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Qiu, J., Compagnone, M., Laibe, S., Lagarde, A., Goncalves, A., Turrini, O., Xerri, L., Monges, G. and Olschwang, S.
Notes: The authors amplified and sequenced the KRAS and BRAF genes in 803 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer to determine the frequency of mutation. They also examined the level of microsatellite instability (MSI) in BRAF-mutated cancer samples using the MSI Analysis System, Version 1.1. Of the 34 BRAF-mutated tumors, 8 had microsatellite instability. (4108)
Expand Full Notes »
MSI Analysis System, Version 1.2
Liu, X., Jakubowski, M. and Hunt, J.L.
Notes: Mutations in the KRAS gene occur in 30–50% of colorectal cancers. The authors amplified and sequenced the KRAS gene in 198 colorectal cancer samples to detect KRAS mutations. They then determined the frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI) in both KRAS-mutated and KRAS wildtype cancers to show that KRAS-mutated samples had a lower frequency of MSI. MSI analysis of paired normal and cancer tissues were performed using the MSI Analysis System. (4107)
Takeda, K., Kinoshita, I., Shimizu, Y., Matsuno, Y., Shichinohe, T. and Dosaka-Akita, H.
Notes: The authors examined the localized expression of Lgr5, a putative cancer marker, in sporadic colorectal adenomas and carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. They also determined the level of microsatellite instability (MSI) in paired normal and tumor tissues using the MSI Analysis System, Version 1.1. Their results showed that the majority of LGR5-positive tumors had low levels of MSI. (4109)
de Maat, M.F., Narita, N., Benard, A., Yoshimura, T., Kuo, C., Tollenaar, R.A., de Miranda, N.F., Turner, R.R., van de Velde, C.J., Morreau, H. and Hoon, D.S.
Notes: The authors examined the methylation status of methylated-in-tumor (MINT) loci and the degree of microsatellite instability (MSI) in colorectal cancer to determine if methylation of MINT loci during the progression of adenoma to cancer was linked to MSI. They used on-slide sodium bisulfite modification and methylation-specific PCR to examine the methylation index in paraffin-embedded tissue blocks containing normal, adenoma and cancer tissues. MSI status was determined using the MSI Analysis System. Patients with instability at more than 4 markers were classified as MSI-high, and patients with instability at more than 1 marker were considered microsatellite-stable. (4106)
Diosdado, B., Buffart, T.E., Watkins, R., Carvalho, B., Ylstra, B., Tijssen, M., Bolijn, A.S., Lewis, F., Maude, K., Verbeke, C., Nagtegaal, I.D., Grabsch, H., Mulder, C.J., Quirke, P., Howdle, P. and Meijer, G.A.
Notes: To better examine the molecular mechanisms of small bowel adenocarcinomas, DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue and tested for microsatellite instability (MSI) using the MSI Analysis System, Version 1.2. The PCR products were run on the Applied Biosystems 3130 Genetic Analyzer and analyzed using GeneScan® software. If two or more of the BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24 or MONO-27 monomorphic markers had altered lengths, the tumors were designated as MSI unstable. (4112)
Giráldez, M.D., Balaguer, F., Bujanda, L., Cuatrecasas, M., Muñoz, J., Alonso-Espinaco, V., Larzabal, M., Petit, A., Gonzalo, V., Ocaña, T., Moreira, L., Enríquez-Navascués, J.M., Boland, C.R., Goel, A., Castells, A. and Castellví-Bel, S.
Notes: To better understand early onset colorectal cancer (CRC), the researchers examined mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency by analyzing microsatellite instability (MSI) of five mononucleotide markers BAT25, BAT26, NR21, NR24, and MONO27 from tumors using the MSI Analysis System, Version 1.2. Instability at ≥3 markers classified the tumors as high MSI, while those unstable at ≤2 markers were designated as microsatellite stable. These results were compared with immunostaining analysis of MMR proteins. (4113)
Albrethsen, J., Knol, J.C., Piersma, S.R., Pham, T.V., de Wit, M., Mongera, S., Carvalho, B., Verheul, H.M., Fijneman, R.J., Meijer, G.A. and Jimenez, C.R.
Notes: In this paper, the authors were interested in the proteomic analysis of subcellular compartments to see if there were any protein markers for colorectal cancer (CRC) when analyzing early stage tumors and colorectal adenoma and carcinoma tissues. CRC tissue was collected and assessed for microsatellite instability and chromosomal copy number changes using the MSI Analysis System, Version 1.1, and MLPA respectively. The tumor proteins then were analyzed using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. (4116)
Martínez, J.G., Pérez-Escuredo, J., López, F., Suárez, C., Alvarez-Marcos, C., Llorente, J.L. and Hermsen, M.A.
Notes: Because intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma (ITAC) and squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity (SCCNC) are histopathologically similar to microsatellite-unstable colorectal adenocarcinoma or laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, respectively, the microsatellite instability (MSI) state of the nasal tumors were of interest to researchers. Two nanograms of purified DNA from 41 ITACs and 24 SCCNCs were amplified for shifts in five mononucleotide microsatellite loci using the MSI Analysis System, Version 1.2. The multiplex PCR products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis and noted as MSI positive if there was a size shift of at least one marker. (4117)
Zhang, L.
Notes: In this review, the author discusses the advantages of the Promega MSI Analysis System, including the use of mononucleotide markers that are monomorphic (i.e., almost all individuals are homozygous for the same common allele) to simplify data analysis. In addition, the inclusion of pentanucleotide repeat markers ensures that the normal and tumor tissue are from the same individual. The author shows representative data generated using MSI Analysis System, Version 1.1. (4118)
Murphy, KM, Zhang, S, Geiger, T, Hafez, MJ, Bacher, J, Berg, KD, Eshleman, JR
Notes: The researchers compared the Bethesda Panel to Promega's MSI Analysis System (Cat.# MD1641) for the analysis of tissues from 34 colorectal cancers in patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. (4114)
Vandrovcova, J, Lagerstedt-Robinsson, K, Pahlman, L, Lindblom, A
Notes: The authors evaluated the role of oncogenic BRAF mutations in non-hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer/non-familial adenomatous polyposis familial colorectal cancer, by a mutation screening of the most common BRAF mutation, the V600E mutation, in 194 colorectal tumors from patients with a positive family history of the disease. Tumor genomic DNA was isolated and an MSI test performed either as described in the references or using an MSI Analysis System kit (Promega Cat.# MD1641). (4115)


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"assured reliance on the character, ability, strength or truth of someone or something"
"The Federal Government's support for mandatory pre-commitment on club and pub poker machines has been dealt a massive blow with revelations that the problem gambling rate could rise by as much as 60% if introduced in Australia.
A study of 3,000 people in Norway, which is the only country to have mandatory pre-commitment on all poker machines, found that the current rate of problem gambling has increased from 1.3% in 2007 to the current 2.1% following the introduction of mandatory pre-commitment 2 years ago."
Far out!!!
Apart from the fact that there is no mandatory pre-commitment in Norway, this argument, cited as fact is wrong.
It's not true. It is a misrepresentation. It is false. It is deliberately misleading. It is bull shit.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Wednesday, August 26, 2009
Hard to believe it's been two years now since Pluto was demoted to "Dwarf Planet" status. Does anyone else find it weird to look at modern textbooks with a list of the Eight Planets of the Solar System??
Perhaps the most amusing development I've seen thus far has been the addition of the following paragraph in the Wikipedia, which cracks me up:
"The verb to pluto (preterite and past participle: plutoed) was a neologism coined in the aftermath of its transition to dwarf planet. In 2007, the American Dialect Society chose "plutoed" as its Word of the Year, defining "to pluto" as "to demote or devalue someone or something," as happened when the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union decided Pluto no longer met its definition of a planet."
Some people have a harder time letting go than others. There is now an official Facebook group entitled, "When I Was Your Age, Pluto Was a Planet." I can't wait to go around saying that to little kids in my golden years.
Alas Pluto, we hardly knew ye.
10 comments:
- Laurel Kornfeld said...
There is no reason to "let go" of anything, as our solar system does NOT have only eight planets, and Pluto did not "die" in 2006.
Pluto did not stop being a planet because 424 astronomers made a controversial decision and adopted a vague, unusable planet definition. The requirement that an object "clear its orbit" was concocted specifically to exclude Pluto and keep the number of planets in our solar system low.
The IAU definition makes no sense in stating that dwarf planets are not planets at all, a departure from the use of the term "dwarf" in astronomy, where dwarf stars are still stars, and dwarf galaxies are still galaxies. Also, the IAU definition classifies objects solely by where they are while ignoring what they are. If Earth were in Pluto's orbit, according to this definition, it would not be a planet either. A definition that takes the same object and makes it a planet in one location and not a planet in another location is essentially useless. The IAU decision was immediately rejected by hundreds of professional astronomers in a petition led by Dr. Alan Stern, Principal Investigator of NASA's New Horizons mission to Pluto.
Stern and like-minded scientists favor a broader planet definition that includes any non-self-luminous spheroidal body orbiting a star. The spherical part is important because objects become spherical when they are large enough for their own gravity to pull themselves into a round shape--a state known as hydrostatic equilibrium and characteristic of planets and not of shapeless asteroids.
By this definition, our solar system has 13 planets and counting: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Ceres, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.
- August 27, 2009 at 9:44 AM
- PillowNaut said...
My brother agrees with this assessment and gets all frothy about it, and what may yet be discovered in the Kuiper Belt. I've read the arguments at length, and simply have no emotional attachmentor assessment. I was commenting merely upon 1) a date 2) new books 3) a silly Wiki paragraph and 4) many people didn't like this decision.
LOL but thanks for proving my point.
- August 27, 2009 at 10:25 AM
- Deray said...
Everyone in Mexico learned the names of the planets with a song from a scientific show for kids. If we take Pluto out it doesn't sound right :'(. Good blog!
- August 27, 2009 at 11:38 AM
- Mrs. L said...
What's next, old people? I'm sorry but you don't meet our definition of a human so snap! you're no longer a member :)
- August 27, 2009 at 12:21 PM
- PillowNaut said...
yeah, no joke. soylent green is people!!!
i would not be surprised if the Pluto decision was reversed, however...then the slang for 'plutoed' will mean "restored to former glory."
- August 27, 2009 at 3:07 PM
- Laurel Kornfeld said...
I have the same feeling about "plutoed" ultimately meaning being "restored to former glory."
The arguments for Pluto's planet status are not simply based on emotion. There are strong scientific reasons for keeping Pluto a planet, albeit one of a new subclass of planets.
Here are some web sites you and your brother might find interesting
The Great Planet Debate:
Petition of astronomers rejecting the demotion:
My Pluto Blog: http://laurele.livejournal.com
- August 27, 2009 at 8:51 PM
- Sach said...
If the broad definition was adopted - we don't want to have a situation where we have 51 planets and counting... the kids will then surely bad mouth all the previous generation of humans! If you had to build a song to remember this number, wonder how many songs would be needed then!
Then again, I strongly believe Pluto has no emotional attachment to being classified as a planet (or not) either! I'm sure its as happy as its ever been where it is!
- August 28, 2009 at 4:10 PM
- Laurel Kornfeld said...
I don't see any problem with having 51 planets or 100 planets. Memorization is really not that important. When we knew little else about the planets other than their names, memorization might have made sense. Today, it is more important that kids and adults learn the types of planets and their characteristics--for example, terrestrial planets, gas giants, ice giants, dwarf planets, etc. It makes no scientific sense to artificially limit the number of planets just so kids can memorize them. We don't limit the number of elements in the Periodic Table or the number of stars or the number of moons the planets have (Jupiter is up to 63). For stars, there is a list of categories and subcategories that make up the Herzsprung Russell diagram. There isn't any reason we can't do a classification system like this for planets. If our solar system has 50+ planets, then that is what it has.
It's not a matter of emotional attachment, whether by Pluto or to Pluto. It's an issue of recognizing that planets come in many types and not blurring the critical distinctions between planets and asteroids. The real change to which we need to adapt is not going from nine to eight planets but going from nine to a multitude of planets, with numbers increasing regularly due to new discoveries.
- August 28, 2009 at 9:06 PM
- Theresa111 said...
I think they hurt Pluto's feelings. And I think there are some more planets on the far side of the sun. It's a large star and who really can say for certain?
- August 29, 2009 at 11:08 PM
- M. Ray Robinson said...
Men are from Mars, women are from Venus, and dogs are from Pluto!
Besides, I think Pluto's doing just fine. He's made some new friends!
- August 30, 2009 at 4:09 PM


