Adam Vernale, born August 3, 1882, died at Sunnydell, Idaho, April 27, 1909; Mary Malinda, born January 3, 1886; Leo Boyd, born February 24, 1889, died March 26, 1889.
Two of their sons were married while they lived at Wilmont. John E. married Helen Mar McCullough on April 13, 1886, and David Oswell married her sister, Francis Melissa McCullough, February 5, 1889. Three of Mr. Wilcox's brothers had gone to Snake River Valley, Idaho and John D. decided he would sell his farm and join them. Accordingly about 1890, much to the sorrow of his wife, he sold their home for $3000. He received cattle and horses in part payment on his place, but they did not go to Idaho at that time. About fifteen miles south of Wilmont was a valley which the adjoining hills furnished with good range for his cattle, so that was where they settled. Many of the cattle died that winter and spring, owing to the deep snow and the ensuing high water. This valley was named John's Valley.
He obtained a tract of 320 acres of land under the Desert Act. But in order to give his family the advantages of church and school, he moved them to Escalante. He and his sons, John E. and Os, also bought a farm on Center Creek about halfway between Wilmont and John's Valley. In Escalante they bought a lot with nothing but a story and a half house, the upper rooms not finished.
He and his good wife set out an orchard of choice fruits expecting the canal to reach there that spring. Through some delay it didn't come until the following year. Water had to be hauled from Escalante Creek about a mile away all that summer to keep the trees alive. The climate there was delightful and such fruits as peaches, grapes, apricots, etc. grew in abundance. Soon the Wilcox orchard was one of the best in Potato Valley. Lawn and flowers were planted and the home became a beauty spot, while the vegetable garden was something to talk about.
Here as in other places, Mr. and Mrs. Wilcox were prominent in both civic and religious circles. He was head of the Democratic committee and Justice of the Peace. He was also Sunday School teacher and officer in the High Priest Quorum. She was teacher of the kindergarten class for years. She was first secretary and then president of the Relief Society. There was no doctor in the town and she did a wonderful work among the sick.
Those were happy and busy days and years spent in the little town of Escalante. But unrest came to John D. Wilcox again. They were now growing old and he thought how fine it would be to spend their remaining days where they could work in the temple, and where their children, Vern and Mary, could attend good schools.
In 1900 they sold their home in Escalante and farm three miles up the river and went to Logan to live. They purchased a home adjoining the Brigham Young College and a pasture nearby. Here their youngest daughter, Mary, graduated from the high school department of that school and took a kindergarten training course. John and Mary did much of the temple work they were so desirous of doing, so their dream came true.
Their son Vern, who moved to Logan with them, joined his brother Orris, who had some time before gone to Sunnydell, Idaho. The boys each took up a homestead and as neither of them were married, they persuaded their parents to come and live with them. This time their mother was willing to move, for although she loved her home in Logan very dearly, she wanted to be with and make a home for her boys. They made the move in l907 to the very spot Mr. Wilcox had in mind when he sold his home in Wilmont so many years before.
They bought eighty acres of land, built a comfortable little house and again planted trees for shade, an orchard, flowers and garden, and made things beautiful.
They had only been in their home two years when a great sorrow came to them. Their son, Vern, a young man of 26, died. The shock was doubly great owing to the fact that he was such a big strong man, so full of life and fun. It was a terrible loss to them, but they bore it bravely.
Mary, the daughter, was married about two years previous to Vern's death to Ezra Liljenquist, a very worthy young man. Their two older sons, John and Os, came and made their homes close to their parents. Their oldest daughter, Lucy Burr and family also lived near them, and in 1914 their daughter, Martha Hacking and family came from Canada and made their home in the vicinity.
When the U.S. entered World War I, Orris enlisted even though he was over the age limit. He was taken with his company to France, but the armistice was signed before he saw actual combat.
After a long, useful life, John D. Wilcox passed from this life June 19, 1922. His loss was deeply felt by his family and friends. He was a man of keen intellect, well versed in the scriptures and an authority on any point of doctrine. His honesty and integrity made him a man among men.
His memory, and that of his dear wife who survived him thirteen years, will always be held sacred in the hearts of their children and grandchildren. Much of this material for this history was taken from records kept by John D. Wilcox in his own handwriting.
