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1 ON SILENT SEMI-LEXICAL PERSON Norbert Corver ABSTRACT: It is a well-known fact that the bound morpheme -s occurs on the possessor in Dutch possessive noun phrases such as Jans auto ( Jan s car ), tantes fiets ( aunt s bike ), etc. In recent years, various generativelinguistic studies have tried to give a proper characterization of the bound morpheme -s, which historically relates to a genitival suffix. For example, it has been interpreted as a functional category belonging to the category D, Agr, or Pos(sessor). One of the most remarkable occurrences of -s is the one on proper names and family names that function as arguments in the clause, a phenomenon attested in various dialects of Dutch. Van Haeringen s (1947) seminal article on this phenomenon gives the following example: Laten we vaders daar nou maar buiten houden (lit. Let we father s there but outside keep, Let s keep father out ). In this article, I will try to give a proper characterization of this bound morpheme that has a definite article-like behavior and elaborate on the syntax of proper names. KEYWORDS: silent noun, semi-lexical noun, person, subject-object asymmetry, Dutch dialects 1. INTRODUCTION As has been observed by various Dutch traditional grammarians, the grammatical marker -s, which is most familiar from its occurrence in possessive noun phrases such as Piets auto (Piet-s car, Piet s car ) and vaders hoed (fathers hat, father s hat ), also shows up, in a great variety of Dutch dialects, in what appear to be non-possessive contexts (cf. Van Haeringen, 1947; Overdiep, 1940). An example of this quite remarkable phenomenon is given in (1), which represents Alblasserwaard Dutch (cf. Van Haeringen, 1947): (1) We kwamen Anna s tegen We met Anna-s PRT We met Anna. The question, obviously, arises as to how to interpret here the occurrence of -s on the proper name, which seems to function as an argument within the Utrecht Institute of Linguistics-OTS, Utrecht University. Parts of this article were presented at the workshop on The syntax and semantics of grammatical features (Stuttgart university, 2007), the TIN-meeting (Utrecht University, 2007), the 9th conference of the English department at Bucharest University (2007), and the 17th generative grammar colloquium at Girona University (2007). I thank the audiences in all of these settings for valuable comments and discussion. I would, finally, also like to thank the anonymous reviewer and the special editors of this volume for their comments. 5 LINGUE E LINGUAGGIO VII.1 (2008) 5 24
2 NORBERT CORVER main clause. The approach taken by traditional grammarians is to analyze -s as a case morpheme. In this paper I will propose an alternative analysis according to which a linguistic expression like Anna s in (1) is, in fact, a hidden possessive construction, with -s as a possessive marker occupying a functional head position. More specifically, Anna is a possessor which enters into a possessive relationship with a silent (i.e. unpronounced) nominal possessum. Thus: [Anna + -s + POSSESSUM]. If this is the correct analysis, this would provide another instance of a nominal construction featuring an element which is syntactically and interpretively active, but yet not pronounced (cf. Kayne, 2003). I will further argue that this silent possessum can be characterized as a grammatical, i.e. semi-lexical, noun in the sense of Emonds (1985). More particularly, this silent semi-lexical noun will be identified as PERSON. 2. -S: AN ENCLITIC ARTICLE OR A CASE MORPHEME? Before discussing two potential analyses of the linguistic expression Anna s in (1), let me give a few additional examples in order to show that this phenomenon is broadly attested in Dutch dialects and that the -s appears on proper names (and kinship nouns) fulfilling a variety of argumental functions. (2) Dialect of Alblasserwaard; Van Haeringen (1947) a. We kwamen Anna s tegen We met Anna-s PRT We met Anna b. We zullen het moeders maar niet vertellen We shall it mother-s but not tell We won t tell it to mother c. Dat is de hoed van Aries That is the hat of Arie-s That s Arie s hat (3) Dialect of Katwijk; Overdiep (1940: 108) a. Hè-je Jantjies iet ezien? Have-you Jan-DIM-s not seen Haven t you seen Johnny? b. Ik hep et Jantjies ezâat I have it Jan-DIM-s told I told it to Johnny c. Isset mit Jantjies choed? Is-it with Jan-DIM-s good Is everything okay with Johnny? 6
3 ON SILENT SEMI-LEXICAL PERSON (4) Dialect of Gilze 1 a. Ik kwam Janne tegen I met Jan-e PRT I met Jan b. Ik gaaf Teune un kado I gave Teun-e a present I gave Teun a present c. Des de stoel van Janne That-s the chair of Jan-e That s Jan s chair In the (a) examples, the proper name functions as a direct object, as an indirect object in (b), and as the complement of P in (c). 