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Alfani Big and Tall Stretch V Neck T-Shirt
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- V-neck T shirt from Alfani
- Short sleeves
- Color 'Flint Heather' is 60% Cotton/40% Polyester
- Cotton/polyester/spandex
- Machine wash
- Imported
- Web ID: 86533657
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Age UK Wiltshire is launching a campaign to encourage pensioners to claim benefits they are entitled to.
The charity says latest statistics from the Department of Work and Pensions shows that there is a lower than expected number of people in Wiltshire claiming Attendance Allowance.
This is a non means tested benefit to help people with a long term illness or disability. Those who are eligible could claim either £53 or £79.15 a week to help with personal care.
Brian Deeley, chief executive of Age UK Wiltshire, said many pensioners are unaware of the help that is available or are reluctant to make a claim, despite the fact that many are living in poverty and have been hit hard by the rising cost of food and energy bills.
He said: "Thinking they won't get enough to make it worth claiming and not knowing if they would be entitled, were the top reasons given to Age UK for failing to make a claim, with other common barriers including people feeling too proud or embarrassed or believing the claiming process is too complicated or intrusive."
Over the next three months Age UK Wiltshire will be hosting a number of events where its own information and advice advisers will encourage older people living locally to find out about their entitlements. They will also be able to advise on the completion of the forms and answer any queries.
For information about events in your area visit Age UK Wiltshire's website at www.ageuk.org.uk/wiltshire and for more information on Attendance Allowance call Age UK Wiltshire on (01380) 727767.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Sacred Key
Transcending Humanity
de AainaA-Ridtz A R
Acerca del libro
Transliteration and interpretations of Life as a contemporary being, the precise conscious spark neither notched of the past, present or the future; nor of the East nor of the West is as central the paths in the remembrance of the Greatness of the Un-Named, as the Flame within the Temple itself.
The King Reveals the Treasure only to the One discerning of its Audience. Without a doubt, they that have trepassed the bridge and have arrived are accorded the sacred knowledge, sacred key and beyond all stations, The Presence. It is Life that lives — These are the memories we recollect being etched in our book found therein our hearts, the very attributable actions, which lead us onto dimensional planes thereafter, our transcendence.
The horizon changes, the percept changes, the world changes every single fibre of the breath … every single moment. And until one changes within and without, nothing does. Until one is able to turn the fire within into Light, embracing all reflective in the apparent Rainbow at Midnight, can one aspire to live virtuously.
Características y detalles
- Categoría Fe y religión
13×20 cm
154 Páginas
- Fecha de publicación ene. 13, 2011
- Etiquetas Christ Consciousness, Ein Sof, Non-fiction, Sufism, Consciousness, Spirituality, HaqqulYaqqin, Nirvana, Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism
Acerca del creador
"Between now, and then is a myriad stories, a lifetime, a birth of a galaxy, a death of a civilization" AainaA-Ridtz took to the stage in a regional exposition performing Classical Piano at the age of nine representing Malaysia at the Japan Expo, won her first Grand Prix at the age of 11, exhibited her first gouache at 13 at the National Museum in Kuala Lumpur, and 24 in France, thereafter has won awards as writer, poet, and photographer. AainaA won a 5-year Reading Scholarship to study at the NurSaid Foundation in Turkey in 1990 from the North American Islamic Society to study Islamic Science, and Theology. AainaA-Ridtz' first French novella, entitled "Pardonne-Moi, de T'avoir Aimé" secured the Grand Prix of the Concours du Roman de la Nouvelle Francophone in 1990 whilst her works have been exhibited in several notable European establishments and published in Nihon Keizai Shimbun, IHT, Mini World Japan, UNESCO World Heritage Guide and presented at US' Money Museum.
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AainaA-Ridtz A.R Quotations From The Sacred Key, Transcending Humanity:
Absolute Freedom is returning home balancing on the tightrope between the hidden, and the apparent. One needs to be a skilful performer to walk across safely — Of The Word, The Verse, & ...; The Sacred Key ~ Transcending Humanity
Use every moment wisely, to perceive your inner refulgence, or it will be gone and nevermore within your reach; The Temple of Sorrow; The Sacred Key ~ Transcending Humanity.


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I have a three month old Great Pyrenees he sleeps a lot which is to be expected considering how fast he is growing. However he seems to struggle with walking and running around, should I take him to a vet or is he just gonna take sometime to get really used to his body. (Mind you his dad was 135 lbs pyr)
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Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Great Pyrenees Questions.
Aug 21, 17 05:25 AM
Is it normal for my puppy to poop soft stools all day?Thats what the breeder told me.
Aug 20, 17 07:47 AM
My pyranese keeps getting sore's on his groin area. We have had tests done and the vet cannot tell me what is causing them. We checked food, treats etc,
Aug 17, 17 07:02 PM
We live in the country. Life flows with the rhythm of the natural world around us. It's beautiful and quiet. A new neighbour has moved in across
Aug 14, 17 02:09 PM
I've started to write this several times to say what she meant to me and our rescue efforts. I just can't seem to accept that she's no longer at the end
Aug 11, 17 05:13 PM
Milo discovered how to open the cabinet and his food bin to lay on his side and gobble as fast as he can . And then fall asleep with his head in the food
Aug 08, 17 06:09 AM
I rescued a female Pyrenees 3 years ago when she was 3. She has bad separation anxiety. We have to crate her when we are not home or she will pee and poop
Aug 07, 17 04:37 PM
DOB: Approx. May 2015 Companion dog Other dogs: One other high-ranked (confident) dog may be suitable Children: Over 10 years old Cats: Good Partial
Aug 07, 17 04:31 PM
*ADOPTED* Bella (now Lily) came in and went out and was adopted quickly. Belle is a very sweet girl of two years old. She has spent her short life tied


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Exclusive: Maurie & Eve AW13 Campaign
Starring Gabby Westbrook-Patrick.
Gabby Westbrook-Patrick, who we first met at at our Fashion Week casting this year and now stars in this month's Beauty Daily, fronts the AW13 campaign for Maurie & Eve. The exotic-sounding 'Paradis Noir' collection is all about the trials and tribulations of growing up (which I personally think is best embodied by the generation-defining Britney Spears song 'I'm Not A Girl, Not Yet A Woman'). There are two personalities present in the collection, the girly-girl and the fashiony-fashionista. Two signature prints, a cloud and a bamboo weave, carry through AW13, with our favourite piece being the silk tracksuit pants ('silk tracksuit pants' says it all really). AW13 will start dropping in February 2013. See the campaign above shot by Jordan Graham.


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Police divers are back at Nerang River today searching for missing Gold Coast mother Novy Chardon, after police admitted on Friday that they now fear the worst.
A police spokesman said police divers were likely to still be there tomorrow as the search was a "painstaking process". The search began yesterday at 3.30pm.
The operation began at a boat ramp near a large skateboard park on the western side of the M1 motorway.
Detectives also released CCTV stills of Mrs Chardon and a female friend at a Coomera service station and soon after at the Upper Coomera McDonald's drive-through on February 6, the night she disappeared.
Superintendent David Hutchinson said magnetic signs advertising Mrs Chardon's beauty business, which were on her Volvo 4X4 that night, were missing when the car was later discovered near the Nerang railway station.
Supt Hutchinson told reporters police are unconcerned that Mrs Chardon's husband, John, has not returned from a business trip to Indonesia.
"We have access to him and we're comfortable with the situation as it stands at the moment with our ability to speak with him."
Mr Chardon's vehicle, which he drove to the airport, has been found, and is undergoing forensic examination, as is the family home, he said.
"We have grave concerns for her now.
"It's seven days now ... we still hope for the best, but the truth of the matter is we're dealing with it as if it's the worst."
Mr Chardon has signed an exclusive deal with the Nine Network, but claims he has not been paid for the interview.


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Review/photos: Despite threats and evacuation, Summer Slaughter Tour melts faces with Cannibal Corpse, Job For a Cowboy and more
The Summer Slaughter Tour made its way into Tampa Monday night, and brought with it great music — and a little drama for the fans.
And not to distract from the music of the day, but you can only add so much authority at a metal show before fans start hiding in the bathrooms. So when law enforcement started mixing in with the crowd, fans knew something was awry. But more on that later.
On a lighter note, maybe it's because I have lived in Florida my entire 38 years, but I think of metal like I think of hurricane categories. For example, there were bands ranging from Category 2 (Periphery) to Category 4 (Cannibal Corpse, above, and Goatwhore) at the Ritz Ybor, but there were no Category 5s. Still, this tour brought in a ton of fans from around Central Florida, from commercial radio yuppies to true followers of the Tampa death metal scene.
The show started out great. I got there just as Exhumed were playing their last song, and from what I could tell, the audience was already on beer No. 3 and enjoying the day. Up next were Goatwhore, who scrambled the brains of the early arrivals. (I did not expect fans to be there so early — it was Monday afternoon after all. I guess people held off on applying for jobs until after this tour passed, because The Ritz was packed by 4 p.m.)
As Job for a Cowboy was setting up, 15 minutes past schedule, I started reading the body language of the stagehands and band members. Something was not right. The band members were pulled from the stage, and there was silence. No background music, and all lights on in the venue. Fans eventually started grumbling. Eventually, the lights lowered and the stage took life.
Job for a Cowboy started ripping through their set, but I could tell they were not at ease . They didn't move much and they didn't have the same energy as expected. Suddenly, in mid-song on the second song, they were rushed offstage without warning. The music stopped. Lights came on. Boos came from throughout the venue. This was a first.Full Story


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Ray Bradbury's The Illustrated Man is a kaleidoscopic blending of magic, imagination, and truth, widely believed to be one of the grand master's premier accomplishments. Collected here are eighteen tales, startling visions of humankind's destiny, unfolding across a canvas of decorated skin, visions as keen as the tattooist's needle and as colorful as the inks that indelibly stain the body.