Important Dates in the Life of John D. Wilcox
Born April 23, 18143, Nauvoo, Illinois
Entered Utah October 7, 1861
Died June 19, 1922, Sunnydell, Idaho
Will of John D. Wilcox
Dated at Rexburg, Idaho
Known all men by these presents, that I John Dingman Wilcox of Sunnydell, Madison Co. Idaho being of sound mind and memory do make and declare this to be my last will and testament.
To wit:
First—All my just debts and funeral expenses shall be first duely paid.
Second—I bequeath to my Lawful Wife Mary T. Savage Wilcox all my property, personal and real-estate, for her good and benefit as long as she lives. Then whatever remains of said estate shall be equally divided among my children as follows:
John E. Wilcox,
David O. Wilcox,
Samuel Orris Wilcox,
Lucy A. Wilcox Burr,
Martha E. Wilcox Hacking,
Mary M. Wilcox Liljenquist,
Third—I further state and declare that if it should so happen that any of my above named children should not be living at the final settlement of my said estate that portion allotted to them shall be equally divided among their children who are living at that time.
Fourth—I hereby appoint D.O. Wilcox to be my legal executor of this my last Will and Testament. For this purpose I Deed to said D.O. Wilcox the following described property:
Beginning at the North East Corner of the N.E. ¼ of the N.W. ¼ of Section 9 Township 4 North Range 40 East of Boise Medrian then running West 20 Rds. then South 6~ Rds. then East 20 rds. then North 6I~ rds. to the place of beginning.
Also beginning at the North West corner of the North West ¼ of the North East ¼ of Sec. 9 and running South 35.5 rds. then East 25.5 rds. then West of North to a point 11 rds. East from the place of beginning, then West 11 rds. to the place of beginning. The two pieces containing 12 acres more or less.
Said David O. Wilcox, to have and to hold the same as my lawful Executor of this my last Will and Testament, with full authority to act in the premises until the demise of the Grantors John Dingman Wilcox and Mary T. Wilcox. Then to have power to settle and dispose of what remains, if any, as stated in this Will and agreeable to the wishes of all concerned.
Signed and Sealed in the presence of /s/ John D. Wilcox
Witness: /s/ S. P. Oldham


text:
A9 TV, 5 September 2011 (15:00)
Surat al-Baqara, 14
When they meet those who believe, they say, 'We believe.' But then when they go apart with their satans, they say, 'We are really with you. We were only mocking.'
Yes, that is the mindset of disbelief. They are one thing among themselves and another with you, aren't they? They behave very purely alongside Muslims. They portray themselves as well-intentioned. When among themselves their cunning and devilry comes into the open.
Offering fanaticism is saying "Let me cast you into hell." Bigotry equals hell. People will then flee it. But if you say, "Let me call you to Islam, to the Age of Felicity," then they will regard it as paradise." What we want is the Age of Felicity, the days of the Companions, the brotherhood of those times, the profound love and fervor. There is no room for bigotry, insha'Allah. Through knowledge and scholarship, reason and science.
Young people are becoming Muslims in hundreds, masha'Allah. In fifties and hundreds. If we had approached matters with a fanatical mindset it would have been impossible for Islam to spread to this extent, Allah knows the truth. But the moral values of the Companions, the conception of Islam of the time of the Companions and the fervor then have been instrumental in Islam spreading very rapidly, insha'Allah. May Allah increase their numbers and fervor, masha'Allah. Two young Germans became Muslims just yesterday, masha'Allah. There were three of my female colleagues in America. The three of them suddenly began reading my books in the mosque. In a mosque in America. The imam there gave them to them. They spoke with a few of my colleagues there. They had also become Muslims three days previously, masha'Allah. I heard the news. They sent an e-mail yesterday, masha'Allah.
Surat al-Furqan, 44
Do you suppose that most of them hear or understand? They are just like cattle. Indeed they are even more astray!
The verse says that most people do not hear. "…or understand." Allah says that most are unintelligent. "They are just like cattle. Indeed they are even more astray!" A large part of the world is now in a terrible state, may Allah forbid.
Surat al-Furqan, 45
Do you not see how your Lord stretches out shadows? If He had wished He could have made them stationary. Then We appoint the sun to be the pointer to them."Do you not see how your Lord stretches out shadows?" Allah says that He creates shadow purposely. Light and shade are created separately. "If He had wished He could have made them stationary." Almighty Allah says that shadow might not have moved. He says that He causes it to move. People imagine that shadow automatically forms of its own accord. But shadow and light are actually created separately. "Then We appoint the sun to be the pointer to them." He says He has created the Sun to make shade. He says He has created the two separately.
