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Native Americans & Little Big Horn~Sioux Treaty of 1868
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Report & Journal
The report and journal of proceedings of the commission appointed to obtain certain concessions from the Sioux Indians, December 26, 1876
The history of Native Americans in North America dates back thousands of years. Exploration and settlement of the western United States by Americans and Europeans wreaked havoc on the Indian peoples living there. In the 19th century the American drive for expansion clashed violently with the Native American resolve to preserve their lands, sovereignty, and ways of life. The struggle over land has defined relations between the U.S. government and Native Americans and is well documented in the holdings of the National Archives. (From the American Originals exhibit script.)
From the 1860s through the 1870s the American frontier was filled with Indian wars and skirmishes. In 1865 a congressional committee began a study of the Indian uprisings and wars in the West, resulting in a Report on the Condition of the Indian Tribes , which was released in 1867. This study and report by the congressional committee led to an act to establish an Indian Peace Commission to end the wars and prevent future Indian conflicts. The United States government set out to establish a series of Indian treaties that would force the Indians to give up their lands and move further west onto reservations.
In the spring of 1868 a conference was held at Fort Laramie, in present day Wyoming, that resulted in a treaty with the Sioux. This treaty was to bring peace between the whites and the Sioux who agreed to settle within the Black Hills reservation in the Dakota Territory.
The Black Hills of Dakota are sacred to the Sioux Indians. In the 1868 treaty, signed at Fort Laramie and other military posts in Sioux country, the United States recognized the Black Hills as part of the Great Sioux Reservation, set aside for exclusive use by the Sioux people. In 1874, however, General George A. Custer led an expedition into the Black Hills accompanied by miners who were seeking gold. Once gold was found in the Black Hills, miners were soon moving into the Sioux hunting grounds and demanding protection from the United States Army. Soon, the Army was ordered to move against wandering bands of Sioux hunting on the range in accordance with their treaty rights. In 1876, Custer, leading an army detachment, encountered the encampment of Sioux and Cheyenne at the Little Bighorn River. Custer's detachment was annihilated, but the United States would continue its battle against the Sioux in the Black Hills until the government confiscated the land in 1877. To this day, ownership of the Black Hills remains the subject of a legal dispute between the U.S. government and the Sioux.
General Alfred Terry's Telegram
Letter from Captain John S. Poland
Sioux Treaty ~ Page 1
Sioux Treaty~Page 2
Sioux Treaty~Page 3
Chief Spotted Tail
Spotted Tail, or Sinte Galeska, was an esteemed chief among the Brule tribe of the Sioux Nation. He was a man said to be of great ability both in battle and in peace and was a major Sioux leader in the Plains Indian wars.
The early years
Spotted Tail was born in 1823, near the banks of the White River west of the Missouri River in South Dakota, near present-day Pine Ridge, which is southeast of Rapid City, just north of the Nebraska border.
He was related to Chief Crazy Horse, who is well known for his role in the Battle of the Rosebud and the Battle of the Little Big Horn. In addition, Spoted Tail was a first cousin to Conquering Bear, a Brule chief.
His father was a Blackfoot Sioux named Tangled Hair, and his mother, named Walks-with-Pipe, was of the Brule Sioux, the marriage of which was to cause Sinte Galeska social problems later on.
So, during military practices and mock battles, Spotted Tail decided to take charge and use his innate intelligence to play the part of strategist for his "army." He would be the one to make a battle plan and assign to the others their parts in the exercises. This gained him the needed respect and confidence to carry a leadership role into real battle.
Early career
Sinte Galeska, also known as Jumping Buffalo, got his adult name, Spotted Tail, from a raccoon's tail that a white trapper had given him when he was younger. Spotted Tail incorporated the trophy into his war headdress, wearing it in his first battles.
By age 30, Spotted Tail had been selected for leadership¹ within his people; he was an honored Shirtwearer ². His battle shirt was adorned with more than 100 locks of hair that represented scalps that he had taken, coups of which he was a part, and horses that he had stolen.
Spotted Tail played a vital role in the first sizable battle between the Lakotas and the U.S. Army. Spotted Tail organized and led the assault on the flank and rear of Lieutenant Grattan's command that created panic among the troops and facilitated their demise. In the summer of 1854, Chief Conquering Bear died during an incident with 2nd Lieutenant John Grattan and his command, known as the Grattan Massacre. Little Thunder then succeeded Conquering Bear as the chief of the Brules.
Spotted Tail was also involved in the Kincaid Coach Raid, and the army's attack on the Bluewater camp of Little Thunder. To protect the tribe from any army reprisals, Spotted Tail voluntarily surrendered to General Harney at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, and served about three years in prison.
While in prison, Spotted Tail learned to read and write English, and acquired skills that would be useful in dealing with whites when he became chief. Having witnessed the strength and numbers of the white military forces while incarcerated, he reached an understanding that in order for his people to survive, diplomacy had to replace armed conflict, whenever possible, if coexistence with the whites was to become a reality.
Spotted Tail would now evaluate the long-term interests of his people differently. He made a careful study of the white man, taking note of the white man's customs and the way his mind worked, chiefly of his odd, desperate lust to acquire and own property as individuals rather than a community where everyone shared of the land and its bounty.
Later career
During the late 1850s and into the early 1860s, the Brules lived in relative peace in their homelands in southwestern Nebraska and northwestern Kansas. During this time, Spotted Tail gained responsibility and authority, becoming the trusted lieutenant of Little Thunder.
In November of that year, Colonel John Chivington led the Third Colorado Cavalry in a savage attack on a southern Cheyenne and Arapaho village, now known as the Sand Creek Massacre, in west central Colorado. The survivors escaped to a camp on the Smoky Hill River.
Messages calling for war went out to associated bands and allies, among them the southern Brules. Although Spotted Tail saw the futility of war, he accepted his responsibility as a war chief to lead his tribesmen into battle.
With Spotted Tail in the lead, the warriors attacked the stagecoach stop at Julesburg, in the Colorado Territory, in early January 1865. They returned a month later, to burn the town.
Troops from Fort Laramie, however, derailed their plans and attacked the war party in western Nebraska Territory, so Spotted Tail and his warriors decided they had had enough of war and brought his people to the fort to seek a peace settlement.
After the battle, the tribal council ignored the hereditary line and selected Spotted Tail to succeed Little Thunder, who had recently been killed in the unprovoked attack on his villiage at Blue Water Creek, as chief.
Spotted Tail eagerly negotiated with the government commission of 1867-1868. He signed the infamous "Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868," which gave away Sioux lands along the Republican and the Platte rivers. In the latter part of that summer, the treaty required Spotted Tail's band to move to an area on Whetstone Creek near the Missouri River. Finding the new location for his band unsuitable, Spotted Tail moved them more than 30 miles from the agency. After signing the treaty, Spotted Tail was a major force in the early subduing, by negotiation, of hostile Indians.
The army, without consulting other leaders of the tribes, appointed Spotted Tail head chief of all the Sioux. This incited dissention and jealousy within the ranks of his own people. Not wanting a civil war among the Sioux, Spotted Tail relocated to a new agency at Fort Sheridan, Nebraska, on the south bank of the White River, which they called the "Spotted Tail Agency."
Latter days
In 1874, Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer marched into Dakota Territory on his exploration of the Black Hills. When it was confirmed that gold was there, the government decided to take back the Sioux's new lands, and remove the Indians. All this was in violation of the 1868 treaty. In December 1875, President Grant ordered the internment of all Sioux into Indian agencies within two months or be considered hostile. Spotted Tail proceeded to negotiate Crazy Horse's surrender.
Spotted Tail was an extraordinarily determined administrator; as head chief, he continued to keep an Indian police force to keep alcohol off the reservation, and he condemned army threats to force the Lakota to the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). Throughout the 1870s, jealousies, grudges, and the pressures of captivity of the previously nomadic people fueled aggressive disputes. Spotted Tail's enemies began attacking him for his relationship with a woman who had left her husband ³.
In June 1876, word of the Battle of the Little Big Horn reached Spotted Tail and his people at the "Spotted Tail Agency." The Indian's victory proved to be a double-edged sword; on one hand it was a great victory in a bloody war of survival, on the other hand, it was also just the excuse that the white man needed to perfect the oppression and destruction of the Native American peoples and their culture.
In 1879, when the Carlisle Indian Industrial School opened, in Pennsylvania, Spotted Tail enrolled many of his people from the Rosebud Reservation in the School, including members of his immediate family. He was outraged when he found that his children had been baptized as Episcopalians, given Christian names, dressed like soldiers, and were not learning English, but instead were made to farm and do industrial work.
At that point, Spotted Tail removed his entire family from Carlisle and instantly found the goodwill of many whites had evaporated.
Crow Dog, a nephew of the old chief, Conquering Bear, threatened to shoot Spotted Tail, and continued trying to humiliate Spotted Tail with the fact that he was chief not by the will of the tribe, but by the guns of the white soldiers. Crow Dog took up his gun and fulfilled his threat. In August 1881, Crow Dog shot Spotted Tail in the chest, killing him.
In remembrance
Spotted Tail still lives in the hearts of his people for trying to save them from annihilation or banishment to a place of oppression, starvation, and death called the "Oklahoma Territory." Ultimately, he located his people on a preferred tract of land, and was able to preserve substantial amounts of the tribal culture and authority. He saw and espoused the belief that education is an important tool in preserving Sioux culture and tradition.
Spotted Tail, Roman Nose, Old Man Afraid of His Horses,
Lone Horn, Whistling Elk, Pipe and unknown.
