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Entrenched Ivory Coast leader calls for resistance
ABIDJAN, Ivory Coast (AP) Military officials loyal to Ivory Coast's entrenched leader on Saturday called on their forces to resist rebels who are trying to depose him after he has refused to cede power.
Forces loyal to incumbent leader Laurent Gbagbo retook state TV headquarters Saturday. Gbagbo's military spokesman Lt. Col. Alphonse Guano then made a televised address. In it, he called on security forces to report for duty to resist attacks by forces loyal to internationally recognized president Alassane Ouattara, whose fighters now control most of the country.
A disheveled TV announcer said Gbagbo was at his residence Saturday and that it had not been attacked.
But residents nearby said explosions and gunfire erupted Saturday morning near the presidency. An AP journalist heard gunfire and explosions Saturday morning about two city blocks from Gbagbo's presidential palace in Abidjan.
Rebels loyal to internationally recognized president Alassane Ouattara made a lightning advance through the country this week, seizing the administrative capital on Wednesday before heading to Abidjan, the country's largest city.
The push has been led by a northern rebel group that is allied with Ouattara.
On Saturday, officials with the International Committee of the Red Cross said more than 800 people were killed in intercommunal violence in a western town that had been taken by the rebel group.
Red Cross spokeswoman Dorothea Krimitsas said the violence likely erupted Tuesday, the day after the town was taken by the fighters. It is not clear what prompted the killings and whether the armed group was involved.
Krimitsas said Red Cross teams were there Friday and saw a "huge number of bodies."
U.N. deputy spokesman Farhan Haq said the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights has received "unconfirmed but worrying reports" that the pro-Ouattara force "has been committing human rights violations" during the advance toward Abidjan.
Ouattara's government Saturday denied those fighters were involved in any atrocities, and blamed any killings on Gbagbo forces acting as they retreated. Their statement did not refer specifically to the town, Duekoue.
Gbagbo has rejected calls to step down. His aides said Friday they will never give in, even though nearly 80% of the country and now large swaths of Abidjan are controlled by fighters loyal to Ouattara.
Gbagbo, 65, has not been seen in public since the offensive began, but those in his inner circle said Friday he was still in Abidjan and would fight until the end. Ouattara has ordered land and sea borders closed to seal all the exits in case Gbagbo attempts to flee.
Ouattara's victory with 54% of the vote was recognized first by the country's electoral commission and then by the United Nations. He has been recognized by governments around the world, and leaders from President Obama to French President Nicolas Sarkozy have made personal appeals to Gbagbo to step down.
Since the disputed election, Ouattara had worked to rally international support for an armed intervention led by either the U.N. or a regional force to avoid the impression that he had taken the country by violent means. Ouattara's aides said he exhausted all diplomatic options before giving the armed group the go-ahead.
Attacking from the west, the center and the east, the fighters took towns with almost no resistance, seizing more than three-quarters of the country in four days. By the time the military vehicles crossed into Abidjan early Friday, as many as 50,000 members of Gbagbo's security forces had deserted, according to the top U.N. envoy in Ivory Coast, Choi Young-jin.
At least 1 million people have fled Abidjan and 494 have been killed during the four months of violence waged by Gbagbo's security forces. Early on, world leaders offered him amnesty and a golden parachute in return for leaving peacefully. The U.N. has said his regime will be investigated for possible crimes against humanity.
Copyright 2011 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Posted on August 19, 2013 by: acid stag
Kick start your week with 'Funk & Boogie,' the brand new mix from everyone's favourite Belgian producer, Aeroplane.
We claim no credit for any images, music and/or videos posted on this site unless otherwise noted. All audio and visual content is copyright to its respectful owners. We are also in no way responsible for, or have control of the content of any external web site links. This website was created as a promotional tool. Please support the artists and purchase their work.

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Poetry Man - Phoebe Snow (1974) MP3
"Poetry Man" was a song by the American singer-songwriter Phoebe Snow. The song was written by Snow, produced by Dino Airali, and first appeared on her ...
Phoebe Snow~Poetry Man MP3
Phoebe Snow~Poetry Man (1989)
Phoebe Snow - Poetry Man MP3
"Poetry Man" is a song by the American singer-songwriter Phoebe Snow. The song was written by Snow, produced by Dino Airali, and first appeared on her ...
Phoebe Snow- "Poetry Man" (with Lyrics) (1080pHD) MP3
NOTE: NO copyright infringement intended. All audio is owned by Shelter Records/WMG.
Poetry Man - Phoebe Snow MP3
For Listening Enjoyment - Copyright Infringement Not Intended Copyrights @ 1974, 1975, 1989 DCC Compact Disc Inc./Shelter Entertainment Group.
Poetry Man MP3
Provided to YouTube by Universal Music Group International Poetry Man · Queen Latifah Trav'lin' Light ℗ 2007 The Verve Music Group, a Division of UMG ...
Phoebe Snow - Poetry Man - The NY Songwriters Circle MP3
http://www.songwriters-circle.com - Phoebe Snow performs her hit song "Poetry Man" Live at the New York Songwriters Circle 2009 Songwriting Contest launch ...
The Midnight Special More 1975 - 21 - Phoebe Snow - Poetry Man MP3
No infringement of copyright is intended in any way under DMCA, under the terms of fair use for education. The Midnight Special More 1975 - 21 - Phoebe Snow ...
Queen Latifah - Poetry Man MP3
Beautifull Remake come see :) http://www.twitter.com/daherbalist.
Guante - "Ten Responses to the Phrase 'Man Up' " MP3
Subscribe to Button! New video daily: http://bit.ly/buttonpoetry Check out this and more work from Guante and other viral poets in VIRAL: http://bit.ly/1mfNZ31 For ...
Neiel Israel - "When a Black Man Walks" (NPS 2014) MP3
Subscribe to Button Poetry! New video daily: http://bit.ly/buttonpoetry If you loved this poem, check out Marshall Gilson: http://bit.ly/1zoSe63 Performing during ...
Stevie Ann - The Poetry Man MP3
Videoclip of Stevie Ann' single The Poetry Man recorded September 2005.
Poetry Man - Queen Latifah (Live) MP3
Queen performed the Phoebe Snow classic, "Poetry Man" from her Trav'lin' Light CD on Live Regis and Kelly. Great Performance.
Queen Latifah- Poetry Man Lyrics MP3
No Description Available ^^
Phoebe Snow - Poetry Man (cover) MP3
this is one of my favorite songs to sing.. ever. originally by Phoebe Snow:)
Kainani Kahaunaele - "Poetry Man" - The MAKA Sessions MP3
Kainani performing the classic tune "Poetry Man" for Mountain Apple Company's The MAKA Sessions. http://www.mountainapplecompany.com/kainani.
Phoebe Snow - Poetry Man MP3
Poetry Man by Phoebe Snow. Recorded in 1977.
Na Leo Pilimehana " Poetry Man " Anthology I MP3
Na Leo Pilimehana " Poetry Man " Anthology I (No Copyright Infringement Intended) Song originally is from Phoebe Snow this is Na Leo's Cover of this beautiful ...
Stevie Ann - The Poetry Man (Live) MP3
This session was recorded in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, on January 26, 2006. Dutch singer-songwriter Steven Ann plays the song The Poetry Man from her ...
Margo Reymundo sings "Poetry Man" to Ron White - Nashville MP3
Margo Reymundo sings a special serenade of "Poetry Man" to Ron White and fans at a Ron White Concert in Nashville, TN.
National Poetry Slam Finals 2014 - "Man" MP3
Poem written and performed by Slam New Orleans team members Desiree Dallagiacamo, Kaycee Filson, and A Scribe Called Quess.
Poetry Man - Stevie Ann MP3
Beautiful Wedding.
SC8174 02 Snow, Phoebe Poetry Man Karaoke MP3
Gabor Szabo - Poetry Man - 1975 [Soul-Jazz] MP3
From "Macho" album (Salvation Records, 1975)
Poetry Man (In the Style of Phoebe Snow) (Karaoke Version) MP3
Provided to YouTube by The Orchard Enterprises Poetry Man (In the Style of Phoebe Snow) (Karaoke Version) · Ameritz Karaoke Entertainment Poetry Man (In ...
michael franti & zap mama poetry man MP3
Phoebe Snow - Poetry Man [45 RPM] MP3
1974 Shelter Records #40353 **Promo 45**
Zap Mama - Poetry Man MP3
From their 1997 album "Seven" Available for purchase from iTunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/album//id3738012.
