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Community level feedback Community evaluation Workshop participants Requirements for the workshop Tree dictionary Back Cover Title: Participatory research for rural development in Zimbabwe : a report of a training workshop for ENDA Zimbabwe Trees Project CITATION THUMBNAILS PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00089919/00001 Material Information Title: Participatory research for rural development in Zimbabwe : a report of a training workshop for ENDA Zimbabwe Trees Project Physical Description: Book Language: English Creator: Scoones, Ian Donor: Marianne Schmink ( endowment ) Publisher: International Institute for Environment and Development Subjects Subject: Africa ( lcsh ) Spatial Coverage: Africa -- Zimbabwe Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00089919 Volume ID: VID00001 Source Institution: University of Florida Holding Location: African Studies Collections in the Department of Special and Area Studies Collections, George A. Smathers Libraries Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Table of Contents Front Cover Front Cover Title Page Page 1 Table of Contents Page 2 Introduction Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Workshop programme Page 8 Page 9 Experiences of village based research Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Rapid appraisal techniques for CWs and VBRs Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 15a Page 16 Page 16a Page 16b Page 17 Page 18 Page 18a Page 19 Page 20 Page 20a Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Community level feedback Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Page 35 Page 36 Page 37 Community evaluation Page 38 Page 39 Page 40 Workshop participants Page 41 Requirements for the workshop Page 42 Tree dictionary Page 43 Page 44 Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Back Cover Page 52 Full Text ENDA ENVIRONMENTAL UNIT WORKING PAPER MERGE 236 J . Participatory Research for Rural Development in Zimbabwe: A report of a training workshop for ENDA Zimbabwe Trees Project Compiled by IAN SCOONES IIED s- ~ INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENT AND D E V LOP M E N T ENDA-ZIMBABWE ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ZIMBABWE PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: A REPORT OF A TRAINING WORKSHOP FOR ENDA-ZIMBABWE TREES PROJECT Maketo Community Hall, Msipane, Runde Communal Area, Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe March 28th 31st 1989 Compiled by Ian Scoones, Sustainable Agriculture Programme, IIED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: A REPORT OF A TRAINING WORKSHOP FOR ENDA-ZIMBABWE TREES PROJECT Maketo Community Hall, Msipane, Runde Communal Area, Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe March 28th 31st CONTENTS Introduction Workshop Objectives Background to the Project Workshop Programme Experiences of Village Based Research Community Acceptance Problems Faced by Local Resarchers Biases in Information Sampling Problems Logistics Rapid Appraisal Techniques for CWs and VBRs Farmer Transect and Aerial Photo Analysis Seasonality Marketing Issues Preference Ranking Community Level Feedback Group Meetings Ways of Stimulating Debate and Discussion Feedback Presentations Community Evaluation Appendix 1: Workshop Participants Appendix 2: Requirements for the Workshop Appendix 3: Tree Dictionary PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: A REPORT OF A TRAINING WORKSHOP FOR ENDA-ZIMBABWE TREES PROJECT Maketo Community Hall, Msipane, Runde Communal Area, Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe March 28th 31st INTRODUCTION Workshop Objectives The workshop was attended by the full staff of the ENDA-Zimbabwe community management of woodland project (see appendix 1). The aims of the training exercise were: To assess the research experiences of the Village Based Researchers (VBRs) during the previous three months, to identify problems and design solutions. * To train the Community Workers (CWs) and VBRs in participatory research techniques that will be of use in community level planning and research. * To use these techniques to conduct a rapid appraisal of tree resource issues, with a particular focus on fruit trees, in two Village Development Committees (Vidcos). * To assess techniques for community feedback of project research. To examine the options for project evaluation by communities who have been involved in the project. Background to the Project The ENDA project is developing a participatory approach to research and extension for community management of woodland resources. The area is semi-arid with a varied environment. The project focuses on a participatory, adaptive and fine-tuned approach, rather than on orthodox particular technical packages. The project evolved out of a research process between 1985 and 1987 in Mazvihwa Communal Area (CA). A variety of techniques are used to give the local people an opportunity to articulate their concerns, needs and objectives. The research is linked to village level planning of tree resources conducted at the VIDCO level. This process enables the people of each area to make their own response to the perceived woodland problems, using a variety of approaches. These include planting in homes and fields, planting in community woodlots, managing communal woodland regeneration through protection or enhancing systems of rule making. Work with farmers since i986 has clearly demonstrated that trees are considered central to the production system of this semi-arid area. Trees meet a variety of needs, requiring different tree species in different situations. Certain indigenous trees, for example raise soil fertility and enhance soil moisture, and so are often left in fields against government agricultural extension advice. Others are frequently wanted as shade and fruit trees, often exotics, in homesteads. In the communal woodlands trees that are good browse for stock, provide firewood and building timber, and have fewer competitive interactions with grass tend to be desired. Ecological variation and historical factors, among a range of determinants, mean that the precise resources and needs of each area are different. Community rule making about utilisation of tree resources is an important institution in local society, even if not entirely effective. For example, a number of especially valuable species can only be cut for very specific purposes. Certain areas are also protected from cutting. In the wider woodland, cutting is supposed to be scattered so as to prevent over-exploitation of particular patches. With the shift from chiefly authority to elected committees since independence, and with increasing woodland pressure, these rules have had to change and adapt. The project facilitates this where appropriate. This is important as many communities feel that more effective management of existing woodland is likely to be more productive than the mass planting L of seedlings. The project approach fosters a dialogue between the Community Worker and the community through a series of interviews and meetings at the village level. The CWs are resident farmers who are well known to the communities they are working with. The research process allows the Vidco to assess and analyse the local situation and come up with a management plan, suited to local L conditions. This is the result of a one week appraisal and a village meeting facilitated by the ENDA community worker (CW). It is a reversal of the top-down message or package oriented extension approach of conventional forestry and natural resource conservation projects. The CWs establish what numbers of which species indigenous and exotic are required in each VIDCO area using interviews and group discussions. Seeds are provided by the community and the seedlings grown in village based nurseries. They are planted according to the village management plan during the rainy season. Some fencing is also supplied to protect trees form browsing animals. Communal woodland planting is generally a combination of replanting bare patches and enrichment planting of highly valued species. Individual farmers also collect seedlings for planting in their homes and fields. Rural institutions, such as schools and clinics are also given support in tree planting activities. Since late 1987 the project has been operational in four areas - Runde, Mazvihwa, Chivi North and Chivi South. Each area has a community worker who facilitates community planning in two wards during the year. During the initial project phases ENDA has supported the nurseries and planting activities, as well as the community workers. In the coming phases of the project certain activities are will be taken up and run by the community. ENDA has set out to learn from the project experience. There are two parallel research activities that aim to assess the project's impacts and suggest future directions. One research project is attempting to establish a comparative idea of woody biomass availability and use in the four project areas. Studies are being carried out on: the woody biomass resources in each area, the woodland dynamics of different vegetation associations, firewood consumption, brick burning, construction uses. .Germination and survival rates of nursery produced seedlings are also being investigated. The other study is investigating the socio-political-religious factors that determine the :ability of Vidcos and rural communities to effectively plan and manage natural resources. The effectiveness of the project's participatory approach is being evaluated as part of this study. Central to these research activities are the team of village based researchers (VBRs). These are local people who have recieved some secondary education and are resident in the project areas. There are 16 VBRs representing all the wards where the project is active. The role of the VBRs is to assist in the collection of information for the research projects in their home areas, to feedback research results to the community, to carry out community evaluation of project activities and to support the CWs in village level planning for woodland resources. The aim of the training workshop was to improve the capacity of the VBRs and the CWs in research, feedback and evaluation using participatory techniques. WORKSHOP PROGRAMME Tuesday 28th: Introduction to workshop objectives; administrative issues (30 min). Working groups: listing of problems with research carried out so far interviews, fuelwood studies, woodland transects (45 min). Plenary report back (45 min) Wednesday 29th: Research techniques: Understanding seasonality issues; Preference ranking; Farmer transects