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About Tesla
Palo Alto, California-based, Tesla Motors uses proprietary technology, world-class design, and state-of-the-art manufacturing processes to create a new generation of highway capable electric vehicles. We utilize an innovative distribution model based on Company-owned sales and service centers. This approach allows us to maintain the highest levels of customer experience and benefit from short customer feedback loops to ensure our customer needs are fulfilled. We believe our operational infrastructure provides us with a competitive advantage compared to traditional automobile manufacturers.
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The Supplier Process Engineer will be responsible for managing the development, selection, implementation & optimization of Toolings.
-Plan, organize, direct and perform all supplier quality related activities within supply chain team for assigned commodities surrounding chassis, including identification of risk and mitigation.
-Must have an advanced understanding of the procedures and practices of the Supplier Quality Assurance Field and Production Part Approval Process ensuring procured product meets drawings, specifications, processes and requirements.
-Assist suppliers in quality assurance processes and procedures to facilitate continuous improvement of supplier and product performance.
-Perform and/or participate in source qualification by performing quality and manufacturing system surveys and special process surveys.
-Perform troubleshooting with supplier to resolve issues as required.
-Status and approve SCAR responses to supplier quality issues and verify the effectiveness of supplier actions on subsequent product inspections/receipts/visits.
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-BS in Mechanical Engineering.
-A minimum of 5 Years Supplier Quality experience in Automotive Exteriors & Stampings in manufacturing and design environment.
-Working knowledge of Electronic Assembly Acceptability - IPC 610, 620, SAE, ANSI, SAE, ASTM, and J-STD-001 are helpful.
-Ability to thrive in a fast paced, dynamic environment.
-Good interpersonal & communication skills in dealing with suppliers, peers and other functional areas. Strong technical writing ability.
-Must have strong computer skills in MS Word, Access and Excel. 30-40% travel, some travel may be expected on short notice.
-Exceptional ability to read and interpret electrical schematics and mechanical drawings
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Mediasonic Probox 8-bay 3.5" USB 3.0 / eSATA DAS Reviewby Ganesh T S on 8/4/2012 7:55 AM EST
48 Comments
Back to Article
repoman27 - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkWhen you guys review USB 3.0 gear, you really need to address whose drivers you are using on the testbed and whether the device is operating in BOT, BOT with oversized payloads, or UASP mode.
USB without UASP doesn't support queuing, so increasing the queue depths won't make much difference in your results. I'm guessing you were operating in BOT mode with default payload size and that is why eSATA was able to outperform USB 3.0. (And looking at the specs for the JMS539, I don't see any mention of UASP support.) Reply
repoman27 - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkAlso, most reviews don't mention specifically which USB 3.0 controller is being used, although in this case the board in question only has the integrated Intel controller.
In the interview with JJ from Asus, he mentioned that memory bandwidth had an impact on Intel integrated USB 3.0 performance. I'm not sure if you have ever seen this borne out in actual testing, but I did note that your testbed was only running DDR3 1333. Reply
ganeshts - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkI should have specified this in this review too. But, over here [ http://www.anandtech.com/show/6014/startechcom-usb... ], using the same testbed, we found that UASP is not supported by the Intel PCH's USB3 ports. Only ASMedia supports it right now.
Further, the JMicron USB3 - SATA bridge supports only BOT specifications, as you have indicated. So, UASP enabled testbeds would probably have not made any difference. Reply
repoman27 - Monday, August 06, 2012 - linkSupposedly some Asus boards will support UASP on the USB 3.0 ports provided by the Intel PCH using the Asus drivers. [ http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/usb-3-uas-turb... ] I believe UASP is also supported for the integrated Intel USB 3.0 controller under Windows 8 and Mac OS X.
Even using BOT though, increasing the maximum transfer length can have a considerable impact on sequential performance. So I wonder if your numbers are at the upper end for the Probox, or if it still had another 20-25% to go under USB 3.0 given the right conditions.
At this juncture, directly comparing benchmarks of USB 3.0 storage solutions is a total crap-shoot because there are so many variables and almost every site reviewing gear glosses over a fair number of the details. Reply
yyrkoon - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkOk I have not finished reading the article yet, but I *have* to say something.
What do you mean there were no such issues with USB 3.0 in relation to your eSATA port multiplication issues ? This makes you the reviewer sound clueless. PM support always depended on very few specific Intel, Jmicron, and now I suppose Marvell chip sets to work..
Just to clarify This is a failing in your motherboard(s) or discrete eSATA controller cards. Not the fault of the enclosure. . Reply
yyrkoon - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkSorry, I said Intel Chip sets, where I meant Silicon image chip sets. Silicon image 3114, and 3132 chip sets where provided on a very few motherboards back in the Core2Duo days. A few generations of motherboards before ABIT dropped out of the motherboard business.
At any rate. Addonics has made/sold PM capable controller cards for years. Reply
ganeshts - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkWhen I specificed 'USB 3.0 had no such issues', I meant that I was able to access all the drives in the enclosure without experiencing BSODs unlike the eSATA case. I think all our readers know enough to understand that USB 3.0 has no port multiplication feature :)
Yes, I have mentioned that it is a problem of the eSATA ports of most systems out there, and I have also mentioned that Mediasonic should have bundled one of those eSATA cards capable of seeing 8 drives through the eSATA port. Otherwise, they end up with customer service threads like the one here : http://forum.mediasonic.ca/viewtopic.php?f=27&... Reply
yyrkoon - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - link"I think all our readers know enough to understand that USB 3.0 has no port multiplication feature :)"
This is not what I was saying. My point was that technically, the eSATA issues you had, was all the fault of the hardware you used to connect to the tower. E.G. your motherboards. But it looked like you were saying that Mediasonic's eSATA implementation was bad. Which is very likely not the case. No use in lamenting over a controller card not being included. As when you purchase such a device. You had better know what you're getting into, and you should already know this.