2 Now that we have a rough picture of the distribution of -s, let us address the question as to what analysis could be assigned to this grammatical marker. A first hypothesis that comes to mind is that an expression like Anna s consists of a proper name and an enclitic definite article that attaches to the nominal stem. In the spirit of Longobardi s (1994) treatment of proper names as Determiner Phrases (DP) involving N-to-D movement in overt or covert syntax, one might want to argue that Anna s is derived by overtly moving the proper noun to an expletive article -s, which, being a bound morpheme, needs a nominal host to which it can attach. This derivation is represented in (5), and is reminiscent of the N-to-F/D raising analysis of enclitic articles in languages such as Romanian (6a) and Norwegian (6b): (5) [ DP -s [ NP Anna]] [ DP [ N Anna] j -s [ NP [ t ] j ]] (6) a. copil-ul child-the the child b. stol-en chair-the the chair (Romanian) (Norwegian) 1 These examples feature the bound morpheme -e rather than -s on the proper name. As shown by the example in (i), -e (also -en) appears on proper names in possessive noun phrases. This -e is referred to as a weak genitival form in traditional Dutch grammars, cf.: (i) Dat is Janne pet (Alblasserwaard Dutch, cf. Van Haeringen, 1947) that is Jan-e hat That s Jan s hat 2 In (2a), Anna s appears to be the direct object of (tegen)kwamen; see also (4a). Since this is an unaccusative verb, Anna s arguably should be analyzed as the subject of a small clause which is the complement of komen, as in (i), where for the sake of simplicity we use the embedded word order: (i)... dat we [ SC Anna s tegen] kwamen 7
4 NORBERT CORVER Potential support for an N-to-D analysis of Anna s comes from the observation that the grammatical marker -s (and -e, as in the example below) is in complementary distribution with the expletive definite article de ( the ), which can appear with proper names in certain dialects. The fact that the de and -s cannot co-occur might be due to the fact that they compete for the same structural position, i.e. D. (7) be Flippe with Flip-e at Philip s place (8) a. be de with the Flip Flip at Philip s place b. *be de Flippe (dialect of Oerle; De Bont, 1958: 299) There is also an argument, however, which seems to go against a treatment of -s (or -e) as an enclitic definite article, namely the fact that the nominal expression Proper Name + s does not occur in subject position. Cf. (9): (9) a. Is vaaier(*s) zie j k? Is father(-s) ill Is father ill? b. Jann(*e) is nie thuis Jan(-e) is not at-home Jan isn t at home c. Hier wunt Krijn(*e) Here lives Krijn(-e) Krijn lives here (dialect of Oerle) (dialect of Gilze) (dialect of Katwijk) Under an analysis in which -s is an enclitic definite article, it is not directly clear why the appearance of -s is excluded on subject proper names. This brings me to an alternative analysis of -s, the one proposed by Dutch traditional grammarians, which states that -s is a case morpheme, representing non-nominative (i.e. accusative/oblique) case. Cf. (10): (10) a. Ik hoorde [Harries huilen] I heard Harrie-s cry I heard Harry cry b. Ik vind [Harries aardig] I find Harrie-s nice I consider Harrie a nice guy (dialect of Asten) These examples represent ECM (exceptional case marking) environments: Harries occupies the subject position of an infinitival clause or a small clause. Un- 8
5 ON SILENT SEMI-LEXICAL PERSON der a case analysis of -s, the appearance of -s on the subjects in (10) directly follows: the verbs hoorde and vind are able to assign accusative case to the subject argument Harrie. 3 Notice also that the marker -s (or -e) does not occur on vocative nominal expressions (examples drawn from the dialect of Katwijk). (11) a. Piet(*-e), lech iet te vloouke! Piet(*-e), lay not to curse Piet, don t curse! b. Bin óm en brok sââl, Klaes(*-e)! Put around a piece canvas, Klaas(-e) Klaas, put a piece of canvas around it. (Overdiep, 1940: 134) (Overdiep, 1940: 195) If -s/-e represents a non-nominative (i.e. accusative/oblique) case form, then the absence of this morpheme on these vocative nominals is expected. As shown by (12), where we have a pronominal element for the addressee, Dutch vocatives typically carry a nominative case form: (12) Kom eens hier, jij / *jou! Come PRT here, you.nom / you.acl-obl You, come here! Thus, the facts in (10) and (11) are suggestive for a case analysis of the pattern Proper Name + -s, i.e. -s is a case form that appears on the proper name when it appears in a structural position to which accusative/oblique case can be assigned (e.g. by V or P). Although, at first sight, such a case analysis appears to be on the right track, it is faced with one serious question: the marker -s/-e never appears on the proper noun when it takes a PP-complement. This is illustrated by the Katwijk Dutch example in (13); examples drawn from Overdiep (1940: 110): 4 (13) a. Ik ben [ PP bij [ Piet(*-e) fan Nelles]] eweest I have with Piet(-e) of Nelle-s been I visited Piet, who is Nel s son b. Wij hebbe teuges den aevent gistere [ DP Piet(*-e) van We have against the evening yesterday Piet(-e) of Klemme-n] epraejt Klem-e spoken Towards evening, we spoke with Piet, who is Clemens s son. 3 I abstract away here from the exact technical analysis of case licensing; e.g. in terms of case assignment, checking, or Agree. 4 In many Dutch dialects, the pattern Proper name + [ PP P + proper name] is a very common way of expressing family relationships: e.g. Kees van Klaas Kees, who is Klaas s son. 9
