text:
Did you know?
The 'living fossil' fish or coelacanth lives in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park on the north coast of KwaZulu-Natal.
The warm Indian Ocean to the east and the Drakensberg Mountains to the west border KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa's self-styled playground province, home to two World Heritage Sites: the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park.
The 332 000ha iSimangaliso Wetland Park features three lake systems, eight ecosystems, swamp forests, pristine reefs, Africa's largest estuarine system, more than 500 bird species and some of the highest sand dunes in the world.
The imposing mountain range of the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is celebrated for its San rock art as well as its beauty. More than 30 000 symbolic paintings adorn the walls and overhangs of 500 caves scattered throughout this extensive and ancient rocky landscape.
In and around the town of Ladysmith in the northern hinterland lies the historical Battlefields region, which has witnessed much spilling of blood. Zulu warriors, Boer garrisons and British troops clashed in many skirmishes in the region during the late 1800s. The most famous of these was the 118-day siege of Ladysmith during the South African (Anglo-Boer) War.
Culturally speaking, KwaZulu-Natal is a mix of Zulu, Indian and colonial influences, with each heritage reflected in historical and cultural trails, architecture, township cuisine and Durban's fine Indian curries.
Game and nature reserves, unspoilt beaches and the iSimangaliso Wetland Park dominate the Elephant Coast north of the port city of Durban, while the Sapphire and Hibiscus coasts to the south comprise small holiday towns, holiday accommodation and numerous Blue Flag beaches.
About two hours' drive inland from Durban, Nottingham Road marks the heart of the Midlands Meander, a country setting for more than 100 art and craft outlets, B&B and hotel accommodation, adventure sports destinations, pubs, farm-style and upmarket eateries, hiking and horse trails, and quaint getaway spots.
A sun-worshipper's dream by day and a party destination by night, the beachfronts of Durban and Umhlanga come alive, with clubs, pubs, live music, lounges and restaurants vying for patronage. Greater Durban's Florida Road and Helen Joseph Road are popular meeting places for the young and trendy, where a strip of bistros and restaurants offer international and local cuisine.
Larger shopping malls in the province include Umhlanga's Gateway; the Galleria in Amanzimtoti; the Midlands Mall in Pietermaritzburg; Westville's Pavilion; the Dolphin Coast Centre in Ballito; Musgrave Centre in Durban; La Lucia Mall in La Lucia; and the Shelley Mall on the lower South Coast.
Around 10.2-million South Africans, attracted by the largely warm subtropical climate (hot, humid summers and dry, clear winters), call this province home.
Travel tips & Planning info
Who to contact
KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Authority
Tel: +27 (0)31 366 7500
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife
Tel: +27 (0)33 845 1000
Email: email@example.com
How to get here
Fly in from any of South Africa's major cities to King Shaka International Airport just north of Durban. If you're driving, from Johannesburg take the N3 highway, which takes you through the province; and from Cape Town, take the N2 highway to Durban.
Best time to visit
KwaZulu-Natal is an all-year-round destination due to its warm climate. The coastal regions have hot, humid summers with high rainfall. Inland, summers are warm and winters mild, while around the Drakensberg mountains, winters are cold with frequent snowfalls.
Tours to do
The Midlands Meander route; uShaka Marine World in Durban; birdwatching in Zululand; game reserves of the Elephant Coast; the Battlefields routes; the Freedom Route MTB coast-to-coast challenge.
What to eat
Famous Durban curries and bunny chow (a bread and curry dish); traditional Zulu fare at cultural villages; and traditional South African cuisine at the game reserves.
What's happening
The Splashy Fen music festival in the Drakensberg in April; Fort Nottingham Highland Gathering in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands in May; annual sardine run between May and July; Durban July horse race in Durban during July; Durban International Film Festival during July/August.
Best buys
Indian spices at the Victoria Street Market; Zulu crafts and artwork at the Durban Beachfront Market and at cultural villages around the province; local art, crafts and homemade goodies on the Midlands Meander.