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D3 Chelsea Wong has been awarded one of four Dental Trade Alliance Foundation Scholarships. "I am so excited and still in disbelief!" says Wong. "It was such an honor to be nominated in the first place, and to actually win one of the awards is such a surprise."
The Dental Trade Alliance Foundation scholarships are to recognize dental students who have an established commitment to community service, providing $5,000 in financial support to a third or fourth year dental student who has demonstrated academic excellence in dentistry, financial need, and a commitment to community service.
Chelsea Wong came highly recommended by the faculty at the University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry. She is involved in the Oral Health and Education Program-Tenderloin Community School, Camp Mendocino of the Boys and Girls Club of San Francisco, the Science and Education Partnership, and the Painting Healthier Smiles Project among others.
"I would like to incorporate community service into my full time dental career by volunteering at outreach events on the weekends with student organizations, just like how my supervising UCSF dental faculty are doing right now at the outreach events that I organize," says Wong. "I would also like to take a couple days during each week to teach at UCSF and continue to give back to others in my community. With a background as a TA, I love explaining concepts to others, and in my full time dental career, I plan on coming back to UCSF one day and giving back to others through education."
Chelsea Wong


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There's only one thing worse than owing a tax bill you can't pay. It's finding out that the company you hired to help you reduce your tax debt didn't do what it promised.
That's what the Federal Trade Commission alleged happened to clients of American Tax Relief of Beverly Hills, Calif. Federal prosecutors first filed charges against the company in 2010, contending that the company was running a nationwide scam that, at that time, had bilked consumers out of more than $60 million by falsely claiming it could reduce people's tax debts.
Subsequent federal court filings raised the amount of money lost in the purported tax relief schemes to more than $100 million.
The FTC announced Tuesday that it had reached an agreement with American Tax Relief under which the company will pay more than $15 million in cash and assets to settle the charges.
This is the FTC's first action against a tax-relief company.
Road to tax scam settlement
In the original court filing more than two years ago, federal authorities alleged that American Tax Relief charged upfront fees ranging from around $3,000 to $25,000 for purported tax-relief services. According to the court filing, company ads included a toll-free number for consumers to call for a "free consultation," after which virtually all consumers were told that they qualified for a tax-relief program that would significantly reduce their tax debts.
Then last August, the federal court issued a partial summary judgment in favor of Uncle Sam.
That decision found that American Tax Relief had falsely claimed that it had significantly reduced the tax debts of thousands of people and falsely told individual consumers they qualified for tax relief programs that would significantly reduce their tax debts. The court also ruled that company owner Alexander Seung Hahn was personally liable for the challenged tax-debt relief practices.
In that ruling, the court imposed a more than $103 million judgment against American Tax Relief, Hahn and others connected with the company.
So why would the FTC now accept a deal that pays only around 15 percent of what federal investigators originally charged was bilked from folks facing overwhelming tax debts?
It comes down to pragmatism. Prolonged court fights cost time and money.
And, says FTC spokesman Frank Dorman, "That's all there is to be gotten."
During the course of the FTC investigation into American Tax Relief, federal authorities seized money from bank accounts, a Ferrari and placed liens on two residences, one of which was valued at $3.4 million.
"We expect to have more than $15 million for redress after receiving the cash and liquidating all of the assets," says Dorman.
Road to refunds
That brings us to the next big question: What does this agreement mean to the taxpayers who forked over money to American Tax Relief and didn't get the results they were promised?
"The ideal plan is to return money to the consumers," says Dorman.
The FTC has a refund program. As in this tax scam case, however, it's difficult to get back every dollar that federal authorities allege was illegally taken from consumers.
Still, getting some money back is better than nothing.
During the American Tax Relief settlement process, the FTC will A) go about getting the cash from the company and B) set up a redress program to distribute the funds.
So stay tuned, former American Tax Relief customers.
Don't get taken
And if you find yourself owing the Internal Revenue Service more money than you can pay, make sure you don't fall for pennies-on-the-dollar claims that can't be fulfilled.
The FTC and reputable tax professionals say:
- Read all notices from the Internal Revenue Service and/or your state tax collector. Ask those offices about payment options, such as an installment agreement or an offer in compromise.
- If you need additional help in extreme situations, contact the National Taxpayer Advocate Service. Many states also have taxpayer advocates.
- Be skeptical of promises from companies that automatically say you are qualified or eligible for a tax-relief program. Only the IRS or your state comptroller can make that determination.
- Run, don't walk, away from any company that requires an advance fee for tax-relief services.
Want the latest news on taxes, tax reform prospects, filing deadlines, Internal Revenue Service alerts and tax-saving tips? Subscribe to Bankrate's free Daily Tax Tip newsletter, our Weekly Tax Tip newsletter or, if you're a true tax geek, both!
You also can follow me on Twitter @taxtweet.


text:
Dan Barker
- Located in Madison, WI
- Former evangelical minister
- Co-president of Freedom From Religion Foundation
- Author of Losing Faith in Faith: From Preacher to Atheist
- Author of Godless: How An Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists (with a foreword by Richard Dawkins)
- Author of The Good Atheist: Living a Purpose-Filled Life Without God
- Author of Life Driven Purpose: How an Atheist Finds Meaning (Foreword by Daniel Dennett). Available December 2014
- Author of Maybe Yes, Maybe No: A Guide For Young Skeptics
- Author of Maybe Right, Maybe Wrong: A Guide For Young Thinkers
- Author of GOD: The Most Unpleasant Character in All Fiction
- Dynamic Speaker and Debater (and singer!)
- Songwriter/performer with 3 freethought CDs: Friendly Neighborhood Atheist, Beware of Dogma, and Adrift on a Star
- Frequent media appearances including the Phil Donahue show, Maury Povich, Hannity & Colmes, and Oprah Winfrey
- Co-host of Freethought Radio*
- Twitter: @danbarker
- Has done more than 100 public debates
Mr. Barker became a teenage evangelist at age 15. He maintained a touring musical ministry for 17 years, including eight years of full-time, cross-country evangelism. Following five years of reading, Mr. Barker gradually outgrew his religious beliefs. "If I had limited myself to Christian authors, I'd still be a Christian today" He announced his atheism publicly in January, 1984. He has been a staff member of the Freedom From Religion Foundation since 1987.
Dan is also the co-host of the weekly podcast Freethought Radio with wife Annie Laurie Gaylor.
Dan is also the co-host of the weekly podcast Freethought Radio with wife Annie Laurie Gaylor.
Dan is available to discuss such topics as:
- "Losing Faith in Faith," his story of de-conversion from preacher to atheist
- How to be good without a god
- The importance of state/church separation
- Did Jesus rise from the dead?
- Did Jesus exist?
- Debating the existence of a god
- Debating morality
- Debating evolution
- Debating the separation of church and state
Dan is also an accomplished pianist and vocalist, offering concerts of freethought tunes.
Dan is available to give presentations via teleconference using Skype or iChat. This option is much more flexible in terms of scheduling, and can drastically reduce costs for your group. If you're interested in this option, just let us know when you request your speaker.
|This speaker is sponsored by the
Freedom From Religion Foundation.
If you're interested in having this speaker come to your school and give a presentation, click here to fill out our online Speaker Request form.


text:
Heinrich Loesch - Civil War Casualty
Heinrich Loesch, son of Johann and Eva Katharina Loesch, was born in Hemsbach, Germany. He came to America with his parents in 1846 and lived with his family on Stony Rd. in Lancaster, NY.
On August 29, 1862, Heinrich enlisted in the 112th New York Volunteer Infantry, Co. I. Military records list him as "Henry Lasch". Known as the Chautauqua Regiment, the 112th saw heavy combat in Virginia and the Carolinas from 1862 to 1865. He was admitted to the hospital for "illness" December 20, 1864 at Bermuda Hundred VA, near Richmond. He died less than 2 months later, while being escorted home to New York by his brother, Michael Loesch.


