text:
Nervous Brits need have no fears: Jason Webster's new Spanish detective, Max Camara of Valencia, hates bullfights. Forced to stand in for one of his superiors, he loathes the whole business and when a promising young matador is found murdered, only his professional concern is awakened.
But his feelings are torn when he meets a woman journalist who supports the traditional "sport", and he finds himself involved in controversy. For the banning of bull-fighting is becoming a serious political issue in Spain as a new generation rejects this bloodthirsty cult.
And cult it is, in a sense, which partly explains something that is a profound mystery to non-Spaniards: why so many in this cultivated, brilliant and intelligent nation should be addicted to what appears to be an intensely unpleasant form of torture plus butchery. Camara investigates the training of the matadors, and subjects himself to a trial run, fending off one of the most harmless quadrupeds to discover the terror in being charged at by several hundred kilos of angry cow. And he experiences the fear and adrenalin which surge through the bullfighter, the peculiar courage needed to stand one's ground in the face of rushing horns.
But Camara is not converted to the side of supporting the bullfight, though he comes to understand the excitement generated by the ring. He hates it, "not for what it did to the bull, but for what it did to him", knowing that it awakens his own interior bloodlusts. This leads him to a deeper perception of what motivates a psychopathic killer who flirts with a human victim as the matador twirls his cape and tortures her before committing the final act of slaughter.
Camara is a passionate man, and sex, brandy and flamenco loom large as he pursues his case, running up against ruthless enemies who control the bull farms. This inner journey of one of the most attractive figures to enter recent detective fiction is set amid a splendidly authentic Valencia, an old city wanting to present a modern image as it struggles with its bloodthirsty past.
And there is some fascinating information about the sexuality of the encounter between bull and man. Is the matador taking on a female role; is the fight actually a sexual act? Like the best detective stories, this book becomes a scrutiny of our own most powerful drives and secrets.
- More about:
- Cows
- Southern Europe
- Spain
- Valencia


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PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE. Research Article
- Christal Harvey
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Research Article DOES LIVING IN CALIFORNIA MAKE PEOPLE HAPPY? A Focusing Illusion in Judgments of Life Satisfaction David A. Schkade 1 and Daniel Kahneman 2 1 Department of Management, University of Texas, Austin, and 2 Woodrow Wilson School of Public Affairs, Princeton University Abstract Large samples of students in the Midwest and in Southern California rated satisfaction with life overall as well as with various aspects of life, for either themselves or someone similar to themselves in one of the two regions. Self-reported overall life satisfaction was the same in both regions, but participants who rated a similar other expected Californians to be more satisfied than Midwesterners. Climate-related aspects were rated as more important for someone living in another region than for someone in one s own region. Mediation analyses showed that satisfaction with climate and with cultural opportunities accounted for the higher overall life satisfaction predicted for Californians. Judgments of life satisfaction in a different location are susceptible to a focusing illusion: Easily observed and distinctive differences between locations are given more weight in such judgments than they will have in reality. The most famous article in the psychological literature on wellbeing (Brickman, Coates, & Janoff-Bulman, 1978) reported only small differences in life satisfaction between paraplegics and normal control subjects, on the one hand, and between lottery winners and normal control subjects, on the other. This provocative finding has been bolstered by much subsequent evidence in many domains (Diener & Diener, 1996). For example, Silver (1982) found that the affective experience of paraplegics was already predominantly positive only a few weeks after their accidents. A more recent study reported that the frequency of positive affect returns to normal levels within a year following the death of a loved one (Suh, Diener, & Fujita, 1996). In general, the correlations between various aspects of subjective well-being and objective life circumstances tend to be surprisingly low. In contrast, stable temperamental factors predict subjective well-being with substantial accuracy, and the correlation between the affective experience of twins reared apart is also quite high (Lykken & Tellegen, 1996). These observations led Headey and Wearing (1992) to propose that individuals are endowed with an affective set point, to which they are drawn to return after any change of circumstances. The fame of the Brickman et al. article is a significant observation in its own right. The article is famous because its results are deeply counterintuitive: An observer would expect paraplegics to be more miserable and lottery winners to be happier than they are in actuality. We propose that this error is a special case of a more general effect that we call a focusing illusion: When a judgment about an entire object or category is made with attention focused on a subset of that category, a focusing illusion is likely to occur, whereby the attended subset is overweighted relative to the unattended subset. In particular, when attention is drawn to the possibility of a change in any significant aspect of life, the perceived effect of this change on well-being is likely to be exaggerated. Address correspondence to David Schkade, Department of Management, University of Texas, Austin, TX ; The idea of a focusing illusion involves hypotheses about two psychological processes, one in the subject whose experience is predicted (the paraplegic or the lottery winner) and the other in the judge who makes the prediction (who could be the same person). The evidence implies that, to a substantial extent, paraplegics and lottery winners do adapt to their new circumstances. A redistribution of attention is likely to be one of the mechanisms that produce this adaptation: Paraplegics and lottery winners have