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Swine influenza, also called pig influenza, swine flu, hog flu and pig flu, is an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) is any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs.[2] As of 2009, the known SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.
Swine influenza virus is common throughout pig populations worldwide. Transmission of the virus from pigs to humans is not common and does not always lead to human flu, often resulting only in the production of antibodies in the blood. If transmission does cause human flu, it is called zoonotic swine flu. People with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection.
During the mid-20th century, identification of influenza subtypes became possible, allowing accurate diagnosis of transmission to humans. Since then, only 50 such transmissions have been confirmed. These strains of swine flu rarely pass from human to human. Symptoms of zoonotic swine flu in humans are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general, namely chills, fever, sore throat, muscle pains, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort.
In August 2010, the World Health Organization declared the swine flu pandemic officially over.
Of the three genera of influenza viruses that cause human flu, two also cause influenza in pigs, with influenza A being common in pigs and influenza C being rare.[3] Influenza B has not been reported in pigs. Within influenza A and influenza C, the strains found in pigs and humans are largely distinct, although because of reassortment there have been transfers of genes among strains crossing swine, avian, and human species boundaries.
Influenza CEdit
Influenza viruses infect both humans and pigs, but do not infect birds.[4] Transmission between pigs and humans have occurred in the past.[5] For example, influenza C caused small outbreaks of a mild form of influenza amongst children in Japan[6] and California.[6] Because of its limited host range and the lack of genetic diversity in influenza C, this form of influenza does not cause pandemics in humans.[7]
Influenza AEdit
Swine influenza is known to be caused by influenza A subtypes H1N1,[8] H1N2,[8] H2N3,[9] H3N1,[10] and H3N2.[8] In pigs, four influenza A virus subtypes (H1N1, H1N2,H3N2 and H7N9) are the most common strains worldwide.[11] In the United States, the H1N1 subtype was exclusively prevalent among swine populations before 1998; however, since late August 1998, H3N2 subtypes have been isolated from pigs. As of 2004, H3N2 virus isolates in US swine and turkey stocks were triple reassortants, containing genes from human (HA, NA, and PB1), swine (NS, NP, and M), and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages.[12] In August 2012, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed 145 human cases (113 in Indiana, 30 in Ohio, one in Hawaii and one in Illinois) of H3N2v since July 2012.[13] The death of a 61-year-old Madison County, Ohio woman is the first in the nation associated with a new swine flu strain. She contracted the illness after having contact with hogs at the Ross County Fair.[14]
Although there is no formal national surveillance system in the United States to determine what viruses are circulating in pigs,[15] an informal surveillance network in the United States is part of a world surveillance network.[16]
Swine influenza was first proposed to be a disease related to human flu during the 1918 flu pandemic, when pigs became ill at the same time as humans.[17] The first identification of an influenza virus as a cause of disease in pigs occurred about ten years later, in 1930.[18] For the following 60 years, swine influenza strains were almost exclusively H1N1. Then, between 1997 and 2002, new strains of three different subtypes and five different genotypes emerged as causes of influenza among pigs in North America. In 1997–1998, H3N2 strains emerged. These strains, which include genes derived by reassortment from human, swine and avian viruses, have become a major cause of swine influenza in North America. Reassortment between H1N1 and H3N2 produced H1N2. In 1999 in Canada, a strain of H4N6 crossed the species barrier from birds to pigs, but was contained on a single farm.[18]
The H1N1 form of swine flu is one of the descendants of the strain that caused the 1918 flu pandemic.[19][20] As well as persisting in pigs, the descendants of the 1918 virus have also circulated in humans through the 20th century, contributing to the normal seasonal epidemics of influenza.[20] However, direct transmission from pigs to humans is rare, with only 12 recorded cases in the U.S. since 2005.[21] Nevertheless, the retention of influenza strains in pigs after these strains have disappeared from the human population might make pigs a reservoir where influenza viruses could persist, later emerging to reinfect humans once human immunity to these strains has waned.[22]
Swine flu has been reported numerous times as a zoonosis in humans, usually with limited distribution, rarely with a widespread distribution. Outbreaks in swine are common and cause significant economic losses in industry, primarily by causing stunting and extended time to market. For example, this disease costs the British meat industry about £65 million every year.[23]
1918 pandemic in humansEdit
The 1918 flu pandemic in humans was associated with H1N1 and influenza appearing in pigs;[20] this may reflect a zoonosis either from swine to humans, or from humans to swine. Although it is not certain in which direction the virus was transferred, some evidence suggests, in this case, pigs caught the disease from humans.[17] For instance, swine influenza was only noted as a new disease of pigs in 1918, after the first large outbreaks of influenza amongst people.[17] Although a recent phylogenetic analysis of more recent strains of influenza in humans, birds, and swine suggests the 1918 outbreak in humans followed a reassortment event within a mammal,[24] the exact origin of the 1918 strain remains elusive.[25] It is estimated that anywhere from 50 to 100 million people were killed worldwide.[20][26]
1976 U.S. outbreakEdit
- Main article: 1976 swine flu outbreak
On February 5, 1976, a United States army recruit at Fort Dix said he felt tired and weak. He died the next day, and four of his fellow soldiers were later hospitalized. Two weeks after his death, health officials announced the cause of death was a new strain of swine flu. The strain, a variant of H1N1, is known as A/New Jersey/1976 (H1N1). It was detected only from January 19 to February 9 and did not spread beyond Fort Dix.[27]
This new strain appeared to be closely related to the strain involved in the 1918 flu pandemic. Moreover, the ensuing increased surveillance uncovered another strain in circulation in the U.S.: A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) spread simultaneously, also caused illness, and persisted until March.[27] Alarmed public health officials decided action must be taken to head off another major pandemic, and urged President Gerald Ford that every person in the U.S. be vaccinated for the disease.[28]
The vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems.[29] On October 1, 1976, immunizations began, and three senior citizens died soon after receiving their injections. This resulted in a media outcry that linked these deaths to the immunizations, despite the lack of any proof the vaccine was the cause. According to science writer Patrick Di Justo, however, by the time the truth was known—that the deaths were not proven to be related to the vaccine—it was too late. "The government had long feared mass panic about swine flu—now they feared mass panic about the swine flu vaccinations." This became a strong setback to the program.[30]
There were reports of Guillain-Barré syndrome, a paralyzing neuromuscular disorder, affecting some people who had received swine flu immunizations. Although if a link exists is still not clear, this syndrome may be a side effect of influenza vaccines. As a result, Di Justo writes, "the public refused to trust a government-operated health program that killed old people and crippled young people." In total, 48,161,019 Americans, or just over 22% of the population, had been immunized by the time the National Influenza Immunization Program was effectively halted on December 16, 1976.[31] [32]
Overall, there were 1098 cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) recorded nationwide by CDC surveillance, 532 of which occurred after vaccination and 543 before vaccination.[33] About one to two cases per 100,000 people of GBS occur every year, whether or not people have been vaccinated.[34] The vaccination program seems to have increased this normal risk of developing GBS by about to one extra case per 100,000 vaccinations.[34]
Recompensation charges were filed for over 4000 cases of severe vaccination damage, including 25 deaths, totalling US$ 3.5 billion, by 1979.[35] The CDC stated most studies on modern influenza vaccines have seen no link with GBS,[34][36][37] Although one review gives an incidence of about one case per million vaccinations,[38] a large study in China, reported in the NEJM, covering close to 100 million doses of H1N1 flu vaccine, found only 11 cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome, which is lower than the normal rate of the disease in China; "The risk-benefit ratio, which is what vaccines and everything in medicine is about, is overwhelmingly in favor of vaccination."[39]
1988 zoonosisEdit
In September 1988, a swine flu virus killed one woman and infected others. A 32-year old woman, Barbara Ann Wieners, was eight months pregnant when she and her husband, Ed, became ill after visiting the hog barn at a county fair in Walworth County, Wisconsin. Barbara died eight days later, after developing pneumonia.[40] The only pathogen identified was an H1N1 strain of swine influenza virus.[41] Doctors were able to induce labor and deliver a healthy daughter before she died. Her husband recovered from his symptoms.
Influenza-like illness (ILI) was reportedly widespread among the pigs exhibited at the fair. Of the 25 swine exhibitors aged 9 to 19 at the fair, 19 tested positive for antibodies to SIV, but no serious illnesses were seen. The virus was able to spread between people, since one to three health care personnel who had cared for the pregnant woman developed mild, influenza-like illnesses, and antibody tests suggested they had been infected with swine flu, but there was no community outbreak.[42][43]
1998 US outbreak in swineEdit
In 1998, swine flu was found in pigs in four U.S. states. Within a year, it had spread through pig populations across the United States. Scientists found this virus had originated in pigs as a recombinant form of flu strains from birds and humans. This outbreak confirmed that pigs can serve as a crucible where novel influenza viruses emerge as a result of the reassortment of genes from different strains.[44][45][46] Genetic components of these 1998 triple-hybrid stains would later form six out of the eight viral gene segments in the 2009 flu outbreak.[47][48][49][50][51]
2007 Philippine outbreak in swineEdit
Template:Expand section On August 20, 2007, the Department of Agriculture officers investigated the outbreak (epizootic) of swine flu in Nueva Ecija and central Luzon, Philippines. The mortality rate is less than 10% for swine flu, unless there are complications like hog cholera. On July 27, 2007, the Philippine National Meat Inspection Service (NMIS) raised a hog cholera "red alert" warning over Metro Manila and five regions of Luzon after the disease spread to backyard pig farms in Bulacan and Pampanga, even if these tested negative for the swine flu virus.[52][53]
2009 Northern Ireland outbreak in swineEdit
Since November 2009, 14 deaths as a result of swine flu in Northern Ireland have been reported. The majority of the victims were reported to have pre-existing health conditions which had lowered their immunity. This closely corresponds to the 19 patients who had died in the year prior due to swine flu, where 18 of the 19 were determined to have lowered immune systems. Because of this, many mothers who have just given birth are strongly encouraged to get a flu shot because their immune systems are vulnerable. Also, studies have shown that people between the ages of 15 and 44 have the highest rate of infection. Although most people now recover, having any conditions that lower one's immune system increases the risk of having the flu become potentially lethal. In Northern Ireland now, approximately 56% of all people under 65 who are entitled to the vaccine have gotten the shot, and the outbreak is said to be under control.[54]
H1N1 virus pandemic historyEdit
A study conducted in 2009, and published in the journal Nature, has managed to establish the evolutionary origin of the flu strain of swine origin (S-OIV).[55]
The phylogenetic origin of the flu virus that caused the 2009 pandemics can be traced before 1918. Around 1918, the ancestral virus, of avian origin, crossed the species boundaries and infected humans as human H1N1. The same phenomenon took place soon after in America, where the human virus was infecting pigs; it led to the emergence of the H1N1 swine strain, which later became the classic swine flu.
The new human H1N1 flu strain of avian origin kept transmitting among human populations until around 1957, when there was a co-infection between this strain and the avian H1N1 in humans. A reassortment event led to the development of a new strain (H2N2). From this point onwards, no outbreaks of H1N1 were reported in humans until around 1976.
New events of reassortment were not reported until 1968, when the avian strain H1N1 infected humans again; this time the virus met the strain H2N2, and the reassortment originated the strain H3N2. This strain has remained as a stable flu strain until now.
The mid-1970s were important for the evolution of flu strains. First, the re-emergence of the human H1N1 strain became a seasonal strain. Then, a small outbreak of swine H1N1 occurred in humans, and finally, the human H2N2 strain apparently became extinct. Around 1979, the avian H1N1 strain infected pigs and gave rise to Euroasiatic swine flu and H1N1 Euroasiatic swine virus, which is still being transmitted in swine populations.
The critical moment for the 2009 outbreak was between 1990 and 1993. A triple reassortment event in a pig host of North American H1N1 swine virus, the human H3N2 virus and avian H1N1 virus generated the swine H1N2 strain. Finally, the last step in S-OIV history was in 2009, when the virus H1N2 co-infected a human host at the same time as the Euroasiatic H1N1 swine strain. This led to the emergence of a new human H1N1 strain, which caused the 2009 pandemic.
On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 for swine flu, which is the highest alert level.[56] This alert level means that the swine flu had spread worldwide and there were cases of people with the virus in most countries. The pandemic level identifies the spread of the disease or virus and not necessarily the severity of the disease.
Swine flu spread very rapidly worldwide due to its high human-to-human transmission rate and due to the frequency of air travel.[56]
Transmission between pigsEdit
Influenza is quite common in pigs, with about half of breeding pigs having been exposed to the virus in the US.[57] Antibodies to the virus are also common in pigs in other countries.[57]
The main route of transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected animals.[11] These close contacts are particularly common during animal transport. Intensive farming may also increase the risk of transmission, as the pigs are raised in very close proximity to each other.[58][59] The direct transfer of the virus probably occurs either by pigs touching noses, or through dried mucus. Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or sneezing are also an important means of infection.[11] The virus usually spreads quickly through a herd, infecting all the pigs within just a few days.[2] Transmission may also occur through wild animals, such as wild boar, which can spread the disease between farms.[60]
Transmission to humansEdit
People who work with poultry and swine, especially those with intense exposures, are at increased risk of zoonotic infection with influenza virus endemic in these animals, and constitute a population of human hosts in which zoonosis and reassortment can co-occur.[61] Vaccination of these workers against influenza and surveillance for new influenza strains among this population may therefore be an important public health measure.[62] Transmission of influenza from swine to humans who work with swine was documented in a small surveillance study performed in 2004 at the University of Iowa.[63] This study, among others, forms the basis of a recommendation that people whose jobs involve handling poultry and swine be the focus of increased public health surveillance.[61] Other professions at particular risk of infection are veterinarians and meat processing workers, although the risk of infection for both of these groups is lower than that of farm workers.[64]
Interaction with avian H5N1 in pigsEdit
Pigs are unusual as they can be infected with influenza strains that usually infect three different species: pigs, birds and humans.[65] This makes pigs a host where influenza viruses might exchange genes, producing new and dangerous strains.[65] Avian influenza virus H3N2 is endemic in pigs in China, and has been detected in pigs in Vietnam, increasing fears of the emergence of new variant strains.[66] H3N2 evolved from H2N2 by antigenic shift.[67] In August 2004, researchers in China found H5N1 in pigs.[68]
These H5N1 infections may be quite common; in a survey of 10 apparently healthy pigs housed near poultry farms in West Java, where avian flu had broken out, five of the pig samples contained the H5N1 virus. The Indonesian government has since found similar results in the same region. Additional tests of 150 pigs outside the area were negative.[69][70]
Signs and symptomsEdit
In swineEdit
In pigs, influenza infection produces fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased appetite.[11] In some cases the infection can cause abortion. Although mortality is usually low (around 1–4%),[2] the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth, causing economic loss to farmers.[11] Infected pigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a three- to four-week period.[11]
In humansEdit
Direct transmission of a swine flu virus from pigs to humans is occasionally possible (called zoonotic swine flu). In all, 50 cases are known to have occurred since the first report in medical literature in 1958, which have resulted in a total of six deaths.[72] Of these six people, one was pregnant, one had leukemia, one had Hodgkin's lymphoma and two were known to be previously healthy.[72] Despite these apparently low numbers of infections, the true rate of infection may be higher, since most cases only cause a very mild disease, and will probably never be reported or diagnosed.[72]
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in humans the symptoms of the 2009 "swine flu" H1N1 virus are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. The 2009 outbreak has shown an increased percentage of patients reporting diarrhea and vomiting.[74] The 2009 H1N1 virus is not zoonotic swine flu, as it is not transmitted from pigs to humans, but from person to person.
Because these symptoms are not specific to swine flu, a differential diagnosis of probable swine flu requires not only symptoms, but also a high likelihood of swine flu due to the person's recent history. For example, during the 2009 swine flu outbreak in the United States, the CDC advised physicians to "consider swine influenza infection in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute febrile respiratory illness who have either been in contact with persons with confirmed swine flu, or who were in one of the five U.S. states that have reported swine flu cases or in Mexico during the seven days preceding their illness onset."[75] A diagnosis of confirmed swine flu requires laboratory testing of a respiratory sample (a simple nose and throat swab).[75]
The most common cause of death is respiratory failure. Other causes of death are pneumonia (leading to sepsis),[76] high fever (leading to neurological problems), dehydration (from excessive vomiting and diarrhea), electrolyte imbalance and kidney failure.[77] Fatalities are more likely in young children and the elderly.
The CDC recommends real-time RT-PCR as the method of choice for diagnosing H1N1.[78] This method allows a specific diagnosis of novel influenza (H1N1) as opposed to seasonal influenza. Near-patient point-of-care tests are in development.[79]
Prevention of swine influenza has three components: prevention in swine, prevention of transmission to humans, and prevention of its spread among humans.
In swineEdit
Methods of preventing the spread of influenza among swine include facility management, herd management, and vaccination (ATCvet code: Template:ATCvet). Because much of the illness and death associated with swine flu involves secondary infection by other pathogens, control strategies that rely on vaccination may be insufficient.
Control of swine influenza by vaccination has become more difficult in recent decades, as the evolution of the virus has resulted in inconsistent responses to traditional vaccines. Standard commercial swine flu vaccines are effective in controlling the infection when the virus strains match enough to have significant cross-protection, and custom (autogenous) vaccines made from the specific viruses isolated are created and used in the more difficult cases.[80][81] Present vaccination strategies for SIV control and prevention in swine farms typically include the use of one of several bivalent SIV vaccines commercially available in the United States. Of the 97 recent H3N2 isolates examined, only 41 isolates had strong serologic cross-reactions with antiserum to three commercial SIV vaccines. Since the protective ability of influenza vaccines depends primarily on the closeness of the match between the vaccine virus and the epidemic virus, the presence of nonreactive H3N2 SIV variants suggests current commercial vaccines might not effectively protect pigs from infection with a majority of H3N2 viruses.[72][82] The United States Department of Agriculture researchers say while pig vaccination keeps pigs from getting sick, it does not block infection or shedding of the virus.[83]
Facility management includes using disinfectants and ambient temperature to control viruses in the environment. They are unlikely to survive outside living cells for more than two weeks, except in cold (but above freezing) conditions, and are readily inactivated by disinfectants.[2] Herd management includes not adding pigs carrying influenza to herds that have not been exposed to the virus. The virus survives in healthy carrier pigs for up to three months, and can be recovered from them between outbreaks. Carrier pigs are usually responsible for the introduction of SIV into previously uninfected herds and countries, so new animals should be quarantined.[57] After an outbreak, as immunity in exposed pigs wanes, new outbreaks of the same strain can occur.[2]
In humansEdit
- Prevention of pig-to-human transmission
