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You exercise your body to stay physically in shape, so why shouldn't you exercise your brain to stay mentally fit? With these daily exercises you will learn how to flex your mind, improve your creativity and boost your memory. As with any exercise, repetition is necessary for you to see improvement, so pick your favorite exercises from our daily suggestions and repeat them as desired. Try to do some mentalrobics every single day!
For each item in the list below, close your eyes and try to get a mental picture of the object. Try to make it as clear as possible. Are there any sounds, smells or tastes associated with this item?
1. A red rose
2. Your father
3. A cow wearing pants
4. Elvis Presley
5. The world's biggest sandwich
Once you are done, grade yourself on how clear each object appeared in your mind (clear, vague, nothing). The next time you see one of these items, pay special attention to it and try to memorize its features, then repeat this exercise and see if you've improved.
There are some items in the list that you are certain to have never seen before. These are designed to flex your ability to put several memories together into one image.
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Citrus and sandalwood make you happy to be alive A Happy Bubble bath can't fail to bring a smile to your face. In addition to uplifting tangerine, neroli and orange blossom oils, we mix in a helping of sandalwood oil, a precious scent from the Far East. Sandalwood helps to rehydrate and soothe skin; it's also very, very relaxing, takes away anxiety and makes you feel lovely all over. All that and bright blue bath water!


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- Code: Select all
import zipfile
import re
zfile = zipfile.ZipFile('ziparchive.zip', 'r')
all_indexes = []
file_contents = zfile.read('90052.txt')
while True:
match = re.findall(b'\d+', file_contents)
# break if there are no numbers so the length of the 'match' list is 0
if len(match) == 0:
index_file = match[0].decode("utf-8")
next_file = index_file + ".txt"
file_contents = zfile.read(next_file)
print('.'.join([zfile.getinfo(i).comment.decode("utf-8") for i in all_indexes]))
Could you have a look at it and suggest any improvements? I mean it works okay but I'm far from expert and not sure if I'm not doing something in a clumsy and/or not recommended way.
Also, it it really necessary to decode it from bytes to strings in 2 places? Would not it possible to do it once?
Thank you.


text:
Intel Demonstrates new 45nm Transistors and Conroe's Successorby Anand Lal Shimpi on 1/27/2007 12:00 AM EST
- Posted in
- CPUs
59 Comments
Back to Article
quidpro - Monday, February 26, 2007 - linkWhat is Glaze? google is not helping. Reply
Hoser McMoose - Wednesday, January 31, 2007 - linkThe calculation for the number of transistors for cache is off by a fairly significant amount in this article! The article states 288M transistors for 6MB of cache, which is FAR too low!
Actual transistors for 6MB cache, if we assume ZERO redundancy is:
6MB * 1024KB/MB * 1024B/KB = 6,291,456 bytes
6,291,456 bytes * 9 bits/byte = 56,623,104 bits (remember ECC makes it 9 bits, not 8)
56,623,104 bits * 6 bits/transistor ~= 340M transistors
In reality it is actually probably more like 350 or 360M transistors required for 6MB of L2 cache since you always want a bit of redundancy. It's a bad thing if you have to throw out an entire chip due to a single bit error in your 6MB of cache!
Now, taking those numbers, if we assume that the 410M Transistor figure is accurate, the change in transistors from Conroe to Penryn is a bit different.
Conroe has 291M transistors of which at least 226M are L2 cache. That leaves only 65M assuming no redundancy, or maybe more like 50M transistors with a few redundant cache cells. According to www.sandpile.org (and I have no idea what their source is) each core of the Core 2 Duo has only 19M logic transistors. If this is accurate then it's actually HUGELY impressive, since that is WAY less then either the Pentium 4 or the Athlon64.
Murst - Monday, January 29, 2007 - link"Intel isn't disclosing how thick the Hafnium gate dielectric layer is in its 45nm transistors, but we do know that it is thicker than the 1.2nm SiO2 gate dielectric used in previous 90nm and 65nm transistors."
Why would intel make the gate larger in a shrink? Is this a typo, or is there some huge benefit to this? Reply
IntelUser2000 - Tuesday, January 30, 2007 - link
Why would intel make the gate larger in a shrink? Is this a typo, or is there some huge benefit to this?
The reason is that making the gate dielectric thinner than 1.2nm is not a good idea. 1.2nm dielectric is already equivalent to 5 atoms in thickness. Electrons can literally squeeze through the dielectric "insulator" because the dielectric is so thin. Because the material used for the dielectric layer is different from the 65nm generation, they can make the dielectric thicker without sacrificing speed characteristics. So they can increase speed AND have substantially less leakage. Reply
Visual - Monday, January 29, 2007 - linkSo, I'm a bit out of the loop lately, can anyone brief me up?
Are there any new sockets, chipsets, ram changes or anything expected together with these new 45nm goodies? Or will I be fine getting a new system come Q2, and upgrading to Penryn when it's out and affordable?
ceefka - Monday, January 29, 2007 - linkI wonder if booting OXS with the new chip indicates that PC-users can soon use OSX too without having to buy a Mac. That would allow to mix and match a bit more with apps. Reply
Netopia - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - link
Intel is actually seeing good feature scaling with its 45nm process, quoting a ~2x improvement in transistor density. In other words, if you took a 100mm^2 65nm chip and built it on Intel's 45nm process, it would be roughly a 50mm^2 chip after the shrink.
100 * 100 =10,000
50 * 50 = 2,500
That's a 4x improvement, not a 2x!
Joe Reply
coldpower27 - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - linkThat is not how it works...
65 x 65 = 4225
45 x 45 = 2025
2025/4225 = 48% the size of the 65nm part, so close to 2x smaller. Reply
IntelUser2000 - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - link
That is not how it works...
65 x 65 = 4225
45 x 45 = 2025
2025/4225 = 48% the size of the 65nm part, so close to 2x smaller.
That's the theory. Intel's 45nm 6T SRAM size is 0.346um, and 65nm SRAM cell size is 0.57um. That's only 39% reduction(61% of the size). In addition, SRAM, which is used for cache, has the best potential for scaling. The cores will have likely worse scaling than 61%. Reply
coldpower27 - Monday, January 29, 2007 - linkYes, I was just presenting the mathematical example of the calculation, I wasn't going into having real world factors involved. Since in this article Anandtech simplified things with just the 2x smaller statement. Reply
tygrus - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - link100mm^2 is twice the area as 50mm^2.
100mm^2 means the mm is squared not the 100.
10mm x 10mm = 100mm^2
5mm x 10mm = 50mm^2 Reply
lopri - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkI am more interested in the long-awaited introduction of integrated memory controller from Intel CPU. IIRC, it's supposed to happen with 45nm process, which makes me curious whether Nehalem will be the one. This will likely happen in parallel with HSI, or High Speed Interconnect, which is supposed to be compatible with PCI-Express 2. (How that can be done - beats me) Nehalem might as well be 'simply' Core 2 Duo + IMC as Hammer was Athlon XP + IMC.
While this is obviously Intel's PR piece, it is an undeniable truth that AMD doesn't even have anything for such. It's foolish to think that AMD wouldn't be bragging had they have made an advance like this.
A good news for AMD is that the processing power for desktop has, to my eyes, reached to the point that it's sufficient for majority of daily computing for forseable future. In other words, majority of people will not likely take advantage of any more computing power (be it speed or multitasking) than what current CPUs can process. I wonder AMD will turn to a totally different direction from this hopeless speed race. Reply
IntelUser2000 - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - link
This will likely happen in parallel with HSI, or High Speed Interconnect, which is supposed to be compatible with PCI-Express 2. (How that can be done - beats me) Nehalem might as well be 'simply' Core 2 Duo + IMC as Hammer was Athlon XP + IMC.
HSI?? High Speed Interconnect?? That's a new one. No, its CSI, and it stands for Common System Interface, which was originally named because it was supposed to bring socket compatibility between Itanium and Xeon, or at least the electrical part of it. Reply
lopri - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - linkGot me there. Yah it's CSI. Thanks for the correction. Reply
MadBoris - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkMaybe I am missing something here, but where is the chipset information.
Is this going to be on a new chipset, or 775 compatible?
Knowing Intel, it's a new chipset, they love to stimulate the economy (their economy) with new chipsets all the time.
Any word? Reply
Groovester - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkDue to HK+MG's 20% higher switching rate and much lower leakage currents, shouldn't we expect ("more power efficient processors") both higher clock speeds AND lower TDP, even with a slightly higher transistor count? Reply
IntelUser2000 - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - link
Due to HK+MG's 20% higher switching rate and much lower leakage currents, shouldn't we expect ("more power efficient processors") both higher clock speeds AND lower TDP, even with a slightly higher transistor count?
No. First thing is the recent roadmaps shown by HKEPC say it doesn't lower power, part of the reason is to increase yields, the other has to be clock speeds.
(If you want to read further, go ahead, but it tends to be long)
It does present much lower leakage, but there is a caveat: "Intel is quoting a greater than 20% improvement in switching speed compared to its 65nm transistors. At the same speed as its 65nm transistors, there's a greater than 5x reduction in source-drain leakage power and a greater than 10x reduction in gate oxide leakage power"
The source-drain is the reason for leakage power when the transistor is active(meaning its on), and gate oxide leakage power is for idle. Read the second sentence carefully: "At the same speed as its 65nm transistors...
It means if Intel wants to take advantage of the 20% increase in clock speed, they'll likely have to forgo the reduction in active leakage power. Contrary to what most news sites wants you to believe, leakage isn't of a big problem as they want you to believe(most of the reason is that they want hits to the webpage), especially on a power optimized CPU like Conroe. The exponential leakage increase every shrinking process would have been true if the companies like Intel did nothing about it. Of course they can't allow that to happen and added their own optimizations and enhancements. Its not a complete elimination either, but a 5x reduction.
If they want to keep the 65W, we'll have to base it on the E6700, which is at 2.66GHz. With 1333MHz FSB, I can see mainstream dual core devices clock at 3.66/3.83GHz. Since it seems Intel is using a "family TDP", the 65W figure would likely have to be made to fir the 3.66/3.83GHz part. They may be able to tweak it higher and go 4.0GHz or lower power, but that tweaks will probably be seen on the Nehalem derivatives.
