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Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
A hypercomplex cell (currently called an end-stopped cell) is a type of visual processing neuron in the mammalian cerebral cortex. Initially discovered by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel in 1965, hypercomplex cells are defined by the property of end-stopping, which is a decrease in firing strength with increasingly larger stimuli. The sensitivity to stimulus length is accompanied by selectivity for the specific orientation, motion, and direction of stimuli. For example, a hypercomplex cell may only respond to a line at 45˚ that travels upward. Elongating the line would result in a proportionately weaker response. Ultimately, hypercomplex cells can provide a means for the brain to visually perceive corners and curves in the environment by identifying the ends of a given stimulus .[1]Hypercomplex cells were originally characterized as the superordinate class of visual processing cells above complex and simple cells. Whereas complex cells were sensitive to moving stimuli of specific orientations that travel in a specific direction, simple cells only responded to properly oriented linear stimuli. Neither simple nor complex cells were believed to display end-stopping. Likewise, end-stopping was believed to be restricted to higher order visual areas (Brodmann area 18 and Brodmann area 19), but was later discovered to also exist in the primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17). By 1968, Geoffrey Henry and Bogdan Dreher discovered simple and complex cells with end-stopping properties. Subsequently, hypercomplex cells were no longer recognized as a distinct class but rather a subtype of simple and complex cells. Currently, simple end-stopped and complex end-stopped cells are the terms of choice to describe neurons with end-stopping properties.[1]
Knowledge of cortical function was relatively limited by the 1950s. However, towards the end of the decade, the platform for understanding the cortex was being laid out. Investigations into the localization of function as well as the advent of single-cell recordings of neurons fostered greater insights into the processing of information from sensation to perception. With reference to vision, Stephen Kuffler discovered areas of the retina, termed receptive fields, that upon stimulation, would influence the firing of ganglion cells.[2] These fields comprised two concentric layers, one excitatory and the other inhibitory. One type of receptive field was described as on-centre, containing an excitatory centre and an inhibitory surround, while the other type was termed off-centre, containing an inhibitory centre and an excitatory surround. Similar receptive fields were discovered in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).[2]
Two doctoral students in Kuffler's lab at Johns Hopkins University, David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel, were tasked with extending his work from retinal ganglion cells to the visual cortex. Hubel and Wiesel began recording cells in the cortex while presenting spots of light as stimuli. To start, the two had failed to produce any promising recordings, as the cells would not respond to the given stimuli. However, while inserting the glass slide into the projector, a strong signal was immediately elicited. Serendipitously, Hubel and Wiesel had discovered that the cell was not responding to spots but to edges, namely the slide's shadow as it was placed into the projector.[2][3]
Hubel and Wiesel would later call this cell a complex cell, incorporating it into a hierarchy of subsequently discovered visual processing cells, which included the centre-surround, simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells (distinguishable by receptive fields) [4]
|Cell Type
|orientation, position
|Brodmann area 17
|orientation, motion, direction
|Brodmann area 17 and 18
|orientation, motion, direction, length
|Brodmann areas 18 and 19
Simple CellsEditFollowing their initial finding, Hubel and Wiesel discovered the presence of a variety of visual processing cells, each with unique receptive field properties. At the lowest and simplest level of the hierarchy are the aforementioned centre-surround cells of the retinal ganglion and LGN. Next, within the visual cortex, are simple cells.[4] Simple cells exist within the primary visual cortex (Brodmann Area 17). These cells are found specifically in layer IV, at which most outgoing projections from the LGN terminate.[4] The receptive fields of simple cells are non-concentric and linear, in which excitatory and inhibitory regions exist adjacent to one another. Thus, a response is elicited by stationary linear stimuli. Furthermore, the regions exhibit mutual cancellation (antagonism) and produce stronger responses as the stimuli fill more space (spatial summation). A discerning feature of simple cells is that their responses display orientation and positional selectivity. This means that a simple cell fires at an optimal orientation. Elicited responses get progressively weaker as a stimulus's orientation shifts sub-optimally and ceases to fire when at 90˚ from the optimal orientation. Positional selectivity simply refers to the cell's receptiveness to the position of the stimulus within part or all of the excitatory/inhibitory regions. Accordingly, simple cell receptive fields exist in a variety of different geometries and sizes for all possible orientation and positions in the visual field. It is presumed that multiple concentric LGN receptive fields converge in a line to develop a single simple receptive field.[4][5]
Complex CellsEdit
Beyond simple cells are complex cells, which are the most common type in the primary visual cortex (but are also found in Brodmann area 18). Akin to simple cells, complex cell receptive fields are orientation selective. However, unlike simple cells, complex cells do not respond to stationary stimuli. To produce a sustained response, the stimulus must be moving across the receptive field. The motion selectivity of complex cells means that a response is elicited over a vast range of stimulus positions. A substantial number of complex cells also display directional selectivity, such that movement in only one direction produces an optimal response. The cortical architecture of complex cells consists of converging adjacent simple cells with receptive fields that display the same orientation selectivity. To account for the motion selectivity of complex cells, Hubel and Wiesel postulated that the system of simple cells only elicits a brief response to stationary stimuli (i.e. the response adapts). Accordingly, successive stimulations that proceed across the complex receptive field are required to elicit a sustained response; thereby, producing motion selectivity.[4]
Although the above definitions, established by Hubel and Wiesel, are the most widely accepted, some of their contemporaries had initially distinguished the classes along different criteria. In sum, Hubel and Wiesel identified simple cells by discernibly separate excitatory and inhibitory regions that responded to stationary stimuli. Contrastingly, Peter Bishop used other criteria and included moving stimuli within the definition of simple cells.[1]
In addition to Hubel and Wiesel's wiring schemes, multiple alternative and complementary architectures have been put forth to explain the receptive fields of simple and complex cells:
- Otto Creutzfeldt amended the circuitry architecture by noting that synaptic excitation may be required to overcome a direct inhibitory input by adjacent neurons.[6]
- Colin Blakemore based his explanation on visual tilt effects. He postulated that a neuron's orientation selectivity should be sharpened when receiving inhibitory input from cell's whose optimal orientation is different.[4]
Hypercomplex CellsEdit
By 1965, the next cell type in Hubel and Wiesel's hierarchy of visual processing, the hypercomplex cell, was found within Brodmann areas 18 and 19. Upon discovery, hypercomplex cells were defined as, "all cells that exceed complex cells in intricacy of behavior."[7] Hypercomplex cells displayed selectivity akin to complex cells, responding to moving a stimulus of a specific orientation in a specific direction.
Furthermore, much like the subordinate processing cells, increasing illumination in a particular region elicited stronger responses (i.e. spatial summation). However, this summation was confined to stimuli of a limited size. Extending beyond a specific length, the response would become progressively weaker. This phenomenon is termed end-stopping, and it is the defining property of hypercomplex cells. Hubel and Wiesel characterize these receptive fields as containing activating and antagonistic regions (similar to excitatory/inhibitory regions). For example, the left half of a receptive field can be the activating region, while the antagonistic region lies on the right. Accordingly, the hypercomplex cell will respond, with spatial summation, to stimuli on the left side (within the activating region) insofar as it does not extend further into the right side (antagonistic region). This receptive field would be described as stopped at one end (i.e. the right). Similarly, hypercomplex receptive fields can be stopped at both ends. In this case, a stimulus that extends too far in either direction (e.g. too far left or too far right) will begin to stimulate the antagonistic region and reduce the strength of the cell's signal.[7] Note that hypercomplex cells are also selective to orientation, motion, and direction. In fact, the activating region will have the same orientation selectivity as the antagonistic region. Thus, only a line that extends into the antagonistic region will decrease response strength, rather than another differently oriented line. One possible scheme for the wiring of hypercomplex cells could comprise excitatory input from a complex cell within the activating region and inhibitory input by complex cells in the outlying antagonistic regions.[4][8]
End-stopped CellsEdit
Shortly after Hubel and Wiesel included hypercomplexity into their version of the visual processing hierarchy, the notion of a class of hypercomplex cells was contended. In 1968, Geoffrey Henry and Bogdan Dreher discovered simple and complex cells in Brodmann area 17 that exhibited end-stopping properties.[9] Rather than characterizing end-stopping as exclusive to a superordinate class of neurons, it was more appropriate to ascribe it as a property of simple and complex cells.[2] Only a few years later, Charles Gilbert, a graduate student of Hubel and Wiesel, had confirmed end-stopping in the primary visual cortex.[10] Accordingly, the terms simple end-stopped and complex end-stopped were introduced in lieu of the hypercomplex cell. The hypercomplex cells described by Hubel and Wiesel earlier were likely a set of end-stopped complex cells.[11] In his Nobel Prize lecture, Hubel explained that the hierarchy of visual processing cells proved to be more complicated and amorphous than initially believed, noting that the topic began to resemble a "jungle".[2]
Visual PerceptionEdit
Ultimately, these cells contribute to mechanisms underlying visual perception. A simple end-stopped cell will display length selectivity as well as orientation selectivity. In terms of cortical architecture, it may receive input from ordinary simple cells of identical orientation.[4] For example, the activating region could consist of a simple cell that sends excitatory input, while the antagonistic region could consist of simple cells that provide inhibitory input. A complex end-stopped cell would select for orientation, motion, and direction, but also for length. It could receive input from a set of complex cells, in a similar fashion to the scheme previously mentioned. The activating region could consist of a complex cell that sends excitatory input and the antagonistic region could consist of complex cells that send inhibitory input.[4]
The optimal stimulus for any end-stopped cell is one of a limited length. This translates into a capacity to identify corners (for cells stopped at one end) and curves (for cells stopped at both ends).[4][12] Likewise, the cortex perceives visual scenes with an emphasis on the edges and borders of objects.[13] The visual processing cells in the cortex respond very poorly to diffuse light but optimally to lines. For instance, a simple cell will only weakly fire if it is entirely illuminated because both the excitatory and inhibitory regions will be stimulated.
If the object were a square, for example, then simple cells with receptive fields that corresponded to the inside of the square would not be stimulated. However, a simple cell with a receptive field that corresponded to the edge of the square would be stimulated as long as the edge lays within its excitatory region. Following suit, complex cells would respond weakly to the interior but strongly to an appropriate edge. Lastly, end-stopped cells would also be stimulated by the corners of the square. An end-stopped cell would not respond to an edge on the side of the square because the line would stimulate both the activating and antagonistic regions simultaneously. For instance, a cell stopped at the right end (i.e. antagonistic region on the right) would be stimulated by the right corner. Although perceiving a square involves much more than the contributions of simple and complex cells, this example illustrates that the edges and borders of a stimulus (without input from the interior) are sufficient to interpret its form. Thus, the mechanism of focusing on edges to translate activation into perception is an efficient use of neural resources.
Other Research AreasEdit
Although end-stopped cells are a phenomenon of the mammalian visual cortex, there have been discoveries of cells exhibiting end-stopping properties within a variety of other species. For example, the small-target motion detectors (STMDs) of many insects select for small moving targets but are inhibited or unresponsive to larger stimuli. STMDs are used to discern moving insects from surrounding clutter, and are thus vital for pursuit behaviours.[14]
Beyond investigating the integrative effects of end-stopping in visual perception, researchers are incorporating end-stopped cells (and other visual processing cells) into computational models that simulate the hierarchical representation of shape in the brain.[15][16]
Cognitive neuroscience is a field of study that investigates theoretical constructs in cognitive science using experimental neuroscience techniques. Specifically, cognitive neuroscientists elucidate the neural substrates of mental processes. One phenomenon studied by cognitive neuroscientists is change blindness, in which a change in a visual stimulus goes unnoticed. Recent research implicates areas in the occipital lobe as partially responsible for inefficient change detection.[17] The occipital lobe is the part of the brain responsible for visual processing in the cortex.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (2005). Brain and visual perception: the story of a 25-year collaboration. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hubel, D.H. (1981). Evolution of ideas on the primary visual cortex, 1995-1978: a biased historical account. Nobel Lecture. Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden.
- ↑ Goldstein, E.B. (2010). Sensation and Perception. Cengage Learning.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Hubel, D.H. (1995). Eye, brain, and vision. Henry Holt and Company.
- ↑ Kaas, J.H., & Collins, C.E. (2004). The primate visual system. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
- ↑ Creutzfeldt, O., & Sakmann, B. (1969). Neurophysiology of vision. Annul Reviews, 31, 499-544.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1965). Receptive fields and functional architecture in two nonstriate visual areas (18 and 19) of the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology, 28(2), 230-289.
- ↑ Dobbins, A., Zucker, S.W., & Cynader, M.S. (1987). Endstopped neurons in the visual cortex as a substrate for calculating curvature. Nature, 329, 438-441.
- ↑ Dreher, B. (1972). Hypercoplex cells in the cat's striate cortex. Investigative Ophthalmology, 355-356.
- ↑ Gilbert, C.D. (1977). Laminar differences in receptive field properties of cells in cat primary visual cortex. Journal of Physiology, 268, 391-421.
- ↑ Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. (1998). Early Exploration of the Visual Cortex. Neuron, 20, 401-412.
- ↑ Dobbins, A., Zucker, S.W., & Cynader, M.S. (1989). Endstopping and curvature. Vision Research, 29, 1371-1387.
- ↑ Yazdanbakhsh, A., & Livingstone, M.S. (2006). End stopping in V1 is sensitive to contrast. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 697-702.
- ↑ Nordstrom, K., & O'Carroll, D.C. (2009). Feature detection and the hypercomplex property in insects. Trends in Neurosciences, 32, 383-391.
- ↑ Rodriguez-Sanchez, A.J., & Tsotsos, J.K. (2012). The roles of endstopped and curvature tuned computations in a hierarchical representation of 2D shape. PloS One, 7, 1-13.
- ↑ Gilbert, C. (2007). Visual neuroscience: hypercomplex cells in the arthropod visual system. Current Biology, 17, 412-414.
- ↑ Alvaro, D., Pazo-Alvarez, P., Capilla, A., & Amenedo, E. (2012). Oscillatory brain activity in the time frequency domain associated to change blindness and change detection awareness. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 24(2). 337-350. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00073
Further readingEdit
- Landy, M.S., & Movshon, J.A. (1991). Computational models of visual processing. MIT Press.
- Orban, G. (2008). Higher order visual processing in macaque extrastriate cortex. Physiological Reviews, 88, 59-89.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).