Spotted Tail's Final Rest
Birth: 1823
South Dakota, USADeath: Aug. 5, 1881
South Dakota, USABurial:
Rosebud Cemetery
Todd County
South Dakota, USA
Spotted Tail
Native Americans with the Seventh Cavalry
Bloody Knife
1837, Hunkpapa Reservation, Dakota Territory
Father was Hunkpapa; mother was Ree
She Owl
March 13, 1876
Guide, Quartermaster
Killed in valley fight
June 25, 1876, Little Big Horn Battlefield, Montana
In the valley, Little Big Horn Battlefield, Montana
Bobtailed Bull
1831, Dakota Territory
April 26, 1876
Sergeant, Indian Scout
Killed in valley fight
June 25, 1876, Little Big Horn Battlefield, Montana
Last Stand Hill, Little Big Horn Battlefield, Montana
1856, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column but did not cross the river
Bull in Water
1847, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column but did not cross the river
1847, Dakota Territory
April 26, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column but did not cross the river
Climbs the Bluff
1845, Dakota Territory
May 1, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Not present, detached service
Cross, William
1854, Unknown
April 17, 1876
Private, Scout
Valley fight
d. July 1894, Culbertson, Montana
1856, Little Rosebud Creek, Montana
April 10, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Custer's Column
d. May 21, 1923, Crow Agency, Montana
Curly Head
1856, Dakota Territory
April 27, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Not present, detached service
Dorman, Isaiah
D'Orman Plantation, Louisiana
May 14, 1876
Interpreter, Quartermaster
Killed in valley fight
June 25, 1876, Little Big Horn Battlefield, Montana
Last Stand Hill, Little Big Horn Battlefield, Montana
Foolish Bear, a/k/a Bear
1847, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
In valley and hilltop fights
Forked Horn
1839, Dakota Territory
April 27, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
In valley and hilltop fights
d. 1894
Girard, Frederic Francis, a/k/a Frederic Francis Gerard
November 14, 1829, St. Louis, Missouri
Francois Girard (Canadian)
Catherine Trotier Girard
Helena Catherine Girard (Ree tribe)
Daughters Josephine, Carrie, and Virginia
Son Frederic, Jr. (Catherine, a Piegan, the mother)
November 15, 1877 to Ella Scarborough Waddell
Frederic Custis, Birdie, Charles, and Florence
May 12, 1876
Interpreter, Quartermaster
In valley fight
d. January 30, 1913, St. Cloud, Minnesota
buried: College of St. Benedicts Convent (Saint Joseph) Minnesota
Goes Ahead
1851, Platte River
April 10, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Custer's Column and in hilltop fight
May 31, 1919, Crow Agency, Montana
Custer Battlefield National Cemetery
Goes Ahead (d. May 31, 1919) was a Crow scout for George Armstrong Custer's Seventh Cavalry during the 1876 campaign against the Sioux and Northern Cheyenne. He was a survivor of the Battle of the Little Big Horn, and his accounts of the battle are valued by modern historians. May 31 is the 151st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (152nd in leap years), with 214 days remaining, as the last day of May. ... 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). ... The Crow, also called the Absaroka or Apsáalooke, are a tribe of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone river valley and now live on a reservation south of Billings, Montana, and the current chairman of the tribal council is Carl Venne. ... George Armstrong Custer Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (December 6, 1839 %u2013 June 25, 1876) was an American cavalry commander in the Civil War and the Indian Wars who is best remembered for his defeat and death at the Battle of the Little Bighorn against a coalition of Native American tribes... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... The Lakota (friends or allies, sometimes also spelled Lakhota) are a Native American tribe, also known as the Sioux (see Names). ... Cheyenne lodges with buffalo meat drying, 1870 The Cheyenne are a Native American nation of the Great Plains, closely allied with the Arapaho and loosely allied with the Lakota (Sioux). ... The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also called Custers Last Stand, was an engagement between a Lakota-Cheyenne combined force and the 7th Cavalry of the United States Army that took place on June 25, 1876 near the Little Bighorn River in the eastern Montana Territory. ...
Born into the Crow tribe, he was also known as The First One, Goes First, The One Ahead, Comes Leading, Man With Fur Belt, and Child of the Stars. He volunteered to serve as a scout with the U.S. Army against the traditional enemies of the Crow, the Sioux and Northern Cheyenne along with fellow Crow warriors such as White Man Runs Him, Curley, White Swan, Half Yellow Face, and Hairy Moccasin. Curley, by D.F. Barry, 1878 Curley (or Curly), is the English name for Ashishishe (var. ...
The scouts sighted the encampment on the banks of the Little Big Horn River near the current site of Crow Agency, Montana. On June 25, 1876, Goes Ahead and the other scouts warned Custer not to attack but to wait for reinforcements. Custer refused their advice and prepared for an attack. Goes Ahead and the others took off their Army issued uniforms and put on traditional Crow clothing with eagle feathers to assist their flight to the spirit world should they be killed. When Custer saw this, he was enraged seeing the move as defeatism and he dismissed the scouts. Goes Ahead and the others joined Major Marcus Reno on the ridge overlooking the last stand. Attacked but not overrun, Marcus's column survived the engagement. Crow Agency is a census-designated place located in Big Horn County, Montana. ... June 25 is the 176th day of the year (177th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 189 days remaining. ... 1876 is a leap year starting on Saturday. ... Major Marcus Albert Reno was born November 15, 1834, in Carrollton, Illinois. ...
After the battle, Goes Ahead settled on the Crow reservation, married and had a family. He was interviewed by historian and photographer Edward S. Curtis in the early 20th Century. His book was one of the first to present a balanced account of the battle to the general public but even then the more controversial parts of the story were not disclosed. The whole account of Curtis's interviews with Goes Ahead and the other Crow scouts would not become general knowledge until Curtis's notes became public in the 1990s more than 40 years after his death. Edward Curtis circa 1889 From left to right are: Elizabeth M. Curtis (1896-1973) aka Beth Curtis; Harold Curtis (1894-?); Clara J. Phillips (1874-1932); and Florence Curtis (1899-?) circa 1905-1909 The North American Indian, 1907 New York Times on April 16, 1911 In the Land of the Head...
Goes Ahead died in 1919 and was buried in the military cemetery at the little Big Horn Battlefield. His widow, Pretty Shield, became a sought after source of information concerning the battle late in her life.
Good Face
1855, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
1855, Dakota Territory
April 17, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
In valley and hilltop fights
Hairy Moccasin
Montana Territory
Little Face
Strikes First
April 10, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Custer's Column and in hilltop fight
d. October 9, 1922, Lodge Grass, Montana
buried: October 11, 1922, Saint Ann's Cemetery, Lodge Grass, Montana
Half Yellow Face
Montana Territory
April 10, 1876
Corporal, Indian Scout
In valley and hilltop fights
d. 1879, Fort Custer, Montana Territory
Horns in Front
1834, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Not present, detached duty
Howling Wolf
1854, Dakota Territory
April 26, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Not present, detached duty
Jackson, Robert
August 27, 1856,m Fort Benton, Montana Territory
December 25, 1875
Private, Scout
Not present, detached service
d. After 1903, Amethyst, Colorado
Jackson, William
1860, LaPreary, Canada
December 25, 1875
Private, Scout
In valley fight
d. December 30, 1899, Cutbank Creek, Blackfeet Res., Mont
Left Hand
1829, Dakota Territory
June 10, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Not present, detached service
Little Brave
1850, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Killed in valley fight
June 25, 1876, Little Big Horn Battlefield, Montana
Last Stand Hill, Little Big Horn Battlefield, Montana
Little Sioux
circa 1855, Fort Clark, Dakota Territory
February 3, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's column in valley fight
August 31, 1933, North Dakota
Long Bear
1831, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Not present, detached service
Lying Down
1857, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Not present due to illness
One Feather
1831, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column
One Horn
1850, Dakota Territory
April 26, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Not present, detached service
Red Bear, a/k/a Good Elk
1849, Fort Clark, Dakota Territory
May 13, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
In valley fight
d. May 7, 1934, Nishu, North Dakota
Red Foolish Bear
1848, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Not present, detached service
Round Wooden Cloud
1834, Dakota Territory
March 31, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column but did not cross the river
Running Wolf
1856, Fort Clark, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
Not present, detached service
Rushing Bull
1831, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column but did not cross the river
1831, Dakota Territory
April 26, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column but did not cross the river
May 7, 1921
1831, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column but did not cross the river
1882, Badlands, Dakota Territory
Strikes the Bear
1854, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column; crossed the river
June 7, 1929, Ree, North Dakota
Strikes the Lodge
1847, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column but did not cross the river
Strikes Two
1844, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column; crossed the river
September 8, 1922, Elbowood, North Dakota
1856, Dakota Territory
Private, Indian Scout
Not present, detached service
White Cloud
1855, Dakota Territory
May 14, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column but did not cross river
White Eagle
1851, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Reno's Column but did not cross river
White Man Runs Him
1858, Montana Territory
April 10, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
With Custer's Column and hilltop fight
June 2, 1929, Lodge Grass, Montana
Custer Battlefield National Cemetery, Crow Agency, Mont.
White Swan
1851, Montana Territory
April 10, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
In valley and hilltop fights, wounded
d. August 12, 1904, Crow Agency, Montana
1859, Dakota Territory
May 9, 1876
Private, Indian Scout
In valley and hilltop fights
d. January 16, 1915, Elbowood, North Dakota
Isaiah Dorman
There are many stories from the Sioux history describing a large, "black white man" who was welcomed in their villages as early as 1850. He was known as Azinpi or "Teat," meaning teat or nipple, which in the Sioux language sounds like Isaiah. This man had worked as a trapper and trader. He was known to travel both with a horse and a mule, and seemed to want to avoid contact with the white settlers. Little else is known of Dorman, and there is no known picture of him. Although not certain, it is thought that he might have been aformer slave of the D'Orman family of Louisiana in the late 1840s. A search of wanted posters of that period shows that a Negro slave by the name of Isaiah was a fugitive. Dorman is known to have first appeared at a white settlement in 1865, after the Civil War was over. At this time he was married to a young woman of Inkpaduta's band of the Santee Sioux. He is known to have settled at Fort Rice, Dakota Territory near the present site of Bismarck. He supported himself by cutting wood for the fort. Soon he became known to the officers of the fort as a jovial, sober, and trustworthy person. He was fond of tobacco, but abstained from the spirits. In the fall of 1865 he was hired as a wood cutter by the trading firm of Durfee & Peck. Due to his size and strength, it was said that "Old Teat" could cut a cord of wood faster than a helper could stack it.
When the post commander and his quartermaster learned of Dorman's ability with the Sioux language and his knowledge of the land, he was hired in November, 1865, by Lt. J, M, Marshall to carry the mail between Ft. Rice and Ft. Wadsworth. Dorman made the 360-mile round trip without difficulty. When he was not carrying mail, he went back to cutting wood. When it became too dangerous for soldiers to carry the mail in 1867, he was again hired at the rate of $50/month, quite a sum for a black man in those days. In September, 1871, he was hired by a Capt. Henry Inman to serve as guide and interpreter for a party of engineers making the Northern pacific Railroad Survey. He was paid $100/month. He next served as an interpreter for the army at Ft. Rice at a salary of $75/month.
When Custer was preparing to set out for the Little Big Horn expedition, he issued Special Order No. 2 requesting that Isaiah Dorman be assigned to him as an interpreter. Dorman, then about 55 years old was eager to have the opportunity to see his Indian friends once more. The rest is history.