The transmission from swine to humans is believed to occur mainly in swine farms, where farmers are in close contact with live pigs. Although strains of swine influenza are usually not able to infect humans, this may occasionally happen, so farmers and veterinarians are encouraged to use face masks when dealing with infected animals. The use of vaccines on swine to prevent their infection is a major method of limiting swine-to-human transmission. Risk factors that may contribute to swine-to-human transmission include smoking and, especially, not wearing gloves when working with sick animals, thereby increasing the likelihood of subsequent hand-to-eye, hand-to-nose or hand-to-mouth transmission.[84]
- Prevention of human-to-human transmission
Influenza spreads between humans when infected people cough or sneeze, then other people breathe in the virus or touch something with the virus on it and then touch their own face.[85] "Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way."[86] Swine flu cannot be spread by pork products, since the virus is not transmitted through food.[85] The swine flu in humans is most contagious during the first five days of the illness, although some people, most commonly children, can remain contagious for up to ten days. Diagnosis can be made by sending a specimen, collected during the first five days, for analysis.[87]
Recommendations to prevent spread of the virus among humans include using standard infection control, which includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand sanitizers, especially after being out in public.[88] Chance of transmission is also reduced by disinfecting household surfaces, which can be done effectively with a diluted chlorine bleach solution.[89]
Experts agree hand-washing can help prevent viral infections, including ordinary and the swine flu infections. Also, avoiding touching one's eyes, nose or mouth with one's hands helps to prevent the flu.[86] Influenza can spread in coughs or sneezes, but an increasing body of evidence shows small droplets containing the virus can linger on tabletops, telephones and other surfaces and be transferred via the fingers to the eyes, nose or mouth. Alcohol-based gel or foam hand sanitizers work well to destroy viruses and bacteria. Anyone with flu-like symptoms, such as a sudden fever, cough or muscle aches, should stay away from work or public transportation, and should contact a doctor for advice.[90]
Social distancing, another tactic, is staying away from other people who might be infected, and can include avoiding large gatherings, spreading out a little at work, or perhaps staying home and lying low if an infection is spreading in a community. Public health and other responsible authorities have action plans which may request or require social distancing actions, depending on the severity of the outbreak.
- Main article: 2009 flu pandemic vaccine
Vaccines are available for different kinds of swine flu. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the new swine flu vaccine for use in the United States on September 15, 2009.[91] Studies by the National Institutes of Health show a single dose creates enough antibodies to protect against the virus within about 10 days.[92]
In the aftermath of the 2009 pandemic, several studies were conducted to see who received influenza vaccines. These studies show that whites are much more likely to be vaccinated for seasonal influenza and for the H1N1 strain than African Americans [93] This could be due to several factors. Historically, there has been mistrust of vaccines and of the medical community from African Americans. Many African Americans do not believe vaccines or doctors to be effective. This mistrust stems from the exploitation of the African American communities during studies like the Tuskegee study. Additionally, vaccines are typically administered in clinics, hospitals, or doctor's offices. Many people of lower socioeconomic status are less likely to receive vaccinations because they do not have health insurance.
In swineEdit
As swine influenza is rarely fatal to pigs, little treatment beyond rest and supportive care is required.[57] Instead, veterinary efforts are focused on preventing the spread of the virus throughout the farm, or to other farms.[11] Vaccination and animal management techniques are most important in these efforts. Antibiotics are also used to treat this disease, which although they have no effect against the influenza virus, do help prevent bacterial pneumonia and other secondary infections in influenza-weakened herds.[57]
In humansEdit
If a person becomes sick with swine flu, antiviral drugs can make the illness milder and make the patient feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick (within two days of symptoms). Beside antivirals, supportive care at home or in a hospital focuses on controlling fevers, relieving pain and maintaining fluid balance, as well as identifying and treating any secondary infections or other medical problems. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the use of oseltamivir (Tamiflu) or zanamivir (Relenza) for the treatment and/or prevention of infection with swine influenza viruses; however, the majority of people infected with the virus make a full recovery without requiring medical attention or antiviral drugs.[94] The virus isolated in the 2009 outbreak have been found resistant to amantadine and rimantadine.[95]
In the U.S., on April 27, 2009, the FDA issued Emergency Use Authorizations to make available Relenza and Tamiflu antiviral drugs to treat the swine influenza virus in cases for which they are currently unapproved. The agency issued these EUAs to allow treatment of patients younger than the current approval allows and to allow the widespread distribution of the drugs, including by volunteers.[96]
See alsoEdit
- ↑ International Committee on onomy of Viruses. The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A.[dead link]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 (2008). Swine influenza. The Merck Veterinary Manual.
- ↑ Heinen PP (15 September 2003). Swine influenza: a zoonosis. Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow.
- ↑ Bouvier NM, Palese P (September 2008). THE BIOLOGY OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES. Vaccine 26 Suppl 4 (Suppl 4): D49–53.
- ↑ Kimura H (April 1997). Interspecies transmission of influenza C virus between humans and pigs. Virus Research 48 (1): 71–9.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Matsuzaki Y (February 2002). Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Influenza C Viruses Which Caused Two Outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (2): 422–9.
- ↑ Lynch JP, Walsh EE (April 2007). Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28 (2): 144–58.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Swine Influenza. Swine Diseases (Chest). Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine.
- ↑ Ma W (December 2007). Identification of H2N3 influenza A viruses from swine in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (52): 20949–54.
- ↑ Shin JY (November 2006). Isolation and Characterization of Novel H3N1 Swine Influenza Viruses from Pigs with Respiratory Diseases in Korea. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44 (11): 3923–7.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Kothalawala H, Toussaint MJ, Gruys E (June 2006). An overview of swine influenza. Vet Q 28 (2): 46–53.
- ↑ Yassine HM, Al-Natour MQ, Lee CW, Saif YM (2007). Interspecies and intraspecies transmission of triple reassortant H3N2 influenza A viruses. Virology Journal 4.
- ↑ CDC confirms 145 cases of swine flu. FoxNews.com. URL accessed on 9 August 2012.
- ↑ MYERS, AMANDA LEE 1ST DEATH LINKED TO NEW SWINE FLU IS OHIOAN, 61. AP. URL accessed on 1 September 2012.
- ↑ (22 April 2009)Swine influenza A (H1N1) infection in two children --- Southern California, March--April 2009 58 (Dispatch) (1–3).
- ↑ Laura H. Kahn. Animals: The world's best (and cheapest) biosensors. URL accessed on [[2005-05-26}{dead link]].
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "1: The Story of Influenza" Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005), Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Olsen CW (May 2002). The emergence of novel swine influenza viruses in North America. Virus Research 85 (2): 199–210.
- ↑ includeonly>Boffey, Philip M.. "Soft evidence and hard sell", New York Times, 5 September 1976.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (2006). 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics. Emerg Infect Dis 12 (1): 15–22.
- ↑ includeonly>"U.S. pork groups urge hog farmers to reduce flu risk", 26 April 2009.
- ↑ Heinen, P. (2003). Swine influenza: a zoonosis. Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow: 1–11.
- ↑ Kay RM, Done SH, Paton DJ (August 1994). Effect of sequential porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome and swine influenza on the growth and performance of finishing pigs. Vet. Rec. 135 (9): 199–204.
- ↑ Vana G, Westover KM (June 2008). Origin of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus: a comparative genomic analysis. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47 (3): 1100–10.
- ↑ Antonovics J, Hood ME, Baker CH (April 2006). Molecular virology: was the 1918 flu avian in origin?. Nature 440 (7088): E9; discussion E9–10.
- ↑ Patterson KD, Pyle GF (1991). The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 65 (1): 4–21.
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Gaydos JC, Top FH, Hodder RA, Russell PK (January 2006). Swine influenza a outbreak, Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1976. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 (1): 23–8.
- ↑ includeonly>Schmeck, Harold M.. "Ford Urges Flu Campaign To Inoculate Entire U.S.", The New York Times, March 25, 1976.
- ↑ Richard E. Neustadt and Harvey V. Fineberg. (1978). The Swine Flu Affair: Decision-Making on a Slippery Disease. National Academies Press.
- ↑ "The Last Great Swine Flu Epidemic", Salon.com, April 28, 2009.
- ↑ Retailliau HF, Curtis AC, Storr G, Caesar G, Eddins DL, Hattwick MA (March 1980). Illness after influenza vaccination reported through a nationwide surveillance system, 1976-1977. American Journal of Epidemiology 111 (3): 270–8.
- ↑ Historical National Population Estimates: July 1, 1900 to July 1, 1999. Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census. URL accessed on 2009-08-21.[dead link]
- ↑ Schonberger LB (August 1979). Guillain-Barre syndrome following vaccination in the National Influenza Immunization Program, United States, 1976--1977. American Journal of Epidemiology 110 (2): 105–23.
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 General Questions and Answers on Guillain-Barr syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- ↑ Swine Flu 1976 | Swine flu 'debacle' of 1976 is recalled - Los Angeles Times. Articles.latimes.com. URL accessed on 2011-08-17.
- ↑ Haber P, Sejvar J, Mikaeloff Y, DeStefano F (2009). Vaccines and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Drug Safety 32 (4): 309–23.
- ↑ Kaplan JE, Katona P, Hurwitz ES, Schonberger LB (August 1982). Guillain-Barré syndrome in the United States, 1979-1980 and 1980-1981. Lack of an association with influenza vaccination. JAMA 248 (6): 698–700.
- ↑ Vellozzi C, Burwen DR, Dobardzic A, Ball R, Walton K, Haber P (March 2009). Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring. Vaccine 27 (15): 2114–2120.
- ↑ Last Year's (2009) H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe, Study Finds. Wunderground.com. URL accessed on 2011-05-22.
- ↑ McKinney WP, Volkert P, Kaufman J (January 1990). Fatal swine influenza pneumonia during late pregnancy. Archives of Internal Medicine 150 (1): 213–5.
- ↑ Kimura K, Adlakha A, Simon PM (March 1998). Fatal case of swine influenza virus in an immunocompetent host. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Mayo Clinic 73 (3): 243–5.
- ↑ Key Facts About Swine Flu (CDC). Cdc.gov. URL accessed on 2009-05-07.
- ↑ Wells DL (1991). Swine influenza virus infections. Transmission from ill pigs to humans at a Wisconsin agricultural fair and subsequent probable person-to-person transmission. JAMA 265 (4): 478–81.
- ↑ Stephanie Desmon (April 28, 2009). Expert: Swine flu virus more complex than typically seen. Baltimore Sun. [dead link]
- ↑ Pork industry is blurring the science of swine flu - Short Sharp Science. New Scientist. URL accessed on 2009-05-07.
- ↑ Swine flu: The predictable pandemic? - 29 April 2009. New Scientist. URL accessed on 2009-05-07.
- ↑ CDC Confirms Ties to Virus First Discovered in U.S. Pig Factories[dead link]
- ↑ Video Segments 3,4,5 in Flu Factories: Tracing the Origins of the Swine Flu Pandemic[dead link]
- ↑ Swine Flu Kept Stable Humans Untouched For 80 Years[dead link]
- ↑ Triple Hybrid Mutant Pig-Bird-Human Crossbreed Virus [dead link]
- ↑ North Carolina, 1998 Ground Zero[dead link]
- ↑ includeonly>"DA probes reported swine flu 'outbreak' in N. Ecija", Gmanews.tv. Retrieved on 2009-04-25.
- ↑ includeonly>"Gov't declares hog cholera alert in Luzon", Gmanews.tv. Retrieved on 2009-04-25.
- ↑ includeonly>"New mothers urged to get swine flu vaccine", BBC News, 2011-01-10. Retrieved on 2011-01-20.
- ↑ Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic : Article. Nature. URL accessed on 2011-08-17.
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Choffnes, Eileen R., Alison Mack, and David A. Relman. The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza a Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions : Workshop Summary. Washington, D.C.: National Academies, 2010. Print.
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 57.4 Influenza Factsheet. Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University.
- ↑ Gilchrist MJ, Greko C, Wallinga DB, Beran GW, Riley DG, Thorne PS (February 2007). The Potential Role of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations in Infectious Disease Epidemics and Antibiotic Resistance. Environmental Health Perspectives 115 (2): 313–6.
- ↑ Saenz RA, Hethcote HW, Gray GC (2006). Confined Animal Feeding Operations as Amplifiers of Influenza. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 6 (4): 338–46.
- ↑ Vicente J, León-Vizcaíno L, Gortázar C, José Cubero M, González M, Martín-Atance P (July 2002). Antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in European wild boars from southcentral Spain. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38 (3): 649–52.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Gray GC, Kayali G (April 2009). Facing pandemic influenza threats: the importance of including poultry and swine workers in preparedness plans. Poultry Science 88 (4): 880–4.
- ↑ Gray GC, Trampel DW, Roth JA (May 2007). Pandemic Influenza Planning: Shouldn't Swine and Poultry Workers Be Included?. Vaccine 25 (22): 4376–81.
- ↑ Gray GC, McCarthy T, Capuano AW, Setterquist SF, Olsen CW, Alavanja MC (December 2007). Swine Workers and Swine Influenza Virus Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13 (12): 1871–8.
- ↑ Myers KP (January 2006). Are Swine Workers in the United States at Increased Risk of Infection with Zoonotic Influenza Virus?. Clinical Infectious Diseases 42 (1): 14–20.
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Thacker E, Janke B (February 2008). Swine influenza virus: zoonotic potential and vaccination strategies for the control of avian and swine influenzas. J. Infect. Dis. 197 Suppl 1: S19–24.
- ↑ Yu H (March 2008). Genetic Evolution of Swine Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses in China from 1970 to 2006. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46 (3): 1067–75.
- ↑ Lindstrom SE, Cox NJ, Klimov A (October 2004). Genetic analysis of human H2N2 and early H3N2 influenza viruses, 1957-1972: evidence for genetic divergence and multiple reassortment events. Virology 328 (1): 101–19.
- ↑ World Health Organization. H5N1 avian influenza: timeline. (PDF)[dead link]
- ↑ includeonly>"Indonesian pigs have avian flu virus; bird cases double in China", Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, 27 May 2005. Retrieved on 2009-04-26.
- ↑ includeonly>"H5N1 virus may be adapting to pigs in Indonesia", Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy, 31 March 2009. Retrieved on 2009-04-26. report on pigs as carriers.
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention > Key Facts about Swine Influenza (Swine Flu). URL accessed on April 27, 2009.
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC (April 2007). Cases of Swine Influenza in Humans: A Review of the Literature. Clinical Infectious Diseases 44 (8): 1084–8.
- ↑ Symptoms of H1N1 (Swine Flu). YouTube. URL accessed on 2011-05-22.
- ↑ Swine Flu and You. CDC. URL accessed on 2009-04-26.
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Health Update: Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Update: New Interim Recommendations and Guidance for Health Directors about Strategic National Stockpile Materiel. Health Alert Network. URL accessed on April 27, 2009.
- ↑ Study: Swine flu resembles feared 1918 flu. MSNBC. URL accessed on 2011-05-22.
- ↑ includeonly>"Swine flu can damage kidneys, doctors find", Reuters, April 14, 2010. Retrieved on April 17, 2010.
- ↑ CDC H1N1 Flu | Interim Guidance on Specimen Collection, Processing, and Testing for Patients with Suspected Novel Influenza A (H1N1) (Swine Flu) Virus Infection. Cdc.gov. URL accessed on 2011-05-22.
- ↑ Micronics Acquires License to Biosearch Technologies' Nucleic Acid Assay Chemistries. Biosearchtech.com. URL accessed on 2011-05-22.
- ↑ Swine flu virus turns endemic. National Hog Farmer.
- ↑ Swine. Custom Vaccines. Novartis.[dead link]
- ↑ Gramer MR, Lee JH, Choi YK, Goyal SM, Joo HS (July 2007). Serologic and genetic characterization of North American H3N2 swine influenza A viruses. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 71 (3): 201–6.
- ↑ Swine flu: The predictable pandemic?.
- ↑ Ramirez A, Capuano AW, Wellman DA, Lesher KA, Setterquist SF, Gray GC (June 2006). Preventing Zoonotic Influenza Virus Infection. Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (6): 996–1000.
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 Q & A: Key facts about swine influenza (swine flu) – Spread of Swine Flu. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. URL accessed on 2009-04-26.
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 CDC H1N1 Flu | H1N1 Flu and You. Cdc.gov. URL accessed on 2011-05-22.
- ↑ Q & A: Key facts about swine influenza (swine flu) – Diagnosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. URL accessed on 2009-04-26.
- ↑ CDC - Influenza (Flu) | Swine Influenza (Flu) Investigation. Cdc.gov. URL accessed on 2009-04-27.
- ↑ Chlorine Bleach: Helping to Manage the Flu Risk. Water Quality & Health Council. URL accessed on 2009-05-12.
- ↑ Self protection measures. LHC. URL accessed on 2009-10-15.
- ↑ FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus. FDA. URL accessed on 2009-10-15.
- ↑ NIH studies on Swine flu vaccine. NIH. URL accessed on 2009-10-15.[dead link] [dead link]
- ↑ Uscher-Pines, Lori, Jurgen Maurer, and Katherine M. Harris. "Racial And Ethnic Disparities In Uptake And Location Of Vaccination For 2009-H1N1 And Seasonal Influenza." American Journal Of Public Health 101.7 (2011): 1252-1255. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
- ↑ http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/faq/en/index.html
- ↑ Antiviral Drugs and Swine Influenza. Centers for Disease Control. URL accessed on 2009-04-27.
- ↑ FDA Authorizes Emergency Use of Influenza Medicines, Diagnostic Test in Response to Swine Flu Outbreak in Humans. FDA News, April 27, 2009. Fda.gov. URL accessed on 2009-05-07.
Further readingEdit
- Alexander DJ (October 1982). Ecological aspects of influenza A viruses in animals and their relationship to human influenza: a review. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 75 (10): 799–811.
- Hampson AW, Mackenzie JS (November 2006). The influenza viruses. The Medical Journal of Australia 185 (10 Suppl): S39–43.
- Lipatov AS (September 2004). Influenza: Emergence and Control. Journal of Virology 78 (17): 8951–9.
- Van Reeth K (2007). Avian and swine influenza viruses: our current understanding of the zoonotic risk. Veterinary Research 38 (2): 243–60.
- Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y (March 1992). Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiological Reviews 56 (1): 152–79.
- Winkler WG (October 1970). Influenza in animals: its possible public health significance. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 6 (4): 239–42; discussion 247–8.
External linksEdit
| Swine flu]]
- Swine influenza: Slideshow
- Official swine flu advice and latest information from the UK National Health Service
- 8 minute video answering common questions about the subject on fora.tv
- Swine flu charts and maps Numeric analysis and approximation of current active cases
- Worried about swine flu? Then you should be terrified about the regular flu.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Swine Flu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy - Novel H1N1 influenza resource list
- Pandemic Flu US Government Site
- World Health Organization (WHO): Swine influenza
- Medical Encyclopedia Medline Plus: Swine Flu
- Health-EU portal EU response to influenza
- European Commission - Public Health EU coordination on Pandemic (H1N1) 2009
Research - Vaccine - Avian influenza - Treatment - Genome sequencing
|Influenza viruses
|Subtypes of Influenza A virus
Genetic structure - Transmission and infection - Global spread - Clinical Trials - Human mortality
|Antiviral drugs
Arbidol - adamantane derivatives (Amantadine, Rimantadine) - neuraminidase inhibitors (Oseltamivir, Peramivir, Zanamivir)
|Influenza vaccines
|Influenza pandemics
Asian Flu - Hong Kong Flu - Spanish flu - Fujian flu - Pandemic Severity Index
|Influenza in non-human mammals
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Give Feedback on Future Land Use Near Reston Parkway Metro Station
April 7, 2010
News Highlights
More Information
As part of the Reston Master Plan Special Study, the public is encouraged to offer input about future land use around the Reston Parkway Metro station on Saturday, April 17, at 9 a.m. The public workshop will be held at the Langston Hughes Middle School cafeteria, 11401 Ridge Heights Road, Reston. The draft agenda for this workshop is available online.
The workshop will focus on future residential and commercial development within a half-mile of this station. It is envisioned that future development in this area should take advantage of its proximity to Metro while preserving nearby neighborhoods.
Attendees will learn about current land use in this area and participate in small group discussions.
Public comments will help guide the Reston Master Plan Task Force as it develops recommendations for future land use for the Dulles Corridor. This includes the areas around the future Wiehle Avenue, Herndon-Monroe, Reston Parkway, and Reston Town Center Metro stations. Community workshops about these areas are being used to gather public input, and the final workshop will be held on May 22 about the Reston Town Center. Public hearings also will be held later this year on the overall recommendations for the corridor.
The task force is scheduled to present its recommendations this summer and they will be sent to the Fairfax County Planning Commission for review this fall. The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors will then vote on whether to include the recommendations in the Comprehensive Plan for the corridor.
Materials from previous workshops are available online.
For more information or reasonable ADA accommodations, contact Sandi Smith, Fairfax County Department of Planning and Zoning, at 703-324-1239, TTY 711 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Contact: Merni Fitzgerald, Director, Office of Public Affairs
703-324-3189, TTY 711, Media Pager: 703-324-NEWS (6397)
To request this information in an alternate format, call 703-324-3187, TTY 711