Poetry Man MP3
Provided to YouTube by Universal Music Group Poetry Man · Phoebe Snow Phoebe Snow ℗ 1974 Capitol Records, LLC. All rights reserved. Composer: Phoebe ...


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Interested in Topeka?
We'll send you updates with the latest deals, reviews and articles for Topeka each week.
Topics include Transportation, United States: For Foreign Visitors & more!
There are a number of great pools in downtown Topeka. The on in Gage park, across from the zoo, has two huge slides, diving boards and lots of swimming area. It can, however, be very crowded on hot days
Shawnee North Family Aquatic Center
This facility just opened in May 2006. It is a fantastic local water park. The relaxing, but fun, Lazy River where you sit on tubes and go around and around is relaxing for adults and exciting for kids. There are three slides for those 48 inches and taller - a large twisty one, a 4 across slide a family can do together, and a drop slide for those who can swim in deep water. There are two diving boards, 1 meter and 3 meters, a large pool with lap lanes and a basketball net. For the younger kids there are two areas with zero entry pools, a small viking slide and many many sources of spraying water. It's not on par with any big commercial water park but it's a great place to spend an afternoon. It's open 12-8 and costs $4 per adult and $3 for children 3-12.
Lake Shawnee
This lake is close to downtown Topeka. There is a sand swimming beach that is separated from the rest of the lake by a rock barrier. It's been dug out to a good depth and has a sandy bottom all the way out. There are two concrete water slides for those over 42 inches and a roped in area with sprayers for everyone. Finally, my favorite part is a dock you can swim out to and dive and jump off to your hearts content. It's not as scenic or natural as I like a lake to be, but it's great for swimming with the kids.
Lake Perry
There is a swimming beach at Lake Perry 20 minutes East of Topeka. It has very shallow water. If you go out far enough it eventually gets to about 10 feet. The area is buoyed off so you don't have boats bouncing you around much. When the wind is from the southeast you can get some decent waves (for Kansas). It is usually empty during the week in the summer and you can swim with your dogs. Unfortunately as the summer goes on the goose presence is becoming more and more obvious and unpleasant. Swim at our own risk as there are no lifeguards. Then again there's no one to tell you not to do goofy stuff with your kid. There is a fee for entering the park.
Lake Clinton
There are two swimming areas in Lake Clinton just west of nearby Lawrence. The best is Bloomington East Beach. It's a wide sand beach with a gently sloping lakeshore with a sandy bottom. There is a large plastic boom in a semicircle around the swimming area and it's great for sitting on, goofing around, or tying your float to.


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Тут отображается текст песни
Old School
Here we go we gonna send this one out to da ol school
All these motherfuckas in the bronx and brooklyn, staten island,
Queens and all the motherfuckas that laid it down the foundation.
Ya know what I'm sayin, nothin' but love for da old school. dats who
We gonna do this one for ya feel me.
Chorus: what mo' can I say, I wouldn't be here today
If da old school didn't pave the way
I remember mr. magic cash, grand master flash, l.l raisin' hell
But it didn't last eric b. and rakim was da shit ta me I'd flip
To see a dougie fresh show with rickie g and red alert was puttin'
In work, and chuck chill had my homies on the hill gettin' ill,when
Shit was real. well I can still remember raw with daddy cain, when de la
Soul was puttin' potholes in the game. I can't explain how it was,
Whodini had me puffin' on dat buddha gettin' buzzed, cuz there I was
Them block parties in da projects and on my block and tic ya don't stop
Ya sippin' on dat private stock. and through my speakers queen latifah
And mc lyte listen to treach and krs ta get me through the night. with
Te la rock and madtronics with stetsasonic, remember when push it was da
Bomb shit,
Ain't nothin' like da old school
Chorus: what more can I say I wouldn't be here today if da old school
Didn't pave the way
I had shell toes and bvd's, a killa preaca shot my lees when I hit da
Streetz. I'm playin' skelly, ring-a-levio when and catch a kiss, before
My homies in my hood learned ta smack a bitch. I remember, way back
Da weak weed they had, too many seeds in da trade bag. I'm on a train
Headin' uptown freestylin' with some wild kids from bucktown, profilin'
Cuz da hoochies were starin', checkin' what a niggaz wearin' i'm
Wonderin' if dats her hair, I remember stick ball, humpin' hoochies on
Da wall, takin' leaks up on da steps stinkin' up da hall. through my
Childhood wild as a juvenile a young nigga tryin' ta stay away from
Riker's isle, me and my homies breakin' ice tryin' ta keep it true out
On da roof sippin' 90 proof
Ain't nothin' like da old school
Chorus: what more can I say...
Remember poppin and lockin with curtis blow, the daybelts, and skat la
Rock da super hole back in latin corners. when slick rick was spittin'
Lodi dodi, gaming no hoochies at da neighborhood block parties, i
Remember breakdancin' to mel e mel, jeckyl and hyde, l.l. when he rocked
Da bells forget da t.v I'd rather hit da streets and do grafitti be
Careful don't let the transit cops see me
It ain't nothin' like da old school
It ain't nothin' like da old school
Chorus: what more can I say......
remember seein' brooklyn go crazy up in the motherfuckin party?
Remember mothafukas used ta gois brooklyn in da house and motherfuckas
Would lose they God damn minds. that's da old school to me
(super rob)
Thats what I'm sayin' I remember goin' places and mothafukas was scared
To say they was from anywhere but brooklyn. that shit was da bomb back
In da motherfukin' old school nigga, remember skelly niggas knockin
Niggaz out the box, popin' boxes, (my adidas) remember stick ball,
Remember niggaz used ta run dat shit like that? remember(l.l. cool j is
Hard as hell)screamin' up at ya momz from da window? the icecream
Trucks remember all the..remember the italian icees yo remember the
Italian icees the spanish niggas comin' down with the coconut icees and
Shit? (I came through da door said it before.. dat was da shit!)


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I'm considering choose next laptop for convenience. I see surface have almost things I need. So if everyone used it please tell me.
Surface RT, probably not what you want. It's a stripped down version, not running full Win8.
Surface Pro will be released on Jan 26 and should suit your needs.
The Samsung Ativ Smart PC Pro 700t and Dell XPS12 are also quite sexy.
I plan to get a surface pro when it's out for web design


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New details have been revealed on the next generation iPhone - the 4th to date. We recently heard that Foxconn had received orders for the new iPhone from Apple - Foxconn was responsible for construction the current 3GS model. Now, observers are declaring that the new version will include an updated camera reaching 5-megapixels. This is the standard seen by most camera experts as the lowest, 'best quality' because images at this level can be successfully enlarged to an appreciable size without pixilation.
The new camera technology has reportedly been implemented by OmniVision Technologies, which also currently constructs the 3.2-megapixel camera for the 3GS, according to the Digitimes website. An order of 40-45 million devices has been ordered which gives you some idea of the projected sales figures for the new phone.
Other news includes reports via Business Insider that January will see the much talked about Apple tablet - not the final release version, mind you, more like a demo sample.
Click to read the Digitimes iPhone story
Click to read the Business Insider tablet story


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The Ravens appear to be on the verge of bringing back one of the heroes of their first Super Bowl victory in 2001.
In need of some receiver help, Baltimore plans to sign veteran wideout Brandon Stokley, according to The Sun.
Stokley, 37, is entering his 15th season in the NFL and his second stint with the Ravens, the team that drafted him in 1999.
Last year, Stokley made 45 catches for 544 yards and five touchdowns with the Denver Broncos. In his career, he has 344 receptions for 5,224 yards and 39 scores in 146 games with the Ravens, Colts, Broncos, Seahawks and Giants.
Stokley is perhaps best known in Baltimore for catching a touchdown pass in Super Bowl XXXV, helping the Ravens to a 34-7 win over the Giants.
Despite an impressive showing from several backups in Thursday's preseason opener, the Ravens appear to have a clear need at wide receiver. The first-team offense didn't appear to have much cohesion and quarterback Joe Flacco seemed to have difficulty finding open options who weren't backs.