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Penn State details plans for Center for the Protection of Children
By Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
Officials at Penn State University released additional details today about their plans for the creation of a Center for the Protection of Children.
Penn State`s new president Rodney Erickson announced the creation of the center recently, on the heels of the expanding child sexual abuse scandal that has rocked the university for the last month since the arrest of former football defensive coordinator Jerry Sandusky who now faces charges that he sexually abused 10 boys over a 15-year-period.
Erickson today said Dr. Andrea Taroli, a certified child abuse pediatrician will head the center at the Penn State Hershey Children`s Hospital. The Penn State Law School and its Children`s Advocacy Center and The Children, Youth and Families Consortium in the College of Health and Human Development, also were identified as collaborators on the project.
Last week, Erickson announced Penn State`s partnership with the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape and the National Sexual Violence Resource Center with a University commitment of $1.5 million. The partnership will extend the collective reach of programs offered by these two agencies. Funding is coming from Penn State's share of this year's Big Ten bowl revenues and any remaining money from those bowl games -- generally estimated to be in the area of $500,000 to $800,000 -- will now go toward the new Penn State Hershey Center for the Protection of Children.
Two top Penn State officials — athletic director Tim Curley and vice president Gary Schultz — stepped aside from their roles with the university last month after they were charged with perjury and failing to report allegations against Sandusky in the scandal that later claimed the jobs of Penn State President Graham Spanier and storied football coach Joe Paterno.
(To read original article, visit this Pittsburgh Tribune-Review link)


text:
- Full-grain leather shaft
- Caiman foot
- Broad square S-toe
- Double stitch welt
- Detailed stitch pattern on shaft
- Caiman accents on pull tabs
- Low walking heel with rubber cap
- Leather outsole
- Spur ridge heel
Experts in exotic skins and premium leathers; Ferrini brings you these Women's Hornback Caiman Crocodile Western Boots. Crafted with the finest exotic leathers these Caiman boots are beautiful and comfortable. The soft full grain leather creates a comfortable and durable atmosphere for your feet. The broad square toe, leather sole, and, low walking heel, and spur ridge make these great riding boots. Whether in the saddle or out for a night on the town you will be in comfort and style wherever you go. From farm to fashion and from ranch to recreation, Ferrini boots will fit any Cowgirl's style.
Style(s): 80493-04
So whether you are shopping for your next pair of finely crafted genuine Caiman Crocodile, Lizard, Ostrich , Alligator or Python boots or looking for a unique and exotic style in one of our all leather classic print western boots, Ferrini is your boot company. From farm to fashion and from ranch to recreation, the Ferrini tradition of excellence continues.


text:
Passion for Technology
At mk, it is passion for technology that guides us to products that are in line with market demand. Passion for technology is what motivates us to find new and better solutions. Passion for technology is the driving force for innovative technology made by mk.
As one of the leading providers of mechanical modules and components for factory automation, with our performance spectrum of Profile Technology, Conveyor Technology, Linear Motion and Factory Equipment we offer you everything from a single source. In addition, we are at your side from the project planning and design phase, to implementation, commissioning and maintenance of complete Transfer Systems.


text:
Skip to Content
Home > Wellness Resources > Health Library > Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of four knee ligaments
that connect the upper leg bone (femur) with the lower leg bone (tibia) by
running crosswise inside the center of the knee joint. The ACL stabilizes knee
movement in a forward and backward direction.
Specifically, the ACL prevents the tibia from sliding or twisting abnormally on the femur when the leg is straight or slightly bent. And the ACL prevents the knee from being
stretched or straightened beyond its normal limits (hyperextended). It also
supports other knee ligaments that keep the knee from bending sideways.
Current as of:
May 23, 2016
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine & Freddie H. Fu, MD - Orthopedic Surgery
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated, disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use. Learn how we develop our content.
To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org.
© 1995-2016 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.


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This sleek and modern looking custom pen is a great giveaway at any event.
The Light Bulb Promotional Jar Opener is a bright idea for your next promotion.
When the elections roll around, ePromos' promotional products are sure to get the public excited about your political campaign. No one will be able to miss the personalized full color campaign buttons and custom digital vinyl signs. Patriotic colors are everywhere from donkey and elephant shaped stress balls to custom printed paper fans and more. Show your fellow commuters who has your vote with full color promotional bumper stickers.


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Medical Records [1]
To obtain copies of your medical records from our Health Information Management Department (HIM), please complete the Authorization to Release Protected Health Information form [2] and mail it to:
Carilion Stonewall Jackson Hospital [3]
Carilion Stonewall Jackson Hospital [3]
Attention: Health Information Management
1 Health Circle
Lexington, VA 24450
HIM Department Hours at CSJH:
Monday – Friday: 8 a.m. – 4:30 p.m.
We do not accept requests for medical records by e–mail over the Internet.
Once your request is received, it can take up to 15 days to process. If the record is being released to a physician's office or other health care facility, there is no charge for copying your records. However, if you request copies to be released to yourself, or others, there may be a fee for photocopying.
If you have questions regarding the process for obtaining records, or would like an estimate of charges, please contact our Health Information Management department at (540) 458-3135.


text:
I don't know how this happened (OK, maybe it's not a stretch), but it seems that my non-techie friends have come to consider me their source for debunking internet video hoaxes. They're always sending me the latest one and asking for my opinion.
I have to admit I love these things. Yes, they're usually pimping a product through viral marketing, but they're just funny and many of them are well executed. Having created and seen my share of visual effects over the years, I can appreciate the care and creativity that goes into them.
My favorite one of late is the MEGAWOOSH Bruno Kammerl jumps video. I'd bet that After Effects was involved in this somehow. If you were involved in the production of this one, send me a note…Your secrets are safe with me. Honestly. One observer has thoughtfully posted a detailed breakdown of how this shot could be done.
Here's another new one. I think this is how computer viruses are transmitted.
Do me a favor and send comment with a link to your favorite video hoax!


text:
Stefan and Maria Lukac of Lubisa, Slovakia, announce the engagement of their daughter, Jana Lukacova
Current subscribers have full access to all online news content as part of their subscription. If you are a current subscriber, please log in with your website account information for full access. If you are a current subscriber, but have not yet registered for access to the website, please call our Circulation Department at (330) 821-1200


