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Claiming to be a premium pre-workout supplement formulated especially for women, Blackwolf Trail is said to be able to help you burn fat, increase your energy levels and enhance strength and performance.
A lot of claims are being made about Blackwolf Trail and its benefits, but does it live up to everything it is said to do?
We've taken a close look at the facts, ingredients and the possible side effects of Blackwolf Trail in order to determine whether this is a pre-workout supplement that is worth using.
What is Blackwolf Trail?
Blackwolf Trail is a highly effective yet safe pre-workout supplement that's supplied by Blackwolf Workout and manufactured by Wolfson Berg Ltd, using their patented Blackwolf Power blend (that consists of more than 20 active ingredients; no fillers or binders).
You may be aware that a pre-workout supplement is ideally consumed before workout, so as to prepare your body well for the oncoming physical challenge.
Trail is targeted specifically at women who wish to fuel their high intensity training sessions and shed stubborn body fat by converting every last bit of it into energy, and build quality lean muscle mass in the process.
- Energy - 9.3/109.3/10
- Strength Gains - 8.9/108.9/10
- Fat Loss - 9.4/109.4/10
- Workout Recovery - 9.0/109.0/10
- Athletic Performance - 9.5/109.5/10
Blackwolf Trail delivers just the right amount of focus and energy required for getting the most out of every gym session. So, consuming it on a regular basis before your workouts will help you drag yourself to the gym, each day without fail, no matter how tiring a day you may have had.
On the whole, it's an all-in-one kind of pre-workout supplement which is capable of replacing multiple products, in the form of one single supercharged drink.
- Improves overall drive and focus going into the workout
- Delivers high performance and major strength gains
- Helps in building a leaner and beach-ready physique
Not only does Trail provide you with an energy boost that lasts you through the workout session, and through the course of the day, but also helps you undergo consistent weight loss by consistently converting your body's stored fat deposits into energy.
Whenever you're buying a health supplement, it's very important to pay heed to the formula that goes into its creation. In case of Blackwolf Trail, it combines the highest quality ingredients which are proven to be effective specifically for women.
The ingredients that make Blackwolf Trail the powerful pre-workout supplement it is are: Conjugated Linoleic Acid Powder (60%), Zinc Citrate Powder, Green Tea Leaves Extract, Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C Powder), Calcium D Pantothenate (Vitamin B5), Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine HCl, L Tartrate, L Carnitine, Co Enzyme Q 10 (Ubiquinine), L Valine, Isoleucine, Taurine, L Leucine, Whey Protein Isolate (90%), Seleno L Methionine (with 0.5% Selenium), Natural Flavoring Summer Berries, Stevia Extract (97%), Xanthan Gum and Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine HCl.
Side Effects
No harmful side effects have so far been reported as a direct result of Blackwolf Trail's usage. This is largely because all the ingredients contained in this product are natural and have been scientifically proven to deliver, without causing any negative side effects.
Having said that, its intake should be strictly based on the manufacturer's instructions. Exceeding the recommended dosages or consuming large quantities of it may be potentially harmful for the body.
Furthermore, breastfeeding and pregnant women should stay away from it. Lastly, anyone suffering from some medical condition should take a qualified doctor into confidence before starting its consumption.
Does it Work?
Yes, it does! Let's find out why and how.
Blackwolf Trail works because it has been specifically created as an all- in-one pre-workout product which consists of nothing but carefully selected ingredients that are scientifically proven to deliver.
It is already working for women who've been using it religiously, especially athletes and fat loss aspirants, regardless of whether they've using it for endurance, speed or strength purposes.
The active ingredients that go into its making were chosen specifically keeping women in mind. These include some of the most effective amino acids like Isoleucine, L valine, L Leucine and Taurine.
There's also creatine monohydrate in it which is well known in the bodybuilding circles for performance enhancement, especially during those successive bursts of high intensity workouts.
Body fatigue and tiredness is taken care of by close to 20g of whey protein isolate, combined with other important ingredients like vitamin C, vitamin B5 and vitamin B6. Not only do these keep you up and running, they also boost your immune system to steer you clear from unwanted downtimes. Furthermore, your body's cells are also shielded from oxidative stress and free radicals, a common byproduct of any stringent training routine.
60 days is the ideal time period you require, along with regular exercise and proper diet, to see Blackwolf Trail's optimum results.
User Reviews
Small number of customers have left their feedback for Blackwolf Trail online. A selection of these comments are below:
Would highly recommend this product to others as it has improved my strength and endurance greatly in 4 weeks only.
I'm a mother of two young sons and you can imagine the kind of hard time I may be having at home. Also being a full-time working woman, it would leave me completely drained by the time I would return home and attend to my kids. Blackwolf Trail came recommended from an office colleague who understood my situation and had transformed herself completely in the past few months. I've been having it for the last 2 weeks and it has really helped me stay active throughout the day…I'm always geared up for the gym session. I've started seeing some body fat changes as well and am looking much better than earlier.
I'm a university student who had always been obese as far as I can remember. Ever since I started using this product I'm able to get through my workouts easily and have also started losing weight, which is a big plus for me, something that hasn't happened in the past so many years. Very thankful.
My dance trainer got me hooked on to this product and I'm very thankful that I paid heed to his advice. I feel more energetic and have leaned out quite a lot in the past one month. In the best shape of my life.
Blackwolf Trail can be purchased from the official website of Blackwolf Workout at an attractive price of $44.95 per 450g bottle. This is after a $10 discount on the original price of $54.95 of the product. Please note, the discount comes pre-applied to the order and you don't need to add any promo code to avail it.
All orders placed at Blackwolf work website don't entail any shipping charges, and are shipped free of cost to all locations in the world. No sales tax and/or hidden charges are applied either. All you need to pay is your order price and nothing more.
Payments are accepted via all popular payment options including American Express, MasterCard, Visa, PayPal and Maestro, using a highly safe and secure 256-bit encryption system. Refunds are possible, but only if the items are returned unopened, within 14 days of the order placement.
Our Verdict
When, as a woman, you enter into the world of fitness and sports, there are several things you can do right to take your results to the next level, for instance get ample sleep, drink plenty of water, eat right etc. Many women turn to supplementation, and rightly so, as it can help significantly in energy boosts, recovery time periods, fat burning and more.
However, majority of these so-called pre-workout supplements are geared towards men and are often overflowing with testosterone, caffeine, minerals, branched chain amino acids and secretive blends, making them extremely confusing.
Finally, Blackwolf has created a pre-workout supplement, in the form of Trail, which is designed specifically for women. It has everything in it to cater to their unique needs.
If you've been looking for something ideal to fuel your high intensity training routines, which also helps you shed body fat, while simultaneously build lean muscle mass, Trail may possibly be the Go-To product you need. We approve Blackwolf Trail.
Blackwolf Trail Pros
- A pre-workout formula that is targeted solely at women, helping them feel focused and energized for every workout
- 100% active ingredients with no binders or fillers
- Helps women burn fat from the most difficult body parts
- Boosts endurance and increases energy levels
- Speeds up the recovery time after every workout, so you're back up on your feet and raring to go in quick time
Blackwolf Trail Cons
- Only available direct from manufacturer - no price competition
- New supplement; Does not have enough customer feedback available