6 NORBERT CORVER If -s is a case marker, it is not so obvious why the pattern in (13), featuring the marker -e, is excluded. Under an analysis in which Piet enters the syntactic derivation with the case suffix -e attached to it, it is entirely unclear why such a case marked noun would block the appearance of a PP-complement. Languages that display morphological case marking on nouns do not block such marking when a noun combines with a following PP-complement; see the German example in (14): (14) Ik I habe [ den Kinder-n [ PP von Karl]] sübigkeiten gegeben have the children-dat of Karl sweets given Also for a case analysis in which -s would instantiate a functional Case head (say, K; cf. Bittner & Hale, 1996), the facts in (13) are problematic. If -s/-e were in K and the form Piet-e were derived in terms of N-to-K-movement (see (15)), it would be unclear why such head movement is blocked by the presence of a PP-complement. 5 (15) a. [ KP -e [ NP Piet [ PP fan Nelles]]] b. [ KP Piet j -e [ NP t j [ PP fan Nelles]]] Besides the PP-complement problem posed by (13), there is another problem, which concerns the absence of -s/-e on proper names that behave like predicate nominals. Consider the examples in (16a,b), which are taken from the Katwijk Dutch dialect and the Asten Dutch dialect, respectively: (16) a. [Jáepje Skúit(*-e)] nòmde ze die Jaap-DIM Skuit(-e) called they that They called him Japie Skuit b. We noemen hem Harrie(*-s) We call him Harrie(-s) We call him Harrie (Overdiep, 1940: 226) The predicative function of the proper name in (16) is strongly suggested by the fact that when we pronominalize the proper name, we get the adverb-like pro-form zo, which typically functions as a pro-predicate in Dutch: (17) We noemen hem zo we call him so We call him so Clearly, Jáepje Skúit and Harrie in (16a,b) should be interpreted as predicate nominals that predicate over the external arguments die and hem, respectively. As is especially clear from the pronominal form hem him, these external ar- 5 In (15), I have abstracted away from the potential presence of a DP-layer in between KP and NP. 10
7 ON SILENT SEMI-LEXICAL PERSON guments carry accusative (i.e. non-nominative) case, and arguably should be analyzed as subjects of the small clause selected by nòmde/noemen. 6 Schematically: (18) We noemen [ SC hem Harrie] It seems very unlikely that, in this small clause configuration, Harrie represents a nominative case form. If it carries any case form, it should be an accusative one, given the widespread case agreement attested with subjectpredicate relations. In short, the bareness of the proper name in (16) also seems to go against a case analysis of the Proper Name + -s construction. 3. -S AS A POSSESSIVE MARKER If -s (or -e) is neither an enclitic definite article nor an accusative /oblique case marker, what can it be? What I would like to propose is that -s on Anna s in (1) is precisely the same element as the one we find on the possessive noun phrase in (19). (19) We kwamen [Anna s moeder] tegen We came Anna-s mother PRT We met Anna s mother Thus, the linguistic expression Anna s in (1) is a hidden possessive noun phrase, in which the possessed noun is silent, i.e. unpronounced. The internal structure which I will assume for Anna s is the one in (20): 7 (20) [ DP D [ PosP Anna j [ Pos -s [ NP POSSESSUM t j ]]]] If Anna s in (1) is the same element and occupies the same (DP-internal) structural position as Anna s in (19), one would expect parallelism in their syntactic behavior. This, in fact, seems to hold true. A first sign of parallelism is the fact that the marker -s (or -e) typically attaches to the last proper noun in the case of a complex proper name (i.e. first name + family name). In (21a), this is illustrated for a regular possessive noun phrase, in (21b) for a possessive noun phrase featuring a silent possessed noun. 6 See, for example, the following German example; H. van Riemsdijk p.c.: Sie nannten Napoleon [den kleinen General] ( They called Napoleon the-acc small-acc general ). The presence of accusative case on the predicate nominal in Dutch is also suggested by an example like the following, where the accusative pronominal form haar must appear in predicate position: We noemen [hem] [haar/*zij] om iedereen in verwarring te brengen ( We call him her/*she in-order-to everyone in confusion to bring ). 7 See, for example, Longobardi (1996) for a structural layering as in (20). The functional layer (PosP) in between DP and NP is the locus where the prenominal possessor is located. 11
8 NORBERT CORVER (21) a. Dat is [Krijn Haezenoote huis] that is Krijn Haezenoot-e house That is Krijn Haezenoot s house b. Ik hep Krijn Haezenoote-n -ezien I have Krijn Haezenoot-e seen I saw Krijn Haezenoot (dialect of Katwijk) Another parallel property relates to Van Haeringen s (1947) observation that the expression Proper Name + -s is typically found with bare proper names, i.e. proper names that are not accompanied by any determiner-like element. Van Haeringen gives the following contrast: (22) a. Laten we vaders daar nou maar let we father-s there PRT but Let s not involve father in this b. *Laten we die arme vaders daar nou Let we that poor father-s there PRT lastig vallen be-annoyed Let s not bother poor father with this buiten houden outside keep maar but niet not mee with A similar contrast is found with normal possessive constructions: 8 (23) a. [Vaders fiets] is gisteren gestolen father-s bike is yesterday stolen Father s bike was stolen yesterday b.?*[die arme vaders fiets] is gisteren gestolen that poor father-s bike is yesterday stolen That poor father s bike was stolen yesterday A third piece of parallelism concerns the fact that the grammatical morpheme -s that we find in expressions like Anna s in (1) is also found on the demonstrative pronoun die ( that ) and the interrogative pronoun wie ( whose ) (cf. (24)); that is, those elements that also have -s attached to them in regular possessives (cf. (25)); examples drawn from Overdiep, 1940: 110,131) (24) a. Wies sag ik taer? who-s saw I there Who did I see there? (dialect of Katwijk) 8 Compare (23b) with the following doubling possessive construction, which is much better than (23b): (i) [Die arme vader z n fiets] is gisteren gestolen That poor father his bike is yesterday stolen That poor father s bike was stolen yesterday 12