The Chapters Include:
Dancing, So As Not To be Dead
Prologue: The Illustrated Man
The Veldt
The Other Foot
The Highway
The Man
The Long Rain
The Rocket Man
The Last Night of the World
The Exiles
No Particular Night or Morning
The Fox and the Forest
The Visitor
The Concrete Mixer
Marionettes, Inc.
The City
Zero Hour
The Rocket
The Illustrated Man
©1951 Ray Bradbury; (P)2009 Blackstone Audio, Inc.
"Here is an open circuit on ideas, which range from religion, to racial questions, to the atom bomb, rocket travel (of course), literature, escape to the past, dreams and hypnotism, children and their selfish and impersonal acceptance of immediate concepts, robots, etc." (Kirkus Reviews)
"A must for sci-fi fans!" (School Library Journal)
"Curling up with an old friend"
I have an old dog-earred paperback copy of this book and have enjoyed the 30-minute versions of several of the stories produced for radio. But nothing beats the unabridged book when it comes to my listening enjoyment. Paul Michael Garcia does a very good job with the narration. This is one of those audio books I will listen to again and again.
I'm a big fan of SF/F/Horror, and all things in between and out.
"A Treasure Trove of Stories"
I???ve listened to Bradbury???s seminal collection of short stories twice now, and it???s very much like hanging out with an old friend whom you haven't seen for ages, but jump back into things as if you'd been speaking to every day. Some have suggested that it hasn???t aged well, but I disagree: the stories certainly have aged (the book itself is over 60 years old), and they certainly look different than today???s SF/F/H stories, but they???re still full of imagination, excitement, fear, and wonder. The stories contained are as diverse as the titular characters tattoos ??? whether it???s lonely astronauts floating through space as their oxygen runs out, the ghosts of some of our greatest authors and poets exiled to Mars, or a poor father who can???t afford to send his family on vacation in outer space ??? and each one is a treasure.
Paul Michael Garcia does an amazing job reading these, adding an additional layer of emotion and character to each story. If it???s been a while since you read Ray Bradbury, Paul Michael Garcia is the narrator to reunite you with him.
The book contains the following stories: The Veldt, Kaleidoscope, The Other Foot, The Highway, The Man, The Long Rain, The Rocket Man, The Last Night of the World, The Exiles, No Particular Night or Morning, The Fox and the Forest, The Visitor, The Concrete Mixer, Marionettes, Inc., The City, Zero Hour, The Rocket, The Illustrated Man
Faced with mindless duty, when an audio book player slips into a rear pocket and mini buds pop into ears, old is made new again.
Flights of imagination sparkle and spin in this updated 1950s classic by Ray Bradbury, "The Illustrated Man".
Bradbury spins stories reminding one of late night re-runs of Rod Serling's "Twilight Zone". Every episode sparkles with stars and planets, habitable by man but riddled with fear, death, and destruction. Bradbury grasps human nature and turns it against itself by writing stories; i.e. stories that illustrate man's selfishness, insecurity, wantonness, and aggression. Bradbury is a master story-teller.
Paul Michael Garcia's narration is a tribute to Bradbury's skill.
"well read classic"
Able to speak many times and thoroughly enjoyed having it narrated to me... The gentleman does an excellent job with voices and delivery
"A great storyteller but not as good as I remember"
Ray Bradbury was one of the favorite writer's from my youth; Fahrenheit 451 was one of the first books I read about "ideas" it was not just a cool story but it was actually about something. I followed that up by devouring most of his work. I decided to revisit him.
He was not as good as I remember. But I am not listening to this with fresh ears. But even so, I have read numerous books numerous times but I just found listening this to be a trudge listening to these familiar stories again. It felt like I was watching a bad sitcom and I remembered all the punchlines.
However to fresh ears this collection of short stories might be as exciting and exhilarating as my first reading. This book would be great for a family roadtrip or something. The stories are short and punchy and are relatively easy to comprehend but are real involving. It is great YA material that has kind of been lost in a midst of hip YA Fiction that is out. However once you know the twist or what it is about a large chunk of the enjoyment is gone. I think it boils down to Bradbury being a great storyteller and mediocre craftsman of language. As opposed to something like the Great Gatsby (a book I have read and listened to numerous times) which is a triumph of storytelling and language.
To be honest you can find a large chunk of these stories as radio plays on Audible or as free podcasts. That is the best method to hear most of these stories. The narration is rather utilitarian hardly as magical as the old radio show some of these appeared on like X Minus One and Dimension X.
"The king"
Ray Bradbury is the king of the short story. The narrator did a great job too
"Get Ready for Prozac"
The narration is quite good. This is a classic from the genre. It is well written and entertaining. 3-stars are as a result of the depressing nature of this collection of short stories. At first I really enjoyed hearing the stories, but I was ready to jump off a building after listening to a dozen of them. It is the most depressing look at the future that I could imagine. Of all the stories, only a couple would I consider as containing hope or a positive outlook from the characters.
"Re the voice actor"
His voices for any woman character range from "Mrs. Doubtfire with a slight lisp" to "whiny shrieking anime character." The latter borders on offensive and is so annoying it makes you want to stop listening.
On the real tho, why does he even need to do a separate voice for women? So unnecessary.
"Stories wonderful, narrator not"
A different narrator possessing greater fluidity, subtlety and range. The stories themselves are wonderful. and I'm glad I'm finally getting around to reading/hearing them.
The concept of these stories appearing from within the very skin
I've started listening to Ray Bradbury's works and immensely enjoyed Steven Carpenter as narrator of I Sing the Body Electric. I also enjyed Jeff Halberstadt as narrator of Fahrenheit 451. I encountered these two narrrators horugh National Library Service audiobooks (I'm visually impaired) and they may not be available in comnmercial audiobooks. However, their work doe sillustrate hat it is possible to convey the wonder, whimsy and poetry of Bradbury whereas Garcia's narration, in my opinion, turns strips the stories of their poetry.
Bradbury's preface is well written and actually rather well read. It definitely gives the sense that Bradbury is inviting the reader to "come explore with me." These stories are best approached with that in mind.
"Hasn't aged well"
This is a great reminder that the 1950's weren't as wonderful as some people seem to think. As far as I can tell, most of the female characters are pathetic and whiny. In several of the stories, female characters are bad not because some people are bad, but specifically because they are women. Pretty depressing book.
"Flawed but interesting."
An imaginative collection of stories, and beautifully written. But alas, the undertone of chauvinism (sometimes dipping its toe into misogyny) stopped me from engaging as fully as I'd have liked to.
"Unfortunately showing it's age"
Ray Bradbury has a way with words that verges on the poetic. The premise behind this collection is quite a clever way of binding together disparate short stories.
These stories were obviously written some time ago, and the "sci-fi" element seems somewhat "1950s" in feel - rockets as opposed to space ships, atmospheres on the solar systems inner planets, etc.<br/>The Science fiction settings for these stories seem almost surplus to requirements, they don't seem to add an awful lot to the plot and offer only a backdrop for Mr. Bradbury's emotive prose.
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Lucelia Artist Award
2006—Matthew Coolidge
Director of the Center for Land Use Interpretation
Matthew Coolidge, director of the Center for Land Use Interpretation, is the sixth annual winner of the Smithsonian American Art Museum's Lucelia Artist Award.
The Center for Land Use Interpretation is a research and educational organization that seeks meaning in the landscapes people inhabit and alter. Coolidge founded the Center as a way to engage in intensive research about the built landscape of the United States. The Center disseminates its findings through exhibitions, tours, lectures, kiosks, an online "Land Use Database" publication and a national network of on-site interpretative facilities known as the American Land Museum. The Center's aim is to raise awareness about the uses and misuses of the environment by revealing human interventions that have significantly altered the landscape or created oddities in the midst of urban settings.
Coolidge and the Center produce exhibitions with photographs, video, text and interactive new media that are on display in the Center's facilities. The Center's main exhibition space and offices are in Culver City, Calif. In addition, the Center presents exhibitions and programs at its Desert Research Station, located in the Mojave desert, and in Wendover, Utah. A location in upstate New York is scheduled to open this year. Exhibitions also are presented in museums, galleries and other exhibition spaces throughout North America and Europe.
During the past 10 years, Coolidge has been involved in all the exhibitions created by the Center, including "Hinterland: A Voyage into Exurban Southern California" (1997) at Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions, "Commonwealth of Technology" (1999) at the List Center for Visual Arts at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, "The Nellis Range Complex: Landscape of Conjecture" (1999) and "Emergency State: First Responder & Law Enforcement Training Architecture" (2004) at the Center for Land Use Interpretation in Los Angeles. Coolidge has authored several books, most recently "Overlook: Exploring the Internal Fringes of America with the Center for Land Use Interpretation." Coolidge earned a bachelor's degree in environmental studies, contemporary art and film studies from Boston University in 1991. In 1994, Coolidge founded the Center for Land Use Interpretation and continues to serve as its director today. Under his leadership, the Center has received numerous grants, including support from The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, the Annenberg Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. Coolidge was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 2004 and a media arts fellowship in 2005 from the Rockefeller Foundation and National Video Resources. Since 2003, he has been an adjunct professor in the master's program in curatorial practice at the California College of the Arts in San Francisco.
CLUI's Web site is www.clui.org.