This is the problem with multiple drive eSATA technology. It is complicated, convoluted, and in general half baked from conception compared to other technologies. However, do not get me wrong, I personally was very interested in eSATA PM technology from the start 5+ years ago. From specification to end user product however. It rarely pans out very well. Unless you spend boatloads of cash. Where you have to ask yourself "why eSATA instead of SAS, or ( insert other external drive technology here )..
With everything above said. I think that manufactures should just leave eSATA out of the mix, and pass the savings onto us. the consumers. USB3 is not great, but it is good enough and flexible. Thunderbolt I think could be a great option too. If someone were to make say a 4 SATA drive to Thunderbolt bridge device.
As for the "bad customer service thread thing". I think you would find that with many, many eSATA implementations. Even the single drives ones. Have many issues. Where drives suddenly drop offline, experience terrible speeds. ETC,ETC. This is why yours truly completely opted out of eSATA entirely, and went with USB3. Reply
tuxRoller - Sunday, August 05, 2012 - linkI interpreted the author as saying that the problem lay in the side of the motherboard companies making it too difficult to determine if their esata chip is multi-port aware. Reply
yyrkoon - Sunday, August 05, 2012 - linkYeah I got that. However, I like you recognized the authors um . . . obvious inexperience with the given technology.
You *do not* go out and test equipment like this without having the proper support hardware as well. Complaining, whining, or otherwise crying about hardware not included is simply inexcusable.
The things you, and I both know. Is that port multiplier technology does not work without the proper controller chip set period. Sometimes, with the right equipment, you *can* perhaps access RAID arrays previously setup by a system that did have the right controller chip set. However, that array has to have previously been setup with an appropriate SI controller( or equivalent ). It is miraculous that the reviewer was even able to see even a single drive. Let alone all drives one at a time. If I understood what was written correctly. Granted, a few Addonics products can / do this for the user through hardware switches. . .
You know this. I know this. The difference between you and I however. Is that you have actual hands on experience with the hardware / technology. I on the other hand have no hands on experience. Just a lot of reading over the past several years ( since the specification was released ). As eSATA PM technology has always been of interest to me.
The point being here. Is that if someone can have knowledge of something without laying hands on actual hardware. There is no reason why a reviewer ( hopefully someone with some expertise ) should not as well.
@ Ganesh
Take this as a learning experience Ganesh. Not a slight. With a little more preparation, research, then perhaps willingness to work with the given hardware. Us readers could have learned more, and we could have had a proper review of the given product. As it stand, personally I feel like your review is incomplete. Reply
yyrkoon - Sunday, August 05, 2012 - linkEr, heh sorry TuxRoller. I mistook you for another person. My mistake. Reply
tuxRoller - Sunday, August 05, 2012 - linkHeh, no problem:) Reply
heron_kusanagi - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkAnd using a eSATA PCI-e card that supports port multiplier. I say that this HDD enclosure will really do well with a bundled eSATA PCI-e card. At least saves some hassle from the consumer side. Although USB 3.0 will solve that issue somewhat, I suppose. Still, this is a nice way to expand the HDD storage of local systems. Reply
sheh - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkWhat do people do with these things, I wonder. If it had a network interface in addition, then alright. But even then, for the price these things sell, you might just as well get a PC. More flexible, too. Reply
ganeshts - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkTry getting a 8-bay NAS for around $300 :) And try assembling a PC with this low power footprint when 8 drives are added. In addition, it is not straightforward to have the drives attached to a PC be visible as a set of drives for another PC (which is the point of this gadget - a direct attached storage unit) Reply
bigboxes - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkStraightforward for who? AnandTech readers? I have a 9 drive file server (one for the os and 8 for the files to be shared). It's hooked up to the a gigabit switch and then shared with all my home's PCs. I map all of the drives I wish to share on a particular pc. Not too complicated. It's my old A64 box. It's got 2gb of ram and more than enough horsepower to serve up files. I use a Seasonic psu that is not stressed in the least. Quiet and quite flexible. I use a couple of SATA2 pci cards to hook up all the drives. When I have trouble it's easy to troubleshoot the issue. Reply
Lonyo - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkI'll get back to you hopefully next week when my Celeron G530 (to be underclocked) on an mATX mobo with 8 SATA ports is ready and set up.
Rather than challenging the readers to do this, shouldn't you as the reviewer be considering it, and actually exploring the possibilities? Reply
Lonyo - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkOh, and total cost for an 8 bay mATX case ($25), G530 ($50), motherboard ($80), RAM ($20), and then $50 for a low wattage 80+ PSU gives you a total of around $225 for an 8-bay box that can also have even more storage added through PCI/PCIe controller cards, as well as USB drives being connected to it. Reply
ganeshts - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkGuys,
Everyone is talking about a NAS here, while I was talking about a DAS. Do you have a 8-bay PC which can be connected to another PC and have all the 8 bays visible over a eSATA or USB port?
The whole intent is to have storage which can be taken from PC to PC without disassembling, and operating at the max. bandwidth provided by USB 3 or eSATA. With all your solutions, you can either access the drives at full bandwidth only on that host PC or on another PC through a GbE link limited by many other factors. Reply
yyrkoon - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkPeople use these things to have potentially flexible, fast and economical storage.