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A MODEL suffering unbearable pain everyday has released a moving video in a desperate bid to discover what is causing her debilitating condition that has baffled doctors.
Courtney Martin, 24, has been suffering with an undiagnosed condition that has left her in constant pain for the last three years.
Since her ordeal began she has been admitted to hospital more than 50 times, has had five operations and more than 20 different scans, but claims doctors still don't know what is wrong with her.
The once fit and healthy criminology student, from Canberra, Australia's capital, suffers with a string of symptoms, including stabbing pains, constant nausea and extreme fatigue on a daily basis.
She hopes someone might see her video and be able to tell her why.
She said: "Every morning, I wake up in pain and no one can tell me why.
"I keep getting told that because I'm young and healthy, I can learn to deal with it but I don't want to.
"But I feel like an old lady. Every day I'm in unbearable pain and feel constantly nauseous and fatigued. I just want a normal life.
"I refuse to accept that there's no one out there that knows what's wrong with me. I hope that person sees this and can help."
WARNING LINEWarning over black line on nails after 'beautician spotted it on client now diagnosed with cancer'
'I LOST HALF MY FACE'Dad told his watery eye was a blocked tear duct has giant tumour engulfing half his face removed
LOST LOCKSMum forced to shave two-year-old's head because the tot can't stop pulling out her own hair
AGONISING DECISIONCouple expecting triplets are forced to sacrifice their conjoined twins to save their baby son
TICKING TIME BOMBActress discovers ringing ears is 'blood vessels pulsating in her brain' as docs find mass that could kill her at any moment
HOLIDAY HENNA HELLGirl, seven, is 'scarred for life' after medics had to cut off blisters she suffered from black henna tattoo at posh hotel salon
TALC TALKWhat is the Johnson & Johnson talcum powder ovarian cancer lawsuit and what is baby powder made of?
'WE DIDN'T KNOW THE DANGERS'Parents tell of agony after daughter, 7, was left with huge disfiguring scars from holiday henna tattoo
BANGER BUG FEARUK supermarket 'could have infected thousands' with Hepatitis virus from EU pigs, officials warn
As a result of her unidentifiable chronic pain, the young part-time model, finds just waking up a struggle and depends on her mum for support.
She said: "I used to have heaps of energy and was a very social person. I loved visiting friends and even modelled at Melbourne Fashion Week.
"Now, that part of my life is gone because I'm in too much pain."
"This is debilitating, exhausting, draining and consuming all of my energy."
Courtney's unidentified health problems began three years ago, when she first started experiencing cramp like pains in her abdomen.
Doctors were confident Courtney had endometriosis, a condition that causes the lining of the uterus to grow on the outside of the womb, but were left baffled when surgery to treat the condition revealed she did no in fact have it.
She recalled: "I'd noticed I had an uncomfortable pain in my lower stomach and at first I thought it was actually a sports injury.
"I went to see my GP who initially thought it was period pain and would pass.
"But it just spiralled from there.
"My doctor just couldn't understand what was going on when he discovered there wasn't any troublesome tissue inside me. He was so sure that's what it was.
"Since then, doctors haven't even come close to uncovering what's causing the pain.
"I've been tested for auto-immune diseases, psychological conditions and have even had my appendix removed but the pain is still there.
"I'm constantly in and out of hospital in agony and things are only getting worse."
Courtney has been forced to give up work, can no longer play sport and on the worst days can barely eat.
She added: "The reality is doctors just don't know why I'm in so much pain, which makes it even harder to live with.
"I've lost count of the times I've gone to bed, hoping I don't wake up because my life isn't worth living as it is."
In a desperate hunt for answers, Courtney recorded an emotion-filled video, detailing life with her mystery illness.
It has been viewed almost 90,000 times since she uploaded it to her Facebook.
She said: "I don't want money and I'm not fundraising for treatment. All I'm asking for is help.
"My hope is that a doctor or someone else going through what I'm going through sees it, and can then finally explain to me what is going on.
"I shouldn't have to live like this. No one should. If you can help, please get in touch using the hashtag #HelpFindMyCure."
We pay for your stories! Do you have a story for The Sun Online news team? Email us at email@example.com or call 0207 782 4368

subset: commoncrawl


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Price at Farfetch: £518.00 Buy (Click on the product to visit the Farfetch site for the price and to confirm that this product is eligible for shipping to your destination.)
Grey cashmere and cotton crew-neck sweatshirt from Sacai featuring long sleeves and a ribbed hem and cuffs. Size: 2. Gender: Male. Material: Cotton/Cashmere.


text:
A Koala dodges authorities in Australia, rescued sea turtles arrive for rehab in San Diego, and sea lions are forced to scooch off an Oregon dock in this week's animal wrap. Gavino Garay reports.
ViralHog3,826 viewsNEW
Dog74345,671 views
StoryfulNews14,443 viewsNEW
ReutersNews174 views
HeartwarmingAnimals179 views
AFV1,469 views
AFV1,013 views
Gamer712,855 views


text: Monday Like: Cool Like Me September 16, 2013 by Caleb Pike — Found this brilliant music video this morning and wanted to get your thoughts on it. What do you think of this super flat look? Like it? Too much? Share your thoughts below. Share this:TweetMorePrintShare on Tumblr Recent Posts Diffusion: How and Why You Should Use Soft Light The Camera Preamp That Covers All the Bases Sony VS Panasonic: How Sony Could Kill Panasonic Camera Monitor Buying Tips 9 Camera Monitors Under $200!


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8 Reasons I Love Discount Halloween Catalogs!
Yea, it's here -- the first sign of my favorite holiday! Below are eight reasons I love getting discount Halloween supply catalogs, even in August.
- 1.Items that are truly scary, not just cute.
- 2....like evil clowns.
- 3.Items that are a great deal for the money.I've ordered these for my colleagues
- 4.Items that are inappropriate for children.
- 5.Items that are just inappropriate, period.Note the caution for "small parts"
- 6.Pictures of candy I'll eventually buy at the supermarket.
- 7.Stuff for dentists, too!
- 8.Items no one should or will buy.


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4852 Meadow Ridge Ct, Loveland, Colorado
4852 Meadow Ridge Ct, Loveland, Colorado 80537 - Lot 1 on Meadow Ridge Court is one of 18 estate lots at The Ridge at Mariana Butte. The lot is a level lot and slopes back to front and is ideal for a full basement. Homes have a minimum of 20 feet of separation. The Ridge is next to the Oxbow Natural Area & CO Big Thompson River. Just south is the practice green and a short walk to the clubhouse, restaurant & driving range. Bring your own builder, choose from several existing builders, or buy as an investment for a future home.
Listing Courtesy of Rollin Goering~LC Real Estate Group, LLC
"Our Team specializes in the Estes Park market. We live, work and play in Estes Park and we want to help you join our community. Our office is open 7 days a week and we are here to answer any questions you may have. "


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Where do you go in today's world to meet people who have the same interests as you? Sometimes it seems as though people are busier than ever and not that easy to find the time and place to meet interesting singles who have the same interests as you. Why not call the Line Chat Line today? Other singles are ready to hear your message and respond You could be talking to someone fun and interesting right now
Countless Line singles have met new friends on the Line Chat Line. Their complaints about how difficult it is to meet new people are a thing of the past because they have met so many with the same interests. Some Chat Line participants have learned they share common friends or that they go to the same gym All of them say the same thing; Line Chat Line has transformed their lives. They are happier, and they walk around with a smile, when they remember all the fun and good times they've had on the Line Chat Line. Don't you want to join this happy group?
Don't forget that while most people in the world have great intentions, there are always a few opportunists and aren't fully honest about who they are and what they want. For this reason, it's a good idea to take your time in getting to know people. You should not trust someone from the first conversation. Don't give out your address, phone number, or other personal information, such as where you work. Don't accept invitations to leave the Line Chat Line.Have Fun, But Stay Safe
Making the call to Line Chat Line couldn't be easier. You simply call and choose from one of the four options. You may choose to record a personal message, hear messages left by others, or you can connect with other singles. It's easy and hassle free!
Line Chat Line is a great way to get to know people, and you are certain to make many new friends and have a great time, but always be safety conscious. That means enjoying people's company, but only on Line Chat Line. Don't give people a way to enter your life. As in any other life situation, only after extensive knowledge about another person should you make the move of getting to know someone personally. Before taking that step you must be able to verify key facts a person has told you. First and foremost be smart and aware.


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Tag Archives: Older care
Fears 'senseless' cuts will hit vulnerable people in Norwich's sheltered housing
Older people could suffer because of cuts to support services in sheltered housing, the deputy leader of Norwich City Council has warned.
Some of the most vulnerable people in Norwich could suffer because of what the deputy leader of the city council has branded "senseless" cuts to support in sheltered housing.
City Hall bosses have started visiting the 1,000 people in their 26 sheltered housing schemes about what might have to change because of cuts agreed by Norfolk County Council.
The county council is reducing what it spends on housing support from £10.5m to £4.7m by 2018/19 and that means the city council has £292,500 less to spend.
Workshops aim to aid communication between carers and people with dementia
A charity is putting the focus on helping carers of people living with dementia at a series of free workshops.
Age UK Norwich is running simple, friendly information workshops at easy-to-reach locations around Norwich for anyone who is struggling to support a person diagnosed with dementia, including tips on the best ways to communicate and understanding common behaviour associated with the condition.
Marie Lucas, dementia development lead for the city-based charity, said: "We have already held three sessions, and they have gone really well. One gentleman whose mother recently had a dementia diagnosis told us that, after getting the diagnosis from her GP, he had not known where to go next or what help was available. That is something we often hear. What we are trying to do is to empower carers and give them confidence. We can 'signpost' them to what other help is available, and we can also give them tips and information about coping with everyday situations."
'I book home care for my mum online'
Louisa Bravery's mum, Peggy, lives in the family home and loves everyday life with her grandchildren.
But she needs a little personal care when other members of the family are out at school or work.
Louisa wasn't sure where to turn to organise things but discovered she could book her mother's care using an online service.
That makes it easy to plan care flexibly depending on when Peggy might be alone at home.
"I just log in via the internet using my phone and just select the number of hours and the day and the time I want the carer to come. It's really quick and also the payment's all done online," Louisa says.
The service is provided by CERA, the brainchild of Dr Ben Maruthappu, who formerly had a senior policymaking role at NHS England.