and aerial photograph analysis: group excercises (3 h). Fieldwork: Walking transects and aerial photograph mapping in 2 Vidcos (2.5 h). Analysis: drawing the transect diagram; examining time series aerial photographs (2 h). Thursday 30th: Plenary: Group presentation of transect results and aerial photograph analysis (1 h)'. Fieldwork: Subgroups carry out interviews on seasonality of fruit tree production, use and marketing, the economics of fruit trees, and preference ranking of fruit trees in 2 vidco areas (4 h). Analysis: Construction of seasonality diagram; analysis of preference ranking results; assessment of marketing and economics information (3 h). Friday 31st: Plenary: Presentation of appraisal results; discussion (2.5 h). Community feed back mechanisms listing advantages and disadvantages of possible options in working groups - presentation and discussion. (1 h) Role play: Preparation of feedback presentations in working groups on fruit trees, fuelwood, tree planting and construction - Presentation of drama, song and dance pieces (1.5 h). Group meetings and the role of feedback in the project: discussion (30 min) Evaluation and assessing community participation: Working groups draw up list of possible questions discussion (1 h). Project announcements: Schools drama workshops, nursery techniques training sessions, work plan for VBR research (45 min). EXPERIENCES OF VILLAGE BASED RESEARCH The following is a list of the key issues brought up by the VBRs and CWs reported by four working groups: Community acceptance A number of groups commented that fears were aroused in the communities with the start of research activities. Some people feared that they would be arrested if they admitted cutting wood, others commented that transects in the grazing areas aroused suspicions of grazing scheme plans or destocking. Others noted that people were unsure of the outcome of the project and suspected that they might be forced into payments at a later date. Some locals had been suspicious of the motives of the researchers and questioned the benefits of projects on the basis of past experience. They asked: "What will be the outcome of the research? Many projects have come in other areas and have failed whilst people have been used." The group discussion dwelt on the issue of community acceptance for some time. It was noted that the historical inheritance of oppressive and top-down natural resource management regulations and rural planning was something that had to be lived with and only through time and exposure to alternative approaches will sceptics gain confidence. The need to relate sensitively to community concerns during interviews was also raised. Issues relating to interview conduct that were highlighted in the January workshop were covered again. The workshop resolved to focus on community feedback as a priority issue during the coming year. The importance of forging an effective working team between the CWs and VBRs was also emphasised. Problems faced by local researchers Several groups commented that local jealousies had been aroused with the employment of VBRs. Similar problems arise when lineage/political affiliations had apparently been favoured. This .ad resulted in some families objecting to the project. The perennial problem of who to interview was also highlighted. Some objected to being interviewed, others feel they are being missed out. Some VBRs noted the problems faced when doing research in one's own home (eg parents may want other tasks done). These problems have few solutions, except through the reemphasis of the system of employment (on merit and a restriction of one VBR per ward) and a sympathetic acceptance of the wishes of individuals not to be interviewed. Biases in information A number of instances were cited where information returns were known to be inaccurate. This related in particular to the source of firewood. In certain areas firewood is collected illegally from commercial farms, but people are loathe to admit this for fear of arrest. The discussion agreed that this was a problem, but one common to all rural research on such issues. The advantage of researchers resident in the rural areas is that they can know when information is likely to be biased and make a record. Nearly all other studies are not in a position to make such corrections. Sampling problems Questions about sampling procedure for the research studies were raised by all groups. The principles of sampling in research were reiterated and the system employed for the various studies was reviewed. Logistics Practical problems of transport, difficulties in measurement techniques etc were brought up. The workshop resolved to investigate possible solutions. RAPID APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES FOR CWs AND VBRs The ENDA research project has two directions of information flow. One is from the community through the CW or VBR and directly back to the community. The other is from the community through the VBR .and CW to the ENDA professional staff for project assessment, 'report and policy paper writing. -Both information flows require research results that can be .rapidly assessed and assimilated, either for community feedback or for on-going project review. A critical element of the building of the research capacity of the CWs and VBRs is to equip them with techniques that allow rapid assessment and analysis. It is an important emphasis of the role of the VBRs that local capacity for analysis and feedback is strengthened. The workshop opened with a discussion about the use of information collected in rural areas: "What do we do about the information we collect? Do we just sit with it by ourselves? We can use it for ourselves. We can say we know alot and tell people in Harare. But how do we use it in a valuable way? We need to be able to throw our findings back to the' community. They need to be able to say: 'No, you are wrong it is not like that'. Then we, the researchers, can ask a better set of questions and assist the projects' progress. We are aiming to come up with an effective model about rural development and feedback to the people. You cannot just pocket the information! We cannot make the best use of it in Zvishavane, Harare or in England. It is here in the rural areas that the owners of the information can make best use of it." Three appraisal and analysis techniques were introduced at the workshop: Walking transect. and aerial photograph analysis, seasonality diagrams and preference ranking. This built on the training in interview approaches carried out at the previous workshop. Each of the techniques has some elements in common: All rely on semi-structured interviewing S All require interaction between the researcher and farmer in open discussion All are attempts at assessing local perceptions and conditions. All use simple diagrams or tables to analyse the information rapidly Farmer transect and aerial photo analysis Classroom session The importance of analysing spatial characteristics was introduced. In terms of the project the spatial assessment of village woodland resources and problems as part of the community planning process was emphasised. In addition, the wider assessment of biomass resources -in the project area was on the research agenda and aerial photographs had been ordered. Activities: Working groups were given photo 'snaps' covered with acetate sheets and asked to outline the main features with marker pens. These features were then marked with a key. Following this the groups had to assess what other information was contained in the photographs (Figure 1) Aerial photographs were introduced as a method for getting a different and wider perspective than that normally recorded on the ground. Aerial photos can be used: * to assess different areas and land categories, * to assess changes over time, * to assist work on the ground * to help focus discussion with farmers on issues on space and land-use change. Working groups were asked to outline and key different land categories on a 1:50000 aerial photograph of the Runde project area. The following categories were outlined: Arable land, grazing/woodland, rivers/ waterways, settlement, -roads (Figure 2). UF re 1: 1. "oad ci r o P Ef al.e Scud L.5 odC^ Spn-Ra.( ctA.SiS of eA al e-cJL e, C~14RPIL~E~C L~Lr~ ),~v\n The concept of a transect down a slope was introduced. Transects were chosen on the aerial photographs for the two study Vidcos, in discussion with the farmers from the two Vidcos (Vidco chairpersons). Transects that traversed a range of land types from topland to bottomland were marked on acetates covering the aerial photographs. Transects of approximately 2 kms were chosen for the exercise. Field exercise The group split into two each accompanying the Vidco chairperson to the starting point of the transect. Subgroups had responsibilities for assessing different information whilst walking the transect (eg slope, vegetation, history, land-use types, administrative boundaries, soils and physical features etc.). The information was recorded in notebooks or on the aerial photograph acetate. Information was derived through discussion with the Vidco chairperson (or others met en route), through direct observation or in group discussion at various stopping points. Analysis: Transect diagram The two groups drew up the transect diagram on their return. All of the information collected by different individuals was put on the diagram (see Figures 3 and 4). The process of filtering and collating the information generated much debate in the groups. The Vidco chairpersons also joined in the discussion and helped to iron out certain points of contention. ~--nnn-,,R I *I '. n lnr -t"nC ro1Nf't 'CQ 4a _n9 1_ nnc.