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Boba carriers - review
Boba Wraps, suitable for premature babies up to 18 months & up to 20kg
The Boba Baby Wrap is the perfect wrap style carrier – with its unique fabric blend and the no-guesswork tying, the Boba Wrap is a great choice for beginners and advanced babywearers alike. For more information, visit http://bobafamily.com.au/aboutboba/bobawrap.
Boba Carrier 3G, suitable for babies from 3kg up to toddlers of 20kg
This carrier incorporates the Boba Baby Carrier design that so many have come to know and love, and now includes more than a dozen new and updated features, making this truly a one of a kind baby carrier! For more information, visit http://bobafamily.com.au/aboutboba/bobacarrier3g.
Boba Air carriers suitable for babies weighing 7kg up to toddlers of 20kg
The brand new Boba Air is here! Hailed as The World's Lightest Carrier, this carrier's revolutionary design makes it like no other. For more information, visit http://bobafamily.com.au/aboutboba/bobaair.
Were you one of our lucky winners who received a Boba product to review? Let us know what you thought of it below!

subset: commoncrawl


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According to the USDA's latest World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) report, projected 2012/13 U.S. corn ending stocks are unchanged this month as an increase in imports and lower exports support higher expected feed and residual disappearance.
Corn imports are raised 25 million bushels reflecting the strong pace of shipments reported through January. Corn exports are lowered 75 million bushels based on the slow pace of sales and shipments to date and stronger expected competition from South American corn and from competitively priced feed quality wheat.
Feed and residual disappearance for corn is raised an offsetting 100 million bushels with continued expansion in poultry production and a 10-million-bushel reduction in projected sorghum feed and residual use. Sorghum exports are projected 10 million bushels higher based on the strong pace of sales and shipments. Smaller trade changes are projected for barley and oats based on shipments to date.
The projected season-average farm prices for corn and sorghum are each lowered 20 cents on the high end of the range to $6.75 to $7.45 per bushel and $6.70 to $7.40 per bushel, respectively. The projected farm price ranges for barley and oats are narrowed 10 cents on each end to $6.25 to $6.55 per bushel and $3.70 to $3.90 per bushel, respectively.
Global coarse grain supplies for 2012/13 are projected 1.0 million tons lower with a 0.8- million-ton decrease in production. Corn production is lowered 0.5 million tons for Argentina reflecting extended dryness in February that reduced yield prospects, particularly for late-planted corn. South Africa corn production is reduced 0.5 million tons as dryness and heat reduce yield prospects in the west ern areas of the maize belt.
Sorghum production is lowered 0.5 million tons for Aust ralia as excessively high temperatures have reduced harvested area as indicated by t he latest government estimates and yield prospects as confirmed by satellite imagery.
India corn production is raised 0.4 million tons as planting progress reports for the winter crop i ndicate a year-to-year increase in area. Global coarse grain exports for 2012/13 are lo wered this month mostly reflecting the projected reduction in U.S. corn exports.
World corn feed and residual use is raised with higher expected use in the United States. Corn feed use is also raised for India and Malaysia. Corn imports and feeding are lowered for South Korea with higher expected imports of feed quality wheat and increased w heat feeding. Sorghum imports and feeding are raised for Mexico with the increase in U.S. sorghum exports. Global coarse grain ending stocks decline 0.6 million tons with small reductions in corn stocks for Brazil, Malaysia, Argentina, and India.
The USDA also noted that the potential impacts of U.S. budget cuts are not reflected in the report.