Ironically, more has been recorded about Dorman in death than in life. One of Reno's scouts, George Herendeen stated "I saw Indians shooting at Isiah and squaws pounding him with stone hammers. His legs below the knees were shot full of bullets..." Others have described his legs as being riddled with buckshot. By most accounts, he died a slow and painful death. Pvt. Slaper said that he was "badly cut and slashed, while unmentionable atrocities had been commited." A Pvt. Roman Rutten passed Dorman as he escaped from the valley fighting. He described Dorman as being on one knee, firing carefully with a non-regulation sporting rifle. Dorman was stated to have looked up and shouted, "Good-bye, Rutten!" A more fanciful story attributed to Stanley Vestal states that while Dorman lay dying, Sitting Bull happened to pass by and kindly offered his former friend kind words and a drink of water. Sitting Bull is said to have chased the vengeful Indian women away from Isaiah, but after he left, the women returned and Dorman's body was stripped and mutilated. Others have stated that in addition to the mortal chest wound and the wounds to his legs, he was later found with his torso and head full of arrows and according to the memoirs of John Burkrman, had a picket pin driven through his testicles. Obviously all of the Indians did not take too kindly to Dorman being with the invading cavalry.
Sioux participants in the battle of the Little Big Horn
Bad-Light-Hair, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Bad Soup (or Bad Juice) Having been around the 7th Cavalry at Fort Lincoln, he presumably pointed out Custer's body to White Bull (24)
Bear-With-Horn, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead
Big Elk (Un-pan Tan-ka), Oglala chief; among a small group of warriors who had advanced nearest Custer's final position (25)
Big Leggins, Half-blood Sioux; he could read numerals, and after the Custer fight identified the soldiers they had been fighting as the 7th Cavalry (24)
Big Nose, In Custer fight (24)
Big Road, Oglala Warrior Chief (2)
Black Elk, Oglala, born 1863 (27); son of the elder Black Elk (5); as a young boy hge took two scalps from dying soldiers during the Reno fight (3); then with some younger boys shot arrows into the dying soldiers on the Custer battlefield; his older brother was also in the battle; later tribal holy man; died 1950 (27)
Black Fox, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Black Moon, Hunkpapa warrior chief; a leader in the battle on the 25th (2); warrior society leader in the charges against Reno's troops
Black Wasichu, Warrior; brother of Chase-in-the-Morning, and cousin of Black Elk; shot in the Custer fight while riding warrior style on the side of his horse; died in camp on the night of June 27th (27)
Brings Plenty, Killed a soldier with a war club in the Custer fight (27)
Chased-by-Owls, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Cloud Man, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Comes Again, Warrior; still living age 86 (24)
Crazy Heart, Minneconju warrior, son of Chief Lame Deer; in the Custer fight; honored as a shirt wearer (30)
Crazy Horse (Tashunka Witko), Minikajau; son of Crazy Horse, later called Worm (11); usually quiet, reserved, not boastful (5); a principal leader in the battle on the 25th; he probably wore his protective hailstone medicine paint as he led Sioux and Cheyenne from the lower end of the village to attach Custer (2, 19); he prevented Custer's troops from gaining the hilltop in their retreat, and is thought to have led one of the closing charges on Custer at Last Stand Hill (3); he chased down & killed one of the last troopers to die, one-half mile east of the Custer battlefield (10); he was killed at Fort Robinson, Nebraska on September 7, 1877 (3)
Crow Dog, Brule Warrior; in the Custer fight, he caught 3 soldier horses and hurried them to his lodge across the river; by the time he returned Custer & his men were already dead (25)
Crow King, Hunkpapa warrior chief; had 80 warriors in his band (2); led charges against Reno's troops in the valley (28), then joined the Custer fight after Reno attained the bluffs; two of his brothers were killed in the battle (2)
Dog's-Back-Bone, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Dog-With-Horns, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Elk Bear, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Elk Nation, He rescued his wounded brother--friend Little Bear, after his horse had been shot from under him in the Custer fight (27)
Feather Earring, Minneconjou warrior; in the Reno fight, where his brother was killed; drove some cavalry horses from Custer's battlefield; living 1919 (2)
Flat Hip, Hunkpapa warrior; long after the battle, he was one of severa Indians who claimed credit for killing Custer (24)
Flying By, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Flying Hawk, Uhiapapa warrior, full brother of Kicking Bear & cousin of Crazy Horse; born March 1852; son of Chief Black Fox and Iron Cedarwoman; fought with his friend Crazy Horse in the Custer fight; became a chief at age 32 and succeeded Red Cloud; died at Pine Ridge, South Dakota Dec. 24, 1931 (10)
Fool Bull (Tatanka Witko), A medicine man, born 1844; he carried a shield of buffalo hide into the battle (14)
Gall (Pizi), Hunkpapa warrior chief; born ca 1838, son of nobody of distinction (4); Gall was among the Cheyenne looking after horses when Reno attacked (2); his 2 wives and 3 children were killed in Reno's attack on the village; Gall said: "It made my heart bad. After that I killed all my enemies with the hatchet." (2) a principal leader in the battle of the 25th; he did not, as some say (4, 28), lead charges against Reno's troops in the valley, but was diverted from that fight by one of his warriors who had spotted Custer from the bluffs, and led them in a frontal attack on Custer's troops (2), while Crazy Horse's warriors struck Custer's flank and rear (2,4); he surrendered January 1881 at Poplar Creek, Montana (2); later served as a judge of the Court of Indian Offenses at Standing Rock Reservation in 1889, and worked as a farmer; died in 1894 at age 56, at Oak Creek near Standing Rock Agency (4, 2)
Good Fox, Warrior in the Custer fight; he was not a killing man, but showed his bravery by counting coup - - zigzagging among the enemy and touching them with his crooked cup coup stick, wrapped in otter fur; survivor of the Wounded Knee massacre; died 1928 (30)
Guts (or Open Belly), Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Hawk Man, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
He Dog, Crazy Horse's head warrior (2); later judge of the Court of Indian Offenses at Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota' aged 92 years ca 1931 and described as a living repository of Oglala tribal history and customs (5)
High Eagle, Warrior; still living at age 88 (24)
High Eagle, Sioux chief of the great council lodge; killed in the Reno fight (28) (see above & below)
High Elk, Sans Arc chief; killed by Reno's troops (2)
He Crow, Minikauju warrior; Wounded in the Custer battle
Hump, Head warrior of the Oglalas (28)
Hump, Minneconjou chief; age 29 in 1876; he had his horse shot from under him and was wounded in the leg early in the Custer fight (2)
Hump Nose (or Hump), Sans Arc chief (13)
Iron Cedar, Hunkpapa warrior of Gall's band; spotted Custer's column from a high point above the river and diverted Gall from the Reno fight (2)
Iron Hail, Warrior, still living age 90 (24)
Iron Hawk, Hunkpapa warrior; age 14 when he rode into the Custer fight with his bow & arrows and his face painted red; shot and killed a soldier on horseback with an arrow in the Custer fight; then joined the attack on Reno's water carriers (27); still living age 99 (24)
Iron Star , Minneconjou warrior chief 2nd in rank to Lame Deer (30); led warriors against Custer (2); killed in General Miles' attack on the Minneconjou Sioux village of Lame Deer, May 7, 1877 (17, 30)
Iron Thunder, Minneconjou warrior; brother of Hump, age 28 in 1876 (2)
Kicking Bear, Uniapapa warrior, full brother of Flying Hawk, killed some of Reno's soldiers as they fled across the river (10); later prophet of the Ghost Dance religion at the Pine Ridge Reservation in 1890 (16)
Kills Him, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Left-Handed-Ice, Killed in the battle' on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead
Little Bear, Wounded in the leg when his horse was shot from under him in the Custer fight; rescued by his brother-friend Elk Nation (27)
Little Knife, Hunkpapa warrior; in the Custer fight; in 1879 he said that Custer had been killed by a boy of 15 years, whose brother had just been slain (24)
Eugene Little Soldier (Akichitahchigala), Born ca 1863; young and fought with arrows against Reno; among Indian police who participated in the arrest and killing of Sitting Bull 1890; living 1928; (not Sitting Bull's son of the same name) (1)
Little Warrior, Warrior; still living age 80 (24)
Lone Bull, Hunkpapa warrior; Sitting Bull's nephew; in the Reno fight (2)
Lone Dog, Young Sans Arc; he had gone up Reno Creek to get a horse with Two Bear, who was killed by Reno's scouts just before the charge on the village; Lone Dog escaped to give the warning just as Reno's troops opened fire on the camp (2); killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25) (unless he has been confused with Lone Bear??)