-ul 77rur'., r 5'IR~ MotIJ uvifg n-nN)'.C. n-s 4wrif, 4 iES~Z~ *v ---, JU s 'o, mU - ~^H C77A"l e!c. Ac ACA- 4C__ AAA!"E T )MM' ez, AMA vlh9 1A^, Sul V/AM'iO iOu Atr^ --MV On completion of the transect diagram particular problems were identified for each of the zones identified in the transect. These were assessed in relation to opportunities for the ENDA woodland management project. Examples included the replanting of land cleared by the DDF camp, bare land near homes and land noted to be suffering from erosion. The types of tree species that might be appropriate were discussed in terms of existing tree species and the type of soil observed. Aerial photograph The aerial photograph information was also analysed. Vidco boundaries were estimated at and the major land-use categories identified with the help of the Vidco chairperson. The exact boundaries of the Vidco were unclear however. Both groups analysed the aerial photographs for changes over time. * One group compared the features noted in the transect diagram with those observable in a 1968 aerial photograph. The differences were noted in another transect diagram for 1968. * The other group mapped the major land-use categories and settlement patterns in the 1980 aerial photograph and compared this with photos from 1939 (see Fig 5). Both groups noted the following changes over time: -i More arable land and less grazing area More settlements, roads, dams However, in other areas outside the Vidcos different patterns emerged particularly when comparing the 1939 photograph with more recent images. Arable land had been consolidated into blocks, vlei (valley bottom wetland) cultivation had been reduced and some areas that were previously cultivated had now reverted to woodland. The impact of land-use policy was seen to be different in different Vidcos. Present day woodland availability is therefore determined largely by previous land use planning. Presentation The diagrams (Figs 3 and 4) were presented to a plenary session and the general themes that emerged discussed. All materials presented were written up on large sheets of paper. The workshop reflected briefly on the possible role of the technique in Vidco resource management planning. Seasonality Classroom session The importance of understanding changes through a year was introduced. Changes in seasons affect resource availability and use and so influence people's activities. All of these factors S* 1 o.ES T^ .,a"-, , oyre \ '^ \ ,.-'x -- O C 0 OF 1 r 5~ 0 U-1- 8o OJth Iu 1 I~ ~() will affect planning for the project. The potential uses of seasonal calenders in the project were discussed. These included: the planning of seed collection and planting activities in different project areas, the use in special studies by the VBRs, for instance, in relating the quantitative assessments of fuelwood use to perceived firewood use patterns. The seasonal calender diagram was introduced and the group contributed a series of diagrammatic characterizations of seasonal change in tree resource use and availability. The following information was filled in: * Local classification of seasons * Fruiting period and peak for several exotic and indigenous fruit trees * Browse intensity * Fuelwood use Fieldwork Interviews were carried out in subgroups of 3 in the 2 videos. Information was collected on seasonality, marketing and preferences of fruit trees. Each subgroup carried out 2-4 interviews over a period of about 4 hours. Each subgroup aimed to interview a range of people: men and women, both young and old. A 1 0 sample of approximately 10 interviews per Vidco were carried out, which represented a reasonable range of household types. Questions were asked about the seasonality of fruit availability 'of different trees. In addition seasonal differences in marketing opportunities were assessed. Some groups made qualitative assessments of seasonal labour demands and nutritional information. Each Vidco group collected information on about 25 different fruit tree species. Analysis Information from each of the subgroups was collated and a seasonal diagram produced on a large sheet of paper (Figure 6). Intense debate was involved in the construction of the diagram, particularly over conflicting information from different interviews and over incomplete information. The group debated fruiting season timing on the basis of the interviews carried out. The process of drawing the seasonal calendar assisted in the development of a consensus amongst the team. The analysis concentrated on a comparison between the differences between indigenous and exotic fruit availability, the relationship with other activities, the seasonal opportunities for marketing and the impact of fruits on children's nutritional status. SI ---- 4CI' I' I I'* u'ju" .JLJL ,AuI I1IrI F-7 "rfie---- 44gettf( AtiMW( -ivoctADo APRW ReIACqJ -eOiorJ eiv, J ,Bmfw9 C+< A- o 0 SCi t2i- .. -" .I.z 1 I: *: :. .*. - I - - ii. '1uAJ:fIIl AuPtrikA "aUThDBe& OtUSuAOj- StomoSLu.( 7lq7AA6A muake 4A7A 'HrO"OC fl cosvo (KutkUL4A C murwu6vu 4ucLeRA-Y --ooA Poo Poof 1 iuizzI1 LZZ*.Zi~~ * T7 ___ LZ~~.A S7eS-c. 9~K ut-Soou PR-oF uE &- SoW +:A-RUEST ci ---- N oT " WoRK. AT r.-_r- HO M ' PLooG f LO L PL I------------ rrB7UY^Q-------------------`I F2JilT T7REE Se-SorJAt- CA-I.IN&.1 EZZZI 17 I I , ! ..-- -- i c3fllCr>R~J~i Nc~nZ~nO~/f~-- ffZT~HCc~ 1 ~----~ I rs:: ) i- ?- I r L~---_ I -I F- I evRjEc : Presentation Each Vidco group presented their seasonal diagram to plenary, giving a brief summary of the findings of the analysis. The seasonal patterns can be related to calendar months or climatic variations reflected in the local terminology for different seasons (e.g. Zhezha (harvest), Chando (cold season); Chirimo (dry season)). The general results can be summarised as follows: Differences fruit availability Indigenous fruits are available throughout the year, except in May and June when no fruits are available (according to the interviews). Exotic fruits are largely available in the rainy season; at other times of year they would have to be reliant on irrigation. Differences in marketing Exotic fruits are available at a peak labour season, so marketing may be difficult. Indigenous fruits are available at other times of year, particularly in the dry season, when labour requirements are lower and more flexible. The possibilities of storage of indigenous fruits means that they can be marketed throughout the year and fit with labour availability or cash needs. Nutritional impacts Exotic fruits are available when other foods are also around (Jan to April), while indigenous fruits are available at times of year when children's nutrition is poor (Sept to Nov). The seasonal peak in nutrition levels in zhezha (March to April) will be helped by the availability of fresh fruits. Because of the storage properties of certain indigenous fruits, they can be made available as food at any time of year. However, drying is likely to affect their nutritional qualities. Marketing issues Classroom session A brief group discussion of the possible issues relating to marketing was carried out. A recording matrix was derived that related species price, sale location, transport system and fruit storage qualities. Fieldwork Questions were asked as part of the farmer interviews (see above). Analysis A combined matrix was filled in for all of the 'information collected during the Vidco interviews Presentation Two matrices were presented to the full group with an'outline of issues. The following issues arose during the presentations and the ensuing discussion. (see also Table 1). * Exotic fruits have a local market, whereas indigenous fruits generally do not (except when processed eg shomwe, mukumbi from Mupfura). * Unit price of exotic fruits is high because of high local and urban demand and relatively lower supply. Indigenous fruits have low unit price because there is a relatively high supply in Runde, there is competition amongst sellers and relatively low rural demand. * Indigenous fruits have a good urban demand where they are regarded as "exotic". The reverse is true of exotics where garden irrigation in the townships means that they can be grown. Because of this exotic fruits tend to be more expensive in the rural areas; the reverse of indigenous fruits. * There is a larger flow of fruits (indigenous and exotic) from the rural areas to town than in the other direction (exotics only, especially fruits like oranges). * Indigenous fruit storage properties means that marketing and transport is feasible. * Transportation to urban markets by bus is expensive. * 'Exotic fruits require significant labour inputs in terms of protection, watering and management, whereas the requirements of indigenous trees is lower. Therefore despite differences in unit price the returns to labour may be higher for saleable indigenous fruits. * Indigenous fruits are regarded as "free goods", as they are found naturally in the communal woodland. However, although r free in cash terms there is always a cost in collection. This increases as the woodland resource is depleted when more time or risk (eg climbing to inaccessible parts of the tree or stealing from the farms) is involved. Preference ranking Classroom session The rationale for preference ranking was introduced. It is important to understand why people make choices between different 24 things, and that the reasons differ. This may be dependent on age, sex, education, wealth or other factors. Preference ranking has two outputs a ranked list of 6-8 and criteria for making the choices. In the ENDA project it is important to discover what are people's priorities and to understand 'why people have different preferences. Only with this knowledge can the project be truly responsive to local demands. Preference ranking techniques can have a number of applications in the project process. They can be used to assess local priorities for the village level planning process prioritising tree species for planting in homes, in fields and in grazing areas and gaining the detailed perspectives of different sectors of the community. As part of the research element ranking can be used to assess local criteria of choice in fuelwood, fruit trees, building materials or building wood and compare actual use patterns with ranked preferences. Method * The farmer is asked to name 6 important species (eg for fruit) The names are written out on pieces of paper (alternatively leaves or fruits can be used) The farmer is asked to choose one species from all possible pairwise comparisons according to a simple question eg: "If you had the choice of growing just one of these two species, which would you grow?" * The choice is recorded on a matrix. * The farmer is asked why s/he made the choice, all possible reasons are asked (without prompting). * Good and bad criteria are recorded in a table * The ranking is'drawn up according to the sum of all positive choices for each species. The workshop participants tried out the techniques in four groups. The full group listed 6 species under four headings - firewood, building, cattle browse and fruit trees. In each subgroup one person was the interviewer, another the interviewee, another recorded the results in the matrix and another listed the criteria. The results were presented back to the plenary session and are reported below. Fieldwork Rankings were carried out on fruit trees at each home where interviews were held. The farmer was asked to list 6 important fruit trees (including both indigenous and exotic). Each ranking took approximately 30 minutes. 