9 ON SILENT SEMI-LEXICAL PERSON b. Neen, dies iet foor dat werrek gebruiken no that-s can I not for that work use No, I can t use him for that kind of work (25) a. Wies hoed is-tat? who-s hat is-that Whose hat is that? b. Neen, dies hoet iet no, that-s hat is it not No, it isn t that person s hat Notice also that the ill-formedness of the pattern Piet-e fan Nelles in (13) follows quite straightforwardly: a possessor-noun (i.e. proper name + -s) never takes a PP(-complement) to its right. This restriction can quite nicely be shown on the basis of English, which, permits PP-satellites going with proper names as long as the grammatical marker s follows the entire complex [N+PP]. That is, [N+PP] s is permitted, whereas [N+ s+pp] is not: (26) a. [[the man [ PP with the beard]] s bike b. *[the man s [ PP with the beard]] bike Clearly, s attaches to the entire possessor noun phrase, and not just to the head noun (N). This restriction on the attachmnent of s is also at the basis of the ill-formedness of the sequence Piet-e fan Nelles; the bound morpheme -e is attached to the head Piet, which takes a PP to its right. Let me say a few more words on the sequence Piet van Nelles in (13). When we look closely at the nominal form Nelles, we distinguish a sequence of two markers, viz. -e and -s (see Overdiep, 1940: 110). 9 Thus, Nelles has the following composition: Nel+-e+-s. If both bound morphemes are grammatical markers of possession, there should be two possessive relationships involved: Nel is a possessor, which has -e attached to it and combines with an empty possessum; the complex Piet van Nell-e POSSESSUM also functions as a possessor and is linked to the possessum via the grammatical marker -s. Schematically: (27) [[Piet van [[Nel]-e POSSESSUM]]-s POSSESSUM] The linear ordering of the grammatical morphemes -e and -s corroborates the idea that the possessive marker does not combine directly with the proper noun (i.e. Piet), but rather with a phrasal projection. 9 Overdiep (1940: 110) points out that this pattern featuring -es (arguably: -e + -s) at the end is typically found with names of older people. 13
10 NORBERT CORVER 4. A SUBJECT-OBJECT ASYMMETRY So far, I have argued that the linguistic expression Anna s in (1) is a hidden possessive noun phrase, whose possessum noun is phonetically empty (see (20)). I will now address the question as to why the nominal pattern Proper Name + -s is permitted in object position but not in subject position (see (9)). The contrast is also shown by the pair in (28): (28) a. Is vaaier(*s) zie j k? Is father(-s) ill Is father ill? b. Hedde moeiers be.w? Have-you mother-s with-you Have you taken mother with you? (dialect of Oerle) I will make use here of Longobardi s (1994) insight regarding the distribution of bare nouns in Italian and English. He observes that Romance bare nouns are usually excluded from preverbal subject position, but admitted in internal argument position (Longobardi, 1994: 616); see the contrast in (29), where the bare noun is a mass noun: (29) a. *Acqua viene giu dalle colline water comes down from-the hills Water is coming down from the hills b. Ho preso acqua dalla sorgente I.have taken water from-the source I took water from the spring (Italian) Assuming that a bare noun like acqua is a DP consisting of a phonetically empty determiner and the lexical N(P) acqua, Longobardi (1994: 617) proposes that the distribution of the bare noun phrase acqua is determined by the requirement that the empty determiner be lexically governed. 10 In (29a), the empty determiner of the DP [ DP [ D e][ NP acqua]] is not governed by any lexical head. The closest head is T, but T is not lexical. In (29b), on the contrary, the verb preso (lexically) governs the empty D of the DP acqua. Longobardi (1994: 621) further points out that under an analysis in which arguments are always DPs, proper names like Gianni in (30a) and John in (30b) have the underlying structure in (30c); i.e. an empty D is syntactically present in the structure. 10 The DP-status of the bare noun acqua is based on the idea that a nominal expression is an argument only if it is introduced by a categrory D. 14