many experiences that do not relate directly to their special status. Once the situation in which they find themselves is no longer novel, people in these circumstances often (perhaps mostly) think of other things, such as the food they eat or the gossip they hear. However, a judge who tries to imagine the life of a paraplegic or of a lottery winner will naturally focus attention on the special circumstances of these cases. This mismatch in the allocation of attention will cause the judge to exaggerate the impact of these circumstances on the subject. It is possible to document a focusing illusion by comparing the predictions of individuals who must imagine the life satisfaction of paraplegics with the predictions of other individuals whose judgments are based on actual observation. To examine whether the focusing illusion operates in perceptions of paraplegics, we asked 119 students to complete a questionnaire about the frequency with which paraplegics would exhibit various happiness-related behaviors in specified situations. We also included a question that asked about the relative frequencies of good and bad moods. The key independent variable was another question, Have you ever known someone who is a paraplegic? We predicted that people who knew paraplegics would view them as happier than people who did not. The results were unequivocal. Knowing a paraplegic had a highly significant effect on responses to most questions about a paraplegic s life (p <.005). For example, respondents who said they had never known a paraplegic estimated a predominance of bad moods over good (43% vs. 32%), whereas those who had known a paraplegic as a friend or relative had the opposite perception (20% vs. 53%). The message is clear: The less you know about paraplegics, the worse off you think they are. Loewenstein and Frederick (1997) found a related effect when they asked one group of subjects to predict how various personal and environmental changes would affect their well-being over the next decade and another group to evaluate how matched changes had affected their well-being over the past decade. Results showed that people expected their overall well-being to be affected much more by future changes than they believed matched changes had affected their well-being in the past. With experience, subjects apparently recognized the limited impact on well-being of specific narrow changes in their circumstances, but they were unable to put such changes into perspective when forecasting the future. Another instance of the focusing illusion has been reported in studies by Schwarz, Strack, and their colleagues (see Schwarz, 1996, for a general summary). In one study, college students were asked two questions: How happy are you? and How many dates did you have last month? The correlation between these questions depended on the 340 Copyright 1998 American Psychological Society VOL. 9, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 1998
2 David A. Schkade and Daniel Kahneman order in which they appeared: The correlation was.12 when the happiness question came first, but rose to.66 when the order was reversed. Focusing attention on dating is apparently sufficient to induce the illusion that this aspect of life dominates one s well-being. Counterfactual thoughts about one s own happiness play an important role in human lives: People sometimes wonder about what it would be like to be in another job, in another city, or with another spouse. Systematic errors in such thoughts can have significant consequences if individuals are moved to act upon them. Forecasts about the well-being of other people can also have implications for action. The original motivation for this study concerned the accuracy with which people could predict the effect of a specified change in climate on the well-being of future generations. Beliefs about such effects may determine how urgent the problem of global warming appears today, and influence public willingness to take actions intended to influence the course of events. A focusing illusion would lead people to exaggerate the adverse impact of climatic changes by underestimating the ability of future generations to adapt. In this article, we describe an instance of the focusing illusion, which was induced by causing people to focus on the difference between living in California and the Midwest. We used a crosssectional design in which self-reports of life satisfaction made by people who lived in a certain location were compared with predictions of life satisfaction made by people who lived elsewhere. Our hypotheses were (a) that there would be no significant difference between residents of the two regions in reported overall life satisfaction and (b) that judgments made by residents of both regions would reflect a belief that someone like them would be more satisfied in California than in the Midwest. The results confirmed both hypotheses. For the first block of questions, respondents in the self condition were asked: Please circle the answer that represents how satisfied or dissatisfied you are with that aspect of life. Respondents in the other condition were asked: Please circle the number that best represents how satisfied or dissatisfied a student with your values and interests at University X would be with that aspect of his or her life. For the second block of questions, respondents in the self condition were asked: Please circle the number that best represents how important that aspect of life is to your well-being. Respondents in the other condition were asked: Please circle the number that best represents how important that aspect of life would be to the well-being of a student with your values and interests at University X. The instructions for the other condition were designed to encourage the respondents to imagine how they would feel at another school, without dwelling on specific facts about their life, such as the residence of their parents or the requirement to pay nonresident university fees. Demographic Variables RESULTS The samples were about equally balanced between males (47.7%) and females (52.1%) and among the four school classes (29.4% freshmen, 23.7% sophomores, 21.1% juniors, and 25.5% seniors). Samples at the different universities were generally similar, except for ethnic composition: The key difference is that the Midwest samples were 78% Caucasian and 8% Asian American, and the California samples were 25% Caucasian and 44% Asian American. The analyses we report therefore control for demographic differences between regions. METHOD A total of 1,993 undergraduate students at the University of Michigan (n = 492), Ohio State University (n = 499), the University of California, Los Angeles (n = 503), and the University of California, Irvine (n = 499) were recruited by professional survey firms and paid between $7 and $10 for a 1-hr session, depending on the prevailing rate at each university. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire in a group setting and were randomly assigned to conditions. Each participant answered a series of questions about various aspects of life for a specified target person, who either was the participant himself or herself or was a student like the participant at one of the other universities. Half the participants were told that the survey was about the well-being of students across the country, and the others were told that the subject was the effect of climate on well-being, to prime the topic of climate. The first block of questions about the target person began with a question about satisfaction with life overall, using an 11-point scale ranging from 5 (extremely dissatisfied) to +5 (extremely satisfied). The next page included a series of questions about the target person s satisfaction with 11 specific aspects of his or her life (see Table 1), using the same scale. There were several forms of the questionnaire, in which the order of questions was varied. The second block of questions asked about the importance of each aspect of life to the wellbeing of the target person, using a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important). The third block contained demographic questions about the participant. Importance Ratings We begin with a discussion of the respondents theory of the factors that affect life satisfaction, as reflected in the ratings of importance that they assigned to different aspects of life. The data for the two conditions (self and other) were analyzed separately, but there were few differences between these conditions (Fig. 1). There was general agreement on relative importance: Job prospects, academic opportunities, financial situation, safety, and social life were considered most important to overall life satisfaction; variables associated with climate and cultural opportunities were less important, on average. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MAN- COVA) was conducted on importance ratings for the 11 aspects, using region, priming, and item order as factors, and with gender, ethnicity, and other demographic variables as covariates. There was no significant effect of region. The priming manipulation also had no effect. These null results were not the result of insufficient power, as several systematic differences were found between the importance ratings reported by various demographic groups. For example, females attached significantly more importance to personal safety, to academic opportunities, and to cultural opportunities than did males, whereas males assigned higher importance ratings to climate variables, outdoor activities, and social life than did females. There were also some substantial ethnic differences: African Americans and Asian Americans rated academic opportunities as more important than did Caucasians; African Americans rated cultural opportunities as more important than the other groups. VOL. 9, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER
3 California Dreaming Table 1. Satisfaction ratings in the self and other conditions Self Other Midwestern subjects Californian subjects Aspect of life rated M (SD) CA MW a M (SD) CA MW b CA MW b Life overall ** 0.64** (1.78) (2.02) Job prospects *** (2.60) (2.23) Academic opportunities ** (1.79) (2.03) Financial situation (2.86) (2.42) Personal safety ** *** 0.69*** (2.10) (2.28) Social life * 0.74*** (2.07) (2.18) Outdoor activities ** *** 0.80*** (2.05) (2.19) Natural beauty *** *** 0.48* (2.03) (2.30) Overall climate *** *** 2.45*** (2.27) (2.55) Cultural opportunities *** 2.12*** (2.07) (2.57) Summer weather ** *** 1.72*** (1.99) (2.47) Winter weather *** *** 3.07*** (3.14) (3.22) Note. Ratings are on a scale from 5 (extremely dissatisfied) to +5 (extremely satisfied). a Difference between least squares means, adjusted for demographic effects, for Californian and Midwestern respondents. b Difference between least squares means, adjusted for demographic effects, for similar others living in California and similar others living in the Midwest. *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. Satisfaction Ratings Self condition The first column of Table 1 presents mean ratings of satisfaction with life overall, and with the 11 aspects of life, for respondents in the self condition. On average, subjects in the self condition reported themselves as fairly satisfied with their lives overall, a common finding in studies of life satisfaction (Diener & Diener, 1996). The respondents were also quite satisfied with many specific aspects of their lives, but some exceptions stand out: They were least satisfied with their financial state and the winter weather, and were less satisfied with their job prospects than with the 8 other aspects. A MANCOVA model identical to that described for the importance ratings was conducted on satisfaction with the 11 aspects. There were several significant differences between demographic groups. For example, Asian Americans reported themselves as less satisfied than other groups with most aspects of life, including life overall (p <.001). Also, women were much less satisfied than men with their safety, F(1, 1071) = 97.20, p <.001, and with their financial situation, F(1, 1071) = 23.41, p <.001. The second column of Table 1 presents the difference between the least squares adjusted MANCOVA means of self-reported satisfaction in the two regions (California and the Midwest). These estimates are corrected for demographic differences between the two regions. The most important finding, as expected, was negative: There was no difference in self-reported overall life satisfaction between the two regions. This result was confirmed in a separate analysis of the ratings of Caucasians (the only ethnic group with enough respondents in both regions for meaningful analysis). The raw means for Caucasians were virtually identical in the Midwest (2.95) and in California (2.98). The similarity of overall life satisfaction in the two regions is remarkable because satisfaction with several aspects of life shows significant differences, all favoring California. In particular, students in the Midwest were less satisfied with every aspect of their climate, with the natural beauty of their region, and with their opportunities for 342 VOL. 9, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 1998