2.66GHz x (20% faster) = 3.2GHz
30% lower power = 0.7 But
0.7 x 1.44(going beyond 3.2GHz will require greater than nominal voltages, which means more power. But faster clock speeds also mean more power. 20% higher voltage x 20% higher clock = 44% higher power)~1.00
Sure some of you guys like to lower voltages below nominal and don't overclock, but possible sacrifice in stability won't be seen as good for the corporate market and Intel generally.
So approximately same power consumption
Now if you kept up to the roadmaps you might say, what about the 1333MHz 3.0GHz parts that's also said to be at 65W?? First, look at the X6800 with 75W TDP. Well, since the 3.0GHz/1333MHz FSB parts come a year later after Conroe, Intel will have time to tweak it. Reply
IntelUser2000 - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkIf we derive clock speed numbers from Anandtech's Spring IDF 2005 article about Presler, we should be able to come up with a similar number :).
"It looks like the chip was running at 2.0GHz, which isn't too impressive in itself, until you remember that we're talking about a 65nm processor here whose launch is over a year away."
45nm Quad core Desktop parts running at 1.86GHz
45nm Dual core desktop parts running at 2.13GHz
Now Presler came with 3.6GHz for the mainstream(Pentium D 960) and 3.73GHz with the enthusiast(Pentium Extreme Edition 3.73GHz). If we apply similar increase between prototype and final product, we get:
45nm Quad core desktop: 3.46GHz @ 1066MHz FSB/3.5GHz @ 1333MHz FSB(45nm parts support half step dividers)
45nm Dual core desktop: 4.0GHz @ 1333MHz FSB
Since the TDP is not supposed to go down, we can expect all the power headroom to be translated to clock speed. The estimations also match the roadmaps. Reply
Staples - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkA price drop. It is ridiculous that C2Ds have not dropped a cent since they came out 6+ months ago. Reply
MarkM - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkhttp://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/technology/27chi...">http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/27/techn...63262&am... Reply
mostlyprudent - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkDo we have any info as to chipset/socket compatability for Penryn? Reply
MarkM - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkWhoa Nelly!!! They JUST achieved a first validation sample of the material, what, SIX HOURS AGO? Lord knows when they'll even have chipset details figured out, and a shipping CPU is still a year off.
This is a moment to step back and marvel at the continued long term achievement of the semiprocessor industry, not obsess how your going to run Vista! Reply
mino - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkWell, AMD stated that K8L will be drop-in compatible with SocketF/AM2 insrastructure in May 2006(if not sooner).
That seems pretty much a yer ago from expected shipment date of mid-2007.
This was presented not only to public but also to its corporate customers! ...
To answer the original question:
Do not expect penryn to work with anything older than 965 series of chipsets on boards introduced by 2H07 or later. Reply
mino - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkMeaning, ofcourse, that one should not expect penryn to be drop-in compatible with any current boards. Reply
Andrwken - Monday, January 29, 2007 - linkActually, considering they are using unmodified hardware to run the chips. I would be rather surprised if they did not work on any core 2 capable motherboard. Correct me if I'm wrong, but a well researched motherboard purchase could get you a mobo that can run any 775 socket Prescook, Core 2 (dual or quad), and possibly Penryn? That's a pretty good lifecycle for a socket. How many has amd had in the last 2 years? Reply
JarredWalton - Monday, January 29, 2007 - linkI believe Penryn is scheduled for launch around the same time as Bearlake, and in the past we have seen a lot of official Intel platforms require a new chipset - whether or not the requirement is strictly necessary is obviously a different story. I believe Core 2 Duo is supposed to "require" P/G/Q965 or 975X, or one of a few select 945/946 chipset versions. Obviously, with 865 and 915 boards out there supporting the new CPUs, Intel's requirement was not strictly necessary, but most boards for C2D still use 965 or 975. What will happen with Penryn? I have no doubt we'll see some 965/975 boards that support it, but I'll be pleasantly surprised if the official requirement doesn't include Bearlake. Reply
Viditor - Tuesday, January 30, 2007 - link
I believe Penryn is scheduled for launch around the same time as Bearlake
I believe that Bearlake is out 3-6 months before Penryn (Q2-3 for Bearlake), but your point is taken... Reply
mostlyprudent - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkSorry for the pragmatic obsessiveness...cannot be helped! Reply
MarkM - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkNo problem, I hope I didn't come off sounding more negative than I meant to be! Anyway I just happened to stumble on a partial answer to your question:
quote:http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=5869">link Reply
Penryn is still not without its mysteries; a primary concern for enthusiasts is motherboard and socket support. Penryn will launch on Socket 775 -- meaning existing motherboards can physically harbor the new CPU but electrically might not. "Motherboard developers will have to make some minor changes to support [Penryn]. We can't guarantee that a person could just plug the chip into every motherboard on the market today." However, Smith also claimed the Penryn boot test that grabbed so many headlines last week occurred on unmodified hardware that included a notebook, several desktop motherboards and several server motherboards.
flyck - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkIBM and AMD (who work together) already stated that they have a simular technology, http://www.eetimes.com/news/semi/showArticle.jhtml...">link
So don't say doomed yet -_- Reply
Pythias - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkThats good. We don't want anyone in this race "doomed". Reply
stmok - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkAgreed. We don't want to return to the era of a "one horse race" and prices are high!
They must challenge each other and as the end-users, we cheer for falling of prices! :) Reply
cornfedone - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkWhen you've been getting your butt kicked for over two years by AMD and your response is to add cache to inferior CPU designs, everyone pretty much knows you're desperate for good press. Intel's 65nano hype is being closely followed by their 45 nano hype as the never ending Intel PR machine marches on. Intel knows full well that Barcelona will trump Clovertown so they are trying to convice the naive that Intel is the future and not to be swayed by AMD's superior CPU architecture ready to break cover. When all the hype is said and done you can expect AMD to be doing just fine thank you and still providing leading edge CPUs for the masses. Reply
verndewd - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - linkthe walk is the walk,Intel is dominating the perf turf.We all like to see equality in competition,but sometimes its not accessible.K8 had a great run,and it was an eyeopener for intel.At the same time i think its awesome to see intel flex their intelligence and dominate so decisively.I am an am2 user,I just love how this perf war is turning the tech world into an incredible battle of intelligence. Reply
Bonesdad - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkCramitpal? Is that you? Reply
shabby - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkCan you post some barcelona benchmarks? Thanks. Reply
stmok - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkcornfedone is the same weirdo that talks about putting hackers in jail when it comes to breaking DRM!
Seriously, you have to be pretty passionate about AMD to say something like this.
I personally don't care of brand. I flip-flop to any brand, as long as they meet my requirements on specifc roles.
I usually I wait until Anandtech and TechReport starts publishing benchmarks before forming an opinion. (Although I wish they did more Linux articles!) Reply
bamacre - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkLOL, looks like some hasn't sold their AMD stock and moved their money into Intel. Better hurry. :D Reply
Viditor - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - link
looks like some hasn't sold their AMD stock and moved their money into Intel
I think selling AMD to buy Intel is a really bad idea...as is the opposite.
Neither stock is going to go up for awhile, and they're both going to do the same as long as the price war continues... Reply
bamacre - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkI disagree. I predict Intel's stock to climb 80% in 12 months. Assuming no terrorist attacks, invasion of Iran. If somone nukes Nigeria, however, that number will be closer to 125%. Reply
Viditor - Tuesday, January 30, 2007 - link
I predict Intel's stock to climb 80% in 12 months
It's amazing the number of people who have said that since Conroe was introduced...
In point of fact, Intel has dropped over the last year...
Frankly, neither Intel nor AMD will be making much headway while there's a price war on, though AMD will probably regain their losses in the second half of the year.
Intel shares should be close to what they are now in a year (unless of course AMD has a terrorist attack) because (as they guided) their Gross Margins aren't expected to rise at all over the next year. Reply
blackbrrd - Tuesday, January 30, 2007 - linkActually Intel released the Core 2 Duo around Jul. 2006. At the time a share was worth around 18$ The current value on an Intel share is roughly 21$ (Jan. 30th 2007). In other words an increase of about 16% since they released the Core 2 Duo. Reply
Viditor - Tuesday, January 30, 2007 - linkMost of that was seasonality...
At the beginning of 2006, Intel was $25.05...so year-on-year (and in a year that Intel released and had 6 months of Conroe), Intel dropped ~20%...
The key point is that while technology is important, Gross Margins are far MORE important! Reply
BladeVenom - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkI wouldn't be so bullish on Intel until you've seen AMD's next chip. Reply
bamacre - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkI'm not worried about it. Intel is serious about being the performance leader right now. They know they have made mistakes, and they know what they have to do to keep the crown. And they also have the tools to keep it. Whatever AMD comes out with, Intel will counter. Just watch. Reply
Slappi - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkWow 125%? You must of mortgaged your house and bought Jan 2009 calls then with all your money.
Market Cap of 250-300 billion dollars for a company with falling margins, losing market share and estimates of 1.20-1.30 for 2007. That would give them a PE of 32 for a company in the middle of a price war.
I don't think so.
I wouldn't short or buy INTEL at this point. No Way. Too unpredictable right now. 35 to 45 within a year? Even if AMD went bankrupt and closed its doors I doubt you would see 45 in 12 months.
I would however buy AMD and sell CCs on em around 17-18. R600 K8L should do them for around 18 in the next 6 months. You could make good money selling calls 10% out for a few months. Reply
bamacre - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - link"falling margins, losing market share "
That is changing as I type. Reply
hubajube - Monday, January 29, 2007 - link
quote:No it's not. He's spot on. Reply
That is changing as I type.
yyrkoon - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkSpoken like a true, disgruntled AMD fan boi. (or 'person' if you like). When will you guys learn, it doesn't matter WHO makes the 'best' CPU, and that close competition means win, win, for whoever, using whatever. Reply
JumpingJack - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - link
Spoken like a true, disgruntled AMD fan boi. (or 'person' if you like). When will you guys learn, it doesn't matter WHO makes the 'best' CPU, and that close competition means win, win, for whoever, using whatever.