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A HEAVY metal devotee and popular DJ who never missed an opportunity to sneak a bit of 'Screamo' into his gigs will be honoured on the first anniversary of his death at two club nights in the town.
Tom "Himself" Humber died on June 14 last year at the age of 32, after suffering a heart attack.
His friends and fellow DJs will remember the 'quietly passionate' man at a pair of shows tomorrow and on Thursday featuring some of his favourite bands and metal classics.
The gigs will act as fundraisers to cover the cost of a headstone for Tom, of Wichelstowe, whose father died before he could order one for his son.
DJ Darren Whiting, with whom Tom collaborated at the former Furnace Club, was heavily involved in organising the tribute nights and will be performing.
"Tom was very much loved by a lot of people," said the 41-year-old known as DJ Dust.
"He loved his metal music and hard core, heavy stuff, but he was also incredibly diverse and open to electronica music. We had a collaborative partnership and it culminated in some club nights at the Furnace, Nightshift nights.
"He was a genuinely nice bloke and he never had a bad word to say about people. All his friends and a few local bands have all come together to put on two events to raise money for a headstone for him. I believe the target is £500. If we raise more we will keep the money and give it to charity."
Tom started his radio career with Swindon 105.5 in 2008, just a few months after its inception. There, he learned the tricks of the trade and was trained by founder Shirley Ludford herself before heading the Late Shift Rock Show.
He remained at the station for three years before leaving to pursue web broadcasting and DJing.
Shirley said: "It was extremely sad to learn he had died. Just the day before a volunteer had seen him in Old Town.
"He was quietly passionate. He kept his personal life to himself and he had had to deal with various issues in his life. But he had a very cheeky sense of humour.
"He was into Screamo, which is when you hold a microphone as close to your mouth as you can and scream. We used to have discussions about having Screamo in our programme but he would sneak in the occasional one and hope I was not listening. He was a character."
Saturday's show will be held at Level 3 and feature Dodging The Bullet, Eye For An Eye, In The Absence Of Light followed by a special Nightshift club night.
Thursday's gig at The Vic will feature The Absence Of Light, Eye For An Eye and a Nightshift club tribute.
- For full details or to make a donation, go to www.facebook .com/nightshiftclub


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THE first food and beer extravaganza on the riverside meadows of Upton looks set to be a festival with a difference.
Upton Food and Beer Festival should have something for everyone with all sorts of tasty offerings sitting alongside some of the finest tipples and a packed programme of entertainment from Friday to Sunday, June 27-29.
Expect food demonstrations by top local chefs, talks and tasting sessions by industry experts, 100 stands showcasing artisan producers from the Three Counties hot food stalls serving world foods.
Food writer and restaurant critic, Charles Campion, who will be opening the event, said: ''In the Three Counties we have some of Britain's finest small food producers and that is something to celebrate.
"We also have notable brewers and cider/perry makers. FAB is a great opportunity to sample some of those unfamiliar local brews, add in grub from the food trucks and stalls and the music programme and you have all the ingredients for a day, and a night, to remember.''
Other notable foodies making appearances include wild and foraged food expert Mark Lloyd, who was formerly Head Chef from Hugh Fearnley Whittingstall's River Cottage, the Cotswold Chef Rob Rees and the Great British Bake Off contestant Ali Imdad.
The beer, cider and perry festival will have 100 traditional cask ales and craft beers on offer in addition to a broad range of ciders and perries.
International beer judge and beer expert, Melissa Cole, will be giving beer tasting master classes and there will be a range of talks and tasting sessions as well as knowledgeable staff on hand to tell you the story behind your pint.
The fun doesn't end when your hunger and thirst are satisfied because a broad entertainment programme, with popular pop act Dodgy headlining the music stage on the Saturday.
They will play familiar hits like Staying Out For the Summer and Good Enough alongside tracks from their forthcoming album which is due for release in August.
On the Friday night, the headline slot will be filled by the Roving Crows, who are based in Ledbury, and their award-winning folk fusion sound that includes country and Celtic influences.
Find traditional family entertainment on the Village Green in addition to a tug of war contest, WI bake off competitions and a chilli-eating contest.
Day tickets are £10 (concessions £5) and weekend passes are £20. Under 14s go free.
For more information and tickets, go to uptonfoodandbeerfestival.co.uk


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The Baltimore County Police Department is investigating the destruction of property of a speed camera in Precinct 6/Towson.
On April 19, between the hours of 8:30-9:00 a.m., a citizen was walking his dog in the area of Thornton and Landrake Roads. While walking pass the area, he observed that the speed camera and lenses at the location had been sprayed over with white paint. Police were notified and responded to investigate.
The suspect and actual time of occurrence are unknown at this time. The Baltimore County Police Department is asking anyone with information about this crime to call (410) 307-2020. Citizens may qualify for a Metro Crime Stoppers (1-866-7LOCKUP) reward up to $2,000.00, if they provide suspect information that leads to an arrest and conviction in this case.
No additional details are available at this time.


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A DENTIST who mowed down and killed a pedestrian in Pendle while texting on her phone has escaped a jail sentence.
Divorced mother-of-one Kay Nolan, 45, wrote the text – a reply to an employee about a day off – in a lay-by but then pulled out on to a busy A-road and hit her victim seconds after pressing 'send'. It was a 'momentary' error with tragic consequences, Preston Crown Court heard.
Nolan, who was travelling at 50mph, hit the brake in her Honda Jazz and swerved but struck Stuart Mather, 60, who had been crossing the A6068 in Higham, close to his home, while walking his dog.
Mr Mather was thrown into the air and landed in the carriageway where he was run over by a second car.
Nolan herself desperately gave mouth-to-mouth resuscitation before her victim was airlifted to the Royal Blackburn Hospital. Mr Mather was pronounced dead on arrival. The dog also died.
Nolan was on her way home to Thornton-in-Craven, near Skipton, from her practice in Padiham, on June 6, last year.
Earlier in court, Bob Elias, prosecuting, said Nolan had stopped in the lay-by on the busy by-pass to answer a text from an employee about a day off. But after writing the words, she set off before pressing 'send'.
She also deleted two text messages shortly after the crash and refused to answer questions about her use of her phone when later questioned by police.
She sobbed as she stood in the dock awaiting sentence after admitting causing death by careless driving at an earlier hearing.
Nolan, who had never had a point on her driving licence before, now suffers from a post-traumatic stress disorder and is having counselling, her lawyer told the court.
Mr Justice Singh said he could spare the defendant jail mainly on the basis that if she went into custody there was no-one to care for her elderly mother and her 12-year-old daughter.
He gave Nolan a 40-week jail sentence, suspended for 12 months.
She must also do 150 hours community service, go on a victim awareness course and keep a 7am to 7pm curfew.
Outside court, Alex Mather, the victim's son, said: "I think, based on the information provided to the judge, he ended up with what was an acceptable judgment.
"But I don't think it is ever going to be enough.
"All too often in this day and age people are too interested in their mobile phones. But you can wait or pull over. Just think about what you are doing, think about the consequences."


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So I caught my first episode of Food(ography) with Mo Rocca which was shamelessly dedicated to one of my favorite year-round pastimes…
After a brief but loving tribute to Fudgie the Whale…
I found myself hypnotized by the screen, not unlike an ice cream deer in headlights. Actually, the inquisitive cake in question was the one throwing all the hard looks.
If you missed it, Mo gave a rundown on I Scream Cakes, a cake shop that's been known to err on the side of eclectic. Owner, Kerry Soraci is all about tattoos, the power of food, and ice cream cakes that you won't find at Coldstone.
To wit… The Elvis Has NOT Left The Building Cake
Or the great with unfiltered sake Sushi Roll Cake
If you can't wait for a Soraci special, maybe indulge with Kitchen Goddess, Nigella Lawson?
Check out her Chocolate and Butterscotch Decadence…
Cooking Channel Links:
Mo Rocca
I Scream Ice Cream Cakes
If you had a whole ice cream cake in your lap right now, what would it be?


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WIDNES rugby league fans stormed onto a the field at Leigh Sports Village before ripping off the Castleford mascot's head and kicking it around the pitch.
A number of Widnes Vikings supporters invaded the pitch immediately after they were beaten 28-6 by Castleford Tigers in the Challenge Cup semi-final yesterday.
Violence broke out as police and stewards attempted to restore order, and many pictures of the trouble have emerged via social media, including one of the head being removed from one of Castleford's tiger mascots and kicked away.
Now an appeal for information has received an "overwhelming" response, Widnes bosses say.
A statement released by the RFL and Leigh Sports Village reads: "The RFL will await reports from the stadium, the police and the two clubs before deciding what action to take.
"The behaviour of the vast majority of fans was exemplary and the incident was not what is expected from rugby league supporters.
"This should not detract from two very successful semi-finals."
The RFL's chief executive, Nigel Wood, said: "The sport has every right to be disappointed with the behaviour of a minority of Widnes fans.
"We will work with the clubs to identify any supporters who encroached onto the pitch. There is no place for such behaviour in rugby league."
Widnes have asked supporters to report what they had seen via a special email address, firstname.lastname@example.com.
The chief executive of the Vikings, James Rule, said in a statement on the Widnes website: "It's evident from the overnight response that our genuine supporters are as disappointed and frustrated by the scenes as everybody is within the club.
"We've had an overwhelming response and the information we have received will be invaluable in conducting a thorough investigation."
The Widnes Vikings issued an apology earlier today to the sport of rugby league, the BBC and the partners of the Challenge Cup, Tetley's, for the "disgraceful scenes".
Scenes. Widnes fans mark their team's defeat to Castleford yesterday by robbing the head of the opposition's mascot pic.twitter.com/tmHmAt13O1— Barry E Crossan (@BarryECrossan) August 11, 2014
A Greater Manchester Police spokesman said: "At the end of the Castleford Tigers v Widnes Vikings Challenge Cup semi-final at Leigh Sports Village, a minority of fans from the Widnes section invaded the pitch.
"Supporting stewards, officers from GMP ensured the supporters left the pitch and made their way out of the stadium.
"Minor damage was caused to seating in the stadium, pitchside billboards and other signage.
"One woman suffered a twisted ankle but there were no serious injuries and no arrests were made."