Pamela Lee, professor in the department of art history at Stanford University
Christian Marclay, artist
James Rondeau, curator of contemporary art at the Art Institute of Chicago
Linda Shearer, director of the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati
Nancy Spector, curator of contemporary art and director of curatorial affairs at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City
Pictured: Center for Land Use Interpretation, View of the CLUI Program A Tour of the Monuments of the Great American Void, 2005, CLUI photo by Steve Rowell


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* Unsolicited bid offers 12.8 pct premium to Tuesday's close
* Move comes as U.S. retailers look to expand in Canada
* Primaris' unit price surges on the TSX
* Primaris urges unitholders to sit tight act on offer (Adds background, analyst comment; updates share price move)
By Euan Rocha
TORONTO, Dec 5 (Reuters) - A consortium led by Canada's KingSett Capital will offer about C$2.6 billion ($2.62 billion) to acquire Primaris Retail REIT to bolster its portfolio of Canadian shopping malls at a time when U.S. retailers are looking to expand northward.
The unsolicited offer, announced by the private equity firm on Wednesday, would give KingSett control of mid-market retail centers in major cities across Canada and dominant shopping malls in secondary cities. The Ontario Pension Board is one of the consortium's members.
The consortium, which includes the Ontario Pension Board, is set to make a cash bid worth C$26 per unit. The offer represents a premium of 12.8 percent to Primaris Real Estate Investment Trust's Tuesday closing price of C$23.04 on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Including the assumption of debt, the transaction is valued at about C$4.4 billion.
Primaris units, which previously touched an all-time high of C$24.93 in August on the TSX, surged about 15 percent to C$26.50 in early trading, indicating that investors were expecting a sweetened offer or rival bid to emerge.
Volumes in the typically thinly traded units surged more than 60 times above average and Primaris was the most actively traded name on the TSX, with its units closing C$3.36 higher at C$26.40 on Wednesday.
"This is round one of the negotiations," said Raymond James analyst Ken Avalos, who advised unitholders to hold out for a bid of C$28 or higher.
The offer comes as U.S. retailers, looking to expand into Canada, vie for prime real estate assets. Last year, Target Corp , the second-largest U.S. discounter, agreed to take over Canadian leases for some Zellers stores owned by Hudson's Bay Co in a deal worth some C$1.8 billion.
RioCan Real Estate Investment Trust, Canada's largest REIT, last year signed a C$1 billion joint venture to develop outlet malls in Canada with U.S.-based Tanger Factory Outlet Centers.
The KingSett proposal is supported by a C$1.1 billion side deal with RioCan, which has agreed to buy some of the Primaris assets after the close of the proposed transaction.
"We are not surprised to see the REIT in play, nor to see RioCan participating in the transaction, as it has been selectively increasing its exposure to fashion/malls ahead of Target coming to Canada next year," said BMO analysts Karine MacIndoe and Pauline Alimchandani in a note to clients.
KingSett, which focuses its investments on real estate, said the deal has the support of Alberta Investment Management Corp, Ivanhoé Cambridge and other top Canadian institutional investors that are invested in its funds.
"This is a strong and compelling offer, providing unit holders with a premium price at a time of peak valuations in the sector," said Jon Love, KingSett's managing partner.
Love said he met with Primaris CEO John Morrison on Tuesday night and informed him of KingSett's plan to make an offer to unitholders of Primaris. Love declined to provide any details of Morrison's response to the offer, but described the meeting as "very courteous."
"This is a very large transaction and there were a number of parties at the table and going directly to unitholders was simply the most effective and practical way forward," said Love, who formerly headed Oxford Properties from which Primaris traces its origins.
Primaris, in a brief statement, strongly advised its unit holders to take no action at this time, as it has yet to receive a formal offer. The REIT said its board and advisers would make a recommendation after reviewing an offer.
"Real estate has had a nice run and we believe the price offered is fair," the BMO analysts said, adding that a higher price of about C$28 a unit may still be needed to get Primaris's board to agree to a friendly deal.
Euro Pacific Canada analyst Rob Sutherland believes that some U.S. such as Simon Property Group or General Growth Properties may be compelled to take a look at Primaris.
"REIT portfolios of this magnitude so rarely come to market that any entity thinking about moving into Canada will have to look at this as a once in a decade opportunity," he said.
Primaris, formed in 2003, owns more than 30 properties in cities across Canada, including the Dufferin Mall in Toronto, the Cornwall Centre in Regina, Saskatchewan, the Tecumseh Mall in Windsor, Ontario, the Woodgrove Centre in Nanaimo, British Columbia, and the Cornwall Centre in Regina, Saskatchewan.
Its tenant list includes household names such as Hudson's Bay, Canadian Tire, Reitmans, Sears Canada , Target, Shoppers Drug Mart Corp and others.
KingSett said it had secured the financing required to close the proposed transaction and to provide for any post-closing refinancing and liquidity requirements.
The firm said full details of the offer will be included in a formal offer and take-over bid circular, which will be filed with Canadian securities regulators in the coming days. The bid will need the backing of at least two-thirds of the unitholders.
KingSett and its affiliates own about 6.88 million units of Primaris, representing about 7 percent of issued and outstanding units, making them one of the top unitholders in the company.
RioCan did not disclose the properties it is targeting in the side deal but said it planned to acquire full control of six and a 50 percent interest in two others.
Chris Damas, who owns positions in Canadian REITs like First Capital Realty and Calloway, believes that RioCan is aiming to acquire some of the Primaris properties that will have Target locations on them.
"Let's face it, there is a horse race to get those Target stores between them and Calloway and First Capital," said Damas.
Primaris owns about ten Zellers outlets that are now being converted into Target stores. RioCan is already Target's biggest landlord in Canada and last year RioCan's CEO said he hoped that their relationship with the retailer would expand.
$1 = 0.9927 Canadian dollars Reporting by Euan Rocha; Editing by Frank McGurty, Leslie Gevirtz and Bernard Orr


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Celtic have retained their Champions League place after Legia Warsaw's appeal against their exclusion was dismissed by UEFA.
Legia were found to have fielded an ineligible player, Bartosz Bereszynski, in the second leg of their third qualifying round clash against the Glasgow giants which they won 2-0 to follow a 4-1 first-leg success. Celtic were duly awarded a 3-0 win and progressed on away goals.
The Polish side's appeal was heard by UEFA's Control, Ethics and Disciplinary Body and after receiving the decision on Thursday, club owner Dariusz Mioduski wrote on Twitter: "Unfortunately for now football is not winning... We are going to CAS."
The verdict was confirmed in a UEFA statement which read: "The UEFA Appeals Body met yesterday following an appeal by Legia Warszawa against the decision taken by the UEFA Control, Ethics and Disciplinary Body on 8 August.
"The appeal lodged by the Polish club was rejected and, therefore, the original decision of the UEFA Control, Ethics and Disciplinary Body is confirmed.
"The Control, Ethics and Disciplinary Body had sanctioned Legia for fielding a suspended player (Article 18 of the Regulations of the UEFA Champions League, 2014/15 competition, and Article 21 of the UEFA Disciplinary Regulations, 2014 edition) in the 2014/15 UEFA Champions League third qualifying round return leg against Celtic FC in Edinburgh on 6 August. That match has been declared as a forfeit, meaning Legia lost 3-0."
Legia president Boguslaw Lesnodorski echoed Mioduski's pledge to take the matter to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
He wrote on Twitter: "Negative decision, it's hard even to comment, we are using the CAS (we plan to tomorrow) and otherwise we are focused only on the games."
Legia believed Bereszynski's suspension had been served after he missed both legs of the previous qualifier against St Patrick's Athletic as well as the first leg against Celtic, but their failure to register him for the St Pat's tie proved costly.
Celtic will therefore face Slovenian side Maribor in the play-off round, leaving Legia to take on Aktobe of Kazakhstan in the Europa League play-off.
Mioduski released a statement through the club's official website which stressed Legia's determination to keep fighting for Champions League reinstatement.
The statement read: "Till the last moment we hoped that the spirit of sport wins, we find the decision extremely unfair.
"However we expected that decision and were prepared for it. We are to appeal to the CAS promptly.
"We will use the full appeal procedure, in order to get back our result that was fairly gained on the pitch.
"We will certainly fully subordinate to the final verdict. But I still hope that football will win, as well as the values it is based on: fair-play and respect to the on-the-pitch result."
Lesnodorski added: "We hope that CAS will judge our case as soon as possible.
"We don't give up and keep fighting. Our lawyers are now working hard on the case, while the team prepares for the forthcoming matches. We aim high as always."
Before the verdict, Hoops manager Ronny Deila spoke only about facing Maribor in the play-off.
He said: "We have prepared for Maribor. They are a good team and they have been the champions of Slovenia in the last three years.
"There is nothing easy in the Champions League so it is going to be a hard game but we know what we are able to do when we are at our best.
"It is hard to say if they are better or worse (than Legia Warsaw) but they are a good team.
"Legia was a good team as well, so nothing is easy but we can do much better than we did against Legia and we will play at Celtic Park and those two things can be good for us.
"I have seen European nights at Celtic Park and I understand why you get results there and that's because you have unbelievable fans behind you."
CAS general secretary Matthieu Reeb later revealed the court could make a decision on Legia's second appeal before next week's games.
Reeb told STV: "We can organise a fast-track procedure which takes into account the time constraints and whatever kind of decision, be it an order or final award, and we can try to do it within the appropriate time.
"It's possible if the parties are prepared to do that. All our councils, parties, all people involved in this matter should be available on short notice.
"If there is an appeal, it should be filed as soon as possible so that the start of the procedure is not delayed. We can also use Saturday and Sunday to work on this case. It is feasible but there is no time to lose.
"It depends on what is requested by Legia. If the request is to declare the UEFA decision illegal or contrary to the rules, it is a legal discussion and we should be able to provide an answer after reviewing not only the UEFA decision and the rules, but also the arguments of the parties. This can be done on a short time frame."
Reeb added: "If Legia would request CAS to render a decision by way of provisional measures, this could at least give an answer to the case before the start of the competition.