Sure it can be more complex to setup. But power consumption wise. It will almost certainly win over a NAS. Which in turn relates to the never ending cost of the device running over time. It will almost always be faster, and can be just as bit as flexible as a NAS. Although, a network not withstanding. Can only connect to one system at a time.
It all really boils down to taste, and thought process put into your final objective. Reply
cdbob - Monday, August 06, 2012 - linkI built an NAS using the G530 and it works great. The best value for money you could get. Reply
Deptacon - Tuesday, August 07, 2012 - linkI have 16TB's of data spread across 8 drives..... this is plug and play from one machine, and frees up room in my machine....thats what these are for. Reply
PommieB - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkBit disappointed in this review, especially the lack of knowledge about eSata and Port Multiplication, I've run eSata and multiple enclosures for at least 5 or so years, I've had little or no problems using them, I'm running this particular enclosure connected to a Asus M70 laptop with no problems at all, it runs via a PM aware Addonics eSata expresscard without problems, the expresscard has a SIL3132 chip, something I checked prior to buying this particular enclosure, never had blue screens with esata, but then I do the research beforehand, something the reviewer should have done in the first place, I don't have USB3.0, so far I haven't needed it.
All I can say, for the price these enclosures work well and so does the eSata, that's if you understand PM and know what your doing, same goes for eSata. Reply
ganeshts - Saturday, August 04, 2012 - linkThe introduction section mentioned that a PM link needs to be used. However, not many users realize that their board's eSATA port most probably doesn't support port multipliers.
One of the aims of this review was to educate the readers about this issue. Just trying to make sure that readers have a proper PM supporting eSATA port before expecting eSATA to work in this unit. Reply
yyrkoon - Sunday, August 05, 2012 - linkWell then. Educate the readers who need it. But not at the expense of a product you are reviewing.
I completely agree with the OP here on this thread. Which is why you saw my post on the first page. Reply
overanalysis - Thursday, August 09, 2012 - linkPommieB,
are you saying the expresscard using the sil3132 will add the multiport function to your labtop even if the chip set on mobo doesn't have it. I have xps 1640 w/ ICH9 chipset that doesn't support port mulitiplier. I have a 4 bay probox that does not have PM controller in it. I was going to going to use a usb 3 espresscard but would prefer to use the esata if I could. Reply
PureHazard - Saturday, August 11, 2012 - linkYes, he's saying exactly that. The Sil3132 will have a port multiplier enabling you to see up to 8 hard drives via eSATA. Reply
tuxRoller - Sunday, August 05, 2012 - linkI'd be curious how a linux distro (fedora, say) handles this setup. Reply
yyrkoon - Sunday, August 05, 2012 - linkHeh, I'm thinking you'd have better luck asking for openSolaris advice on this site . ..
but freenode.irc -> ##fedora perhaps ? Reply
tuxRoller - Sunday, August 05, 2012 - linkI suppose you are referring to their zfs coverage?
Fedora, or something like RHEL storage, should be able to handle this easily using lvm2 + whatever fs you like.
Mainly, though, I'm curious about the usb3 performance comparison. Linux has had usb 3 support for ages, and driver quality for windows can be quite variable for usb3. Reply
rahvin - Monday, August 06, 2012 - linkIt's been my experience that if there are drivers in Linux (and these days there almost always is) then they absolutely smoke windows for reliability and quality. The advantage of Linux is that you don't have low bid foreign programmers building drivers in as little time as possible with absolutely no QC like you do in windows. Almost all windows BSOD (or GSOD depending on windows version) is the result of bad drivers. Reply
yyrkoon - Tuesday, August 07, 2012 - linkBeen running USB3 on Windows7 enterprise x64 now for 6-8 months. First, on a laptop through expresscard, and now naively on a laptop that has it on the motherboard.
Two different systems, two completely different platforms(1 Intel, 1 AMD ). No issues what-so-ever.
No hands on with Linux and USB3, but I have to call BS on your performance comment. Having been using Linux in some form or another since the late 90's, I hear / see this kind of comment all the time. With no substantial proof to back it up.
Plus I have done tons of my own performance testing to boot. Using iSCSI, AoE, Samba, and NFS. On both software platforms. It all came down to very similar performance on both platforms. This is also where I ran into a lot of stability issues with Ubuntu. E.G. Some of the software I was using was very obviously not ready for prime time on Ubuntu. Even though Ubuntu was at the time the most advanced Debian flavored Distro.
So, you see I could say the exact same about Linux. If I wanted to.However, I wont. Simply because I know that the software was not ready for that platform at the given time. Even though it was touted as being ready. This was also more than a couple years ago. I am sure things have improved at least somewhat since then.
Now days, knowing what I know. I would probably bypass Linux for this purpose all together. And jump straight into openSolaris. That would be my own choice though. Reply
rahvin - Thursday, August 09, 2012 - link[blockquote]Even though Ubuntu was at the time the most advanced Debian flavored Distro.[/blockquote]
Wow, that says it all right there doesn't it. I'd be surprised if you understand the difference between the kernel and distribution or performance versus stability and quality given that comment.
Try starting with this thought, Linux is the Kernel. GNU/Linux is the base GPL system that makes up the base system environment and userland (an alternative to this would be Android with a different system and base written from scratch by google on top of a Linux kernel). A distribution is a combination of GNU/Linux system and userland along with a multitude of other software with varying amounts of free software but typically comprising the X-Window system and a selection of standard FOSS applications though certain distributions include proprietary or non-free components. Ubuntu has NEVER been "the most advanced Debian distribution" unless you are creating your own definition of advanced that doesn't match the standard definition.