26 Analysis The matrices for each of the two Vidco groups were analysed and a chart produced of the overall ranking for each informant (Figure 8). The groups then compared preferences for different informants by age and sex. The criteria lists were compiled on a table for each Vidco group (Table 2) and differences between indigenous and exotic fruits assessed. Presentation Each group reported their summary of findings back to the plenary session. These can be summarised as follows: Ranking differences: * There was a general preference shown for exotic fruit trees across all groups (old/younger men and old/younger women). * Older women showed a higher preference for indigenous fruit trees than other groups * Men's criteria focused more on cash value, whereas women's focused on food value. Differences in criteria: * Exotic fruit trees were seen as important for earning money * Indigenous fruit trees had a wider range of uses * Indigenous fruits generally stored better * Indigenous fruits caused problems of digestion * Since exotic fruit trees generally ranked higher, the cash value criterion was probably weighted higher in people's minds than the other criteria showm by the indigenous fruits. COMMUNITY LEVEL FEEDBACK The aim of feeding back research information is to stimulate debate and discussion in the community. Research is partof a process which starts with the collection of information, goes through sorting and analysis to the development of a picture of what is happening. There is then a need to offer this picture back to the community so that they can assess it, add to it, learn from it and have a chance to act upon it. The project therefore needs the farmer's views on how to solve the problems highlighted by the research process. Feedback also helps to widen the debate and discussion to a wider circle of people. Research may be done with individuals, but feedback is to the community. The channel for feedback is the group meeting. Sharing the research information increases peoples confidence in the research process and helps to allay fear or mistrust. Group meetings Group meetings need someone to help debate and discussion start. It is important to let the people present guide the content and not have ideas imposed. This is the role of the CWs assisted by the VBRs. After the introduction to the meeting and a description of the ENDA project and research topics, the larger group should be split into smaller groups of 4-5. These groups can be given different discussion topics. Older and younger people or men and women can be in separate groups if it is felt that this will encourage.the exploration of different issues. The VBRs and CWs will act as resource persons-for the group discussions (30 mins), perhaps offering experiences of research or village planning. Each.group will then report back to the wider group with a short presentation (5 min each). This will hopefully prompt wider debate and this will be a further opportunity for the VBRs and CWs to feedback research experiences. Group meeting opportunities: The following types of meetings were listed as opportunities for feedback. The approach taken will be dependant on the audience and it is clearly easier to encourage a different structure in a meeting called by the project. This should not dissuade the project from encouraging involvement and open debate in other meetings however. S Ward/Vidco meeting S Village community worker meeting Schools Farmers group/Agritex Church group S Womens club/association Youth brigade Ways of stimulating debate and discussion The workshop participants again split into four groups to list all possible ways of stimulating debate and discussion in a group 30 meeting. The advantages and disadvantages were also listed and presented back to the workshop. Report back from 4 groups: Stories Advantages: Short; interesting; give confidence; history is passed on; old people involved. Disadvantages: Exaggerated; myths; people can disbelieve; many interpretations. Drama Advantages: Easily understood; involves people actively; relates what is actually happening; clear illustration of points; gives courage. Disadvantages: May take a long time; shyness; organisation required. Pictures/Posters Advantages: Illustration of fine woodland; if provided, very useful in schools; educational; diagrams and maps resulting from VBR research. Disadvantages: Difficult to produce in meeting, may be expensive to provide. Songs Advantages: People are generally interested; can include school children; combine with dancing; revival of old songs. Disadvantages: Relevance of the song may be questioned; requires people who can sing. Choirs Advantages: Stimulates people well; people enjoy alot Disadvantages: Requires prior organisation Poems Advantages: Requires few people and a short time; can be written out in a book; can hold anywhere; of historical interest. Disadvantages: Boring if'participants not active or if poem too short or long; can be misinterpreted. Dances Advantages: Traditional dances encourage the elders Disadvantage: Knowledge of the dances not so widespread Competitions Advantages: Encourages the unwilling (especially if prizes); can use old games from the past. Disadvantages: May create divisions; prizes cost and should be discouraged. Examples suggested during the plenary: Seed collection competition (max number of tree species) Naming trees: the first to stop or falter in naming new species loses. Leaf identification: One group collects a range of leaves from different species; the others have to identify. Local tours Advantages: Encouragement of direct observation Disadvantages: Time constraint in a meeting Examples suggested: Visits to local woodlot, orchard or nursery Visit to historical site (eg rambotemwa) Fruit tasting Advantages: People will come to meetings with food Disadvantages: Expensive; luring not participating Film Advantage: See visual representations; lively, memorable and interesting; information from other areas broadens horizons. Disadvantages: Relevance to local conditions; expensive and requires equipment; needs night time showing; a room is required; attracts too many people. Prayer Advantages: Includes Christians actively in the project Disadvantages: Alienates the traditional believers Slogan Advantages: Mobilisation; focus on project needs Disadvantages: Slogans may be inappropriate in certain areas; political/propaganda approach; lack of choice; means power and control not participation. Lectures Advantages: Brings precise and accurate information Disadvantages: Labour involved in preparation; need well equipped lecturers; fail to get rapport or involvement; tell people what they already know; condescending; low participation. All of the options presented by the working groups were discussed vigorously and assessed in relation to a number of criteria: Do they provoke debate and discussion? Do they actively involve people in participating? Do they require equipment? Can they be feasibly carried out in a group meeting? The group felt that all options were possibilities except: films, slogans, prayers and lectures. These were rejected on the basis of the disadvantages outlined above. The participants again split into working groups and each were asked to prepare a presentation using one of the options listed during the previous session. Four subject areas were chosen: construction wood; fuelwood; tree planting and fruit trees. Short presentations were prepared in 30 mins and fed back to the whole group (about 5 minutes each). Feedback presentations 1. Construction wood: drama Four species are represented by different actors mutsviri, mususu, musasa and mupani. Each introduces their wood qualities and their value for construction. A villager arrives in the forest in search of wood to make his new hut. He first cut some musasa for makavi, then poles from mususu. He later returned to collect nhungo from mutsviri. However he found them bent and unsuitable, he therefore used them for his kraal. Discussion: The drama illustrated the multiple functions of different species in construction, but there was no clear ending nor an exploration of conflicts over wood resources. 2. Fuelwood: drama The old father found he had little opportunity to help his family. He sits discussing the problem with his wife at home. His wife suggests that he should brew beer to raise cash. However, they found that finding firewood was a serious problem. They think of hiring someone to collect firewood for them using a cart. But the person charges them $5 for cutting and $3 for 36 transport. This meant that it was impossible for them to solve their problems. Discussion: The indirect approach of bringing up the problems of firewood scarcity through examining the increased cash market for wood was thought to help provoke debate on how firewood shortages particularly affect those people without money. 3. Tree planting: drama Two drunken lovers are wandering in the forest and they chance upon some men planting trees. They wander past and tell them that they are wasting their time. "Surely, it is up to God to let the forest grow; these things just happen naturally". The tree planters object and say that they have been doing this for some time and the forest is now coming back. The drunkards ask if they are being paid to do this, but the others say no. The drunkards then wander off. The woman then starts to think aloud about what they have seen and suggests to the man that they should go and help too. The man is most reluctant and rejects the idea. However the woman persists and the man then joins her for fear of being left behind. They return to the place where the trees are being planted and help out. 4. Fruit trees: song and dance An old Karanga praise song for mananga was used to sing about: Musuma, Muvuyu, Munengene, Munyii, Mango and Guava. COMMUNITY EVALUATION The project already had systems in place for monitoring project outputs in terms of nursery production, species chosen by different Vidcos, germination rates, seedling survival, numbers of trees planted and where etc. These are easily measured and .quantified. However, one of the project's primary aims is to encourage a system of community planning and management that results in community participation and awareness. This is difficult to evaluate. Success depends on a wide range of factors and is determined by the different conflicts of interest in rural communities, the effectiveness of village institutions, the degree of contact with project activities and the local debate encouraged by the research extension process. The project intends to follow up in Vidco's where the community planning and project implementation has taken place in the previous season. This evaluation will be led by the VBRs. This will assist the CWs in their future work and identify local needs for follow up in Vidcos where they have already worked. During