"But if the parties are also ready we could organise a hearing say for example for Monday so that the case is resolved for all."


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Ontario is Canada's most populous and second-largest province. It stretches from Canada's southernmost point at Middle Island in Lake Erie in the south, to the Manitoba-Ontario border on Hudson Bay in the north, and from the banks of the St. Lawrence River in the east, to the Manitoba border in the west.
Ontario is Canada's most populous and second-largest province. It stretches from Canada's southernmost point at Middle Island in Lake Erie in the south, to the Manitoba-Ontario border on Hudson Bay in the north, and from the banks of the St. Lawrence River in the east, to the Manitoba border in the west. The name Ontario, from a Huron word sometimes translated as meaning "beautiful lake" or "beautiful water," is apt, since lakes cover 17 per cent of the province's total area of just over one million km2.
Land and Resources
Ontario has the most varied landscape of any Canadian province. Two-thirds of the province lies under the Canadian Shield, which covers most of the north, with the exception of the Hudson Bay Lowland. The Shield's southern-most boundary forms a triangular wedge, extending from Georgian Bay in the west to its apex near Brockville on the St. Lawrence River. To the east lies the eastern Ontario plain, between the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers. To the west, from Kingston on, there are belted rolling hills and plains culminating in the flat country in extreme southwestern Ontario. The Niagara Escarpment, extends from Niagara north to Tobermory, and through Manitoulin Island in Georgian Bay.
Ontario is often considered to be three distinct regions: the Hudson Bay Lowlands, the Canadian Shield and the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands. Agriculture, as well as most of the population, is concentrated in the south. By comparison, northern Ontario, with nearly 90 per cent of the land, contains only six per cent of the population. Despite the tendency to divide the province in three, geology, climate, soil and vegetation combine to create distinct areas within these broad classifications.
The rocks of the Shield are among the oldest on Earth, dating from the Archaean and Proterozoic eons of the Precambrian era. The oldest sections, for example, are two billion years old, the youngest, 900 million. These formations contain the large mineral deposits that are so important to the economy of northern Ontario.
The sedimentary limestone, shale and sandstone underlying southern Ontario are more recent than the Shield, dating from the Paleozoic era, and are generally of the Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian periods. With the exception of the Niagara Escarpment, outcrops of these rocks are rare.
All of Ontario was, at one time or another, covered by glaciation. About 10,000 years ago the last ice sheet covering the province receded, resulting in the many lakes in the north and the beginnings of the Great Lakes along its southern and western borders. These early Great Lakes were considerably larger than their present descendants. As they evolved, they left behind a sand base along which many of the province's first roads were located. The rivers that once drained them, such as the Grand River, now flow through broad valleys.
The effect of the ice age is still apparent. Scattered across southern Ontario are rocks left behind by the glaciers. Systems of moraines, marking the edges of stalled glaciers, run across the province. The Oak Ridge Moraine, forming the height of land between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay, is the most prominent. The Horseshoe Moraines parallel the eastern shore of Lake Huron to the base of the Bruce Peninsula and southeast along the escarpment, then southwest toward Lake Erie. Other deposits, called drumlins, are especially frequent in the Peterborough region.
The Shield is mostly, but not entirely, unsuitable for agriculture. The podzolic soils in this northern region are extremely thin and low in fertility, but are still sufficient enough to support boreal forests. There are only a few areas, such as the clay belts in northeastern Ontario or the Rainy River area in the northwest, where enough farming is possible to create the impression of an agricultural landscape.
Northern Ontario's forest cover is not uniform. In the extreme north stunted willows and black spruce struggle to grow in bogs; farther south, spruce, aspen and jack pine dominate the northern Shield. Farther south again, to the east and west of Lake Superior, the Shield is covered by a mixed forest, known as the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence forest region.
In the early 19th century magnificent stands of white pine, the foundation of the central Canadian forest industry, as well as hard maples, were found in eastern Ontario. However, due to these early logging practices, the abundance of white pine in northern Ontario remains dramatically reduced.
The grey-brown luvisolic soils of southern Ontario that developed under forest vegetation from till and glacial deposits are reasonably fertile. Deltas, left behind from the ice age, form sand plains, especially to the north of Lake Erie.
Ontario has over 250,000 lakes, which contain approximately one third of the world's fresh water supply, and over 80 per cent of Ontario residents get their drinking water from them.
Ontario also has many rivers; those in Southern Ontario flow into the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River system and eventually to the Atlantic Ocean, while most rivers in Northern Ontario drain into James Bay and Hudson Bay. The St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes drew explorers, traders, soldiers and settlers into the heart of the continent. More recently, Ontario's abundant rivers and lakes allowed for hydroelectric power.
Ontario's water resources are fed by an abundant rainfall, and also by snow in most sections of the province. Precipitation is most regular in the southern and central parts of Ontario where seasonal temperature variations are not especially great. Northern and northwestern Ontario receive less precipitation during winter and spring compared to the rest of the province.
Ontario has a wide range of climates. The temperature can reach above 30°C in the summer and dip to -40°C in the winter, with regional variations in temperature throughout the province. In the north a bitter subarctic climate prevails, with mean daily temperatures of 16°C in July and -22°C in January. Winter temperatures are highest along the Great Lakes in southwestern Ontario and below the Niagara Escarpment, with January mean daily temperatures ranging from -3°C near Windsor to -3.7°C in Toronto. In July the area between Chatham and Windsor is warmest (22°C). The winters are severe and stormy through much of the province. The areas receiving westerly winds off the Great Lakes are often called the "Snow Belt;" the areas south of Owen Sound, around Parry Sound and west of Sault Ste Marie, receive snowfall in excess of 250 cm. By comparison, the areas around Toronto and Hamilton are in the partial rain shadow of the Niagara Escarpment and receive less than 150 cm of snow annually.
Although differences in relief are not great, they have a significant impact on climate. The upland areas of Grey County, the Algonquin Provincial Park area and the Superior Highlands are notably cooler than other areas of the province. In winter the Hudson Bay freezes over and makes northern temperatures even colder, while the Great Lakes moderate winter temperatures in southern Ontario.
Ontario's climate greatly affects its agricultural patterns. Most specialized crops such as grain corn, soybeans and sugar beets are concentrated in the southwest. Fruit growing is associated with (but not confined to) the Niagara Peninsula and tobacco is grown in Norfolk County. The northern Clay Belt, a large flat area of fertile but poorly drained clay soil in the Timmins area, is suitable for a narrower range of crops, such as silage corn, hay, barley and potatoes. Frost is unusual in the south after the first week of May but in the north it can persist into June.
The majority of forest land in Ontario belongs to the Crown, but is managed by a combination of forest companies under sustainable forest licences, private land owners and the Ministry of Natural Resources. In 1994, the Ontario government passed the Crown Forest Sustainability Act. The purpose of the Act is to sustainably manage Ontario's forests, "to meet social, economic and environmental needs of present and future generations." The government established two sources of funding to help meet this goal, the Forest Renewal and the Forestry Futures trusts. Under the Forest Renewal program, for example, companies pay the trust a renewal fee for every cubic metre of wood they harvest. When it comes time to regenerate these areas, those doing the renewal work are reimbursed via the trust. In addition, the Act protects wildlife, plant life, ecosystems and biodiversity.
Consciousness of the value of the wilderness resulted in the establishment of a provincial park system, beginning with Algonquin Provincial Park (7,723 km2), established in 1893. There are now 334 provincial parks, accounting for 7.6 per cent of Ontario's land base. They range from Rondeau Provincial Park on Lake Erie in the south to Polar Bear Provincial Park in the north. Located on the western shore of Hudson's Bay, at approximately 2.4 million hectares, Polar Bear Park is Ontario's largest park and is accessible only by air.
The government has encouraged the establishment of local conservation authorities and has promoted various schemes for channelling and controlling water flow. Of all provinces, Ontario has the largest and most complex government structure for dealing with land use, as the loss of agricultural land is a major concern and the subject of political controversy, as well as government study and planning.
Ontario also has four United Nations Biosphere Reserves, or areas recognized for promoting sustainable development through community initiatives and scientific research. The UN established Ontario's first biosphere reserve, Long Point, in 1986, followed by the Niagara Escarpment, Thousand Islands-Frontenac Arch and, most recently, the Georgian Bay Littoral in 2004.
Governments have attempted to improve water quality along the lakes. In 1972 the Canadian and American governments signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement with the goal of maintaining and restoring the health of the Great Lakes. This policy has led to the creation of Lakewide Management Plans, which involve the cooperation of federal, provincial and state agencies in protecting and restoring Great Lakes ecosystems. This program has been successful in improving the environmental quality of several Great Lakes regions, notably Lake Erie's Wheatley Harbour, which was de-listed as an environmental area of concern in 2010. This success combined with stringent regulations of both commercial and sport fishing has greatly enhanced fish stocks in the Great Lakes. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources now stocks the Great Lakes with over four million fish every year, and each Great Lake has its own set of regulations on catch limits and seasons.
Ten thousand years ago Ontario was populated by a few Aboriginal communities who hunted caribou. By 6,000 years ago Ontario's climate was warmer and deer had replaced caribou. People began to catch fish in nets and weirs, and used mortars to grind nuts, berries and roots. This more reliable and varied food supply led to a population increase, and increased trade networks expanded across the region. Approximately 1,500 years ago farming was introduced, which led to more sedentary populations.
By the time Europeans came in the 17th century, the Aboriginal population was divided into the nomadic Algonquian hunting tribes of the north and northwest, and the more sedentary Iroquoian tribes of the south, including the Neutral, Huron and Erie. In the 1640s, the Iroquois Wars dispersed a confederacy of Iroquoian-speaking tribes (the Huron). In 1649, the wars also forced the abandonment of the Jesuit mission Ste Marie Among the Hurons – the first European establishment in present-day Ontario.