Installing Linux and playing around with it for five minutes every now and then doesn't mean you've done anything but experiment with it. I'm by no means an expert but I've been running a Linux system continuously since about 1998. In that time I've had one kernel oops (the rough equivalent of a windows BSOD) and that was due to me screwing up a kernel replacement. In that same time period on other systems I've had a multitude of windows BSOD's. I've never encountered a situation where a closed source windows driver was better in any way than an open source driver in Linux and I doubt anyone ever has. In fact Valve recently discovered that their Source Engine designed and built for Windows and DirectX performed better on Linux with FOSS drivers in OpenGL and in fact was something like 40% faster. Reply
bobbozzo - Sunday, August 05, 2012 - linkOpenFiler Linux works with PM SATA, depending on the host controller, of course. Reply
PubFiction - Sunday, August 05, 2012 - linkIn reality most of the many of the devices are both DAS and NAS. But at the same time I think that NAS still makes alot more sense. The type of people who are using that much data are usually interested in serving it to more than 1 machine, be it a media center, small company, family etc.... I think that in reality DAS was just a relic of all those people who did not have a network or had no idea how to set them up. But as time went on routers with 4 wired / 4 wireless connections became unavoidable and people who now connected xboxes, phones, tablets and everything else to thouse routers have now become used to that process. Now they just dont have much of a need for DAS. And I thin that trend will continue unless networks fall very far behind in bandwidth and somehow the content generated sky rockets. Reply
yyrkoon - Tuesday, August 07, 2012 - linkJust because the DAS only connects to one system, does not mean that it can not be shared over a network.
Key points in favor of DAS over a NAS are flexibility, performance, and power consumption. Not necessarily in that order.
A DAS could also be used to expand on an already full NAS for that matter . . . This is how SAS, iSCSI, and a lot of other external drives can be / are used. Reply
kmmatney - Wednesday, August 08, 2012 - linkI guess it depends on the user, but I don't see this as being useful. I built a cheap Windows Home Server box, with 6 SATA ports, for less than $200 (using a few spare parts), and have used drive extender to easily add storage space over the years. It acts as a media server (via Serviio), and automatically backs up 6 PCs in the house. I can access files from the internet as well. I can add external USB hard drives to expand the storage pool as well, so there's room to add more drives beyond the 6 SATA port on the motherboard. Reply
ypsylon - Monday, August 06, 2012 - linkAnd I have no more interest in this. Probably worst storage chipset ever created. Furthermore who need 8 bay JBOD enclosure? No redundancy, just buy bigger case if you need so many HDDs without any protection. And those plastic handles. C'mon plastic!?! Tiny bit of aluminum wouldn't hurt. Like many of such enclosures it is cheap to the extreme - Chinese copy of a copy of a copy. Nobody really knows who is the author of this design.
As for opinion (above) that DAS is a relic and NAS is more logical choice. LOL have you ever tried to copy TBs of data every single day over Ethernet? Obviously not. I don't need network, but I do copy plethora of things each day. I would die of boredom while waiting if I used (even 10Gb) NAS. DAS all the way on my front but with NICs at the back if sometimes network is needed.
Both DAS and NAS have space on the market, but both are completely pointless when no redundancy is present (excluding of course single drive mobile enclosures ;) ). Reply
yyrkoon - Tuesday, August 07, 2012 - linkI agree with you on the NAS / DAS comment above lol.
Anyhow not trying to talk you into liking this tower. But read newegg reviews on it. Some people actually seem to like the plastic case door etc. While others hate it. But I do agree with you.
Another thing I do not like about it is that it is a single wide tower. In my own humble opinion, this is retro, or just old. Sure these could fit into a 1U rack, but why not come up with something new ? Like a double wide ( heh ) 4 bay high tower ? Personally, I would find that more attractive If this is done, then you open up a whole new area of cooling options. 1-2x 120mm fans in the front . . .etc etc.
Yeah anyway. I dont know. it seems people in the industry have lost, or never had any imagination. Reply
PureHazard - Wednesday, August 08, 2012 - linkThe plastic handles are meant to dampen the noise from hard drive vibration after being squeezed in by the metal swing door. I would assume aluminum handles wouldn't make sense for noise reduction.
As for it being cheap, this is a Taiwanese made enclosure that's built by Hotway (as mentioned in the review if you cared to read it properly) and as sturdy any enclosure from a tier one manufacturer.
These 4 and 8 bay DAS enclosures complement existing servers and things like prebuilt WHS machines fairly well. Reply
Point2Note - Monday, August 06, 2012 - link@ypsylon they offer the raid version of the 8 bay as well, although the raid version doesn't work if you only use it for jbod, and the plastic handles are useless
i use 2 probox 8 bay at home, since my case has only has 10 drive capacity, both use usb 3 since i cant find motherboard or esata card that works with this 8bay.
the bad thing using usb is i cant remove a drive without interrupting the other drive that in the same bay (it will get disconnected and reconnected, so if im copying something from a drive inside the bay i cant unplug another drive in the same bay)
also the speed is also halved when accessing multiple drive at the same time, but since the bay cost below 200$ each,it's fine for me
i agree with ganesh that motherboard vendor should support port multiplier, since they usually use a chipset that already has port multiplier support but its depend on the mobo vendor to enable them or not, i also agree that mediasonic should bundle them with esata card since not many users know that they need additional card if they are using the bay with esata. i even cant get my 2 bay thermaltake to work with my motherboard esata (z68x ud7) Reply
rahvin - Monday, August 06, 2012 - linkI have a request, in future motherboard reviews can you test for port multiplier support? When I bought my current board I had to find the JMicron chip number (using high res images of the motherboard) for the eSATA ports and look at the specs for the chip to find out if the board supported port multipliers because the manual said absolutely nothing about it, and the manufacturer didn't appear to care.