Yep, don't like one bit do they ---- hey, lets compare the OC of a 65 nm AMD chip to the OC of an Intel 65 nm chip ....
Intel has removed the major stumbling block for device scaling that has plagued both 90 and 65 nm.... it only get's better from here. Reply
Viditor - Tuesday, January 30, 2007 - link
hey, lets compare the OC of a 65 nm AMD chip to the OC of an Intel 65 nm chip
OK...I choose Barcelona!
God I love these macho/nerd games...it takes me bake to my College days of D&D with Tequila shooters! (just be careful with that Intel +5 Vorpal Blade though!)
Intel has removed the major stumbling block for device scaling that has plagued both 90 and 65 nm
Huh? The stumbling block for scaling is Intel's platform (FSB)... Reply
verndewd - Sunday, January 28, 2007 - linklets make it fair and get a 65nm firstgen intel D900 series ,ultimately thats where the real comparison is at.(dont you wish it were that simple? hehehe)
unfortunately Thats not the current market due to amd transitioning later than intel.The new york times said 9 months,but the first 65nm intels arrived late in 05.How is that for curious?
archcommus - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkYeah, don't be a fanboy, buy whatever is the best purchase. My area of concern is that if AMD won't be delivering on par with Intel, it allows Intel to charge a price premium UNLIKE this past summer where we were lucky to see fierce price wars. If Intel gets too far ahead it could very well go back to the old days of Intel being the expensive mainstream chip and AMD being the cheaper choice for the DIYer. Reply
Regs - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkAll I see is Intel advancement and AMD's foggy future. Reply
SunAngel - Saturday, January 27, 2007 - linkmurder by numbers Reply
smn198 - Monday, January 29, 2007 - link
100 * 100 =10,000
50 * 50 = 2,500
That's a 4x improvement, not a 2x!
Also, the Intel Xeon ad appears on top of the article text. Really need to get my ad removing plug-in installed again. Reply
bombledmonk - Monday, January 29, 2007 - linkit's 100mm^2, not 100mmx100mm. same for the 50mm^2 Reply
bombledmonk - Monday, January 29, 2007 - linkwhoops, wrong quote, and it had been answered below... Reply
shaunmarsh - Saturday, July 28, 2012 - linkThis article is very good & informative.I have gain so much information from this blog.I like your blog.Thanks for the post.I am waiting for your new post. Reply


text:
Bronze Ram, Lakshmana, Sita & Hanuman Set 7"
Item #: 74b46z
Statue Details
Total Height Including Base: Rama 7 inches, Lakshmana 6 inches, Sita 6 inches, Hanuman 5 inches
Weight: Combined weight 3 pounds or 1.4 kgs
- Rama is the 7th avatar or incarnation of Lord Vishnu
- The 4 statues or Rama, Lakshmana, Sita and Hanuman are sold as a set
- The bow and arrow that Rama and Lakshmana are holding are cast separately and can be removed from the statues
- Rama ships the same day from our California showroom
Rama is the model of reason, right action and commendable virtues. Rama represents an ideal man, as conceived by the Hindu mind. In the story of Ramayana, Ram's personality depicts him as the perfect son, devoted brother, true husband, trusted friend, ideal king, and a noble adversary. Sita and Rama are the model wife and husband for all Hindus to aspire to become.
Vishnu's preserving, restoring, and protecting powers have been manifested in the world in a series of ten earthly incarnations known as avatars. The avatars arrive either to prevent a great evil or to affect good upon the earth. Nine are said to have descended already: three in non-human form, one in hybrid form and five in human form. The most important are Rama, fearless upholder of the law of dharma and Krishna; youthful hero of the Bhagavad-Gita Vishnu's final avatar is expected to arrive at a time when the earth is at the end of its present cycle, with the purpose of destroying the world and subsequently recreating it.
1. Matsya the Fish - Saved humanity and the sacred Veda text from the flood.
2. Kurma the Turtle - Helped create the world by supporting it on his back.
3. Varaha the Boar - Raised the earth out of water with his tusks.
4. Narashima, half-man, half lion - Destroyed a tyrant demon king.
5. Vamana the Dwarf - Subdued king Bali, a powerful demon.
6. Parashurama the Brahmin - Destroyed the warrior caste.
7. Noble Rama - Rescued his wife Sita and killed the demon Ravana. Upholder of the dharma.
8. Krishna the Divine Cowherder - told the Epic poem Bhagavad-Gita to the warrior Arjuna.
9. Buddha - The enlightened one.
10. Kalki the Horse - Destroyer of the world. Yet to come to the earth.
Bronze is an extremely durable metal made from a combination of 5 metals; copper, iron, tin, with minute additions of silver and gold. This combination is called Panchaloha bronze and is the basis for making the sacred Hindu temple statues of India and the world. Copper is the most prevalent metal in the alloy. Copper also gives the metal a softer composition that allows the bronze artisans to carve the details that are prevalent in each piece. All the South Indian bronze sculpture Lotus Sculpture carries are Panchaloham and thus suited for any home altar or community temple.
Because of the durability of the metal not much is needed to maintain a bronze sculpture. Many of our customers purchase a bronze statue and perform daily puja and abhisheka consisting of bathing the Hindu deity in ghee, milk, coconut milk or other liquids. In this case nothing is needed to keep the statue clean as it will be bathed daily. If the sculpture is used for "darshan" or simply viewing the sculpture it is best to dust the statue as needed so no dirt collects in the details of the sculpture. For both polished golden bronzes and antique patina bronze statues if you would like the sculpture to shine use a cotton cloth with some coconut oil or other natural oil to wipe down the piece as needed.
Many of our bronze Hindu statues have been placed in outdoor temples. Bronze's durability makes it perfect for cold winters and hot summers of any climate. We suggest you bathe the sculpture every couple of months so that dirt does not collect on the sculpture and then use a cotton cloth with some natural oil to give the statue a shine. Both indoors and outdoors a bronze statue can be left alone which, overtime, will give the bronze an antique patina.
On some bronze statues you can see small hints of lime green, verde-gris patina. Some people prize this color for its age others want to remove it. If you would like to remove the verde-gris use a tooth brush with some coconut oil or other natural oil and lightly go over the verde-gris. This should remove the unwanted patina from the sculpture.
If you have any questions concerning your bronze statue please email us at [email protected] or call us at 1(760) 994-4455.
This sculpture is in our Oceanside, California store and ready for immediate shipping. The shipping charge is automatically calculated by UPS for shipping within the United States. Each sculpture is usually shipped within 24 hours of the order with the exception of the weekend. To obtain a shipping quote simply add the statue you are interested in to your shopping cart and then select click on the "Calculate Domestic Shipping" button. Lotus Sculpture uses Instapak foam injection packing system or bubble wrap and recycled peanuts to ensure that all our pieces arrive undamaged. Click here to learn more about Lotus Sculptures packing.International Shipping
This sculpture is in our Oceanside, California store and ready for immediate shipping to anywhere in the world. If you are in Canada please select "UPS Standard to Canada" for the shipping option. If you are an international customer please select "International Shipping" during checkout. The shipping charge will be calculated as $0. Lotus Sculpture will email you the correct shipping cost subject to your approval or you may call us at 760-994-4455 or email us at [email protected] for a shipping quote. Lotus Sculpture uses Instapak foam injection packing system or bubble wrap and recycled peanuts to ensure that all our pieces arrive undamaged. Click here to learn more about Lotus Sculptures packing.


text:
I don't have much experience in python coding, and i wondered if anyone on this forum could help me out with this problem.
i need a function p(H) for calculation of pH; y = p(H) =-log (H).
The function can also be used for pOH, pKa, etc.
Use the function in a program that asks for the Ka-value for an acid, and then calculates
pKa, pKb for the corresponding base, and pH and pOH of a 1 M solution of acid and a
buffer consisting of acid and base in equal amounts.
Would be nice to keep the code as simple and short as possible.


text:
A lengthy investigation, lasting nearly two years, has failed to uncover an explanation for how a mystery man was found dead next to Mitcham Common.
The skeleton of a man, who has still not been identified, was discovered near an industrial site in Red House Road, on the border of Croydon and Merton boroughs, on January 17, 2011.
He was discovered by Mark Burrows and Keith Conway, who were searching the area for scrap metal, Westminster Coroner's court heard today.
Detective Inspector Chris Stanley, from the Metropolitan police's serious crime operations department, told the court the unknown man was found underneath a pile of rubbish and that the area was notorious for flytipping by builders.
Det Insp Stanley said: "That is significant because the body could have come from the back of a lorry, or the person died of natural causes and people dumped material on top of him."
He added: "They [Mr Burrows and Mr Conway] were in quite a state of shock. The leg was quite distinctive and that was what brought suspicion to their minds."
Police followed a number of lines of inquiry, including whether the dead man was a vagrant from eastern Europe, if he had died sleeping in the Common, or whether he had been dumped there after dying elsewhere.
Dr Robert Chapman, a pathologist who examined the body at St George's Hospital, was unable to say how the man died.
There were no neck injuries to suggest he had been strangled, no blood found on his clothing, and no head injuries, nor were they any breaks to his bones.
But Det Insp Stanley said murder could not be ruled out as the pathologist was unable to test the man's internal organs for stab wounds, or signs of poisoning, because the body was almost completely decomposed.
But another expert pathologist, Dr Freddy Martin, was able to estimate the man had died on between September 29 and October 3, 2010 – which coincided with a complaint to police by a dog walker who had reported a foul smell in the area at that time.
The man was estimated to be between 5ft 5in and 5ft 7in, white ethnicity with dark brown straight hair, had poor dental hygiene and was between 50 and 55-years-old.
Further tests revealed his clothes had been in manufactured in Hungary by a business which since has gone bust.
Despite a search of the UK's DNA database, and similar databases across Europe, police were unable to establish any match.
This was significant because, Det Insp Stanley explained, a vagrant's DNA would be expected to be on the database because "they would have had some contact with the police and it is standard procedure for a DNA sample to be obtained and stored."