11 ON SILENT SEMI-LEXICAL PERSON (30) a. Gianni mi ha Gianni me has telefonato called-up Gianni has called me up b. John called me up c. [ DP [ D e] [ NP Gianni/John]] If (30c) is the structure of the proper names in (30a,b), the question obviously arises as to why the sentences are not ill-formed. Notice that the empty D would not be lexically governed, the closest head being T. Longobardi s solution to this puzzle is the following: the proper name Gianni/John raises and substitutes for D, so that there is no empty D present in the representation which is subject to the lexical government requirement. Evidence for N-to- D raising in Italian comes from the ordering of an attributive adjective and a proper name. The proper name precedes the modifying adjective, which arguably is obtained by moving the proper noun to D across the left branch attributive adjective: 11 (31) a. *E venuto [vecchio Cameresi] (Longobardi, 1994: 624) Has come older Cameresi b. E venuto [Cameresi vecchio] Now what about the English example (30b)? Should we also assume overt N-to-D raising for English? In view of the word order old John (and the illformedness of John old), the conclusion is inescapable that movement of the proper noun to D does not take place in overt syntax. Taking the idea seriously that languages that differ superficially as regards their word order can be computationally the same (i.e. the uniformity hypothesis), Longobardi (p. 641) argues that English N-to-D raising only differs from Italian in the timing of the movement. More specifically, N-to-D movement takes place in covert syntax (i.e. after Spell-Out) in English. After N-to-D raising (i.e. substitution) has taken place, the (LF-)representation does not contain any empty D, and consequently the structure is no longer excluded by a head government violation. Taking Longobardi s approach towards proper names as our background, let s retun to the ill-formed example (28a), where vaaiers is in subject position. Remember that vaaiers is a hidden possessive noun phrase, whose internal representation before Spell-Out is the one in (32a). Let s further assume, in line with Longobardi s (1996) hypothesis that Saxon genitive constructions in the Germanic languages are hidden Construct States, that the head noun (i.e. the possessum) undergoes N-to-D raising (arguably for reasons of genitive case assignment ). In a possessive construction in which the possessed noun is 11 As noted by Longobardi, the order adjective + proper name is attested with nominal expressions featuring an expletive definite article: E venuto [il vecchio Cameresi] ( Has come the older Cameresi ) 15
12 NORBERT CORVER lexical (e.g. vaders huis, father s house ), this results in an LF-representation in which D is lexically filled. Consequently, the lexical government requirement does not apply. In a hidden possessive like vaaiers in (28a), however, the empty D remains empty even after LF N-to-D raising has taken place, this for the very simple reason that the raised (possessum) noun has no phonetic content. Thus, schematically, the LF-representation of vaaiers is like (32), where I have added the clausal environment (i.e. TP): (32) [ TP [ DP [ N e] j [ PosP vaaier [ Pos -s [ NP t j ]]]] [ T T... ]] D, which is substituted for by an empty Noun, remains empty. Since the empty head is lexically ungoverned at LF, the structure is ruled out. 12 When it is lexically governed, as in (33), the structure is well-formed: (33)... [ DP [ N e] j [ PosP moeier [ Pos -s [ NP t j ]]]] hed (=V) (cf. (28b)) Recall that an expression like Anna s, which we now take to be a hidden possessive noun phrase whose unpronounced possessed noun raises to D in covert syntax, also occurs as an indirect object (2b) and a complement of P (2c). In the former case, V arguably fulfills the role of lexical governor of the empty noun that occupies D after N-to-D raising; in the latter case, P is the lexical governor. The ECM-examples in (10) are also accounted for: the matrix verb lexically governs the raised empty head noun occupying D. The impossibility of Proper name + -s as a vocative expression (cf. (11)) also follows: the vocative phrase, clearly, is not governed by any lexical head. 12 One might raise the question whether silent PERSON can occur in sentences in which DP is the subject of an unaccusative verb. As is well-known from split wat voor noun phases (see (i)), subextraction out of a DP-subject of an unaccusative verb is not possible when DP occupies the structural position Spec,TP (cf. Den Besten, 1985); see (ia). Subextraction is only possible if the subject-dp occupies a VP-internal object-position (see (ib)). Under an ECP-approach, this contrast is accounted for in terms of proper government: the VP-external subject-dp (and its spec-position) is not properly governed, since T is not a proper governor. The VP-internal subject-dp (and its spec) is properly governed because it is lexically governed by V. (i) a. *Wat i zou [ SU t i voor schrijver] [ IO haar] interesseren? What would for writer her interest What kind of writer would interest her? b. [Wat i zou haar [t i voor schrijver] interesseren? The prediction we make is that silent PERSON can occur in a subject-dp occupying a VPinternal position, but not in a subject-dp occupying a VP-external one. The relevant pair to look at would be the one in (ii): (ii) a. Ik denk dat [ SU Jantjes PERSON] [ IO haar] zou interesseren I think that Johnny-s PERSON her would interest I think that Johnny would interest her b. Ik denk dat [ IO haar] [ SU Jantjes PERSON] zou interesseren Unfortunately, I haven t been able to find relevant pairs in the dialectal data sources that are available to me. I will therefore leave this interesting question for future research. 16