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International legal business DWF has announced it has become a member of Employers for Carers (EfC), a leading organisation that raises awareness of carers at work, as the firm commits to National Carers Week 2017.
EfC provides practical advice and support to working carers and drives engagement from employers to review policies, training and guidance to ensure carers feel able to work. Research conducted by the organisation in 2016 showed that one in nine employees are caring for someone older, disabled or seriously ill at home and that three in five people will care for someone at some point in their lives. Over three quarters of respondents said that being a carer was difficult to balance alongside working and 75% said caring had a negative impact on their own health.
DWF's partnership with the EfC aligns with the firm's strategy to create and maintain inclusive, diverse and supportive environments throughout its locations.
Gail Taylor, DWF Diversity and Community Engagement Manager, said: "We are committed to ensuring all of our people are supported and by raising awareness through the expertise of Employers for Carers, this will help us to offer the guidance and assistance, which is important to ensure our people are getting the best support they can to help with their caring responsibilities. We are very pleased to be partnering with such an experienced organisation and leaders in their field."
Mary Edwards, Employers for Carers Manager, said: "The number of carers in the UK is set to grow from six million to nine million in the next 30 years and nearly half of these will be juggling work alongside their caring responsibilities. We strongly believe this is an issue none of us can afford to ignore. By joining as a member, DWF LLP has taken the positive step towards supporting their working carers and now all employees can access support from both EfC and Carers UK."
DWF is regularly recognised for its people-driven initiatives, including named as a Top 10 Employer for Working Families, shortlisted for Company of the Year at the European Diversity Awards 2016, ranked in the Stonewall Top 100 Employers 2017 list for LGBT staff and commended for innovation in human resources at the 2016 Financial Times Innovative Lawyers Awards.


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There is so much going on with ICOs and token sales that is nonsense, we felt it would be useful to build a tool to help people decide more easily if an ICO or token offering makes any sense. So we started with these ten questions and mocked this up t be a tool you can use.
It is going to allow you to fill in answers to some pretty basic Yes/No questions, and based on that it will tally them and provide you with a pass or a fail using conditional formatting in Excel. If you want this Pass Fail meter tool, please contact me at ric at authenticid dot co – we think it will be ready by Friday. It has a couple of example companies pre-populated. AuthenticID is launching a token offering next month – and you can assess whether you think that offering will be a good one as well next week after their ATHAU token site goes live.
But we are getting ahead of ourselves. Not so long ago, the author of The Business Blockchain, William Mougayar, posted this piece on what Tokenomics is.
https://medium.com/@wmougayar/tokenomics-a-business-guide-to-token-usage-utility-and-value-b19242053416. The article is clear and sound, but it's complicated. We thought that some of us need a simpler meter for assessing whether an ICO makes sense to pursue.
One thing we have learned on sites like TokenMarket and Smithandcrown is that it can be very time consuming to stay on top of all of the offerings that are popping up.
If you have filled out the Smithandcrown survey for getting on their web site for an offering, they ask the following question about the tokens:
Again – token offerings can be really complex – which makes sense for people who need those details. But many aren't going to want to get to this level of understanding about a token to decide if the offering is on the right path.
For some of the mass adoption a lot of us want for the blockchain – it has to get simplified.
We think this Tokenomics Pass/Fail meter will help.
So have a look and let us know if you have feedback on the format and the questions.


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Seasonal Description - Winter:
You may hear them before you see them. Thousands of motorcyclists will ride in Chicago's biggest motorcycle event to bring toys to underprivileged children. Bikers start at Dan Ryan Woods. Bikers ride regardless of the weather. Leave woods at 9:30 a.m.
Days/Hours: 9:30 a.m. Dec. 4, 2016
Admission: Free


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water sport bali
Tanjung Benoa Dive & Water Sports in Badung, Bali
Tanjung Benoa bordering Nusa Dua , Bali is the center of water sports activities and games in Bali . Characteristics of Tanjung Benoa beach is very quiet , so it is suitable for various kinds of exciting water games . Types of water games that you can play here , namely snorkel , sea walker , banana boat , parasailing , wakeboard , waterski , jetski , scuba diving , donut boat , flying fish , and others . In addition you can also go see a giant turtle in the turtle island.
BALI WATERSPORTS - FLYING FISH PACKAGE (5 Hours) - MyTripIndonesia http://www.mytripindonesia.com/st_activity/bali-watersports-flying-fish-package-5-hours/
Turtle Island Tour - Tanjung Benoa Beach Water Sports
Flyfish is an inflatable raft, being pulled by a speedboat. When the boat speeds up, the raft drifts vertically numerous times while the person/people riding on the raft hangs on for their dear life. This is the new rage on water sports. We sure you will have fun on it. For more, please visit http://www.china-inflatables.com/water_sports_games.html
Banana Boat Ride - Tanjung Benoa Beach Water Sports
Tanjung benoa Watersport tempat wisata yang paling populer dengan wisata airnya. yang harus dikunjungi
Experienced seawalker in Bali, Indonesia
Bali Getaway - Tanjung Benoa Water Sports
Seawalker Tour in Sanur Bali, Bali, Other Water Sports
Ide lainnya
BALINESE COOKING SCHOOL – With Market Visit (6 Hours)
Experience the unspoilt charms of a peaceful tropical island with the Beach Club Cruise. After cruising in comfort to Lembongan Island aboard the luxury catamaran Bali Hai II, you are transferred to the private Beach Club only minutes away.Here you can relax on golden sands, lie back in the shade of the tranquil gardens, or cool off in lagoon pool. If the mood takes you, an array of activities includes pool volleyball, banana boat rides, snorkeling and island excursions.And to add to the…
BALI WHITEWATER RAFTING – Telaga Waja River (6 Hours) - MyTripIndonesia
Bali popular vacation at http://www.mytripindonesia.com/
Indonesia Travel Tour Packages | MyTripIndonesia.com
One of the most beautiful restaurant in Bali, Indonesia