text:
Scythe Infinity: 5 Heatpipes and Silent 120mm Fanby Wesley Fink on 2/26/2007 12:05 AM EST
- Posted in
- Cases/Cooling/PSUs
39 Comments
Back to Article
Zoomer - Thursday, March 01, 2007 - linkCould you try adding more than two fans, or perhaps blocking the sides of the heatsink so that air can't escape and see if it helps?
I'm very interested. It appears that this unit requires a high(er) static pressure to work well. Reply
yyrkoon - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkThese coolers, are all fine and dandy, but what about low profile coolers, that dont weight as much as the Golden Gate bridge ?
Me, my personal case, is an Lian Li PC-G50 (silver, if you must know . . .), and the PSU sits right_above about half of the CPU. Silent is great, higher overclocking potential, is better still, but the bigger question is, why arent these companies working on anything that doesnt require special cases, or at the very least, cases that are so huge, you can not put them any place without having large amounts of room.
My case: 15" tall, looks great, is very functional, its just a terrible shame, that no one seems to be making low profile coolers, that would help me eek out a 310mhz + CPU on my ABIT NF-M2 nView + AM2 Opteron 1210 (which I have actually achieved, just wouldnt do much other than BSoD within windows). Reply
Lem - Wednesday, February 28, 2007 - linkHave you checked the Thermalright "SI-type" coolers? I have been happy with a Thermalright SI-120 + 120mm 1200rpm fan (PAPST 4412F/2GLL). I am not much into overclocking though. I only raised the frequency of my X2 3800+ to 2.4GHz because it was a nice round number that my RAM could handle.
The newer SI-128 seems to support AM2-socket as well. I prefer that design over these for obvious reasons.
My Lian Li PC-61 is somewhat bigger than your case but I do not think that there would be any problems with PC-G50 either. Reply
BigLan - Tuesday, February 27, 2007 - link"why arent these companies working on anything that doesnt require special cases"
Erm, your case is the special one. These coolers generally fit in standard atx cases, with the regular atx-approved layout (height might be an issue in mid-atx cases.) I think that having the psu above the cpu is ok for micro-atx, but that is still pretty specialized - you might want to look into server coolers (specifically 1-u coolers.) m-atx-style normally requires smaller fans, which have to spin much faster to move the same amount of air, and are very, very noisy (does anyone remember the old 60mm delta screamers?) You're also limited to fin area, which also hurts performance. There are some reasonably good btx coolers which overcome these problems though, but they're often proprietary (built into dell cases etc.) Reply
cujo - Tuesday, February 27, 2007 - linki love big cases. lots more room to work inside and lots more room for quiet 120mm fans. Reply
yyrkoon - Tuesday, February 27, 2007 - linkGood for you. My case also has silent 120mm fans, the system is so quiet in fact, I have to turn something else on, so I can sleep ( I require white noise to sleep ). Reply
arswihart - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkI disagree with using overclocking as a measure of a heatsink's performance. You should focus on noise and temps, it's that simple. I don't know why anyone would even pay attention to that data you are presenting. Reply
Wesley Fink - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkTemperatures at stock speeds are reported on p. 4. However, contrary to your assumption, coolers that perform best at cooling at a stock 2.93GHz are not always the same coolers that enable the highest overclock. Temperature rises as a CPU is overclocked, and coolers that perform well at stock speeds do not always remove heat as well at higher temperatures.
Since the OC that can be achieved does not matter to you, the data on p.4 - temperature at stock speed - should give you what you are looking for.
arswihart - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkIdle and Load temps for stock / OC. No need to look at 50Mhz differences to rank the heatsinks is my point. Reply
arswihart - Tuesday, February 27, 2007 - linkTo further make my point, you see a 7 C difference between the single and dual fan configs on the Infinity, and only a 70Mhz difference in OC. To me, the 70Mhz difference is negligible, while the 7 C difference is quite striking.
Relatively speaking, the difference in temps is much more drastic (12%), and much mnore relevant, than the difference you are seeing in OC (2%).
Do you still want to argue about it?
Sure it makes for interesting reading, so I guess I can't blame you too much, and the audience at Anandtech surely eats it up. I would just tell you I'd rather not have reviews cluttered up with this rather petty data. Reply
SmokeRngs - Wednesday, February 28, 2007 - link
Sure it makes for interesting reading, so I guess I can't blame you too much, and the audience at Anandtech surely eats it up. I would just tell you I'd rather not have reviews cluttered up with this rather petty data.
The information you wanted is there. Why are you complaining? There are plenty of people that don't care about the information you want but do want the information you deride. Both are there in a clear and concise manner for those that want to see one or both. Reply
shabby - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkPeople who buy $50 heatsinks dont buy them because they're quiet, they buy them so they can overclock their cpu's. Plus they probably stick higher cfm fans, so they're not quiet anymore. Reply
Zambien - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkI disagree. When I bought my Zalman 7700cu for my current PC, the main reason was that it would provide similar cooling to my current HSF, with less noise. I didn't like the fact that my computer sounded like a jet engnine. I'm sure some people fall into the category, but others do not. Reply
cujo - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkwhy wouldn't you test with overclocks? Reply
arswihart - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkNot to mention they are talking about 50Mhz differences in OC to separate better and lesser performing heatsinks. Come on, that isn't even a significant difference. Did they repeat the result on multiple systems, or just the one. Does it matter? Of course not. Reply
arswihart - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkA heatsink doesn't do anything magic to give you higher OC's, it gives you lower temps, which will then let you OC higher.
Measuring a CPU's OC is looking at data that is a step removed from what you should be looking at, which is simply the temperature. I could care less what they get to OC to, it will be almost certainly different for anyone who buys the heatsink.
The only thing that I think is worth taking away from any heatsink review is: installation caveats, temps, and noise. Reply
shabby - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkI find it funny that the infinity cant beat the tt120, does it have thicker heatpipes or what. What part of the tt120's construction make it better then other beefier/bigger coolers? Reply
Superdoopercooper - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkThe first rule in A-B testing is to hold EVERYTHING constant except for the items being examined/tested.
Therefore, in ALL of your heatsink reviews, the system down to the THERMAL COMPOUND should remain fixed, even if the heatsink ships with some "higher end" stuff.
I think it would be wise to pick ONE thermal compound and use it on EVERY heatsink test. Then you are testing the performance of the heatsink (i.e. Heatsink #1 is better than Heatsink #2, with no exceptions), and not the thermal grease + heatsink.
I would hate to think that heatsink #1 was the best, but only because it shipped with better compound than another. I think many people ponying up for these higher-$$ heatsinks will pony up $6 for some good thermal grease.
Then, if you want to do an additional test that comments on the performance of the included thermal grease, that would/could be helpful to potential buyers. Reply
Wesley Fink - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkI can easily link you to a review from a respected source that proves toothpaste and Kraft Vegemite are superior in cooling to Arctic Silver 5 :-) I have tested many thermal compounds and found little differnece among the quality products. That conclusion was a rude awakening for me. I have found much more variation in perfromance in how the thermal grease was applied than I have ever found in the thermal compounds themselves.
Thus far, all of the tests have used our standard silver-colored (but no real silver content) tube thermal compound except the Thermalright MST 6775 and the Zalman pair. These came with top thermal grease, and yet none of the three beat our Tuniq or this Infinity. If the cooler company cares enought to supply a premium thermal compound we test with that compound. Reply
Superdoopercooper - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkIf it is true that all thermal compounds are nearly equal, then I guess that's fine. I would like to see the link, actually.
That still doesn't change the fact that the best A-B testing holds EVERYTHING constant except the single item being tested.
Since AT is the site I hold in the highest regard in terms of info on computer components, I thought I'd just throw up my $0.02 on ways to maybe make these tests "better" and/or more scientific.
Could just be my test engineering background talking. :-P Reply
Wesley Fink - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkThe famous thermal compound review is at http://www.dansdata.com/goop.htm">http://www.dansdata.com/goop.htm. While it is written tongue-in-cheek the test methods are well conceived and there is a terrific discussion of what is significant and what is trivial in testing computer components. After I read the review a while ago I tested every thermal compound I had spent big bucks on and got very similar results.
I will concede that the more fluid compounds do work a little better when you have tiny contact areas as in the older Socket A AMD - at least initially. But with heatspreaders on all the CPUs these days the thermal grease used makes very little difference as long as it holds up, isn't particualrly conductive, and doesn't dry out. Applying it properly can make a big difference in performance, however.
Those not from Oz may recall the Men At Work song "Down Under" that makes reference to a "vegemite sandwich". Now you'll understand Vegemite is that brown vegatable spread about the texture of mayonnaise that is uniquely popular in Austalia.
DrMrLordX - Tuesday, February 27, 2007 - linkWhile I'll generally agree with you, there is at least one TIM that is positively insane that may outperform the usual gunk, and that's Coollaboratory's Liquid Pro (their Metal Pads don't seem to work as well). That stuff will literally dissolve aluminum and otherwise make a terrible mess. It's mostly gallium, indium, and tin I'm told. Strange stuff.
Others swear by Shin-Etsu X23-7783D as being clearly superior to AS5 and AS Ceramique. I've only seen one benchmark featuring the X23, but it even beat the crazy Liquid Pro in that benchmark.
Really, it would be more interesting to see benchmarks of the TIMs themselves than anything else. Your current TIM strategy in your heatsink tests is fine by me. Reply
BigLan - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkI think the toothpaste and vegemite article is on dansdata. (Dan used to do HSF reviews back in the Socket A days and had literally dozens of them all compared.) While toothpaste might work for testing, it does dry out very quickly and so would need to be replaced after a short period of time (probably days.) You could use it in a pinch, but I wouldn't want to try for 3117 overclocks with it! Reply
Binkt - Monday, February 26, 2007 - link"We have the Thermalright 120 in for review, and we will also be testing the Scythe Ninja Rev. B. Noctua, an Austrian manufacturer of cooling solutions"
Could you be specific on the model of thermalright 120 that you have in for upcoming tests? I assume that you mean the Ultra-120, since it is the current heavy-hitter from my personal favorite manufacturer.
Thanks, and keep up the great work!
PS. Any hope for a look at virtualization performance of current CPU's and platforms? hint: Asrock 775Dual-VSTA vs. more expensive i965 boards vs. AMD VT-enabled platforms ? Reply
Wesley Fink - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkThe cooler is the Thermalright Ultra 120. Reply
lopri - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkIt's got to be Ultra-120. I'd personally rate Tuniq 120, Scythe Infinity, and Ultra-120 as top 3 air coolers today. BTW, what does this article have to do with virtualization??
To Wesley: Thanks for the article. And I totally agree with your assessment on Infinity's mounting mechanism. It flexes motherboard and makes me uncomfortable to have it in my tower. Also it might not block DIMM slots on the tested motherboard, but I had some difficulties on other boards. (especially if I wanted to make use of any RAM cooling)
However, it is also clear than the current stock Infinity is not quite as good as the original models in reaching very high overclocks.
Did Infinity go through revisions? If so, what are the differences from original model and the current one? Reply
thestain - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkMaking comparisons based upon 38 dba is not a real test of quietness, try to get your rig a little quieter, maybe shoot for 33-34 so we can see these products spread themselves out more. Have you made any effort to test your test rig to see if the Power supply is making too much racket, in qhixh case replace it with a comparable performing Corsair or Seasonic, and can you turn down the fan slightly on your graphics card??
Wesley Fink - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkWith all computers, monitors, printers, lamps, etc. turned off in our testing romm the ambient noise is 36.4db. Reaching 33 to 34db as a base is therefore not likely. The OCZ 520 is one of the quietest power supplies we have tested. We have also tested with a small basic video card just to see if noise can be lowered further. The result was we had reached the floor of the PS. We also have to unplug the nVidia northbridge fan during noise measurements because it is much louder than the PS, video card fan or most coolers that we have tested.
There is a place for fanless power supplies, fanless video cards, and coolers that are silent, but for the great bulk of readers we really see little point in testing below the noise floor of the power supply.
We could do like some other sites and isolate the test board in a sound chamber away from the power supply, but I seriously doubt this is how our readers run their silent PCs. We definitely hear what you are saying, but our noise testing is looking at real-world noise levels. There are other sites that specialize in silence at levels you would more likely find in a noise testing lab. Reply
cujo - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkyou're forgetting a very popular cooler. i'd love to see the results of that vs. these other coolers.
i would also suggest looking at motherboard/chipset temperatures as most of these tower coolers do nothing for those. Reply
DrMrLordX - Tuesday, February 27, 2007 - linkI'm sure they'll get around to it eventually . . . that or the Big Typhoon VX.
The article is well-done though, and I'm very glad that you did the dual-fan setup guys. If you look at other tests of the Infinity with dual fans, you'll find that using anything faster than 1200rpm in a push-pull config is really unnecessary. Once you have the second fan going you're getting the best you can get out of the Infinity. Reply
dtanner - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkBy keeping the tower short, you are keeping the mass of the tower closer to the mobo and thus reducing the stress on the push pins. As another poster has stated, with this much mass I would definitely spend the extra $10 and get the UNIVERSAL RETENTION KIT "SCURK1". Reply
chienpourri - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkJuste a suggestion, Scyte sells a UNIVERSAL RETENTION KIT "SCURK1" that anyone can find for around 10$, it comes with a backplate and everything. As the reviewer said, I would feel very uncomfy sitting the Infinity with only brackets... However using this kit it would fix the problem. The only downside I can find is the increased cost, but 10$ for security sounds good to me! Reply
orion23 - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkYeah...That! Reply
orion23 - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkHi!
Great test guys!
I love how Anandtech started testing and reviewing other PC components.
You guys are doing great so far! Keep them coming...
And don't forget Power Supply Units! Reply
Calin - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkI find it somewhat to be understood - as the air would flow worse inside the cooler, part of it will flow out of it using the lateral spaces - as such, contributing very little or not at all to cooling.
I wonder how much would single fan cooling improve if the air flow would be restricted in escaping by the sides. If so, what the performance would be with a push-pull configuration and lateral restrictions on air movement (escape)? Reply
Jjoshua2 - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkWhat I want to see is a more head to head test, with either the Tuniq using fans at the Infinity noise level, or the Infinity getting two higher powered fans, to see which wins.
What I am interested in is the best performing silent/near silent fan & heatsink combo.
But overall, I liked the article thanks! Reply
Wesley Fink - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkWe appreciate your suggestion, but we make every effort to test CPU coolers as they are packaged if at all possible. It would be a massive effort to try to go through an assortment of fans, find those singles and pairs that noise match and then replace fans supplied with the coolers with these matched singles and pairs. HSFs like Zalman have embedded fans which can't be swapped, and many top coolers use fan sizes with more limited selections than the 92mm or 120mm fan sizes.
You have an interesting idea for an article on silent cooling, but it does go beyond the bounds of benchmarking and comparing performance of CPU coolers. Reply
crimson117 - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkWhat is the ambient temperature in the room during testing?
Does the room get hotter after a few hours of testing, perhaps skewing temperatures higher for models tested at the end of the day? Reply
Wesley Fink - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkThe ambient temperature of the room is 69F (21C) and is reasonably consistent. When running many computers in benchmarking the temperature may rise to 75F, but we check the temperature and turn off other systems during cooler testing. Reply