This is a handy feature and if you guys could list whether the boards support it when you do reviews it would save a lot of time for people that need the capability. The manufacturers don't appear to care about it and it appears it's a feature they aren't even aware exists in some cases (the chip they pick for esata has the capability but it wasn't a feature that had any role in the selection). When it was looking it appeared only about 20% of the eSATA chips had port multiplier capability and it looks like a crap shoot on whether you will get it on board or not. So please add this to a list of feature checks, it a really nice feature. Reply
Antiflash - Monday, August 06, 2012 - linkQuick question for all you storage gurus:
Can this DAS (or any JBOD DAS) be use as a Storage Pool to create Storage Spaces in Windows 8? Reply
samsp99 - Wednesday, August 08, 2012 - linkHow well this performs with storage spaces would be really interesting. I think you could then use JBOD from the device, and the OS should be able to provide redundancy & mapping all the storage into a large volume so that file management (especially for media) becomes easier.
Could you follow up with a part 2 when you have an appropriate esata card. Reply
philipma1957 - Monday, August 06, 2012 - linkOne question how loud does this run. Since it is right next to the pc I would hear it if it runs loud most 80mm fans are really loud. I had an eight bay rosewill like this with my mac pro. I used a card with 2 esata jacks that were pm. I ran a 4x 2tb raid0 and a second 4x tb raid0. one backed up the other it was fast 250 mb read and write. and since it had 120mm fans it was quiet. I prefer t-bolt pegasus r6 but they cost a lot more. Reply
Deptacon - Tuesday, August 07, 2012 - linkReally? How is this an andandtech review? Its awful. Its obvious the reviewer has no grasp of this niche of the market. some of us with experiance with DAS units and enclousures...specifically running multiple drives through esata or USB to a main PC.....could have learned a lot from this. Instead, I ended reading the review with more questions.....
I will buy and re-review it if Anadtech would like....christ....get someone who actually uses the products next time to review them. Like having an avid die hard android user review the new iPhone.... Reply
Deptacon - Wednesday, August 08, 2012 - linkWorld wide standard for measuring something is Length, width, height..... not Width length, height like you did. Yet another example of how much of a fail this review was.
I am buying this product this week. When I get it in....I will write a lenghty review and post it in the forums. Being someone who actually has experiance with esata, port multiplying, and DAS enclosure setups....others like me might find my review I post actually useful. Reply
ganeshts - Wednesday, August 08, 2012 - linkI am always striving to improve. It has been quite some time since we carried out a DAS review (I do NAS reviews usually). Please do review the product in the forums and provide the link here (or you can e-mail me too). I will take a look at it and see what other aspects should have been covered.
In any case, it has been specifically mentioned that once we get hold of a port-multiplier enabled card, we will take another look at the product. Reply

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Eusociality is a term used for the highest level of social organization in a hierarchical classification. The term "eusocial" was introduced in 1966 by Suzanne Batra[1] and given a more definitive meaning by E. O. Wilson.[2] It was originally defined to include those organisms (originally, only invertebrates) that had certain features:[3][4]
- reproductive division of labor (with or without sterile castes)
- overlapping generations
- cooperative care of young
The lower levels of social organization, subsociality, were classified using different terms, including presocial, subsocial, semisocial, parasocial and quasisocial.
The most familiar examples are insects such as ants, bees, and wasps (the order Hymenoptera), as well as termites (order Isoptera), all with reproductive queens and more or less sterile workers and/or soldiers. The only mammalian examples are the naked mole rat and the damaraland mole rat.[5]
Eusociality with biologically sterile individuals represents the most extreme form of kin altruism. The analysis of eusociality played a key role in the development of theories in sociobiology.
The phenomenon of reproductive specialization is found in various organisms. It generally involves the production of sterile members of the species, which carry out specialized tasks, effectively caring for the reproductive members. It most commonly manifests in the appearance of individuals within a group whose behavior (and sometimes anatomy) is modified for group defense, including self-sacrifice ("altruism").
Definition debatesEdit
Subsequent to Wilson's original definition, other authors have sought to expand or narrow the definition of eusociality, focusing on the nature and degree of the division of labor, which was not originally specified. A narrower definition specifies the requirement for irreversibly distinct behavioral groups or castes (with respect to sterility and/or other features), and such a definition excludes all social vertebrates (including mole rats), none of which have irreversible castes.[6] A broader definition allows for any temporary division of labor or non-random distribution of reproductive success to constitute eusociality, and some have accordingly argued that even humans may be considered eusocial.[7] Others believe that the hierarchical classification may not serve much purpose.[8]
Early ideas on eusociality included suggestions that trophallaxis or food sharing was a basis for sociality.[9] Other theories include superorganism theory and parental manipulation theory. The most widely accepted model to explain eusociality is based on the idea of inclusive fitness.