text:
Ivy Tech Community College is inviting 21st Century Scholars and their parents to learn more about the college, its programs and career pathway opportunities on Jan. 27.
The event will be from 5:30 to 8 p.m. at the Columbus Learning Center auditorium, 4555 Central Ave. All 21st Century Scholar students in high school in Bartholomew, Brown, Jackson and Jennings counties are invited.
The 21st Century Scholars program offers income-eligible Hoosier students paid tuition assistance possibly up to four years at an eligible Indiana college or university after high school graduation.
Students and parents are asked to RSVP by contacting Monica Ozaeta, Ivy Tech Assistant Director of Admissions, at 812-374-5129 or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 8, 2003
|Filing date
|Jan 25, 2001
|Priority date
|Jul 19, 2000
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Hajime Shimamoto, Shoji Ichikawa, Katsumi Kondo, Susumu Abe, Kenji Takenouchi
|Original Assignee
|Rodel Holdings, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (7), Classifications (16), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of Japanese Patent Application Number 2000-219901, filed Jul. 19, 2000.
The invention relates to polishing compounds, i.e. polishing compositions, also called polishing slurries, which are used in the manufacturing processes of polishing the surfaces of semiconductor substrates of, for example, silicon wafers, semiconductors, multichip modules, and electronic parts other than silicon wafers and multichip modules and electronic parts. Further, the invention relates to, methods of manufacturing polishing compounds, and polishing methods using polishing compounds when polishing the surfaces of semiconductor substrates.
Chemical Mechanical Polishing, hereafter also called CMP polishing, uses known polishing slurries in which are dispersed silica particles in an aqueous medium. CMP polishing of a semiconductor substrate is divided into three steps, called stock removal polish, intermediate, polish and final polish. The condition of the substrate surface at the conclusion of the final polish is scratch-free and haze-free. Furthermore, a perfect mirror surface with flatness is obtained. Such a surface is further referred to as a planar polished surface on the semiconductor substrate.
In the manufacture of polishing slurries for semiconductor substrates, having high purity raw materials with minimized impurities, silica particles, for example, fumed silica particles synthesized in the gas phase, have been used. However, fumed silica particles aggregate to form secondary aggregated particles., it being necessary to break up the aggregated particles, and disperse or dissolve the aggregated particles in water. If the break-up of the aggregated particles is not sufficient, the polishing slurry becomes more viscous in storage and thereafter, when used in a polishing operation, produces defects, such as, the appearance of scratches on the surface of the polished semiconductor substrate.
Known methods to disperse the aggregated particles of fumed silica use known low-speed beads mill or high speed agitation type dispersion equipment, but are not sufficient to disperse the silica particles.
For a polishing compound which prevents the agglomeration of secondary particles of silica particles, in Japanese patent bulletin H11-279534 and Japanese patent bulletin H11-302633, adding water-soluble cellulose derivatives and water-soluble organic amines is disclosed. However, exposure of the polishing compound to sunlight or ultraviolet light causes deterioration by the photodecomposition reaction of water-soluble cellulose and chemical amines. Further, by adding 1˜10 weight % of types of amines to polishing compounds, there is an increase in the biochemical oxidant demand (BOD) load in the waste water stream. In this connection, from the point of view of prevention of water pollution, the amount of BOD must be less than 10 ppm. Accordingly, before discharging waste water after polishing, using the activity of bacteria in activated sludge, treatment by reducing the concentration 1/1000˜1/10000 is necessary, adding a cost burden.
What is needed is a polishing compound which does not easily deteriorate in purity and further when polishing does not leave behind scratches or haze (cloudiness) on the polished surface.
This invention, in order to resolve these problems, provides a polishing compound for a slurry excelling in long term storage stability in which there is little contamination by metal ions, and while storing the slurry for a long period of time, neither agglomeration and settling nor, by the previous addition of chemicals to the slurry, discoloration by photodecomposition occurs.
The invention is to offer a polishing compound which also has excellent properties such that the combined abrasives contained in the slurry do not easily scar the substrate or said polishing layer with scratches or haze (cloudiness).
Further, the invention provides a method of polishing semiconductor substrate surfaces using a polishing compound.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, according to which:
FIG. 1 is a photomicrograph of crystal silica particles
FIG. 2 is a photomicrograph of cocoon-shaped colloidal silica particles
FIG. 3 is a graph showing evaluation results of various slurries
FIG. 4 is a graph showing evaluation results of various slurries
FIG. 5 is a graph showing slurry defects according to number of LPDs. And
FIG. 6 is a graph showing slurry haze
In present CMP polishing, a polishing pad, such as, IC1400 that is commercially available from Rodel, Inc., is attached to the lower platen of a known polishing machine, and a semiconductor substrate is installed correspondingly on the upper platen. Before polishing the surface of the pad on the lower platen is conditioned. The upper platen is pressed against the lower platen with a fixed load or down force, and while a polishing fluid, i.e. liquid, slowly flows in between the pad and the surface being polished, the surface is polished by the rotation of the upper and lower platens. Said polishing liquid is usually that which contains in an aqueous media polishing accelerants such as silica, alumina, alkali earth metals, etc. and wetting agents which have effective surface activity.
According to an embodiment, a polishing compound contains cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles. In a further embodiment, the polishing compound is made as a composite of at least a portion of cocoon-shaped silica particles and at least a portion of crystal silica particles combined.
According to a further embodiment, combining, at least a portion of cocoon-shaped silica particles, and at least a portion of crystal silica, form combined abrasive particles.
The cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles which are included in the polishing compound may be combined or not combined. Ordinarily, combined particles and uncombined cocoon-shaped particles and crystal silica particles are mixed. Cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles are mixed in an aqueous medium and the polishing compound is obtained from dispersing using a pulverizer. During dispersing, the concentration of silica particles in the stock solution is desirably 3˜70 weight %, more desirable is 10˜50 weight %. If the concentration of silica particles is too low, because the dispersion efficiency is bad, the obtained polishing compound easily becomes unstable. If the concentration is too high, in the dispersion process because the aqueous medium becomes too little, it can happen that it will not flow. As an aqueous medium, water, ethanol, methanol, etc. and their mixtures can be used but deionized pure water is desirable.
A polishing composition or compound is provided as a slurry excelling in long term storage stability. Agglomeration and settling of particles do not occur in storage for long periods of time. Chemicals previously added to the slurry are without discoloration by photodecomposition reactions.
As an embodiment, the crystal silica is included at 0.5˜80 weight % of the combination with cocoon-shaped silica particles.
As another embodiment, multiple water-soluble polymers are included at 0.01˜0.5 weight %. According to an embodiment, the water-soluble polymers include, at least one type from the groups including ammonium nitrate and ammonium acetate is selected, and at least one type from methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose and the group including carboxymethylcellulose is selected.
An embodiment includes a polishing compound containing 100 parts by weight DI water, 10.0˜20.0 parts by weight silica composite polishing abrasives, 0.01˜0.5 parts by weight multiple water-soluble polymers and alkaline compounds for pH adjustment, said silica composite polishing abrasives including composite polishing abrasives formed by combining cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles. A combination of cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles is produced by using wet mechanical alloying combination technology. An embodiment of a manufacturing method of a polishing compound combines cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles in a wet mechanical alloying combination process. An embodiment of a wet mechanical alloying combination process is performed using beads made of zirconium oxide partially stabilized by yttrium. In a wet method mechanical alloy process, while the particles rub against one another with a large amount of pulverizing energy, the crystal silica particles and the cocoon-shaped colloidal silica particles stick to each other.
According to an embodiment, polishing abrasives include composite silica abrasives formed by combining cocoon-shaped colloidal silica particles and spherical, monodispersed crystal silica, and not relying on water-soluble cellulose or water-soluble amines. The polishing compound does not easily react photochemically, its long term storage is excellent, and it is of high-purity.
An embodiment includes a process for eliminating by ultrafiltration large particles of stabilized zirconia abrasion detritus greater than 1 micron arising from the above described wet mechanical alloying combination process. A filter used in the above mentioned ultrafiltration is made with hollow fiber sheaves, joined cells are inserted into a sheath, the filtrate is directed to the interior of the hollow fibers, and as the liquid passes through to the outside, by the wall surface of the hollow fibers only composite particles of the product size are selected. According to an embodiment, the filter uses a filter cloth with a 0.8 micron cutoff. Another embodiment includes a process to combine the cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles using a high pressure homogenizer.
A polishing method of this invention includes a polishing process for the surface of semiconductor wafers using the above described polishing compound. An excellent polished surface can be obtained with planarity and small amounts of scratching and haze on the surface of a semiconductor substrate.
An embodiment of the polishing compound of this invention includes cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles. In an embodiment, the polishing compound includes an aqueous medium of deionized water, DI water, composite abrasives formed by the combination of cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles, water-soluble polymers and alkaline compounds for pH adjustment. A desirable mixture proportion is for 100 parts by weight of DI water, composite silica abrasives of 10.0˜20.0 parts by weight, water-soluble polymers 0.01˜0.5 parts by weight, and an alkaline compound for pH adjustment, in the case of using KOH 0.07˜0.7 parts by weight, and in the case of using ammonia 0.2˜1.0 parts by weight.
As an alkaline compound, inorganic salts for example potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, etc., or organic amines such as ethylenediamine, triethylamine, piperazine, etc. can be used.
Further, the polishing compound of this invention can include presently publicly known thickening agents, antiflocculating agents, oxidizing agents, insulation film polishing inhibitors, metal layer polishing accelerants, and pH buffers.
Cocoon-shaped silica particles are colloidal silica with a minor axis of 10˜200 nm and ratio of major/minor axis of 1.4˜2.2. These cocoon-shaped silica particles, for example, are obtained, as follows. Into an aqueous medium which had been prepared previously, TMOS (tetramethylorthosilane) and methanol mixing materials are introduced at a fixed rate for 10˜40 minutes or more desirable for 20˜40 minutes, and colloidal silica is synthesized by the hydration reaction. The shape of the cocoon-shaped silica particles is made by the joining of two single spherical particles together, making the so-called cocoon-shape. The above mentioned aqueous medium is usually a mixture of DI water, methanol, and ammonia catalyst, a desired mixture ratio of said ammonia being 0.5˜3 weight % of the total weight of the solvent.
The polishing compound containing cocoon-shaped colloidal silica has special characteristics compared to previously known polishing compounds containing single spherical colloidal silica, which are, that the polishing rate is increased without putting scratches (defects) or haze (cloudiness) on the wafer surface, sodium ions are few, in the case of long term storage it is in perpetual suspension, colloidal breaking does not occur easily, and agglomeration and settling do not occur, or are minimized.
Crystal silica particles are relatively large perfectly spherical monodispersed particles in which agglomeration of like-particles does not arise. In the manufacturing method, into a high temperature oxidizing flowing atmosphere including oxygen, high purity metallic silicon is blown in through a nozzle and oxidized continuously. At this time the reaction flame from the heat of oxidation of the oxygen and silicon exceeds 2000 degrees C. and the silicon metal and oxidation products are in the vapor or liquid phase. At this time, the droplets become perfectly spherical particles due to surface tension. Further, in comparing to other synthesis methods, for example, colloidal silica or fumed silica, because there are no chemical compounds other than silicon and oxygen, the synthesized silica not only contains no impurities, such as, sodium, but it forms hard, minute spherical particles close to the theoretical specific gravity. The crystal silica, because its raw material is metal silicon powder, has high purity. Because the shape is perfectly spherical and the contact to the polished surface is a point, and because the hard particles are minute, compared to synthesized silica, polishing without scratching, or minimized scratching, is obtained. Further, crystal silica has better crystallization formation than fumed silica. By the better crystallization, polishing capability is more manifest than in colloidal silica or fumed silica. However, it is difficult to make particles smaller than 70 nm. For the cocoon-shaped silica particles and the combined crystal silica, a powder of average particle size 70˜500 nm is suitable, more desirable is 100˜300 nm.
When mixing both of the silica particles which have been dispersed in an aqueous medium such as DI water, the wet mechanical alloying method can be used. In this wet mechanical alloying method, the polishing compound and beads are placed inside the pulverizing vessel; by high speed rotation of the pulverizing vessel, the silica in the polishing compound is pulverized and combined by the beads. As a pulverizing medium used in the wet mechanical alloying method, materials such as silica beads, sintered alumina beads, zirconia, partially stabilized zirconia beads, etc. are available in the marketplace, but especially desirable are 0.1˜0.3 mm diameter zirconia beads partially stabilized with yttria; it is known that these beads are excellent having the most abrasion resistance. By the wet mechanical alloying method, the cocoon-shaped silica particles which are approximately �˜⅓ the size of the comparatively large crystal silica particles are forced to stick to the surface of the crystal silica particles, further they are held in suspension together with the more numerous cocoon-shaped silica particles. Because this kind of mixture is made, regarding the ratio of cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles, for cocoon-shaped silica, crystal silica at 0.5˜80 weight % is suitable, a desirable amount is 0.5˜40 weight %. Further desirable for 1 cocoon-shaped silica is 0.5˜20 weight % crystal silica. The ratio of each can be changed depending on the purpose of use; in the case of obtaining a polishing compound for stock removal polishing, for 1 cocoon-shaped silica, 50˜80 weight % crystal silica is desirable, in the case of a polishing compound for intermediate polishing, for 1 cocoon-shaped silica, 20˜50 weight % crystal silica is desirable, and in the case of a polishing compound for final step polishing, for 1 cocoon-shaped silica, 0.5˜20 weight % crystal silica is desirable.
Using the above described combined polishing abrasives, it is desirable to add a small amount of water-soluble polymers, as a means to maintain the cleanliness of the polished surface, free of haze (cloudiness). On the polished and clean surface of the substrate wafer, a hydrophilic layer is made for the purpose of preventing the appearance of stains called water marks. As disclosed in patent bulletin H11-116942 a chemical compound containing an alcohol hydroxyl group used at the same time is very effective. According to the invention, it is better to use a water-soluble polymer combined with an acid salt.
The combination of water-soluble polymers that can be used desirably according to this invention is at least one type selected from the groups including ammonium nitrate and ammonium acetate and at least one type selected from methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and the group including carboxymethylcellulose. According to an embodiment, an amount of multiple water-soluble polymers added is 0.01˜0.5 weight % total is suitable, a further embodiment of an amount is 0.1˜0.3 weight %, the smallest permitted amount for waste control. An embodiment of a combination of water-soluble polymers includes ammonium nitrate and hydroxyethylcellulose. Although somewhat water soluble, hydroxyethylcellulose and other forms of cellulose, are difficult to dissolve in water, and have a tendency for undissolved portions to appear, which can cause defective polishing slurries. First dissolving ammonium nitrate and afterwards dissolving hydroxyethyl cellulose is a method to make a uniform solution without the appearance of undissolved portions.
Even if partially stabilized zirconia beads are used as a mechanical alloying medium, the amount of abrasion is not zero, there is a very small amount of abrasion. The generated abrasion detritus, if it is present in the slurry, and during polishing, can easily be a cause of producing scratches on the wafer surface. It is desired to take away, remove, the abrasion detritus from the slurry. As a method to eliminate the abrasion detritus, ultra high speed centrifuge equipment, long-term settling, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, etc. are available, but as an appropriate method, ultrafiltration using hollow fibers is the most suitable. Without allowing particles larger than 1 micron to pass through walls of the hollow fibers, particles less than 0.5 microns are passed through. Ultrafiltration by passage through hollow fibers, just like blood flow through blood vessels, the fiber filter walls are always being self-cleaned and particles below 0.5 microns pass through the walls, and this arrangement returns the large particles. However, because there are hollow fibers, there is a very large filter surface area provided. This provides a favorable arrangement for filtering quietly, to the extent possible, applying no pressure, so as not to push and enlarge any defects in the filter. A compared with ordinary filtering methods using filter cloth, blockages in the filter cloth occur frequently, and the flow of filtrate becomes extremely low. Further, it is not easy to remove the blockages by washing.
Further, cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles can be combined using a high pressure homogenizer. By the collisions which the aqueous dispersants undergo with each other in the aqueous medium, a high pressure homogenizer can make a dispersed mixture of silica particles.
It is desirable that the amount of silica particles contained be 10˜25 weight % of the polishing compound, 10˜20 weight % is more desirable. For a slurry with a concentration exceeding 25 weight %, it can happen that colloidal breaking occurs, and gelation, after which even ultrasonic dispersion cannot return it to its original state. Conversely, in the case that the concentration is lower than 10 weight %, transportation fees increase and it is uneconomic. Ordinarily, for final polish, a 10 weight % liquid is used diluting with DI water 15˜20 times at the point of use.
Mixing 3 parts by volume TMOS and 1 part by volume methanol, the raw material solution is made for synthesis of cocoon-shaped silica particles. In a 10 liter reaction tank a reaction solvent is made by mixing previously prepared 1 weight % ammonia, 15 weight % DI water, and the remainder methanol. Because some amount of heat is generated by the reaction, the reaction temperature is maintained at 20� C. by cooling with cooling water. For 9 parts by volume of reaction solvent, 1 part raw material solution is introduced into the reaction tank over a 25 minute period at a steady rate. As a result, the cocoon-shaped particles are synthesized. After concentrating the synthesized slurry, the solids concentration is 15 weight %.
Crystal silica is made according to the following process. Purchasing high purity silica SO-E1 made by Admatechs Company obtained by the evaporation and oxidation of metal silicon using the specially shaped burner mentioned in Japanese patent bulletin H7-247105, 15 weight % is suspended in DI water to make a slurry. The average particle size of the cocoon-shaped silica particles is 80 nm diameter, and the crystal silica particles are in two types with size of 200 nm and 300 nm diameter. Further, photomicrographs of the particles are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. The cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica slurry was analyzed, and the amount of metal contaminants was extremely small. The results are presented in Table 1 of the Appendix.
To perform wet mechanical alloying combination, the combining was done using as a pulverizing machine SC Mill SC150/50XZ made by Mitsui Kozan Company and as a pulverizing medium YTZ 0.2 mm diameter beads (Zr2Y2O3 (5%)) made be Nikkato Company.
Regarding the silica solids content, 10 liters each of slurries with colloidal silica (cocoon-shaped silica particles) were prepared with proportions of crystal silica of 0.5 weight %, 50 weight %, 80 weight %, and 100 weight %. With the rotation speed of the SC Mill set at 1000 rpm high speed rotation, each slurry was mechanical-alloying combined for 10 minutes.
Afterwards, using a Toray Cube hollow fiber module made by Toray Engineering Company, ultrafiltration was carried out, then water-soluble hydroxyethylcellulose which had previously been dissolved in water to which ammonium nitrate had previously been added was added, finally ammonia was added to make a polishing slurry of 10.3 pH. The metal impurities content of the obtained slurry was very low.
The polishing rate of the polishing slurry obtained as mentioned above was compared to Rodel Company's Nalco 2350 stock removal polishing slurry which available in the commercial marketplace. For the results, the polishing conditions were the conditions shown in Table 2.
The results are shown in Table 3, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4.
In Table 3, RR is polishing rate, TTV is total thickness variation, rms is surface roughness, and Note is the test number. RPI Final Slurry is the polishing compound of this invention containing 0.5 weight % crystal silica particles with cocoon-shaped particles as a base (hereafter called RPI Final Slurry); RPI Intermediate Slurry is the polishing compound of this invention containing 50 weight % crystal silica particles with cocoon shaped particles as a base; RPI Stock Removal Slurry.A is the polishing compound of this invention containing 80 weight % crystal silica particles with cocoon shaped particles as a base; and RPI Stock Removal Slurry B is the polishing compound of this invention containing 100 weight % crystal silica particles with no cocoon-shaped particles.
From the results disclosed by Table 3, the following can be understood. The polishing capability of the 0.5 weight % crystal silica mechanical-combined in cocoon-shaped silica as a base was 0.48 times the speed of the Nalco2350. When the combined crystal silica is increased to raise the polishing capability, at 50% the speed is 0.60 times and at 80% 0.77 times.
In the slurry which was all 100% crystal silica, the polishing capability was 0.78 times the speed. At a crystal silica level of 100% the same polishing capability speed of the Nalco2350 is not obtained because there is a difference in the alkaline compounds; in examples comparing the strong alkaline pH adjusting agent KOH to NaOH which is used in the Nalco2350 almost the same level results should be obtained.
According to another embodiment, cocoon-shaped silica particles combined with 0.5 weight % and a final polishing slurry made by F company polished under the same polishing conditions (final polish) and the size of defects were compared. Polishing was done under the conditions of Table 4, see Appendix, using a Strasbaugh6-DS as a polishing test machine. During polishing, the slurry temperature was strictly controlled so that it would not rise (refer Table 6). Naturally it was necessary to match the load applied to the rotation motor closely. Defects (defects: number of LPD) and haze was measured using Surfacan 6229 model equipment made by Tencor Company, and evaluation of flatness (surface flatness, units Å) was done using New View 100 made by Zygo Company. These results were that the final polishing slurry combined with 0.5% crystal silica in cocoon-shaped particles as a base had the same level in final polishing as the prior F Company slurry. These results are shown in Table 5, FIG. 5, and FIG. 6. In this case, there was almost no difference in the condition of polishing rate. The cocoon-shaped silica particle slurry as a base has the same level of performance of final polishing as was obtained by prior slurries in the market. Examples of polishing operations of the three polishing steps; stock removal polishing, intermediate polishing, and final polishing, can easily be made by increasing or decreasing the amount of combined crystal silica as described above.
By this invention, through the joint use of cocoon-shaped silica particles and crystal silica particles, a polishing slurry is provided, which prevents silica agglomeration, and which does not cause the appearance of scratches or haze (cloudiness) caused by large agglomerations of particles, and which has no contaminants.
According to the invention, high purity and minute, hard, perfectly spherical silica (crystal silica) formed by the deflagration phenomenon is used to combine with cocoon-shaped silica particles by the wet mechanical combination method.
Previous to the invention, polishing was done using the same polishing machine for stock removal and intermediate polishing, and a different polishing machine for final polish. Further, depending on the conditions, different polishing machines were used for each of the three different polishing steps. With this invention, one polishing machine can be used for all three polishing processes.
Further, according to the invention, the lowest amount necessary of chemicals are used, not relying on the efficacy of chemical additives of water-soluble cellulose and types of water-soluble amines, which provides high purity polishing abrasives with minimized environmental impact on waste water.
Embodiments of the invention having been disclosed, other embodiments and modifications of the invention are intended to be covered by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Metal Impurities
units: ppm, parts per million.
colloidal silica
crystal silica
Stock Removal Polishing Conditions
applied pressure:
lower platen rotation speed:
workpiece rotation speed:
slurry flow rate:
polishing time:
Polishing Results
Nalco 2350
RPI Final Slurry
2, 3
RPI Intermediate Slurry
4, 5
RPI Stock Removal Slurry A
6, 7
RPI Stock Removal Slurry B
8, 9
Nalco 2350
Polishing Method
Polishing time, pressure
300 s 3 psi, 200 s 1 psi
Table head speed
74 rpm 3 psi, 60 rpm 1 psi
Slurry flow rate
300 ml/min
45 s
Total time
845 sec
1 wafer per polishing run
Ra (Å)
F Company, Slurry A
F Company, Slurry A
RPI Final
RPI Final
F Company, Slurry A
Maximum Pad
Table Motor
Order/W #
Temperature (� C.)
Load (Amps)
F Company Slurry A
F Company Slurry B
RPI Final
RPI Final
F Company Slurry B
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Mar 22, 1973
|Nov 4, 1975
|Minnesota Mining & Mfg
|Spheroidal composite particle and method of making
|Sep 18, 1987
|Jun 27, 1989
|Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
|Process for producing fine spherical silica
|Apr 27, 1992
|Nov 23, 1993
|Rodel, Inc.
|Compositions and methods for polishing and planarizing surfaces
|Dec 3, 1997
|Jun 10, 1998
|Fujimi Incorporated
|Polishing composition
|Jun 21, 1999
|Dec 29, 1999
|Fujimi Incorporated
|Polishing composition and surface treating composition
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Title not available
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 2, 2005
|Apr 7, 2009
|Dupont Air Products Nanomaterials Llc
|Free radical-forming activator attached to solid and used to enhance CMP formulations
|Jul 2, 2013
|Mar 17, 2015
|Basf Se
|Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) composition comprising a non-ionic surfactant and a carbonate salt
|Aug 30, 2005
|Mar 23, 2006
|Fujimi Incorporated
|Polishing composition and process for producing wiring structure using it
|Nov 2, 2005
|Jun 8, 2006
|Siddiqui Junaid A
|Free radical-forming activator attached to solid and used to enhance CMP formulations
|Jan 30, 2004
|Jul 13, 2006
|Toshio Nozaki
|Alkali-resistant cocoon-shaped colloidal silica particle and process for producing the same
|Apr 7, 2009
|Oct 8, 2009
|Junaid Ahmed Siddiqui
|Free Radical-Forming Activator Attached to Solid and Used to Enhance CMP Formulations
|Jul 2, 2013
|Jan 9, 2014
|Basf Se
|Chemical mechanical polishing (cmp) composition comprising a non-ionic surfactant and a carbonate salt
|U.S. Classification
|51/308, 106/3, 106/5, 51/303
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 18, 2001
Owner name: RODEL-NITTA CORPORATION, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SHIMAMOTO, HAJIME;ICHIKAWA, SHOJI;KONDO, KATSUMI;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011902/0306;SIGNING DATES FROM 20010201 TO 20010222
Owner name: ADMATECHS CO. LTD., JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SHIMAMOTO, HAJIME;ICHIKAWA, SHOJI;KONDO, KATSUMI;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011902/0306;SIGNING DATES FROM 20010201 TO 20010222
|Jul 15, 2003
|Certificate of correction
|Jun 15, 2004
Owner name: ROHM AND HAAS ELECTRONIC MATERIALS CMP HOLDINGS, I
Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:RODEL HOLDINGS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:014725/0685
Effective date: 20040127
|Oct 10, 2006
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 9, 2010
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 10, 2014
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