John Lone Man (Isnawichah), Born ca 1850; among Indian police who participated in the arrest and killing of Sitting Bull 1890; died before April 1928 (1)
Long Elk, Warrior; wounded in the Custer fight (27)
Long Robe, Killed in th battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Oliver Looking Elk (Hehakawaketo), Born ca 1845; among Indian police who participated in the arrest and killing of Sitting Bull 1890; living 1928 (1)
Low Dog, Minicauju Chief; fought against Reno and Custer; his full brother was killed in the battle (2); "I called to my men: "this is a good day to die, follow me" (16)
Mustache, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
One-Who-Walks-With-the-Stars, young Oglala woman, wife of Crow Dog; while rounding up stray horses on the banks of the river, she slashed and clubbed 2 soldiers who had escaped the Custer battlefield and were attempting to swim the river (25)
Owns-Red-Horse, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Pemmican, Warrior; still living age 85 (24)
Plenty Lice, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Red Face, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Red Fish , Warrior in the Custer fight (30)
Red Hawk, A Sioux who fought with Crazy Horse against Custer (16)
Red Horn Buffalo, Iron Hawk "saw him fall" in the Custer fight (27)
Red Horn Bull, Famous Oglala runner; led a charge on Reno's troops in the valley (28)
Red Horse, Minneconjou warrior chief; he was digging wild turnups when Reno's men "charged so quickly we could not talk..."(2 & 3)
Round Fool, A boy; he spotted a soldier who had been hiding in some bullberry bushes all night below Reno Hill; the soldier was burned out and killed by Sioux warriors
Scarlet Top (Inkpaduta), Santee chief; though probably not in the battle himself, his two sons (names unknown) were among the many warriors later said to have killed Custer; they may have killed the last soldier, but he was not Custer (2)
Walcott Shoots Walking (Wakutemani), born ca 1950; among Indian police who participated in the arrest and killing of Sitting Bull in 1890; living 1928 (1)
Short Bull, Brule Sioux; helped drive Reno's men back across the river; later Ghost Dance prophet (5)
Sitting Bull (Tatanka Yatanka, ) His name means literally "Buffalo-he-sits-down" (25) or "Buffalo Bull Sitting Down" (26); Hunkpapa medicine man and chief; a powerful leader but not a warrior, he was not personally engaged in the battle (2), and was confined close to his teepee with a badly crippled leg, having been kicked by a wounded pack animal the previous day (25); his vision during a Sun Dance on June 14th predicted the Indian's victory (24); he called off the Indian attack on Reno and Benteen's troops on June 26 (4); killed at his camp on the Grand River in North Dakota on December 15, 1890 (7)
John Sitting Bull, Hunkpapa warrior; son of Chief Sitting Bull; still living age 80 (24)
Spotted Bull Horn (Tatanka-he-gle-ska), Married to a full cousin of Sitting Bull (2); killed with Sitting Bull on December 15, 1890 (1)
Spotted Eagle, Sans Arc Sioux chief
Spotted Rabbit, Nephew of White Buffalo; he was among a small group of warriors who had advanced nearest Custer's final position (25)
Standing Bear, Minneconjou warrior; age 16 when he rode into the Custer fight with his older brother and uncle, and a redbird tied in his hair; he was among the warriors who drove the soldiers back to from Weir Point to Reno Hill; then joined in shooting at the entrenched troops on the 25th and 26th (27)
Standing Elk, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Swift Bear, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Swift Cloud, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Thin Elk, Warrior in the Custer fight (30)
Touch the Cloud, Minneconjou warrior Chief; cousin to Crazy Horse
Three Bears, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25) he died in camp on June 27th, the day after the battle (27)
Two Bear, Young Sans Arc; had gone up Reno Creek to get a horse and was killed by Reno's scouts just before the charge on the village; his companion Lone Dog escaped to give the warning just as Reno's troops opened fire on the camp (2)
Two Strike (Nomp Karpa), his name also translates "Knocks Two Off" (14); Brule Sioux; lieutenant of Spotted Rabbit; counted 12 coups in his lifetime including those at Little Big Horn; a leader on the attack of Pine Ridge agency just after the Wounded Knee massacre; born 1819, living 1906 (14)
White Buffalo (Tatanka Ska) Uncle of Spotted Rabbit; veteran of Custer battle; as a tribal historian he compiled a list of the 29 Sioux who were killed during the battle; living at Pine Ridge Agency, age 80 (25)
White Bull, Nephew of Sitting Bull; he was among some Sioux and 3 Cheyenne who chased 3 soldiers south along the west bank of the river to the Reno fight, only one who escaped to rejoin Reno on the bluffs (26)
Joseph White Cow Bull, Oglala warrior; he was among the first Sioux to meet Custer's troops in the Custer fight (26)
White Eagle, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Young Bear, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Young Black Moon, Warrior society leader in the charges against Reno; killed soon after Reno's skirmish line deployed (28); on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Young Skunk, Killed in the battle; on White Buffalo's list of 29 Sioux dead (25)
Arapahoe participants in the battle
Left Hand, So named because he was left-handed, unusual for an Indian; part Blackfoot and part Cheyenne, but always had lived with the Arapahoes; son of Cherry; in the Custer fight he mistook a wounded Sioux warrior for a Crow or Arikara scout and killed him; living 1920 (2)
Waterman, In the Custer fight; living 1920 (2)
Well Knowing One (or Green Grass), In the Custer fight (2)
Yellow Eagle, In the Custer fight (2)
Yellow Fly, In the Custer fight (2)
An Eyewitness Account by the Lakota Chief Red Horse
Recorded in pictographs and text
at the Cheyenne River Reservation, 1881
Five springs ago I, with many Sioux Indians, took down and packed up our tipis and moved from Cheyenne river to the Rosebud river, where we camped a few days; then took down and packed up our lodges and moved to the Little Bighorn river and pitched our lodges with the large camp of Sioux.
The Sioux were camped on the Little Bighorn river as follows: The lodges of the Uncpapas were pitched highest up the river under a bluff. The Santee lodges were pitched next. The Oglala's lodges were pitched next. The Brule lodges were pitched next. The Minneconjou lodges were pitched next. The Sans Arcs' lodges were pitched next. The Blackfeet lodges were pitched next. The Cheyenne lodges were pitched next. A few Arikara Indians were among the Sioux (being without lodges of their own). Two-Kettles, among the other Sioux (without lodges).
I was a Sioux chief in the council lodge. My lodge was pitched in the center of the camp. The day of the attack I and four women were a short distance from the camp digging wild turnips. Suddenly one of the women attracted my attention to a cloud of dust rising a short distance from camp. I soon saw that the soldiers were charging the camp. To the camp I and the women ran. When I arrived a person told me to hurry to the council lodge. The soldiers charged so quickly we could not talk (council). We came out of the council lodge and talked in all directions. The Sioux mount horses, take guns, and go fight the soldiers. Women and children mount horses and go, meaning to get out of the way.
Among the soldiers was an officer who rode a horse with four white feet. [This officer was evidently Capt. French, Seventh Cavalry.] The Sioux have for a long time fought many brave men of different people, but the Sioux say this officer was the bravest man they had ever fought. I don't know whether this was Gen. Custer or not. Many of the Sioux men that I hear talking tell me it was. I saw this officer in the fight many times, but did not see his body. It has been told me that he was killed by a Santee Indian, who took his horse. This officer wore a large-brimmed hat and a deerskin coat. This officer saved the lives of many soldiers by turning his horse and covering the retreat. Sioux say this officer was the bravest man they ever fought. I saw two officers looking alike, both having long yellowish hair.
Before the attack the Sioux were camped on the Rosebud river. Sioux moved down a river running into the Little Bighorn river, crossed the Little Bighorn river, and camped on its west bank.
This day [day of attack] a Sioux man started to go to Red Cloud agency, but when he had gone a short distance from camp he saw a cloud of dust rising and turned back and said he thought a herd of buffalo was coming near the village.
The day was hot. In a short time the soldiers charged the camp. [This was Maj. Reno's battalion of the Seventh Cavalry.] The soldiers came on the trail made by the Sioux camp in moving, and crossed the Little Bighorn river above where the Sioux crossed, and attacked the lodges of the Uncpapas, farthest up the river. The women and children ran down the Little Bighorn river a short distance into a ravine. The soldiers set fire to the lodges. All the Sioux now charged the soldiers and drove them in confusion across the Little Bighorn river, which was very rapid, and several soldiers were drowned in it. On a hill the soldiers stopped and the Sioux surrounded them. A Sioux man came and said that a different party of Soldiers had all the women and children prisoners. Like a whirlwind the word went around, and the Sioux all heard it and left the soldiers on the hill and went quickly to save the women and children.
From the hill that the soldiers were on to the place where the different soldiers [by this term Red-Horse always means the battalion immediately commanded by General Custer, his mode of distinction being that they were a different body from that first encountered] were seen was level ground with the exception of a creek. Sioux thought the soldiers on the hill [i.e., Reno's battalion] would charge them in rear, but when they did not the Sioux thought the soldiers on the hill were out of cartridges. As soon as we had killed all the different soldiers the Sioux all went back to kill the soldiers on the hill. All the Sioux watched around the hill on which were the soldiers until a Sioux man came and said many walking soldiers were coming near. The coming of the walking soldiers was the saving of the soldiers on the hill. Sioux can not fight the walking soldiers [infantry], being afraid of them, so the Sioux hurriedly left.
The soldiers charged the Sioux camp about noon. The soldiers were divided, one party charging right into the camp. After driving these soldiers across the river, the Sioux charged the different soldiers [i.e., Custer's] below, and drive them in confusion; these soldiers became foolish, many throwing away their guns and raising their hands, saying, "Sioux, pity us; take us prisoners." The Sioux did not take a single soldier prisoner, but killed all of them; none were left alive for even a few minutes. These different soldiers discharged their guns but little. I took a gun and two belts off two dead soldiers; out of one belt two cartridges were gone, out of the other five.
The Sioux took the guns and cartridges off the dead soldiers and went to the hill on which the soldiers were, surrounded and fought them with the guns and cartridges of the dead soldiers. Had the soldiers not divided I think they would have killed many Sioux. The different soldiers [i.e., Custer's battalion] that the Sioux killed made five brave stands. Once the Sioux charged right in the midst of the different soldiers and scattered them all, fighting among the soldiers hand to hand.
One band of soldiers was in rear of the Sioux. When this band of soldiers charged, the Sioux fell back, and the Sioux and the soldiers stood facing each other. Then all the Sioux became brave and charged the soldiers. The Sioux went but a short distance before they separated and surrounded the soldiers. I could see the officers riding in front of the soldiers and hear them shooting. Now the Sioux had many killed. The soldiers killed 136 and wounded 160 Sioux. The Sioux killed all these different soldiers in the ravine.
The soldiers charged the Sioux camp farthest up the river. A short time after the different soldiers charged the village below. While the different soldiers and Sioux were fighting together the Sioux chief said, "Sioux men, go watch soldiers on the hill and prevent their joining the different soldiers." The Sioux men took the clothing off the dead and dressed themselves in it. Among the soldiers were white men who were not soldiers. The Sioux dressed in the soldiers' and white men's clothing fought the soldiers on the hill.
The banks of the Little Bighorn river were high, and the Sioux killed many of the soldiers while crossing. The soldiers on the hill dug up the ground [i.e., made earth-works], and the soldiers and Sioux fought at long range, sometimes the Sioux charging close up. The fight continued at long range until a Sioux man saw the walking soldiers coming. When the walking soldiers came near the Sioux became afraid and ran away.
White Man Runs Him
White Man Runs Him, another typical Crow who has the distinction of having been Custer's scout / Throssel.
Photo~Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868
The treaty of 1868 gave the Black Hills area (South Dakota) to the Sioux Tribes. Whites broke the treaty in order to settle the area and to mine gold from the Black Hills.
This photo was taken in April 29, 1868 showing the Chiefs, Headmen and Generals who signed the treaty. Many others signed later. The treaty was ratified February, 16, 1869.
Gall (Man-That-Goes-In-The-Middle)
The westward pressure of civilization during the past three centuries has been tremendous. When our hemisphere was "discovered", it had been inhabited by the natives for untold ages, but it was held undiscovered because the original owners did not chart or advertise it. Yet some of them at least had developed ideals of life which included real liberty and equality to all men, and they did not recognize individual ownership in land or other property beyond actual necessity. It was a soul development leading to essential manhood. Under this system they brought forth some striking characters.
Gall was considered by both Indians and whites to be a most impressive type of physical manhood. From his picture you can judge of this for yourself.