The Met Police even called for help "at significant cost" from scientists at the University of Dundee, who, using insects to clean the skull, they were able to use a computer to reconstruct what the face would have looked like (pictured) with 70 per cent accuracy.
A public appeal for information yielded information from two ladies who said they saw a vagrant matching the man's description walking around the area with several eastern Europeans.
This led police to suspect the man may have travelled to Mitcham Common in the back of a lorry and stayed around the area because it was close to Lunar House, an immigration office in Croydon.
The coroner, Dr Shirley Radcliffe, recorded an open verdict and closed the inquest, but hoped the man's identity would be discovered one day.
She said: "Nearly two years later, the police have undertaken a remarkable investigation that has covered every possible aspect they can to identify the individual to find out how he died."


text:
does anyone have any vid footage of last saturday or sunday?
or atleast know where i could find it ?
Printable View
does anyone have any vid footage of last saturday or sunday?
or atleast know where i could find it ?
7 minutes of fun! :D
Nice footage from up north, you guys have a pretty nice break at that spot... gotta head to the bronx pretty soon, might have to hit it up.
NOW... Who got footage of ocmd or del.??? I hope someone did, it was HUGE:eek:
i filmed for our next video "due east vol.2". got some sick ones of noah snyder, jesse hines and lucas rogers. lucas rogers is probably the best surfer on the east coast. its a bold statement but besides guys like kelly and the hobgoods hes the one that stands out in my mind. the footage is from vb and hatty
niceee footage...what a day it wass
Nice video. Nice song. Fun looking wave.
just got some footage from the outer bankss
check it out
some sick waves
good stuff... Is this your video?
I just submitted this to the swellinfo video section. If its your, I"ll change the user to you? Let me know if it is.
Nice video, and much respect to the surfers, they were rippin those bombs up. Noel was definately the biggest I've seen it over here for awhile...


text:
Google's Breakfast With Sundar Pichai Event - Live Blogby Brian Klug on 7/24/2013 11:56 AM EST
26 Comments
Back to Article
syxbit - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkI think you mean maintenance release :) Reply
chrone - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - link:P Reply
Peroxyde - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkConsider yourself lucky you don't have to pay $600K to have breakfast with Sundar. Reply
Yofa - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linki hope @nerdtalker stands up and leaves when he finds out the chromecast doesn't have 802.11ac. Reply
dragonsqrrl - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkAny word on pricing for the Nexus 7? Reply
Ortanon - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkYep. Reply
dragonsqrrl - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linksame as the current gen? Reply
thesavvymage - Thursday, July 25, 2013 - linkno, it starts at 229 not 199 Reply
IanCutress - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - link'Soon' for UK. Mid September then? Reply
anactoraaron - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkNo hint/news about the Nexus 5? Reply
DukeN - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkAny chance Chromecast comes to Canada (or other markets)? Reply
name99 - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkAs an iPad fan, mostly expected news here.
I expect the next round of iPads will come with 2GB as well.
I AM pleased to see the stereo speakers --- hopefully that will put pressure on Apple to get their act together and deliver decent speakers (both stereo and front facing,not side facing).
The direct-to-device Chromecast scheme is very cute, and I expect will be copied by Apple TV --- it just makes sense. The size of the device is interesting, compared to the size of Apple TV, and makes you wonder what's in Apple TV that requires it be that much larger.
The one surprise (IMHO) is no 802.11ac in the Nexus 7. Do they at least make up for that with 40MHz bands support? I'm disappointed by this because WiFi performance is one of the areas where I feel my iPad is slower than it needs to be so I want the competition to put pressure on Apple. Maybe not 802.11ac yet, but at least
- 40MHz support in the 5GHz band AND
- a diversity antenna (maybe not full bore 2 stream support, but at least diversity). Reply
phuul - Thursday, July 25, 2013 - linkI'm confused about about your comment on streaming. Apple TV does not need to copy it. It already has it. YouTube you got it. Streaming from your computer there. Airplay? Yup.
To answer your question about why the Apple TV is so much larger, it contains a power supply. It also has an ethernet port. In addition it contains a system that doesn't have the limitations of Chromecast. Reply
darwinosx - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkThat's it? They held a press conference for that?
A video streamer that doesn't do 5ghz or AC..no Amazon Prime.
An updated Nexus 7 still sold at cost which has been destroyed by the iPad Mini in sales. Maybe this one won't have all the quality control and speed issues of the last one at least. Reply
Flying Goat - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkIt supports 802.11a... That typically means 5Ghz support, no? Reply
admin@anadntech - Friday, July 26, 2013 - linkWireless 2.4 GHz WiFi 802.11 b/g/n as per play.google.com Reply
Bob Todd - Thursday, July 25, 2013 - linkYou really expect AC wi-fi in a $35 device right now? And for Google to feed people into Amazon's competing content library? Reply
xTRICKYxx - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkWow, Chromecast looks like an awesome device. Reply
phillyry - Wednesday, July 24, 2013 - linkNice to see the spec bump on the Nexus 7, particularly the display. Too bad the processor is last gen though (S4 Pro) and not S600/S800 or Tegra 4.
Nice to see LTE avail. and at reasonable price points for internal storage and LTE antennas too.
Hoping this thing doesn't hiccup and that the app ecosystem for it grows faster.
Chromecast looks promising, and at a cheap price too! We'll see what the reality is but the theory seems very sound and hopefully Apple will learn a trick or two from them.
Looking forward to full reviews and hands-ons with both devices. Reply
Calinou__ - Thursday, July 25, 2013 - linkChromecast claims to be cross-platform. Sorry, but I haven't seen "Linux" in the list of mentioned platforms. Reply
Tuvok86 - Thursday, July 25, 2013 - linkCan Linux run Chrome? Reply
Sm0kes - Thursday, July 25, 2013 - linkYes, albeit they are calling it "beta". Last I tried it wasn't at feature parity with its Windows/OSX counterparts, but it was definitely usable. Reply
Calinou__ - Friday, July 26, 2013 - linkIt can also run Chromium (the open source "base" to Chrome, which doesn't spy on you). Reply
Bob Todd - Thursday, July 25, 2013 - linkIt boggles my mind that anyone expected S800 (or even S600) in a *budget* tablet. S600 was just top of the line in the Galaxy S4, and there aren't even any S800 shipping devices that I know of. If this was a $500 Nexus 10 refresh then sure, expect the top of the line SOC. The Nexus 7 was created to battle the likes of the Kindle Fire/Nook HD that were using Android at the core and eating Google's lunch in tablet sales all the while funneling users into their own content ecosystems. These devices are (relatively) cheap. It's the same reason the iPad Mini didn't get Swift or a Retina display. They do actually need to make money you know...and in Google's/Asus' case it's not like they have a huge margin on the N7 as it is. Reply
watersb - Friday, July 26, 2013 - linkExcellent coverage. How was the eggs Benedict? Reply
Impulses - Friday, July 26, 2013 - linkThe new Nexus 7 has HDMI out?! Sweet, I think that's something a lot of people wanted. Is it a dedicated micro HDMI port, MHL, or the weird new implementation they had on the Nexus 4?