4 David A. Schkade and Daniel Kahneman Fig. 1. Rated importance of aspects of life to well-being, for respondents in the self and other conditions. Higher scores indicate greater importance. outdoor recreation. Although the influential hypothesis of the hedonic treadmill (Brickman & Campbell, 1971) is sometimes taken to imply that people will eventually adapt to any sustained state of affairs, adaptation appears to have its limits: It is not nice to be cold and wet, even if one is surrounded by others who are also cold and wet. Why do the differences in satisfaction with climate not translate into corresponding differences in overall satisfaction with life? We propose that people do not spontaneously focus their attention on the pleasures and pains of climate when attempting to work out how happy they are. Indeed, the failure of the priming manipulation in the present experiment suggests that people do not think of climate in evaluating their life satisfaction even when they are mildly prompted to do so. Other condition The third column of Table 1 presents the mean ratings given by subjects who responded as they thought a student who shared their values and interests but lived at another location would. The most striking difference between columns 1 and 3 is that self-reported overall life satisfaction is substantially higher than what is predicted for a similar individual in another location, F(1, 1977) = 88.8, p <.001. This difference could be an instance of the well-established optimistic bias (Taylor & Brown, 1988; Weinstein, 1982): Respondents generally expect their own fate to be better than the life of similar others. However, this bias does not appear consistently in specific aspects of life, for which the results are mixed. The main goal of the study was to examine whether the effects of region on ratings differed between the self and other conditions. To this end, two sets of differences were computed in the other condition: the difference between ratings made by Midwestern respondents for someone at another Midwest university and for someone at a California university (column 4) and the same differences for California respondents (column 5). Table entries are again corrected for the demographic composition of the two regions. Although self-reported life satisfaction did not differ for respondents in the two regions, respondents in both regions predicted higher overall satisfaction for a Californian than for a Midwesterner. This pattern of results confirms our main hypothesis, that the prediction task would reveal an incorrect belief that overall satisfaction with life is higher in California than in the Midwest. Respondents who imagined life in another region correctly anticipated many of the differences in satisfaction with individual aspects of life especially climate. What they failed to appreciate is that these satisfactions do not loom large in people s overall evaluations of their lives. Easily observable aspects of life that distinguish the two regions are therefore assigned too much weight when people imagine life in a different place. This discrepancy is a special case of the more general bias that we have labeled the focusing illusion. It is apparent in Table 1 that the two regions differ most in satisfaction with aspects of life rated as relatively unimportant, in both the self and the other conditions. Furthermore, it appears that the advantages of California are often overestimated, and that some advantages are perceived even where none exist. Some of these results may be influenced by a halo effect in the judgments made in the other condition. Alternatively, they may reflect genuine beliefs about the inferiority of life in the Midwest. VOL. 9, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER
5 California Dreaming Although the differences shown in Table 1 for the different groups of respondents follow the same general trends, some discrepancies are also evident. Midwesterners rated natural beauty as better in California, whereas Californians rated natural beauty as better in the Midwest. It appears likely that Midwesterners were thinking of the glories of the beaches and the Sierras, and Southern Californians were thinking of the green hills and forests that are lacking in their own surroundings. Another discrepancy is in personal safety: Respondents in the other condition rated the Midwest as safer, but those in the self condition rated California as safer. Finally, respondents in the other condition expected a large difference in satisfaction with cultural opportunities, favoring California, but no such difference was found in the self condition. We take this to be another instance of a focusing effect. There are indeed more cultural opportunities in Los Angeles than in Ann Arbor or Columbus, but their role in students lives is probably much smaller in reality than in an exercise of imagination. Often the only thing that prompts local residents to experience outstanding local attractions is the occasional visit by friends or relatives. Tests of Focusing Importance We have hypothesized that when subjects rate a similar other in a different climate, they focus on salient differences between regions (especially climate-related features), which in turn leads to an erroneous prediction that life would be better in California than in the Midwest. This focus should be manifest in ratings of importance: The aspects of life that distinguish the two regions should be rated more important in the other region than in one s own. To test this hypothesis, we averaged the importance ratings for the five climate-related aspects to form a measure of overall climate importance and analyzed it using an analysis of covariance with one two-level factor (same or different region), and demographic variables as covariates. Results confirmed our hypothesis: Respondents in the different-region condition (mean = 3.28) rated climate as more important than those in the same-region condition (mean = 3.06), F(1, 870) = 16.2, p <.001. Each of the five constituent climate aspects showed a significant difference in the expected direction (p <.01) (Fig. 2). A similar effect was found for cultural