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KTRU Due Back on FM Dial Next Friday
John Royal
KTRU, the beloved Rice University student-radio station that was relegated to the Internet and one of KPFT's HD channels after its frequency at 91.7 FM was bought by the University of Houston in 2011, announced this morning it will return to the FM dial next Friday.
The new low-power frequency will be 96.1 FM, broadcasting from an antenna atop Rice Stadium under the official call letters KBLT-LP. According to a press release, the station's coverage area should stretch approximately from Loop 610 south to Buffalo Bayou, and the station will continue to refer to itself as KTRU. It will cease using KPFT's HD-2 frequency, which it had been using since going off air in April 2011; it is also available through a number of apps including I Heart Radio.
"Not only is this an important step in KTRU's story, but it's also extremely important for the Houston music community, since no station on the FM dial right now focuses on exposing local and emerging talent quite like KTRU does," said KTRU music librarian George Barrow. "It's amazing to be a part of this organization during one of its most important transitions."
"There were so many people who played crucial roles — Congress, who passed the legislation in 2010 (the Local Community Radio Act) that made our kind of station a possibility; the lawyers and engineers engaged to design and secure everything; four years of station managers and students to work on it," adds Ian Wells, longtime host of KTRU's The Local Show. "I would have to call out the successive station managers Emily Meigs, Sal Tijerina, Nick Ryder, Kevin Bush and Joey Yang, who led the station during the process, and general manager Will Robedee, who quietly made sure the entire thing happened, station engineer Ross Cooper for plugging it all in, and all the people who toiled away out of the spotlight."
Upcoming Events
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TicketsSat., Sep. 30, 8:00pm
KTRU will also celebrate its return to FM with a free concert at 8 p.m. Thursday night in the Grand Hall of Rice Memorial Center on campus featuring Robert Ellis, Buxton and Deep Cuts. Conveniently, Thursday is also National College Radio Day.
Ironically, U of H recently announced that it plans to put 91.7 FM up for sale and move the programming there to an HD channel of its home frequency of 88.7 FM.
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Tag Archives: Louisville
Audio Interview with Roni Jonah and Jason Crowe
Check out my audio interview from The Full Moon Fest in Chattanooga with Roni Jonah and Jason Crowe as they talk about the film "The Zombie Movie". I had interviewed Roni by herself a few weeks ago and was glad … Continue reading
Posted in Horror Conventions, Interviews Tagged Chatanooga, full moon, Horror, Horror Convetion, Horrorhound, Jason Crowe, Kentucky, Louisville, Roni Jonah, stacey dixon, The Zombie Movie, Tn, Tucky Williams, Zombies Leave a comment
Fright Night Film Fest / Fandom Fest
One of my favorite horror conventions from last year was the Fright Night Film Fest. Ken and Myra Daniels who put on the show each year in Louisville, Ky have a very special show planned for 2011. Not only will … Continue reading