Torrey Smith had two catches against Tampa Bay and Deonte Thompson had one before leaving the game with an apparent leg injury.
Earlier today, wide receivers coach Jim Hostler talked to the media about the team's situation with Anquan Boldin gone and Dennis Pitta out for the year.
"You take our top two inside guys out of the equation, there's going to be some pressure," Hostler told reporters. "Guys are going to have to step up. Guys are going to have to do things that they've never done before. They're going to have to carry the team. They're going to have to make plays in critical situations. That's where we're at. We've got a lot of guys outside. We'll be fine. We can run; we've got a lot of speed.
"We've just got to find those couple guys inside that can go in there on third down and make plays in critical situations to move the chains. And that's where we're at - we're trying to discover those guys. We've got a couple (guys) that we've got that are working, that are good players. They just ... Nobody knows them. So until they do it, we're going to be answering that question the rest of the year."
Stokley should help quiet those questions as an experienced productive slot receiver.


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Families fill their buckets with the gem-studded dirt, strap on their prospector hats, and sift through the loot with the help of wooden flumes. The flumes, all-weather and wheelchair-accessible, wash away dirt to reveal fossils, quartz crystals, uncut emeralds, and other treasures to take home. Miners can opt for specialty buckets that contain higher concentrations of certain stones and fossils. A 3,000-square-foot rock and fossil shop is stocked with sundries from the United States and Europe that, unlike precious stones or the White House's water slide, are displayed in plain sight. Enjoy the petting zoo which features baby goats, chickens and a rabbit.


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This is the real head-scratcher in Motown: Ben Wallace believes that he "jumps a little higher" when his hair is blown all the way out in full fro.
"Makes me feel lighter on my feet," he shares.
Rhetorical Question Alert: If that's so, Big Ben, then why would you ever braid it down?
It's far less a mystery, meantime, to figure out and pinpoint the myriad reasons the Detroit Pistons lost three of the first seven games they played this season.
In no particular order:
(1) Larry Brown missed all but two of those games, and as one rival coach told me, "Not having Larry on their asses is probably worth 10 points a game to the opponent."
(2) The Pistons were down to one Wallace in two of their defeats, which reminded us all that Detroit didn't start playing championship basketball last season until it could field a Wallace tag team every night.
(3) Big Ben still hasn't explained himself on the hair thing, but he did concede after Wednesday's that's-more-like-it victory over Minnesota that, well . . . "it happened."
A start-the-season letdown after shocking the world and winning the title.
"We said it wouldn't happen," Wallace admitted, "but we're human."
There shouldn't be a hint of a letdown Friday night at the Palace, with the Indiana Pacers visiting in a rematch (ESPN, 8 p.m.) of the rivals' grinding Eastern Conference finals showdown from last spring. Wednesday's meeting with Kevin Garnett snapped Detroit back into focus and an early encounter with the Pacers only figures to lock the Pistons in even more, since both teams know the cost associated with finishing second in the Central Division. Thanks to realignment, chances are the No. 2 team in the Central will be facing the division winner in the second round of the playoffs . . . and without the home-court advantage. As a result, even a pre-Thanksgiving matchup is critical for both teams.
Joe Dumars, mind you, doesn't sound terribly worried, about this game specifically or the Pistons' so-so launch. He chuckles at the What's Wrong With Detroit talk, remembering that Detroit's title teams of 1989 and 1990 started 3-3 and 4-2 in the seasons after winning it all.
"And we were 16-13 after 29 games last season," Dumars reminds. "We've played only two games this season with our full complement of players and coaches."
And won both of those impressively, holding Houston (on Opening Night) and the Timberwolves to a more Detroit-like average of 82 points allowed on 40.4-percent shooting.
"I understand that we're not always going to be able to walk out onto the court and play our best ball," Dumars said. "But as long as we're getting better as the season goes forward, I'm OK."
Gar Heard had a torrid time as the fill-in coach, taking over the club in just his second official game with Detroit because Brown needed hip surgery . . . and with Ben leaving the team for two games after the death of his brother . . . and with Chauncey Billups missing a game and a half after turning his ankle. In Heard's five-game stint, Detroit suffered road defeats at Toronto, Denver and Utah, and barely escaped the Clippers in double-OT. The greater shock, though, can be found in these numbers: 102.6 points per game allowed under Heard on 47.2-percent shooting.
Two rough weeks haven't changed the fact that these Pistons should be a deeper crew than the title-winning squad. Corliss Williamson, Mehmet Okur and Mike James are gone, true, but none of those guys played major roles in the Finals against the Lakers. Antonio McDyess and Carlos Delfino can be just as good, if not better, as the top reserves, and I haven't abandoned hope that Brown will eventually stop being so stubborn and start playing Darko Milicic a steady 10-15 minutes a night. As important as winning is, so is building up the kid's confidence. It's time, Lar.
Yet if there's an issue that seriously impacts the Pistons' repeat chances, it figures to be the way games are being called now. When you see Detroit giving up 117 points to the struggling Nuggets, you have to believe it was more than the absences of Larry, Ben and Chauncey (down the stretch). You have to wonder whether Commissioner Stern's determination to rid the sport of hand and arm contact on the perimeter is going to cause Detroit long-term problems.
"All teams are having to adjust," Dumars counters. "Not just us. We're still going to go out and play tough man-to-man defense."
A scout who has seen the Pistons more than once already concurs. "They'll adjust," the scout said. "They'll crank it up when they need to. It's hard to play Detroit's style of defense all year long, but those guys are pros."
Those guys aren't panicking, that's for sure. Those guys don't even want to challenge Big Ben on his hair theory. If it were my team, I'd make the fro mandatory, but Joe D says no way.
"Who's going to tell him he can't wear it the other way?" Dumars said.
It's up to Portland, sources indicate, whether to accept or reject Toronto's offer of Vince Carter and Jalen Rose (and parts) for Shareef Abdur-Rahim, Derek Anderson and Vladimir Stepania. But the same sources say that the Blazers aren't interested in Rose. Portland's preference is dealing Abdur-Rahim and a future draft pick for Vinsanity. . . .
And Abdur-Rahim's preference, I'm told, is to stay away from Canada after his fruitless Vancouver stint. If the Blazers and Raps continue their Carter talks, don't be surprised if a third team is recruited as a possible destination for Reef. . . .
Quentin Richardson's start in Phoenix hasn't been the best (10.8 ppg, 31.7-percent shooting from the field), but Q rejects the notion that there isn't room on the roster for three athletic swingmen. "You look at me, Joe and Trix and we're basically a lot alike," Richardson said of himself, Joe Johnson and Shawn Marion. "We all slash and we all play inside and outside, but we all know what's best for the team. Jake (Voskuhl) said the difference between this year and last year is our depth. If you want to win, you've got to have a lot of good players. You can't just have a good first five, especially at the kind of pace we play." . . .
Kobe Bryant's first game against the Clippers since spurning them in free agency brought to mind Bryant's summertime revelations that it was advice from Jerry West that helped convince him to stay with the Lakers. If you're wondering why Bryant was allowed to consult with a Memphis official when deciding which L.A. team to join, it's simple: When you're a free agent, you can talk to anyone you want. . . .
Thanks to Freddy Adu, our man Darko Milicic is now the seventh-youngest member of a championship team in the history of American team sports. Adu is a 15-year-old striker with Major League Soccer's D.C. United; Darko was 18 years and 361 days old when Detroit finished off the Lakers in five games last June.
Marc Stein is the senior NBA writer for ESPN.com. To e-mail him, click here. Also, click here to send a question for possible use on ESPNEWS.


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(Received 8 October 2004; accepted 14 June 2005)
Cite this document
The dangers of mercury and its derivatives, especially organomercury compounds have been well documented for almost half a century. Concerns remain regarding mercury contamination in aqueous ecosystems. Significant quantities of mercury are present in fossil fuels, particularly petrochemicals.