opportunities, which is apparently another variable on which respondents perceived a clear difference between regions. Thinking of the life satisfaction of someone in a different region apparently increased the perceived importance of these distinctive aspects, without decreasing the perceived importance of other aspects of life. Satisfaction If rating someone in another region induces a focus on salient differences, we should expect these differences to account for the disparity between similar others in California and the Midwest in predicted overall satisfaction (Table 1 summarizes the observed differences). To test this hypothesis, we used the mediation analysis described by Baron and Kenny (1986), in which a proposed mediator is added to a regression that already includes the effect to be mediated (in this case, the region of the person rated). Mediation is established if the effect of region disappears when a candidate mediator variable is added to the equation. Taken alone, the predicted difference in overall satisfaction between a similar other living in California versus the Midwest is highly significant, F(1, 890) = 26.6, p <.001 (Table 2). When added to the model one at a time, four of the five climate-related aspects of life were successful as mediators (natural beauty was the exception), Fig. 2. Rated importance of aspects of life to well-being, for respondents who rated someone living in their own region and who rated someone living in a different region. Higher scores indicate greater importance. 344 VOL. 9, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 1998
6 David A. Schkade and Daniel Kahneman Table 2. Mediation analysis of the effect of the region of the person rated on overall life satisfaction F statistic for region when Candidate mediator mediator added p(f) Effect of region with no mediator Non-climate-related aspects of life Job prospects Academic opportunities Financial situation Personal safety Social life Cultural opportunities* Climate-related aspects of life Outdoor activities* Natural beauty Overall climate* Summer weather* Winter weather* All climate-related aspects* All nonclimate aspects (including cultural opportunities)* All nonclimate aspects (excluding cultural opportunities) *Successful mediator. each separately rendering the region effect nonsignificant (p >.10). Satisfaction with cultural opportunity was also an effective mediator. The remaining five satisfaction variables failed to mediate the effect, despite the fact that respondents perceived significant differences between regions on some of them. This analysis confirms the role of easily observed differences between regions, such as climate and cultural opportunities, as key determinants of the greater satisfaction predicted in California. DISCUSSION There appears to be a stereotyped perception that people are happier in California. This perception is anchored in the perceived superiority of the California climate, and is justified to some extent by the fact that Californians are indeed more satisfied with their climate than are Midwesterners. Nevertheless, contrary to the intuitions of our respondents, the advantages of life in California were not reflected in differences in the self-reported overall life satisfaction of those who live there. We have argued that our respondents were affected by a focusing illusion. Our results suggest that the objective attributes of the two regions are indeed associated with real differences in hedonic experience. These relative advantages of California (or disadvantages of the Midwest) loom large when a resident of one region considers the possibility of life in the other. When people answer a question about their own life satisfaction, however, their attention is focused on more central aspects of life. An observer s failure to anticipate this shift of attention in the person experiencing the event is a focusing illusion. We predict similar effects for any determinant of life satisfaction, which depends on so many factors that focusing attention on any one of them will inevitably cause an exaggeration of its impact. 1 The focusing illusion is not restricted to the context of life satisfaction. The psychological explanation of the illusion is that it is difficult or impossible to simultaneously allocate appropriate weights to considerations that are at the focus of attention and to considerations that are currently in the background. The fault-tree effect (Fischhoff, Slovic, & Lichtenstein, 1978) is an instance: In allocating probabilities to events (e.g., various situations that might cause a car not to start in the morning), respondents tend to assign more weight to possibilities that are explicitly mentioned than to those implicitly lumped together in the other causes category. A similar process may be involved in the unpacking effect (Tversky & Koehler, 1994), in which an explicit listing of the members of a category of events increases the perceived aggregate probability of that category. The focusing illusion may also entail an exaggeration of the importance of ideas that are currently on the agenda. A politician may take advantage of the focusing illusion by announcing small initiatives with great fanfare, encouraging the erroneous belief that these initiatives will make a substantial difference in the life of citizens. A related observation from research in decision making is that people normally evaluate outcomes as changes, not as states (Kahneman & Tversky, 1984). Common sense suggests that recent lottery winners or the newly paraplegic will spend more of their time responding to their special circumstances in the first few weeks than they will later. Thus, if people judge what it is like to be a paraplegic by imagining what it is like to become a paraplegic, they will exaggerate the longterm impact of this tragic event on life satisfaction. A similar interpretation may apply to findings recently reported by Gilbert and Wilson (Gilbert, Pinel, Wilson, Blumberg, & Wheatley, in press; Gilbert & Wilson, in press), who observed that people greatly overestimated the duration of their emotional response to such events as the denial of tenure and the breakup of a romantic relationship. In the context of life satisfaction, the present discussion suggests that people may not be good judges of the effect of changing circumstances on their own life satisfaction, or on that of others. Concerning the problem that motivated this study, we suspect that people will exaggerate the hedonic impact of ecological changes such as those that may result from global warming. At the individual level, the focusing illusion may lead to unnecessary initiatives. For example, it is not unlikely that some people might actually move to California in the mistaken belief that this would make them happier. People are exposed to many messages that encourage them to believe that a change of weight, scent, hair color (or coverage), car, clothes, or many other aspects will produce marked improvements in their happiness. Some of these changes may work for some people (there is evidence that the benefits of some types of cosmetic surgery are long lasting), but there are probably many more cases in which the messages merely induce and exploit a focusing illusion. Our research suggests a moral, and a warning: Nothing that you focus on will make as much difference as you think. 