Let us follow his trail. He was no tenderfoot. He never asked a soft place for himself. He always played the game according to the rules and to a finish. To be sure, like every other man, he made some mistakes, but he was an Indian and never acted the coward.
The earliest stories told of his life and doings indicate the spirit of the man in that of the boy.
When he was only about three years old, the Blackfoot band of Sioux were on their usual roving hunt, following the buffalo while living their natural happy life upon the wonderful wide prairies of the Dakotas.
It was the way of every Sioux mother to adjust her household effects on such dogs and pack ponies as she could muster from day to day, often lending one or two to accommodate some other woman whose horse or dog had died, or perhaps had been among those stampeded and carried away by a raiding band of Crow warriors. On this particular occasion, the mother of our young Sioux brave, Matohinshda, or Bear-Shedding-His-Hair (Gall's childhood name), intrusted her boy to an old Eskimo pack dog, experienced and reliable, except perhaps when unduly excited or very thirsty.
On the day of removing camp the caravan made its morning march up the Powder River. Upon the wide table-land the women were busily digging teepsinna (an edible sweetish root, much used by them) as the moving village slowly progressed. As usual at such times, the trail was wide. An old jack rabbit had waited too long in hiding. Now, finding himself almost surrounded by the mighty plains people, he sprang up suddenly, his feathery ears conspicuously erect, a dangerous challenge to the dogs and the people.
A whoop went up. Every dog accepted the challenge. Forgotten were the bundles, the kits, even the babies they were drawing or carrying. The chase was on, and the screams of the women reechoed from the opposite cliffs of the Powder, mingled with the yelps of dogs and the neighing of horses. The hand of every man was against the daring warrior, the lone Jack, and the confusion was great.
When the fleeing one cleared the mass of his enemies, he emerged with a swiftness that commanded respect and gave promise of a determined chase. Behind him, his pursuers stretched out in a thin line, first the speedy, unburdened dogs and then the travois dogs headed by the old Eskimo with his precious freight. The youthful Gall was in a travois, a basket mounted on trailing poles and harnessed to the sides of the animal.
"Hey! hey! they are gaining on him!" a warrior shouted. At this juncture two of the canines had almost nabbed their furry prey by the back. But he was too cunning for them. He dropped instantly and sent both dogs over his head, rolling and spinning, then made another flight at right angles to the first. This gave the Eskimo a chance to cut the triangle. He gained fifty yards, but being heavily handicapped, two unladen dogs passed him. The same trick was repeated by the Jack, and this time he saved himself from instant death by a double loop and was now running directly toward the crowd, followed by a dozen or more dogs. He was losing speed, but likewise his pursuers were dropping off steadily. Only the sturdy Eskimo dog held to his even gait, and behind him in the frail travois leaned forward the little Matohinshda, nude save a breech clout, his left hand holding fast the convenient tail of his dog, the right grasping firmly one of the poles of the travois. His black eyes were bulging almost out of their sockets; his long hair flowed out behind like a stream of dark water.
The Jack now ran directly toward the howling spectators, but his marvelous speed and alertness were on the wane; while on the other hand his foremost pursuer, who had taken part in hundreds of similar events, had every confidence in his own endurance. Each leap brought him nearer, fiercer and more determined. The last effort of the Jack was to lose himself in the crowd, like a fish in muddy water; but the big dog made the one needed leap with unerring aim and his teeth flashed as he caught the rabbit in viselike jaws and held him limp in air, a victor!
The people rushed up to him as he laid the victim down, and foremost among them was the frantic mother of Matohinshda, or Gall. "Michinkshe! michinkshe!" (My son! my son!) she screamed as she drew near. The boy seemed to be none the worse for his experience. "Mother!" he cried, "my dog is brave: he got the rabbit!" She snatched him off the travois, but he struggled out of her arms to look upon his dog lovingly and admiringly. Old men and boys crowded about the hero of the day, the dog, and the thoughtful grandmother of Matohinshda unharnessed him and poured some water from a parfleche water bag into a basin. "Here, my grandson, give your friend something to drink."
"How, hechetu," pronounced an old warrior no longer in active service. "This may be only an accident, an ordinary affair; but such things sometimes indicate a career. The boy has had a wonderful ride. I prophesy that he will one day hold the attention of all the people with his doings."
This is the first remembered story of the famous chief, but other boyish exploits foretold the man he was destined to be. He fought many sham battles, some successful and others not; but he was always a fierce fighter and a good loser.
Once he was engaged in a battle with snowballs. There were probably nearly a hundred boys on each side, and the rule was that every fair hit made the receiver officially dead. He must not participate further, but must remain just where he was struck.
Gall's side was fast losing, and the battle was growing hotter every minute when the youthful warrior worked toward an old water hole and took up his position there. His side was soon annihilated and there were eleven men left to fight him. He was pressed close in the wash-out, and as he dodged under cover before a volley of snowballs, there suddenly emerged in his stead a huge gray wolf. His opponents fled in every direction in superstitious terror, for they thought he had been transformed into the animal. To their astonishment he came out on the farther side and ran to the line of safety, a winner!
It happened that the wolf's den had been partly covered with snow so that no one had noticed it until the yells of the boys aroused the inmate, and he beat a hasty retreat. The boys always looked upon this incident as an omen.
Gall had an amiable disposition but was quick to resent insult or injustice. This sometimes involved him in difficulties, but he seldom fought without good cause and was popular with his associates. One of his characteristics was his ability to organize, and this was a large factor in his leadership when he became a man. He was tried in many ways, and never was known to hesitate when it was a question of physical courage and endurance. He entered the public service early in life, but not until he had proved himself competent and passed all tests.
When a mere boy, he was once scouting for game in midwinter, far from camp, and was overtaken by a three days' blizzard. He was forced to abandon his horse and lie under the snow for that length of time. He afterward said he was not particularly hungry; it was thirst and stiffness from which he suffered most. One reason the Indian so loved his horse or dog was that at such times the animal would stay by him like a brother. On this occasion Gall's pony was not more than a stone's throw away when the storm subsided and the sun shone. There was a herd of buffalo in plain sight, and the young hunter was not long in procuring a meal.
This chief's contemporaries still recall his wrestling match with the equally powerful Cheyenne boy, Roman Nose, who afterward became a chief well known to American history. It was a custom of the northwestern Indians, when two friendly tribes camped together, to establish the physical and athletic supremacy of the youth of the respective camps.
The "Che-hoo-hoo" is a wrestling game in which there may be any number on a side, but the numbers are equal. All the boys of each camp are called together by a leader chosen for the purpose and draw themselves up in line of battle; then each at a given signal attacks his opponent.
In this memorable contest, Matohinshda, or Gall, was placed opposite Roman Nose. The whole people turned out as spectators of the struggle, and the battlefield was a plateau between the two camps, in the midst of picturesque Bad Lands. There were many athletic youths present, but these two were really the Apollos of the two tribes.
In this kind of sport it is not allowed to strike with the hand, nor catch around the neck, nor kick, nor pull by the hair. One may break away and run a few yards to get a fresh start, or clinch, or catch as catch can. When a boy is thrown and held to the ground, he is counted out. If a boy has met his superior, he may drop to the ground to escape rough handling, but it is very seldom one gives up without a full trial of strength.
It seemed almost like a real battle, so great was the enthusiasm, as the shouts of sympathizers on both sides went up in a mighty chorus. At last all were either conquerors or subdued except Gall and Roman Nose. The pair seemed equally matched. Both were stripped to the breech clout, now tugging like two young buffalo or elk in mating time, again writhing and twisting like serpents. At times they fought like two wild stallions, straining every muscle of arms, legs, and back in the struggle. Every now and then one was lifted off his feet for a moment, but came down planted like a tree, and after swaying to and fro soon became rigid again.
All eyes were upon the champions. Finally, either by trick or main force, Gall laid the other sprawling upon the ground and held him fast for a minute, then released him and stood erect, panting, a master youth. Shout after shout went up on the Sioux side of the camp. The mother of Roman Nose came forward and threw a superbly worked buffalo robe over Gall, whose mother returned the compliment by covering the young Cheyenne with a handsome blanket.
Undoubtedly these early contests had their influence upon our hero's career. It was his habit to appear most opportunely in a crisis, and in a striking and dramatic manner to take command of the situation. The best known example of this is his entrance on the scene of confusion when Reno surprised the Sioux on the Little Big Horn. Many of the excitable youths, almost unarmed, rushed madly and blindly to meet the intruder, and the scene might have unnerved even an experienced warrior. It was Gall, with not a garment upon his superb body, who on his black charger dashed ahead of the boys and faced them. He stopped them on the dry creek, while the bullets of Reno's men whistled about their ears.
"Hold hard, men! Steady, we are not ready yet! Wait for more guns, more horses, and the day is yours!"
They obeyed, and in a few minutes the signal to charge was given, and Reno retreated pell mell before the onset of the Sioux.
Sitting Bull had confidence in his men so long as Gall planned and directed the attack, whether against United States soldiers or the warriors of another tribe. He was a strategist, and able in a twinkling to note and seize upon an advantage. He was really the mainstay of Sitting Bull's effective last stand. He consistently upheld his people's right to their buffalo plains and believed that they should hold the government strictly to its agreements with them. When the treaty of 1868 was disregarded, he agreed with Sitting Bull in defending the last of their once vast domain, and after the Custer battle entered Canada with his chief. They hoped to bring their lost cause before the English government and were much disappointed when they were asked to return to the United States.
Gall finally reported at Fort Peck, Montana, in 1881, and brought half of the Hunkpapa band with him, whereupon he was soon followed by Sitting Bull himself. Although they had been promised by the United States commission who went to Canada to treat with them that they would not be punished if they returned, no sooner had Gall come down than a part of his people were attacked, and in the spring they were all brought to Fort Randall and held as military prisoners. From this point they were returned to Standing Rock agency.
When "Buffalo Bill" successfully launched his first show, he made every effort to secure both Sitting Bull and Gall for his leading attractions. The military was in complete accord with him in this, for they still had grave suspicions of these two leaders. While Sitting Bull reluctantly agreed, Gall haughtily said: "I am not an animal to be exhibited before the crowd," and retired to his teepee. His spirit was much worn, and he lost strength from that time on. That superb manhood dwindled, and in a few years he died. He was a real hero of a free and natural people, a type that is never to be seen again.
Sitting Bull
Created: June 15, 2007 · Modified: February 25, 2011
Only the original contributor of the page can edit this page.