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While smoking some brisket and ribs on Labor Day, the results of which were posted on this site (Labor Day Brisket and Ribs), I was experiencing temp control problems with my old leaky Pittmaster. Yesterday, after trimming back on a previously installed baffle, which was restricting air flow, I decided to give the old girl a test run.
I rubbed a pork shoulder with mustard, spices and brown sugar, placed it in the smoker at 8AM. foiled it at 4PM and removed it at 6PM. Pork was chopped, mixed with my sauce and served on rolls with mac/cheese and slaw.


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. . . Accompanied by vice-chancellors alongside him, the Minister of Education noted that the Atlas of Creation was the work of a Turkish author by the name of Harun Yahya who advocated Islamic views and propagated these on a web site called "the evolution deceit." This 770-page book intends to prove that man has undergone no changes since his first creation and that no animal species had altered in the slightest way. He supports this presentation with extracts taken from the Qur'an.
Many Protestant churches, particularly in the USA, are determined to reject Darwinism and the theory of evolution . . . As for the Islamic front, . . . there is no doubt that Harun Yahya is its most active representative, by means of the Nurcu movement and his international Harun Yahya publications.
Le Nouvel Observateur, one of France's major current affairs magazines, provides detailed information on its own website about the life of the author Harun Yahya, his work, and his statements clearly revealing the falsehoods of the theory of evolution.0000-00-00 00:00:00