According to inclusive fitness theory, eusociality may be easier for species like ants to evolve, due to their haplodiploidy, which facilitates the operation of kin selection. Sisters are more related to each other than to their offspring. This mechanism of sex determination gives rise to what W. D. Hamilton first termed "supersisters" who share 75 per cent of their genes on average. Sterile workers are more closely related to their supersisters than to any offspring they might have, if they were to breed themselves. From the "selfish gene's" point-of-view, it is advantageous to raise more sisters, assuming that roughly equal numbers are being produced. Even though workers often do not reproduce, they are potentially passing on more of their genes by caring for their sisters than they would by having their own offspring (each of which would only have 50% of their genes). This unusual situation where females may have greater fitness when they help rear siblings rather than producing offspring is often invoked to explain the multiple independent evolutions of eusociality (occurring some 11 separate times) within the haplodiploid group Hymenoptera — ants, bees and wasps. However, Hymenoptera is a large group and the majority of hymenopterans are not social. Furthermore, highly developed eusociality also exists in non-hymenopterans, perhaps most prominently in termites. Certain vertebrates (such as the naked mole rat) have also been described as eusocial. Most such cases involve organisms that display high levels of inbreeding, such that colony members share more than 50% of their genes, and therefore the same model is considered to apply to these species.
Superorganism theory, in contrast, explains the evolutionary stability of eusociality by focusing on competition among groups of organisms, such that selection upon features of the behavior of the group as a whole outweighs selection on the individuals within each group; that is, there is a higher payoff for an individual to invest in between-group competition than to invest in within-group competition.[10] Support for this is based on the observation that multicellular life essentially started out as colonies of one-celled creatures, in which most of the one-celled creatures became specialized to other roles in the colony, losing the ability to reproduce. Thus came the transition from hordes of cooperating one-celled animals (algae are an example) to colonies of one-celled organisms acting as single, permanent units (slime moulds), to the simplest multicellular life (sponges), from which all higher animals evolved.
Theories of parental manipulation point out that the transition from solitary to eusocial appears to involve intermediate stages where dominance interactions are required to suppress the reproductive tendencies of group members; that is, females are manipulated into acting as workers, even if it is against their own self-interest.[11][12] This model does not require that individuals be highly related, though high relatedness will reduce expected levels of resistance to manipulation.
In spite of the obvious advantages of common foraging and defense, eusocial animals had appeared paradoxical even to Darwin: if adaptive evolution unfolds by differential survival of successful species, how can a species succeed in which most individuals don't breed at all? How can individuals incapable of passing on their genes possibly evolve and persist? Since they do not breed, their fitness should be zero and any alleles causing this condition should be eliminated from the population immediately. In Origin of Species (first edition, Ch. 7), Darwin called this behavior the "one special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my theory." Darwin anticipated that the resolution to the paradox would lie in the close family relationship, but specific theories to offer such resolution (e.g., kin selection or inclusive fitness) had to wait for the discovery of the mechanisms for genetic inheritance.
Some hypotheses about how eusociality evolved in naked mole rats include: inbreeding, ecological factors such as the dependence on large tubers which are hard to locate and reach underground, heat loss prevention, and high dispersal costs. In the mammalian cases, eusociality is believed to arise from 'reproductive suppression', where infertility in working females is only temporary, and not genetic.[How to reference and link to summary or text]
Other examplesEdit
Another widespread insect group exhibiting eusociality is the termites (order Isoptera), which in contrast to the Hymenoptera exhibit diploidy, like most organisms. Termites are a lineage of cockroaches, and are not closely related to the Hymenoptera. Eusociality arose once in an ancestral termite, whilst it arose several times in the Hymenoptera.
Recently, some species of gall-making aphids (Order Hemiptera) and thrips (Order Thysanoptera) were found to be eusocial, with many separate origins of the state. These species have extremely high relatedness among individuals due to their partially asexual mode of reproduction (sterile soldier castes being of the same clone as the reproducing female), but the gall-inhabiting behavior gives these species a defensible resource that sets them apart from related species with similar genetics. In these groups, therefore, high relatedness alone does not lead to the evolution of social behavior, but requires that groups occur in a restricted, shared area.[13]
Similarly, eusociality has arisen among some crustaceans and other arthropods. On some tropical reefs, several species of minute Synalpheus pistol shrimp that depend on certain sponges for the survival of their colony, live eusocially, with a single breeding female and a preponderance of male defenders, armed with enlarged snapping claws. Again, there is a single shared domicile for the colony members, and the non-breeding members act to defend it.[How to reference and link to summary or text]
See alsoEdit
- ↑ Batra, S. W. T. 1966: Nests and social behavior of halictine bees of India (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). — Indian J. Entomol 28 375-393.
- ↑ Wilson, E. O. 1971: The insect societies. — Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cambridge. Massachusetts.
- ↑ Michener, C. D., Annu. Rev. Entomol, 1969, 14, 299-342.
- ↑ Gadagkar, Raghavendra (1993) And now... eusocial thrips!. Current Science 64(4):pp. 215-216 PDF
- ↑ Burda, H. Honeycutt, R. L, Begall, S., Locker-Grutjen, O & Scharff A. (2000) Are naked and common mole-rats eusocial and if so, why? Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 47(5):293-303 Abstract
- ↑ Crespi, B.J. and Yanega, D. (1995) The definition of eusociality. Behav. Ecol. 6, 109–115
- ↑ Kevin R. Foster & Francis L.W. Ratnieks 2005 A new eusocial vertebrate? TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution 20(7):363-364 PDF
- ↑ James T. Costa & Terrence D. Fitzgerald 2005 Social terminology revisited: Where are we ten years later? Ann. Zool. Fennici 42:559-564 PDF
- ↑ Wheeler, W. M. 1918. A study of some ant larvae with a consideration of the origin and meaning of social habits among insects. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 57, 293-343.