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Topic: unable to sleep
Hi everyone. I want to start off by thanking you for all of your extremely helpful information. I have listed all the meds and other possible meds for dad to take with him tomorrow. He has his sencond chemo (gemcitabine and cisplatin) tomorrow and will also be getting the flu vaccine, which worries me a little. My main concern now is that my dad is unable to sleep at night and only dozes off and on during the day. His back and stomach pain are just too much. The recliner is no longer comfy nor is the bed. Again, so heartbreaking. With dad still having so much trouble with not eating, pain, and no sleep; this could be very dangerous. I just spoke with mom and he is now severly constipated from all the meds and she might have to take him to the hospital. Dad's mood has completely changed and he gets mad easily with mom and can be very stubborn. Again, any advice on how to help him sleep would be wonderful. I know mom and dad are going to have to be more aggressive and let his oncologist know that some of his meds are not helping. Thanks

subset: commoncrawl


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(Posts in Category 'Terra Nova')
15 Jan 2014 by Tara Kroes in Culture , Trip Planning and Terra Nova
As a major traveller I have stayed at everything from a hut in the jungle in Thailand to an invitation only palace in Italy. My stay at The Inn at Happy Adventure in Newfoundland was one of the most amazing and memorable I have ever experienced.
21 Oct 2013 by Tara Kroes in Festivals & Events , Nature , Entertainment , Terra Nova , Cultural Experiences and Brigus
Celebrating a history full of hard work and heart at the 25th Annual Eastport Peninsula Agricultural Exhibition.
19 Aug 2012 by Keith and Heather Nicol in Entertainment , Terra Nova and Cultural Experiences
On our most recent trip to Central Newfoundland we were focusing on seeing places and doing activities that we had not done before. We had been very impressed with the Barbour Living Heritage Village in Newtown and were blown away with the scenery, hiking and beaches on the Eastport Peninsula (see previous blogs). We then turned our attention to Terra Nova National Park (http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/nl/terranova/index.aspx) and decided to head to the Visitor's Centre where the staff suggested doing the 3.5 km hike (1 way) to Buckley Cove.
5 Jun 2012 by Janice Goudie in Food & Dining , Hiking & Walking , Trip Planning and Terra Nova
We headed out towards the Eastport Peninsula just past noon. Bordering Terra Nova National Park, the drive out towards the small communities is very scenic! Lush forests and glimps of the bay areas greeted us along the coast line of the peninsula.


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Ojon Rub Out Dry Cleanser
I LOVE THIS PRODUCT! It smells great and gives limp hair a lot of volume and body. This is perfect for midday when you want more volume, and it really leaves your hair looking like you just left the salon. I have medium thickness and wavy brunette hair. My hair can straighten easily and curl easily. My hair is not that dry, but not completely supple either. This product is perfect for my type of hair. It removes any unwanted odors and makes my hair feel lively and fresh. When used properly, this product can work wonders. DETAILS: instantly cleanses, revives and refreshes hair and scalp without water "erases" away impurities, toxins, excess oil and product build-up leaves hair cleansed, light, luminous and healthy-looking perfect for use between washings, as a hair pick-me-up, when you're in a rush, or when you overuse a styling product increases hair volume at the root while treating both hair and scalp eco-friendly formula
My hair can really take a beating. Ojon products really brings my hair to life.Tags: beauty, conditioners, hair care, hair, styling, Sephora, scalp treatment, fair trade, RestorativeAdded 9 Years Ago from Spalook
This is a fresh, tropical scented hairspray that has just the right amount of tacky hold when it is still wet, and as it dries becomes less tacky and manageable. It offers volume and body with hold for a beautiful finish. DETAI... This is a fresh, tropical scented hairspray that has just the right amount of tacky hold when it is still wet, and as it dries becomes less tacky and manageable. It offers volume and body with hold for a beautiful finish. DETAILS: Tracing the natural curves of the Tunu™ rubber tree with his machete, a Tawira native skillfully carves his pattern into the latex-rich bark to extract a precious natural resource that has shaped the experience and survival of an ancient rainforest culture. The "tears" that travel along its lines inspired the Tawira to name this "the crying tree." Natural latex, skillfully extracted from the bark of the Tunu™ rubber tree in the Mosquitia rainforest, has been prized for centuries by the region's native Tawira for its unique ability to provide a strong, flexible, cohesive moisture barrier. In a region of heavy rainfalls and river transport, latex rubber has been an indispensable natural resource that has touched all aspects of native life from the waterproofing of ponchos and food sacs to use as a hair styling aid by the tribe renowned as "the people of beautiful hair."™ Adds incredible fullness, control and shine with a flexible hold to any hair type.Tags: beauty, hair care, hair, natural, shiny hair, hair sprays, hair design, long hair, healthy hairAdded 10 Years Ago from Ojon


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Flames NewsFlames Home > Football Home > News
2013 Training Camp Position Preview: DL
Throughout Liberty's preseason training camp, LibertyFlames.com will preview each position on the Flames' team, providing insight into the development of each group's players leading up to the Flames' season opener against Kent State on Aug. 29.
Today, we continue our position-by-position preview by looking at the Flames' defensive line position, including insight from defensive line coach Vantz Singletary, senior Cory Freeman and junior Dominique Davis.
Defensive Line
Liberty's defensive linemen were presented with a challenge shortly after head coach Turner Gill was named the program's eighth head coach. Gill returned Liberty's defensive scheme to a "4-3" defense, meaning younger players and linebackers had to step up and help fill a fourth position on the Flames' first line of defense.
A group of four players quickly accepted their new directive and by season's end, Liberty finished the year ranked No. 1 in the Big South and No. 24 nationally in rushing defense (126.09 rushing yards allowed per game). The defensive line also helped the Flames ranked No. 15 nationally in total defense (314.73 total yards allowed per game).
Two of Liberty's front four starters have graduated, with one transitioning to a new role within the program. Bryant Lewellyn, after playing only nine games in three years at Liberty, started all 11 games at nose guard and led the Flames with five sacks. Lewellyn, who was named the Flames' new defensive tackles coach in the offseason, finished his final season overall with 20 tackles (10 solo, 10 assisted).
Demetrius Ward, Liberty's other starting graduate on the defensive line, finished just ahead of Lewellyn with 23 tackles (10 solo, 13 assisted), to go along with 4.5 tackles for a loss and two forced fumbles.
While the right side of the defensive line will need to be replaced, the left side returns two experienced players in seniors Cory Freeman and Francis Bah.
Freeman had a breakout year at defensive end, starting all 11 games and ranking second on the team among defensive linemen with 31 tackles (16 solo, 15 assisted).
Bah battled some injuries at defensive tackle, playing in eight of 11 games. He ranked third on the team with 5.0 tackles for a loss and finished his junior year with 16 stops overall (10 solo, six assisted).
When Bah was not able to go in 2012, he was backed up by Greg Schuster, who finished his four-year career on the defensive line with 38 games played and 19 career starts. Schuster provided the Flames with steady play during his career (91 tackles) and led the Flames' defensive linemen in 2012 with 36 tackles (12 solo, 24 assisted).
Several players developed on the defensive line in 2012 and during the offseason, including Dominique Davis, Jibrille Fewell and Chima Uzowihe, who could help provide the needed efforts to keep this position strong.
Fewell played in all 11 games last year, finishing the season with 21 stops (six solo, 15 assisted), while Davis was named the team's most improved defensive player following spring practice. Fewell is slated to start at nose guard this year, while Davis will showcase his speed on the outside of the line at right end.
Uzowihe found his way into the Flames' lineup later in the year in 2012, starting six games and finishing the season with 13 tackles (seven solo, six assisted), to go along with four tackles for a loss and two sacks.
Defensive Line Depth Chart
Cory Freeman (Sr., 6-4, 265)
Dylan Bowman (R-Jr., 6-3, 245)
Gerald Holt (R-Fr., 6-3, 275)
Spencer Cook (Fr., 6-1, 260)
Francis Bah (Sr., 6-3, 295)
Nolan Spicer (R-So., 6-3, 260)
Leonard Hunt (Fr., 6-0, 285)
Jibrille Fewell (Sr., 6-0, 300)
Roger Bryan (Fr., 6-1, 270)
Ja'Ron Greene (Fr., 6-2, 295)
Dominique Davis (Jr., 6-5, 250)
Chima Uzowihe (So., 6-2, 240)
Erwin Dessources (R-Fr., 6-1, 225)
Marc Wilson (Fr., 6-3, 245)
Full Training Camp Position Preview Schedule:
Aug. 1 – Wide Receivers
Aug. 5 – Defensive Line
Aug. 7 – Quarterbacks
Aug. 10 – Linebackers
Aug. 12 – Tight Ends/Fullbacks
Aug. 14 – Safeties
Aug. 19 – Cornerbacks
Aug. 21 – Offensive Line
Aug. 23 – Special Teams
Aug. 25 – Running Backs


text: Hello! Thanks to everyone who came and visited us at our MCA stall last Sunday. We had good time – it was much more relaxed than previous years have been. We have just spent the evening sorting out roughly the last 6 months worth of consignments, which are hopefully all in order now. We have an exciting number of new zines to add to the catalogue – upwards of twenty, including, off the top of our heads: a whole stack of stuff from Vanessa Berry, radical parenting zine Building Blocks, about five issues of UK perzine Your Pretty Face is going Straight to Hell, the third issue of Licky la Grim's excellent Gloryhole Baby, Thank You for Your Love by Bastian Fox Phelan, a zine about reggae and Jamaican pop culture called Rice & Peas and moooore… Heaps more, in fact. Which is good, cuz the catalogue's looking a little sparse at the moment, so thank you everyone who has sent us submissions or has acquiesced to our requests to stock their zines over the last month or so. Obviously it's going to take us a while to get all this new stuff up – we're hoping to do a few every night over the next few weeks, so keep your eye out cuz there are some mighty fine zines coming.


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A Couple Of CouplesLogic Grid puzzles come with a handy interactive grid that will help you solve the puzzle based on the given clues.
Three friends went out with their dates. They were all very nervous! The girls decided to keep in touch with each other during their dates. They all kept in touch in different ways. Can you figure out who their dates were and how they kept in touch?
Girls: Mary Ann, Isabella, and Lorraine
Boys: Ryan, Sean, and Jeremy
Ways to keep in touch: Texting, calling, and AIM (on a cell phone). Everyone can receive texts, calling, or instant message but may not be able to send them out.
1. Ryan was on a date with a girl without an 'E' in her name.
2. Isabella's parents took away her texting after a large bill the week before.
3. Lorraine used AIM.
4. Mary Ann's date got annoyed when her phone kept ringing. She didn't use calling.
5. Sean's date used AIM.
6. Jeremy's date used calling.
Hint2 names were taken from a Disney Channel show. They are a couple.