Is "new Nexus 7" really the name btw? I'm not sure I see much point in wireless charging for a tablet (have we gotten that lazy?), but I'm such a sucker I'll probably get power mat to try it out. :P Reply


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|7 La. 147; APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF THE THIRD JUDICIAL DISTRICT, THE JUDGE OF THE EIGHTH PRESIDING. In an action of revendication, for the recovery of a slave, by the heirs, as forming a part of the succession of their ancestor, against the defendant, who holds the slave by written title from said ancestor, executed in his life time, parole evidence is inadmissible to prove, that the defendant directed the slave in question, to be inventoried as part of said succession, in order to make out plaintiff's title. Where parole evidence is offered, with a view to defeat the defendant's written title to a slave, it should be rejected as inadmissible. There is no distinction as to the parties to them, between public and private acts, not recorded in relation to the title to slaves. Between the parties to a contract, an act under private signature, has the same force as a notarial act. They differ as to the mode of proof. An action of rescission, for lesion beyond moiety, does not lie in relation to the sale of slaves. Where fraud and simulation, or lesion, are not alleged, a judgment disregarding a written sale of a slave, will be declared erroneous, and be annulled and reversed. Under the prayer for general relief, when the evidence shows an agreement of the defendant, to pay a certain sum, as the balance of the price of a slave, the court will consider itself authorised to give effect to the agreement, and terminate the controversy between the parties, although not alleged or asked for in the petition. This is an action of revendication of a slave, alleged to be illegally possessed and claimed by the defendant. The plaintiffs are the heirs and legal representatives of Nathan Bradford, deceased. They allege, that at the death of their ancestor, a negro man slave, named Wilson, belonged to his succession, worth seven hundred dollars; that said slave was directed by defendant, to be put in the inventory of said succession, at the death of Nathan Bradford, in 1825 or 1826; that since then he has taken possession of this slave, and pretends to hold him, in virtue of a bill of sale from the deceased, in his life-time, which they allege was made without consideration, and that the slave was never delivered to the defendant, in pursuance thereof; that this bill of sale is an act under private signature, and was never recorded; that since Bradford's death, the defendant entered into a verbal agreement with the widow of the deceased, to take the slave at seven hundred dollars, by being allowed a claim of three hundred dollars against the estate, in payment, and giving the heirs of Bradford, a negro woman slave, worth four hundred dollars; they further allege, that they are the legal owners of said slave, and that the defendant has had him in possession, ever since January, 1825, and that his hire is worth one hundred and fifty dollars per annum. They pray for judgment, decreeing the delivery to them, of said slave, and for the amount of hire at the above rate. The defendant excepted to the form of action, and averred, that according to the plaintiffs' own showing, it cannot be maintained for the revendication of a slave, &c. On the merits, he pleaded the general issue, and that he held the slave in question, by a just and good title. Finally he interposed the plea of prescription. James Reams, witness for plaintiffs, declares that he drew the bill of sale from N. Bradford to defendant, of the slave Wilson, which is dated the 9th January, 1816, and expresses the sale to be made "for the small consideration of seven hundred dollars cash paid, &c. Witness says, he acted at that time, as the overseer of defendant, and that the slave Wilson was present at the time of signing the bill of sale, and was delivered; but that the slave was never put under his care, on the plantation, and was shortly afterwards in the possession of Bradford. There was one hundred dollars in cash paid, at the time of making the sale, but he saw no more. Leonard Bradford, witness for plaintiffs, states that soon after the death of N. Bradford, understanding the defendant had a title to the slave, called on him to know what was to be done; defendant replied and told him, to have the slave put in the inventory; that the slave ran away soon after, and the following winter (1824 or 5) witness saw him in possession of the defendant; the latter stated to witness, that he had made an agreement with the widow for the slave, that the estate was owing him three hundred dollars, and he was to pay four hundred dollars more, or give her a woman, worth four hundred dollars. Soon after this the widow died, and the children were put under the care of witness, who is the brother of N. Bradford, deceased. Witness called on defendant to assist in the support of the children, out of this four hundred dollars, which he agreed to do, and gave witness one hundred pounds of coffee, and some small drafts of twenty or thirty dollars. The slave was not put on the inventory, as it was considered by witness and defendant, that if he was put on the inventory he might be sold, and it would be better for the children, that he should not be sold; that the widow preferred this arrangement, as the boy was difficult to manage, and a woman would be better. Defendant told witness, the reason he did not get the woman for the widow, was that he feared he would not be able to suit her, and that he preferred paying the money; and he never manifested any disposition to pay the four hundred dollars. Witness was curator of the minor children of N. Bradford, and the reason he never called on defendant for further aid, was, that he doubted the title to the slave, being in the defendant. A bill of exception was taken by defendant's counsel, to the opinion of the court, admitting L. Bradford to be sworn as a witness. 1. That the plaintiffs had alleged a written title from N. Bradford to defendant. 2. That said title had been verified by Reams, the first witness called. 3. That plaintiffs' counsel had examined Reams, in relation to one part of the deed; that before the parole evidence was taken down, the written title ought to be read to the jury. A bill of exception by defendant's counsel, was taken, to the decision of the court, permitting L. Bradford to prove a verbal conversation he had with Mr. Clark, in which the latter directed the slave to be put on the inventory, &c., on the ground that parole evidence could not be given to prove title in a slave; also to the second examination in chief, of L. Bradford, on the ground: 1. That this was an action of revendication, and no evidence of lesion could be admitted under the pleadings. 2. That the plaintiff had no right to produce evidence of simulation, fraud or contract, as this was neither an action of nullity, or on a contract for any alleged balance, &c.: And finally, to the refusal of the judge to charge the jury. 1. That in an action of revendication, when an outstanding title is opposed, arising from a sale of plaintiffs' ancestor, the sale must first be set aside by an action of nullity, and that under the pleadings in this case, it is not competent to attack it as fraudulent and simulated. 2. That an action to set aside a sale, as fraudulent, as between the original parties or their heirs, is prescribed in one year, from the time the fraud became known to the parties. But the judge charged the jury, that there was a distinction between public and private acts, not recorded; that in the former case of public acts, they must be attacked by the direct action of nullity, for fraud or simulation; that private acts could be attacked on the ground of fraud in the present form of action. The claim for hire was discontinued before the verdict. The jury found the slave to be the property of the plaintiffs. Judgment was rendered confirming the verdict; and after an unsuccessful attempt for a new trial, the defendant appealed. Bradford, for the plaintiffs. Ripley, contra. Bullard, J., delivered the opinion of the court. The plaintiffs allege, that they are the heirs at law, of Nathan Bradford, deceased, who was at the time of his death, the owner of a slave named Wilson, worth seven hundred dollars. They further allege, that after the decease of their ancestor, the said slave came illegally into the possession of the defendant; that the defendant has a bill of sale for the slave, but that the same was given without consideration, or for less than one-half the value of the slave, and that it is an act under private signature, and has never been recorded. It is further alleged, that after the death of Bradford, the defendant agreed verbally, to give seven hundred dollars for the slave, by obtaining a credit for three hundred dollars, which he claimed as a debt due him by the estate, and for the balance of four hundred dollars, by conveying to the heirs, a negro woman of that value. They pray judgment for the slave and his services, and for general relief. The defendant pleaded title in himself, and prescription. The cause was submitted to a jury, whose verdict was in favor of the plaintiffs, and a judgment being rendered thereon, the defendant, after an unsuccessful motion for a new trial, appealed. The case comes before us, on a statement of facts, and several bills of exception. One of the bills of exception, upon which the defendant's counsel relies, was taken to the admission of parole evidence, to prove that the defendant directed the slave in question, to be put down on the inventory of the estate of Bradford, as forming a part of the property of the succession. The court allowed the evidence to go to the jury, notwithstanding the objection. We are of opinion that the court erred, and that the evidence was inadmissible. The evidence goes to defeat the title of the defendant, and to vest the property in the estate. Parole evidence of title in slaves, is expressly excluded by the Code, except perhaps in certain cases, of which this is clearly not one. A second bill of exceptions was taken, to the instruction of the court to the jury. The defendant's counsel asked the court to charge the jury that in an action of revendication, where the defendant sets up a written title, from the ancestor of the plaintiffs, whether under private signature or by authentic act, the sale must be set aside, by direct action of nullity, and that it is not competent under the pleadings in this suit, to attack it as fraudulent or simulated. And that such action between the parties or their heirs, is prescribed by one year. But the court instructed the jury, that there was a distinction between public and private acts not recorded; that in cases of public acts, they must be attacked by the direct action of nullity, for fraud or simulation, but that private acts could be attacked for fraud in the present form of action. We are unable to perceive the force of this distinction, or its application to the case now before the court. Between the parties to a contract, an act under private signature, has the same force as a notarial act; they differ only as to the mode of proof. The petitioners admit the existence of the sale, but allege that it was made without any consideration, or for less than half the value of the property. The deed shows the price to be seven hundred dollars, which the vendor acknowledges, had been paid. The petition does not allege fraud, and an action of rescission for lesion beyond moiety, does not lie in relation to the sale of slaves. Civil Code, p. 366, art. 114. The record furnishes us with no evidence of fraud or simulation, and the judgment, disregarding the written title of the defendant, is in our opinion erroneous. The subsequent agreement of the defendant, to pay four hundred dollars, as set up by the plaintiffs in their petition, is proved by evidence admitted without objection. This amounts at least to an acknowledgment on his part, that a part of the original purchase money, is still due to the plaintiffs, and which the defendant avowed his willingness to pay. The evidence shows, that about thirty dollars of that balance was paid. Under the prayer for general relief, we think ourselves authorised, to give effect to this agreement, and to terminate the controversy between the parties. It is, therefore, ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the judgment of the District Court, be annulled, avoided and reversed; and proceeding to render such judgment, as in our opinion ought to have been given below, it is further ordered and decreed, that the defendant be quieted in his title to the slave Wilson, and that the plaintiffs recover of the defendant, the sum of three hundred and seventy dollars, with costs in the District Court, the costs of the appeal to be paid by the plaintiffs and appellees.
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>Gears and Wears>iPhone app: Zombies, Run!
Princess Cancer Pants
Downloaded this today and can't wait to try it, tomorrow. So far all the reviews I've heard have been VERY positive. Has anyone tried it, yet? Looks like an Android version is due out in May.
• Chemo
• Chemo-Radiation
• Surgery
• Return to kicking my own ass by 2018
She was not strong. She was valiant. Radiant. Brave and broken. The beauty she discovered in the aftermath was unparalleled to anything she had known before, because it had come at such a cost.
~ Unknown
Doc, my tooth hurts
Downloaded this today and can't wait to try it, tomorrow. So far all the reviews I've heard have been VERY positive. Has anyone tried it, yet? Looks like an Android version is due out in May.
Oh. my. god.
This sounds hilarious to do on an easy run day. Or a long run. Once it gets warm I don't carry my phone with me, so I'll have to rebuild civilization before spring comes and I don't use a jacket of some sort.
Here's the site for anyone interested.
I hope this makes doing intervals a bit more interesting.
Trying it out tomorrow!
2016 Goals
2000 miles
Get ready for my 2nd Boston Marathon
No race goals, just stay healthy and work on flexibility and strength.
12-week layoff
Tried it last night! It's really cute...and it worked. I did run faster knowing that the zombies were after me. The zombie sound effects are not as loud and scary as I had hoped, but I think they want to avoid scaring the crap out of people when they are running in traffic.
Augh why is $8 and not .99. I'm sadly to cheap to buy this.
2014 Goals: (Yeah I suck)
Augh why is $8 and not .99. I'm sadly to cheap to buy this.
Before it was released it was $12. I wouldn't have paid that much, but $8 seems reasonable enough.
The demons!
"If you have the fire, run..." -John Climacus
I'll have to wait for Android...
Hopefully by then all you iphone users can tell us if it's worth the $$ or not
Just gave it a try on a 4.25 mile recovery run.
Seems kind of cool to me.
I recently switched my itunes selections from music to podcasts (iRun radio show) for my longer runs to help pass the time. This would likely fall into the same category.
Although I was attacked by zombies a couple of times I did manage to collect a bunch of items. Not sure what I am supposed to do with them but it looks like I have unlocked a couple of new "missions". I'll see where those lead me.
I so need an iPhone.
I outran the zombies, including the previous "runner 5" zombie...woot! That was way fun. I need to figure out how to get it to play music, though. I thought it would automatically draw tracks from iTunes, but apparently not. During the segments when it was supposed to play music it just was "dead" noise...I'm probably missing a setting.
Looks like the first mission was about 30 minutes. I hope they increase in length.
I also see that there is talk about adding more segments with celebrity voices. I'm pretty much ALL OVER the requests that people have made.
Hmmm...looking at the log, I think maybe the 2nd zombie attack did get me. That wasn't clear while I was running. I wonder if we get a certain # of lives. It also looks like I lost some of the things that I gathered. Hopefully I'll learn how to not do that in the future.