Surat al-Furqan, 46
"Then We draw them back to Ourselves in gradual steps,"says Allah. He says, "We draw them back." In other words, I am responsible for that gradual retraction.
Surat al-Furqan, 47
It is He Who made the night a cloak for you and sleep a rest, and He made the day a time for rising.
Who makes it a time for action.
Surat al-Furqan, 50
"We have variegated it for them so they might pay heed but most people spurn anything else but disbelief."
In other words,the Qur'an and Allah command us to think deeply and reflect. "…but most people spurn anything but disbelief." That is why the signs leading to faith are so important. It is very important to tell people about them. You can tell most people about religious jurisprudence, but they will not understand. But they will if you tell them about the signs leading to faith, insha'Allah.
Surat al-Furqan, 52
So do not obey the unbelievers but use this to battle against them with all your might.With what? With the Qur'an alone. What am I doing? I use the Qur'an alone. Do I add anything else? No.
Some people pay no heed to the Qur'an. Allah always says that most people "do not have faith or think or reason."
Surat al-Furqan, 41
When they see you they only make a mockery of you: 'Is this the one Allah has sent as a Messenger?There is this constant perversion in some people. For example, they will laugh at Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh), as if to say, "can this possibly be the Hazrat Mahdi (pbuh) sent by Allah. Or Jesus the Messiah?"
Surat al-Furqan, 42
He might almost have misled us from our gods had we not stuck to them steadfastly!' In other words, the Mahdis who have come strive so very hard that we might "almost" have abandoned our gods. He says they had such a powerful effect. And it is the same now, isn't it? They resist but come to faith in the end.
Surat al-Furqan, 43
Have you seen him who has taken his whims and desires to be his god? Will you then be his guardian?
They act according to their own ideas, not on the basis of the Qur'an. You provide explicit commands and evidence from the Qur'an. I describe matters. I have cited the example of the Prophet Moses (pbuh), for example. And the Prophet Solomon (pbuh). And our Prophet (saas). But people still deny it. They insist on evidence from an idol. Allah wants us to provide evidence from the Qur'an. I say, "I have given evidence from the Qur'an." But they deny it. "I reject the evidence from the Qur'an," they say. So what kind of evidence do they want? They want evidence from an idol. But then I will not accept such evidence. You must accept the Qur'an. There is no other option. There is nothing to be done if you oppose the Qur'an with an idol. Because you confront me with an idol. But I say you must abandon that idol and take up the Qur'an. "The Qur'an by itself is not enough," they say. But in that case they have nothing to do with religion any more. Because we will be held to account for the Qur'an in the hereafter.
(A response to the question, is there any such thing as the evil eye in Islam)
There is no question of someone telling you to fall apart and you doing so. If you say that stones to ward off the evil eye can protect you then that becomes an idol and this is ascribing equals to Allah. People can give dirty looks, looks that make one uneasy. There is a verse that reads, "they would strike you down with their evil looks", Almost. This refers to upsetting someone with a dirty look, trying to make them angry or distressed, insha'Allah. The evil eye does exist in that respect. But if you ascribe a divine force to the evil eye, then that is polytheism. Who created the evil eye in the first place? Allah. So if it is Allah Who produces the evil eye, it is He Who produces its effect. People have no independent power. That is what matters here. If you say your "lucky amulet" warded it off, then that is an utter disgrace. To say your lucky amulet fended it off and things like that. But Allah does say that "He knows the eyes' deceit.." There is a verse to that effect. "they would strike you down with their evil looks" He says. But it is Allah Who creates that power. That is what is important, insha'Allah. Lucky amulets and the like cannot ward it off. Allah protects people, insha'Allah. People say, "if someone with light blue eyes looks at you, you will be struck down." This is a primitive and idolatrous belief. For one thing, blue eyes are very beautiful. Why should you be struck down? If they look with love they are highly effective. But if they look with hatred or ill-will, then that is in any case most unpleasant. There is a verse about that. There is a verse about people making their faces sour and frowning and wrinkling their brows. This is an unpleasant gesture. Dirty looks are very unpleasing, in other words. But they have no power to strike anyone down, insha'Allah. Allah creates any such effect, insha'Allah. But Allah uses such looks as His instrument. That can make someone ill. But it is still Allah Who does it. Not any power in someone's look. That is just an instrument, insha'Allah.