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To the Editor:
God does not approve of extra-marital affairs or fornication and God does not approve of homosexual acts. What God teaches is marriage and bodily union between a male and female.
The position of "Minnesotans United for All Families," does not speak for my family or myself and may even divide it. What they want is a "no" vote on the "marriage amendment." This will, in time, bring cases to court against Christians such as myself, accusing us of hate crimes or bigotry because we refuse to serve homosexual lifestyles.
This nation became great because being united on moral principles based on God's laws in the Bible was a deep held conviction.
We have to get back to teaching more about God's ways on sexuality, or we will continue to destroy this nation we so love. God is love. Vote "yes" on the marriage amendment. — Kathy Festler, Little Falls


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Grants to support the development and/or expansion of local implementation and community infrastructures that integrate treatment and services for substance use, co-occurring substance use and mental disorders, permanent housing, and other critical services.
Learn more and apply.
© 2016 National Sexual Violence Resource Center – Founded by the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape
This site is supported by Grant/ Cooperative Agreement No. 1UF2CE002359-04 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.


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Connections 20073. Visual Literacy
This arts and humanities, social science connection allows a shared focus in both courses on multiple literacies, ways of seeing and ways of knowing. Specifically, this connection offers students opportunities to explore visual literacy and the power of composition and arrangement of form in creating meaning. Both courses are at the foundations level, and both teach students skills and strategies for negotiating meaning in many contexts.
ARTS 111 Two-Dimensional Design
and EDUC 240 Multiple Perspectives on Literacy


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PEOPLE with real fires or wood burning stoves are being reminded to take steps to stay safe after the fire service tackled four incidents in a single day.
The call outs for Hereford and Worcester Fire and Rescue Service came on Wednesday, March 12, with the first coming at 4.15pm when firefighters from Broadway and Evesham were called to a woodburner fire at a house in Broadway.
Crews were also called a woodburning stove fire at a property in Tenbury at 6.41pm, a small fire in a woodburner at a property in Cradley, near Malvern, just after 7pm and a chimney fire in at house in Bishampton, near Pershore, just after 8pm.
Station commander Alan Haley, of the fire service's community safety department, said: "We saw a cluster of chimney fires yesterday over the two counties and while there were no injuries as a result of these incidents, we want to ensure people realise just how devastating chimney fires can prove."
He added a chimney fire can all too easily spread in to the roof and can completely destroy your home.
"Most chimney fires, however, are avoidable simply through good care and maintenance and we would urge anyone with a real fire or wood burning stove to ensure they have their chimney swept on a regular basis throughout the winter months."


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Top 10 Christmas Gift Ideas for the Hostess
Treat the entertainer on your Christmas list to a thoughtful gift that shows your appreciation. Hostesses exemplify hospitality, so look for gifts that will add to her repertoire of party ware. If she already has a fully stocked arsenal of party gear, consider a personalized item or gourmet gift basket. For more shopping inspiration, read on to see our list of top holiday gift ideas for the hostess.


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Magic Theatre Presents ANOTHER WAY HOME World Premiere, Now thru 12/2
Magic Theatre introduces playwright Anna Ziegler to the Bay Area with the world premiere of Another Way Home, running from tonight, November 7 – December 2.
While visiting their son at summer sleep away camp, obsessive middle-aged Jewish parents Lillian and Philip are compelled to question everything they thought they understood about their children, their marriage, and their true desires. Let the Nadelmans help you find Another Way Home in this funny, moving, and uplifting examination of what it means to be a family.
"I've been a fan of Anna's for the last decade," said Producing Artistic Director Loretta Greco, "and it's wonderful to have her here, making her Magic Theatre debut with the premiere of Another Way Home. The play is a wonderful oddity in that it's a coming of age story for both the teenage kids and their parents. It captured my heart because Anna's writing rang achingly true to me for both generations and because, like most things I love, it is both emotionally rich and at times ridiculously funny."
Gifted director and champion of new plays Meredith McDonough returns to Magic Theatre and the Bay Area from her new position as Associate Artistic Director at Actors Theatre of Louisville to direct Another Way Home. McDonough's work was last seen at Magic Theatre in the world premiere of Taylor Mac's The Lily's Revenge during Magic's 2010-2011 Season. McDonough is also known in the Bay Area for her work directing the New Works Festival at TheatreWorks. "I'm thrilled to be returning to the Bay Area and to the Magic to work with Anna on her wonderful play," said McDonough. "Anna and I have been friends and collaborators for many years, so the opportunity to work alongside her in a home as supportive as the Magic is ideal!"
Anna Ziegler's work has been developed or produced by organizations across the country and Europe, including The O'Neill Playwrights Conference, Primary Stages, The Araca Group, Ars Nova, TheatreWorks, and The Old Vic New Voices Program. Her work has also been commissioned by The Manhattan Theatre Club, The Ensemble Studio Theatre, Virginia Stage Company, and New Georges, where she is an affiliated artist.
"I'm so thrilled that this play is premiering at the Magic," said Anna Ziegler. "It's a personal, delicate play and were it debuting anywhere else I'd be a bit frightened. But I know I'm in such good hands at Magic."
The talented cast of five includes two new faces to the Bay Area in Kim Martin-Cotten (Lillian), who appeared on Broadway in Merchant of Venice with Al Pacino and in the National Tour of August: Osage County, and Mark Pinter (Philip), who has been seen in Off-Broadway productions at Hypothetical Theatre and Soho Rep, as well as in regional theatres around the country. The cast also includes Bay Area favorites Jeremy Kahn (Mike T.), who has been seen in productions at Center Repertory Company and San Francisco Playhouse, Riley Krull (Nora), who has appeared at Diablo Theatre Company, Custom Made Theatre Company, and 42nd Street Moon, and Daniel Petzold (Joey), who was last seen at Magic in Linda McLean's Any Given Day.
Another Way Home will feature sets and costumes by Annie Smart, lighting design by Paul Toben, sound design by Sara Huddleston, and dramaturgy by Carrie Hughes.
Magic Theatre has built a reputation over its past 45 years as a hothouse for exciting new plays, the hottest writers, and cutting edge professional productions. With its intimate thrust stage, it is the perfect venue for audiences to experience new work up close. This intimacy extends beyond the stage through a number of special events – Thursday night Docent 360s, Friday night TalkBACKs, New Work Development Dialogues with playwrights and directors, and the Martha Heasley Cox Virgin Play Series. Enjoy unparalleled access to new plays, playwrights, and the process of taking a play from the page to the stage at Magic Theatre.
For more information or to purchase tickets, go online to www.magictheatre.org or call the box office at 415-441-8822.
Now in its 46th year, Magic Theatre is dedicated to the cultivation of innovative plays, playwrights, and audiences through explosive and entertaining productions of original work. Working side-by-side with adventuresome playwrights, Magic Theatre fosters new works from page to stage as world premieres, or seizes the rare opportunity to further develop a new work with a second or third production. The list of playwrights cultivated and premiered at Magic Theatre is a veritable who's who of American theatre: Sam Shepard, Michael McClure, Octavio Solis, Nilo Cruz, Paula Vogel, Rebecca Gilman, Lloyd Suh, Taylor Mac, Theresa Rebeck, Sharr White, and Luis Alfaro, to name few. Experience new play development at Magic Theatre.
Pictured: The cast of Another Way Home (l to r): Mark Pinter*, Daniel Petzold, Riley Krull, Kim Martin-Cotten*, and Jeremy Kahn*. Photo credit: Magic Theatre. *Member of Actors' Equity Association, the Union of Professional Actors and Stage Managers