You have to turn the music on before you start your mission. I don't know if you can shuffle it yet...I'm going to try going into my playlist and starting in in shuffle mode tomorrow, as I listened to the same songs two days in a row.
On the treadmill, you have to hold it and put it in accelerometer mode instead of GPS.
On the treadmill, you have to hold it and put it in accelerometer mode instead of GPS.
I assume this is how it works with an iPod Touch, as well? I kinda wish we'd gotten DS one for Christmas or his birthday, now. I've been trying to talk him into giving running a try (the kid is a natural, just needs motivation to start and is afraid that he can't do it, even though he'll move non-stop for an hour or more just playing around outside and can ride for hours on the back of our tandem). He LOVES zombies, so I think that would be fun for him.


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Fairfax County Board of Supervisors to Recognize Citizens and Staff
Fairfax County Office of Public
12000 Government Center Parkway, Suite 551
Fairfax, VA 22035-0065
May 6, 2005
Fairfax County Board of Supervisors to Recognize Citizens and Staff, Issue Proclamations and Adopt Resolutions
The Fairfax County Board of Supervisors, at its meeting on Monday, May 9, beginning at 9 a.m., will recognize the following citizens and staff for their accomplishments, issue proclamations and adopt resolutions as listed below. For more information, call 703-324-3187, TTY 711.
Emergency Medical Services
Teams are on call 24/7
The Board of Supervisors will designate the week of May 16-22, 2005, as Emergency Medical Services Week in Fairfax County. The availability of emergency medical care dramatically improves the survival and recovery rate of those who experience sudden illness or injury. A system of this type includes physicians, nurses, medical technicians, paramedics, firefighters, educators and administrators who are at the ready 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Strike Up the Band
Robinson Secondary School ensemble wins Sudler Flag for the second time
The Robinson Secondary School Symphonic Band, Fairfax, will be recognized for winning its second Sudler Flag of Honor. The Sudler Flag of Honor is the premier recognition for high school bands based on standards of musical excellence and balanced programs of activities over a period of several years. Included in the criteria for activities are concerts, solos, ensembles and marching expertise. Robinson is one of only four high schools in the country to win this award twice.
Posthumous Recognition of Donald
Passionate about history and politics
The Board of Supervisors will adopt a resolution posthumously to honor Dr. Donald Joseph Senese, formerly of Alexandria, for his years of service on the Fairfax County History Commission. Senese, a noted teacher of history, served for nearly 20 years on the commission before his death in October 2004.
May is Early Intervention Awareness
Support and services are imperative
The Board of Supervisors will designate May 2005 as Early Intervention Awareness Month in Fairfax County. When children are born with developmental delays and disabilities it is crucial that they and their families receive the support and services needed. Partnerships between county agencies, physicians, daycare centers, the public schools and families with children with disabilities help ensure the continuation of early intervention services. These services enhance the overall development and promote the health and well-being of the families and their children.
Sean Douglass Rakes It in for
An example for all to follow
Sean Douglass, of Annandale, and a senior at W. T. Woodson High School in Fairfax, will be recognized for his desire to support a local charity. Douglass coordinated 50 colleagues to rake leaves, garnering nearly $8,000 over three years, to support Fairfax for Immediate and Sympathetic Help. His efforts resulted in his being named a state honoree to receive a Prudential Spirit of Community Award.
5K Run/Walk to Serve Those in
Endeavor raises more than $13,000
A resolution will be adopted to commend the 2004 Kingstowne Faith 5K Run/Walk organizing committee for its effort in producing the third annual 5K run/walk to provide for individuals and families in Fairfax County who need assistance with housing, medical needs, clothing and food.
County Staff Receives National
Outstanding financial reporting
The Board of Supervisors will recognize county staff from the Wastewater Management program and the Department of Finance for receiving a Certificate of Achievement for Excellence in Financial Reporting from the Government Finance Officers Association of the United States and Canada. The award was made for the program's first Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Integrated Sewer System. The certificate is the highest form of recognition in the area of government accounting and financial reporting. The attainment of this certificate represents a significant accomplishment by a government entity and its management.
May 14 is Girl Power! Day
Program is recognized nationally
The Board of Supervisors will designate May 14, 2005, as Girl Power! Day in Fairfax County. Girl Power! is a prevention program aimed at developing healthy behaviors in young women ages 9-14. The program currently involves more than 400 individuals throughout the county.
Improve the Quality of the
Bike to Work Day is May 20
The Board of Supervisors will designate May 20, 2005, as Bike to Work Day in Fairfax County. Bicycle commuting is an effective way to improve air quality, reduce traffic congestion and conserve energy. Bike to Work Day events will be held in Reston, Vienna and at the Government Center, 12000 Government Center Parkway, Fairfax.
May 2005 is Wetlands Month in Fairfax
The important area between a body of water and dry land
The Board of Supervisors will designate May 2005 as Wetlands Month in Fairfax County. Wetlands are natural resources that need to be protected and restored because of their location between a body of water and dry land. They are among nature's most dynamic but least understood natural resources that act as water storage areas; help to retain floodwaters; buffer wind, rain and wave action; purify drinking water naturally; and provide habitat and food for animals and fish. Wetlands in Fairfax County include Dyke Marsh, the Great Marsh at Mason Neck and Huntley Meadows Park.
Of Building Codes and Construction
May 8-14 is Building Safety Week
The Board of Supervisors will designate May 8-14, 2005, as Building Safety Week in Fairfax County. States and local governments have long had the responsibility to adopt legislation and enforce laws to protect the health, welfare and safety of residents. Among the most important of these laws are those that ensure public health and safety in buildings in which people live, work and play. Residents are urged to recognize the importance of modern construction safety codes and the vital contributions rendered by individuals promoting building and construction safety.
Public Works Week is May
Services are part of everyday life for residents
The Board of Supervisors will designate May 15-21, 2005, as Public Works Week in Fairfax County. Public works programs include storm drainage, streetlights, walkways, public buildings, solid waste recycling, sanitary sewers, land development and building construction. The life of each resident in the county is touched by one or more of these areas on a daily basis.


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Phillip Phillips Wins and Reba Sings on American Idol [Video]
Our American Idol expert, Steve Thompson, saw this coming weeks and weeks ago. His prediction, WGWG was going to win Season 11. And, you may be asking, what does "WGWG" mean. White guy with guitar! And Phillip Phillips, another Idol "white guy with guitar" has claimed the crown, defeating Jessica Sanchez in last night's Idol finale. If you missed the big moment, here it is . . . plus, some highlights from the final results show that include Reba McEntire, Fantasia wearing one of the worst outfits ever made, and a diva sing-off between Jessica Sanchez and a Broadway legend! Check it out . . .


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In 1836 Charles Dickens published the first installment of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. In this novel he introduces the reader to a character, Joe, the Fat Boy who is obese, sleepy, difficult to arouse, snores, and has peripheral edema. This description so intrigued the medical field that many hypotheses about the symptoms were examined, but it was not until 120 years after the novel was published that physicians started to interrelate these features and a new field of medicine emerged. Although he is best known for this description, Dickens impacted medicine and medical care in many ways. Besides his brilliant clinical descriptions (many of which were unrecognized in his day) and his activities as a social reformer, he was instrumental in facilitating the development of homeless shelters for women, the first pediatric hospital in the United Kingdom, and the development of orthopedics.
Kryger M. Charles Dickens: impact on medicine and society. J Clin Sleep Med 2012;8(3):333-338.
"What a gain it would have been to physic if one so keen to observe and facile to describe had devoted his powers to the medical art."
—British Medical Journal, 1870
Charles Dickens (1812-1870) was the first "blockbuster" novelist in the English language. His influence was so widespread in literature and society that that he continues to be an object of fascination, as evidenced by the many biographies that have been published and will be published to celebrate the 200th anniversary of his birth. He was a keen observer and his character descriptions were so accurate that among his many "medical" achievements he described many of the clinical features of sleep breathing disorders at least 120 years before medical science started to recognize such sleep disorders.1–3 In this article, we review what he is currently best known for by the medical profession—a description in his first novel of a character, Joe, the Fat Boy and how this played a role in our understanding of a disease that affects at least five percent of the population.
Dickens was a prolific writer and his works include newspaper articles, short stories, novels, novellas, letters, and speeches. His novels are, of course, the best known. When physicians read his novels and encounter some of his wonderful descriptions of characters, they frequently ask themselves whether he is describing the features of a disease.
When he died, there was an obituary in the British Medical Journal; this was well before his clinical descriptions fascinated doctors. We will therefore also review the many other reasons his life and contributions were extolled at the time of his death in the most prestigious medical journal in England.
Charles Dickens's early life was marked by poverty. When he was about twelve years old, his father had debts that could not be paid, and as a result his parents and younger siblings were sentenced to Marshalsea Debtors' Prison. He was forced to work at a factory producing boot polish, Warren's Jet Blacking, well before child labor laws were instituted. When he was not working, he wandered the streets of London, which was in the midst of the worst financial crash of the nineteenth century. It is very likely that his experiences during this period led to his empathy towards neglected children, the poor, and disabled, and would drive him to describe the life of the poor in his novels, and later resulted in his being an activist and a reformer. This is also when his writing career began; although his work at Warren's included drudgery, he also wrote jingles used to advertise the boot polish.
His family was released from prison after a year, when his father started to receive a pension. The now thirteen-year-old Dickens returned to school at the Wellington Academy, where he contributed to a weekly school newspaper. He also started to regularly read periodicals, and he put on plays in a toy theater. His family again had severe financial problems, which resulted in Dickens leaving the school in 1827, and soon he was working as a low-level clerk in a law firm. During this period, Dickens mastered shorthand, but he soon left the law firm and started a brief career as a freelance stenographer, often working at Doctor's Common, which contained legal chambers where disputes were heard. Dickens soon obtained a job as a parliamentary reporter, a position that took advantage of his knowledge of shorthand, his accuracy and his writing ability. He also dabbled in theater and his first story, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" was published (under the pen name Boz) in the December 1833 issue of Monthly Magazine (with a circulation of 600). Soon this piece of fiction was republished (without permission by another magazine), and he was asked by Monthly Magazine for more submissions. These submissions and other articles were compiled, and Sketches by Boz was published one day after his 24th birthday, February 8, 1836.