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Main Page
From Undergraduate Engineering Handbook
Handbook for Undergraduate Engineering Programs
- A NEW, abbreviated version of ENGR 40 will be offered this spring: ENGR 40A, 3 units, 7 weeks of instruction. See ExploreCourses for more detail. (allowed for EE, MATSCI, MGTSC & CS majors, though CS majors will need to make up the extra 2 units by taking another ENGR Fundamentals or CS depth course. Not allowed for ME majors, who must take the regular ENGR 40 course.
- Connect directly to the most recent 2012-13 versions of the Engineering Major Programs descriptions from this new page -- use link to majors at 1.3 in ToC
- Printed copies of the 2012-13 Handbook can be picked up in 135 Huang (online versions on Handbook page)
- Download a current program sheet from the Program Sheets page
- Minor program sheets for the nine minor programs offered in the SoE are now here! See Navigation Bar
- SoE Honors programs now have their own page!
- Find links to math, science, fundamentals, and Technology in Society courses allowed for 2012-13 on Approved Courses page
UG Handbook
This site contains the handbooks, program sheets, petitions, Opportunities for Students*, links to School of Engineering majors/departments, and lists of approved courses for the Undergraduate Engineering Programs at Stanford University. The handbooks are the definitive source for undergraduate engineering requirements at Stanford. Students may graduate using the requirements listed in any one Handbook that is published while they are undergraduates. Since requirements often change from year to year, it is important for you to reference the Handbook that you intend to follow (see Handbooks in Navigation panel). The Handbooks are available in pdf format on the Handbooks page.
In additional to curricular requirements, handbooks contain information about procedures for declaring an engineering major, transferring engineering coursework from another school, petitioning for waivers and substitutions for requirements (see Petitions in Navigation panel), and for navigating the administrative processes to graduate. They also describes important opportunities* and programs for engineering students, such as for overseas studies, summer research fellowships, diversity programs, and career placement services.
We hope that you will find the handbooks informative and useful, and we are interested in any suggestions you may have for improvements. If you have any questions about engineering degree requirements or about any of the information in the handbooks, please don't hesitate to contact your advisor or come see us in the School of Engineering's Office Student Affairs, 135 Huang. You are always welcome in the Office of Student Affairs.
Office of Student Affairs, 135 Huang Engineering Center
tel (650) 723-5984
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*Check out the Opportunities for Students page (see Navigation sidebar to left) for postings about summer research, events, scholarships, internships, funding for activities, new courses of interest to engineers, exploring engineering, etc. And send an email to Darlene at firstname.lastname@example.com if you have content you would like to add to the page.
The Office of Student Affairs now has a Facebook page!. Find and like!
Science & Engineering Quad Now Part of Stanford Walking Tour
Go to Stanford SEQ Tour to learn more and reserve space in this tour that covers the Main Quad, the Science & Engineering Quad, and other campus areas.
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A NEW office building could be built in Spaxton.
Mr V Hughes has applied for planning permission to build a timber office building on the site of an existing storage building, which would be demolished.
The site is at Little Splatts, Splatt Lane, Spaxton. People have until May 11 to comment.


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I assume you got BT5 from here at www.backtrack-linux.org? If so, I'd try the download again, and see what md5sum tells you then.
OK, I'm new to using linux, I'm using Ubuntu (latest version), I'm not getting anywhere with this download OK so I downloaded bt5 direct 32 bit KDE iso.
I see it in my downloads (ubuntu). I can burn a copy to DVD, but it says it fails after download. When I use the md5sum command in the terminal, I get a file not found message. I need to know what to do. Am I downloading it wrong? getting a corrupted file or something more sinister Any help would be very appreciated thanks.
I assume you got BT5 from here at www.backtrack-linux.org? If so, I'd try the download again, and see what md5sum tells you then.
If I could figure out how to scuba dive & hack at the same time, there would be nothing I couldn't do...
When you check the md5sum are you in the same dir as ISO
Try downloading it as a torrent, and then in your torrent client, righ click on the BackTrack-Torrent and select "Verify local data" (transmission).. That should do the trick
I always use torrents for iso's, because of that option. If a little data is missing, it will download the missing data, so you don't have to start all over again with the download.
Last edited by M00kaw; 06-27-2011 at 12:17 PM. Reason: more info
The MD5sum can verify if you have an exact copy of the file you are attempting to download.
You need to clarify "but it says it fails after download" means, have you tried to boot from the dvd you made
I have downloaded BT iso's and the size has been only 10 or 100 megabytes. These were obviously cut short downloads but this can happen even if 99.99% of the download has been completed.
the resulting ISO will fail at some point so compareing the listed iso MD5 against your download file MD5 is the first thing you have to confirm before attempting to burn and then install or run BT.


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President Obama, his VP, and John Boehner's Republicans may be butting heads in every other area of political and economic policy, but sartorially, they're in harmony: not copying each other, but coordinating. I wonder (it would certainly be nice to believe) if perhaps there's more diplomatic discussion going on behind the scenes between Mr Boehner and Mr Biden than the Tea Partiers might have us believe. Read more
© The Financial Times Ltd 2016 FT and 'Financial Times' are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd.


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I feel like Brad and I were on a similar wavelength recently. In fact, I also had to do a little experimenting, though not necessarily by choice. I got a great buy on a boneless chuck, and seeing I needed a new supply of meat for my tacos... .
And so, I got busy slathering the meat with some good ol' basic mayo. Seasoned it very generously with coarse ground pepper. Man, does that ever work wonders, like, for instance with pastrami. Simple. Off to the pit.
Got the hardwood charcoal goin' in the smoker along with some hickory. That hickory is especially intoxicating this time of year for me. Here is where my coerced experimentation comes in. I decided to foil this at a temp of 140, as time was getting too close to the baseball game and debate. No harm done! Phew!
I don't know what temp to which it finally reached. I just went by past experience and feel. It pulled quite readily. Funny to me how it looks kind of like I cooked it inside out, like an inverted medium rare. That wonderful hickory flavoring came through quite nicely. Now I'm happy as I can very easily reheat this meat in a really hot chile sauce with my favorite carne asada seasoning and make some top notch tacos.