We still manage to pollute the atmosphere and environment by the use of coal and petrochemicals. The impact of mercury in natural gas has been such that there have been at least six experiences of plant failure which have been traced to corrosion due to mercury attacks on aluminium rotors in the plant fabric. Very little attention is being given to mercury removal strategies, and in order for these to be successful there is an urgent requirement to determine the speciation profile of the natural gas or liquid hydrocarbon condensates. Atomic fluorescence spectrometry is an ideal analytical technique to determine the levels of mercury both before and after removal systems. The authors will outline achievements of both laboratory and online measurement systems for this important area of research. These systems have been operating at the required levels of performance and in the case of some of the online systems, have been in place operating 24 hours per day 7 days per week for more than 2 years. This has encouraged other companies to install similar systems.
Author Information:
Stockwell, PB
Managing Director, P S Analytical Ltd, Arthur House, Crayfields Industrial Estate, Orpington, Kent,
Corns, WT
Research and Development Manager, P S Analytical Ltd, Arthur House, Crayfields Industrial Estate, Orpington, Kent,
ryce, DW
Application & Technical Support Specialist, P S Analytical Ltd, Arthur House, Crayfields Industrial Estate, Main Road, St Paul's Cray, Orpington, Kent,
Stock #: JAI12988
DOI: 10.1520/JAI12988Author


text: I have a problem with some nodes' permissions. For example: Group (admin/mod) Settings (all the other settings are allowed as well) Specific node settings (where the problem is) (all the other settings are allowed as well) Random post from this node, logged in as administrator. The Admin/Mod menu is not visible In the same category, a random post from another node. The Admin/Mod menu is visible. The settings are the same in both nodes. Where is the problem? Thanks in advance.


text:
Doug Fister buys everybody Starbucks for Christmas
Washington Nationals pitcher Doug Fister was feeling particularly generous on Christmas Eve, so he decided to buy Starbucks for everyone.
Fister posted a barcode on his Twitter page and told followers to have a Starbucks barista scan the barcode, which would give them a free cup of coffee. He also cautioned potential Grinches to only use the barcode once.
Merry Christmas Eve! Have a Starbucks on us! Have the barista scan the pic below. Don't be a grinch, please use for 1 pic.twitter.com/Npzh6QiyRa— Doug Fister (@dougfister58) December 24, 2014
Fister made $7.2 million in 2014, so as long as everyone stays away from Venti-sized coffees, he shouldn't have too big an issue footing the bill.
- Stanley Kay


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- Melinda Stanley
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1 OSMANLI ARAŞTIRMALARI VI Neşir Heyeti _ Editoriııl Boıırd HAL1L İNALCIK - NEJAT GÖYÜNÇ HEA'l':S: W. LOWRY THE JOURNAL OF OTTOMAN STUDIES VI İstanbul
2 ... ~. THE TURKISH ELEMENTS IN URDU Erkan TÜRKMEN... ~ -... ~. The Turkish lingual and literary infjuence on the Su}?contirient of India can be divided in to the foll<;>wing four major parts : 1-Pre-Islamic Period 2-From Mahmud of Ghazni to Babur 3 -From Babur to Shahjihan 4-From Shahjihan to the 19th century and onwards. 1 - Pre-Islamic Period : It cannot be denied that there had been a. close contact between the ruling Turkish tribes such as Kushans and the White Huns who got mixed up with the local -communities of India. Uigurs having accepted Budhism were influenced by the Sanskrit religious literature. Today, we find countless words of Sanskrit origin in the Uiguric vocabulary 1 Similarly, some Turkish 'words are fourid in Sanskrit2. Since a few written texts of these periods C<?me down to us, it is.difficult to say precisely what Turkish elements affected the local Indian languages of that time.., 2- Fram Mahmud. of Ghazni to Babur: As pointed out by Amir Khusrau Dehlevi. ( A.D.) the great Persian poet of Turkish origij?:, Turkish came first to the Subcontinent of India. In his 'Nuh Sipihr' he says : - ı For example see A..Ca.feroğlu, Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (the Old U.iguric-Turkish Dictionary), Türk Dil Kurumu (Board of Turkish), Ankara For some words see Prof. Dr. Abidin İtil's article «Türkçe-Sanskrit Arasmda Linguistik Paraleller», Doğu DUleri, Dil ve Tar.ih Coğrafya Fakültesi, Ankara 1970, I, No. p
3 2 0-)J. ;ı-'.t.l j c. -:-l~is.r-' d..:ı~~.> ~.J ~.. b 0~ ('~\.P ::>)'_ c..sj.j.:...~>..:ıl,.: ;1~.ı.: ::> '.s".)~ ~..ı..!. jl ~s.~ O::..r. ı. t.g,l;.....ı..!. J..J~J. ~ ~ :>;b.,~\; ~..\.:A..:ıt"'-~.. IJI.i -~.or sj J c..sj~ «Surely Turkish got its fame because the Turkish king appeared on the earth first. The favourite friendı:? of the king learnt his words (language) while from them the ı:mblic picked it and like the moonlight spread all over the? world. So it happerred in India. There was Hindi here in the old days. Ghuzi (the Oğuz dialect) and Turkish came to their mouths (they started speaking it). Persiarı was yet out of sight» 3 Here Khusrau refers to the early Turkish rulers Mahmud of Ghazni, his dynasty, Ghories, Kutub al-din Aybek, Shems al-din lltutmush, Ghiyas al-din Balabarı and Khiljies who recruited a large number of Central Asfan Turks that migrated to India specially' at the time of Mongolian onslaught. When Turks embraced Islam, <Samarkand, Bukhara, Khorasan and Transoxania became the centres of Islamic new culture. Arabic was taught for religious purposes while Persian became the lingua franca of the Turkish and Afghan tribes. Immigrant Turks brought this culture along with their. own to India which has become a part and pareel of the present Indiarı civilisation. Turkish being from an -entirely different family i.e. from the Ural-Altaic group, remained peculiar and difficult for the İıatives of India who welcomed Persian which was much closer to their own Aryan culture and languages. However, Turkish continued its importance as a private language of the royalities until the English invasion. The number of Turkish immigrant~ never decreased since the arrival of Mahmud of Ghazni and his descendants. As reported by Minhaj Saraj-.ı., there were 4000 Turkish soldiers at the court of Malı-. mud alone. The number of the soldiers at large can be assumed as /. 3. Amir Khusrau Dehlevi, Nuh Sipihr, Hekimoğlu Ali Pa..şa (Hkm. ) No. 661, folia 139a. 4 Minhaj Saraj, Tabakat-i Nasri, Merkezi Urdu Board Lahare 1975, p
4 ten times more. When Chengiz Khan invaded Central Asia, the number of Turkish immigrants increased in Iran, Turkey and India. Sul~.. tan Shems al-din lltutmush ( ) showed.great sympathy towards the newcomers and helped them to form colonies near Delhi and Lahore. The migratian continued for centuries to come and revived after Babur's conquest. From Mahmud of Ghazni until Habur, Persian grew fast as a literary language and like the Ottoman Sultans of Turkey, Indfan Sultans also wrote poems in Persian. Many scholars and poets used Turanian.Persian, so called by Blochmann 5, to please their rulers. There can be seen similarities between the Indian and Turkish Persian which was looked down upon by the proper Iranian native speakers 6 It is probably due to this reason that the Ottomans turned towards the Ottoman Turkish and Indians towards. Urdu. The Turko-Indian Persian literature coming from the. same root is more realistic and close to nature. Although, this Uterature ultimately got mixed up with the Indian elements and ended up with highly omamental 'Indian Poetical Style (Sabk-i Hindi) ' 7 that also influenced the great Turkish mystic poet Sheikh Ghalib ( ). Impressions of free thinking as well as realistic ideas are found in the poetry of Asadullah Khan Ghalib who came from a Turkish family. Tı.İrkish, despite its being a royal language was tatıght at schools and we find 'Nisa:b-i Türki' of Kb;usrau as everlasting memory of those days 8 Since we fa::il to find the Hindi Divan of Sa'ad bin Salman (Died 1121 A:D.) :it will not be incorrect to say 3 5 H. Blochmann, The Prosod;y af the Persians, Philo Press, Amsterdam 1970 p. mı. 6 The reason why Iranians ıdisliked the Indian Per..sian is discussed in details b.y Prof. Jemil Jalbi (see his book Tarikh-i Edeb-i Urdu, Majlis-i Tarakiyi Edeb, Lahare 1982, vol. II, p. 22). 7 For fur.ther information see Jan Rypka, History of Iranian Literature, D. Reidel P.ublishing Co., 1968, p and An early mention of such a. wor.k is made in the MS No. 18 found at the Khuda B81khsh Library Patna.fl. No. 2b and a copy of the wor.k is available at the Penja;b University Ubrar.y A pi ll No. 6.