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Lawrence the Cable Gent
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
|Date of birth:
|February 17, 1933
|Place of birth:
|Barrington-Fordshire, Wales
|Poor People
Lawrence the Cable-Gent, (born 1933 in Barrington-Fordshire, Wales as Lawrence Funis Compleus Windsor IV) was the Duke of Barrington and fifth in line to the English throne. After a stint in the House of Lords, Lawrence chose to resign his lordship and become a stand up comedian.
edit Early Lyfe and Edumacation
Lawrence was born in the tumultuous 1930's to Lawrence Funis Compleus Windsor V and Marie Chamberlain. He was educated at the English Jesuit Academy at Dover from first to twelfth grade and studied for 6 years at Oxford to receive a Masters in Philosophy and a minor in political sciences. For the duration of his learning career, Lawrence was educated alongside Geoffrey Focks Worthington III and Ronald Edmund White IV, who would eventually join his comedy tour.
edit The House of Lords
Lawrence spent a brief time within the House of Lords as a highly conservative, ultra partisan Lord Temporal. His main political views were to keep in check the lower class, and to limit the actions of the House of Commons. His foreign policy was generally anti-american, and as a result he surprisingly was among the most outspoken anti-Blair members of Parliament. His famous line was actually first used in an address to Parliament.
|Let us begin, so as to get this task completed, finished, done, in effect.
After years of criticism and his general disdain for the political theater, Lawrence resigned from the House of Lords to start a comedy tour with his friends.
edit The Gladstone Collar Comedy Tour
After resigning from the House of Lords, Lawrence and his friends Geoffry Focks Worthington and Ronald Edmund White began their hit comedy tour which took Britain by storm. Many of their famous jokes and one liners included:
- You know you're an aristocratic prick when...
- Larson's phrase "Get this task completed," Americanized into "Git -r- done"
- Another one of Lawrence's phrases, "Dear Benevolent Almighty Omnipotent Lord, I do to thee apologize most sincerely and repentantly."
- Ronald E. White's nickname, "Irish Potato Gratin Salad"
- Ronald E. White's famous one-liner, "One cannot redeem stupidity"
- as well as many others.
The success of the Gladstone Collar Comedy Tour has led to many a spin-off and straight to DVD movie. Including the much acclaimed BBC performances and so-on.
edit Other Appearances
Lawrence has made appearances and even starred in a movie of his own as of recently.
- The British movie Automobiles Lawrence played a Bentley, aptly named Lord Winston Chamberlain-Hughes, satirizing the very class he defended in the House of Lords.
- Lawrence starred in his very own feature film: Lawrence the Cable-Gent, Chimney sweep as of recently. When Lawrence grows tired of his humdrum life as an accountant to become a Chimney Sweep, hilarity ensues. Lawrence gets one of the worst partners even thinkable and just doesn't know what to do, and he is disgruntled when his chimney sweeping leaves him a little bit, dark. Then Lawrence discovers Elsa, the top Chimney Sweep in all London and in an attempt to impress her challenges her to an all-out sweep off! Lawrence the Cable-Gent, Chimney Sweep is a fun filled comedy for the whole family.
edit See Also
- Han Solo
- Larry the Cable Guy
Cabal, nevermind, there is none.
- Geoffrey F. Worthington
- America
- England


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ricyoung says: "There has always been something sexy about just simple white panties and model. I know this set shows that off. "
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When reading weather it be a blog newspaper or any other type of content,
Do you prefer just getting straight to the facts? Are you an information person
Do you prefer a more personal approach where you feel like you are getting to know the writer.
Just gimme the facts, ma'am, the facts, and cut the small talk. :shifty:
PS: welcome to the forums.
I like to read a mix – it's great to have articles that are just the unbiased facts, but at the same time it's also useful (particularly around sensitive issues) to know what the "opposition" are thinking, so sometimes it's also useful to have articles from that particular viewpoint. My only worry when I'm presented with an article that appears to be factual is whether it actually is. Sometimes it's obvious that an article has a particular editorial slant, and then you know to compensate for it. But if it's a site that you are less familiar with, it may not be obvious where on the spectrum it falls.
This is so true of many newspapers, which is why I never read them. I gave up newspapers around the mid-nineties and have never missed them.
<rant>It was so obvious they had an agenda with what they were writing. Sometimes they were writing about celebrities or public figures with such vitriol that the facts they were conveying were completely missed, and didn't even suit the story's stance.
You'd get vicious headlines, with accompanying photographs, designed to force an opinion upon the reader before the article had even been read. Then, once read, you'd wonder what the vitriol was about – unless of course you were the sort of person who was sucked in by it, and you'd form your opinions based on what The Sun, The Daily Mirror or the Daily Mail wanted you to think.</rant>
Unfortunately, it isn't just the print media that is like what you describe. Last night on "The Daily Show", John Stewart had a segment on the downfall of CNN, which used to call itself "The most trusted name in news." Now they are full of op-eds and segments that have little to do with news at all. To wit:
"Rockstar", "Street Talk" (which has little to do with the man on the street), "Your fifteen minutes are over".
Anyway the segment was hilarious but the humor was on the dark side, showing the public how far away from news reporting news media has grown.
I agree with your observation, but I wonder if I could amplify.
The fact is that newspapers (at least, the more sensational of them, which these days means nearly all of them) thrive on controversy. Where no controversy exists, they invent one. But they don't do that to push their own point of view. Their only interest is in stirring things up in order to engage the reader.
So, if you see a headline like "Fury over plans to cut school crossing patrol", it's not because the journalist or editors don't want the patrol to be cut. They really don't give a cuss. Nor is it because there is some pressure group out their that is genuinely furious over the cuts. It simply that the newspaper knows that the best way to attract readers is to engage them emotionally, and one way to do that is to make them angry.
I'm a former journalist myself, and I know how these things work. I've worked with editors who won't accept a story unless you make it controversial, however non-controversial the subject matter. So you edit the article, peppering in words like "anger", "outright opposition", "record-breaking", "make or break", "extreme right/left wing", and so on.
Unfortunately, the same attitude is now spreading to other media, including broadcast news and many news-based websites. Getting "just the facts, ma'am" is sometimes exceedingly difficult.
I like to read pages and articles that are written in context with the design of the website, something that really reflects the character of the person writing the piece. It's hard to read facts all day but a view colorful adjectives really add a lot to an article.
Usually, I prefer to read the two. It's better if a news has balance in all parts. One is facts. Facts are important and it's what makes a news so credible and worth-reading. The more facts that is presented means there's more "truth" in the news, right? On the other hand, a news must also be filled with bits of entertainment. The news can easily connect with the readers should the writer adds a bit of personal experiences. This technique can either add something special to the news or destroys its overall feel should it's done excessively.
I like both, need facts to believe information and then it is quite well if author gives his personal opinions and experience.
I think you have to tell a story, if you have a good story you have a good article, getting to know interesting details about someone is more intriguing than just a bland breakdown of facts. The idea is to keep the readers attention. If you can get them emotionally involved you've done your part.
I would definitely prefer articles which emphasis on providing facts. It should be short, sweet and to the point. All we need is the facts. no one has time to go through a descriptive article.
I would prefer to read the facts but at the same time it is better if a news has balance in all parts.
It really depends what I'm reading, if it's a book about html5 API, or something like that, then I would much rather have a personal touch to the content, otherwise it reads like a manual and no one wants to read a 200 page manual. On the other hand if I am browsing through the morning newspaper I usually just want to know the facts and skip "getting to know the author".
This may have something to do with how how long the content is. If you are in it for the long haul (a book) then you want to get to know the driver (the author). If you a just browsing through quickly then you don't care too much about the author because you have no emotional attachment.
It's a hard line to walk. I love to hear first hand experiences, but I don't like "fanboy" writing which completely disregards opposing viewpoints or spreads unsubstantiated rumors.
That reminds me of how I used to write stuff about my favorite singers back when I was in high school. As time went by, I kinda figured that I have to let that biased kind of writing go and start using a style that would enable people to share their own views instead of forcing them to go along with me and "fanboy" all day.
If its just a normal day and a daily weather report , i prefer facts only. But incase there has been a rainy day, or a storm came or alike, something unusual then i prefer details ofcourse:)
I want to get a feel for the writer.
I don't read major newspapers anymore. I just go to my favorite internet hangouts that are really active and get second hand news from them. It's far more interesting than boring facts without pictures.
Ok, so let's say I go to Yahoo! I see a headline about the country I live in and click on it. Oh boy, how exciting, a dispute over the Spratley Islands.
To get that personal dash of flavor, I just scroll right down to read the angry testosterone filled comments. Hmmmm, I just avoid sites like Yahoo! news.


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Dec 03, 2011
SAVANNAH, Ga. – The Saint Leo men's and women's swim teams concluded the three day SCAD Invitational finishing sixth and seventh, respectively. The men finished with 252 points, while the women collected 96. Nine teams competed in this year's invite, with Wingate University taking the top slot in both men's and women's competition.
The Lions have a lengthy break, which will allow them to ramp up for the second half of their season, and will return to action on January 3, when they will take part in the OB invitational in Key West, Fla. For the latest news, updates, and information on the Saint Leo men's and women's swim teams, visit SaintLeoLions.com.


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Agoramania Soap Box
Get the Latest Legislative Information
by Perry.
I recently came upon a link within the Library of Congress website known as "Thomas", in honor of Thomas Jefferson. On this site, you can get the latest information on bills, resolutions, the congressional record, and many other government resources. You can also check on what is happening on the house floor right now as well as what happened yesterday in Congress. We, Americans, often don't show as much interest in our government's activity as we should. This is a great way to catch up: http://thomas.loc.gov
Posted at 03:49PM Nov 02, 2007 by Administrator User in Politics | Comments[0]


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The Timbertrolls burst onto the scene last year and I couldn't be happier! They do some tremendous work. Their latest video is a nice preview of the 2013 squad. Two particular highlights from this piece:
- Excellent use of the movie 'White Men Can't Jump'
- A cameo appearance from Ivan Drago never disappoints
Here are two things I hope to never see again that were included in the video though:
- Kevin Love "raising the roof" coming back down the court
- Those cursed Muskies uniforms – please, if we are going to wear throwback uniforms this season, please use the ones from 1989
The Timbertrolls need a new Anthony Tolliver though. Who is going to replace AT – only time will tell, but my vote goes to Alexey Shved. Keep up the good work Timbertrolls!