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Topic: From Shirley's blog - Please remember
If I should express anger or depression,
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If I should express anger or depression,
That is sooo true - something us caregivers need to remember sometimes. Thanks for posting this and giving a voice to the frustration that none of us can even imagine unless we've been there. We can sympathize, but never truly empathize.
Joyce M.
Thank-you, Lisa.
Thank you, Lisa. I feel just like you do. People may want to make us feel better, but for me they seldom do. I know they re sincere..probably just don't know what to say. I will get a smoothie dropped offat my door six months ago and never hear from that person again. It's hard keeping up with the cancer stuff and stll having to go to the grocery, do a laundry, change sheets, take are of financial stuff when all I want to do is lay down and sob. Just having a moment friends. Bear with me
Love and prayers for you,
Take your moment Sophie. Take two. We all need to once in awhile.
Hans had to send out an email stressing that although I am fighting, will fight and he can see no possible time in which I dont fight, that false hope and statements about beating it and everything will work out are more of a burden then a help. Sometimes I feel like the only realistic person in the room and it makes everything more "heavy". It is hard to cry and vent and talk about all the scary things in my future when everyone wants to be in the lala land. Rant over.
Lisa, All you said is there plus much more. However, for some reason when I look at the big picture, all the emotions fit within the frame for some reason.
God Bless,
Jeff G.
I had no idea somebody had copied this from my sister's blog. But I appreciate it. I love that people are benefiting from one of the greatest people who walked the face of this earth. I will say it again, I loved her more than I will ever be able to say and miss her more every single second of every day. Thank you.
Thanks -- you again put forth what we all go through.
The information expressed is not medical advice. The discussion boards are not intended to replace the services of a trained health professional or to be a substitute for the medical advice of physicians or other healthcare providers. Read the full disclaimer.


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KHarvey wrote:My point was that what they currently mean is place holder. So in 6 months from now they will still mean place holder. This code is something that I actually wrote in VBScript around 10 or 11 years ago
If they have been place holders for 10 years, is it still worth holding that place?
KHarvey wrote: But when I tried to design a class for this script I couldn't quite figure out how, or maybe why, I would use a class. Pretty much all I could figure out is that I would just be using the variables in a class rather than the variables that I am using now. I guess the point is to move this whole script into a class of it's own?
One part that might be good to split out into a class is reading raw input and processing it into a form that makes it easier to work with in the rest of the script. You might also want to use classes for storing data rather than complicated list/dict structures. Basically, whenever you have a set functions all operating on the same set of variables, those functions fuctions should probably be methods in a class and those variables its data members. If you find that you want to stick the entire script in a class (and the script is sufficiently large), then you probably needs to think about decoupling its parts a bit more. Generally, a program can be broken down into distict parts, each with a specific responsibility.
KHarvey wrote:I prefer vim over emacs.
Amen to that; constantly holding down CTRL gets old fast . If you're using vim then you already have basic auto-completion (the default mapping, IIRC, is <C-n>/<C-p> in insert mode; try ":help i_CTRL-n"). You can get more advanced completetion with ctags. You will also want to install the python-mode bundle. It pre-configures vim for Python development (things like four column indent, expand tabs to spaces, etc) and has some useful tools like pylint (finds bugs in your code -- can save you hours of debugging).


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Obituary of John Wesley McKee
15 Feb 1929 — Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County, Indiana
Lawrenceburg Register 21 Feb 1929, P.1
John Wesley McKee, one of the few surviving veterans of the Civil War in this city and also in the county, passed away at his home on Shipping street, Friday night, February 15, after several days illness.
Mr. McKee was a resident of this county during his entire long useful life. He was born at Yorkville, Dearborn County, Ind., June 16 1842, the son of Henry and Sarah McKee. He came to Lawrenceburg in his youth and this city has been his home for many years.
October 7 1861 at the age of nineteen, Mr. McKee answered the call of his country and enlisted in the Union army. He was mustered into service at Indianapolis November 1 1861 as a private in Company H, Second Indiana Calvary. He served with distinction and gallantry, participating in many of the major and minor engagements of the conflict. He fought at Shiloh, Corinth, Perryville, and a number of other battles with the army of the West. When Sherman made his famous march to the sea, Mr. McKee was in his command and took part in the battles of Resca, Ackwarth, Newman and Atlanta. Later he was confined to the hospital at Terre Haute for a period of three months and following this again rejoined his regiment serving until July 28 1865, being honorably discharged at Nashville, Tenn.
Mr. McKee was a cooper by trade and was employed by the Bauer Cooperage Plant from 1880 until several years before this plant ceased operation, when he quit work on account of advancing age.
June 1 1876, he was united in marriage to Margaret (McCullough) Anderson at Lawrenceburg. To this union were born five children, two sons and three daughters.
Surviving are his widow, one son Chas. McKee of Greendale, one stepson Gilbert Anderson of Lawrenceburg, three daughters, Mrs. Sarah Crute of Connersville, Mrs. Mollie Colligan of Cincinnati, and Miss Nevada McKee who resides at home; one sister Mrs. Effie Brown of this city and a half sister, Mrs. Mary Hammer of Noblesville, Ind. One son, John, died in infancy and one brother, Jonas McKee and one sister, Mrs. Nancy Sullivan, have preceded him in death.
Mr. McKee was a member of the Huff Post of the G.A.R. from its organization until the post was disbanded a few years ago.
Funeral services in charge of the Spanish American War veterans and Rev. C. W. Townsend were held at the Baptist church, of which the deceased was a member for thirty years, Tuesday at 2 pm. Burial in Greendale Cemetery.


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Friendly staff, clean room, overall quiet. The coffee machine did not work in the room. I went down to main office to grab a cup and they were out!
Mishawaka, IN No refrigerator! Was promised a room with 2 double beds but was given a room with one queen bed...not cool for 2 boys in their 20's!
The location and convenience One available power outlet if you need there alarm clock,very limited tv channels,small bathroom,very tight parking on one side.
Not a great experience. The night manager had difficultly locating my reservation at check in. I showed him my confirmation on my phone but was still treated like the error was my fault. I was tired and didn't want to argue so just took my key and headed to my room. This would have been the end but "my room" was apparently also someone else's room. This turned out to be to second time that evening that the "night manager" checked someone else into that already occupied room. When I returned to the office, along with the other guy, things we not handled well. We were told it wasn't his fault, it was the computer. He yelled at us and told us is it was no big deal, it happens all the time. Very unprofessional. Not a good experience at this hotel.
Was visiting Chicago and really only needed a place to sleep and shower. Stayed for 5 days and 4 nights. The hotel was much better then I initially thought it was going to be. Comfortable bed and a good size room for two people. The shower was huge which was nice. There was a decent sized tv with cable for at night when we returned to the hotel. I would highly recommend this hotel to someone that was more about being out and about during the day and relaxing to watch tv and sleep at night. One of the downsides to the hotel is there was no refrigerator. Also the parking lot was a very tight squeeze so I would suggest backing in to the parking lot right when you get there if you are going to be using the buses and trains.
Friendly staff, clean room, overall quiet. The coffee machine did not work in the room. I went down to main office to grab a cup and they were out!
Mishawaka, IN No refrigerator! Was promised a room with 2 double beds but was given a room with one queen bed...not cool for 2 boys in their 20's!
the only good thing about this hotel is the location. It's the closest hotel I could get to the downtown Chicago area without it costing $200+. If you're looking for anything other than that (clean towels, good service, comfortable bed, etc) you're not going to be happy. Everything but the location. Guy checking people in was rude, room was dirty, toilet had spent toilet paper and what looked like a cigarette pack wrapper in it when we came in. Just generally looked run down and dirty. Served its purpose, but wouldn't go back.
My husband and I were traveling to see a concert and needed a place to crash. The staff was very friendly. The room waz very modwrn although not many ammenities; Coffee pot but no place to plug in, only 4 t.v channels. They have ample parkinf and were in walking distance to many restaurants


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Cueto gives up his first walk of the day, though he's immediately erased on the grounder to short.
Cueto gives up his first walk of the day, though he's immediately erased on the grounder to short.
10 runs total scored in the 4 games that have gone final......
Baseball is like church. Many attend, few understand
Why is our backup catcher starting on opening day?
Cueto lighting up the offensive stat sheet today
BP with some good AB's today from the lead off spot.
I do not know why baseball people think this HP ump is good..... deliberate and slow.....and all over the place, IMO.
After back to back singles by Cueto and Phillips Reds have em at 1st and 2nd with one out.The rookie's at the dish.
Could really do without the delayed called strike 3.
How has Cueto looked? Just got in from work.
"You only have to bat a thousand in two things; flying and heart transplants. Everything else you can go 4-for-5."
-Beano Cook
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- Roula Khalaf muses on the lionising of broker Jordan Belfort in Martin Scorsese's film, The Wolf of Wall Street.
- Syrians have little hope for the talks in Geneva between the Assad regime and opposition forces, writes Borzou Daragahi.
- Aboud Dandachi, a Sunni activist from Homs, describes life in the port of Tartous, an Assad stronghold.
- The Catholic Church in Slovenia is in crisis after the "commercial misadventures" of clergy has placed the church in Maribor at risk of repossession.
© The Financial Times Ltd 2016 FT and 'Financial Times' are trademarks of The Financial Times Ltd.


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Did you know?
The Kruger National Park is larger than many countries in the world, including Israel and the Netherlands.
Limpopo province is home to world-class game reserves such as the Kruger National Park, Mabula Private Game Reserve and Thornybrush Game Reserve. Perhaps less well known are the superb Limpopo golf courses like Legend Golf & Safari Resort, Hans Merensky Hotel & Spa and Euphoria Golf Estate.
Legend Golf and Safari Resort have a truly one-of-a-kind offering in their 'Extreme 19th' hole, which has been shaped to resemble the African continent. The tee box for this hole is nearly half a kilometer above the ground on top of a mountain and best accessed by helicopter. It's a similar distance to the green, but because of the elevation reaching the green from the tee is possible, hence the par-3 status of this hole. Several golfers have birdied this hole and Hollywood actor Morgan Freeman is among those who have achieved par.
The Hans Merensky Golf Course borders the Kruger National Park, allowing golfers the opportunity to easily search for the Big Five as well as for that elusive hole-in-one. Wildlife such as giraffe roam the fairways of this parklands course, allowing for a rather unusual round of golf.
Euphoria Golf Estate is located in the lush green mountains of the Waterberg, an area known for its abundance of private game reserves and lodges. Less than two hours' drive from Johannesburg, this bushveld links course offers a decent challenge, with several unforgiving fairways. There is ample accommodation near the course and visitors are always welcome.
If you're on a budget, the Polokwane Golf Club is a good, affordable option. The club was founded nearly 150 years ago and still has an old-school charm about it. There are 18 holes and some challenging kikuyu fairways.
Travel tips & Planning info
Who to contact
Legend Golf and Safari Resort
Tel: +27 (0) 15 453 9263
Email: email@example.com
Hans Merensky Golf Course
Tel: +27 (0)15 781 3931/7
Email: email@example.com
Euphoria Golf Estate
Tel: +27 (0)14 743 3759
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Polokwane Golf Club
Tel: +27 (0)15 295 4118
Email: email@example.com
How to get here
Hiring a car from O.R Tambo International Airport is a convenient option for golfers traveling to Limpopo.
Best time to visit
If you want to ensure your golf isn't affected by rain, visit during the winter months between May and October.
What will it cost
A round of 18 holes in Limpopo can cost anything from approx. R300 to R2 000, depending where you want to play and which extras you'd like to sign up for.
What to pack
Get a good pair of binoculars for game viewing.
Where to stay
Hans Merkensky Hotel & Spa and Legend Golf & Safari Resort both offer luxury accommodation.