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found a new home!
Plenty of my friends are looking
for one too. Find a pet to adopt.
I am already neutered, up to date with shots, good with kids, and good with dogs.
Shadow is a 9 week old Husky mix that hails from north of Wasilla. He probably has a bit of border collie in him too, but he is mainly Husky. He was the puppy that was featured with Santa Paws on Channel 2 that stole the show. He is a very sweet pup and he knows it too! Shadow is shy at first. He may take a moment to take in his surroundings or people and then he warms up. Once he's reached a comfort level he seems to have some moxie and is playful. He certainly enjoys his snuggles too. He is a chewer and will need some appropriate chew toys otherwise you can expect him to go after your fingers! Right now his favorite toys are stuffed animals. He is a curious little guy so he will need to be redirected when necessary. He fits well into most packs and is a pretty submissive dog most of the time. His favorite past times are sleeping, eating and drinking his water....he loves water! He will need to be enrolled in a basic obedience class as soon as he is through with his puppy shots to learn proper behaviors such as not to bite, etc.
*Update* We do suggest that he not be in a home with very small children. He is currently in a home with small children and has played well with them, but we have noticed after clinic this weekend that he is starting to come out of his shell and has some sharp teeth and he needs to learn that those teeth go on stuffed animals and chew toys and not humans :)
For more information or to meet this sweet boy, please call his foster mom Heather:346-2737. Please note this is a home number so please do not try to text this number. Heather will get back to you as soon as possible.
Shadow, a Wasilla Border Collie/Husky puppy was adopted! Here's how you can benefit by looking at adoption as an option to buying a Border Collie/Husky for sale in Wasilla, or seeking a Border Collie/Husky puppy from a breeder in Wasilla.