5 4 that Khusrau!Jehlevi was the one who laid the foundation of Urdu 9 After Khusrau it became customary to mix Hindi (Barj Bbasha) with Persian. Turkish came in either directly or via Persian by means of the Turkish immigrants. At this period many Muslim and even Hindu scholars. and. saints used Hi.İldi mi:xed with Persian vocabulary to address the public. However, the proper Urdu was yet to appear much later at the Timurid era. As no fixed date can be given for the birth of any language so is the case with Urdu. Some estimates can -be made under the light of historical facts. The early seeds of the language were sowed in the Western part of India where Pakistan exists today as discussed in details by Mr. Mahmud Shirani 10 His assumptions seem to be true because when we travel from Delhi to Afghanistan the Turkish effects on language and culture become more and more visible. Turkish foods i.e. 'kebab', 'kavurma' 'pilav', 'açar (appetizer)', 'dolma (stuffed vegetables); dresses: 'şalvar', 'şal'; weapons: 'top', 'topçu', 'tüfek', 'tamança', military terms: 'haravel (karakol)', 'tümen', titles: 'beg', 'han khan)', 'uluhan (the great khan)', 'kutlu han (an auspicious Jr?an) ;, relations: 'anne', ' bacı', 'apa' ete; marital customs such as 'henna night'; riding of bridegroom on horse-back draw our particular attention and we all of a sudden find ourselves ina Turkish atmosphere. Same is the case with.punjabi. In Punjabi many Turkish words are used in daily conversation the most strrking ones are : 'baji'=sister; 'apaji ' =~n elder sister; 'jiji' or 'çiçi'= sweet things. Pashto has more Turkish words than Punjabi 11 Delhi, however, remained as a cradie of the new born baby, Urdu and many saints, specially of Chestiye sect such as : Mu'in ud~din Cheshti (II A.D.), Baba Ferid Sheker Ganj ( A.D.) wrote mystic verses in the language. Non-muslim saints like Kebir: (died 1450 A.D.) and the great leader of Sikhs Baba Guru N anak ( ) used a lot of Persian words in their poems. 9 See my article «Emir Rusrev-i Debievi'nin Urduca'nın Doğuşundaki / Rolib {ı.amir Khusrau Role in the Birth of Urdu), Edebiyat Dergisi, s:o. Fen Ed. Fak., 1983 ıp See his i>ook 'Punjab men Urdu', Nasim Book Depot, Lucknow ll A seperate article is being written on.the subject.
6 In 1311 A.D. Ala al-din Khilji. (Kalach in Turkish) and in 1325 A.D. Muhammed Tuğluk conquered the southern part.of India upon w hi ch the Turko-Indian army took the newly growing. language with them. Many Turkish kings ruled in the Southern part of India and they gave importance to Turkish, although Persian dominated as a literary.language. It was at the time of Kutub Shahs, the Turkoman tribes, that Urdu started to take literary shape. Kuli Kutub Shah ( ) wrote the first great divan of Urdu 12 A Turkish-Persian dictionary containing 1183 }oliae written by Muhammed Taki Beg son :of Kuvam al-din Beg Karakoyuulu {Türkmen)in 1727 is an ~vidence o~ our statement From Ba;bur to Shahjikan : After Babur, Urdu started to develop further under the name «'Rekhta» 14 He revived and encouraged the tradition of mixing Hindi with Persian and Turkish by uttering. the following verse : «Muchku na huva klıyi heves-i manik u muti Fakr ehliga bes bulgusudur pani ve ruti» (I have no great desires for diamonds or pearls; but for a mystic bread and water suffices) 15.. Babur's sons Kamuran and Humayun wrote.. poems. in Turkish while their vezir Bayram Khan and his son Abdurrahim Khan-ı Khanan played an active part in mixing Turkish elements with Hindi.. As a result, cultural as well. as literary amalgamation reached its climax. At the time of Humayun, migratian of Turkish tribes increased and new comers used more Turkish vocabulary in their Persian works 16, a large part of which traiı.sfered later to Urdu. Ekber 12 Muhammed Kuli Kutub Shah, Kulliyat--ı Kuli Kutub Shah, composed by Dr. Muhyuddin Kadri Zor, İbrahimiye Mission Press, Haydarabah MS at the Oriental Manuscript Library and Research Institute Tarnaka Haydarabad No «Rekhta>> is a Persian word that.means 'poured out from the mouth as it comes» actually it was a name given to the m.ixed Perso-Turkish music of India. 15 For the verse vide Denison Ross, Di:van-i Babur Padislıah, journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta 1910, p For a list of such scholars see M.A. Ghani, A History ot Persian Lamguage and Literature at the Mughal Oolıurt, Part I, Allahabad 1929, p
7 6 Shah's ( ) racial as well as religious interınixing policy is not devoid of interest. He fully realised that it was not possible for the Turkish races to return to Central Asia. India had become their homelan d. So, Ekber tried to find a common language. and joint religion to attain homogenity. In religion, he was not successful at all, but the comman language 'Rekhta' flourished a great deal. At the time of Jihangir ( ), Ghuwasi wrote his Tutiname 17 in the mixed language. When Shah Jihan moved his capital from Agra to Delhi, the new capital was called 'Shahjihan Abad' and the army ce~tre 'Urduyı Mualla' = 18 'the royal camp or court, the court language'. The shopping centres were called 'Urdu Bazar' 19 It.is from the 'Urdu Bazar' or 'Urdu-yı Mualla' that the short form 'Urdu.:ıo -comes. It sh'ows clearly that Urdu was boru by the mixing of Turkish and Indian soldiers who came in close contact at the army shopping centres and used each other's languages for trade... Like his ancestors Shahjihan took great interest in the improvement of the new language. He appointed secretaries (Delal) who would note down the words spoken at the markets (Urdu Bazars). The.position.became customary later 21 Finally, Urdu took a literary shape and began to spread as the lingua franca of India. In iiccordance with the statement of the Pakistani scholar Dr. Melik Hasan' ' the first poet who used the word 'Urdu' for the language.is Murad Shah Lahari (1789 A.D.) and following him is MtıShafı (1790 A.D). However, the name Urdu was used earlier than the 18th century. It. shows that Urdu improved under the supervision of Turkish Sultans of India. Soon after the English invasion in 1857, 17 The work had!been translated from Sanskrit into Persian by Ziya al-din Ba-kJıshi Beda:yuni and into Urdu ıby Kadri, into Turkish by Abdullah Srubrl (see. Hamid Hasan Kadri, Destan-ı Tariiklv-i Urdu, Agra 1938, p ). 18 Vide Mir Amin Dehlevi, Bagh u Bahar (preface), Urdu Bazar Lahare 1975, (first published in 1775) p For the meaning of t-he word «Urdu» see :here.tbe.list of the Turkish words. 20 See Urdu Lughat, vol. I, Preface P II, Tara:ki Urdu Board,,Karachl / A-sfiye, I, p See Melek Hasan, TarLkh-i Eeleb-i Urdu, University. Book Agency, Lahare 1979, p. 33.