(About the conference on "Humanity for Peace" to be held in England with 12,000 participants)
Peace is a Muslim's most important characteristic. Allah bestows the name of "Islam" on us, and Islam means peace, insha'Allah. It is a characteristic of Muslims to protect the world against war, terror, anarchy and other scourges. The dajjal [antichrist], the way of the dajjal, wants to smother people in bloodshed, pain and suffering. But Muslims want people to live in peace and happiness, in security and joy. I congratulate my brothers in that regard; a gathering of 12,000 people is most excellent. I tell people how the Qur'an speaks of love and peace, but some people claim that Islam is a religion of bloodshed and of terror. That is instilled in them by satan, that is how satan depicts it to them. Polytheists also give that impression. Under the influence of unbelievers they abandon the immaculate spirit of the Qur'an, its loving, protective and forgiving nature and depict it as tending toward the nature of unbelievers and dajjals. That is a huge mistake. Insanity and madness always depict superstition as truth, and truth as superstition. That is why we will continue to spread the Islamic conception of love, peace and brotherhood across the world.
Surat al-'Imran, 100
You who believe! if you obey a group of those given the Book, they will make you revert to being unbelievers after you have believed.
What does "obey" mean? To completely follow their belief. For example, you revert to total belief in the Trinity. In that event, you have lost your faith. But a Christian will say, "I believe in the hereafter." That is fine. I believe in it, too. We are agreed on that. He will say, "I love the Prophet Abraham (pbuh)." I love him, too, and we are agreed on that. "There is one Allah," he says, and that is again excellent and we are fully agreed. But if there is an element that represents polytheism, then we cannot be agreed on that. That is the meaning of this passage from the Qur'an.
Surat ash-Shura, 13
"He has laid down the same religion for you as He enjoined on Noah: that which We have revealed to you and which We enjoined on Abraham, Moses and Jesus.."The same thing, the same religion, comes to all the prophets. "I have laid down the law," and that is Islam. "What you call the idolaters to follow is very hard for them." What do I tell the unbelievers? Obey the Qur'an. What do they say? "No, we will obey superstition and fantastical inventions." So do they accept the Qur'an? No. "Allah chooses for Himself anyone He wills and guides to Himself those who turn to Him."
Allah bestows happiness on those who genuinely turn to Islam.
Surat al-'Imran, 102-105
You who believed! Have fear of Allah the way He should be feared and do not die except as Muslims.
Allah says we must die as Muslims.
Hold fast to the rope of Allah all together, and do not separate.
What does He mean by all together? Muslims in Pakistan and Turkey, in Libya and Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria. Allah commands Muslims all over the world to:
"Hold fast to the rope of Allah all together,"
Cling tightly to the Qur'an.
"Do not separate"
People have chosen be disunited and fragmented, rather than united and unified. They are both disunited and separated. They disobey Allah's two commands. They are fragmented and unaware even of one another's existence. Yet He says,:
"Hold fast to the rope of Allah all together,"
Be brothers. Be united.
"and do not separate. Remember Allah's blessing to you when you were enemies..."They fight with one another, don't they? Many Muslim countries are currently hostile to one another.
"He joined your hearts together so that you became brothers by His blessing."
What are believers? Brothers.
"You were on the very brink of a pit of the Fire and He rescued you from it."As you were about to enter hell, to suffer scourges. To suffer anarchy and terror.
"In this way Allah makes His Signs clear to you, so that hopefully you will be guided."
What do they say? "We can skip these verses." But then what remains? They say we should perform our recitations at home, from morning to night. But while you are doing that, that are raping children in Afghanistan. They are butchering Muslims. And you want to spread Allah's religion by recitations. You must spread it by struggling and preaching. You cannot do it by going home and never going out again, by just lying about. Striving with all one's might is an urgent matter. It means striving with all one's might. That is what you must do.
"Let there be a community among you who call to the good, and enjoin the right, and forbid the wrong."
Allah wants there to be a group responsible for preaching.
"They are the ones who have success"
That is what all Muslims must do. Others do not enjoy success, Allah says. "They are the ones who have success," He says.
"Do not be like those who split up and differed after the Clear Signs came to them."A clear sign; the Qur'an appeared. What about division? They have been divided in the most intense manner. Separation? That, too.
But they insist on falling into division. There are sectarian and communitarian differences. They fall into divisions. They are divided. The Islamic world is totally fragmented.