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Producer/director Daniel Schmidt and ColorBurn Productions have chosen Sachtler to support their new documentary series, "Science Outsiders," about NASA's search for the origins of life.
"We are shooting in some really cool locations — from NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab in Pasadena (CA), to vast cave complexes in Italy, glaciers high in the Canadian Rockies and at Yellowstone's famous hot springs," Schmidt said.
Because the production requires Schmidt to travel to various locations, minimizing the amount of equipment needed is important.
"I chose Sachtler's SOOM with the FSB 6 head because I knew I would get great support for various DSLR camera setups: long lenses, dolly sliders, rail systems with matte box and follow focus, and external monitors," he said.
For this shoot, Schmidt took advantage of all of the SOOM's functions. He could use the TriSpread as a minispreader to stabilize the tripod or as a set of baby legs; SOOM TriPod to get the camera up to 55.9in; SOOM Tube as a monopod with maximum height of 61.8in for watching over things or in tight places; and SOOM XL System, combining TriPod and TriSpread, for a maximum height of 98.4in.
See Sachtler at the 2011 NAB Show in Booth C6033.
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6913 Belair Rd, Baltimore, MD, 21206
4020 Eastern Ave
2.79 mi
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Inexpensive way to shop your household needs. Get photos done here cheaply and they turn out high quality.More Nearby Locations »
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0.65 mi
My husband was at this hospital for at least 4 operations and we were treated with kindness and professionalism. I have worked at many hospitals and feel this is top of the line. Jean Ledoux RN,BSN (I
5.Mt Vernon Pharmacy
900 Cathedral St Ste 8
0.73 mi
Nice people and excellent personal service.
6.Rite Aid
2801 Foster Ave
2.06 mi
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if you have issues finding a parking spot in the city call your congressman to make more spots.. close down that drug infested patterson park and make it a parking garage.. your personnal parking probMore Nearby Locations »
7.Howard Pharmacy
405 N Paca St
0.62 mi
Howard's Pharmacy is the very best. They work hard to meet all there patients.they deliver they will allow you to get you prescriptions even.if you don't have your copay money you just bring money the
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A personalized green lantern mask. My contribution for Halloween 2011. There are numerous green lantern rings on here you can print to go along with the mask.
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Get it by Monday August 28th by choosing the expedited option during checkout.
Easy to clean as its wipeable
Folds flat when not in use
Two handles make it easy to tote
Does laundry seem to be taking over your child's nursery or bedroom? The 3 Sprouts laundry hamper is the perfect
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This cherry blossom wallet craft kit is a great project with an adorable pay off. This easy to craft step by step craft project features pre-cut and washable felt pieces, needle instructions and thread.
All steps are shown in step by step photos but instructions are not in English.
Great summer craft project!
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Russian Head of General Staff Gerasimov hands award weapon to Syrian generalMilitary & Defense August 19, 9:10
German politician says Crimea should to be recognized as part of RussiaWorld August 19, 6:22
Russian Emergencies Ministry carries out over 430 humanitarian missions abroad since 1993Society & Culture August 19, 6:18
Olympic diving champion Zakharov to carry Russia's flag at opening ceremony of UniversiadeSport August 19, 4:11
New defense attorney to be appointed in former Ukrainian president's high treason caseWorld August 19, 4:04
Mayor says Izmir International Fair homage to memory of late Russian ambassadorWorld August 19, 3:59
Putin, Medvedev emphasize need to restore cultural facilities in CrimeaSociety & Culture August 19, 3:43
El Pais: all four suspects in Barcelona terror attack shot deadWorld August 19, 3:36
Foreign Ministry speaker Zakharova very passionate about her dollhouseRussian Politics & Diplomacy August 18, 23:01
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MOSCOW, March 28. /TASS/. In teamwork with Belgian researches and Dutch police, Russian scientists have designed a computer program that can automatically spot child molesters in online chats, the National Research University at the Higher School of Economics reported on Monday.
The program designed by National Research University scientists is already used by Dutch police, its press release said. Analysis for research was based on a big number of texts. Texts were supplied by criminal police, while Russian specialists were responsible for the theoretical background of the system.
"We were to find out characteristics indicating that it was most probably a chat with a pedophile," the press service quoted a senior associate from the Higher School of Economics, Alexey Neznanov, as saying. All suspicions words and phrases were selected. Apart from the words themselves, the base included all possible options, such as abbreviations, mistakes and corruptions.
As a result of research, software was designed to make the process of search for pedophiles automatic.
Software was tested empirically; the results of research were described in a series of scientific articles.


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I don't want to push you away, my baby. Every day I get that bit better but it will be a tough journey until my broken soul is fixed. I only hope that you can stick by me through this last hurdle so I can begin my life anew and I can heal.
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***Discrete Math ***
posted by Jane .
I'm not sure how to start part(a). I believe part (b) is correct, but just in case I would like to make sure it's correct.
(a) Explain p^(q-1) = 1 modq , If p and
q are distinct primes.
Ans: I was thinking of doing
something like part (b) but I
felt it was somehow wrong
because I wouldn't know how to
go from there.
(b) Determine 17^(98) mod 7 (give
answer in mod 7)
Ans: a=17, p=7 a^(p-1)=1 mod p
==> 17^6 = 1 mod 7
[17]^6 = [1]
[17]^98= [(17)^6]^(16) * (17)^2
[1]^16 * [17]^2 = 289
Therefore, 17^98 = 289 mod7
Part a:
(all expressions are Mod q)
Consider the q-1 numbers p, 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p,...,(q-1)p.
All these numbers are different and nonzero. If ap = bp and p and q don't have divisors in common then a = b. So, a - b must be zero or a multiple of q, which means that all the q - 1 multiples of p are different and nonzero.
Since there are only q-1 nonzero numbers Mod q:
1, 2, 3, ... q-1,
this means that the numbers
p, 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p,...,(q-1)p
are just the numbers
1, 2, 3,... q-1
but in some different order.
This means that:
1*2*3*4*...*(q-1) =
We can write:
p*(2p)*(3p)*(4p)*...*(q-1)p =
p^(q-1) *1*2*3*...*(q-1)
And it follows that:
p^(q-1) = 1
I b)
You can simplify a but more by using that 17 = 3
So, you get 3^2 = 9 = 2 as the answer.
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Introduction : Breakthrough cancer pain has been defined as a transitory increase in pain intensity that occurs either spontaneously or in relation to a specific predictable or unpredictable trigger, despite relatively stable and adequately controlled background pain. The availability of supplemental doses of oral opioids, in addition to the continuous analgesic medication, is the main treatment suggested to manage pain flares. Areas covered : Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) is the first product of a new generation of delivery systems, named rapid-onset opioids (ROOs), characterized by rapidity of effect and the short duration of analgesia. Controlled studies and long-term experience have shown that OTFC is an effective treatment for breakthrough pain management and its use should be considered in any patient experiencing breakthrough pain related to cancer. Expert opinion : The onset of action of OTFC - demonstrated to start within 15 min - and the short time to maximum concentration make it a useful indication for breakthrough pain; dose titration is commonly recommended. However, it is likely that patients receiving high doses of opioids for background analgesia will not be candidates for titration with minimal initial doses of OTFC, as they are opioid tolerant and the process would be time consuming.
University of Palermo, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo and Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care & Emergencies, Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit and Pain Relief and Palliative Care Unit , Via san Lorenzo 312, 90145 Palermo , Italy +39 091 6806521
This article was published in the following journal.
Name: Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy
Breakthrough Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review of Pharmacologic Management .
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Breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) has not been properly evaluated and treated because there are relatively few available measurements. The breakthrough pain assessment tool (BAT) is currently recognized...
Current Concepts of Phenylpiperidine Derivatives Use in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Pain.
Phenylpiperidines are a chemical class of drugs with a phenyl moiety directly attached to piperidine. These agents have an important role in many aspects of medicine including anesthesia and pain medi...
Opioids for cancer pain - an overview of Cochrane reviews.
Pain is a common symptom with cancer, and 30% to 50% of all people with cancer will experience moderate to severe pain that can have a major negative impact on their quality of life. Opioid (morphine-...
Pharmacogenomics and Patient Treatment Parameters to Opioid Treatment in Chronic Pain: A Focus on Morphine, Oxycodone, Tramadol, and Fentanyl.
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Long Term Safety Study of Nasalfent (Fentanyl Citrate Nasal Spray) for Treatment of Breakthrough Cancer Pain
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OraVescent Fentanyl (OVF) for the Treatment of Breakthrough Pain in Opioid Tolerant Cancer Patients
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Breakthrough Pain
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A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.
An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.
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An anesthesiologist (US English) or anaesthetist (British English) is a physician trained in anesthesia and perioperative medicine. Anesthesiologists are physicians who provide medical care to patients in a wide variety of (usually acute) situations. ...
Head and neck cancers
Cancer can occur in any of the tissues or organs in the head and neck. There are over 30 different places that cancer can develop in the head and neck area. Mouth cancers (oral cancers) - Mouth cancer can develop on the lip, the tongue, the floor...
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RELATED: LaHood joins Proterra board
The bus, which ran at an average speed of 29 miles per hour with the HVAC system running, was charged periodically throughout the day, using Proterra's proprietary fast-charging process. This technology allows a bus to fully charge in less time than it takes to charge a cell phone.Proterra is the only EV bus manufacturer with buses currently in revenue service in the U.S. Its buses operate in San Antonio; Worcester, Mass.; Reno, Nev.; Stockton, Calif.; Pomona, Calif.; and Tallahassee, Fla.; with deliveries scheduled for Nashville, Tenn.; and Louisville, Ky., among others.
Based on the strong performance of its buses, Proterra has earned repeat orders from several agencies and played a key role in spurring the interest in and growth of EV transit throughout the country, according to the company.
This purchase marks the company's first airport customer and the first airport electric bus deployment in the Carolinas.
Edmonton's replacement of aging fleet vehicles with more efficient, air-conditioned models supports an ETS goal of transforming the transit experience.
The buses will be deployed in the City of Philadelphia and surrounding suburbs of Delaware, Montgomery, Bucks, and Chester, supporting four million people living in and around southeastern Pennsylvania.
The option uses electrification to power accessory components for additional fuel economy.
New buses will include enhanced safety and comfort, better driver visibility, pedestrian turn warning, Wi-Fi, and USB ports to improve the bus rider experience.
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$1.4M Offered To Anyone Who Can Beat Cocky MMA Fighter
He's the same guy who defeated that tai chi master in a viral video
He's the same guy who defeated that tai chi master in a viral video
Remember that viral video last week of an MMA practicioner knocking down and beating a Tai Chi master in a matter of 10 seconds? Well, someone just made some serious bets.
How serious? Let's just say you'd be swimming in wads of cash in no time if you get to beat the MMA fighter who won in the video.
According to the South China Morning Post, Chinese tycoon Chen Sheng has offered a total of $1.45 million (roughly P72 million) to anyone who can take down Xu.
Chen made the offer after he apparently felt that Xu disrespected the Chinese martial arts culture when the latter made cocky comments saying that he was eliminating the "fake fighters" in the world of martial arts.
The reward was set up so that the winner of each match in five different challenges Xu takes on gets somewhere around $218,000 (roughly P10.8 million), while the loser still walks away with $72,400 (roughly P3.6 million).
Of course, this means that Xu can walk home with over a million dollars if he managers to win against all five challengers.
Xu meanwhile has been busy accepting a steady flow of challenges from various martial artists he angered.
Western Digital introduces the mighty My Book Duo
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Remember Ian Fleming's 'Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'?
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When you're ready come and get her na-na-na-na
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By Wayne G. Sayles, 208pp. hb, dj. fully illustrated, charts, tables, maps, 1998, Krause Publications. New, signed by the author. The Romaioi, Greek citizens of the Roman East, stood squarely in the
path of Islamic expansion and helped save Europe from being overrun by
powerful tribes from the East. Their coinage reveals a society with
strong religious undercurrents and divergent philosophies, but plagued
by political and financial crises.
Wechselkurs: 08/18/17
Ancient Coin Collecting - Vol III, 2nd ed. : Roman Politics and Propaganda
Society and Culture in Medieval India (1206-1556 A.D.)
Group of Five Celator Back Issues
A Third Century Hoard of Tetradrachms from Gordion