Large-scale European settlement of the province did not begin until the 1780s. There were scattered French settlements, especially around Detroit, but the first major non-Aboriginal immigration was that of the Loyalists, refugees from the American Revolution.
The Loyalists gave the province its Anglo-Saxon character, which was reinforced by waves of immigration from the United States and, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, from the British Isles. Beginning in the late 19th century there was localized immigration from Québec into eastern and northeastern Ontario, creating a French-language fringe along the province's frontiers. Although northern Ontario received some overseas immigration in the early 1900s, it was not until after 1945 that immigration from continental Europe, the West Indies and East Asia had a discernible impact on the main populated areas of the province.
Ontario was settled mostly by farmers, but in the mid-19th century, the population was channelling into the cities. By the First World War, Ontario was predominantly urban. In 2011, 86 per cent of the population was urban. By comparison, 160 years earlier, in 1851, the figures were reversed: 86 per cent of Ontario's population was rural. Ontario's total population is 13,448,494 (2016), making it the most populated province in the country.
Urban Centres
In addition to being the most populous province in the country, Ontario is also the most urban. The most outstanding feature of this urban pattern is the continuous network of communities around the western end of Lake Ontario— called the Golden Horseshoe—which includes St.Catharines-Niagara, Hamilton and Toronto. Over 50 per cent of Ontario's population lives in or around these cities. Toronto is Canada's largest city and plays a dominant role in Ontario's economy.
The urban centres in southwestern Ontario lie around Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo and London. Both areas are regional centres for transportation, service and manufacturing. Windsor, the long-time home of the automotive industry, is geographically part of the Detroit urban complex. Apart from Kingston, the largest city on the eastern end of Lake Ontario, and Ottawa, eastern Ontario has no substantial urban concentration.
The cities of northern Ontario are strung out along the railway lines to which most of them owe their origin. North Bay is still a transportation centre; Sudbury is at the heart of Canada's largest mining district; Sault Ste Marie is the country's second-ranked steel producer; and Thunder Bay is a major transshipment port. With the exception of Thunder Bay on Lake Superior and Windsor on the Detroit River, the other Great Lakes have no major urban centres along their Canadian shores.
Labour Force
Ontario's labour force was once predominantly in the agricultural sector. Now, however, agriculture workers only account for about one per cent of a labour force totalling over 7.4 million people. While Ontario is often thought to be an industrial province, the main growth industry has been the service sector, which, in 2013, employed nearly 80 per cent of working Ontarians.
The industrial work force suffered serious attrition in the recessions of the early 1980s and early 1990s, as reflected in the drastic decline in numbers of the once-powerful steelworkers union. Due in part to a high exchange rate and globalization (i.e. industries migrating to places with lower costs) employment in the manufacturing sector has fallen rapidly since 2002, and now makes up about 12 per cent of total employment.
Language and Ethnicity
Approximately 200 different languages were reported as mother tongues in Ontario in 2011. English-speakers make up the majority of the population, followed by Chinese, French and Italian speakers. Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Tagalog, Arabic and Punjabi are among the fastest growing language groups in the province. Toronto has the highest number of non-native English or French speakers. More than four in 10 people in the Census Metropolitan Area of Toronto reported a mother tongue other than English or French, compared to Peterborough, for example, where native English speakers make up 93 per cent of the population. The Census Metropolitan Areas of Greater Sudbury and Ottawa-Gatineau have the highest share of French speakers, at about 28 per cent and 17 per cent, respectively.
Ontario has an ethnically diverse population. Although Canadian was cited the most often, the 2011 census reported over 200 different ethnic origins. After Canadian, the most cited ethnic origin is English, followed by Scottish, Irish, French, German, Italian, Chinese and East Indian. In 2011, about 26 per cent of the province's population identified themselves as a visible minority, a number that represents more than half of Canada's total visible minorities. Most visible minorities live in urban centres including Toronto, Markham, Brampton and Mississauga.
The majority of Ontario's population continues to be Christian, with 65 per cent of the population identifying with a Christian denomination in 2011. Following Christianity, the religions with the most followers were Islam (5 per cent), Hinduism (3 per cent) and Judaism (2 per cent). Those claiming no religion affiliation numbered 23 per cent.
Aboriginal Settlement
The first residents of Ontario arrived during the last ice age, approximately 10,000 years ago. As the ice retreated Ontario's paleo-Indian inhabitants moved into the northern region of the province. For many years Ontario's Aboriginal peoples probably lived by fishing and hunting; deer, elk, bear and beaver could be found in the south, and caribou in the north. By 1000 BCE pottery had been introduced, and archaeological sites show a far-flung trading system with importations from as far as the Gulf of Mexico. By 100 CE the inhabitants of the province can be identified with the Algonquian tribes (Ojibwa, Cree, and Algonquin), and with the Iroquoian tribes of the south (Iroquois, Huron, Petun, Neutral, Erie and Susquehannock).
The first Europeans known to have approached the present frontiers of Ontario were Henry Hudson, who was cast adrift off the north coast, and Étienne Brûlé and Samuel de Champlain, who travelled along the Ottawa River in 1613 and reached the centre of the province in 1615. Brûlé was likely the first European to see lakes Huron and Ontario. Champlain allied the French with the Huron. After the dispersal of the Huron in the late 1640s, the Ottawa took the role of middlemen in the fur trade.
The Iroquois Confederacy, located across lakes Ontario and Erie in what is now New York State, dominated the region without significantly settling it. Despite the hostility of the Iroquois, the French continued their penetration of the Great Lakes region, utilizing both the Ottawa-French River-Lake Huron route to the west and the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes path.
French explorer René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle built and sailed the Griffon on the Great Lakes, and the Ontario region became a vital link between the French settlements in Québec and their fur trading posts on the Mississippi. During the 18th century the main French posts in the Great Lakes region were Fort Frontenac [Kingston], Fort Niagara, Fort Detroit and Fort Michilimackinac.
France's rivals, the British, did not successfully penetrate the region until 1758–59 when they burned Fort Frontenac and captured Fort Niagara. British occupation was not secure until the Aboriginal allies of the French were defeated after an uprising in 1763–64. The Great Lakes region also served as a base of operations for British forces during the American Revolution. A series of bloody campaigns and raids did not shake the British hold over their Great Lakes forts, but did result in the arrival of Loyalist and Iroquois refugees displaced from the American frontier. The Treaty of Paris (1783) divided the Great Lakes down the middle, and created the southern boundary of what is now Ontario.
European Settlement
The modern settlement of Ontario began with the arrival of some 6,000 to 10,000 Loyalists during and after the American Revolution. After them came other Americans, attracted by cheap land; crown land was available for sixpence an acre plus survey costs and an oath of allegiance. Under the Constitutional Act (1791), the old Province of Québec was divided and Upper Canada created.
A regular colonial government was established, with a lieutenant-governor, an elected legislative assembly, and appointed legislative and executive councils. The first lieutenant-governor was John Graves Simcoe, an English veteran of the Revolutionary War, who aimed to turn Upper Canada into a bastion of the British Crown in the heart of the continent.
Upper Canada continued to mark the northern fringe of the American frontier, but by 1812 approximately 80 per cent of the estimated 100,000 settlers in southern Ontario were of American origin. When the War of 1812 broke out with the US, the attitude of parts of the province's population proved highly ambivalent, and a few Upper Canadians actually sided with and fought alongside the invaders.
The British army, with assistance from Aboriginal peoples and local militia, succeeded in defending most of the province, repelling American invasions along the Niagara frontier in 1812 (Queenston Heights) and 1813 (Beaver Dams and Stoney Creek). In 1813 American forces thrust into southwestern Ontario and raided the provincial capital, York (Toronto), where the government buildings were burned. After several more bloody battles in 1814 the war drew to an end. The peace treaty that ended the war stipulated that the Americans and British each hand back what they had conquered, and the boundary remained unchanged.
Between 1825 and 1842 the population of Upper Canada tripled to 450,000, and by 1851 it had doubled again. Most of the immigrants came from the British Isles, made up roughly of 20 per cent English, 20 per cent Scottish and 60 per cent Irish immigrants. Settlement generally spread from south to north, moving away from the lakes as land along them became settled. Accessibility to land away from the lakes depended on roads — usually of terrible quality — many of which were built by the settlers themselves.
Rampant land speculation added to the irregularity of early settlement patterns. Southern Ontario's fertile land was substantially occupied by the mid-1850s, by which time the form of government had changed again. In the aftermath of the Rebellions of 1837, led in Upper Canada by Toronto "firebrand" William Lyon Mackenzie, the British government brought Upper and Lower Canada together in the united Province of Canada.
A further decade of fractious politics resulted in a measure of responsible government in 1848–49, by which time immigration, combined with a high birthrate, had raised Upper Canada's population to about 60,000 more than its partner, Lower Canada. The agitation for representation by population was led by George Brown. Representation by population would mean that Upper Canada would receive additional representation in the legislature, and this movement led to the increasing paralysis of the province's political system. The crisis was finally resolved in 1864 by the formation of a joint-party regime (see Great Coalition) to seek a union of the British North American colonies. This Confederation was gained in 1867, and Ontario became a province of the new Dominion of Canada.(See also Ontario and Confederation.)
In the 1850s Ontario's economy was primarily agricultural with an emphasis on wheat growing. Over time the balance shifted to dairy, fruit and vegetable farming. At the same time there was a drift away from farming areas, as emigration to the US, to the Canadian West or to the cities increased. Urban and industrial growth increased from the 1850s through the 1860s with the development of textiles and metalworking, farm implements and machinery. Toronto in particular grew as both a railway and manufacturing centre, and as the provincial capital.