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Account Manager - Maternity Cover
- Recruiter
- Media Recruitment
- Location
- London
- Salary
- £35k per year
- Posted
- 03 Jan 2014
- Closes
- 31 Jan 2014
- Ref
- Contact
- Sarah Fell
- Sector
- Financial Services
- Function
- Account Manager, Senior Account Manager
- Discipline
- Financial PR
- Hours
- Full Time
- Contract Type
- Contract
This reputable PR agency that specialises in financial services/personal finance is currently looking for a knowledgeable, flexible, personable PR Account Manager to cover 6 months maternity leave starting February 2014. You will be part of a small team, so need to be a confident self-starter, able to hit the ground running.
Personal finance/financial services agency experience is a prerequisite, with excellent writing skills and current press contacts. A thorough understanding of the personal finance market at large, including pensions, is essential.
Responsibilities include:
- Writing press releases, blogs and comment pieces and short articles (with the support of technical writers)
- Working closely with journalists to understand what news items are relevant to clients
- Planning and scheduling work programmes
- Commissioning articles and blogs from features editors
- Communicating client needs/feedback and keeping them informed of work progress and results
- Ensuring work schedules are met on time
- Formalising status and monthly reports
The ideal candidate will have:
- A mature, confident, highly proactive work ethic with excellent people skills
- Proven track record of working with broadcast, consumer and social media
- Strong knowledge of pensions and investment is essential
- Excellent writing skills, fluent and of a very high standard
- Very good media relations abilities
Salary will be £35,000 according to experience and fit.


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O'Connor volleyball remains above fray in 27-5A
Also, Warren holds off Brandeis to tie with Taft for second.
Updated 1:23 am, Thursday, September 27, 2012
O'Connor senior outside hitter Brooke Burgess knows that her team's pursuit of perfection in District 27-5A isn't going to be an easy one.
All she has to do is take a peek at the league standings and see the logjam — Taft and Warren are tied for second, Clark is a game behind them in fourth and Holmes and Brandeis are both fighting to stay in playoff contention — to figure that much out.
So with the district in a jumble, Burgess and the No. 4 Panthers have a simple approach — stay above the fray.
O'Connor attained its goal Wednesday, starting the second half of district play with a 25-16, 17-25, 25-20, 25-22 win over Clark at Taylor Field House.
Sports Channel
"It's just a different mindset in the second round (of district), and, so, we have to have that different mindset, too," Burgess said. "It's all about working hard in practice — that's where we win."
After the rivals split the first two games, O'Connor (28-8, 9-0) used late surges in the last two frames to prevail.
In Game 4, Clark (15-15, 6-3) rallied from a 20-15 deficit to take a 22-21 lead on a kill from Meagan Moe. But O'Connor scored the final four points to conclude the match. In Game 3, the Cougars twice rallied from four-point deficits to tie it at 16. Brianna Sotello had back-to-back kills to stall the rally and put O'Connor back in the lead for good.
"It was very back and forth," O'Connor defensive specialist Emily Starnes said. "Clark played a really good game. Our goal is to hold onto the district title and hopefully go 16-0 this year."
In Wednesday's other 27-5A match at Taylor, Warren held off Brandeis for a 25-22, 25-21, 14-25, 25-23 victory.
Shaina Garza had 15 kills as the Warriors (16-15, 7-2) moved into a tie with Taft (25-5, 7-2) for second.
"All the girls are pushing each other," said Warren setter Tori Zamora, who had 19 assists and three aces. "A lot of the girls have filled in some big shoes, and I think we're doing a great job."
Brandeis (14-17, 4-5) is now two games out of fourth place but still has matches against O'Connor, Clark and Taft to try and make a late push.
"We're not out of it, as far as district playoffs," Brandeis coach Maddie Williams said. "It's just about winning the right matches."


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♦ In Syria, loyalists proclaim their success, but there are plenty of reminders that their progress is limited and potentially reversible.
♦ In Egypt, critics accuse Mohamed Morsi and the ruling Muslim Brotherhood of ineptitude and authoritarianism that has damaged the economy and fuelled public discontent.
♦ Greece is struggling to avoid the collapse of a second big privatisation – bidders for the state gaming monopoly want to change the terms of a deal agreed last month.
♦ The New York Times looks at how Barack Obama engaged with Nelson Mandela's history.
♦ The former second ranking officer in the US military is now the target of a Justice Department investigation into the leak of information about a covert US cyber attack on Iran's nuclear programme.
♦ DNA testing has gained in popularity as people go searching for their African roots.
♦ Eric Lewis, a partner at an international litigation firm, argues based on the Supreme Court's decisions this week that, "Even with the jubilation surrounding the defeat of DOMA, this has been a strange and sad week for the Court and the nation." Read more
© The Financial Times Ltd 2016 FT and 'Financial Times' are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd.


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Serves 6
12 Handmade Crab Cakes (found in your HEB Seafood Department)
3 tablespoons all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon Old Bay seasoning
6 tablespoons panko (Japanese-style) breadcrumbs
1/4 cup shredded coconut
2 tablespoons HEB unsalted butter
2 eggs
baby arugula
1 teaspoon Kosher salt
1 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper
1 pack Hawaiian Rolls (found in your HEB Bakery)
In a shallow dish, add the flour, salt and pepper and mix together.
In small bowl, add the eggs with a little water and whisk together.
In a shallow dish, add the panko breadcrumbs, coconut and Old Bay seasoning.
Dredge the crab cakes in the flour, then drop into the egg wash and roll in the panko mixture to coat well and set aside. Heat the butter in a large skillet over medium heat. Add half the prepared crab cakes and cook for about 3-5 minutes on each side until golden brown. Remove from the pan and drain well on paper towels. Set aside and keep warm. Repeat with the remaining crab cakes.
Cut the Hawaiian Rolls in half and add some sweet chili mustard sauce on top and bottom half of the roll. Add a small spoonful of the Asian slaw to the bottom half of the roll, add the crab cake and top with baby arugula leaves and serve immediately.
Sweet Chili Mustard Sauce
1 cup Asian sweet chili sauce
2 tablespoons Central Market wholegrain mustard
2 tablespoons Little Soya soy sauce
1 tablespoon rice vinegar
Place all the ingredients in a medium bowl and whisk together until well combined. Cover and keep until needed.
Asian Slaw
1 large red onion, peeled and cut into very thin wedges
8oz green cabbage, shredded
3 jicama, peeled and cut into matchsticks
1 tablespoon finley chopped cilantro
1/2 cup Ottavio Olive Oil
4 tablespoons fresh lime juice
large pinch kosher salt
large pinch freshly ground black pepper
Place the onion wedges in a bowl of ice water and leave to stand for 20 minutes. Drain and tip into a medium mixing bowl. Stir in the cabbage, jicama, and cilantro and mix evenly. Add the olive oil, lime juice, salt and pepper to taste. Toss to coat the salad well. Cover and keep in a cool place until needed.
Copyright 2012 by Click2Houston.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Theatrical Performance of Twilight Zone Episode Part of Ithaca Colleges Rod Serling Conference
ITHACA, NY — One of the most memorable episodes of the "Twilight Zone" television series has been adapted into a theatrical production that will be performed as part of Ithaca College's Rod Serling Conference, scheduled for Friday and Saturday, Nov. 8–9.
"It's a Good Life" is the story of a six-year-old boy with enormous and inexplicable mental powers. The adaption by 2012 Ithaca College theater graduate Dan Jones incorporates puppetry, live performance, installation art and animation.
The production will be staged at 8 p.m. each night at The Studio in Center Ithaca (former Cinemapolis location). While there is no admission charge, tickets can be reserved at http://itsagoodlife.brownpapertickets.com.
The rest of the Rod Serling Conference, sponsored biennially by Ithaca College's Roy H. Park School of Communications, is being held for the first time this year in Los Angeles.
Serling taught at Ithaca College from 1967 until his untimely death in 1975, and the college is home to the Rod Serling Archives. The conference will feature a keynote panel of "Twilight Zone" experts:
- Earl Hamner Jr., the writer/producer best known for creating the CBS series "The Waltons," whose first script acceptance for the "Twilight Zone" gave him his Hollywood writing break
- Marc Zicree, author of "The Twilight Zone Companion" and television scriptwriter whose credits include "Star Trek: The Next Generation," "Deep Space Nine" and "Babylon 5"
- Arlene Martel, actress whose work includes two "Twilight Zone" episodes
Anne Serling will give a reading from her recently published book "As I Knew Him: My Dad, Rod Serling." The program will also include presentations on topics ranging from "Sending the Extremists to the Cornfield: Rod Serling's Crusade Against Radical Conservatism" to "The Joy of Influence: Serling's Impact on Comics Writing."
For a detailed conference schedule, visit www.ithaca.edu/rhp/serling.
"It's a Good Life" originated as a darkly humorous short story by Jerome Bixby about a boy who holds his isolated Ohio town in terror, awe and rigid conformity. It was adapted by Serling for a 1961 episode that has been ranked by Time Magazine and TV Guide as among the series top 10, as well as included as a segment in 1983's "Twilight Zone: The Movie.
Dan Jones earned his degree in theatre studies, with concentrations in directing, playwriting and dramaturgy. While a student, he directed adaptations of Ray Bradbury's classic dystopian novel "Fahrenheit 451" and George Saunders's short story "Jon." He is a two-time winner of the Delaware Theatre Company's Young Playwrights Festival. Since moving to New York City, he has worked on puppetry builds for both Broadway and Off-Broadway productions.
The puppetry team for "It's Good Life" will be led by fellow Ithaca College theatre graduate Chava Curland '11.
For more information, contact Melissa Gattine, marketing communications manager in the Park School, at (607) 274-1023 or email@example.com.
Originally published in IC News: Theatrical Performance of Twilight Zone Episode Part of Ithaca Colleges Rod Serling Conference.