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Jason B. wrote:King 1k and a 2k Green brick make a great combo. Add a 400ish grit stone for repair work and you would have a good set. Not holding a consistent angle is simply lack of practice and proper guidance. Trying to fight for too perfect of a angle can make things worse though, we are human not machine so a bit of angle variation will always be there. Learning to work with it instead of against it will make angle control a afterthought instead of your first thought.
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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 27/8/2013 (1455 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
DEAR MISS LONELYHEARTS: My new steady girlfriend of four months can't get past chastising me for having a dog whose tail was docked "thereby condoning the butchering practice." I don't know why she is going on and on about this. There is nothing we can do to put the tail back. She is all about animal protection, but doesn't actually care to have any animals of her own, or even pet my dog, unless he butts his head up under her hand. When I was going to be away overnight on business recently, she was off work that week, so I asked if she could stop by and feed my dog, let him out to do his business in the yard and perhaps take him for a walk or two. She said it was "too much to ask." I sense a disconnect here, but I have been so involved with her sexually my mind has been kind of fuzzy. Tell me what is wrong with this picture, please. -- Lust-Blinded Pet Lover, St. Boniface
Dear Lust-Blinded: You and this woman are not a match, no matter how great the sex is. You need to get past this frantic lust and let this relationship fizzle. Why? She would not make a good wife/long-term partner. Though it may seem premature to think about that, it's a good way to decide if you want to invest energy in a relationship with a serious built-in problem. This woman is an issue-driven person where animals are concerned, but doesn't have an emotional attachment for them. Dogs are a touch-and-love pet that require work and attention. Perhaps your new interest could work with a fish tank, but a needy, fuzzy, sometimes messy, often hungry dog who needs to go for walks, take poops and have the mess picked up, is definitely not her thing. Allow that reality to slip into your lust-filled mind then think about purposefully looking for a woman who's warm and earthy and as likely to be out walking a pooch before work, as you are.
Dear Miss Lonelyhearts: I'm dead lonely in the city and thinking of moving back home, although where will I find someone single to love in a small town? I have a computer-based job where I can work from anywhere, so here is my dilemma: I could move to my first choice of a small town -- my hometown where I know everyone -- which is beautiful, but there are few, if any, single women there. Or, I could move to a bigger town I know, which is not as beautiful and means nothing to me, but might have a few single women around. Either way, I gotta move. I have a country soul. -- Country in my Soul, Winnipeg
Dear Country: Think "import" and start expecting greatness, instead of failure. There's no point moving to another place you don't really want to be. All this dating and mating project requires is diligence on the computer and willingness to jump into your vehicle and travel several nights a week. Quickly move to the place where you really want to live -- your hometown -- and get busy on that computer meeting every single country-loving woman you can find within 150 kilometres. How? Be vocal about your love of country living, citing examples of what you like to do to enjoy it. Meet country-loving women in their safe home territories at points of historical or geographical interest that you research online. It beats meeting them in their local restaurants with the townsfolk whispering. You can easily find tourist information at the Explore Manitoba Centre at The Forks and learn everything there is to know about all the little towns in Manitoba. Once your research is done and you're in the process of moving, get on three personals sites at once and post happy photos of you taken outside in the fresh country air. Invest six months on the project at full tilt and please get back with your dating progress.
Please send your questions or comments c/o firstname.lastname@example.com or mail letters to Miss Lonelyhearts c/o Winnipeg Free Press, 1355 Mountain Ave., Winnipeg R2X 3B6


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quote:Originally posted by irvineCan we get some templates posted? Never made a jersey before, or anything artistic really. lol.Irvine
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SAT opens its first regional marketing office in Africa
As a nation, we see the special and longstanding relationship between Nigeria and South Africa as pivotal towards building an Africa that is economically vibrant and resilient. – Minister of Tourism Marthinus van Schalkwyk
The minister was accompanied by Chief Edem Duke, Nigeria's Tourism, Culture and National Orientation Minister.
Van Schalkwyk told the West African travel trade that South African Tourism's new home in Lagos demonstrated and confirmed the resolve between South Africa and Nigeria to strengthen relations for the benefit of their respective populations and for the long-term gain of the African continent.
'Our presence here serves to confirm our support for increased economic co-operation between the southern Africa and western Africa regions. As a nation, we see the special and longstanding relationship between Nigeria and South Africa as pivotal towards building an Africa that is economically vibrant and resilient,' he said.
Van Schalkwyk added that the key to creating this vibrancy and resilience is to work together to develop tourism industries that have the potential to contribute meaningfully to GDPs and job creation on the continent.
'Tourism is certainly one such industry. Investing in our tourism network on the continent is not only indicative of our commitment to African co-operation, it also makes business sense,' he pointed out.
Growth in African arrivals has been the driver of growth in the continent's tourism industry, according to Van Schalkwyk, shielding it from the recent economic downturn. 'This growth in African arrivals is also what we believe is going to keep our continent's tourism industry on a sustainable growth path in future,' he said.
The Lagos office is to serve as a tourism hub from which SAT will look to grow its presence in West Africa. SAT has invested heavily in understanding the needs of the West African traveller to ensure their holiday experience is rewarding and memorable, enriched by new experiences.
In 2012, 73 282 Nigerian tourists visited South Africa, an increase of 13.8% on the 64 402 tourists who visited the country in 2011. This growth trajectory continued in 2013. Between January and September 2013, tourist arrivals from Nigeria grew by 16.1% to 62 513 arrivals when compared with the same period in 2012.
Tourist arrivals from Ghana have also achieved phenomenal growth, increasing by 23.8% in 2012 when South Africa welcomed 22 953 Ghanaian tourists. From January to September 2013, arrivals from Ghana grew by 21.8% to 20 351 arrivals when compared with the same period the previous year.
'It is our intention to continue to grow arrivals from the West African region to South Africa, and we are delighted to take our place here as part of the larger regional travel community. Global interest in visiting Africa is at an all-time high, and we plan to do our bit to convert this interest into increased arrivals across the continent,' concluded Van Schalkwyk.
South African Tourism has extended an invitation to the rest of Africa to showcase the continent by exhibiting together at the annual tourism INDABA in Durban, taking place from the 10 to 12 May 2013.


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His Revolutionary War Service as a private under his father and and subsequent application for widows pension by his surviving spouse, Prudence Hedrick.
Peter III's grandfather is my 5th great grandfather (Lt Col Peter Hedrick)
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Hi all,
Yesterday, we shipped Flash Player 11.6 / AIR 3.6. To see the new features in this release, check out the Flash Player and Adobe AIR feature list. You can also get a quick view into API updates from the ASR What's New page.
Also, and this is the point of my post, we've delivered some nice enhancements to the filter UI. Filtering is an important aspect of the ActionScript Reference, as it lets you customize your view to the products you're currently using. That said, developers found the filter UI non-intuitive and often found themselves searching for API elements that were hidden by filter settings. So, I'm thrilled to tell you about the updates in our new release:
- Re-designed Filter UI – A completely revamped design for Product/Runtime filters. The new design and color scheme make the UI more intuitive and aesthetically pleasing.
- Expand/collapse filter area – You can now collapse and expand the filter area to increase the real estate on the main page.
- New defaults – Now, by default, you see the current player and AIR versions and don't see some of the other products.
This is all due to the great work of the ASDoc team: Dhwaj Agrawal (who really stepped it up for this release!), Paul Robertson (who did a great job with the user interface design!), Shashi Ranjan, Rachit Gupta, Sushant Gupta, Bhanu Kumar, Nitin Arora, and Anup Rav. They are an amazing team!
All the best,