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DETROIT - You know those rare commercials that crack you up every time you see them? One of my favorites starts to run right around the three- week countdown to back to school.
In this Staples television commercial, an overly articulated voice extolls, "It's back to school time!" While the adolescent boy and girl, with shoulders dropped, drag their feet, in a zombie-like trance, down the aisles shopping for school supplies, their dad jumps for joy pushing the cart to Andy William's holiday classic, "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year!" I get a kick out of that one every time. I believe it captures a common theme in households across America this time of year.
Special Section:Back To School Guide
Going back to school is a significant change for children and their families which can lead to excitement, stress and dread, but at least it's a change we can predict and for which we can prepare. For students, they will be faced with, making new friends, seeing old friends or foes, processing new information taught by a new teacher, having less free time with earlier bed times and homework and duties to fill their days, balancing sports practice and competitions and on and on.
The demands are rigorous. If this feat of education is done well, it will require much from our burgeoning pupils and a whole lot from the parents as well.
While the father in the Staples commercial couldn't contain his back to school delight, his parental role will definitely be ratcheted up a notch when the school bell finally rings. While it's true that a new school year means parents will experience a short lived sense of calm, once the morning rush has come and gone and their child sets off on their day, not long thereafter, reality returns and a long "to do" list comes into focus, only now it's longer.
When children are back to school parents are back to being full throttle orchestrators. Parents coordinate their days around school drop off and pick up, homework help, dinner time, sports practice and critical down time just to listen and talk with their children about what's going on, work and household concerns. Parents have to make a plan of action for themselves and their family if this tightly packed schedule, that teeters on the brink of collapse with one false move, is going to work.
Consider this, a lot of your work will go in the plan to get it all done:
First, take a deep breath, exhale slowly and remind yourself, no convince yourself, you will get through this school year with flying colors. (perspective is key here particularly because your approach will effect their approach)
Second, talk with your children about what they are feeling and thinking about going back to school. Whatever comes out of that conversation should be addressed until you feel it's been resolved. Whether it's performance worries or social concerns, a parent's genuine interest and involvement can work to lessen the child's feelings of being left alone to figure it out.
Third, make a weekday and weekend schedule to include wake up time, target time to leave for school, after school free time, homework time, dinner time, extracurricular practice time and bedtime. This might sound a bit anal, but it can work to create at least a framework for continuity, predictability and less chaos in your home, making for a happier you. Post that schedule for all to see, so there's no confusion. It's your "Master Action Plan" and if it's in print it's more likely to be taken seriously and to be followed.
Fourth, plan dinner and bag lunch menus a week ahead, to cut down on last minute meal prep stress. This will also allow you to plan for more healthy options for your child's lunch. Healthier options are often perishable and need refrigeration, i.e., turkey cold cuts, chopped veggies, chilled fruits and salads. If you have a plan you can shop accordingly.
Finally, designate a quiet, organized and well lit table space where your child can do their homework. If you have to clear a space by sweeping the desk's cluttery contents off the side and into box, so be it. You'll get to that box during those 6 hours of peace when they are in school.
Going back to school is really a time for which children should be thankful.
Given a long summer break and the promise of learning, students in America can be reminded that the option to go to school should be celebrated as millions of children around the globe only hope to one day do the same.
Children need to know you have high expectations of their performance in school coupled with a strong confidence in them that they can do it. After all it is their choice to excel and a parent's role to support them ... after we take one quick spin down a store aisle singing our own happy tune.
That brings me to another thing. We'll get to that next time.
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(Posts in Category 'Entertainment')
30 Jul 2012 by Alyssa Free in Festivals & Events , Culture , Entertainment , Art Galleries , Cultural Experiences and St. John's
Tonight I spent a magical evening amongst the subtle glow of lanterns at the annual St. John's Lantern Festival. The festival is a fundraiser for Victoria Park in St. John's historic west end and runs for one day on the last full weekend of July every year.
23 Jul 2012 by Keith and Heather Nicol in Nature , Culture , Entertainment and Gros Morne National Park
We think Theatre Newfoundland Labrador's new show "Newfoundland Vinyl" is a must see for those people who are interested in Newfoundland music from the 1960's, 70's and 80's. The backstory for the show is that Gros Morne Theatre Festival regulars "Ed and Ed" are throwing a musical fundraiser – for themselves! The music has a definite country flavour and includes hits made popular by A. Frank Willis, Roy Payne, Joan Morrissey, Harry Hibbs and Tom Cahill.
16 Jul 2012 by Keith and Heather Nicol in Boat Tours , Festivals & Events , Whale Watching , Nature , Entertainment and Gros Morne National Park
We are big fans of traditional Newfoundland music whether it be "I'se the Bye" or a song from the Northern Peninsula that we might never have previously heard. Neddy Norris Night is Theatre Newfoundland Labrador's popular musical night and it takes on a different flavour depending on who is the musical director that year.
15 May 2012 by Clare-Marie Grigg in Birdwatching , Hiking & Walking , Nature , Trip Planning and Entertainment
This is the exact time of year when you might want to start planning your visit to Cape St. Mary's Ecological Reserve. Not that later in the summer isn't a good time… or even early fall, but it's over the next month or two that the perfect storm might just appear.
23 Mar 2012 by Keith and Heather Nicol in Festivals & Events , Skiing & Snowboarding , Entertainment and Gros Morne National Park
On Friday, March 23, 2012 we decided to head to the Ocean View Hotel in Rocky Harbour in Gros
Morne National Park to see executive chef, Steve Watson, do his magic with a block of ice and watch him in the kitchen preparing Newfoundland mussels. This event is part of Snow West 2012 which is running in various locations in Western Newfoundland from March 21-24, 2012.
21 Mar 2012 by Clare-Marie Grigg in Culture , History and Entertainment
Newfoundland and Labrador has an enduring Irish culture, which is why we go all out celebrating St. Patrick's day, but some of our Irish history is really quite mysterious, stretching back thousands of years...
15 Mar 2012 by Clare-Marie Grigg in Culture , Entertainment and Art Galleries
The Rooms' Junkosphere exhibit, brainchild of artist and dancer/choreographer Nicola Hawkins, is a commentary on how we create, process and throw away all the junk from our accumulated lives - and the impact it has on our fragile environment.
14 Mar 2012 by Guest Blogger in Diving , Festivals & Events , Icebergs , Culture , History and Entertainment
It's not often that mere mortals can afford to stay in the same luxurious lodgings where royalty once slept. And when those accommodations also boast intriguing links to the ocean liner Titanic, the chances seem remote indeed.
31 Jan 2012 by Guest Blogger in Food & Dining , Culture and EntertainmentRegion: Central
To find such a fine restaurant tucked into a tiny, relatively remote village, is very unusual. It's why most of us who love food actually travel.
21 Dec 2011 by Clare-Marie Grigg in Festivals & Events , Culture , History and Entertainment
Last weekend, hundreds upon hundreds of people in St. John's paraded through the streets. Men were dressed as women, women were dressed as men. Underwear was worn as outerwear and even small children were merrily sporting bras stuffed with socks over the tops of their various layers. There were lots of ingeniously creative hobbyhorses prancing around and it was almost impossible to count the number of ugly sticks and accordions.
It's all just another Christmas in Newfoundland and Labrador.
16 Dec 2011 by Clare-Marie Grigg in Culture and Entertainment
The first time I saw folk trio The Once, I was sitting in The LSPU Hall – the historic downtown theatre in St. John's – watching Feast of Cohen, an annual concert where local artists gather to perform their own versions of Leonard Cohen songs.
30 Oct 2011 by Clare-Marie Grigg in Festivals & Events , Culture , History and Entertainment
St. John's is a city that has been on the go for over 400 years. That's a whole lot of life, death, love, murder, passion, intrigue, treachery and… did I mention death? That's a whole lot of history, spilling out into the twists and turns of the narrow streets. No wonder it's a hotbed of hauntings.
Professional heavyweights: what makes the St. John's International Women's Film Festival so very awesome?26 Oct 2011 by Clare-Marie Grigg in Festivals & Events , Culture and Entertainment
It's one of my absolute favourite events of the year. The St. John's International Women's Film Festival kicked off its five-day run last Tuesday night by slamming it down and packing a few punches.
20 Oct 2011 by Guest Blogger in Food & Dining , Festivals & Events , Hiking & Walking , Shopping , Culture , Trip Planning , Entertainment and Top Destinations
Karen Moores is a cities-focused travel writer who calls St. John's, Newfoundland home. She is proud of her city's commitment to historic preservation while retaining a hip, modern vibe. Check out her insider tips to the Canadian city.
29 Sep 2011 by Guest Blogger in Culture and Entertainment
We took a short trip with friends to Newfoundland this week and had the sort of memorable time that everyone talks about whenever they return to Moncton from a visit to St. John's, a city like no other in Canada.
22 Sep 2011 by Guest Blogger in Culture and Entertainment
I recently returned from a visit to St. John's, Newfoundland, North America's oldest and most easterly city. St. John's is known to be saturated with Irish traditional and Celtic rock music, but for a smallish city on a fairly remote island, I was surprised by its many other live music offerings.
30 Aug 2011 by Clare-Marie Grigg in Festivals & Events , Culture , History and Entertainment
Last week I went to catch the final performance of Hamlet – one of the 2011 Shakespeare By The Sea productions. I realize writing about this festival when it's already happened and you can't now go and see the shows (if you unfortunately missed them) is a bit of a tease, but I'm hoping this post will encourage anyone out there who's already thinking about a 2012 trip to Newfoundland and Labrador, to plan on seeing a performance or two next year.
28 Aug 2011 by Keith and Heather Nicol in Hiking & Walking and EntertainmentRegion: Central
Our last visit to Twillingate and Fogo Island was in the fall of 2010 and we wanted to return to find out about the hiking trail development in Twillingate and to walk some of the many trails of Fogo Island that we had heard about. So at midday on Tuesday August 23 we headed out from Corner Brook to central Newfoundland. We also had some friends from Ontario in tow and they were very keen to revisit this area having seen it over 10 years ago on a driving tour of the province.
21 Aug 2011 by Keith and Heather Nicol in Nature , Culture , Parks and Entertainment
"Ed and Ed's B and B — Where you are a Stranger but Once" is the third play in this series. Since we hadn't seen any of the previous "Ed and Ed" plays we were not certain what to expect, other than that the programme billed it as a comedy. Many of the plays at Theatre Newfoundland Labrador's Gros Morne Theatre Festival deal with local themes, so this play fits right in since the Bed and Breakfast that Ed and Ed are opening is in Cow Head.
19 Aug 2011 by Keith and Heather Nicol in Icebergs , Kayaking , Nature , Entertainment and Top Destinations
At 7:30 am on Sunday August 13, 2011, I peered out the window at the Hotel North in St. Anthony and the fog was so thick I couldn't see across the parking lot. "I guess our 9:00 am boat trip is going to be scrubbed," I told my wife Heather. But a few minutes later she pulled back the curtains and said she could see across the harbour.