Ontario's successive governments thereafter took up developing the province's natural resources — lumber, mines and later, hydroelectricity. There was a lengthy series of quarrels with the federal government over patronage, waterpower and the northern boundaries of the province — a problem settled in 1889, at the expense of Manitoba, by confirming Ontario's western boundary at the Lake of the Woods. The final boundary was drawn in 1912.
Ontario's economy began with hunting and trapping. It expanded with the arrival of the settlers and, until the latter part of the 19th century, remained predominantly rural and agriculturally-based. By the early 20th century rail lines built across Ontario's northland opened up rich mineral resources in places such as cobalt and Timmins.
The discovery and growth of hydroelectric power, combined with an export boom at the turn of the 20th century, stimulated industrial expansion and the growth of large and small cities. Ontario has been predominantly urban since 1911, and agriculture has shifted from mixed diversified grain and livestock to more specialized regional patterns serving broad urban markets, namely dairy products, corn to fatten livestock, vegetables, fruit and tobacco.
Ontario is a major exporter of the goods it produces —such as automobiles—but its principal market has been, and is, heavily-populated Ontario and Québec. Sales to the West and the Maritimes are marginal for the most part.
As with other parts of the country, the greatest expansion of recent years has been in service industries, while older, heavier industries have declined. After lagging behind the national growth rate in overall real domestic product for most of the 1970s, Ontario came out ahead in the mid-1980s. By 1987 the province had the lowest unemployment, the lowest per capita debt and the highest growth rate. However, the 1991 recession hit Ontario harder than most areas of Canada and the recovery in the province was slow.
In an attempt to remedy the province's fiscal woes, then Conservative Premier Mike Harris began his "Common Sense Revolution" after his election in 1995. Harris believed tax cuts, less government, welfare reform and business investment would restore Ontario to fiscal order.
However, it was not long before another recession hit the province. As in 1991, the 2008 global recession — sparked in part by a crash in the US housing market — hit Ontario harder than most provinces. Dalton McGuinty's Liberal Party — the government of the time — responded to the recession by contributing to the bailout of automakers General Motors and Chrysler, as well as with a budget aimed at stimulating the economy. Five years post-recession unemployment in Ontario remained relatively high, hovering around the 7 per cent mark. While this number is in keeping with the national average, it is higher than rates in the western provinces.
Ontario has just over 50 per cent of Canada's best agriculture land, also known as Class 1 land. In terms of net farm income, Ontario ranks third in the country, after Saskatchewan and Québec. Most farming is done in the south, although clusters of farms on the Shield serve local dairy markets. Forage crops are the largest, but corn, mixed grains, winter wheat and barley are also grown. Because of these forage crops, Ontario is able to sustain commercial hog, dairy and beef livestock farms. It ranks second only to Québec in dairy farms, which are primarily located in the London-Woodstock region, the Bruce Peninsula and in eastern Ontario.
As in other jurisdictions, Ontario farmers are accustomed to selling their products through marketing boards which were established as far back as the 1930s. These boards do not command universal support, even among farmers, but they are intended to introduce a degree of regularity and predictability into the marketing of agricultural products. Ontario now has 20 agricultural marketing boards, including the Dairy Farmers of Ontario, the Chicken Farmers of Ontario, the Grain Farmers of Ontario and the Grape Growers of Ontario.
Ontario produces the most metals in Canada. The development of Ontario's mining industry is closely associated with the rise of Toronto as the financial centre of both Ontario and Canada. Beginning around 1900, the exploitation of minerals in northern Ontario made Toronto first a competitor and then a winner in its long-standing competition with Montréal.
From the late 1880s to the mid-20th century, mineral discoveries dotted northern Ontario. One of the world's largest deposits of nickel and copper, along with lead, zinc, silver and platinum, were found in the Sudbury Basin in 1883. Near the town of Cobalt, a major discovery of high-grade silver was made in 1903. Large gold deposits were discovered near the towns of Porcupine and Kirkland Lake from 1906 to 1912, Red Lake in 1925 and most recently, near Hemlo in 1981. In 1953, one of the largest uranium deposits in the world was found at Elliot Lake. A major copper, zinc and silver deposit was discovered near Timmins in 1964. Rounding out the list is the iron ore mined in the Algoma district north of Lake Superior.
Southern Ontario has fewer minerals, although iron ore was mined near Marmora and uranium was extracted near Bancroft. There are also minor oil and gas deposits in southwestern Ontario. Limestone, sand and gravel are available in many parts of southern Ontario as a result of glacial deposits.
Mining is still extremely important in the provincial economy, although the 1980s and early 1990s were less prosperous for the industry as downturns occurred in the international market for one major metal after another. Even so, today Ontario produces more gold, nickel, copper, platinum metals, copper and salt than any other province in the country.
Ontario is and always has been an importer of energy. The primeval forest provided sufficient fuel for early settlers, but with urban and industrial growth, Ontario's energy needs were met by coal from the nearby pits of Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. This coal was of a higher quality than that from Nova Scotia and cheaper to ship. Ontario has its own coal deposits near James Bay, but these deposits are uneconomical to extract. Oil and gas were also possibilities, and here Ontario had a slight initial advantage. The oil fields around Petrolia were first exploited in the late 1850s. Natural gas came somewhat later and for many years, Ontario ranked first as a Canadian producer of these commodities. Production, however, is now insignificant in the province's overall energy picture.
For these reasons, oil and gas also have to be imported. For many years this meant imports from the United States or through East Coast ports. This could prove precarious, as American shortages of oil, gas and coal sometimes placed Ontario heating at risk. During the 1950s the federal and provincial governments made it a priority to connect Ontario with western Canadian oil and gas fields. Oil came first, followed by gas through the Trans-Canada Pipeline, completed in 1958.
Technological advances during the 1880s and 1890s brought Ontario its first large and significant energy source from within the province itself: hydroelectricity. Ontario has many streams, rapids and falls, for example, Niagara Falls. First used for sawmills, these falls could be put to work to generate electricity. The harnessing of Niagara Falls' power gave southern Ontario a significant advantage over rival industrial areas. In 1906 most electricity in Ontario was nationalized under the aegis of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, now known as Hydro One, and its aggressive and dynamic founder, Sir Adam Beck. In 1999, Hydro One was reorganized into three companies, joining Great Lakes Power in the privatized electricity market.
In the 1950s and 60s, Ontario began building thermal—or steam driven—power plants, raising the proportion of thermally-generated power from practically none in 1960 to over one-third in 1970.
At the same time, in conjunction with Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, the federal government's reactor arm, Hydro One began to build nuclear power stations. The first full-scale nuclear power station, at Douglas Point, was opened in 1966, and others have followed at Pickering and Bruce. Nuclear power accounts for most of Ontario's generated electricity. The province has also started to incorporate increasing amounts of energy from renewable sources such as wind turbines, which made up three per cent of Ontario's total energy output in 2012.
There are 71 million hectares of forested land in Ontario, 80 per cent of which are owned by the Crown. Commercial logging takes place on nearly half (47 per cent) of these Crown forests.
In 2011, the value of Ontario's forestry sector (total shipment revenues of primary and secondary wood products) was $11.9 billion. The industry also directly employs approximately 53,000 people in the province, and supports approximately 200,000 direct and indirect jobs.
During the 1920s, approximately 10,000 people were employed by Ontario's inland fishery. However, fish populations began to decline due to pollution, overfishing and the invasion of sea lamprey in the 1920s, and early government efforts at restocking the Great Lakes with fish from hatcheries failed. The Great Lakes Fisheries Commission was established in 1956 to develop sustainable fisheries policies and implement sea lamprey control programs. There are now over 500 active commercial fisheries in Ontario, and the Great Lakes commercial fishery harvests approximately 26 million pounds of fish per year, with a value of $33 million in 2011. Many of the more than 60 Aboriginal communities in the Great Lakes Basin fish the lakes for food, and several also participate in the commercial fishery. Recreational fishing is a popular pursuit in Ontario, with over one million people participating annually.
Ontario is, and always has been, the leading manufacturing province in Canada. This situation was well established at the time of Confederation, as the desire was to place industry in a province favoured by ample transportation, abundant natural resources and accessibility to export markets in the US. Today, as home to over 31,600 manufacturing establishments, the province produces over 45 per cent of the gross domestic product of manufacturing industries in Canada, or about $75 billion in 2011.
Historically, proximity to the American automotive industry encouraged the location of manufacturing plants in Ontario. The establishment of Ford, General Motors and Chrysler spawned a series of related industries dotted all across southern Ontario.
During the late 1970s Ottawa, frequently seen as a staid national capital completely dependent on the largesse of the federal government, confounded its critics by emerging as Canada's equivalent of California's Silicon Valley, a centre for high technology industries, producing computers, communications technology and software. More recently, the Waterloo region also established itself as an advanced manufacturing and innovation centre, known in particular as headquarters for BlackBerry Ltd the makers of BlackBerry smartphones.
Toronto's Bay Street area is the centre of the Canadian financial system. All the principal Canadian chartered banks have their head offices in Toronto, as do many of Canada's major corporations and brokerage firms. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the country's largest. First Canadian Place, chock-full of lawyers, accountants and executives, is Canada's tallest office building at 290 m. At 553 m the CN Tower, another monument to commerce, was the world's tallest tower for over three decades, and remains the tallest in the Western Hemisphere.
Because banking is a national business in Canada, there is no study that shows whether Ontario as a whole secures any quantifiable benefit from the location of banks in its provincial capital beyond the employee's economic contributions to the community. There is, however, a discernible architectural impact as the banks compete in raising skyscrapers.
There are few roads in the north, and the most reliable form of transportation in this part of the province is still by air or water. VIA Rail offers passenger rail transportation to numerous cities and has major stations in Toronto, Ottawa, London, Kingston, Niagara Falls, Windsor, Sarnia and Sudbury. The Ontario Northland Transportation Commission, a provincial agency, provides train and bus services to northern communities.