AnswerMary Ann- Ryan- texting
Isabella- Jeremy- calling
Lorraine- Sean- AIM
What Next?
See another brain teaser just like this one...
Or, just get a random brain teaser
If you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of
which ones you have seen, and even make your own.
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I have suffered from acne for 18 years, and I have tried many products. Only products that contain benzoyl peroxide clear up my acne. Even over-the-counter benzoyl peroxide cream works very well for my moderate acne.
Not very good :( This doesnt work very well on my skin. I am a 13 year old female and have been teased endlessly due to my acne. I have tried many other treatments and have seen various dermatologists. This gel made my skin greasier than ever before. I have spoken to my GP but this problem has not been adressed.
Pretty good overall I used AcneFree brand of Benzoyl peroxide for a few months, with salicic acid. They work very well together, but benzoyl peroxide doesn't work very well by itself. It just enhances the salicic acid 90%
Great I used this in combination with erythromycin many years ago and it greatly helped reduce my outbreaks of acne. After a year of treatment, I no longer needed regular medication because I no longer broke out.
Clearasil I have tried a few brands of the benzoyl peroxide creams, but I have found over the years that the Clearasil brand works better for me. I have used the adult version, and still do when my face breaks out with blemishes.
CVS Generic 2.5% Benzoyl Peroxide The 2.5% works as well for me as the 10% did with no dryness or irritation. I will say that I occasionally use Clearasil Ultra 10% and it seems much less irritating than other 10% formulas. Neutrogena also makes a 2.5% product but CVS is cheaper.
Benzoyl Peroxide I used this for the acne I got after having my last baby. The acne stuck around, but I had to quit using the BP because it bleached my clothing around the neck. It also bleached towel and washcloths. However, it did work, for the most part.
Benzoyl Peroxide - Moderate Success I have used benzoyl peroxide for years in many preparations and in combination with many other topical and oral treatments. I have found it to be moderately effective in treating and preventing breakouts. Downfalls include what I call the Turin Shroud Effect. You apply it before going to bed. Go to sleep on a coloured pillow case, and wake to find a spooky and mysterious imprint of your own face has appeared right there, on the pillow. Also causes a constant battle with oiliness. First it dries the skin excessively, causing the skin to compensate with over production of oil. Reducing the benzoyl peroxide then causes a major outbreak due to the excessive oiliness and clogged pores. I have found it almost impossible to use benzoyl peroxide without bleaching coloured fabric, no matter how careful I am. I can only conclude that even very dilute residues still retain potent bleaching effects.
For mild acne or maintenance I've used varius benzoyl peroxide brands on and off for years. I find it works best with mild breakouts or preventing breakouts after you get acne under control. My personal recommendation is to use the lower strengths, I think the results are similar without all the irritation the higher strengths can get. I currently use a 2.5% benzyol peroxide cream at night only. It seems to help. Things to consider-- it can dry your face out which can cause your face to produce more oil to compensate. Using an oil-free moisturizer might be helpful. It can stain or bleach clothes-- I had to use white pillow cases and face towels or have faded/bleached spots where my face hit.
I use 2.5% Benzoyl Peroxide After reading "The Acne Cure" by Dr. Dubrow, I am trying 2.5% BP. It takes a while for it to help, but with regular use it helps my acne. Have to be careful it doesn't get on clothes or towels since it bleaches things. I usually use it overnight. At the lower strength, it has not caused much redness or dryness for me. It's over-the-counter and therefore not too expensive.


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Hi everyone ..I would like to ask you if Elgg is the perfect solution to build a free social networking site ..
I've heard that drupal is difficult to learn ..And Joomla need money to install the modules to make a good social networking site ..
So is Elgg the best solution ? do you know the limits of this software ?? the negative points ???
thanks you vety much for answering .
No, I am pretty deep in with my Elgg site <snip/> to move to another platform.
Actually you don't have to keep the footer with Elgg. I chose to keep the "Spotlight" collapsible box at the bottom of my site, but I don't even have to do that. I agree, I certainly wouldn't use anything that bound me to linking to another site! I don't have any references (powered by, etc.) to Elgg on my site.
Elgg is good, but you gotta leave the footer intact, and who wants to have a social networking site with a link back to another site for, to drive away ad revenue? Have you tried bonnex?
I realize this is an old thread, but thought useful to add in case anyone is shopping for a platform for a social net site since Elgg is still developing their software and personally think it has come a long way.
I used it for my social net site <snip/> and while I have done considerable tweaking and played with A LOT of different plug-in combinations, I think you can end up with a fairly custom, full featured site with little programming knowledge.
Elgg seems to be mentioned again and again as a viable piece of software for a free social networking site. Drupal is tricky, but you can make a decent Social Network from it (have a gander round the drupal forums, see what can be done). Also, Buddy Press is nearing or has just been released, and that's built on wordpress, so if you're familiar with that, that may be an alternative.
I could never get Elgg to work, so unlike Drupal or Buddypress, it requires a bit of php & apache know how to set up.
BuddyPress is great but only works with WPMU, so a dedicated server is a must ... I don't need it for a small local social networking ..
I think I'll try elgg and see what I can do with it ..
I tried elgg maybe about a year ago. At the time, it was pretty much a bare-bones webapp. Not to many features beyond what you'd expect to see for the basics.
But, if that's what you're looking for, it seemed to work fine.
Elgg is an open source application which has been voted as the best social networking software for the year 2008...I read an interesting article on this topic...check it out for sure!...http://tinyurl.com/ltsz3s
The only problem with elgg is that it has not the same feature while adding friends. When someone adds someone as a friend , the other one don't need to approve or accept the request.He instantly becomes friend.
actually, there is "Friends" and "Freind of" .. so I'll just modify it to followers and following ..
Have anyone mentioned pligg...great software to use.....
Pligg is more for media sharing portal, news sharing sites. It's a good platform with lots of paid modules. As a result you pay the same or more as the price of ready-made specially targeted software.
For example you say you need Social Networking software, then may be it'll be chaeper to take the one that suits you. Check PG Social Networking software, Social Engyne, PhpFox.
If any suits you, then I have managed to help.
Pligg platform can be easily spammed with automated software/bots. I suggest going in for BuddyPress.


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"Biologists' investigation of DNA has shown, by the almost unbelievable complexity of the arrangements which are needed to produce [life], that intelligence must have been involved." (1)"It has become inordinately difficult even to begin to think about constructing a naturalistic theory of the evolution of that first reproducing organism." (2)"I have been persuaded that it is simply out of the question that the first living matter evolved out of dead matter and then developed into an extraordinarily complicated creature." (3)
An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have had to have been satisfied to get it going. (4)
"What really astounds me is the architecture of life… The system is extremely complex. It's like it was designed… There's a huge intelligence there." (6)
A code system is always the result of a mental process… It should be emphasized that matter as such is unable to generate any code. All experiences indicate that a thinking being voluntarily exercising his own free will, cognition, and creativity, is required… There is no known natural law through which matter can give rise to information, neither is any physical process or material phenomenon known that can do this. (7)
"A single consciousness, a universal wisdom, pervades the universe. The discoveries of science, those that search the quantum nature of subatomic matter, have moved us to the brink of a startling realization: all existence is the expression of this wisdom. In the laboratories we experience it as information that first physically articulated as energy and then condensed into the form of matter. Every particle, every being, from atom to human, appears to represent a level of information, of wisdom." (10)


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Categories ▾
−500 Card Party1:30 pm – 3:00 pm
Everyone is invited to a 500 Card Party on Monday, April 18th at 1:30 PM at the St. Pius X School Cafeteria in Glencoe. There will be a free will offering Dessert Luncheon also.+1:30 pm500 Card Party
−Crow River Singers7:00 pm – 2:00 pm
The Crow River Singers present a Musical Journey "Great Britian" on Friday, April 15th and Sunday, April 17th. Friday's show will be at the New Journey UCC of Hutchinson at 7 pm, while Sunday's Show is at 2 pm at Peace Lutheran Church of Hutchinson. Admission is $7, under 12 is free.+7:00 pmCrow River Singers
−So the World may hear Benefit10:00 am – 1:00 pm
11 who KARE honoree Lucas Morang is hosting a "So the world may hear" benefit for the Starkey Hearing Foundation. The event is an old fashion coffee klatch with a silent auction on Saturday, April 16th at Duran's Photography in Winsted. Enjoy a morning of Coffee, Desserts and Fun!+10:00 amSo the World may hear Benefit
−We CARE about our kids day10:00 am – 2:00 pm
Mcleod County Social Services are having their We CARE about our Kids day on Saturday, April 16th from 10a-2p at the Hutchinson Mall. There will be ongoing activities and resource booths.+10:00 amWe CARE about our kids day
−Spaghetti Dinner4:30 pm – 7:00 pm
Hunters Ridge Community Church of Hutchinson invites you to their Spaghetti Dinner on Saturday, April 16th from 4:30-7p. Featuring Authentic Italian Spaghetti, Fresh Baked Bread, Caesar Salad, and a Cupcake. Tickets are $7 for adults, $4 for kids under 10. Proceeds to to send kids to Bible Camp.+4:30 pmSpaghetti Dinner
−Maple Syrup Breakfast9:00 am – 12:00 pm
MN Pioneer Park of Annandale hosts their Maple Syrup Festival Pancake Breakfast on Sunday, April 17th from 9a-1p. It's all you can eat Pancakes, Eggs, Sausage and a Beverage. Cost is $8 for adults, $4 for ages 4-12, and 3 and under are free. You can also purchase fresh maple syrup at the event.+9:00 amMaple Syrup Breakfast
−Pancake Breakfast9:00 am – 1:00 pm