1. Of course, focusing on things that actually are important makes the problem less severe. VOL. 9, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER
7 California Dreaming Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, California. John Kihlstrom, two anonymous reviewers, and the members of the EPRI Ecological Effects research team, especially Jon Krosnick, provided helpful comments. We also thank Industrial Economics, Inc., and Ron Carrell for their able assistance with the administration of the study. REFERENCES Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator-mediator distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, Brickman, P., & Campbell, D.T. (1971). Hedonic relativism and planning the good society. In M.H. Appley (Ed.), Adaptation-level theory: A symposium (pp ). New York: Academic Press. Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, Diener, E., & Diener, C. (1996). Most people are happy. Psychological Science, 7, Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., & Lichtenstein, S. (1978). Fault trees: Sensitivity of estimated failure probabilities to problem representation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1, Gilbert, D.T., Pinel, E.C., Wilson, T.D., Blumberg, S.J., & Wheatley, T. (in press). Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Gilbert, D.T., & Wilson, T.D. (in press). Miswanting: Problems in affective forecasting. In J. Forgas (Ed.), Feeling and thinking: Affect and social cognition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Headey, B., & Wearing, A. (1992). Understanding happiness: A theory of subjective life satisfaction. Melbourne, Australia: Longman Cheshire. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1984). Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist, 39, Loewenstein, G., & Frederick, S. (1997). Predicting reactions to environmental change. In M. Bazerman, D. Messick, A. Tenbrunsel, & K. Wade-Benzoni (Eds.), Environment, ethics, and behavior (pp ). San Francisco: New Lexington Press. Lykken, D., & Tellegen, A. (1996). Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. Psychological Science, 7, Schwarz, N. (1996). Cognition and communication: Judgmental biases, research methods and the logic of conversation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Silver, R.L. (1982). Coping with an undesirable life event: A study of early reactions to physical disability. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. Suh, E., Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1996). Events and subjective life satisfaction: Only recent events matter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, Taylor, S.E., & Brown, J.D. (1988). Illusion and life satisfaction: A social psychological perspective on mental health. Psychological Bulletin, 103, Tversky, A., & Koehler, D. (1994). Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability. Psychological Review, 101, Weinstein, N.D. (1982). Community noise problems: Evidence against adaptation. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2, (RECEIVED 2/16/97; REVISION ACCEPTED 3/12/98) 346 VOL. 9, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 1998
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subset: commoncrawl


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A woman en route in an aircraft from Miami to Doha gave birth to a bouncing baby boy this morning, or should we say a flying baby boy.
At 4:30 a.m. Gander International Airport was notified of an inbound aircraft from Qatar Airlines. The plane was diverted from its flight path of Miami to Doha in response to a passenger who was in labour.
Two doctors were also on the flight and were able to offer assistance to the woman. The baby was born a half-hour before the flight landed at the airport in Gander.
Brian Hicks, manager of safety and airside operations with the airport authority, said upon arrival of the aircraft they activated emergency response services.
Paramedics from James Paton Memorial Regional Health Centre met the aircraft, and the mother and baby were transported to the hospital where both are resting this afternoon.
The flight took on some fuel and continued on to its final destination in Doha.
Hicks was not aware of the nationality of the mother or if anyone else was travelling with her. As for the nationality of the baby, that is a question yet to be answered.


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Ever My Merlin: Book 3, My Merlin Seriesby Priya Ardis
The end of the world. The day of reckoning. The final battle.
In the last chapter of the My Merlin Series, it is a time of great strife for Arriane (aka Ryan) and Merlin (aka Matt) as they struggle to stem the flood of destruction unleashed upon the world. Their only hope rests in the one object that
He was the right one, the fated one, but was he right for her?
The end of the world. The day of reckoning. The final battle.
In the last chapter of the My Merlin Series, it is a time of great strife for Arriane (aka Ryan) and Merlin (aka Matt) as they struggle to stem the flood of destruction unleashed upon the world. Their only hope rests in the one object that can restore their greatest ally: the Healing Cup. With every scrap of life hanging in the balance, Ryan must convince both friends and enemiesthat the key to survival rests in the plans of a sword-toting girl of only eighteen. She must reconcile a fifteen-hundred-year rivalry between two brothers, and be ruthless enough to break a heart-and a life-in the process. And at some point, she really needs to get herself to Prom.