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Comfortable Shoes
The classic American pair of running shoes can be limiting in countries where you're touring churches. But they'd be perfect for walking the Las Vegas Strip. Consider your destination and how much you'd like to pack. Look for shoes that can be versatile and take you from a morning city tour to an evening dinner out. Rubber soles are always helpful. </li>
First-Aid Items
You might think it's easy enough to find an adhesive bandage when you need one, but if you scrape a leg while doing a cloud-top rainforest tour in Costa Rica, you aren't likely to find a drugstore nearby. Antibacterial gel or hand wipes can also come in handy.
If you're worried about losing it, or you forgot it, you can be thankful that the camera manufacturers have created the disposable version.
Plastic Bags
Grab a few of the leftovers you've been saving from the drugstore as well as the zip-close types. Both have dozens of uses, from storing dirty or wet clothes to keeping a wallet dry during that white-water rafting adventure.
Proper Identification (Driver's License Or Passport)
Always check before you leave for the airport that you have the correct identification for leaving the country.
Extra Cash
It's relatively easy to get cash from automatic teller machines in hundreds of countries, but it's not always convenient to have to ask the taxi driver to stop along the way so you can pay him. Stash some extra somewhere, just in case.
Prescription Drugs
You're really in for a hassle if you forget your prescription. And why put yourself through that when the goal is to forget your worries? Ask your doctor or pharmacist for a backup.
Credit Card
Even if you're the world's greatest travel planner, you can't control everything. Be prepared!
More Items To Remember
It's easy to forget your swimsuit -- pack it first. You can buy one in your destination, but it sure can take a while to find one you like.
If you're visiting a rainy area, bring a rain jacket or a traveler's umbrella. An even better move would be to prepare for rain anywhere by bringing a light waterproof jacket that can be layered on top of other clothes (or tied around your waist when the sun emerges).
Think about other things you can't live without. If you're a picky eater, you might pack a jar of peanut butter. Do you wear contacts? Bring an extra pair. Will you have a long layover? Bring a deck of cards.
Distributed by Internet Broadcasting. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Thursday, August 24, 2017
Children's Health
Soreness of Boobs
My 10 yr old niece has been complaining about her boobs hurting, she has started her cycle, and they hurt so much she can`t stand for them to be touch, what shall i do??
This is a great question I am sure many girls and their mothers have worried about and wondered over. The good news is that breast pain in women under 35 years of age, and especially among teens, is very rarely due to a serious health problem such as breast cancer.
Breast development in girls can begin as early as 8 years of age or as late as 13 years of age, with the appearance of small lumps of tissue called breast buds. Many boys also develop breast buds and may experience breast tenderness. Over the next 4-5 years, the breast tissue, aereolae and nipples of girls will undergo significant changes in size and shape, preparing the breasts to serve their function of milk production for babies.
Many young women entering puberty experience breast tenderness as their bodies undergo the changes driven by a large surge in hormones, especially estrogen and progesterone. Both of these hormones can cause water retention as well as tissue growth that can stretch nerves housed in the breast tissue. The stretching and compression of nerves leads to the pain. This is absolutely normal. Most women experience significant breast pain relief with the onset of their menses as hormone levels fall rapidly and the uterine lining is shed.
Things that can help to relieve breast pain due to hormonal changes include wearing a good, supportive bra, taking acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and limiting caffeine intake from coffee, tea, caffeinated sodas, and chocolate. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen should be taken at only the recommended doses. Taking large or frequent amounts of these medications to completely eliminate any pain can result in rebound headaches or damage to the liver and kidneys. She should avoid massaging her breasts and applying heat as this will worsen the swelling and nerve stretching.
If the pain is constant or worsens, or if there is any nipple discharge, your niece should see her doctor. If she remains worried about the pain, she should also see her doctor for an examination. Though extremely rare, thankfully, breast cancer can occur in teens. Worry can worsen the discomfort, so embarrassing or not, seeking guidance from the doctor is a good idea if worry and discomfort are getting in the way of normal activities.
I hope this information proves helpful and Happy Holidays!
Fisher, M.M. (Ed.) (2011). Textbook of adolescent health care. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
Aten, C.B., & Gotlieb, E.M. (2006). Caring for adolescent patients (2nd ed.) Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
Mary M Gottesman, PhD, RN, CPNP, FAAN
Professor of Clinical Nursing
College of Nursing
The Ohio State University


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I am a new customer.
By creating an account at Beer Pong Australia | Beer Pong Tables | Beer Pong Cups and More! you will be able to shop faster, be up to date on an orders status, and keep track of the orders you have previously made.
I am a returning customer.


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If you are experiencing symptoms of a heart attack, please call 911.HeartChat: featuring The American Heart Association
Meet our doctors:
Ruple Galani, MD is a board certified cardiologist from Baptist Health, who is a caring, energetic and friendly physician who provides his patients personal attention and same day appointments. Dr. Galani believes in practicing high quality, evidence based medicine and works with each patient to successfully address their specific cardiovascular needs.
Dr. Galani's areas of expertise are cardiovascular disease prevention, hypertension and lipid management, clinical research medicine, cardiac catherization and heart valve disorders.
Michael Levy, MD is a board certified cardiologist joining us from Mayo Clinic. Dr Levy is the Senior Associate Consultant for the Department of Internal Medicine. Dr. Levy is currently working on database describing single center experience with percutaneous paravalvular leak closure in patients with prosthetic paravalvular leak.
Dr. Siva Suryadevara, MD is a board certified cardiologist from Shands Jacksonville and is known for his publications on platelets and how they help the heart. He attended the University of Florida for his residencies and fellowships.


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To get ready for Valentine's Day, we asked some husband-wife chef and restaurant management duos to share their romantic stories: how they met, what they like to cook to celebrate the holiday and whether their restaurants go all out in the name of love.
Written by Mary Catherine Mikula, a partner behind NYC's Salinas restaurant, along with her husband, Donald Mikula, and Nicolas Matar. Inspired by their extensive travels along the Mediterranean coast of Spain, they opened this Spanish tapas restaurant in 2011 with chef Luis A Bollo at the helm.
Donald and I met while on a photo shoot for Neiman Marcus in San Francisco. He has been a celebrity hairstylist for 25 years; by the time I returned to New York from the trip, he had left a message with my agent insisting I come in to his salon for a haircut. I obliged, and the rest is history.
Together, we bring our diverse backgrounds and passions to Salinas – an unusual formula that works well for the restaurant, we think. Everyone calls Donald "the captain" – he makes the restaurant livelier by engaging guests in conversation and forming personal connections, and adorns the walls with photos he's taken during our travels. And I am known as "mama bear;" I like to make sure all is well with the staff, handle all the office tasks – scheduling, reservations – and create a new playlist for the restaurant every day.
Before Salinas, we rarely went out for dinner on Valentine's Day. We could never find a spot that felt romantic and cozy (or well-lit – a major pet-peeve of mine), and so we (and by we, I mean Donald) would cook. Ironically, one dish we loved to prepare was paella – and this was years before we opened the restaurant. We would open up a bottle of wine and share some Manchengo cheese while cooking.
Donald is very romantic; he's always bringing flowers home. But on Valentine's Day he remembers the flowers I carried for our wedding: Black Baccara red roses. He goes to the flower market first thing in the morning and brings them home for me before I wake up, along with a bottle of Opus One red wine, so we can share it later. (It's special for us because we went to Napa during our courtship and connected over our love of red wine and great food while among the vineyards). But before we open the wine, we start off with a cocktail. A simple favorite of ours is tequila pineapple: Shake Alacran blanco tequila over ice in a martini shaker, add pineapple juice, some lemon juice and a splash of Fuji apple juice and shake really well. Pour into a martini glass and serve!
Now, our perfect Valentine's meal is at Salinas. Last year Chef Bollo created an amazing menu with wine pairings. We sat down together at the very end of the dinner service by the fireplace; just a few tables were still dining at that point. We asked Courtney, our mixologist, to whip up something for us. Our new favorite of hers is Humo Rojo (recipe below). I make the music selections daily at Salinas so Valentine's is my favorite night to prepare. I strive to find songs for each moment of the evening that are both meaningful and unique. Valentine's Day is about love – romantic or not – and I enjoy creating an environment where that love can be nurtured and celebrated.
Rossejat Rapida
Recipe courtesy Salinas Executive Chef Luis Bollo
For the Sofrito:
1/4 cup olive oil
1 onion, chopped
3 garlic cloves
1 8-ounce can of peeled plum tomatoes
For the Saffron Aioli:
2 garlic cloves
A pinch of saffron
3 tablespoons water
1/2 cup mayonnaise
For the Rossejat Rapida:
6 ounces Fideo pasta (Vermicelli can be substituted)
1/2 cup canola oil
1 tablespoon olive oil
1 teaspoon garlic, minced
4 ounces chicken breast, small dice
White wine for deglazing
1 tablespoon sofrito
12 ounces chicken broth
Salt, to taste
8 Cockles
3 ounces dried sweet chorizo, small dice
2 ounces fava beans, blanched and peeled
1 teaspoon parsley, chopped fine
1 tablespoon saffron aioli, for garnish
Watercress, for garnish
Lemon wedge, for garnish
Paprika, to taste
Prepare the Sofrito:
In a sauté pan, heat ¼ cup olive oil and caramelize 1 onion and 3 garlic cloves on low heat
Once browned, add 1-8oz. can of peeled plum tomatoes
Cook for an additional 30 minutes and blend in a food processor until smooth
Prepare the Saffron Aioli:
Place 2 garlic cloves, a pinch of saffron, and 3 tbsp water in a blender and puree
In a bowl, mix ½ cup of mayonnaise and the garlic saffron puree
For the Rossejat Rapida:
Take the Fideo (or Vermicelli) pasta and break into 1 inch pieces.
In a saute pan, add the canola oil. Heat oil to 250F. Add pasta and toast pasta until light brown.
In a saute pan, heat 1 tablespoon olive oil and cook the minced garlic and diced chicken. Once garlic is browned, deglaze the pan with white wine.
Add sofrito, pasta and chicken broth to pan. Add salt to taste. Once mixture is boiling, place the pan in a 350F oven.
Cook until nearly all the broth has been absorbed. Add cockles and return to oven until they open.
Remove pan from oven and add chorizo, fava beans, parsley and saffron aioli. Mix well.
Place into large bowl and garnish with a tablespoon of saffron aioli and watercress. Top with a squeeze of lemon juice and paprika, to taste.
Humo Rojo
Recipe courtesy Courtney Tietze, mixologist at Salinas
2 ounces Alacran Mezcal tequila
3 fresh lemons
Splash of Cherry Heering
1/2 ounce jalapeno simple syrup
Splash of Agave
Shake ingredients well and strain over ice. Add a twist of lemon and a twist of orange for color. Enjoy!
Want more ideas for your Valentine's Day celebration? Get recipes and inspiration from Cooking Channel.
Check back tomorrow for another romantic restaurant story and recipe.
Click here to read more Love in the Kitchen stories from chefs and restaurant management couples.