Many municipalities in Ontario have public transit services, most of which include services operating on fixed routes and schedules for the general public and specialized door-to-door transit services for those with disabilities. The Toronto Transit Commission, or TTC, is the largest transit system in Ontario and the third largest in North America. Metrolinx, an agency of the Ontario government, was created in 2006 to improve the coordination of transportation in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton area. In 2009 Metrolinx merged with GO transit, a regional public transit service, and in 2011 introduced PRESTO, an electronic fare card with the goal of allowing passengers to transfer easily between different transit systems.
Ontario has a large navigable water system, the St Lawrence Seaway, along its southern frontier. The Welland Canal, an important part of the seaway channel, links Lakes Ontario and Erie. The advent of the seaway, and subsequently the practice of "containerization" of cargo unloaded at East Coast ports, have had a considerable negative impact on the structure of Ontario's water transport. The most notable casualty has been the port of Toronto, where the number of tonnes shipped and the number of employed dropped drastically—Montréal, Saint John and Halifax being the beneficiaries. Two other Ontario ports, Hamilton and Thunder Bay, are ranked in Canada's top 10 in the amount of cargo handled. Thunder Bay moves mainly coal, wheat and canola, while Hamilton, unsurprisingly, handles iron ore, iron, steel, alloys and coal.
Toronto's Lester B. Pearson International Airport is Canada's largest and busiest airport. Other airports of note include Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport, the Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport and Hamilton's John C. Munro International Airport.
Government and Politics
Provincial Government
Ontario's governmental structure is similar to that of other Canadian provinces. A Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the federal government, nominally heads the administration, assisted by an executive council or Cabinet, led by a premier. The Cabinet governs as long as it maintains the confidence of the legislative assembly or provincial parliament, a unicameral body of 107 members. Provincial elections are held on the first Thursday of October every four years. All Canadian citizens over the age of 18 who live in Ontario can vote in elections.
There are three major political parties in Ontario with representation in the provincial legislature. The first two, the Progressive Conservative Party ("Tories") and the Liberal Party ("Grits"), date back to before Confederation. The third party, the New Democratic Party, grew out of the Co-Operative Commonwealth Federation.
Ontario's first premier was John Sandfield Macdonald (1867–71); its second, Edward Blake (1871–72). Sir Oliver Mowat's Liberal government (1872–96) succeeded Blake's, and Mowat led the way in advocating provincial rights against the overriding powers of the federal government under Sir John A. Macdonald. He also extended government services for a province thriving on intensive agriculture, widening resource activities and making industrial advancements. The Liberal regime gradually declined beginning in the late 1890s under the leadership of Arthur Hardy and George Ross. In the 1902 election the Liberal Party engaged in patronage, and won the election with a small majority. Shortly after the election, the Liberals were accused of bribery and, although found innocent, the party was defeated in the 1905 election.
The Tory government under Sir James Whitney (1905–14) made its mark by establishing the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario. Whitney's successor, Sir William Hearst, was defeated by a political revolution among the province's farmers, who, with labour support, took office in 1919 as the United Farmers of Ontario. The UFO government was successful in implementing some of the legislation prepared by the previous government, such as a minimum wage for women, increased funding for education and better health services. However, the party was politically accident-prone and quickly fell victim to a revitalized PC Party under Howard Ferguson (1923–30). Ferguson was a determined man, as well as an able and wily politician. He tapped Ontarians' desire to enhance provincial revenues through the provincially-owned Liquor Control Board of Ontario, which was designed to promote temperance as well as generate revenue. He also defused a long-standing controversy with the province's French-language population by reintroducing official French classes in schools. He also, as his predecessors had done, continued a policy of developing provincial resources, including the colonization of the Ontario northland.
Ferguson's successor, George Henry, had to cope with the ravages of the Great Depression, not to mention attacks from a reinvigorated provincial Liberal Party under Mitchell Hepburn. In 1934 Hepburn swept Henry out of office with promises of reform and economy. Neither goal was really achieved, although Hepburn did succeed in legislating the pasteurization of Ontario's milk despite the cries of opposition from dairy farmers.
Hepburn battled against the appearance of industrial unionism from the US, and in 1937 fought and won a provincial election on the issue. His regime is principally remembered for Hepburn's violent attacks on his fellow Liberal, Prime Minister Mackenzie King, and for his obstructionist attitude towards attempts to solve Canada's constitutional problems. Hepburn resigned in 1942, and his party was turned out of office in the 1943 election that made the PCs under George Drew the government and the Socialist CCF the official opposition.
Drew's government vigorously promoted immigration, especially from the British Isles, and a series of reforms. Like Hepburn, Drew combated Ottawa and its "centralizing" schemes such as a program of federal welfare, or "baby bonuses," which he saw as a violation of provincial jurisdiction. It was only after Drew's departure in 1948 that Premier Leslie Frost adopted a more co-operative attitude with the central government, a major reversal in Ontario's policy. Frost shared the developmental objectives of Liberal ministers in Ottawa such as C.D. HOWE, and the two governments co-operated on major projects such as the St. Lawrence Seaway, the TransCanada Pipeline and the development of nuclear power.
Frost's successors, John Robarts and William Davis, were cast in his low-key, down-to-earth mold; both strove to minimize conflict between Conservative Ontario and the usually Liberal federal government. Robarts tried to work out an accommodation that would satisfy Québec and keep it in Confederation through his Confederation for Tomorrow Conference in 1967. In 1981–82 Davis strongly supported Pierre Trudeau in patriating and reforming the Canadian Constitution. However, David Peterson, whose Liberal Party had signed an accord with the New Democratic Party to form a minority government after the 1985 election, had a rocky relationship with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. A reluctant supporter of Mulroney's 1987 Meech Lake Accord, Peterson strongly opposed the federal free trade initiative with the US the same year. Peterson lost the next election to Bob RAE, who formed the first provincial NDP government in Ontario's history. After serving his mandate Rae lost to Mike Harris, who led his Conservatives to back-to-back victories in 1995 and 1999.
Harris' "Common-Sense Revolution," which included lower taxes, reduced social services and smaller government lost some support from the public, but his government still won re-election in 1999. The PCs captured 59 out of the newly reduced legislature of 103 seats, but carried only 45 per cent of the popular vote. Mike Harris resigned suddenly as premier of the province and was replaced by former deputy premier and Minister of Finance Ernie Eves in March 2002. Although more moderate than Harris, Eves and the PCs were criticized for a failed effort to privatize the province's power system and the presentation of the 2003 budget in an auto-parts plant rather than in the legislature. The 2003 election was a landslide victory for the Liberal Party under Dalton McGuinty, which won 72 of the legislature's 103 seats and 47 per cent of the popular vote. McGuinty won another majority in 2007 after his main opponent, Conservative leader John Tory, damaged his own campaign by making a controversial pledge to extend public funding to faith-based schools. In his second term McGuinty implemented the unpopular harmonized sales tax (HST), which replaced the provincial sales tax and the federal goods and services tax. Support for the Liberal Party began to slip, and in 2011 voters gave the party only 53 seats -- one seat shy of a majority government. McGuinty resigned as premier in October 2012 with his party facing criticism for its handling of labour relations with the province's teachers and questions about the cancellation of two gas-fired power plants. Kathleen Wynne was elected the leader of the Liberal Party in January 2013 and became both Ontario's first woman premier and Canada's first openly gay premier.
In the spring of 2014, the PCs and NDP refused to accept the budget Wynne's minority government tabled, triggering a snap election. Both the NDP and the PCs hoped to gain ground on the scandal-plagued Liberals. Wynne's campaign, however, was ultimately successful, as she and her party formed a majority government, winning 59 seats to the PC's 27 and the NDP's 21.
See Ontario Premiers: Table; Ontario Lieutenant-Governors: Table
The judiciary, as in other Canadian provinces, is appointed by the province only at the lowest level "provincial judges," formerly known as magistrates. All other levels of the judiciary are appointed by the federal government. These judges' salaries are paid by Ottawa; the other costs of the courts are borne by the province.
Federal Representation
Ontario has 106 members in the House of Commons and 24 senators. Metropolitan Toronto and its environs have more Members of Parliament than most provinces, excluding Ontario and Québec. When judging its political "clout" it is useful to see Ontario as an assemblage of sub-regions that seldom vote together federally or provincially.
It is difficult for any single federal politician to say that he or she "represents" Ontario in the federal government, as Mackenzie King was once able to claim. Mackenzie King, a Torontonian by upbringing, was able to make up most of his governments from 1921–30 and 1935–48 with little or no representation from Toronto. Nevertheless, since then federal prime ministers have given adequate representation to Toronto and the regions of Ontario in forming their Cabinets.
Public Finance
Much of Ontario's history has been concerned with obtaining what the province considered to be adequate tax resources from the federal government in Ottawa. This traditional rivalry abated considerably after 1948, when Premier George Drew left for federal politics in Ottawa.
Ontario derives large revenues from such items as the taxation of liquor and cigarettes (much higher today than in earlier times), as well as the more commonly thought of forms of revenue, such as personal and corporate income tax. Ontario's income and corporate income taxes are collected by the federal government as part of its national tax system, and the proceeds remitted to the province.
Municipal Government
For many years the basic structure of local government in Ontario was dictated by Robert Baldwin's Municipal Corporations Act of 1849, which divided the southern part of the province into counties, cities, towns and villages. However, the growth of the urban population in the 20th century began to strain these traditional jurisdictions. Rather than let the province's cities expand indefinitely into the surrounding suburbs and countryside, the provincial government looked to the creation of super-municipalities that could operate on a regional basis and encompass a variety of jurisdictions.