"They will have a terrible punishment"He says. That is the reason for the afflictions befalling the Islamic world. What does Allah say? They will have a terrible punishment." Allah will punish them.
I have read just a few of the hundreds of verses referring to Islamic Union.2011-10-14 23:06:45


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Related Topics : T-Mobile, Quality of Service, Wi-Fi, Wireless Networking, WLAN
Network teams are investigating and adopting emerging technologies like SDN and 40 Gb ethernet networks on a limited basis, while UC and BYOD are approaching the threshold of mainstream adoption ... More >>
Survey results found that only a small percentage of respondents are IPv6-ready and even fewer are offering IPv6 to their end users, due in large part to challenges operators face. ... More >>
To help curb some of the bandwidth pain, Jim MacLeod of WildPackets identifies common issues and illustrates how to identify and overcome them. ... More >>


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Note from Mark: You're on board with the challenge, but what should you eat? No worries. The Worker Bees and I have you covered. Every Saturday and Sunday during the 30-day challenge we'll be bringing you some delicious Primal recipes [1]. (Sorry, no Weekend Link Love [2] for the next few weeks!) Enjoy!
There are certain foods that people have very strong opinions about. Often, these opinions are regionally based. If you've ever been stuck in the middle of an argument about New York vs Chicago pizza, you know how heated the debate can get. Crab cakes also elicit a strong emotional response. Some cooks swear by Old Bay Seasoning, others use paprika. Some cooks add red pepper, others think it's sacrilegious to use anything more than diced celery. But across the board, one ingredient seems to remains the same: breadcrumbs. You have to add breadcrumbs to crab cakes to bind them together. Or do you? Questioning these sort of food fallacies is a common practice for modern day Groks. Yes, breadcrumbs hold crab cakes together, but the main reason they're in crab cakes is to act as filler, so restaurants don't have to put as much crab in your cake. Making a perfectly delicious crab cake bound together solely by egg yolks is easy to do.
First, let's talk about fresh crab [3]. You can buy whole crabs, but already picked meat is both easier and usually not much more expensive. Some stores also sell packaged wild-caught crab meat that is pasteurized and refrigerated and slightly less expensive. (this is much different than imitation crab [4], which should be avoided at all costs). For crab cakes, Dungeness Crab is the most sustainable choice and Blue Crab is a good alternative. Lump meat is the bigger chunks from the body of the crab, often lighter in color with a richer texture. It's considered the premium part of the crab and you'll pay premium prices for it. Claw meat has more of a shredded texture – it's less pretty, but can also be more flavorful (and it often sells for half the price of lump meat.) This recipe uses a combination of the two, for texture and flavor.
1 pound crab meat, combination of lump and claw
2 egg yolks
1 tablespoon finely chopped shallot or onion
2 tablespoons finely chopped celery
2 tablespoons finely chopped dill
1 teaspoon lemon zest (grated off the outside of a lemon)
1/2 teaspoon hot sauce
1/4 teaspoon paprika
1/3 cup olive oil
Bundle the crab in a thin dishtowel and give it a few hard squeezes to release moisture. You'll probably be able to get a couple tablespoons of liquid to drip out.
Whisk the egg yolks. Add the shallot, celery, dill, lemon zest, hot sauce and paprika. Gently mix this into the crab. The mixture is not going to look like it will hold together, but don't worry.
To form the crab cakes all you need is a round cookie cutter about 2 inches wide. Using a tablespoon measurement, scoop 2 generous tablespoons of crab into the cookie cutter.
Press the crab down very firmly with your fingers. Gently lift the cookie cutter.
Using this method, you should be able to make at least a dozen crab cakes. Cover the cakes and refrigerate for one hour or more. This helps the ingredients bind together.
Preheat your oven to 375. On the stovetop, heat the olive oil in a pan. When the oil starts to sizzle, use a spatula to slide the crab cakes into the pan. Cook about 2-3 minutes on each side until they are browned and crispy. Don't put too many in the pan at once.
Use a spatula to scoop the cakes out the pan and onto a cookie sheet. Put in the oven for another six minutes to make sure they are warmed through the middle. Garnish with dill.
The most important steps in this recipe are using the cookie cutter to shape the crab cakes and refrigerating them for at least an hour before cooking. Other than that, let your regional tastes take over. Add red pepper if you like or mustard. Play around with the seasonings. But forget all about the breadcrumbs. You won't even miss them.