8 the Indian and Indianised Turkish scholars left Persian aside and embraced their self produced language. Thus, Shahjihan's period. can be called 'the Dawn of the Modern Urdu' spoken by more than four million people of Pakistan and India. 4 - From Shahjihan to the 19.th century and onwards : Many Turkish tribes aıong with their traditions immersed in the deep sea;.of the huge population of India at the time of Aurang Zeyb and his Indianised ancestors. Today, their traces are found under such titles as : 'Mirza', 'Beg', 'Türki Banjara', 'Ghori', 'Khoja', 'Joja', 'Chaghatay', 'Khilji'. The word 'Tur k' was used for the Muslim and many Indians called their beloveds 'Turkova' 22 In the southern part of India they call Urdu 'Turki Mata (the Turkish words)». The Turkish language once taught at the Indian schools disappeared, for ever, after the English invasion. The deeply rooted Persian also faded away. The English tried to change the name of Urdu into 'Hindustani' and attempted to replace Turkish and Persian with English. As Urdu was based on the strong Islamic ground, it was not easy for the English to unroot it. Some documents are found at Indian libraries to prove that Turkish went side by side at schools India 23 For example a large Turkish - Persian Dictionary containing 1183 foliae was composed by MuhamİDed Taki Beg son of Kavam al-din Beg Türkmen in 1727 and numerous Nisab-ı Türkies (The Turkish course books) wer.e seribed in versified form for young students, a copy of which is found at the Punjab University Library 2 1 In Hazinetü'l Lughat of Rani of Bhopal, a dictionary of Urdu with Persian, Turkish, Arabic, English arı.d Sanskrit equivalents written in the year 1886 we come across this verse : Ger Rekhta zuban ka hey ustad-ı Amuz gar-i kamil-i Tazi zuban hey wo English men Sanskrit men abr-i mutir hey heslımand 7 22 Vide preface of Asfiye p Kindly see my ar.ticle for some Turkis-h MSS at the Indian Libraries «Hindistan Kiitüphanelerindeki Bazı Türkçe Yazma Eserlen Tiir.k Kültürü Araştırmaları, Ankara Üniversitesi Basunevi, Ankara 1985, p Punjab University Librazy, Lahore No. '6 APİ II.
9 8 Türki men Farsi men behri revan hey wo 25. «<f he is a wise teacher of Rekhta, He is also a perfect teacher of Arabtc He is like a flying cloud of English and Sanskrit In Turkish and Persian he is like a flowing river». Why one has to be like a flowing, ri ver in Turkish?.is. the question to be studied further. The Indian Turks did not only influence the Urdu language but they also played an outstanding role in the improveinent of its literature. The Turkish scholars who migrated to InGia during the 17th and 18th centudes.were not smail - in ıılım.ber.. 'İ'heir Indianised ancestors such as: Mirza Bedil ( ); Mi~ Taki MU: ( ); Khuvaja Mlr perd ( ); Mirza Muhammed Refi Sevda ( ); Inshaullah J{han Insha (died in 1817); Saadet Yar Khan Rangeen (i ) and the king of Modern urdu poetry Asadullah. Khan Ghalib ( ) perhaps did not know Turkish well, yet they had Turkish minds that reflected. in the Urdu poetry. Last Tjmurid kings Muhammed Shah, :A.lemgir-i Sani, Shah Alem Sani 26 and Bahadur Shah Zafer tried their hands successfully on the Urdu poetry. As far the langı.ıage itself is concerned, there are some gram :qıatical similarities between Turkish and Urdu 27 that, however, reqi.ıire further scientific study. To draw our reader's attention towards the subject we give a summary of these similarities and then pass on to the Turkish words that entered Urdu either directly or via Persian. Some words that are not of Turkish -origin but are given as _ Tıı.İ-kish 28 have been deleted from the list. Despite the fact that Urdu belongs to the Indo-European group and Turkish to the Ural-Altaic,. some similarities are seen as follows: 25 See Mevlevi Seyyid ~hmeci Dehlev.i, Ha.ztnetü'Z..lugat, Bhopal 1886 A.D., p See Dr. Jemil Jal'bi, ibid, p For details Vide Prof. Dr. Halide Dolu's article «Some -Similarities in the Turkish and Urdu Languages», University of Peshawar Magazine, For example see the words enl-isted by Dr. Ak:mel Ay.yubi in his" ar.ticle «Urdu ke Turki Anasir», Aks-i Jamil, Islamiye University Aligarh 1984, p Some such words. are 'Paycha, sodagari, nagha, nakab, sipahi, shalvar ete. /!
10 9 a) Syntactic similarities : I-O ekmeği yedi (Tur.) II-Us ne ruti khayi (Ur.) ill-0 nan khurd (Per.) He ate bread (Eng.) Persian, Turkish and Urdu have the same sı;ıntence Subject+ object +verb. structure i.e. b) Possesive.and adjectival constructions : I- Kızın gözleri (Tur.) 1 2 II-Larki ki ankhen (Ur.) ill-cheshmi dukhtar ( Per.) 2 ı The eyes of ~ girl Cl:Dng.) 2 1 and; I-Güzel kız. (Tur.) 1 2 II-Khubsuret larki (Ur.) 1. 2 ill-dukhtar-i.ziba (Per.) 2. 1 A' beautiful girl (Eng.) 1 2 Following is the list of the Turkish words that managed to live on in Urdu. Some diachronical details have been given to prove the 9rigin of the.words whlle ş~mantic differences have also been given :
11 ı o Turkish wordjs and its meanings in Urdu M eaning s in Turkish ~T (apa). apa : «Sister, elder sister (Uyg. ı.8; Elder sister, sister (As., I, 98) ŞS., 3; DT., I, 87; Rad., I 612)» aba, apa :'»sister, elder sister, mother» (DS. I, i). ı.-ı (ata) ı- Father 2- respect' worthy old man ('Fer., 6ı)." ata : «father>> (Uyg., 24) ; «nick name title; father» {DT. Diz., 47); «any of the giand parents» (TS., 57). -.Wl (utak) otağ: «tenb> (KB., 347; DT. ID, Tent, house (Fer., 6ı the 208) «big and decorated tent» (TS., word is shown as Per.). 575). J:lı, ı (atalik) ı - Master 2 - Teacher of culture, trainer (As. ı ı03). ~-ı (atga) Husband of child's nur se ( Fer. 63)...>_,;T ;r (atun or). (atu) Lady teacher, a lady who teaches reading and writing (As. ı, 108). atalık: «God father, a man who is trusted by a king and regarded as father, a rank in Turkistan, a person whose duty is to listen to the coinplaints. of people and thus advise the king about it (ŞS., 4; Rad. I, 458). Notused in MT. ataka : «same as'atalık'' a rank in the Central Asia» (ŞS. 4); «an uncle who trains» (Rad. I, 842) ; composed of the words : 'ata' = father and. 1 'eke' = elder brother. For other details see Vekay-i, 579. katuı;ı. : «lady» (DT, I, ı38); «wife of a religio11s man» (Rad, I, 463) ; «wife of a king, head wife~../(atun and khatun, TL, I, 25).
12 t_l;-1 (ucag) Stove, hearth (ofer., 6~). -- ll «stove» ( oçak DT., I, 67).. ~ (acha) ı -Father or grand father 2- Old servant, aged nurse of children (As. ı, 119). J.)J\ (urdu) ı - Army, an army camp 2 - A name of the language spoken in Pakistan and India. It was also called 'urdu-yi mualla'. The most efficient form is of Delhi and Lucknow (As. ı, 143). aça: «mother, old wom~» (ŞS.. 5); «a word that iııdicates any member of relatives» (ETY., IV,.3 ) «elder sister» (eçe, DT., I, 85). ordu : «The city wliere the royal camp or Khan is found» DT. I, 124) ; «The palace or a place where the royality is found» (Cl., 203 and Uyg., ı42); «a place where the army settles, the tent of -an emperor (Khan (R.ad. I, 1072); «The whole of the army of a government» (TS., 903).....:ı~;l (armaghan) armağan : «a gift brought from a «A gift, a new object, a rare. journey, a gift» (DT. I, 140 and Cl., thing» (As., ı ı4~ gives as 232). Per.). fi (aslı) 1 - Soup 2 - Dish with plenty of water in it (Fer., 21). aş : «food, feast given on the occasion of festival of ~acrifice, animal to ~be sacrifised>~ (Uyg., 23); «food, rice (pilav)» (Ş~.. ı3) ; «Cooked food» (TS.~ 54). ctt-!1 (ushluk) Slander, 93; As. 1, 175). back!;ıiting (Fer., uşak : «backbiting, slander, slaılderer» (DT. I, 123 and Cl., 16). Does not exist in MT. lot (agha) 1-Master, owner 2- elder brother 3 - husband 4 - judge and a gentleman. (Fer: 22 and 24). ağa : «elder brother» (Uyg. 6) ; from the verb 'ağmak' = to rise from so:. me-where; to climb up (Cl. 77); «a title given to a person who is 'respected by people and has influence» (TS., I, 16).