Three days after Sketches by Boz was published, another publishing firm, Chapman and Hall contacted Dickens to write pieces to accompany illustrations to be drawn by Robert Seymour. This project would be the Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (often referred to as The Pickwick Papers) and the first installment was published March 31, 1836. Each installment had a flimsy green cover and was very inexpensive (perhaps the first soft cover novel) and was read by all strata of society. After the first, installments appeared at the end of each month, with the final one in October 1837. Dickens married April 2, 1836. Seymour committed suicide on April 20, 1836, and a new artist, Hablot Knight Browne (Phiz), then only 21 years old, was commissioned to do the illustrations. Meanwhile, in the same year Dickens agreed to write two books for other publishers and still continued his reporting job. What a momentous year! After a slow start (there were 400 copies published of the first installment), Pickwick Papers became enormously successful (40,000 copies per month at the end) because of the wonderful writing and characters including Samuel Pickwick, Sam Weller, and of course Joe, the Fat Boy. It is with Dickens' description of Joe that we begin our review of the medical contributions.
Dickens created a character Joe, the Fat Boy who pops up many times in Pickwick Papers.1 He is simply known as Joe, the Fat Boy, the only important character in Pickwick Papers who does not have a surname. Dickens first introduces us to Joe as follows:
"Fastened up behind the barouche was a hamper of spacious dimensions—one of those hampers which always awakens in a contemplative mind associations connected with cold fowls, tongues, and bottles of wine—and on the box sat a fat and red-faced boy, in a state of somnolency, whom no speculative observer could have regarded for an instant without setting down as the official dispenser of the contents of the before-mentioned hamper, when the proper time for their consumption should arrive." (Emphasis added)
In the next paragraph, when someone is trying to get Joe's attention is blurted out for the first of several times "Joe!—damn that boy, he's gone to sleep again" (see below). The paragraph ends with Joe having taken his place on the barouche after others had mounted the carriage: "the fat boy waddled to the same perch, and fell fast asleep instantly." Thus, Dickens, in a matter of several sentences introduces the reader to important clinical features.
The Fat Boy is obviously obese. "'Vell, young twenty stun,' said Sam, 'you're a nice specimen of a prize boy, you are!' 'Thank'ee,' said the fat boy." The word stun is a play of words on the word ton and the word stone. Stone refers to the old English measure of 14 pounds. Thus, the fat boy is thought to weigh about 280 pounds. Another example:
"The fat boy, with elephantine playfulness, stretched out his arms to ravish a kiss; but as it required no great agility to elude him, his fair enslaver had vanished before he closed them again; upon which the apathetic youth ate a pound or so of steak with a sentimental countenance, and fell fast asleep." (Emphasis added)
Joe is very sleepy during the daytime. The expression or its variations "Joe!—damn that boy, he's gone to sleep again." appears six times in the book. In fact when he does appear to be awake, it is a surprise: "Joe; why, damn the boy, he's awake!"
Joe falls asleep at the wrong time and place:
"The fat boy rose, opened his eyes, swallowed the huge piece of pie he had been in the act of masticating when he last fell asleep."; "…the fat boy laid himself affectionately down by the side of the cod-fish, and, placing an oyster-barrel under his head for a pillow, fell asleep instantaneously."
Joe was difficult to arouse from sleep. At a military exercise "Everybody was excited, except the fat boy, and he slept as soundly as if the roaring of cannon were his ordinary lullaby." Dickens mentions that Joe snored. "…the snoring of the fat boy, penetrated in a low and monotonous sound from the distant kitchen." Thus, he snored loudly.
Joe likely had cor pulmonale. Two of the cardinal findings in patients who have cor pulmonale are polycythemia, often manifested on physical exam as plethora (Joe was described as being "red-faced") and peripheral edema, which was called dropsy in the early nineteenth century:
"'Well,' said Sam, 'of all the cool boys ever I set my eyes on, this here young gen'l'm'n is the coolest. Come, wake up, young dropsy!'"
The combination of sleepiness and snoring are prominent in Joe.
"'Sleep!' said the old gentleman, 'he's always asleep. Goes on errands fast asleep, and snores as he waits at table.'
'How very odd!' said Mr. Pickwick."
How very odd, indeed. The symptoms described were so striking that physicians speculated that Dickens was describing a syndrome that had not made its way into the medical literature. For example, the "fat boy" was mentioned in the context of sleepiness and obesity by Sir William Osler, in Principles and Practice of Medicine.4 On the 100th anniversary of the publication of Pickwick Papers, there were speculations about what disease the fat boy might have had.5 Over the years endocrine disorders (hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism), hypothalamic disorders,6 and Prader-Willi Syndrome have been postulated.7 (It is unlikely that Joe had Prader-Willi syndrome in which hypogonadism is prominent; Joe did have an interest in the opposite sex.)
In 1956, in what may have been the most widely cited single case report, (which we would now call an anecdote), the term "Pickwickian syndrome" entered the medical lexicon.2 Burwell and colleagues, did not, however, get it right. They described the case of an obese gentleman who fell asleep holding a winning hand of cards in poker. The patient was found to be hypoventilating during the daytime, and he had the features of right heart failure. The hypothesis raised in this case report was that abnormal chemical drives to breathe caused hypoventilation, and that the resultant hypercapnia was responsible for the daytime sleepiness. It only became apparent about a decade later, when researchers studied sleeping patients that the sleepiness was, in fact, caused by repetitive episodes of apnea during sleep which caused multiple awakenings. With time, it also was found that patients with sleep breathing disorders may have normal drives to breathe, without hypercapnia or right heart failure,8 and that Charles Dickens had described a subset of sleep breathing disorders which is still called by many the Pickwickian syndrome, or more recently, the obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Thus, it is not an exaggeration to say that Charles Dickens played a pivotal role in the development of the field of sleep medicine.
It is now known that sleep breathing disorders affect somewhere between five and ten percent of the population and that it is likely that some important historical figures including at least one US President (William Howard Taft) had a sleep breathing disorder.9–13
It has been suggested that Dickens, in addition to the description of Joe, the Fat Boy, described in his characters a variety of other conditions, including tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, asthma, restless leg syndrome, Parkinson's disease, chorea, Tourette's syndrome, cerebellar ataxia, torticollis, supranuclear palsy, stroke, epilepsy, and the complications of alcoholism, to name a few.14–17 Dickens himself likely suffered from asthma, so he knew what he was writing about when he described Major Bagstock, who had "a wheeze very like the cough of a horse" in Dombey and Sons. The Major is described as having an attack of bronchoconstriction and cyanosis with: "…wheezing sounds would be heard, and the major's blue would deepen into purple, while his eyes strained and started convulsively…."14,18
One of the most memorable characters Dickens describes is Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol: "Alas for Tiny Tim, he bore a little crutch, and had his limbs supported by an iron frame!" There has been controversy about what illness he had with some authors suggesting that he had Pott's disease (tuberculosis affecting the joints of the spine and the hip joints) or renal tubular acidosis.19,20
Dickens became a celebrity with the publication of Pickwick Papers. For the works published in paper cover installments he used the pen name Boz, and as his career evolved and his fame increased, he used his real name for his books published as hard cover or when his earlier novels were reprinted (see Figure 5). His works were widely read by the rich and the poor and what he wrote and said had impact on society.
(Courtesy of Meir Kryger)
Charles Dickens(Courtesy of Meir Kryger)
(more ...)
Cover of Pickwick Papers(Courtesy of Meir Kryger)
Illustration from Pickwick Papers.
Mr. Pickwick chasing his hatIllustration from Pickwick Papers.
Detail from Figure 3.
"and on the box sat a fat and red-faced boy, in a state of somnolency"Detail from Figure 3.
Notice that the cover advertises reprints of his other works. From the the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
"Cheap Edition" reprint of 1847Notice that the cover advertises reprints of his other works. From the the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
As a parliamentary reporter Dickens was familiar with the 1834 amendment of the Poor Laws, first established during the reign of Queen Elizabeth in 1601 to deal with the poor.21 Under the Poor Laws, workhouses (there was one minutes away from his first home in London) were established. Dickens raged against the terrible living conditions, diet, and medical care in the workhouse in Oliver Twist.
In The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, Dickens brings the reader into the world of poverty and disease in children: "How the last faint traces of hope, the remotest glimmering of any good to be derived from his efforts in this den, faded from the mind of Nicholas as he looked in dismay around! Pale and haggard faces, lank and bony figures, children with the countenances of old men, deformities with irons upon their limbs, boys of stunted growth, and others whose long meagre legs would hardly bear their stooping bodies, all crowded on the view together; there were the bleared eye, the hare-lip, the crooked foot, and every ugliness or distortion that told of unnatural aversion conceived by parents for their offspring, or of young lives which, from the earliest dawn of infancy, had been one horrible endurance of cruelty and neglect. There were little faces which should have been handsome, darkened with the scowl of sullen, dogged suffering; there was childhood with the light of its eye quenched, its beauty gone, and its helplessness alone remaining…."22
Dickens presented the reader with the humanity of the ill, the deformed and the disabled. One cannot but be empathetic to characters such as Tiny Tim. These people were not to be shunned but to be accepted and helped.