- ↑ Reeve, H.K. and Hölldobler, B. 2007. The emergence of a superorganism through intergroup competition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 9736-9740
- ↑ Michener, C.D., Brothers, D.J. 1974. Were workers of eusocial Hymenoptera initially altruistic or oppressed? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 68: 1242-1245
- ↑ Brian, M.V. 1983. Social Insects: ecology and behavioural biology Chapman & Hall, New York.
- ↑ Crespi. B. J. 1992 Eusociality in Australian gall thrips. Nature 359: 724-726.


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Have a new pooch you want to show off? Head to tgam.ca/dogpics to submit your photos
From Justin Kwong in Vancouver: This is Nova the Japanese Akita at 9 months old.
From Ziem Phala in Niagara Falls, ON: Here is our 8 week old German Shepherd Titan
From Patti Callahan in Toronto: Our new, very tired Viszla puppy Red
Akaash Maharaj in Almonte, ON: Jumblie, my Dalmatian puppy, soaks up the sun at our farm. He was weaned just before last winter, and seems perplexed by the warmth of his first summer.
From Mary Lynn Futers in Oakville, ON Beckett Columbus Geronimo Houdini Futers arrived home on New Year's Day. He is now 8 months old. His middle names represent all of the amazing parts of his personality
From Allen Mcavoy in Halifax: Sofie was a seized then rescued dog. She sleeps on the bed because that's where she's happy. (Bedding can be replaced, but the love a dog brings cannot.)
From Rob Nicholson in Markham, Ont.: Here's our new English Springer Spaniel puppy, Molly Springwald
(Harkamal Nijjar/Harkamal Nijjar)
From Louise Crandall in Ottawa: My English Bulldog Oswald fell in love with his feline companion Dexter soon after meeting a few months ago.
From Nora Guinane in Toronto: Our Westie, Cosmo, at 12 months. His first trip on our pontoon boat at our cottage on Lake Muskasong, Ontario.
From Louisa Gradnitzer in Vancouver: This is Ziggy, taking a break after swimming at Sasamat Lake, Coquitlam - refreshing days after watching the NHL finals
From Kate Robb in Winnipeg: This is Abby.
From Maralyn Jackson in Cambridge, Ont.: This is favorite boy Oscar. We call him the Big O, since he is only 19 inches tall at the shoulders but weighs about 85 pounds. Oscar is a 2 yr old, Olde Victorian Bulldogge.
From Jennifer Goldberg in Toronto: Meet Martha!
From Taylor Gray in Winnipeg: It's a dog's life. This is my dog Shadow relaxing in his sandbox.
From David Hughes in Toronto: Colonel Beauregard is a Louisiana Catahoula Leopard dog. He's 4 months old in this photo (he's now 15 months). Objectively speaking, he's quite simply the best looking dog in the universe.
From Dalia Lucchetta in Toronto: This is Flo, our Brittany Spaniel/Boxer cross who is coming to us all the way from Florence, South Carolina.
From Jacqueline Horne in Kitchener, Ontario: This is Lady Molly, born April 8th.
From Celestine Jack in Norfolk, Virginia: This is my Boston Terrier Butler, aka Boo.
From Sonia leBorgne in Burnaby, B.C.: Bentley has raised through the ranks from shelter dog at Chilliwack SPCA to full time BFF in his new home. He's a mix breed, greyhoud cross.
From Christopher Brown in Toronto: Charlie, our Chinese Shar Pei, now one year old and the centre of attention.
From Michael Gamble in Oakville, Ontario: My dog Juno is one-year-old German short-haired pointer and epitomizes the saying "dogs are what unconditional love is all about"...
From Pete Anderson from Selby, Ontario: Here's our newest member to our family Walter, born this past Dec 27th. Walter was born with one blue and one brown eyes.
From T.J. Goertz in Toronto: Barksdale is a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and loving life.
From Natalie Marconi in Toronto: Meet Lambchop and Babycakes! They are the ultimate portable pooches! I've often put the tow of them in a bag or stroller and have taken them with me shopping and to restaurants.
From Marsha Mann in Inverary, ON: Max and Charlie, only a few weeks old. They have become the best of friends.
From Brittany Hilton in Toronto: I know everyone always thinks that their dog is the cutest, but mine seriously is! This is Cali, my 4.5 lb Pomeranian
From Irene Pohle in St. Andrews-by-the-Sea, New Brunswick: Lola at 8 weeks is our fourth weimaraner
From Tina Webb in Montreal, QC: This is Sadie, a 2 month old Cavalier King Charles spaniel. She's a bouncy little puppy that purrs and chortles more than she barks.
From Jody Coulter in Ladysmith, B.C.: Winston is a 6 month old puggle and loves to be outdoors with Dad. He loves to cuddle, and chew apart any kind of stuffed toy!
From Wendhi Gale in Sidney, B.C.: Introducing Satchi and we are now, again, a wolfpack of 3.
(Wendhi Gale/Wendhi Gale)
From Kirsty Bruce, in Toronto: Meet Hudson, my half french bulldog, half boston terrier. Shes about 10 weeks old in this photo taken in April when she still needed a sweater.
From Sarah-Jayne Riley in Peterborough, Ontario: This is Jackson, Jax for short! He is only 9 weeks old! He is a purebred American Bulldog. He loves cuddling with mommy and daddy, running in the backyard, and being with his "Dogmother" Peaches!
From Andrea K in Picton, Ontario: Our 8 month old Bernese watching us play a baseball game
From Ariz David in Halifax: This is Squatch, the cutest new puppy ever, an alaskan malamute.