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Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) means delivering your baby through the birth canal after you had a cesarean section for an earlier birth. VBAC is usually safe, but it does have some risks.
If you choose VBAC, you will be closely watched during labor. If you or your baby shows signs of distress, you'll have an emergency cesarean section.
Last Revised:
October 9, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Sarah Marshall, MD - Family Medicine & Femi Olatunbosun, MB, FRCSC - Obstetrics and Gynecology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2012 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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A counter-terrorism awareness campaign is being launched across the capital today.
The operation aims to remind the public of the vital role they can play as well as highlighting the Metropolitan Police Service's own security measures.
The initiative, known as Operation Penna, will involve co-ordinated activity taking place across all 32 boroughs until December 7.
There will be high visibility patrols in crowded places such as shopping centres and transport hubs and officers will be providing information to businesses explaining the ongoing threat from terrorism and what they can do to protect themselves.
Briefings will be held for officers to highlight the key part they play in counter-terrorism policing by providing a link between national expertise and mainstream neighbourhood policing.
Commander Richard Morris, from Specialist Operations, said: "Protective security is a key element of our counter terrorism strategy as it creates a hostile environment for people planning terrorist attacks.
Talking about the importance of public involvement, he said: "Everyone has a role to play in keeping London safe from terrorism and this operation sees specialist officers working closely with neighbourhood officers and communities, which is vital.
"Operation Penna builds on our engagement with communities and businesses in a variety of ways to counter the threat from terrorism and improve the protection from a terrorist attack, and other crime, offered to local businesses.
"The threat to London from terrorism remains real and serious so we encourage the public to remain vigilant and alert and to report anything suspicious to police."
The operation is being co-ordinated by Specialist Operations in partnership with the local police.
Anyone who has any information about unusual activity or behaviour should contact the confidential Anti-Terrorist Hotline on 0800 789 321.
In the event of an emergency always dial 999. Further information is available at www.met.police.uk/terrorism


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The Main Library Reference Section (5th floor) houses the PTRC for Broward County and several surrounding counties that do not have a PTRC. There are specialized materials that are only available in the Reference Section or at other PTRCs. Furthermore, the staff in the Reference Section receives specialized training and is knowledgeable in how to find answers to a variety of intellectual property questions.
Performing a good patent search can be useful. One reason for doing a patent search is that one of the criteria for obtaining a patent is that it must be new. An item that is the same or similar to your invention could have been patented 50, 100, or even 200 years ago. If your invention is the same as an invention patented even 210 years ago, it is not considered to be new, even though the patent has long expired. Another reason for doing a patent search is that you need to cite similar inventions as part of the patent application.
Although patent searching is possible on the Internet, primarily at the USPTO website, searching for patents or trademarks should be initiated at a PTRC. Patent searching on the Internet may be complicated for novice searchers. Also, keyword searching is not recommended as many potentially relevant patents may be missed using this method. Searchers who visit a Patent and Trademark Resource Center will find information regarding the USPTO's recommended search steps provided in their web page The 7-Step U.S. Patent Search Strategy. Also, the USPTO's computer based tutorial on patent searching.
Staff is available to assist in the use of these materials, but will not perform a patent search nor offer advice, interpretation, or opinion regarding the patentability of an invention.
For more information about patents please see General Information Concerning Patents at the USPTO's website.
Links to Patent Websites
Official Sites
Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Engineering, Industry, and Invention – This site has links to digital exhibits and collections hosted by the Smithsonian Institution. When you click on a link, you get information from the Smithsonian Archives about that particular item.
Espacenet – Databases for foreign patent searching hosted by the European Patent Office.
European Patent Office – The official site of the European Patent Office. Includes searching capabilities, attorney information, and much more.
WIPO Gold – This is a free public resource providing a one-stop gateway to WIPO's (World Intellectual Property Organization) global collections of searchable intellectual property data.
Inventor Resources Website (USPTO) – Basic information for inventors with links to other related sites.
Japan Patent Office – The official site of the Japanese Patent Office. Includes information about the JPO as well as searching capabilities and related links.
Kids Page (USPTO) – Fun and interesting patent and invention information for kids. Also provides links to other U.S. government websites for kids.
National Archives and Records Administration – Provides information on Patent and Trademark Office records housed in the National Archives and Records Administration.
Statistical reports from the USPTO – Provides statistical information from annual reports and the Office of Technology Assessment and Forecast including statistics on numbers of patents granted - by country of origin, by state, metropolitan area, etc.
U.S. Court of Appeals – This court has jurisdiction to entertain appeals for decisions issued by the U.S. PTO's Board of Patent Appeals and Inferences.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office - Patent Laws, Regulations, Policies & Procedures - Patent Related Notices – U.S. PTO's web page for notices related to patents. Sorted by year, this page includes requests for public comments on proposed regulatory rulemaking.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Web Patent Database – U.S. PTO's website for searching full patent records or bibliographic patent information.
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) – This United Nations agency is "responsible for the promotion of the protection of intellectual property throughout the world through cooperation among" member countries "and for the administration of various multilateral treaties dealing with the legal and administrative aspects of intellectual property."
Other Patent Sites of Interest
American Bar Association Section of Intellectual Property Law – This site has undergone more changes in the last few years than at any time in its history. The Section is committed to keeping its members fully informed of the latest developments in this ever-expanding field.
Collegiate Inventors Competition – A national competition administrated by the National Inventors Hall of Fame for college students designed to encourage activity in science, engineering, mathematics, technology, and creative invention and stimulate problem-solving abilities.
Spirit of Innovation Challenge - The Spirit of Innovation Challenge is an annual competition that challenges high school student teams to use science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) skills to develop commercially-viable, technology-based products that address real-world issues. It is the Conrad Foundation's flagship program. The Conrad Foundation was founded by Nancy Conrad, in 2008 and is based on the legacy of the late Apollo 12 astronaut and entrepreneur, Charles "Pete" Conrad.
The Faces of Science – Profiled here are African American men and women who have contributed to the advancement of science and engineering.
Index of Black Inventors by State or Country of Residence, 1834-2008 – A searchable and sortable spreadsheet database of Black inventors viewable in Microsoft Excel compiled by Margaret J. Collins, Springfield PTDL Representative, Illinois State Library(no longer a PTDL/PTRC), and formatted for Microsoft Excel by Eileen Fischlschweiger, Fort Lauderdale PTRC Representative, Broward County Main Library. This is one of the many useful resources found at the Patent and Trademark Depository Library Association (PTDLA) website.
The Invention Dimension (The Lemelson-MIT Awards Program) – Several awards programs all designed "to inspire a new generation of American scientists, engineers and entrepreneurs by celebrating, through awards and educational activities, living role models in these fields."
Inventors Digest – The site for the Inventors Digest magazine. Site includes some articles from the magazine as well as links to other sites, scam and legislation updates, and much more.
Inventors' Society of South Florida – The site for South Florida's local non-profit inventor organization.
Inventure Place, National Inventors Hall of Fame – National Inventors Hall of Fame: programs and activities, searching for information on the inventors in the hall of fame, and information on Camp Invention.
National Congress of Inventor Organizations – This site has valuable information and links for inventors and those interested in patents. Patent and Trademark Depository Library Association (PTDLA) – This site is an excellent resource that is a collected effort of the Patent and Trademark Depository librarians throughout the country. It includes useful information including materials for historical patent and trademark research.
Patently Absurd! Weird & Wacky Patents – Provides an assortment of weird inventions, including international patents.
Thomas A. Edison Papers – Information about the life of Thomas Edison, his patents, papers, companies, etc.
See also the Related Web Sites page at the USPTO website for further U.S. Government or other countries' websites.
Please send your questions and comments about these sites and suggestions for other sites to firstname.lastname@example.com.