the Mcleod Alliance for Victims of Domestic Violence invite you to their Pancake Breakfast on Sunday, April 17th at the Hutchinson Elks Lodge from 9a-1p. All the pancakes you can eat for a $7 donation.+9:00 amPancake Breakfast
−Polka Worship and German Dinner10:00 am – 1:00 pm
You are invited to St. Paul's Lutheran Church of Stewart for their 15th annual Polka Worship and German Dinner on Sunday, April 17th. Worship is at 10 am featuring the Wendinger Band, Dinner from 11a-1p. Cost is $10 for adults, 6-11 are $5, and 5 and under are free. Serving German Potato Salad, Scalloped Potatoes, Brats, Meatballs, Glazed Carrots, German Sauerkraut and more!+10:00 amPolka Worship and German Dinner
−Potato Pancake Dinner10:30 am – 1:00 pm
The New Auburn VFW presents their Potato Pancake Dinner on Sunday, April 17th from 10:30a-1p at the New Auburn Fire Hall. Adults are $10, Children 6-11 are $5, and under 5 is free. All you can eat Potato and Buttermilk Pancakes, Pork Sausage, Applesauce, Cheese, Bars and a Beverage.+10:30 amPotato Pancake Dinner
−Pork Chop Dinner11:00 am – 1:00 pm
You're invited to the PTL Pork Chop Dinner at St. James Lutheran School of Howard Lake on Sunday, April 17th from 11a-1p in the Fellowship Hall of the School. Serving Pork Chops, Scalloped Potatoes, Corn, Coleslaw, Fruit Salad and more. A free will offering will be accepted for the school.+11:00 amPork Chop Dinner
−WOOD you believe2:00 pm – 3:30 pm
The Dassel History Center opens up their new exhibit "WOOD you believe" on Sunday, April 17th at 2 pm with a reception. Wood Carver Fred Cogelow of Willmar will be speaking and unveil a new carving. There is no charge for the reception or exhibit. The exhibit will be open until May 21st.+2:00 pmWOOD you believe
−GHPS Fundraiser4:00 pm – 8:00 pm
Glencoe Historic Preservation Society is sponsoring a verbal antique appraisal on Monday, April 18th from 5-7:00. They will also be bussing tables and having a bake sale from 4-8: on the same night at Unhinged Pizza. The proceeds will go towards refurbishing the original Henry Hill Stone.+4:00 pmGHPS Fundraiser
−Spaghetti Dinner5:00 pm – 7:00 pm
You're invited to a Spaghetti Dinner Fundraiser on Tuesday, April 19th from 5-7 pm at the Cosmos Legion. Free Will Donations go to the Cosmos Building Fund for the Community Center, Library, Fitness Center, and City Hall.+5:00 pmSpaghetti Dinner
−SL City Wide Garage Sales8:00 am – 12:00 pm
Silver Lake will be having their City Wide Garage Sales this Thursday, April 21, 8 AM – 5 Pm, Friday, April 22- 8 AM - 5 PMand Saturday , April 23 -8 Am - Noon+8:00 amSL City Wide Garage Sales
−SL Paper Drive8:00 am – 5:00 pm
The Silver Lake Knights of Columbus is having a Paper Drive April 22 and 23 on the north side of the Holy Family Church. Proceeds go to the Swimming Pool and Summer Rec Programs.+8:00 amSL Paper Drive
−Spring Fish Fry11:00 am – 7:00 pm
The Dassel Rod and Gun Club's Spring Fish Fry is Friday, April 22nd from 11a-7p. Serving Pollock, Au Gratin Potatoes, Cole Slaw, Baked Beans and more at Sportsmens Park on Lake Washington. Adults are $10, Children under 12 are $5.+11:00 amSpring Fish Fry
−Salad Luncheon12:00 pm – 1:30 pm
The United Lutheran Church of Lake Lillian is holding their Salad Luncheon on Friday, April 22nd starting at Noon. Join them for a wide variety of salads, along with bread and beverage. A free will offering will be taken for Safe Avenues of Willmar, plus there will be a short program after the Luncheon with Casey Baker from Safe Avenues.+12:00 pmSalad Luncheon
−Gulf War Veterans Seminar3:00 pm – 4:00 pm
Gulf War Era Veterans and their spouses are invited to a Veterans Benefit Seminar. There will be three times you can attend: April 22nd from 3-4 pm, April 22nd from 6-7 pm, and April 23rd from 9-10am. The event is at the Mcleod County Administrative Building in Glencoe. You'll learn about the federal, state, and local benefits available. Registration is not required.+3:00 pmGulf War Veterans Seminar
−Spring Fling Brunch and Sale8:00 am – 10:00 am
The Spring Fling Bruch and Sale is coming up at the Gloria Dei Dining Room of the Emmaus Gift Shop in Litchfield on Saturday, April 23rd from 8a-10a. Cost is $6 per person.+8:00 amSpring Fling Brunch and Sale
−Sibley County Expo10:00 am – 2:00 pm
You are invited to the first ever Sibley County Business Expo on Saturday, April 23rd at GFW High School in Winthrop. There will be food available in the Concessions area, plus speakers throughout the day, and don't forget to browse the booths!+10:00 amSibley County Expo
−Beer and Wine Tasting Benefit6:00 pm – 8:00 pm
The School of St. Philip in Litchfield is having their Spring Fling Beer and Wine Tasting Event on Saturday, April 23rd from 6-8 pm. The event features 14 different vendors to sample from, plus a silent auction and door prizes. Proceeds go to the School Scholarship Fund. For Tickets RSVP to 320-693-2586, Tickets are $20 in advance, $25 at the event.+6:00 pmBeer and Wine Tasting Benefit
−John Berry in Concert7:00 pm – 8:30 pm
The Dassel Cokato Arts Association presents country music legend John Berry in Concert on Saturday, April 23rd at 7 pm at the school Performing Arts Center. Tickets are available at the DC School website, the Community Education office, or at the door starting at 6 pm.+7:00 pmJohn Berry in Concert
−Just Drive 5K7:30 am – 10:00 am
Join the fight against Distracted Driving by participating in the Just Drive Family 5K Run/Walk on Sunday, April 24th. Sign in begins at 7:30 a, Run/Walk begins at 9a at Oak Leaf Park of Glencoe. Registration is free, but free will donations will be accepted to cover event costs and $20 donors receive a tshirt and a goodie bag. Proceeds will go toward local programs to educate young people on the dangers of distracted driving.+7:30 amJust Drive 5K
−Cub Scout Fundraiser8:00 am – 12:00 pm
Join Cub Scout Pack 246 at the Hutchinson Elks Lodge for an All you can Eat Brunch on Sunday, April 24th from 8a-Noon. The meal includes Pancakes, Scrambled Eggs, Ham, Sausage, Fruit and Beverage. Cost is $7 per person, under 5 eat free. Plus shop the silent auction from 8a-11:30a.+8:00 amCub Scout Fundraiser
−Polka Service10:00 am – 12:00 pm
Faith Presbyterian Church, located on Main Street in Silver Lake, will be holding their annual Polka Service featuring "Jim's Brewers" on Sunday, April 24 at 10:00am. Immediately following the service, there will be a picnic hosted by the Faith Preschool Committee in the church basement. Free will offering – all are welcome!!+10:00 amPolka Service
−Firefighter Program2:00 pm – 3:30 pm
The Mcleod County Historical Society presents a panel discussion about Mcleod County Firefighting on Sunday, April 24th at 2 pm at the Museum. There will be a Q and A about how the organizations are run today and MCHS Staff will provide historical context on how the early fire departments were formed.+2:00 pmFirefighter Program
−Food For Kidz Packing Event2:00 pm – 6:00 pm
The Plato Lions Club is sponsoring a Food for Kidz Packing event on Wednesday, April 27th from 2-6 pm. Volunteers are needed for two shifts (2-4p, 4-6p). The event will be at the King Pin Pub. You can RSVP to Jami 763-647-9884 or Connie 612-501-7064+2:00 pmFood For Kidz Packing Event
−Trolling for the Troops8:30 am – 9:30 am
Veterans are invited to go "Trolling for the Troops" in June. Any Veteran is eligible for this special day of fishing, but you must apply for the event by April 29th. For more info go to the groups Facebook page at facebook.com/trollingforthetroops+8:30 amTrolling for the Troops
−Carter Renner Blood Drive10:00 am – 4:00 pm
You are invited to give blood in honor of Carter Renner on Friday, April 29th at the Hutchinson Mall from 10a-4p. In addition to the blood drive there is a bone marrow registry going on also. For more info go to redcrossblood.org and enter sponsor code CRBD.+10:00 amCarter Renner Blood Drive
−Salad Luncheon11:00 am – 1:00 pm
St. Pauls United Church of Christ in Plato is having a Salad Luncheon on Friday, April 29th from 11a-1p. Cost is $8 and Take out orders are available.+11:00 amSalad Luncheon


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Welcome to KinHelp
Also available in presentation mode…
My genealogical indexes are free to use and to print off, but these and the articles remain my copyright and that should be respected. My "Snippets from history" pages are worth browsing through. They have interesting items taken from published sources covering several centuries. You might find an ancestor here if you are lucky! There will be more items from time to time.
The Library and Archive Sources (click on: Genealogical Resources and Hints section)is a list of libraries and archives which have genealogical material. This is hell to update, so expect it to be ages behind the times. Corrections and updates from the places listed will be welcomed.
...I'm a professional librarian who took early retirement in 1996, but find my time is filled up!. I'm also an enthusiastic knowledge merchant,a digger into everything under the sun (and beyond). My daughter say's I'm an expert know-it-all :-); but my late mother was a real ex-pert: her maiden surname was PERT. My wife says she knows me better.:-) My hobbies include family (living and dead), agates, sf, photography, cacti and orchids, journalism, running book sales to raise funds for my local church, and a thousand and one other things (from pogonophores to zoolites).


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Infocus IN124 XGA DLP Projector - 3200 ANSI Lumens, 1024 x 768, 4:3 Native, 4000:1, HDMI, VGA, 3D Ready, 4.8 lbs.Item#: I427-5142 | Model#: IN124
Currently Out Of Stock!
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Infocus XGA DLP Projector Product Details
InFocus IN124 DLP Projector
Choose only the best in showcasing your presentations with the InFocus IN124 DLP Projector. This DLP projector works great in any venue, producing remarkably vibrant images with 3200 ANSI lumens of brightness, while adding greater sharpness and detail in dark or bright images thanks to its 4,000:1 contrast ratio. It's also capable of projecting 3D content to improve learning and retention of complex concepts. It even offers HDMI, VGA, and Composite inputs so you can easily connect with most of today's digital devices. Get the InFocus IN124 DLP Projector right now!
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Related ItemsPrevious
Manufactured by: InFocus
Warranty provided by: InFocus
UPC No: 797212963567
Mfg Part No: IN124
Box Size:
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Shipping Weight: 9.4000 pound(s)
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- InFocus logos are registered trademarks of InFocus. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


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CROOKS grabbed jewellery worth more than £1,000 after breaking into a house in Colchester.
They smashed their way through the rear patio doors of the home in Margaret Road.
Once inside they snatched a large amount of jewellery, which police say is of high sentimental value to the owner.
It happened between 7pm and 11pm on Thursday.
Officers are appealing for information and want to hear from anyone who saw suspicious behaviour in the area at the time.
People should contact Det Con Mark Peacock at Colchester CID by calling 101, or Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.


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