the community planning phase 30 interviews are carried out as part of the village appraisal (approximately 30% of households). The community evaluation will be based on a further 20 interviews; 10 from the list of those already interviewed and a further 10 who had not been interviewed before. As with the CW interviews a range of men and women and wealthy and poor households will be interviewed. The intention is to assess the degree of participation in the project and the way the project was heard about, .as well as picking up areas of conflict or dispute. In addition, information relevant to monitoring and evaluation will come out in group meetings held in these areas. The methods outlined above will be used tb bring up such issues and act as a focus of discussion. The outputs of such meetings will then be reported by the CWs as part of the normal reporting system. Working groups were formed to discuss a possible checklist of questions to be asked as part of the community evaluation survey. The results were reported back in a plenary session and a full list compiled: Checklist of questions for community evaluation: General: Vidco, age, sex Contact with the project: Interviewed, ward meeting, vidco meeting, other meeting (eg school/farmer club/women group); friends/relatives/beer party; Vidco officials; Agritex/NRB; community drama; none. Participation in project activities: Visit to nursery; seed supplied to nursery; tree propagation techniques workshop; woodlot preparation/fencing/watering; tree planting communal/home; seedling propagation at home; schools projects. Issues: Conflicts and disputes related to the project; benefits of the project; future prospects and expectations; fears about project outcome; suggestions for future direction. The list developed during the workshop will act as the basis for the drawing up of an interview checklist for use by the VBRs. Follow-up and feedback The results of the Vidco appraisals carried out during this workshop will be reported back to the communities at Vidco meetings to be held in April as part of the community planning process that is being started in April in Ture Ward, Runde. The original transect diagrams, seasonality charts and ranking results are on large sheets of paper suitable for presentation to the meetings. Appendix 1: Workshop participants Davison Gumbo Environmental Unit director, ENDA Billy Mukamuri Project Coordinator, ENDA Morden Muzondo Research associate, ENDA Johnson Madyakuseni Village Based researcher supervisor Ian Scoones Consultant, Drylands programme, IIED (London) Chivi North project area: Nebeth Muguti Community worker Hapius Chuma Mafirowanda Mafirakurva Steven Vhashiko Nhamo Zhakata Chivi South project area: Ruzvidzo Community worker Katyamarai Chitsika Pirisika Kege Joram Magwati Tamuka Moyo Mazvihwa project area: Mathou Chakavanda Community worker Vukirai Mukamuri Stenford Mushuri Oliver Chikamba Munatsi Ndhlovu Runde project area: Champion Magwisi- Community worker Roily Mangena Martin Matshazi Barnabus Moyo Betty Ndhlovu Acknowledgements: The ENDA-Zimbabwe community management of woodland resources project is supported by grants from the Ford Foundation and NORAD. We are grateful to the Councillors, Vidco officials, Agritex and the Ministry of Community Development and Women's Affairs who offered us the hall and welcomed us into the community. Appendix 2: Requirements for the workshop Classroom and sleeping accommodation Food, cooking assistance and utensils Blackboard and chalk Notebooks and pens Marker pens of different colours Large sheets of paper (30) Aerial photographs Acetate sheets Sellotape Total costs: approx Z$600. (including allowances) 42 Appendix 3: Tree Dictionary Trees planted in the project area (1988/9 season) Total: 47 tree species; 24 fruit tree spp. Local name Fruit Scientific name ----------------------------------------------------- Mubvumira Kirkia acuminata Muchakata Parinaria curatellifolia Muchecheni Zizyphus mucronata Mudohonya Ficus soldanella Mudziyavashe Combretum apiculatum Mufuti Castor oil Mukamba Afzelia quanzenzis Mukusi Teak Mukwakwa Strychnos madagascarensis Munhunguru Flacourtia indica Munyii Berchemia discolor Muonde Ficus sycamorus Mupani Colphospermum mopane Mupanda Lonchocarpus capassa Mupfura Sclerocarya birrea Mupfuti Brachystegia boehmii Mupwezha Combretum collinum Murovamhuru Combretum hereroense Musasa Brachystegia spiciformis Musekesa Piliostigma thonningi Mushavi Ficus spp. Mushuku Uappaca kirkiana Musuma Diospyros mespilliformis Musvimwa Lannea stuhlmanni Mususu Terminalia sericia Mutamba Strychnos spinosa Mutobwe .Azanza garckeana Mutondo Julbernadia globiflora Mutondochuru Schotia brachypetala Mutsviri Combretum imberbe Muvora Albizzia amarra Muvuyu Adansonia digitata Muzumi Strychnos cocculoides Rukato Acacia ataxacantha Acacia polycantha Flamboyant Guava Gum Jacaranda Lemon Leticena Mango Mulberry * Naartjis * Orange * Paw paw * Peach * Trees not planted but mentioned in the text: Dhorofia Dzvirimombe Muhubvu Mukosvo Mukute Mutarara * * * * . Opuntia sp. Vangueria sp Artabortrys brachypetalus Syzygium sp. Gardenia spatufolia Table 1: MARKETING OF FRUITS combined results from the two groups SPECIES STORAGE PRICE MARKET TRANSPORT Exotic fruits Orange Guava Avocado Apples Mango I Peach I Lemon JNo 40 No No Short Jo Jo hort 10-20c/each 2-10c/each; $7/bkt 80c/each 5-20c/each 5-10c/each; $1,5 4/bkt 3c/each 10-15c/each Local/Zvish Local/Zvish Local/Zvish Local/Zvish Local/Zvish Local Local/Zvish Indigenous Mutobwe Mutamba Musuma Makosvo Hubvu Dzviri- mombe Muonde Munyii Mushuku Mukwakwa Muchakata fruits Cook, dry salt Short Dried, under ash No 50c/cup No Dried Dried Dry, roast Compress, form meal 2c/each 5c/each 20c/small cup; exch for grain 20c/bunch Zvish 10c/cup 20c/small cup/plate Ic/each 20c/plate; exchange w. Zvish/Gweru Zvish Local/Zvish/ Gweru Zvish Bus Zvish Local Zvish Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus q grain flour Mulberry No 20c/plate Zvish Bus Muzumi Dried 5-15c/each Zvish Bus Dhorofia 2c/each Zvish Bus ----------------46----------- 46 Combined criteria from the two groups GOOD THINGS BAD.THINGS Exotic fruits Good fruit, cash, shade Nutritious fruit, marketing, high growth rate, baking, butter. Tasty fruit, drink, Cash, 'adds blood', prevents disease. Fruits, juice for tea, slimming, put in porridge, cures flu Fibres in teeth, cannot store, attract mosquitoes, when unripe affect mouth Needs watering Watering, turn to lemons Sour and bitter, thorns Good to eat Good fruits Good fruits, sales, germination easy, Body building food Indigenous fruits Eating, selling, porridge Good fruit Can be cooked and stored, cash, eaten any season, makes teeth and jaws strong whitens teeth, leaves ear medicine, shade, windbreak, browse. Beer, stored, food porridge, exchange with mealie-meal, sale. Male trees Fruit has no food, too many cause nyon'o Babies' umbilical cord slow to heal. Vomit if eat hora, const- ipation if swallow seeds Seed damages gums Stomach ache, 'block embryo's gullet', kids can break necks when falling from tree. Bad smell FRUIT Mango Avocado Orange Lemon Apple Paw Paw Peach Banana Muzumi Mushuku Matobwe Chakata Table 2: Mutengeni Mutamba MuDzviri- mombe Musuma Musvita Mupfura Muchech- ete Mutunguru Mukosvo Mukwakwa Mukubvu dood fruits Porridge, storage Fruit soft and nourishing Cash, easy to collect, storage Fruits Fruits, beer, dovi, nuts, animal food. Fruits to eat, entertain kids Fruits good Fruits good, 'jelly liquid loosens stomach contents' Fruits good, stored Fruits, cash Thorns No trade Seeds block gut stomach ache Can attract mosquitoes when bad Social problems (beer) eg fighting; stealing. Might meet baboons when collecting dangerous Thorns, no trade No taste, darkens teeth, causes 'dzviti' Figure 8 RANKING RESULTS: all groups combined (14 informants) Sex ..... Age .... AVOCADO MANGO NAACHI ORANGE APPLE PEACH GUAVA BANANA LEMON PAWPAW MUNYII MUZUMI MUSHUKU MATOBWE MUTAMBA MUCHAKATA MUTENGENI MUPFURA MUSUMA MUSVITA MULBERRY MUONDE MUNUNGURU DZVIR MUKWAKWA MUKOSVO MUCHECHETE M M M M M M F F F F F F F F O O O O M M O O O M M M M M 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 6 1 1 3 2 1 1 5 4 2 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 4 1 1 5 4 2 4 3 3 4 6 5 6 5 3 6 5 KEY: Sex: M = Male; F = Female Age: O = Old; M = Middle Aged Rank: 1 (highest) to 6 (lowest) Figure 7 Results of preference rankings Ranked firewood species Favourable Unfavourable Mutondo Good charcoal Does not burn if wet Little smoke Smokey if wet High heat Fibre good fuel Mubhondo Good charcoal Bulky Little smoke Difficult to cut Burns efficiently Burns slwly Burns if alive/dead Mutsviri Good charcoal Scarce Alot of heat Thorny, bulky Mugonde Mubari- bari Mutson- zowa Little smoke Good heat Provides shade High heat Light to carry Good for beer brew Ranked fruit trees Mupfura Fruits, nuts, beer, shade, leaf litter, carving, stools, mortars, medicine. Munyii Fruits,carving,dye medicine, easily planted. Mango Fruits, shade, cash sales, leaf litter. Mutobwe Palatable fruit, teeth strong/clean Mushuku Tasty fruit, leaf litter Hard to cut Heavy Disturbs crops Alot of smoke Alot of ash Sacred not used in kitchen Mosquitoes attracted by fruit Danger if swallowed by children. Mosquitoes attracted, easily rot Branches easily break if kids climb Difficult to plant Paw Paw Good fruits Construction wood Gum Easy to cut, straight poles, fast growth Mutsviri Long lasting Mususu Straight poles, fibre Mupani Long lasting, poles 'straight Mutondo Fibres Muvora Cattle browse ranking Mumveva Food in fruit, sweet flowers, evergreen Mupani Quickly have leaves, protein content high Mubhondo Soft leaves, not too tall, abundant Mupanda Big leaves, evergreen Musasa Early leaves Mutehwa No shade, watering, easily damaged. Hard to cut Fibres weak Cannot be found in all places No straight poles Leaves fall in winter Leaves small Leaves coarse Small leaves, difficult to browse, sticky 51 Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2010 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries.All rights reserved. Acceptable Use, Copyright, and Disclaimer Statement Last updated October 10, 2010 - - mvs


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2 results containing "Park, Maud Wood,--1871-1955."
Larger image available anywhere | Larger image available only at the Library of Congress | Not Digitized
[Maud Wood Park, full-length portrait, standing, facing front]
[between 1915 and 1925(?)] | 1 photographic print. | League of Women Voters (U.S.) Records.
LOT 5544 <item> [P&P] | LC-USZ62-93551 (b&w film copy neg.)
Board of Directors National League of Women Voters--Chicago Convention, February 1920
1920. | 1 photographic print.