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Tagged: 'Brian McRae'
Mets 101 Seven in Seven Series: Most Offbeat Personalities #1-Turk Wendell
February 6th, 2013 at 11:49 PM
Just in time for the New Year, Mets 101's Seven in Seven series returns as our gift to you. Each week, the Mets 101 staff will begin a countdown of topics related to the New York Mets (i.e. best third baseman, worst defeat, etc.). We will begin our countdowns with...


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Making MIMO Work: Test architectures for MIMO RFICs (part 2 of 2)
Post a comment
Part 1 of this series provided an overview of MIMO.
WLAN MIMO Example
The IEEE 802.11a/g/n/ac WLAN standards use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. OFDM is a method of encoding digital data simultaneously on multiple subcarrier frequencies. Each subcarrier is used to transmit QAM or PSK encoded, unique digital data. The number of subcarriers varies by channel bandwidth and WLAN standard. For example, 802.11a contains 52 subcarriers in its 20 MHz channel bandwidth, and 802.11ac contains 484 subcarriers in its largest 160 MHz bandwidth.
In the time domain, WLAN signals are transmitted in frames, where each frame consists of training fields, signal fields, and data as shown in Figure 4. The short training field (STF) and long training field (LTF) are used to synchronize and equalize the channel. The signal field (SIG) contains logical information used to decode the data transmission. The payload data is variable-length and the last four bytes contain a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).
Figure 4 shows four different frame types for the various WLAN protocols. The legacy fields (L-) are shown in green, the high-throughput fields (HT-) are shown in blue, and the very-high throughput fields (VTH-) are shown in orange. IEEE 802.11a/g protocols use the L fields only. IEEE802.11n supports a mixed mode of both L and HT fields, and a green-field mode that consists almost entirely of HT fields. IEEE 802.11ac uses the VHT mixed mode.
MIMO was introduced in WLAN protocols with the 802.11n standard as a way to increase data rates without requiring more RF bandwidth. The newest IEEE 802.11ac WLAN standard, which is still in draft format, will achieve up to 6.93 Gbps using up to eight MIMO channels. (Note that the legacy WLAN 802.11a/b/g protocols do not support MIMO.) When transmitting a legacy protocol, an 802.11n/ac system with multiple antennas often uses STBC in a MISO configuration to improve channel integrity.
The OFDM modulation of WLAN simplifies the MIMO channel estimation requirements. The modulation bandwidth for each subcarrier is narrow enough to reduce the equalization coefficients to a single complex coefficient (e.g. amplitude and phase do not vary over the subcarrier bandwidth). Within 802.11n/ac systems, MIMO channel estimation is accomplished using MIMO training sequences based upon the HT and VHT training fields (STF and LTF) shown in Figure 4.
WLAN Testing
The IEEE 802.11 WLAN specifications define a number of standardized compliance tests [3]. Much research has been done on test optimization for RF devices and systems in a SISO configuration [4].
Single Transmitter (SISO) Tests
Typically, a vector signal analyzer (VSA) is used to perform standard compliance tests upon signals generated by a WLAN transmitter [5]. Standard transmitter tests include:
Spectrum mask
Spectral flatness
Peak power
Center frequency error
Symbol clock frequency error
Center frequency leakage
Error vector magnitude (EVM)
In overview, WLAN protocol analysis software is used to analyze in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) data captured by a VSA and return the various measurement results listed above. Figure 5 shows an example of this type of protocol analysis software tool.
EVM (also called relative constellation error) is often used as a comprehensive measure of transmitter performance [6]. EVM is a measure of how far the constellation points vary from their ideal locations and is degraded by any imperfection in the RF channel. The EVM thresholds for a WLAN transmitter for the various modulation coding schemes are shown in Figure 6.
Testing MIMO transmitters is similar to testing a single transmitter with the added complexity of multiple channels. In addition to decoding MIMO-specific signal fields and training sequences, WLAN compliant testing for MIMO requires that composite EVM be calculated by averaging the individual EVM results for all spatial streams. In a composite EVM test, STBC is not used and consequently each transmitter simultaneously generates the same RF output signal. According to the specifications, each transmitter output port should be connected through a cable to a dedicated VSA input port. This test configuration returns individual and combined EVM performance, fulfilling the one additional MIMO test requirement of the IEEE 802.11 specifications [3]. In practice, verifying a MIMO design may require more sophisticated tests and test equipment setup. Additional RFIC design verification tests will be discussed in the next section.
Single Receiver (SISO) Tests
Typically, a vector signal generator (VSG) is used to generate RF signals into a WLAN receiver for standard compliance testing. In overview, receiver tests verify the dynamic range and linearity of the receiver. Standard receiver tests include:
Minimum input level sensitivity
Maximum input level
Adjacent channel rejection (ACR)
Non-adjacent channel rejection
Clear channel assessment (CCA) sensitivity
Receiver minimum input level sensitivity defines the minimum input RF signal that meets a specified limit on packet error rate (PER). Successful demodulation requires a PER of less than 10%. The minimum sensitivity thresholds for a WLAN receiver for the various modulation coding schemes and modulation bandwidths are shown in Figure 7.
The IEEE 802.11 specifications require MIMO receivers to be tested as multiple single receivers in parallel. For example, the minimum input level sensitivity defines the threshold as the average power per receive port for a MIMO system. This test configuration requires each receiver port to be connected through a cable to a dedicated VSG port.
Most MIMO receivers are tested for additional characteristics including cross-coupling between receivers. Receiver isolation is measured by applying a signal to one receiver and measuring the coupled response on all other MIMO receivers. Typically, the spectrum of the long training sequence is used for isolation measurements by acquiring data that is time-gated around the long training symbols (LTS) within the packets. Additional RFIC design verification tests will be discussed in the next section.


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When you simply want to do nothing you leave your world behind and Your lost paradise returned. Only the sea, the sun, the beach and the national forest park are with you while the world seems millions of miles away. It is your dream tropical vacation at this secluded resort of 24 bungalows surrounded by water and tropical plants. Your holiday is in authentic local Thai fisherman village without any commercials.
You will be transported back to the lifestyle of 40 years ago. We
welcome singles, couples families and groups of friends. The complete
peacefulness allows you to relax with no hurry. We are located at the
month of the Pranburi River, where it meets the Gulf of Thailand. The
local fishing village is directly across the river, giving us colorful
view of the fishing boats and an amazingly unique beauty. It is just
like watching live pictures of an artist's painting. We offer a big
swimming pool of mineral water (no chlorine) to be kind to your skin,
hair, eyes and general health.
Premium Bungalow
Private Pool Bungalow
|Restaurant Facilities : Open air water front restaurant operates daily from 7.00 a.m. to 9.00 p.m. The restaurant serves Thai and international cuisine with a selection of drinks.
|Recreations : Mineral water swimming
pool (No chlorine), kayaking, walk in the mangrove forest park which
is 500 meters away, day fishing in a small fishing boat, night fishing
for squids in a small fishing boat, cruising in the river , cruising
along the sea coast, night fishing for squids, active fishing village
exactly across the river from the bungalow.
Other Services : Telephone, Fax, Free Wireless Internet, Laundry and Speed Boat.
Located right at the mouth of Pranburi River where it disappears into the gulf of Thailand on the Hua Laem Beach. Uniquely nestled between the Pranburi Natural Forest Part to the East and the local fishing village to the West. It is 20 kilometers south of Hua Hin.