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|Paradise Found
A trip along the coast of Maine aboard the charter yacht Nirvana is heaven on watery earth.
By Capt. Ken Kreisler — May 2003
The Charlene and the Kathy B, two wooden Downeasters, were hanging on their moorings in the Kennebunk River, their proud bows turned out to sea with the incoming tide. I had only been in Kennebunkport, Maine, a few hours--when I got onboard Nirvana, the elegant 118-foot charter yacht that would be home for the next few days, the tide was outgoing--and already I was beginning to feel comfortable. I was starting to unburden myself of wallet and watch and meetings and appointments. For me that's always a sure sign of good things ahead.
This trip would take me east-northeast from Kennebunkport to Boothbay Harbor, with stops at Bath, Christmas Cove, and Pemaquid Point. The distance, as the crow flies, is roughly 60 NM, but with the fjord-like Maine coastline, the actual distance is easily triple that.
Jim Raycroft, my photographer, had taken along his son MacKenzie, a.k.a. Mac, and accompanying me were my wife Linda and daughter Samantha. The kids' immediate bonding resulted in the duo being known as Mac and Cheese, since rather than partake in the wonderful food being served, they often preferred the pasta and fromage dish during the voyage.
The maritime history of Kennebunkport comes alive with a stroll through streets offering outstanding 19th-century architecture in both colonial- and Federal-era-style homes. We decided to spend the day in town, have dinner aboard, and on the morning high tide--the Kennebunk River can get pretty skinny at low tide--set out for Bath.
Nirvana, docked at Chick's Marina, was skippered by Capt. Will Keiser, a man who was as comfortable handling the big boat in tight quarters as he was doing duty as our sommelier during our Captain's Wine Tasting Evening. He and his crew (first mate Steve Fossi, chef Oanh Huynh, engineer Peter Kohler, and stewardesses Delly Dauvergne and Ann van Eck) officially welcomed us onboard with a late snack of tuna niçoise salad and dessert. The so-called "bite to eat" of sushi-grade fish and fresh veggies accompanied by a salad turned out to be one of Huynh's masterpieces, a dish that set the culinary bar so high, it was nothing short of remarkable that she was able to surpass her offerings again and again as the days slipped by.
Indeed, for dinner that first night we had a New England seafood extravaganza, featuring lobsters from Nirvana's own lobster tank along with the usual accoutrements. Afterwards, we all enjoyed homemade raspberry peach pie, got the kids settled in their bunks, and sat around with captain and crew for after-dinner drinks and conversation.
Next morning the way to Bath was thick with low-lying clouds, quite the contrast from our sunny day in Kennebunkport. But the crew was upbeat, and as we passed Cape Arundel Point, Cape Porpoise Harbor, and Goose Rocks Beach, I spotted patches of blue sky in the direction of Cape Elizabeth.
Next page > Nirvana, Part 2 > Page 1, 2, 3, 4
This article originally appeared in the April 2003 issue of Power & Motoryacht magazine.


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The Ball State University programs for the
preparation of teachers and other public school personnel meet the standards of
the Rules for Educator Preparation and Accountability (REPA), the policies of
the Office of Educator Licensing and Development (OELD), and the Indiana
Department of Education.
The teacher education programs meet the academic
requirements for the initial teaching license. These programs are also
accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher
Education/Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation (NCATE/CAEP)
and the Higher Learning Commission, providing added benefits to students and
graduates in terms of transfer of credit, recognition of degrees, and reciprocity
of teacher licenses.
Under the Licensure Framework of OELD, the
teaching license will reflect the standards for which the candidate has
demonstrated competency through the completion of a degree program. The license
will state (1) the content area(s) that the candidate is licensed to teach and
(2) the school setting(s) in which the candidate is licensed to teach.
Any teaching assignment as a professional
teacher in a state-approved school requires a teaching license based upon the
recommendation of the teacher preparation institution, except for testing
additions obtained solely by passing a test. An institutional recommendation is based upon meeting the REPA
standards, OELD policies required for the licensure program, and successful
performance on all required assessments in the Ball State Unit Assessment
System. Details regarding the REPA standards and assessments for specific
licensure areas may be found by consulting the Professional Education Handbook
and the OTES website.
Students should apply for the Indiana
instructional license through the Indiana Department of Education's Licensing
Verification and Information System (LVIS) no earlier than the completion of
all academic requirements and always after the completion of all licensing
examinations. According to state statute, candidates for licensure must
provide evidence of current (through state approved agencies) CPR/AED
certification and documentation that they have completed suicide prevention
training (through state approved agencies) prior to license recommendation.