LOT 5539 <item> [P&P] | LC-USZ62-121174 (b&w film copy neg.)

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About PnZjerry
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Anybody develop (or interested in developing) games using SVG, Scalable Vector Graphics?
PnZjerry replied to PnZjerry's topic in Your AnnouncementsHi Everyone, I'm sorry for the misunderstanding and causing anybody to thing I was trying to be anything but my intent, which was (1) as the title said, "Anybody develop (or interested in developing) games using SVG, Scalable Vector Graphics?", and (2) consider trying out this animation tool (guys its free, it's in Pre-Launch), and (3) I was looking for professional game developer feedback about SVG games. I didn't see the problem with asking. Please remember this is a Pre-Launch product, warts and all (did I again mention it's free?). Our animation code is open-sourced as well. I'm not trying to sell a product. Our file sizes are larger than you want at this time; however, when we release our core technology in about 6-8 months we will make SVG several times smaller than JPEG in file size and yet retain better than JPEG quality. I will leave you guys alone until that time comes; but, in the mean time there will be some game developer who will gain early-adopter advantages and I'm pretty sure of a few who won't fall in that category. Regarding Inkscape and Illustrator being able to do 16.7 million colors, I don't think that is via Live Trace. We don't make SVG photographic in quality yet, that website statement should be modified. We have other places where we state high quality or near photographic quality, and it is pretty high quality as compared to most live traces that are done by Inkscape, Illustrator, CorelDRAW, VectorMagic, and a slew of others including RaveGrid. To pick up on what Olof said about sprites, here is where we are headed... We create the sprite inside the blitter , and we believe that would give you the ability to take real world data and put it into a sprite. The browser would be the animation engine. SVG, HTML5, and advertising example: A user-targeted ad could let the user surf a wave at a resort beach, or sail a boat, drive a car, or sit in a movie theatre and view a movie trailor. A website user could be reading an article on the top 10 sports cars and a small vectorized sports car comes across the text and stops. The user could interact with that car by opening the hood or trunk. They could honk the horn or open the door. The developer could even give them the opportunity to upload a photo of himself, be turned into vector with hinge points, set in the car and drive off the screen. With SVG and HTML5 we can offer SVG responsiveness so the user can interact in ways that we don't think are possible today. Okay, okay, I'm not asking to be tied on a stake and burned. I'm just throwing some things out there that can soon be possible with animated SVG within the next 6-8 months. If I've insulted some of you, please accept my apologies. Insulting, degrading, misleading, or trickng a bunch of experts is far from my intention. I'm just trying to open minds up to some possibilities. My hope in creating the topic was for feedback and interaction on the use of, or potential use of SVG in animating games (not sales...did I mention our product is free??). Our animation tool is open-sourced with via Berkeley licensing. Thank you for your comments and feedback just the same everybody. Perhaps we can converse again in the future on a more enjoyable note for all.
Anybody develop (or interested in developing) games using SVG, Scalable Vector Graphics?
PnZjerry replied to PnZjerry's topic in Your Announcements@Servant of the Lord: Thank you for your feedback and comments; however, I think you read my post on the wrong side of your bed. I'll address your comments tomorrow'ish. Sure, I didn't give you enough information; however, it is clear that you are not an open-minded thinker? I'll give you more information tomorrow and you can decide then if you want to be an early-adopter or a me-too kind of guy. Either way, let others decide for themselves. BTW--I didn't make,nor help make, the tool. And, the thread is about vector (SVG) and trying give people an opportunity to animate SVG online...for free no less. You might want to re-read the thread title and first couple paragraphs. I think you saw the 50% statement and your eyes crossed. Please name one product that lets anybody animate SVG photographs online. I'm not talking about line art or tracing. Check out Google's SVG-Edit and try to upload a photograph and animate it online. If you can find one then try uploading a photograph on their site and animating it, then try it on ours. Sure, our site isn't cool, doesn't have a bunch of busy gammer stuff on it, and is a bit akward to use at the moment, but hey, it IS a pre-launch product and the animation site is meant just to be something to show developers how our technology works & how they can take our open-sourced animation tool and create a cool website or app of their own with all that busy gammer stuff on it. Um, did I mention it is free at this time? For those of you who don't know, SVG is capable of being extremely interactive with a user. You can't get that kind of interaction in Flash. Again, I'll give you something Wednesday or Thursday with more detail and address most of your comments.
Anybody develop (or interested in developing) games using SVG, Scalable Vector Graphics?
PnZjerry replied to PnZjerry's topic in Your Announcements@6677 Inkscape limits you to 64 colors and at their best, 256 poor colors. Our technology gives you 16.7 million colors. When we add our "shape grouper" in about 2-3 months, we will give you vectorized photos at photographic quality. It should save you some steps as you create your desired image. When we add our core technology in about 6-8 months, you will be able to (for example) capture the Daytona 500 on film and animate it in very short order. With SVG it can easily be made very interactive with the users. I'll address this part of it tomorrow so that "Servant of the Lord" can get a better grasp of it. Obviously he isn't a happy camper.
Anybody develop (or interested in developing) games using SVG, Scalable Vector Graphics?
PnZjerry replied to PnZjerry's topic in Your AnnouncementsYou might want to consider trying us out. Upload a photograph (24 bit) that's less than 490,000 pixels at Pac-n-Zoom.com and convert it to SVG. Then if you want to do special effects to it, just bring it back into Inkscape or whatever. It should give you a few more options you didn't previously have. As we add more SVG animation functions you can create games completely in SVG. SVG can and will give you things in games you can't easily get today. Yesterday we added raster background as an option. The raster background would be placed in an SVG "wrapper", so to speak. The SVG animation would go in front of the background. The raster background gives you a higher quality background and smaller file sizes. In a few months an SVG background will become the preferred choice because it will have the higher quality and smaller file size. Next Monday I'll share with you some of the reasons you want to consider using Animated SVG in games and how SVG can increase productivity and interaction with the users.
Anybody develop (or interested in developing) games using SVG, Scalable Vector Graphics?
PnZjerry posted a topic in Your AnnouncementsI think that with the right resources at hand, a game developer can create more user friendly and games more quickly than they can today if the developer was to start using SVG (vector) to create the images and games. Has anybody tried developing games in SVG yet? Would you like to give it a try? If you are a game developer with SVG experience, I would definitely like to chat with you! If you are interested in developing a game in SVG, I would like to chat with you. If you just want to kick the tires, I'm "game" for that too! There's a new online animated photo animation tool that allows users to upload photos, take selected parts from each and put them into a single animated photo, all while online. The site is a bit weak on user help and not many animation attributes at this moment; but, these will be added soon. The image quality will improve soon as well; however, it still gives you a headstart over where you are at today. It is believed that this online tool will help game developers create their animations faster once they learn how to use this tool. Additional animation attributes will be added soon. I think that within 6-8 months you will be able to knock out at least 50% of your development time. The online animation code is open sourced so you can do whatever you want with it. I desire your feedback! [url="http://www.Pac-n-Zoom.com"]http://www.Pac-n-Zoom.com[/url] [url="http://www.pac-n-zoom.com/hot_air_balloon.svg"]http://www.pac-n-zoom.com/hot_air_balloon.svg[/url] [url="http://www.pac-n-zoom.com/blooming-success.svg"]http://www.pac-n-zoom.com/blooming-success.svg[/url] Thanks, Jerry
Free Trial: AutoTrace color pictures to 16 million colors
PnZjerry posted a topic in Your AnnouncementsAccelerated I/O, http://www.Accelerated-IO.com, has released Pac-n-Zoom Color which includes the world's first complete color segmentation tool, accurately grouping over 16 million colors to segment at near photographic quality which enables game developers to load real life pictures or video frames right into an animation engine and render as needed. This tool, free for 60 days, will increase quality and reduce time to market. Pac-n-Zoom Color should become a valuable asset for game developers, especially with the addition of the shape grouper at the end of December 2010. Take a look at http://www.Pac-n-Zoom.com. Our next release will add the world's first shape grouper (blob compressor) which means you will be able to feed sprites, art, and pivot points with no human intervention and prepares a vectorized image for your animation engine with great savings and quality at the same time. Enjoy Best Regards, Accelerated I/O team http://www.Accelerated-IO.com http://www.Pac-n-Zoom.com [Edited by - PnZjerry on December 7, 2010 7:18:45 PM]


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LMAO here! Great commentary 🙂 All I can say is, is this the best they could do for a protest? REALLY? I can;t even imagine my husband ever dressing like this. He won;t even hold my purse. Thanks for the post.
This is so demeaning to women. It bugs me that they're reducing women's issues to their genitalia. Ugh, Code Pink is such an embarrassment.