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- Admissions
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Fax: 202-885-3790
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Administrative Coordinator
Background Information and Entropy Econometrics (IEE) is research that directly or indirectly builds on the foundations of Information Theory (IT) and the principle of Maximum Entropy (ME). IEE includes research dealing with statistical inference of (economic) problems given incomplete knowledge or data, as well as research dealing with the analysis, diagnostics, and statistical properties of information measures.
The development of ME occurred via two lines of research: Statistical Inference (Bernoulli, Bayes, Laplace, Jeffreys, Cox) and statistical modeling of problems in mechanics, physics and information (Maxwell, Boltzmann, Gibbs, Shannon). The objective of the first line of research is to formulate a theory/methodology that allows understanding of the general characteristics (distribution) of a system from partial and incomplete information. In the second line of research, this same objective is expressed as determining how to assign (initial) numerical values of probabilities when only some (theoretical) limited global quantities of the investigated system are known. Recognizing the common basic objectives of these two lines of research aided Jaynes (1957) in the development of his classic work, the Maximum Entropy (ME) formalism. The ME formalism is based on the philosophy of the first line of research and the mathematics of the second line of research.
The interrelationship between Information Theory (IT), statistics and inference, and the ME principle started to become clear in the early work of Kullback and Lindley. Building on the basic concepts and properties of IT, Kullback and Leibler developed some of the fundamental statistics, such as sufficiency and efficiency as well as a generalization of the Cramer-Rao inequality, and thus were able to unify heterogeneous statistical procedures via the concepts of IT (Kullback and Leibler 1951; Kullback 1954, 1959). Lindley (1956), on the other hand, provided the interpretation that a statistical sample could be viewed as a noisy communication channel that conveys a message about a parameter according to a prior distribution. In that way, he was able to apply Shannon's ideas to statistical theory by referring to the information in an experiment rather than in a message. Zellner (1988) established Bayes' theorem as the optimal learning rule for information process based on logarithmic information measures.
All of the estimation methods within IEE are based on optimizing a certain informational-objective function subject to certain moment representation of the data, or certain "conservation laws" representing the underlying system. This class of methods is led by the pioneering work of Zellner (1994) on the Bayesian Method of Moments (BMOM), the work on Empirical Likelihood (EL), the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and the Generalized ME (GME). The connection between IT and these methods became much clearer as a result of the seminal work of Imbens et. al (1998) and Kitamura and Stutzer (1997) as well as the work on the GME.
These methods share the same basic objective of analyzing limited and noisy data using minimal assumptions. As the underlying data generating process (or error margins) is uncertain or unknown, statisticians and econometricians try to avoid strong distributional assumptions or a pre-specified likelihood function. With the above in mind, and within the general objective of estimation and inference for a large class of models (linear and nonlinear, parametric and non-parametric), it seems that going back to the foundations of IT and ME was quite inevitable and led to the above class of information-theoretic methods. These information-theoretic methods could be viewed as approaches to solving ill-posed or under-determined problems in the sense that without a pre-specified likelihood or distribution, there are always more unknowns than knowns regardless of the amount of data. That is, since the observation matrix is irregular or ill-conditioned or since the number of unknowns exceeds the number of data points, the problem is ill-posed.
When IEE methods are used in conjunction, the resultants are powerful tools for analyzing a wide variety of problems in most disciplines of science. Examples include (i) work on image reconstruction and spectral analysis in medicine, physics, chemistry, biology, topography, engineering, communication and information, operations research, political science and economics (e.g., brain scan, tomography, satellite images, search engines, political surveys, input-output reconstruction and general matrix balancing, as well as EL and GMM type methods); (ii) research in statistical inference and estimation (Bayesian and non Bayesian methods); and (iii) ongoing innovations in information processing and IT.
Despite these significant innovations, there is still much to discuss and develop regarding the relationship connecting statistical and econometric inference and diagnostic techniques, learning, information theory, Bayesian analysis, and entropy.
This conference will (i) study and explore Information-Theoretic (IT) solutions for linear and nonlinear estimation and inference problems, (ii) facilitate the exchange of research ideas in that field, (iii) promote collaboration among researchers from different disciplines, and (iv) highlight the major trends in Information and Entropy Econometrics.
In particular, the Second IEE Conference will concentrate on the most recent (theoretical and applied) research in linear and non-linear IT and entropic procedures (Bayesian and non-Bayesian), with emphasis on modeling and measuring information. In addition, the conference will deal with the interpretations and meaning of the solutions to IT estimation and inference (e.g., statistical meaning, complexity and efficiency as well as informational meaning). Both theory and innovative applied papers will be included.
Conference topics include theory and methods and applications in various fields.
Theory and methods topics include:
Applications topics from all fields and interdisciplinary papers within and between the following fields are particularly welcome:


text:
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 24/4/2013 (1582 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
The inquiry into the death of Phoenix Sinclair heard today how child welfare workers should be doing their job from an expert who hasn't followed media reports on the ongoing, oft-delayed probe into how the five-year-old girl in and out of care slipped though Manitoba's child-welfare safety net.
Alexandra Wright, executive director of the Canadian Association for Social Work Education in Ottawa, testified that notions of seeing the child and monitoring changes in the family aren't new social work ideas.
Supervisors making sure workers do their jobs are part of child welfare's quality assurance system, the University of Manitoba social work professor on leave told the inquiry as its second phase began.
During 54 days of testimony in phase one, the inquiry heard about social workers involved with Phoenix's case not seeing her and supervisors signing off on closing the child's file. It heard about Phoenix's mother having a new boyfriend and a new baby without anyone monitoring the situation.
Witnesses testified that, back then, the standards social workers were to follow weren't clear. Since Phoenix's 2005 death was discovered in 2006, there have been changes to the way social workers in Manitoba are doing their job, the inquiry has heard.
Those changes are to be laid out during phase two of the inquiry over the next few weeks.


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As the FT reported yesterday, Twitter has been holding discreet discussions with agencies and marketers on the sidelines of the Cannes Lions festival this week, figuring out how best to up the advertising ante on its site.
It's interesting to contrast its low-key approach – setting up shop in a beach bar and staying away from the central Palais des Festivals – with Facebook's full-on charm offensive to Cannes delegates. Read more


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Will Your Child Receive a School Lunch If You Have An Outstanding Lunch Account Balance?
That is exactly what I asked myself last week when I found out both of my sons had exhausted their lunch account money. I was made aware of this after school the day before going out of town. I immediately went to the both schools and replenished both accounts after asking if they were denied meals that day because they were already short.


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HOUSTON - A southwest Houston high school was evacuated Tuesday because of a bomb threat.
Houston Independent School District officials said the threat was made against Westbury High School in the 11000 block of Chimney Rock Road about 9:30 a.m.
By 10:15 a.m., students had returned to their classrooms.
According to parents, there have been other bomb threats at the school in the past two weeks.
"I want something done about it," parent Jonathan Hunt said.
In a letter sent to parents, Westbury's principal detailed similar threats on April 4, April 5 and April 12.
The letter goes on to say, "While the recent evacuations have been a major disruption to our educational efforts, I want to assure you that student safety is the number one core value at Westbury High School and the Houston Independent School District."
HISD officials said police are working to identify the person or persons who called in the threats.
A school district representative said bomb threats at campuses are common and each one is taken seriously.
A gas leak also caused a partial evacuation at the high school last Thursday, making Tuesday's incident the fifth evacuation in two weeks.
Copyright 2013 by Click2Houston.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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May 10, 2014, 8:12 am
12 comments
Includes video report
After almost two weeks of remaining silent, the winners of the $3.3 million Arizona Lottery "The Pick" jackpot claimed their winnings.
Robert Brito and his wife, Anna, of Phoenix, said they waited to claim the money because they wanted to get their finances in order and prepare to responsibly handle their windfall.
"We have invested it, and it will go to a trust fund for the whole family," Robert said.
The Britos, who were reserved in revealing details about their lives, said they had no plans to immediately spend any of the money. Robert said he intends to keep his job as a public servant.
"We knew that it was the right thing to do for us," Robert said. "We just want to stay on schedule, stick with our plans and enjoy life. Life is too short."
Robert said he plays the lottery about twice a week, for the Wednesday and Saturday drawings, and has won small amounts before.
"It's just a chance that we may be blessed, because I know that dollar that I spend, if I don't win, will bless someone else," Robert said.
When he heard the winning numbers, 9-13-22-29-36-38, Robert said he studied his ticket and gave thanks to God. He said he asked his daughter to look over the ticket and make sure it was the winner, and when they knew it was real, they called Anna and told her the news.
The Britos said they were shocked and amazed when they realized they were winners, and said the whole experience has been very humbling.
Robert and Anna said they only announced their winnings to close friends and family, whom they said have been very supportive and excited for them.
"We have been blessed with wonderful friends and family," Robert said.
Robert called the whole experience "surreal" and said he needs to remind himself that it all really happened.
As far as the money goes, the Britos said they feel more comfortable financially, but just want to "take it one day at a time."
Robert said throughout the experience he has been very grateful for the blessings he has received.
"I just want to say thank you to Arizona and thank you to the lottery," Robert said.
VIDEO: Watch the press report
Phoenix couple claim $3.3 million lottery prizeAfter almost two weeks of remaining silent, the winners of the $3.3 million Arizona Lottery "The Pick" jackpot claimed their winnings.T00M51Shttp://img.youtube.com/vi/hru79G0mYCA/3.jpghttps://youtu.be/hru79G0mYCA2014-05-10T08:10:00-05:00
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Congratulations to the Brito family!!
The couple looks happy...that's what I'm talking 'bout!
Ronnie316's alter ego?. Congrats.
Seek and ye shall find -Matt. 7:7 ...Ask and ye shall receive -John 16:24 ...Give and it shall be given unto you -Luke 6:38 ...Be careful what you ask for!!! -Mypiemaster 1:1
Having Money Solves Problems That Not Having Money Creates ****John Carlton****
They seem to have everything all thought out and planned. Congrats to them on their win!
"No one remembers the person who almost climbed the mountain, only the person who eventually gets to the top."
"Robert called the whole experience "surreal" and said he needs to remind himself that it all really happened."
Webster: having the quality of a dream...... now that's the Truth!!
Congratulation Mr & Mrs Brito
I Love Pink & Green 1908
Congratulations to them!! But wouldn't it be nice if these articles told us whether the ticket was a quick pick or self pick, and if a self pick, how they picked the numbers?
Nice folks, God Bless 'em.
There probably was an article that gave that information; the Arizona State Lottery website had this: The PickTicket sold at:QuikTrip, 6702 W. Glendale Ave., GlendaleRobert Brito, Phoenix, purchased one Quick Pick® for The Pick™ April 26 drawing. He didn't check his numbers until the following Wednesday morning. After checking his numbers and discovering he had won the $3,300,000 jackpot, he went to work. Robert didn't tell his wife until he came home that evening. In fact, his wife could tell something wonderful had happened just from the look on his face.Robert waited until everyone in the family was assembled so he could tell them the great news. After the couple had time to calm down, they began to make plans to meet with the family's financial advisor before redeeming the ticket. They wanted to set up a family trust and have a solid plan for their future. The couple chose the annuity option of $2,036,016.90, payable over 30 years.Robert is a public servant and doesn't have a lot of spare time. However, when he does, he and his wife enjoy spending time outdoors camping and fishing. Their biggest pleasure is spending time with their family.Robert and his wife haven't had time to make any other plans. However, they might possibly take a short vacation.His final comment was, "Thank you, Arizona Lottery."
You have enemies? Good. That means you've stood up for something, sometime in your life. - Winston Churchill
Congratulations, Britos, on your tidy win of Arizona Lottery Headquarters' annual check of $110K, pre-taxed!
Having several millions of dollars in my financial accounts means receiving several valuable services each day!
Great Blessing, look like a great couple! I' am glad they gave the first glory to YHWH GOD from everything stems. God Bless them and the Creator.
I' Am Blessed And Highly Favored. I Thank-You, Our Lord Jesus and YHWH!
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More than half way through 2013, San Diegans continue to drive new cars off the lot faster than they did a year ago.
Through July, more than 80,000 county residents have bought new cars and light trucks from local dealers, up nearly 12 percent from the same time in 2012, the San Diego New Car Dealer Association reports.
Toyota continues to dominate the market, with 20 percent of new vehicles sold. Ford is second in market share, with 11.8 percent of new cars and light trucks driven home. Honda is the only other brand with double digit market share, at 11.4 percent.
Nationally, auto makers reported this week that August sales are at an annual rate of 16.1 million cars and trucks, a pace not seen since November of 2007, a month before the start of the Great Recession.
July is the latest month of data available for San Diego.
Auto sales in the county are continuing to climb since bottoming out at 77,707 in 2009. The 126,570 new cars sold in 2012 were a jump of 27,315 over 2011. It marked the first year since 2008 that new car sales surpassed 100,000 in the county.
"When the sales jump that's an indication that things are getting better," said Kelly Cunningham, economist at the National University System Institute for Policy Research. "The future looks good enough that you can afford to or risk spending a larger amount of money."
In 2007, just before the economic downturn, San Diegans bought 136,137 new cars and light trucks.
Whether San Diegans reach that pace remains to be seen. A three-month moving average calculated by the dealers association has dropped from a 26 percent year-over-year gain in January to 13.9 percent in July. It took a sharp decline between February and March, from 20.8 percent to 10.3 percent.
Some factors that could be contributing to the change? The end of the payroll tax holiday meant the tax on Social Security rose back to 6.2 percent after two years at 4.2 percent. In San Diego, the across-the-board federal spending cuts called sequestration may also have played a more significant role, taking money out of the region's defense and research laden economy. However, the fact that sales in 2012 were so much better than 2011 likely made the percentage gains seem more extreme and make it difficult for 2013 to mimic that pace.
Alternatively, factors that could be helping car sales increase are record-low interest rates, high trade-in values, new vehicle designs and the need to replace aging cars and trucks. The average age of a vehicle on U.S. roads is now 11.4 years.
The Associated Press contributed to this report.