Applicants for teacher licensing in other states requiring the recommendation of Ball State University must also submit such applications to the Office of Teacher Education Services.
The Initial Practitioner license issued by the
OELD is valid for two years in Indiana. The beginning teacher must successfully
complete the Indiana Residency Program (formerly IMAP) or 40 professional
growth points (PGPs) after verifying two years of full-time teaching
A person who has earned a bachelor's degree and who wants to complete requirements for an Indiana teaching license or add a teaching area to a license must be evaluated and advised for admission to a postgraduate program by the Office of Teacher Education Services.
A student holding a bachelor's degree from an accredited Indiana institution other than Ball State, who wants to be recommended for a teaching license by Ball State University, must be admitted as a regular graduate or postgraduate student and must meet the requirements of the approved university teacher education program.
School Counselor
Upon completion of a bachelor's degree, persons
interested in pursuing school counselor licenses must apply to the Graduate
School to be admitted to graduate study. After being admitted to graduate
study, an
application must be made to the Department of Counseling Psychology and
Guidance Services to pursue the master's degree in Counseling (School
Concentration). Completion of this master's degree allows for the
recommendation for a school counselor's license. According to state statute,
candidates for licensure must provide evidence of current CPR/AED certification
(through state approved agencies) and documentation that they have completed
suicide prevention training (through state approved agencies) prior to license
School Psychologist
This license will require a minimum of 70
graduate semester credits in School Psychology or a related field. The school
psychologist license will state "All Schools" under school settings, since the
standards ensure that the school psychologist will be well versed in
curriculum, pedagogy, and student characteristics of all development levels.
According to state statute, candidates for licensure must provide evidence of
current CPR/AED (through state approved agencies) certification documentation
that they have completed suicide prevention training (through state approved
agencies) prior to license recommendation.
Grade points will be checked at the end of each semester beginning when students earn 30 credits. An overall grade-point average of at least 3.0 is required for admission to the teaching curriculum (at the end of DP2) and continuation in all educator preparation programs.
Decision Point 1:
Identification with Professional Education
As a prerequisite to applying for admission to teacher education and to enroll in any professional education course after earning 30 credits, candidates must have:
Decision Point 2:
Admission to Teacher Education
For admission to a teaching curriculum and to register in any 300-level and above professional education course, candidates must have:
Decision Point 3:
Admission to Student Teaching
To register for student-teaching courses, students must have:
Decision Point 4:
Recommendation for Graduation and Licensure
To be recommended for graduation and licensure, students must have:
390 Honors Colloquium in Education (2)
The critical analysis and evaluation of selected controversial issues in American education. Restricted to honors students.
*Addition, or Add-on license programs. Requires
that the candidate complete an initial program in a standard license area, pass
the appropriate exam(s), and achieve their initial license before the addition
can be obtained.
**Social Studies – Initial instructional license includes at least
two content areas. Additions can be either in single, or in multiple content
areas. The content areas for both the initial license, and addition, include
economics, geographical perspectives, government and citizenship, historical
perspectives, psychology, and sociology.
*** World Language – Ball State offers several initial license programs in various world languages. They include Spanish, French, German, Japanese, Latin, and Chinese (Mandarin).
CTE – Career Technical Education


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The Australian Bureau of Statistics is conducting the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey.
To participate in the survey you need to be eligible and correctly enrolled by 24 August 2017.
To enrol for the first time or get back on the roll, you can enrol online.
You will need to provide evidence of your identity. You can use your driver's licence, Australian passport number or have someone who is enrolled confirm your identity. Please note that the AEC cannot accept any other forms of identification, such as 18+ or Proof of Age cards.
It is compulsory by law for all eligible Australian citizens to enrol and vote in federal elections, by-elections and referendums.
You are eligible to enrol if you:
If you are 16 or 17 you can enrol now so when you turn 18 you'll be able to vote.
If you are overseas or going overseas don't use this form to enrol. Please see information on going overseas.
* When you finish enrolling online, don't forget to close your browser to protect your privacy.
Already enrolled online? Check the status using the receipt number provided.
There are special enrolment forms and/or information for:
When updating your enrolment details you might also need to update your personal details with your state and territory road traffic authority.