13 12 \( T (aka) 1 - Elder brother, friend 2 - A word for addressing «my friend, O, my friend» (As. 1, 89). JT (al) A root from which red colour is "obtained, red colour. (As. 1, '208). t_~l (ulagh) 1 - A post horse 2 - A doiıkey used for carrying load 3 - a smail boat (ıfer., 106). ı~t (altamgha) 1 - Red seal (fig. a signed royal order); 2- A title-deed; land certificate issued by a king for the!and estate presented by him (As., 1, 209). j_,):ji (algarun) Too much, in excessive amount ( according to As. it is compound noun i.e. 'elgar' (Tur.) + -un (Arabic suffix for plural, (As., 1 215).. -- ~11 (ulush) Remnant. of meal, remnant of meal of a rich man. (As. aka : «elder brother» (Uy.g. 9) ; «ıriother and father, elders» (Rad., I, 676); «father, elder brother» (DS., 1135). al : «red colour» (DT. m, 162) and (Cl,, 120). Als o use d in MT. ulag : «Chain, line, eonnection» (Uyg., 264) ; «an animal for carrying goods, source of water, or a smail boat» (ŞS., 38); «any horse which an express horse rider takes by order. of an emir (i.e. beg) and rides until he finds another (Cl..136 DT., I, 122). al + tamga : «A piece of land presented by a king» (for detail see Bayur, n, 442). In MT. it does not exist. The form in use was «yelgar» in old Turkish_.. ülüş : «remnant of melal», «r~n:ilıant of meal of a Khakan presented--to a person who handles swords or fights
14 ı3 ı, 2ı5). successfully against enemy» (Rad., I, ı853); «hare, morsel» (DT. I, 62 and Cl. ı53). Not in use in MT. ı; ı (anna) Nurse of a child, nurse who gives a suck to a child (As. truely states that it is from the word <<ana» p. 233). llji (oyulma) To pluck skin by softening it in hot water; to cook intestine by stuffing mince meat in it (As. ı, 3ı2). öl (ayagh) A cup, goblet (Fer., ı35). eli (aybek) ı - A slave 2 - messenger 3 - beloved, idol ( Fer., ı35). (elchi) ı - Ambassador 2 - Messenger (As., ı, 334). - ıj:'~ (baji) ı - Sister 2.- Elderly woman 3 - Woman who has become mother at an early age (As., ı, 346). ana: «mother» (Uyg. 14); a woman who has a ba:by or an animal that has a baby» (TS., 38). yolma : from the verb 'yolmak' = to pluck, to put a skin in hot water for the process of plucking (DT. III, 64) ; Cl. gives as 'yulmak' (p. 9ı8) ; «to pluck by pulling» (TS., 8ıO). ayak : «goblet» (Uyg., 27) ; «a cup, goblet, wine glass» (.ŞS., 54) ; «pot, goblet, cup» (DT. Dizin., 53). aybek: «ay» = moon+ «bek» = big, therefore «aybek>> = a big moon (see also An., I, 5ı4) i «servant or mes~enger» (An. I, 5ı4) No more usedinmt. elçi : «ambassador, representative of a government in foreign countries» ( and ŞS. 58). hacı : «elder sister, sister» (ŞS. 67 and DS. rr, 457).
15 ı4 ~. (baldı.shi)..;."' (bakshi) ~ahşi : «Music player, singer iover» ı - A person who distributes (ŞS., 74); «a secretary» (AŞN., IV, the salaries of soldiers 2 - Com-IV, 278); «secretary, clark that deals mander, general (Fer., 17ı). with accounting, a doctor» (Vekayi, 585). ~ (bukcha) ~~~ (bugça) boğ: «baggage, saddle-bag» (DT. Anything wrapped in a piece of cloth. (As. ı, 399). Dizin 98) ; «a square wrapper for a bundle» (TS., bohça p. 114). J,ıs:;- (bekavul) Cook, a rank ('Fer., ı87 gives it as Per:). bekavul : «Head of the council of state, chief taster at the Sultan's court» (ŞS. 75); «one who stipervises the royal kitchen, a group of soldiers that serve meals during feasts» (Vekayi., 590). Not used in MT. J~ (bulak) ı - A nazal ornament 2 - A nazal ornament with bead placed by babies' mother as a protection against death (As. I, 408). i!. ('boz) Horse, specially white horse (Old Urd. 50). - bulak : «water fountain, a nazal ring worn by women» (An. I, 754 and CL gives only «the spring of water» (ibid, 336). boz : «white of horses, mules and asses» (Cl. 389); «white horse, red horse, grey horse» (DS. II, 750). J.)ı,... (bahadur) ı - A young man 2 - A strong man 3 - Courageous, brave 4 - A title used for the.governmental officers. 5 - Sorne Ithing precious like pearls (As. I, 425). bahatur : «a Hunnish proper name, picked warrior» (Cl. 3ı3, bağatur) ; «A person who is renowıied for being successful in wars» (TS., 90): /. ; ~. 1
16 &... ('beg) ı - Master, a prince or commander. 2 - A title given to the Turks of India (Mughals) (As. I, 467). ~ (begum) A lady (Fer., 2ı5). - (pasha) Probably a short from of 'baş' = Title given to the Turkish head and 'ağa' = master i.e. 'head chiefs, governor, lord, chief master' «a title given to hingh rank of army (Fer., 233). officer or clerks at the Ottoman time now it means 'a general' (TS., 948). ı5 beg : «a prince, the head of a clan, husband, a married man» (DT. Dizin 78). «chief of a cıan, aman, husband (Uyg. 37 and Cl. 322). «A rich man, a noble or head of a kingdom, Mr.» (TS., ıoo). bige or bigim : «a lady» (AŞN, II, 236) Notused in MT. Female of ' beg'.._;:.. (tutuk) Curtain, tent (-Fer., 309).!! ".1 (tuzuk) ı - Order 2 - law 3 - principle 4 - police regulations 5 - grandour 6 - The diary of a king (Fer., 324). ~- t:.r (tamga) ı - A stamp on gold or silver 2... royal seal 3 ~ sign 4 - impression burnt on animal's back 5 -trade mark 6 - titledeed 7 - gold or silver meda! given as present 8 - coin 9 - receipt of tax ıo -stamp of a degree (Fer., 346, As., I 626). tutuk : «Overcast sky, tongue-tied ; paralysed, -closed» (Cl. 453); «curtain, veil, a la~y's veil, covelred and closed» (Yeni Tar., 2ı5). tuzuk : «well arranged, proper, appropriate, rig:ht, good and marvellous» ( S.", 119); Tüzük : «Ordinance» in MT., see Vekayi, 659. tamga : «the stamp of a king or an emperor» (DT. Dizin., 567) ; «impression burnt on animals, stamp ete. (Cl. 905) ; damga : «a tool for stamping a paper, a mark made by burning or heatening up a stamp» (TS. 182).