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Enjoy this hand-painted tin dark cream ornament with holly and vines painted and accented with red glitter. Message reads: For unto us a child is born.
5 1/4"H X 4 1/2"W X 1"D. Overall: 8 1/2" Tall.
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text: Home Recipes Winning Recipes Grand Prize Winning Recipes Share: Grand Prize Winning Recipes Looking for grand prize winning recipes? Find grand prize winning recipes including best vegetarian recipes, best easy recipes, best dinner recipes, and more grand prize winning recipes. Recipe Spotlight Twisted Eggs Benedict Salad Noelle Myers Salad for breakfast? Absolutely. You can prepare everything but the dressing and chill it overnight; in the morning dress the salad and poach the eggs. —Noelle Myers, Grand Forks, North Dakota Get Recipe More Grand Prize Winning Recipes Sort: Most Relevant Highest Rated Previous Page 1 2 3 ... 48 Next Page Mexican Chicken Corn Chowder Mexican Chicken Corn Chowder I like to make this smooth, creamy soup when company comes to visit. Its zippy flavor is full of Southwestern flair. My family enjoys dipping slices of homemade bread in this chowder to soak up every bite! —Susan Garoutte, Georgetown, Texas View Recipe Chicken in Basil Cream Chicken in Basil Cream When I first read this recipe, I thought it looked difficult. But because I had all the ingredients readily at hand, I gave it a try. Am I glad I did! Not only it is simple to prepare, it tastes. —Judy Baker Craig, Colorado View Recipe Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Cheesecake Chocolate Chip Cookie Dough Cheesecake I created this recipe to combine two of my all-time favorites: cheesecake for the grown-up in me and chocolate chip cookie dough for the little girl in me. Sour cream offsets the sweetness and adds a nice tang. Everyone who tries this scrumptious treat loves it. —Julie Craig, Kewaskum, Wisconsin View Recipe Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Over-the-Top Blueberry Bread Pudding Over-the-Top Blueberry Bread Pudding "This delicious Southern treat boasts out-of-this-world flavor and eye appeal. You just may want to skip the main course and go straight to dessert. It's a favorite for our summer celebrations." Marilyn Haynes - Sylacauga, Alabama View Recipe Best Curried Pumpkin Soup Best Curried Pumpkin Soup I whipped up this satisfying soup last Thanksgiving for my family, and everyone was crazy about it! Even my brother, who is one of the pickiest eaters I know, asked for seconds. -Kimberly Knepper, Euless, Texas View Recipe Crunchy Romaine Strawberry Salad Crunchy Romaine Strawberry Salad This is such an impressive salad! It's been a hit with people of all ages at every get-together we've ever brought it to. In addition to being pretty and colorful, it's a snap to make. And the mouthwatering combination of tastes and textures seems to please every palate.—Leslie Lancaster, Zachary, Louisiana View Recipe Neighborhood Bean Soup Neighborhood Bean Soup Even though I'm single, I make multiple servings of everything. Actually, this tendency has helped me to get to know my neighbors. A few of them always volunteer to be my guinea pigs whenever I try out a new recipe or two. —Cheryl Trowbridge, Windsor, Ontario View Recipe Pepperoni Pizza Loaf Pepperoni Pizza Loaf This savory stromboli relies on frozen bread dough, so it comes together in no time. The golden loaf is stuffed with cheese, pepperoni, mushrooms, peppers and olives. I often add a few slices of ham, too. It's tasty served with warm pizza sauce for dipping. —Jenny Brown, West Lafayette, Indiana View Recipe Herbed Dinner Rolls Herbed Dinner Rolls After I had my sixth child, a friend dropped off dinner, including these rolls, which start in a bread machine. They were so delicious that I quickly bought my own machine so I could make them myself. —Dana Lowry, Hickory, North Carolina View Recipe Pecan Pie Mini Muffins Pecan Pie Mini Muffins While these are delicious year-round, you could easily turn them into an edible Christmas gift. They look festive on a decorative tray wrapped in red or green cellophane or tucked into a giveaway cookie plate. And don't forget to include the recipe so your recipient can enjoy this treat over and over again! —Pat Schrand, Enterprise, Alabama View Recipe Spicy Bean and Beef Pie Spicy Bean and Beef Pie My daughter helped me come up with this recipe when we wanted a one-dish meal that was different than a casserole. This pie slices nicely and is a fun and filing dish. —Debra Dohy, Massillon, Ohio View Recipe Previous Page 1 2 3 ... 48 Next Page Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT


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December 13th happens to be the birthday of a man who has Victory in his name. Victory Venkatesh turns 51 today. Born in 1960 into the family of movie moghul Dr. D.Ramanaidu, Venkatesh grew up in Chennai and completed his schooling there. He made his movie debut with the film 'Kaliyuga Pandavulu' in 1986 and has quickly established himself as one of the top heroes of the Telugu Film Industry.
He has earned a name for himself as a versatile and talented artiste. 7 Nandi Awards and 4 Filmfare awards are a testament to his skill as an actor. Some of his most famous hits include Bobbili Raja, Swarnakamalam, Shatruvu, Coolie No.1, Kshana Kshanam, Chanti, Dharma Chakram, Preminchukundam Raa, Nuvvu Naaku Nacchav etc.
Venkatesh is a family man to the core and his pleasant nature has earned him many friends in the industry.He is coming up with a new film titled 'Bodyguard' and is also acting in a multistarrer, Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu, with Mahesh Babu.
123telugu.com wishes Victory Venkatesh a Very Happy Birthday.
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