Complete the circle in the conclusion of the My Merlin Series. A blend of Arthurian legend and Greek mythology, My Merlin weaves the mysteries of the past with modern-day action/adventure, supernatural creatures, high school, and romance.
Editorial Reviews
Product Details
- 9780984833955
- Publisher:
- Priya Ardis
- Publication date:
- 12/01/2012
- Pages:
- 412
- Sales rank:
- 1,363,958
- Product dimensions:
- 5.50(w) x 8.50(h) x 0.92(d)
Meet the Author
Priya Ardis loves books of all kinds�but especially the gooey ones that make your nose leak and let your latte go cold. Her young adult novels come from a childhood of playing too much She-Ra and watching too much Spock. She started her first book at sixteen, writing in notebooks on long train rides during a hot summer vacation in India. A hopeless romantic, she's a longtime member of the Romance Writer's of America and various other writing organizations.
Customer Reviews
Average Review:
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See all customer reviews
This was one wild ride of an ending to this amazing trilogy! I have been a die hard *team Vane* fan since the very beginning but throughout this book my loyalties shifted several times! As in the first 2 books Ryan is also divided & just doesnt know who to trust! Well through alliances new & old this book brings us all the way to the nail biting end!
I just finished the third and final book in this series. It was awesome! Great modern take on Merlin, Camelot and Greek Hisory and more. For those like me who love the romantic angle, this didn't dissapoint. The triangle was original and story well thought out and thought provoking. Loved the series and sad its over. Look forward to reading more from this author.
**SPOILER ALERT** I really did love the series but I was so angry the whole time because I'm so Anti-Vane. To the very end, I'm not sure why. I think it's because of the title of the series "My MERLIN" that I really wanted to read more about Merlin, not his brother. Yes Vane is hot and a very good choice but my heart completely shattered for Merlin. Not sure why because I normally do support canon pairings but not this time! It's a very good book with a lot of wonderful elements but sometimes I felt as if there were too many elements and stories from the past, such as the Greek characters that were completely just thrown in there. It's still very good, I just wish she ended up with Merlin! Not because of any special reason other than it's MERLIN. Haha. Probably not the most fair reasoning ever for being Anti-Vane but oh well. :(
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I really like this author!
I highly recommend the series. I found it so entertaining and full of twists. Also I'm so glad she ended up with the right guy. It's a very engaging read and there is a lot of variety in the scenes so you don't feel as if you're reading filler material. Highly recommend.
This book was definitly very interesting. I have some mixed feelings about this book. You have to read the first two books to truley get everything that goes on in the book. Im not sure how i feel about Vane turning into such a huge jerk or how Ryan couldnt decide if she hated Vane or loved him or if she loved Matt. It was all a little complicared but i guess thats what kept me intrested. Over all i really liked this book complicated or not. I read this book in 1 day and seriously i cant get it out of my head. Im now like pictuing myself as an extra character and i havent that since the hunger games. Luv this book must rea it!!!
An epic ending to a great teen-take on a story of legends. Packed from end to end with emotion, the race to save the world has no slow moments. I loved the intertwining mythology that makes this story so rich and keeps the reader guessing. We get to learn so much more about the characters we already love - and the moments when we realize what makes them who they are keep us hooked. Unfortunately since its the last in the series we have to say goodbye to them, but it is a great run up to that point!
So intense! As the last book, I definitely had a lot of expectations and pre-conceived notions about what should happen. Ardis shook these up. She actually had me wavering about who Ryan should choose: Vane or Matt. Ryan spends more time with Matt here which is fun. And Vane's become more Vane than ever, but we get some insight into his past and learn what makes him tick. But more than the romance, there's all the fun adventure that makes this series great. Ryan hunts for archeological clues in Sri Lanka, my favorite part. Then a lot of stuff goes down as they try to save the entire freaking world. Very cool, I have to say. So there you have it: Read! You won't be disappointed


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2Pac - Brenda's Got A Baby
The first single Tupac ever released was hardly a mainstream-sounding track. There's no chorus, no hook, and nothing fun about it. To be real, it's actually a pretty uncomfortable song all around as Tupac tells the story of a twelve year old child who was impregnated by an older man. Brenda, who never knew a mother or a father, found comfort in this older man who took advantage of her naivety. Tupac's extended, lone verse explains the birth and it's repercussions in great detail.