13 ON SILENT SEMI-LEXICAL PERSON 5. A SILENT SEMI-LEXICAL NOUN PERSON A question which, obviously, should be addressed is the following: What is the nature of the phonetically empty noun that raises to D in covert syntax? In this section, I propose that this unpronounced noun is a silent, grammatical (i.e. semi-lexical) noun PERSON. Thus, Anna s in (1) is [Anna s PERSON]. More precisely, it has the following (overt syntax) representation: 13 (34) [ DP D [ PosP Anna j [ Pos -s [ NP PERSON t j ]]]] 5.1 Semi-lexical nouns and silent nouns In Emonds (1985), it is proposed that besides the well-known classes of lexical categories and functional categories an in-between class of categories should be distinguished, viz. the class of grammatical categories (e.g. grammatical nouns, grammatical verbs, etc.). This class of categories is also known under the label semi-lexical (cf. Corver & Van Riemsdijk 2001). According to Emonds, the closed class of grammatical nouns includes lexical items such as: self, one, people, thing, place, reason, time, way. Emonds (1985: 162) argues that these are words of the lexical category N which can be characterized as being the most frequently used and least semantically explicit members of the category noun. As regards their lexical make-up, Emonds (2000: 9) states the following: a closed grammatical class X [... ] is one whose members have no purely semantic features f, but only cognitive syntactic features F. 14 Following Chomsky (1965: 142), he argues that semantic features play no role in any syntactic rule, whereas cognitive syntactic features do (see also Chomsky, 1995: 230). This distinction at the featural level is exemplified in (35a) for the lexical noun thing (cf. (36a)) and in (35b) for the semi-lexical noun thing (cf. (36b)). (35) a. thing {[+N,-V],[+Common],[-Animate],[+Count],[semantic features]} b. thing {[+N,-V],[+Common],[-Animate],[-Count]} (36) a. I bought a nice thing (thing as a lexical noun) b. I bought something (thing as a semi-lexical noun) The examples in (37) and (38) show that both types of nouns display a different (morpho)syntactic behavior. More particularly, lexical thing, being 13 See also Kayne (2005) for PERSON as a silent noun. 14 Thus, purely semantic features f are only present in the lexical make-up of the open class of lexical categories N, V, A and (lexical) P. Chomsky (1995: 230) gives [artifact] as an example of such a feature. Emonds s cognitive syntactic features F are present in the lexical make-up of lexical, functional and grammatical (i.e. semi-lexical) categories. They contribute centrally to meaning (i.e. are interpretable at the CI-interface level; cf. Chomsky (1995)). The set of cognitive syntactic features includes properties such as: ±N, ±V, ±PROXIMATE, ±PLURAL, ±DEFINITE, etc. In Chomsky (1995:230), these are referred to by the term formal features. 17
14 NORBERT CORVER [+count] can be pluralized; see (37a). This is impossible with the [ count] semi-lexical noun thing, as shown by (37b) A further distinction regards displacement: a semi-lexical noun thing is able to undergo N-to-D raising across an attributive adjective, yielding the surface pattern some+thing nice (cf. (38b)) This movement step is impossible with the lexical noun thing; see *some things nice. The only possible order is that in (38a). (37) a. I bought some things (plural formation) b. *I bought somethings (no plural formation) (38) a. I bought [some nice thing(s)] (no N-to-D) b. I bought [some+thing j nice t j ] (N to D raising across an adjective) Besides this special transformational behavior of certain semi-lexical nouns, we have identified another property which seems to be characteristic of (certain) semi-lexical nouns, namely their ability to be silent in the sense of Kayne (2003, 2005, 2007). According to Kayne, silent nouns are nouns that are syntactically and interpretively active, but yet not pronounced. In the direct object noun phrase in (39), for example, a silent noun NUMBER is taken to be present. (39) John ate [a few NUMBER sandwiches] Presence of a silent noun NUMBER accounts for the occurrence of the singular indefinite article a, which obviously does not belong to the plural noun sandwiches. Under such an analysis, few, which is an adjective in view of the comparative form fewer, can be taken to modify the silent noun NUMBER. As Kayne (2003) points out, the occurrence of a silent noun is subject to a licensing requirement that there be some sort of antecedent which makes it possible to recover the (semantic) contents of the silent noun. This antecedent is not strong in the sense that there is a lexical item (say, a lexical noun number) present that antecedes the silent item. Rather, an interpretable formal feature (i.e. a cognitive syntactic feature in Emonds s sense) functions as an antecedent (i.e. identifies the semantic contents) of the silent noun. In (39), for example, the feature [+number], which arguably is part of the lexical make-up of the quantifying adjective few functions as a sort of antecedent for silent NUMBER (see Kayne, 2003). 5.2 Evidence for semi-lexical persoon/ PERSOON The question, obviously, arises what evidence there is for the existence of semi-lexical PERSON. As pointed out by Kayne (2003), silent nouns typically have an audible, i.e. pronounced, counterpart. As suggested by the example 18
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text:
Will Congress Finally Raise The Gas Tax?