17 ı6. ı:r (tum en) ı - Ten thousand 2 - A group of soldiers 3 - Team of sol~ diers in hundred each. 4 - Golden coin (Fer., 346 a:nd As. ı, 626). tümen : «large in number» ('tümen tümen' DT. Dizin 670) ; «ten thousand» and «an in definitely large nuniber» (Cl. 507); 1 - a large heap 2 - division 3 - ten thousand soldiers» (TS., 749). <;Ji (top) ı - Gun, cannon 2 - A fat man (ıfer., 353). ''J;'opçu' and 'tophane' also exist in Urdu. cl:.j (toshak) Cotton mattress (As. ı, 638). top : «a cannon» (see 'topık' DT., Dizin 640) : «things sornewhat round in shape, cannon» (TS. 738). töşrek : «mattress» (DT. Dizin 647); «mattress, bed, a pillow» (ŞS., 119); For its Turkish origin see CI., 563 and Doerfer II, 967. O)f (tura) ı - Islamic tradition, Islamic law 2 - Royal order 3 - Division or seetion 4 - Food dist-. ributed a few days before a nuptial day 5 - pride, rich: ness 6 - rank (.Fer., 354, As., I, 636).. töre. or törü : «a traditional law» (Cl. 53) «Order, ordinance, tradition» (DT. Dizin, 647) also see Vekayi. 657; «Tradition or customs.of a group of peop,le» ('!'S. 742)..:.. ır. (joghra~) yağurt : «Yogurt, coagulated curdled Coagulated or curdled milk, milk» (CI. 905 an:d TS., 808). yogurt» (Old Urd. 93). ;.,~ (chadir) ı - Red cover, sheet 2 - A cover on tomb (As. II, 88). J~ (chak) ı - Strong, healthy 2 - Active see «Çatr» çak : «exactly, precisely» (CC 40~) ; «action of a violent character, physi-
18 17 (As. II, 92):. ;t:. (<!haku) A smail knife. knife (As. o II, 92). cal or mental, e.g., to strike fire, to bite; sting, to slander, decry, betray» o (Cl. 405) Not used.in MT. çaku : «knife» ('Rad.,. IV, 1834) «a foldable pocket knife» (TS., ],.4Ş).._;.jı:: (cha~sh) 1 - A guard who has a o cl u b in his hand 2- Aleader (Fer., 473). çavuş: «sergeant, guard; a person who keeps theosoldier's line in order during war and protects them from torture» (DT. Dizin, p. 139). In MT it means only 'sergeant~.. o o (chapkalish) 1-A sword 2-Turmoil3-Crowd (As. 11, 98)..' :... çapkalış : «turmoil, crowd, mass, a group of people» (ŞS. 159); from the verb' ça:pmak' = to hurry up, to raid, plunder, to strike with a sword, to wouıid, to sever with a single blow>> (Cl. 394) ; «turmoil» o (Rad., İIT, 2i53) notused in MT. k (chatr) A large umbrella. used for kings (As.,.II; 100 word is given as Urd). o - (chik)' ıy." o o o o A o curtaiii. made of reeds (As. 11, lll, çadır or çatır : «loan word ultimately. derived from sanskrit 'chatra' 'a royal uriıbrella>> (CL 403); «a tent, a curta4ı for.. bed». (Rad., ı:çr, 1~98). «a tent, a room, a large room» (TS., 147). çık : «a reed curtain» (Cl ~ 404); «a mat made of reeds>> (DT. m, 1206). Jl;-~ Souıids cl as hes 487). (chakabhak) o çakaçak : «a sound produced by the produced o by the claches of metalle things» (Yeni Tar of swords o(fer:, 49).
19 18 J~cA:- ( chakmak) 1 - Flint 2.. Flintlock used in guns (Fer., 487)..)!- ( ebukar) Water pool (Fer., 484). ~ (chikin) Handicraft, an embroidered piece ot' cloth: CAs., ıı ı13). )~ ( chukundar) Red beat (As. ll, m). çakmak : «any means for burning fire» (DT. Dizin, ı32). «a lighter, steel for triking on a flint» (DT. I, 469) Same in MT. çukur : «a hallow, pit» (-çakör ::Uyg. 60) ;; «a pit» (TS. 175). çıkın : «embroidered piece of cloth» <AI?-: II, 1446). «Shawl usually embroid~red» ' (Sami, 5ı4); «gold elrıroidery» (Cl. 416). cükündür (çukundur, çükündürük) «beat, carrot or cabbage» (DT., m, 1307). ~ (chamcha) çömçe : «ladle, scoop» (Cl. 422). «a 1 - A spoon, an object used ~arge wooden spoon or ladle» (DT. for drinking soup or syrup. DiZin 158) ; «a large carved wooden 2 7 ladle (Fer., 92 and As., II,. c:ı.ı;p:fpr drinking water>> and «a large 119). wooden spoon» (DS. m, 1266, ı284). Jl..~ (choinak) A stick, ciub (Mlr Aman, Bagh.u ;Bahar, 1976 p. 251). ~. (chechek). Sma,llpox (As., II, 150) slıown as Per.). Çomak : «stick, baton» (DT., Dizin 157) ; «as tic~» ('İ'S., ı 73). çeç~k (çiçek) : «flower, hence metph. «a skin eruption especi~y 'smal~pox' (Cl. 400); «smallpox» (Doerfer. m, 1073)..:ı;lö. (khatun) katun : «woman, lady» (DT. pizin., ı - Wife; woman 2- daughter 281/602) ;' dady, queen (Uyg,-İ71) : in of a lord 3 - lady 4 - daughter MT 'hatun' (TS., 330). of an 'emir' (As., II, 173).
20 ;,:ıli!.> (khakan) hakan or kağan : «an independent ı --A big.king, emperor 2 - A- ruler of a tribe or people» (Cl. 611J ;- title of the Chinese and Tı.ir- «sultan, emperor>> (TS. ) ; kish kings ('Fer., 53ı). «descendant of a royal fa.!iıily» (Rad, IT,. Jl> (khan) Han "(xan) : «lt was synonym of 'Kaı - Chief 2 - Head 3 - A title ğan' but later it was used for a su:bgiven to. Afghan tribes (Fer. ordinate ruler, the Turks' supreme 532; As. ı78, li'er. shows as, ruler, emperor» (CL 630); <<"a title Tur., As. as Per.). giveıi to the descendants of Afrasyab» (DT. Dizin, 2ı2). «King, a _ ruler' of a nation, hea~ of a household, ruler» (ŞS. ı66); «a title given to a subordinate ruler who is. 41-dependent or affiliated to an emperor, a title adapted by the Ottoman kings» - (TS.; -322). j.b (dagh) -. -dağı: «brand made ı with,hot iron on '- ı - Sp ot,. sign 2 - impression horses or cattle, act of such 'mar king» made by hot iron 2 - Wound (DT., m, ı53); «burn, scald, sign, 3 - worry 4 - to stain the mark made wit:q. hot iron» (ŞS., ı68). eliaraeter of somebody (As. «brand with hot iton.. or-.metal, such II,. 222 give~ as. Per). impr.ession made for medical treat 7 ment», (TS.,. 178). bb (dada) ı '- Grand father 2 - Master Elder brother 4 - An old man (Fer. 5'52, Hindi). 19 dada : «grandfather, grand parents, mother's father» ~ŞS.,.ı6?). ; 'father' - (Oğuz., DT., m, 221); «Gtandfather>~ (Cl. 4 5ı; De<?İ'fer m, 1179); «uncle» (Rad, m,. ı640).. ~_, (dulma) Dish prepared by stuffing mince meat in eggplant or c arrot (As. II, 264). dolma : «any king of food prepared by stuffing rice or other objects» (TS., 2ı4). From the. verb 'doldurmak' = to stuff.
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text:
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- Cancer 101 Pictures Slideshow
- Breast Cancer Slideshow
- Skin Cancer Slideshow
- Patient Comments: Penis Cancer - Stages
- Find a local Oncologist in your town
- Penis cancer facts*
- What is penile cancer?
- What are causes and risk factors of penile cancer?
- What are signs and symptoms of penis cancer?
- What tests to health-care professionals use to diagnose penis cancer?
- What factors affect the prognosis and treatment of penile cancer?
- What are the stages of penile cancer?
- What are the treatment options for patients with penile cancer?
- What penis cancer treatments are being tested in clinical trials?
- What are penile cnacer treatment options by stage?
- What are treatment options for recurrent penile cancer?
Human papillomavirus infection may increase the risk of developing penile cancer.
Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer; not having risk factors doesn't mean that you will not get cancer. Talk with your doctor if you think you may be at risk. Risk factors for penile cancer include the following:
Circumcision may help prevent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). A circumcision is an operation in which the doctor removes part or all of the foreskin from the penis. Many boys are circumcised shortly after birth. Men who were not circumcised at birth may have a higher risk of developing penile cancer.
Other risk factors for penile cancer include the following:
- Being age 60 or older.
- Having phimosis (a condition in which the foreskin of the penis cannot be pulled back over the glans).
- Having poor personal hygiene.
- Using tobacco products.


text:
Fiona Hutchison
Teacher Alex Gainer (Gary Daniels) lives out the most unthinkable, horrific nightmare when he's treated like a guinea pig at a warped militia laboratory and forced to consume a deadly chemical that causes extreme violence in those who ingest it. He's able to escape from the lab, but his capture becomes a national emergency, and everyone is on the hunt for him. Can he find the antidote to the chemical and save his own life before it's too late?