The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, for example, was created on 1 January 1953. It was a federation of Toronto and its suburbs carved out of the southern half of York County. Using the Toronto model, in the 1960s and 1970s various "regional municipalities" were created, sometimes to the intense resentment of the local citizenry.
On 1 January 1998, the seven local governments of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto — Metro Toronto, East York, Toronto, Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough and York — were amalgamated into a single, unified City of Toronto.
The vast majority of municipalities in the province, including all cities, towns, villages and townships, enjoy powers of local taxation based on property. Only "improvement districts" and police villages have no independent taxation powers. All Ontario municipalities are subject to the review of their actions by the Ontario Municipal Board, which must approve any bylaws creating debt, and which acts as the court of last resort for appeals against municipal actions.
Ontario's health services and their financing are similar to health services found in other provinces. Federal acts in 1958 and 1966 first established hospital insurance, paid for by the general public from compulsory premiums, and then comprehensive medical care services, or medicare. These acts are federal-provincial in nature, as is the co-operation necessary to make them work. The two levels of government frequently debate the amount that each should put into the system, as well as the ways it should be spent.
Ontario's public health insurance system is now consolidated in the Ontario Health Insurance Plan, paid for through taxes, and which covers most health services, with the exception of those that are not medically necessary.
Until 1998 education in Ontario was a joint provincial and local responsibility. The provincial government established goals, standards and guidelines. In 1998, the Harris government introduced Bill 160 to overhaul Ontario's education system. In effect Bill 160 took most of the responsibility for education from the local level of government and transferred it to the provincial government. Instead of having full-time, salaried, locally-elected trustees, trustees now work for an honorarium, and the curricula and guidelines are designed by the provincial government. The basic system is further divided between two kinds of public schools: public, in the strict sense, or non-sectarian; and "separate" or Roman Catholic. Within both of these systems are French-language school boards or French-language sections. Each system is run by boards elected by members of the public. This is the result of a compromise at the time of Confederation, when rights for Catholics in Ontario were traded off against those for Protestants in Québec.
Since 1899 Ontario has provided public funds to support education in the Roman Catholic separate schools to the end of grade 10. However, the Confederation bargain did not include complete and full financial support for separate schools. This was the cause of occasional political protest and action, most notably during the provincial election of 1934.
In the 1960s the government extended its full support of elementary separate schools to grades 9 and 10, but for years it steadfastly declined to go further. In 1984 Premier Davis startled Catholics and non-Catholics alike with a sudden announcement that his government would cover all the costs of separate school education in the remaining grades. This policy was implemented between 1985 and 1987.
The education system is organized into elementary and secondary levels. In general, elementary schools provide programs for children from junior kindergarten to grade 8. As of September 1994, all school boards were required to make junior and senior kindergarten programs available. In 2010, the government introduced a program to provide full-day kindergarten across the province. The program is being implemented in phases, and its expected completion date is September 2014. Secondary schools serve students enrolled in grades 9 to 12. In 2011–12, there were over 1.3 million students enrolled in elementary schools in Ontario, and nearly 700,000 enrolled in secondary school.
Private schools are permitted to operate in accordance with the Education Act but do not receive any funding. Parents may also obtain permission from their local school board to educate their school-age children at home.
Although French-language schools existed in eastern and northern Ontario long before 1968, boards since then have been able to set up French schools "when numbers warrant" (see separate school). The interpretation of this phrase has caused much dispute in certain parts of the province, Penetanguishene being a notable example.
In 1984 the Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that every francophone (and anglophone) student in the province has a right to education in his or her mother tongue. Linguistic minorities, the court also made clear, must be guaranteed representation on school boards and a say in minority-language instruction. The government immediately moved to comply with the court's ruling, which was based upon the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
The post-secondary system expanded greatly during the 1960s, at a time when politicians held education in high regard as a motivator of economic growth. Today, there are 20 Universities and 24 colleges of applied arts and technology in the province.
Cultural Life
Aboriginal groups in present-day Ontario have complex cultures with long histories. Despite challenges, Aboriginal communities in Ontario have growing arts and culture scenes, and the province has numerous Aboriginal arts organizations. Later settlers brought their own cultural heritage with them, derived from European models. The artistic forms of the mid-19th century, embodied in contemporary handicrafts, still enjoy a considerable popularity and sale with tourists. Artistic and cultural endeavour is encouraged through a variety of government subsidy programs, some federal and some provincial, such as the Ontario Arts Council (founded 1963), an independent government agency that gives grants to individuals and organizations.
There are symphony orchestras in Toronto (the Toronto Symphony Orchestra), Ottawa, Hamilton and Kitchener-Waterloo. A major Shakespearean festival called the Stratford Festival was founded in 1953 and is held each year in Stratford. Niagara-on-the-Lake's annual Shaw Festival produces plays by Bernard Shaw or those from or about the era in which he lived. The Art Gallery of Ontario, one of the largest art museums in North America, and the Royal Ontario Museum, created in 1912, are both located in Toronto. Each fall Toronto hosts the Toronto International Film Festival, which in 2012 showed 372 films from 72 countries and attracted over 400,000 people.
Toronto is home to three of the country's major newspapers—The Toronto Star, The Globe and Mail and The National Post. Toronto is also home to the majority of Canada's large magazines, including Maclean's, Chatelaine and Canadian Business, all owned by Rogers Media, and Canadian Living Magazine. The city is also the headquarters of the larger national publishing firms, such as McClelland & Stewart and the University of Toronto Press.
The main English-language facilities of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and the private networks CTV and Global are also in Toronto. There are three French-language TV stations in Ontario, plus numerous repeater stations and radio stations, not to mention stations broadcasting in a variety of other languages. TVOntario, a public station, broadcasts in both official languages, and the TFO television station offers educational French language programming.
Historic Sites
Ontario has long enjoyed a vigorous historic site program. Provincial legislation makes possible the designation of heritage buildings, and while not an absolute protection, this has made possible the preservation of various historic buildings throughout the province.
The mid-17th-century Jesuit missions to the Hurons were among the first historic sites opened to the public. Having supported research in the area since 1890, the Ontario government undertook the reconstruction of Ste Marie Among the Hurons near Midland in 1964, and opened it to the public three years later. Picturesque forts, the legacy of a long period of tension along the American-Canadian border dating from the beginning of the American Revolution, dot the southern reaches of the province. At Kingston, Fort Henry, whose stone walls were originally completed in the 1830s, is perhaps the best known, but Fort George and Fort Erie on the Niagara Historic Frontier, Fort Wellington (Prescott), Fort York (Toronto) and Fort Malden (Amhertsburg) have also been restored to their appearance at the time of the international crises and conflicts that marked the first part of the 19th century.
The life of the province's pioneers is depicted in reconstructed town sites, including Upper Canada Village near Morrisburg and Black Creek Pioneer Village in northwest Toronto. In 1973 the Ontario government began to rebuild Fort William (at Thunder Bay), a fur trading post established by the North West Company in 1803. Boating enthusiasts enjoy two 19th-century canals – the Rideau Canal, built from 1826–32 by the Royal Engineers for the movement of troops and military supplies, and the Trent, which dates back to 1833.
Suggested Reading
C. Armstrong, The Politics of Federalism (1982); Peter A. Baskerville, Sites of Power: A Concise History of Ontario (2005); Robert Bothwell, A Short History of Ontario (1986); G.P. de T. Glazebrook, Life in Ontario: A Social History (1975); D.C. MacDonald, ed., Government and Politics of Ontario (rev. ed. 1980); H.V. Nelles, The Politics of Development (1974); Edward S. Rogers and Donald B. Smith, eds., Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations (1994); F.F. Schindeler, Responsible Government in Ontario (1973); J. Schull, Ontario Since 1867; Ed Whitcomb, A Short History of Ontario (2007); J.D. Wood, ed., Perspectives on Landscape and Settlement in Nineteenth Century Ontario (1975).
Links to other sites
Government of OntarioThe official website of the Government of Ontario. A good resource for information about Ontario's history, economy, geography, and much more.
Ontario Archaeological SocietyThe Ontario Archaeological Society is a provincial organization concerned with recording and preserving Ontario's non-renewable cultural heritage. Their website offers an archaeological history of Ontario.
Archives of OntarioThe collections held by the Archives of Ontario are a rich resource for the study of the history of Ontario and its people. Check out the historic photographs, paintings, documents, patriotic posters, personal letters, audio files, and other online features.
Elections OntarioThe website for Elections Ontario, a non-partisan Agency of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Responsible for conducting general provincial elections and by-elections. See their helpful glossary of terms related to the electoral process.


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The annual Enys 10K road run, organised by the Rotary Club of Penryn will take place on Sunday.
The event starts from the main gate of Enys at 11am on Sunday and pre-race entries have been coming in and while people can register on the day there will only be a limited number of places which will be awarded on a first come, first served basis.
To register in advance collect an entry form from one of the many local businesses around Penryn that have them, or visit www.penryn.rotary1290.org for a copy.
Race director, Terry Chapman, said: "Although the forecast says things are about to change, after this bright period with drying winds, conditions underfoot right now are just about perfect. Hedgerows along the race route through Mylor Downs are looking great and we've got a grand finish near Enys house.
"The café on the estate will be open with the grounds also open to paying visitors after the race. We continue to be very grateful to the trustees for our use of the estate, and for the support of our main sponsors, Heather and Lay, and Andyloos. We're also very grateful to Kimberley's for stepping in at the last minute with support for the goody-bags to be given to each finisher.
"Last year the event raised over £1,200 for a mix of local and national charities. This year we still plan to support Cornwall Hospice Care and the Rotary campaign to End Polio Now, but because of circumstances beyond our control, we may have to change our third nomination. Supporters and contestants can however be assured that if we do, we'll pick another worthy local cause."