"The nation's roads and rails need repair. Congress will find how badly the infrastructure has crumbled and how much money is needed to upgrade and expand the country's existing system on Tuesday.
A Senate subcommittee will hear the findings of a January report by on the state of the nation's surface infrastructure system and recommended funding options.
The 20-month study by the National Surface Transportation Policy and Revenue Study Commission paints a dismal picture of the nation's infrastructure system with roads, bridges and highways, passenger and freight rail services rapidly deteriorating with limited funding resources to pay for necessary repairs and upgrades.
The findings and recommendations by the 12-member commission, which were supported by nine of the commissioners, is expected to re-ignite political debate over raising gasoline taxes. Recent efforts by Congress to increase it have faltered, in part due to objections by the Bush administration."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Long product name IBM IntelliStation 6221-E7G :
Int 3.2G 512 2x512 36.4/10 S
The short editorial description of IBM IntelliStation 6221-E7G
Int 3.2G 512 2x512 36.4/10 S
Short summary description IBM IntelliStation 6221-E7G:
This short summary of the IBM IntelliStation 6221-E7G data-sheet is auto-generated and uses the product title and the first six key specs.IBM IntelliStation 6221-E7G, Intel® Xeon®, 1 GB, 36 GB, 6.5" (165 mm), 19.4" (492 mm), 17.4" (441 mm)
Long summary description IBM IntelliStation 6221-E7G :
IBM IntelliStation 6221-E7G. Processor family: Intel® Xeon®. Internal memory: 1 GB. Hard drive capacity: 36 GB. Width: 6.5" (165 mm), Depth: 19.4" (492 mm), Height: 17.4" (441 mm)
This is an auto-generated long summary of IBM IntelliStation 6221-E7G based on the first three specs of the first five spec groups.


text:
Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
You can now enjoy this movie on your iPhone®, iPad®, or compatible Smart TV & Android devices.
Purchase Options
Pay-Per-MinutePurchase Minutes
Streaming Rentals
Available MP4 sizes:SD 480p (1.6 GB)
DRM-free downloads offer content that is not limited by standard Digital Rights Management (DRM) access technologies. These technologies allow hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to limit the usage of digital content.
When you purchase DRM-free downloadable content, that content is available for you to download on any computer and save to a disk whenever you like. You can also download to multiple computers. There is no timeframe associated with your purchase and the content will not expire.
Running Time: 106 minutes
Released: 03/2011
Studio Name: Universal Trannies
Series: My Shemale Fantasies
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Leonardo DiCaprio, Jared Leto, Lupita Nyong'o Hit Up the Hollywood Reporter's Annual Nominees Night Party
The bash brought a bevy of celebrities including Leonardo DiCaprio, Jared Leto, Lupita Nyong'o, Barkhad Abdi (Captain Phillips), Steve Coogan and more out for an evening of celebration.
Leto, a best supporting actor nominee for his turn as Rayon in Dallas Buyers Club, was reflective about his first Academy Award nomination. "It feels like a gift," he told THR, suited up in a sleek silver Lanvin blazer. "With the history of the Academy and the performances, I've been inspired by so many different people that are nominated this year. It's a great year for cinema."
DiCaprio, decked out in Armani, was surrounded by partygoers inside the bash talked Martin Scorsese (his Wolf of Wall Street director), and of course only had good things to say. "It's amazing — it's amazing the energy he brought to it," the 39-year-old told THR.
"It sneaks up on me and I'm like, 'Wow a lot has changed in just a few months,' you know," she said. "And I look forward to having distance from it and being able to take it all in and maybe look at the photos I've taken. I have so many photos on my phone, my phone's about to break."
Check out more pics of the stars on the red carpet at the The Hollywood Reporter's Annual Nominees Night Party at Spago by launching the gallery.


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Ocado Red Peppers 3 per pack
3 days guaranteed (avg. 6)*
73p each
Product Description
Sweet and crisp, great in a salad or as a snack, just as good to cook with.
Product Information
Summer Days, Good Times/
Al Fresco Dining/
Breads & Salads/
Salad & Herbs/
Summer Days, Good Times/
Bread, Salads & Sauces/
Summer Days, Good Times/
Snacks & Dips/
- Brands: Ocado
- Dietary & Lifestyle: Vegetarian
- Options: Vitality healthy food, The Ocado range
Store in a cool dry place.
Preparation and Usage
Wash before use.
Country of Origin
Country of origin may vary due to seasonality.
Country of origin may vary between Holland, Israel, Morocco, Spain, UK.
Produced and packed for:
Ocado Retail Ltd.,
Package Type
Plastic Bag
Customer Reviews
25 June 2017
Half eaten end!
Well one pepper had been either eaten or chopped off but not in packet! Make of that what you will!
09 June 2017
Getting Smaller
No problem with quality but whereas I used to use one of these I now need one & a half. I also don't understand why three decent sized mixed peppers are a pound but these are over twice the price. In most supermarkets peppers are one price regardless of colour
09 June 2017
the tale of the shrinking pepper
these are getting smaller and smaller as time goes by. Yet the price is not, surprise, surprise... Nice peppers, but poor value.