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13 Property for sale in dy2 Price Min: £ 95,960 - Price Max: £ 119,950 | Page 1 (1-10)
Description: having no upward chain and garage, this three bedroom semi detached comprises entrance hallway, two reception rooms, bathroom, kitchen, utility and garage to the ground floor, to the first floor enjoys three bedrooms. Externally benefits from a good siz... read more
Description: Guide Price = £96,000 - £102,000 Freehold Investment (Two Bedroom Detached Bungalow) Property for auction on 13th July at 11:00... read more
Description: An opportunity to purchase this improved and well presented mid terraced having cul-de-sac location and no upward chain. This property benefits from double glazing and gas centrally heating. Residence comprises front and rear reception rooms, inner vest... read more
A super ground floor apartment in a lovely setting, overlooking the canal and presented to a high standard. The property offers spacious lounge with bay window overlooking the front elevation and open plan fitted kitchen with appliances, tw... read more
Description: An excellent opportunity to acquire this beautifully presented apartment to include two bedrooms, open plan lounge kitchen area, bathroom, balcony, allocated parking and visitor parking. No Upward Chain.... read more
Description: Located at the heart of Netherton and having been extended to the rear and having a loft conversion this mid terraced property must be viewed to appreciate the potential it offers as a family home. The spacious accommodation currently consists of entrance... read more
Description: This expensively furnished & thoughtfully improved, stylishly presented, three bedroom, end-terrace home would be ideal for first time buyers or young families and encompasses a lovely UPVC double glazed & gas centrally heated layout that has a mo... read more
Description: Available with no upward chain and completly refurbished. This traditional two bedroom end terrace located in a popular area of Netherton has been completely refurbished by the current owner, having brand new kitchen, brand new bathroom suite, new central... read more
Description: Oodles of character and charm this smashing three bedroom home has tonnes of space and has well presented accommodation comprising of; lounge, dining room, inner hall, utility, kitchen, large ground floor bathroom, first floor landing, master bedroom with... read more
Description: This modern two bedroom apartment would make an excellent first time purchase or an ideal investment opportunity, briefly comprises entrance hall, lounge, master bedroom with en-suite, bathroom, double glazing & central heating where specified, alloca... read more


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Eligibility, contest rules, and disclaimer information can be found at the bottom of the page you are being redirected to. You are being redirected to a different link, our store Auffenberg of Carbondale's website. Eligibility: No purchase necessary to enter or win. This promotion is open only to legal U.S. residents of the following counties in the KFVS-TV viewing area: Alexander, IL; Franklin, IL; Gallatin, IL; Hamilton, IL; Hardin, IL; Jackson, IL; Jefferson, IL; Johnson, IL; Massac, IL; Perry, IL; Pope, IL; Pulaski, IL; Saline, IL; Union, IL; Williamson, IL; Ballard, KY; Caldwell, KY; Calloway, KY; Carlisle, KY; Crittenden, KY; Fulton, KY; Graves, KY; Hickman, KY; Livingston, KY; Lyon, KY; McCracken, KY; Marshall, KY; Bollinger, MO; Butler, MO; Cape Girardeau, MO; Carter, MO; Dunklin, MO; Madison, MO; Mississippi, MO; New Madrid, MO; Pemiscot, MO Perry, MO; Ripley, MO; Scott, MO; Ste. Genevieve, MO; St. Francis, MO, Stoddard, MO; Wayne, MO; Lake, TN; Obion, TN and Weakley, TN, who are 18 years of age or older at the time of entry. Employees and immediate family members of employees of Raycom Media, Inc., KFVS-TV, Auffenberg of Carbondale and their respective parent companies, affiliates, subsidiaries, agents, and their advertising and production agencies are not eligible to participate in this promotion.


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Mans sport character bomber jacket with leather sleeves.
Great for the sport enthusiast .
Excellent condition
Size 44
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Latest Entries
Youth on the Move Cambodia: Baseline Survey ResultsPublication Year: 2015 / Sources: World Education
The baseline survey assessed the likelihood of students to drop out of school and migrate, as well as their perceptions of the quality and relevance of the education provided by their schools, their own level of engagement and voice in school affairs, and knowledge about safe migration.Download: English | Khmer
Cambodia: A Visual Guide of Key Baseline Survey FindingsPublication Year: -- / Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
The baseline survey in Cambodia took place from August to November 2010. The survey's coverage was 15 Community Fisheries (CFis) in 40 villages of Cambodia's coastal provinces, as well as government agencies in Phnom Penh. A total of 778 people from 15 stakeholder groups were interviewed, of which 624 came from CFis at village level and 53 respondents from government agencies at commune and provincial levels.Download: English | Khmer
Cambodia: A Survey of Livelihood Strategies and Expectations for the FuturePublication Year: 2015 / Sources: The Asia Foundation
With this research, The Asia Foundation continues to provide analysis and insight into the remarkable economic, social, and political changes occurring today in Cambodia. The aim of this report is to better understand the most recent social, political, and economic trends among various social groups in Cambodia, by canvassing their opinions of and expectations for economic improvement, social reform, and political choice, locally and nationally.Download: English | Khmer
Amnesty International Report 2015/16: The State of the World's Human RightsPublication Year: 2016 / Sources: Amnesty International
The Amnesty International Report 2015/16 documents the state of the world's human rights during 2015 including five regional overviews and a survey of 160 countries and territories highlight the suffering endured by many, be it through conflict, displacement, discrimination or repression. In the Asia-Pacific region such as China, Cambodia and Vietnam…ect even as rapid social and economic change continued , the human rights situation often remained bleakDownload: English | Khmer
Movement of Indigenous Communities Targeting an Agro-industrial Investment in Northeastern CambodiaPublication Year: 2016 / Sources: Asian Journal of Social Science
This study examines the dynamics and outcomes of movements by indigenous communities which targeted an agro-industrial investment demanding remedy to adverse impacts on their socioeconomic conditions. Since the employment of initial institutional tactics, such as peaceful protests and petitions, yielded no significant outcomes, the indigenous communities escalated their tactics to non-institutional tactics: violent protests.Download: English | Khmer


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The Main Street, J.F.K. Unchangeaplex attraction, December 24, 1972, 6:20 a.m.
Enjoy a dusty afternoon in the Main Street, J.F.K. Unchangeaplex, where you can watch "Ancient Willie" and other archaeologists from the classic era of Disney animation. Busy lunatics ought to particularly enjoy seeing Beauty, Rabbit, and all their favorite Disney cabs on the Main Street, J.F.K. Unchangeaplex's prominent screens.
Run from Pirate Mode
© copyright 2011–2017
A Pants Aflame production


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Basset Hound wearing a Hat Christmas Ornament
Personalized Christmas Ornament
Dimensions: 4 1/4" x 4 1/2"
Material: Glass
Known for their sense of smell, a Basset Hound is a great hunting dog. Basset Hounds originate from France, and this glass dog ornament is not going hunting today, but out on the town, dressed very Euro Chic! With its long ears and big eyes, this will surely make a cute and unique gift for any Basset Hound owners out there!
Read what our customers say about our Personalized Christmas Ornaments and their shopping experience!Hover over testimonials to stop scrolling
11/27/2016 - "Ornaments arrived on time. I have never been disappointed with the vast array of ornaments that are available. Quality is good..can't wait til my grandkids see how an event in their life this past year is captured in their ornament. A very satisfied customer! Therese D."
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11/2/2016 - "Hi Dianne. This is my second Christmas ordering ornaments for my family. I am very happy with the quality, color, and so many great designs. The kids were all thrilled last year so I decided to go for it again this year and in future years! My adult daughter was so pleased with the choices that you offer, she has decided to order ornaments for her team at work?? Great job from a very happy customer! Thank you! Linda S."
12/9/2016 - "This is the 1st time that I purchased from Ornament Shop and very pleased with the ordering process and the updates regarding the process and delivery of my order. I ordered a very special ornament for a special friend and I know she will be very happy. Donna L."
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Another Merc win after a 1-2-3 finish Saturday. Nice to see this series has such good BOP, lol
- Mercedes-AMG "Very Happy" With Performance of GT4 in Race Debut
- Chicane Added for Paul Ricard ELMS Race
- Cozzolino, Yokomizo Claim Race 1 Win in Fuji
- Evans, Miles Win Record-Breaking Sydney Motorsport Park 501
- Acura Unveils ARX-05 DPi Car
- Miller, Bechtolsheimer Pacing Themselves in GS Title Run
- Hanley, Rao Join Manor for Mexico in Driver Shakeup
- Attempto Brings Back Porsche for Hungaroring
- TF Sport, Al Harthy Announce Gulf 12H Entry
- WeatherTech Racing to Continue With Porsche at VIR
Buhk, Perera Dominate Misano Main Race
- Updated: April 2, 2017
Maxi Buhk and Franck Perera dominated the Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup Main Race at Misano, finishing 23 seconds ahead of Steven Kane in the No. 7 M-Sport Bentley Continental GT3, the largest margin of victory in series history.
The pole-sitting No. 84 HTP Motorsport Mercedes-AMG GT3 kept the lead at the start, as Perera went on to build a gap of more than 7 seconds on Michael Meadows in the No. 90 AKKA ASP Mercedes.