From Louisa Cantelon in Toronto, Ontario: Dr. Allan Jeffreis and our two dogs: 13-year old Reilly (Yellow Lab), and 3 month old Basil (a wavy-haired Portuguese Water dog).
From Lisa Susin: This is Maia an Austrialian Shepherd pup. She was about 3.5 months when this photo was taken - currently she is 4 months. She found a soother during our walk..
From Manchit Boparai: Hugo a rescued Dogue De Bordeaux/English Bulldog puppy mill canine, enjoying the sunshine and freedom of the good life in Ottawa, ON.
From Natalie Bobyk: Say hello to Steve, my friend Eric's new French Bulldog puppy!
From Andrea Stewart in Ottawa: Teddy the whippet was named for the author of 'The Decline of the Roman Empire.' Here he is at 9 months old, dressed for cocktail hour.
From Christa Klein Gebbinck in Hamilton: This is my 5 month old morkie (maltese x yorkie), Brady. She is a 5.5 lb, lovable, bundle of energy. We reside in Hamilton, Ontario.
From Ewa Jackson in Toronto: Millie is our great dane pup that is about to turn one.
From Tony Dell'Osso in Toronto: This is our 14 year old golden retriever "Jake" hanging around on our deck in his chair.
From Hayley Morrison in Toronto: This is Tuxedo our puppy, he is a shih poo (shih tzu -poodle mix), we call him Tux for short.
From Renata Brandys in Calgary: Charlie was adopted from the Calgary Humane Society. He was rescued from a reserve at the end of December 2010 at the age of 8 months, and soon found a home with us. Never letting him go!
From Natalie Bobyk in Toronto: Move over Sheen, there's a new Charlie in town. I just adopted my first puppy, Charlie - a 4 month and barely 3 pound Yorkie with the sweetest disposition.
From Pam LeBlanc in Kingston, Ontario: Kora is a 16-week old German Shepherd pup - and is the cutest dog in the world when she's not biting me or chasing the cats.
From Scott Hustwitt in Kitchener, Ontario: This is Theo, a 10-month-old West Highland White Terrier, hiding in the wall unit.
From Sydney Chun in Toronto: My parents' 12 year old pooch, Gigi and myself out for a ride on a sunny afternoon.
From Steven Carrigan in Lower Sackville, Nova Scotia: Goliath is a roughly two year old husky/rotti mix we got from the local pound. He's been a great addition to the family.
From Jules Sisk in Ottawa: This is Charlesworth D. Muttleigh (a.k.a Charlie). He loves nothing more than to get belly scratches, to rip apart stuffed toys, and to steal cupcakes off of countertops.
From Dawn Griffin in Fort St. John, B.C: This is our new black labrador Drake. He was 7 months old in April and this is a picture the day we dropped him off at bird retriever school near Oliver. He misses his mother!
From Tim Bethune in Mississauga, Ontario: Here is our new puppy, Olive. We adopted her on May 20th. She is now 9 weeks old and livess in Mississauga with another dog and two cats to keep her company.
From Emily Bertrand in Toronto: Meet Boe Winters (14 months). Boe is the most loving (he gives hugs) Husky Lab in town.
From Jessica Reid in Cambridge, Ontario: Ace, the pomeranian, loves to feel the wind break through his long fur.


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Thats up to you to decide. The Backtrack Developers have designed BackTrack to be run using the root user. Myself personally, when I install BackTrack to a system to use as its main Operating System, I add a non privileged user and use that for my regular use of the system. When I run it from a USB stick or DVD, I run as root (even when I customise that DVD/USB).
The benefits of running as a non root user are that its more difficult to accidentally destroy your system using a mistyped command line entry, and malware, exploits or other attacks on your main account wont be able to gain as deep a foothold on your system. This is following the general good practice of "least privilege" . New users may find that running this way takes a bit of getting used to however - you need to understand when root privilege is required, and how to appropriately use it via tools such as su, sudo, kdesu, etc.
How do you do it? Search. There is a HowTo on the forum that covers this.


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Cutting tests tell the tale: D2 steel is one of the toughest steels used today! And that's exactly what you'll get here, in the classic clip-point blade shape that made KA-BAR® famous. Has a 7" serrated blade, and comes with either a Leather sheath, hard plastic sheath.
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Angela Sarafyan – Crush Of The Day [PICTURES]
Angela Sarafyan was born in Armenia and moved to the United States at the age of four. Finally! Immigration the whole country can get behind. We should be all for sneaking people into the country illegally so long as they are obscenely attractive and either immediately, or eventually, end up in a bikini on the cover of a magazine. Now there is a platform that will get a person elected.


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Looks like Balfail just talking to himself over at EJ. Burst is better to have then sustained he says? Oh lawdIt's actually better imo to have roughly the same average output but do with burst highs and lows rather than flat sustained dps - let's you take more advantage of burn phases, e.g. H-Wind Lord or the end of H-Elegon. See also ret's burst on Spine in DS.
Insulting another forum user is never acceptable. - Malthanis


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Posted 7 years ago
(1 item)
Bought this off of a lady who's family was in the military and had no room for it, it is very large. Her mother bought the desk in Germany over 20 years ago. The desk is made of brass and Cherry wood with a leather top. I had a local (Richmond, Va) antique dealer tell me that it was made in Italy and quoted it at 3500.
But, based off of this: http://www.goantiques.com/detail,french-desk-louis,2331792.html , it is a French desk in the louis style. Not sure if that or if the quoted price is correct.
It is a beautiful desk, I would appreciate an opinion as the stories above don't match up and I don't know anything about it.


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