Dickens had learned about the benefits of removing people with diseases from the London slums and bringing them to the seaside, so they could benefit from fresh air and a more hygienic environment.23 In Dombey and Son, Paul Dombey, whose description suggests he had tuberculosis, is sent to Brighton, a seaside city. Shortly after this novel was published in installments ending in 1848, Dickens' sister, Fanny, and her son Harry died of tuberculosis. Harry was nine years old, and before his death, was sent to Brighton.23
Dickens' interest in sanitation is evident in his description of a cattle market in Oliver Twist: "The ground was covered, nearly ankle-deep, with filth and mire; a thick steam, perpetually rising from the reeking bodies of the cattle, and mingling with the fog, which seemed to rest upon the chimney-tops, hung heavily above."24 Dickens was a strong proponent of public health and sanitation, having learned about the poor sanitation in London from government reports in the early 1830s. In a speech he made in 1851 to promote in London a Department of Health: "I can honestly declare that the use I have since that time made of my eyes and nose have only strengthened the conviction that certain sanitary reforms must precede all other social remedies, and that neither education nor religion can do anything useful until the way has been paved for their ministrations by cleanliness and decency."25
Dickens was also a celebrity in North America. After a trip to the British possessions in Canada and the United States of America in 1842 he wrote American Notes in which he included his (often uncomplimentary) thoughts about the conditions he found in this new world.26 On tobacco he wrote: "As Washington may be called the head-quarters of tobacco-tinctured saliva, the time is come when I must confess, without any disguise, that the prevalence of those two odious practices of chewing and expectorating began about this time to be anything but agreeable, and soon became most offensive and sickening. In all the public places of America, this filthy custom is recognized…In the hospitals, the students of medicine are requested, by notices upon the wall, to eject their tobacco juice into the boxes provided for that purpose, and not to discolour the stairs." Dickens devoted an entire chapter to slavery: "Public opinion, in the slave States, has delivered the slaves over, to the gentle mercies of their masters. Public opinion has made the laws, and denied the slaves legislative protection. Public opinion has knotted the lash, heated the branding-iron, loaded the rifle, and shielded the murderer." He visited public institutions that treated the blind, the deaf, those who could not speak, and those with psychiatric illnesses.
Dickens helped establish and run Urania Cottage in 1846, a "Home for Homeless Women" where destitute and abused women and prostitutes could go to leave their environment of poverty and violence and be helped, nursed, rehabilitated, and educated in a safe setting.27 Some women were helped to relocate to other countries (Canada, Australia, and South Africa) where they could start new lives. He had written about women who would have benefited from such help, for example, Nancy in Oliver Twist who was ultimately murdered. Today such facilities (often called shelters) are common in many parts of the world, and they help women who are homeless or have been abused.
In the 1860s, Dickens participated in public readings. During one of these, a member of the audience, William Treloar, who subsequently became Lord Mayor of London, became inspired to help crippled children after hearing Dickens read about Tiny Tim. He worked to establish the Lord Mayor Treloar Cripple's Hospital and College, in Alton, England, an institution that exists to this day.23 In this hospital, pioneering orthopedic treatments were used to help children deformed by tuberculosis and other diseases.
Dickens also played a major role in the preservation of the first pediatric hospital in the British Empire.23,28 After the hospital opened in 1852 on Great Ormond Street, Dickens publicized the institution and its importance in magazine articles and in his last completed book Our Mutual Friend. He raised money for this institution with readings of A Christmas Carol. This institution remains today the largest pediatric medical center in all of Europe.
Dickens was a supporter of women's rights long before women were first permitted to vote in the United Kingdom in 1918. In Oliver Twist:
"'That is no excuse,' replied Mr. Brownlow. 'You were present on the occasion of the destruction of these trinkets, and indeed are the more guilty of the two, in the eye of the law; for the law supposes that your wife acts under your direction.'
'If the law supposes that,' said Mr. Bumble, squeezing his hat emphatically in both hands, 'the law is a ass—a idiot.'"
On May 2, 1870, Dickens delivered a speech at the Royal Academy Dinner which included: "All the arts, and many of the sciences, bear witness that women, even in their present oppressed condition, can attain to quite as great distinction, and can attain to quite as lofty names as men."29 This is the last public speech he ever gave. He died 38 days later. He was buried in Poets' Corner, in Westminster Abby.
Dickens played an important role in medicine. He described syndromes, promoted the treatment of children, helped establish medical institutions, and most important of all, he brought us face to face with the humanity of the poor, the deformed, and the crippled. It is no wonder that he was extolled in an obituary in the British Medical Journal: "What a gain it would have been to physic if one so keen to observe and facile to describe had devoted his powers to the medical art."30 I believe that the British Medical Journal was wrong. If he had been a doctor he would not have had the great impact on society that he had as one of the great authors of all time.
Dr. Kryger has indicated no financial conflicts of interest.
The author thanks Joyce Sadl for her editorial assistance. The author also thanks the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library of Yale University.
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Burwell CS, Robin ED, Whaley RD, Bickelmann AG, authors. Extreme obesity associated with alveolar hypoventilation--a Pickwickian Syndrome. 1956. Obes Res. 1994;2:390–7. [PubMed]
Kryger MH, author. Sleep apnea. From the needles of Dionysius to continuous positive airway pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1983;143:2301–3. [PubMed]
Osler W, author. Principles and Practice of Medicine. 1905. 6th ed. London: Sidney Appleton;
Johnston AJ, author. Chapter 13. A Pickwick Portrait Gallery. 1936. London: Chapman and Hall; p. 164
Gilman S, author. Obesity: the biography. 2010. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press;
Couper R, author. Prader-Willi syndrome. J Paediatr Child Health. 1999;35:331–4. [PubMed]
Kryger M, Quesney LF, Holder D, Gloor P, MacLeod P, authors. The sleep deprivation syndrome of the obese patient. A problem of periodic nocturnal upper airway obstruction. Am J Med. 1974;56:530–9. [PubMed]
Sotos JG, author. Taft and Pickwick: sleep apnea in the White House. Chest. 2003;124:1133–42. [PubMed]
Chouard C, Meyer B, Chabolle F, authors. [Did Napoleon suffer from sleep apnea syndrome?]. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac. 1988;105:299–303. [PubMed]
Margolis ML, author. Brahms' Lullaby revisited. Did the composer have obstructive sleep apnea? Chest. 2000;118:210–3. [PubMed]
Reimão R, Gomes Mda M, Maranhão-Filho P, authors. Excessive daytime sleepiness of the Brazilian emperor Dom Pedro II probably due to sleep apnea syndrome. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2008;66:770–2. [PubMed]
Conti AA, Conti A, Gensini GF, authors. Fat snorers and sleepy-heads: were many distinguished characters of the past affected by the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome? Med Hypotheses. 2006;67:975–9. [PubMed]
Bergofsky EH, author. A follow-up visit with Dr Dickens. Chest. 1991;100:820–2. [PubMed]
Schoffer KL, O'Sullivan JD, authors. Charles Dickens: the man, medicine, and movement disorders. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13:898–901. [PubMed]
Larner AJ, author. Did Charles Dickens describe progressive supranuclear palsy in 1857? Mov Disord. 2002;17:832–3. [PubMed]
Cosnett JE, author. Charles Dickens and the neurological consequences of alcoholism. Addiction. 1999;94:1891–2. [PubMed]
Cohen SG, author. Asthma among the famous. Charles Dickens (1812-1870), English author. Allergy Asthma Proc. 1997;18:263–8. [PubMed]
Callahan CW, author. Construction crew discovers grave of "Tiny Tim". J Infect Dis. 1997;176:1653–4. [PubMed]
Lewis DW, author. What was wrong with Tiny Tim? Am J Dis Child. 1992;146:1403–7. [PubMed]
Douglas-Fairhurst R, author. Becoming Dickens. 2011. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press;
Dickens C, author. The Adventures of Nicholas Nickelby. 1839. London: Chapman and Hall;
Carter AJ, author. A Christmas Carol: Charles Dickens and the birth of orthopaedics. J R Soc Med. 1993;86:45–8. [PubMed Central][PubMed]
Dickens C, author. Oliver Twist. 1838. London: Richard Bentley;
Dickens C, author. Speech: Sanitary Reform in London. 1851 May 10. London:
Dickens C, author. American Notes for General Circulation. 1842. London: Chapman and Hall;
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Markel H, author. Charles Dickens' work to help establish Great Ormond Street Hospital, London. Lancet. 1999;354:673–5. [PubMed]
Dickens C, author. Speech given at The Royal Academy Dinner. 1870;
Charles Dickens (obituary). British Medical Journal. 1870;636


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Mets call up infield help with Reyes ailing
The New York Mets Friday announced that they recalled infielder Justin Turner from Buffalo (AAA) of the International League and optioned infielder/outfielder Nick Evans to Binghamton (AA) of the Eastern League. Turner, who bats and throws righthanded, will wear uniform #2 and was available for Friday's game in San Francisco…. Read More →


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It was discovered in the early 1900s that under certain conditions sorghums are capable of releasing hydrocyanic acid (HCN) or commonly called prussic acid. Prussic acid when ingested by cattle, is quickly absorbed into the blood stream, and blocks the animal's cells from utilizing oxygen. Thus the animal dies from asphyxiation at the cellular level. Animals affected by prussic acid poisoning exhibit a characteristic bright red blood just prior to and during death.
Lush young re-growth of sorghum plants are prone to accumulate prussic acid especially when the plants are stressed such as drought or freeze damage. Light frosts, that stress the plant but do not kill it, are often associated with prussic acid poisonings. Producers should avoid grazing fields with sorghum type plants following a light frost. The risk of prussic acid poisoning will be reduced, if grazing is delayed until at least one week after a "killing freeze". As the plants die and the cell walls rupture, the hydrocyanic acid is released as a gas, and the amount is greatly reduced in the plants. One can never be absolutely certain that a field of sorghum is 100% safe to graze. Sun-curing of hay will reduce HCN, especially if the hay is crimped. The complex that binds the HCN is hydrolyzed and the HCN evaporates in gaseous form.
A field test procedure is available in some areas of Oklahoma. It will not give quantitative levels for a sample, but rather an indication of the presence of cyanide. In this test "Cyantesmo Paper" is utilized to detect the presence of hydrocyanic acids and cyanides in freshly cut plant material. In the presence of cyanide, the pale green paper turns blue. Refer to your County OSU Extension Educator–Agriculture for assistance with the test.
Cattle that must be grazed on sorghum pastures during this time of year should be fed another type of hay before turning in on the field, and should be watched closely for the first few hours after turn in. If signs of labored breathing, such as would be found in asphyxiation, are noted, cattle should be removed immediately. Call your local veterinarian for immediate help for those animals that are affected. Be certain to read OSU Fact Sheet PSS-2904 (Prussic Acid Poisoning) before turning cattle to potentially dangerous fields.