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Control of the solar-hydrogen plant
Columnist Béla Lipták describes equipment and control requirements of the solar-hydrogen demo power plant and says we now are in critical need of them because the stakes are even higher.
By Béla Lipták, PE, CONTROL Columnist
In this series of articles, I am describing the equipment and control requirements of the solar-hydrogen demonstration power plant. It would be time to build the world's first solar-hydrogen demonstration plant, because it is time to stop the debate on the pages of newspapers and deal with factual data concerning the costs and efficiencies. Such a plant has not yet been built.
We are at a stage similar to the mid-20th century when John von Neumann developed the world's first computer or when Leo Szilárd developed the world's first self-sustained nuclear reactor. It took time for those discoveries to become understood, accepted and used. Similarly, it will take time for the clean and inexhaustible solar-hydrogen power plants to replace the fossil ones. It is up to all of us to speed the process because this time the stakes are even higher.
In this process, the optimized operation of each equipment block presents us with new process control challenges. For example, in order to obtain maximum energy recovery, the various solar collector all need to track the sun. The best control algorithm to use to position the individual collectors for optimized tracking is the envelope or herding algorithm, which I described in my January and November columns in 1998.
Thermal Solar Collector Designs
The thermal collectors on the roofs of private homes usually serve to provide the residence with heat and/or hot water. (A well-insulated house in the northeast U.S. uses about 1,000 gallons of oil (150 million BTUs = 44,000 kWh) a year for the purposed of heating and hot water.) The larger-sized thermal power plant designs on the market are either concentrating or flat. The concentrator designs—among many others—include parabolic troughs and dishes, central receivers and Fresnel lenses. This last design uses refraction instead of reflection. Their operation is either stationary or tracking, which increases the amount of energy collected by 30% to 40%, and their methods of conversion are either to convert the solar energy (photons) to thermal energy (heat) or directly to electricity (photons to electrons) by the photovoltaic process.
Here, the thermal designs will be described first. These designs are often referred to as solar-thermal-electric generating systems (SEGS).
One of nine solar electric energy generating plants at Kramer Junction, Calif. The individual plant sizes run from 30 mW and up, with a total capacity of 354 mW. (Photo courtesy of Kramer Junction Operating Co.)
An example of that design is a 354-mW plant in operation at Kramer Junction and in Harper Valley in California since 1985 (See Figure 1). The main components and operation of the design is described in Figure 2 below (See Figure 2 below). In this design, parabolic mirror reflectors (troughs) are used to track the trajectory of the sun and to concentrate the sunlight onto absorber tubes that are located at the focal line of the parabolic mirrors. Inside the absorber tubes, heat resistant oil is circulated and serves to transport the collected heat into steam boilers, which provide the steam to drive the turbine generators.
In this particular installation, the hot oil circulates at 400 °C (752 °F), but there are higher temperature installations also. One advantage of the SEGS design is that the solar energy can be conveniently stored and used as needed to compensate for diurnal, seasonal and weather related changes in insolation. Several computerized control systems are in operation. These serve to optimize the positioning of thousands of mirrors to accurately track the trajectory of the sun and thereby maximize the collected energy. One such early installation was controlled by a Beckman MV-8000 DCS system (Beckman today is Emerson Process Management).
In some of the more recent SEGS designs, the circulating fluid temperature has been more than doubled, while in others direct steam generation (DSG) has been achieved, which increases the power production by some 15%.
In this design, parabolic mirror reflectors (troughs) are used to track the trajectory of the sun and concentrate the sunlight onto absorber tubes located at the focal line of the parabolic mirrors.
Photovoltaic (PV) Collectors
Sunlight is composed of photons containing various amounts of energy corresponding to the range of wavelengths within the solar spectrum. In the photovoltaic (PV) collectors, when photons strike the cell, they may be reflected, pass through, or be absorbed, but only the absorbed photons generate electricity because the construction material (the silicon atom in the crystal) has to receive 1.1 electron volts in order to cause its valence electron (electron in the outermost shell) to move into the conduction zone.
A typical silicon PV cell is composed of a wafer consisting of an ultra-thin layer of phosphorus-doped silicon (N-layer with a negative character), which is placed on top of a thicker layer of boron-doped silicon (P-layer with positive character). These layers are connected by the P-N junction. When sunlight strikes the surface of the PV cell, an electrical field is generated, which provides momentum and direction to the light-stimulated electrons, resulting in a flow of current when the solar cell is connected to an electrical load.
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