text:
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 1/11/2012 (1756 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
DEAR MISS LONELYHEARTS: I'm distraught about my father's cancer, which is going to kill him in a few months. I can't talk to people without bringing it up and spoiling the whole conversation. Yesterday, on a Portage Avenue bus, a woman turned to me and said, "Long time since we've seen the sunshine." I got tears in my eyes, and told her the whole story about my father who's going to die. She looked at me with sympathy and then discomfort, and finally she moved up to the front of the bus and stood by the driver until her stop came up. I sat at the back of the bus sniffling into my Kleenex. Am I losing it, or is this natural? -- Always Close to Tears, Winnipeg
Dear Close: You're grieving your father now instead of later, knowing he is going to die. But you're over-the-top by expressing it to people you don't know. Here's a quick recovery program for you: Take a few days off from work, or designate the weekend as a cry-a-thon. Make yourself weep and wail, and write down everything you are feeling. Tire yourself out with the grief. Then set up appointments with your physician (you may need anti-depressants), a grief counsellor and anyone else who can help you work through this. Next time you feel the urge to spill everything to a stranger, just say a few words about the weather and let it go. When you get to a place where you can make a phone call, make contact with a sibling or a close friend and talk for three minutes, so you don't tire them out. Then write in a journal in your purse for five minutes, and make yourself get on with what you're doing.
Dear Miss Lonelyhearts: I left my change of gym clothing in a fellow's bedroom when I was over for a few hours -- an impromptu tryst, if you will, after happy hour with co-workers. He plunked it on my desk this morning in a bag in front of my nose. I hid the clothes under my desk and haven't said anything. What is my next move? I really like him. -- Awkward Times At Work, Winnipeg
Dear Awkward: If this were a board game, you'd lose a turn and let him make the next move, if any. He has dropped the clothes on your desk with no attempt to be discreet or flirtatious. It may mean something negative or nothing it all. But it certainly isn't a come-on. Perhaps he wasn't happy at your leaving a trail behind, especially if he has a girlfriend. If you're going to have casual sex, the unwritten courtesy rule is you don't leave evidence for a possible girlfriend to find. It isn't considered cute.


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GILBOA — The Gilboa bull is back to its original
Jenny Hopps, Miller City, and her
brother Rodney Hovest, Leipsic, have repainted the bull.
The repainting was necessary after an
individual or individuals vandalized the bull with graffiti on
Saturday night or early Sunday morning.
This is not the first time they have
had to repaint the bull.
"They had paint leftover from the
last time they had to paint the bull," their mother Ruth Hovest said.
Gilboa Mayor Dick McCullough said the
sheriff's department continues to investigate the vandalization and
is hopeful they will catch the culprits.
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text:
Dooley Noted Podcast: Episode 12
Published: Wednesday, November 21, 2012 at 2:00 p.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, November 21, 2012 at 2:00 p.m.
Subscribe with iTunes | Download
Pat talks about week 13 of the college football season with Kevin Carter, ESPN and former UF DL and Rick Catlett, President and CEO for the Gator Bowl.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.


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Pen leilighet med topp beliggenhet
Størrelse95 m²
- Familie / Barne vennlig
- Kjøkken
- Vaskemaskin / tørketrommel
- Innendørs peis
- Låsbare rom
- Balkong/terrasse
- Internett/WiFi
Oversikt over eiendommen
|Raadhuisstraat, 1016 DG amsterdam, Nederland
|Eiendoms ID
|Innen noen få timer
|Kalender oppdatert
|I dag
Located on the 2nd floor, the apartment is appr. 95 square metres and consists of a spacious Art Nouveau living room with an open fireplace, kitchen and dining area, separate bedroom, separate toilet and a bathroom with overhead shower. The kitchen includes a microwave, oven, dishwasher, kitchen machine, fridge and several other appliances such as a washing machine and dryer.
The bedroom has a double bed. From the bedroom you can access the spacious balcony with a beautiful view on the quiet romantic canalhouse gardens. Free high speed wireless internet is included as well as a flatscreen LCD tv with many international channels. There are wooden floors throughout the house.
The apartment is located on a top Location 100 metres from the Dam square and 60 metres from the Anne Frank House. With a lovely view on the Wester Church.
The apartment is located next to the Jordaan, one of Amsterdams most charming neighbourhoods. Around the corner you'll find some of the prettiest canals in Amsterdam, such as Keizersgracht, Prinsengracht and Brouwersgracht. You'll find many nice restaurants, bars and little shopping stores in the immediate area. It's also in walking distance to some of the major Amsterdam attractions, such as the Anne Frank House, Rijksmuseum and van Gogh Museum. Or you can take the tram just in front of the Wester Church and go everywhere you want to go.
HusreglerSmoking is permitted on the balcony only.
No additional overnight guests.
An additional child's bed is available at no extra cost.
No parties.
Please remove outdoor footwear at the entrance.
|Pris for >2 gjester
|980 NOK pr. gjest/natt ekstra
|Innsjekking etter
|Etter avtale
|Check-in før
|Etter avtale
|Utsjekking før
|Etter avtale
Vurdering av denne eiendommen
Very pleased to stay manon & her apartment was a dream come true , as described & all that & more . Beautiful bright clean quirky & arty type apartment with a location in the heart of everything . Near tram stops , central station , eateries ... can't as for more . Manon was helpful , give us advice & information & left a booklet on tips & places to eat #very Helpful . Would highly recommend a trip or stay at this apartment .
Wir hatten sehr schöne Tage in Amsterdam, auch dank der großzügig, super zentral gelegenen Wohnung. Manon hat uns in jeder Hinsicht wunderbar beraten. Das nächste Mal gerne wieder bei ihr.
Die Wohnung ist an toller Innenstadtlage, ist gross und ist trotzdem ruhig zum schlafen, denn das Schlafzimmer geht zum Innenhof der angenehm grün ist. Tolle freundliche Restaurants, sowie öffentliche Verkehrsmittel vor der Haustüre.
What should we say.... our stay at Manon appartement was amazing. The location it's awesome, the appartement its incredible, surely to come again. We recommend without a doubt the stay at manon place. Thnx Manon for your attention and your ospitality....
This apartment was absolutely gorgeous! Had everything we needed. Loved every second of the holiday and the apartment was part of the experience. Great location for pretty much everything to do and easy to get to. There is even a supermarket close by. Manon had great communication before the holiday commenced and I felt very reassured during the whole process as this was the first booking made on Wimdu. Would definitely love to stop there again. Hoping to go back next year in fact! :D
Amazing apartment with everything you could need. Brilliant location. Manon was very helpful upon arrival. Can't wait to go back!!
Eine wundervolle, sehr großzügig geschnittene Altbauwohnung mit einem sehr großen Balkon zum parkähnlichen Innenhof und Aussicht auf die Innenstadt und den Westernturm. Reizvolle Wohnung. Sehr schöner Einrichtungstil. Wir haben uns sehr wohl gefühlt. Super Lage. Liebe Vermiterin.
Unbedingt empfehlenswert.
Wir würden die Wohnung immer wieder gern beziehen.
This is a warm, clean and safe space within a historic area, well-connected by the efficient tram system to the rest of this great Northern European City. Flooded with light from huge windows, the main living area has beautiful floors and high ceilings (with lovely plasterwork), the fireplace and open fire are original and perfect. The kitchen and bathroom are modern, stylish, functional. The bed (raised) is behind the shower and has one of those memory foam mattresses - I think it takes away all pain. Finally, the balcony at the rear is extraordinary and allows you a different space and feeling.
All in all, there is faded elegance here, but renovated & decorated with style by the very helpful owner. Some tweaks needed (e.g. with ventilation of toilet), but overall: wonderful.
Definitely a 'wow' apartment! The photos don't do justice to the space and light of this beautiful Dutch building. The location is perfect for walking to everywhere you may want to visit. Out front its busy and vibrant, with the sound of trams and church bells from the Westerkerk church - which is virtually next door (you can see people queuing for the ann frank museum round the corner!). The view from the massive window is stunning.
Out back its quite a different story...but still wonderful. The balcony looks out onto quiet green gardens, it's another world. We stay in Amsterdam pretty regularly and this is by far the best place I've found yet.
We lit the open fire with the wood left for us, and spent time relaxing and letting the world go on around us.
There's a small supermarket a few yards away and you're definitely not short of places to eat and drink. It was absolutely lovely and even better than we could have hoped!
- Kvalitetssikret innkvartering
- Hver vert er verifisert via telefon
- Sikker betaling med SSL-kryptering