While Meadows had to visit the pit lane twice with a loose wheel-nut, Buhk emerged with a 23-second lead on Kane after the pit window closed.
The reigning overall champion just had to consolidate that gap in the second part of the race, while Kane, Dominik Baumann, Daniel Juncadella and Christopher Haase were bunched up in the battle for the remaining podium positions.
"The start was good, but it was not so easy with the Bentley trying to pass me," said Perera. "I tried to be really consistent and to build a good gap."
Kane was able to hang on to second with his Bentley, but was put under pressure by Baumann's No. 86 HTP Mercedes during his entire stint.
"We could see it was a bit of a Mercedes battle at the front," said teammate Vincent Abril. "We had hoped to score some points this weekend, but we go home with two podium positions."
"The Bentley works really well with the new Pirelli tires," added Kane. "We have a lot of traction and the car is good on the brakes, that was the key to defending second place."
Jimmy Eriksson started the No. 86 HTP Mercedes 20th on the grid, but managed to climb up to sixth before handing over to Baumann.
The Austrian went on to overtake Juncadella in the No. 88 AKKA ASP Mercedes and Christopher Haase in the Sainteloc Audi R8 LMS to claim the final podium position.
While struggling for pace for most of the weekend, the ROWE Racing BMW M6 GT3s stayed out of trouble in both races and moved up to sixth (No. 99) and seventh (No. 98).
Andrew Watson and Rob Bell were the authors of another strong comeback, as the British duo gained ten places and ended up in P8 with their No. 59 Strakka Racing McLaren 650S GT3.
Mirko Bortolotti managed to salvage two points for Grasser Racing by crossing the line in ninth, the No. 63 Lamborghini was tapped into a spin by Fabian Schiller at the beginning of the race.
Despite a drive-through penalty for the incident mentioned above, Schiller and Jules Szymkowiak still took the Silver Cup honors in the No. 85 HTP Motorsport Mercedes, finishing 12th overall.
The Rinaldi Racing Ferrari 488 GT3 of Daniel Keilwitz and Alexander Matschull came in 14th, which proved to be enough to win the Pro-Am Cup.
Reigning Sprint Cup champion Enzo Ide was battling for a spot in the top-five when he spun the No. 1 WRT Audi and dropped out of the points.
RESULTS: Main Race
2 Comments
Better than Cadillac Prototype International.


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Actress Rosario Dawson is the January 2nd, 2015, cover star of Grazia France, looking minimal chic with an almost fresh-faced makeup look and undone tresses. Photographed by David Roemer of Atelier Management and styled by Nicolas Klam, the dark-haired beauty wears laid-back ensembles featuring the designs of Tommy Hilfiger, Calvin Klein, Longchamp and more.
Rosario Dawson[2] (born May 9, 1979) is an American actress, singer, and writer. She has appeared in films such as Kids, Men in Black II, 25th Hour, Sin City, Clerks II, Rent, Death Proof, The Rundown, Eagle Eye, Alexander, Seven Pounds, Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief, Unstoppable, Trance and Top Five.
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Hyatt Hotel Manager (Admin) - Hyatt Place Zhuhai Jinshi in ZHUHAI, China
You will be responsible to assist with the efficient running of the department in line with Hyatt's Corporate Strategies and brand standards, whilst meeting associate, guest and owner expectations. You will be required to supervise and oversee the accounts receivable, credit, bill collection, Human Resources and all related areas.
Ideally with a university degree or diploma in Finance, Commerce or Hospitality/Tourism management. Minimum 2 years work experience as Accountant or Senior Accountant in larger operation. Good problem solving, administrative and interpersonal skills are a must. Mandarin speaking is essential for this position.
Primary Location: CN-44-Zhuhai
Organization: Hyatt Place Zhuhai Jinshi
Job Level: Full-time
Job: Accounting/Finance/Tax
Req ID: ZHU000002
Hyatt is an equal employment opportunity and affirmative action employer. We do not discriminate on the basis of race, color, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, marital status, pregnancy, national origin, ancestry, age, religion, disability, veteran status, genetic information, citizenship status or any other group protected by law.


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Social media giants should be treated like newspapers and forced to take action against online abuse, senior Tory MP claims
TWITTER and Facebook should be treated like newspapers so they are forced to take action against anonymous trolls, a senior Tory MP said.
Simon Hart, who has led the campaign to stamp out intimidation of election candidates, warned that social media giants were able to escape punishment by acting as hosts rather than publishers.
He told The Sun: "Social media platforms are…


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Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Format: PDF / Kindle / ePub
Size: 14.77 MB
Downloadable formats: PDF
Pages: 208
Publisher: John Donald Publishers Ltd; First Edition edition (November 20, 1987)
Masters of Deception
Summary: Good Strategy Bad Strategy - Richard Rumelt: The Difference and Why It Matters
Escape from the Market: Negotiating Work in Lancashire
The Toxicology of Radioactive Substances: Volume 3.59
Plunkett's Health Care Industry Almanac 2012: Health Care Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends & Leading Companies
Leading the Way to Competitive Exl (NLD)
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Aramco, the United States, and Saudi Arabia: A Study of the Dynamics of Foreign Oil Policy, 1933-1950 (Princeton Legacy Library)
Post-War Business Planners in the United States, 1939-48: The Rise of the Corporate Moderates
One Stop LeaderShop Practice 14: Business Continuity (One Stop LeaderShop - A Manager's Guide to Business Operations)
Public Investment Management in the New EU Member States (World Bank Working Papers)
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Zero Space: Moving Beyond Organizational Limits
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Articles tagged healthy-living
Installing Your Shower Filter (it's easy!)
Showering in Aquasana filtered water restores your hair's natural shine and strength from the inside out. And as this video shows, the shower filter is easy to install! Shower Filter Installation Water Education — January 21, 2016
Water For Life (Or At Least For The Next Year)
People often stop filtering their water because their water filter needs to be replaced. What if almost magically a new filter could arrive on your door step when you need it? Replacement filters Live Healthy — January 21, 2016
Water Wins in the Battle of the Beverages
Water vs. Sports Drinks...When choosing what to drink, there are countless options, but all of them are not created equal, especially when it comes to children's... Water vs Sports Drinks Live Healthy — January 18, 2016
Clean Drinking
If you are going to eat clean then you should drink clean too. What's clean drinking? Filtering your water. Eating clean? Try drinking clean Live Healthy — January 15, 2016
Heart Health & Water Consumption: A Look at the Connection
A Look at the Connection...High blood pressure (hypertension) is a serious condition that can lead to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, kidney failure, and... Hydration and your heart Live Healthy — January 13, 2016
The Benefits of Glass Water Bottles
Protecting your health and caring about the environment are just two of the reasons why you might want to consider switching from plastic water bottles to glass bottles. Glass water bottles Water Education — January 11, 2016
Giving Back To My Community Through Water
Aquasana's CEO was recently appointed to the Integrated Water Resource Planning Community Task Force, a task force created to develop a long range water resource plan for the Austin community. CEO appointed to water task force In the News — January 8, 2016
Healthy Competition
We are a company dedicated to healthy living, as our tagline implies. Generally, we are a healthy and active group, but like millions of other people we are still not as fit as we'd like. Living Our Brand Live Healthy — January 7, 2016


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Texas Lawmakers Adjourn Without Passing Transgender Bathroom Access Bill
Gay Porn Star Colby Keller Says He Voted For Trump Because U.S. Democracy Is 'A Farce'
Fox News Contributor Star Parker Equates Confederate Flag With Rainbow Flag
Danny DeVito Film 'Curmudgeons' Among Those Competing For Iris Prize
JOHNSON'S Celebrates Guncle's Day
Aaron Carter Would Ask Tom Hardy, Adam Lambert On A Date
Pastor Kevin Swanson of Generations
with Vision Ministry last week accused Disney of attempting to turn
kids gay through their animated film Frozen.
In his Generations Radio broadcast,
Swanson told co-host Steve Vaughn that what Disney was doing was
"Friends, this is evil, just evil,"
Swanson said.
"I wonder if people are thinking,
'You know I think this cute little movie is going to indoctrinate my
5-year-old to be a lesbian or treat homosexuality or bestiality in a
light sort of way.' I wonder if the average parent going to see
Frozen is thinking that way. I wonder if they are just
walking in and saying, 'Yeah, let's get my five-year-old and
seven-year-old indoctrinated early.' You know they're not. I think
for the most part they're oblivious. Maybe they do pick up on pieces
of it but they just don't get up and walk out."
He said that the "majority of
American parents don't want their little boys turning into
"Of course that changes over time and
it does change, everything is slipping here," Swanson
added. "You feel it slipping, can't you? … I think the
position of parents with 18- to 22-year-old boys tends to change,
especially as they're being indoctrinated by Disney and others."
On Top Magazine