Rainbow Fritatta
This dish is perfect for a light lunch dish or a delicious and impressive starter for a more lavish occasion. You can also prepare it in advance and keep it in the fridge - for example, you could make it the night before as a snack for lunchtime at work. Your workmates will certainly be jealous.
35 mins
Gressingham Duck Noodle Stir Fry with Ginger and Oyster Sauce
A tasty mid-week meal, the rich, gamey flavour of the duck works perfectly lively flavours of the orient.
35 mins
Tomato Gazpacho with Wholegrain Mustard Chantilly
Simple and refreshing, this classic Spanish dish is ideal for hot days.
10 mins
Grilled goat's cheese and roasted peppers with Kallo Corn Cakes
Be it a lusciously light lunch, a quick but filling breakfast or a perfect al desko picnic, our scrummy toppings are fit for any occasion. Why don't you create a wonderfully warm snack by topping your Kallo corn cakes with grilled goat's cheese and roasted red and yellow peppers. Just joyous!
23 mins
Harissa Prawns with Sweet Pepper
Quick and, quite simply, delicious...
20 mins
View all recipes containing Ocado Red Peppers
- Life guarantee
- Minimum life based on 'use-by' date of product. Average life based on last week's deliveries. Life guarantee shown based on delivery tomorrow with the Life guarantee starting the following day. Please book a slot to view Life guarantee for your chosen delivery day. See Terms and Conditions for further details.
- Disclaimer
- These summary details have been prepared for information purposes only, and are designed to enhance your shopping experience on the Ocado website. While we have taken care in preparing this summary and believe it is accurate, it is not a substitute for your reading the product packaging and label prior to use. You should note that products and their ingredients are subject to change. If you do require precise ingredient information you should consult the manufacturer, whose contact details will appear on the packaging or label.
- Ocado is therefore unable to accept liability for any incorrect information. Where this description contains a link to another party's website for further information on the product, please note that Ocado has no control over and no liability for the contents of that website.
- You should also note that the picture images show only our serving suggestions of how to prepare your food - all table accessories and additional items and/or ingredients pictured with the product you are purchasing are not included.
- This data is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without Ocado Limited's prior consent, nor without due acknowledgement.


text:
All Android applications categories
Introducing the Phineas and Ferb Sounboard Plus. A Phineas and Ferb Soundboard! You get all the same great sounds and songs as in the free version (plus more) without ads and you get to save them as a ringtone or Notification. TO SAVE A RINGTONE/NOTIFICATION PLEASE PRESS AND HOLD THE SOUND. then press save as, and then it will be saved in your ringtone lists, you have to manually set it to be your ringtone after that. These sounds are DOWNLOADED to your phone so you wont have issues with Lag that some some apps have when they stream the sounds to your phone! Go get em Agent P!
sounds include:
Theme Song
D.E.I Jingle
Curse you Perry
Yes, yes we are
Whatcha Doooin
Gitchi Gitchi Goo
Perrys sound (nuganuganuga)
Wheres Perry?
Holiday theme songs
Squirrels in my Pants
And many more.....
Just Added 10 new Songs and quotes on 5/28/13 Free version does not get these ;)
I suggest you check out the free version before you buy this to see if you like it.
DISCLAIMER: The Pictures associated with this app do not belong to the Disney Corporation. They were obtained legally through 3rd parties. The sounds you hear in this app are all publicly available for your listening pleasure on You tube. We were not the ones to Upload them. We just Provide a Different way for you to listen to them. This app is not associated with Disney in anyway.
This application complies with US Copyright law guidelines of "fair use". If you feel there is a direct copyright or trademark violation that doesn't follow within the "fair use" guidelines, please contact us directly.
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from 8 reviews
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text:
This riad has the very advantageous location. It stands, as usual, in a narrow medina's alley, that branches from very long shopping streets of local souk (arabic for "market"), but close enough to the heart of Marrakech - Jamal al-Fna square (only several - maybe 5-7 - minutes walk).
We have no claims to the Riad with it's quite good and clean rooms. Everything is almost new and looks or works properly. Even the girl-manager has Russian name Dunya. However, after hearing from us about it, she became very surprised.
But (to tell you the truth) it's very difficult to find the receptionist during siesta time and in the evening.
However, in "Tariq" followed by the Moroccan bad habit - start breakfast at 9:00. ------
Переводчик Google для бизнеса –Инструменты переводчикаПереводчик сайтовСлужба "Анализ рынков"
Отключить моментальный переводО Переводчике GoogleМобильная версияКонфиденциальностьСправкаОтправить отзыв
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Travelocity, Hotels.com, Orbitz, Priceline and Expedia so you can book your Riad Tarik reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.


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- This article is about the fan organization; for the in-universe navy, see Royal Manticoran Navy.
The Royal Manticoran Navy, often abbreviated to TRMN, is the official Honor Harrington fan association.
Starting as a small grouping of fans in 2007, it has since become a large organization of Honorverse enthusiasts, officially endorsed by David Weber. It is heavily involved in the holding of conventions such as Manticon.