text:
Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 19/10/2012 (1765 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
In late September 2008, when global stock markets fell off a cliff, a funny thing happened to McDonald's. While the financial industry and consumer goods were cratering, same-store sales rose 8.2 per cent the next month. And remember Morgan Spurlock's damning 2004 documentary, Super Size Me, which painted the fast-food giant as the corroded heart of America's obesity crisis? Since then, the company's share price has nearly quadrupled, making MCD's stock ticker look more like a hockey stick than the peaks and valleys of the Golden Arches. While the opening of a new McDonald's (there are already some 33,500 in 119 countries and counting) might not have the buzz of an Apple Store launch, Mickey D's is a Wall Street darling and a savvy customer, too, constantly tweaking providers to lower costs while passing the savings on to budget-conscious consumers.
McWorld may not save us from global jihad, the ravages of interstate conflict or the eurozone financial collapse, but in a cow-hungry world, the plastic contours of the planet's largest restaurant chain shimmer with promises of long-term prosperity. After weathering everything from scalding-coffee lawsuits, cringe-inducing calorie labelling and tides of anti-globalization food rioters, the evil empire of burgers and fries finds itself in an excellent spot to prosper in nasty and brutish times. The sad truth is that in most of the world, the McDonald's menu doesn't scream antibiotic-addled livestock and high-cholesterol death diets; instead it whispers of middle-class aspiration. Who in Sao Paulo or Shanghai has heard of Jonathan Safran Foer, much less his plea: Can't we all be vegetarians and get along?
Still, skeptics ask: Haven't we hit "peak burger?"
The question implies an egregious misreading of McDonald's philosophy and history. A long time ago, burgernomics evolved into chickenomics. Today, McOptimization of priorities has cooked up a feast of cross-cultural patronage: In New Delhi, you'll find the McAloo Tikki spiced-potato sandwich, and in Tokyo, the Ebi Filet-O shrimp burger. McDonald's is no longer foisting burgers and American values on its booming numbers of international patrons; it's offering burgers and local fare and, yes, value.
McDonald's understands the wellsprings of its success, which is why it has seen its stock rise more than 500 per cent in the past decade. The top burger brass has learned to listen to the mothers who called for salads, snack wraps, oatmeal and apples. And McDonald's listens to Wall Street, where the message is just as clear: Drive down costs. Make efficiency your god. Deliver value. It has jettisoned other chains such as Chipotle, Boston Market and Pret A Manger, which means no more distractions from border skirmishes with Panera, Burger King and manifold franchises. And though seven per cent of Americans ate at a McDonald's yesterday, there are a lot of Chinese folks who haven't had the pleasure. So the Golden Arches announced last year that it plans to open 700 new restaurants in the Middle Kingdom by 2013. Plus, in these tough economic times, it's hard to hate a company that hires more than a million workers in North America each year.
Of course, tough times lie ahead for ingredient purchasers of all stripes, as agricultural futures spike for the third time in five years and speculative profit-grabbing takes over grain markets. But MCD's global risk-management acumen matches its global purchasing power. U.S. and Russian grain may be scarce this fall, but Brazil will post a great harvest -- and no hamburger bun I've ever seen has noted its point of origin.
There will be headwinds, for even fast-food giants rely on inputs subject to the whims of climate change, speculation, biofuel mandates and flavours of the month. But while mango pineapple smoothies and a tanking euro may come and go, the human body's demand for cheap, tasty food endures -- recession or no recession. Today, there's a percolating spring of profit in McCafé lattes -- not to mention a quarter of the daily calories a human being requires in a single chocolate chip frappé. Macroeconomics is one thing; stomachs another -- and that may be the most important reason the ghost of founder Ray Kroc can sleep easy.
Ronald and friends fight hard on behalf of their customers' wallets, in good years and bad. The day a Big Mac costs $20 isn't the death of the McDonald's business model, nor the demise of the brand. The day a Big Mac costs $20 will be the end of the world.
Frederick Kaufman is the author, most recently, of Bet the Farm: How Food Stopped Being Food.
-- Foreign Policy / Washington Post / Bloomberg
McDonald's has more than 32,000 locations in 119 countries, and part of its international success is due to clever attempts to appeal to local customers by inventing food tailored to their tastes. From Paris to Delhi, here's a list of the Top 10 McDonald's meals Americans are missing out on.
India: BigSpicy Paneer Wrap
This fast-food take on a common Indian street food is both spicy and vegetarian, making it a hit at the 271 McDonald's locations in India. Made with breaded paneer, a type of South Asian cheese, the BigSpicy Paneer Wrap is one of many vegetarian McDonald's innovations, which have been so successful that the chain plans to open two all-vegetarian locations in India next year.
Japan: Ebi Filet-O
Part of McDonald's Japan president Eikoh Harada's push to tailor food to Japanese taste, the Ebi Filet-O generated sales of 10 million in the first three months after its launch in October 2005. Made with breaded shrimp, this Japanese version of the classic Filet-O-Fish is modelled after the traditional Japanese dish of shrimp tempura and costs around $5.70 in Tokyo.
Turkey: Kofteburger
The Kofteburger is the McDonaldization of kofte, a type of Turkish kebab made with mint and parsley. So authentic that even the bun is sprinkled with parsley, the Kofteburger has been a hit with Turkish customers, and as one American visitor put it, "it's good but it doesn't taste like a burger... it tastes very... Turkish."
Thailand: Samurai Pork Burger
The name says it all. Featuring a pork patty marinated in teriyaki sauce and smothered in peppers, the Samurai Pork Burger is McDonald's attempt to put a Thai twist on the classic Big Mac, although the fast-food giant may be a little off the geographical mark on this one. As one customer asks, "Why does it have a Japanese name when I'm in Thailand?"
Morocco: The McArabia
Priced at about $6.50, variations on the McArabia are available in countries across the Middle East. But Moroccans, especially, seem to have taken to this cumin-spiced flatbread beef sandwich. As one customer told the Global Post, "Honestly, it tastes Moroccan."
China: Prosperity Burger
A seasonal item only available around the Chinese New Year, the Prosperity Burger is made with beef smothered in black pepper sauce and onions. Customers in China and other East Asian countries can also enjoy local delicacies such as taro pie, a variation of the classic apple version, as well as red bean sundaes.
France: Croque McDo
The country that immortalized the "Royale with Cheese" in the classic film Pulp Fiction has another local McDonald's creation to boast about. This take on the croque-monsieur, the classic French open-faced ham-and-cheese sandwich, is popular with Parisians and tourists alike. As one American visitor to France exclaimed about the breakfast sandwich in her blog: "This was no American Happy Meal."
Poland: The WiesMac
This quarter-pound beef patty, translated into English as the "Country Mac," is served with mustard and horseradish sauce on a sesame bun. "Every time I eat WiesMac... I want to die," says one Polish customer in an online discussion, "but it is very tasty." Apparently, McDonald's guilt transcends differences of language and culture.
Mexico: McMollete
The Mexican version of a McMuffin minus the egg, this international McDonald's breakfast creation consists of refried beans, cheese and pico de gallo, or Mexican salsa, atop a muffin. The dish takes its inspiration from molletes, a classic Mexican comfort food.
The Netherlands: McKroket
When McDonald's first moved to the Netherlands in the 1970s, they tried to tempt Dutch customers with erwtensoep, or pea soup. Although that venture was unsuccessful, the McKroket has proven a much more profitable local item. A deep-fried patty of beef ragout on a bun, the McKroket costs roughly $2.50 and is McDonald's take on the traditional Dutch croquet.
-- Foreign Policy / Washington Post / Bloomberg News