"She had the baby solo
She had it on the bathroom floor and didn't know so
She didn't know, what to throw away and what to keep
She wrapped the baby up and threw him in a trash heap
I guess she thought she'd get away, wouldn't hear the cries
She didn't realize how much the little baby had her eyes
Now the baby's in the trash heap bawling
Momma can't help her, but it hurts to hear her calling
Brenda wants to run away
Momma say, you making me lose pay
The social workers here everyday
Now Brenda's gotta make her own way
Can't go to her family, they won't let her stay
No money no babysitter, she couldn't keep a job
She tried to sell crack but end up getting robbed"


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Bring Sweets was beaten in a selling hurdle last time and his only success on the Flat came at Southwell. King's Counsel has run poorly since beating today's rival Eijaaz at Catterick while Sartingo has never been beyond 1m1f and makes his handicap debut. PENANGDOUBLE O ONE landed a Kempton handicap from a 1lb higher mark in October and though failing to shine on his comeback at Thirsk can do better and gets the nod to take a moderate contest despite a big weight. Mohawk Ridge is capable of taking a race of this nature if ready after a break though he's now on his highest ever mark.
Penangdouble O One 11-2 (9-1) Towards rear, pushed along before halfway, ridden and struggling over 5f out, no chance after, 6th of 11, 11l behind George Adamson (9-1) at Thirsk 1m 4f hcp 0-80 (4) gd.
Mohawk Ridge 9-2 (9-10) Led, headed over 3f out, soon edged left, weakened over 1f out, eased, 6th of 7, 45l behind Rubi Dia (9-1) at Southwell 1m 4f hcp (0-65) (6) fbs in Dec.
Sartingo (IRE) 7-1 (9-12) Keen in touch, not much room over 5f out, ridden and outpaced over 2f out, 5th of 10, 17l behind Carousel (8-8) at Thirsk 1m mdn stks (5) gd.
Westlin' Winds (IRE) 7-1 (9-4) Dwelt always in rear, 7th of 10, 13l behind Bollin Judith (9-10) at Newcastle 2m hcp 0-70 (5) gf.
Idealism 20-1 (8-11) Held up mid-division, ridden over 1f out, one pace, 5th of 12, 9l behind Count Bertoni (9-4) at Pontefract 1m hcp 0-75 (5) gf in Apr.
King's Counsel (IRE) 7-1 (9-2) Led, ridden 3f out, headed over 2f out, weakened final furlong, 9th of 12, 17l behind Tenhoo (8-8) at Doncaster 1m 4f app hcp 0-70 (5) gd.
Apache Warrior 33-1 (8-13) Always towards rear, 12th of 18, 21l behind Fazza (8-8) at Thirsk 1m hcp 0-75 (5) gd.
Eijaaz (IRE) 7-2 (8-9) Dwelt held up, headway over 1f out, ridden to press winner inside final furlong, edged left and just held, 2nd of 5, ns behind Hel's Angel (9-8) at Catterick 1m 4f clm stks (6) gf.
Lure Of The Night (IRE) 150-1 (9-11) Prominent, ridden over 2f out, weakened over 1f out, 7th of 13, 27l behind Ardlui (8-9) at Thirsk 1m 4f mdn stks (5) gd.
Bring Sweets (IRE) 9-2 (8-8) Raced wide, in rear, good headway over 2f out, ridden to lead over 1f out, ran on, headed final strides, 2nd of 11, hd behind Irish Jugger (8-13) at Southwell 1m 4f hcp 0-60 (6) fbs in Feb.
Grey Command (USA) 16-1 (8-5) Tracked leading pair, ridden 3f out, stayed on near finish, just held for 3rd, 4th of 9, 9l behind Petella (8-9) at Ripon 2m hcp 0-70 (5) gf.
Fossgate 20-1 (9-4) Tracked leaders, ridden over 3f out, weakened over 1f out, 8th of 9, 20l behind Tenhoo (8-11) at Newcastle 1m 4f hcp 0-60 (6) gf in Apr.


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+91-11-45679615Post Your Requirement
Description :
Arrival at Jaipur. Jaipur is a major destination in Rajasthan visited for its heritage experience. Guests can visit local markets for handicraft shopping in evening and enjoy a Dinner at Chokhi Dhani Restaurant. (Ethnic Indian Restaurant serving Vegetarian Rajasthani Cuisine).
Description :
Proceed for full day sightseeing covering Amer Fort (Elephant ride is possible), Jantar Mantar (Observatory), Hawa Mahal and City Palace, Jal Mahal, Moti Doongri Temple etc. Evening explore local market for shopping.
Description :
Proceed to Agra (230 kms, 5.5 hours). Enroute visit Mehandipur Balaji Temple (Dausa), Abhaneri Stepwell and Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (62 kms before Agra).
Description :
Visit Taj Mahal, one of the original seven wonders of the world and the Monument Agra is renowned for. Early morning is the ideal time to visit Taj Mahal. Later in the day visit Agra Fort, Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza. In the afternoon excursion to Fatehpur Sikri (a heritage town at 60 kms - 1.5 hours). Time permitting visit Mehtab Bagh in Agra in the evening for another view of the Taj Mahal across the River.
Description :
Proceed to Jaipur (230 kms - 5.5 kms) via Mathura Krishna Temple.
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- This event has passed.
Easter Egg Scramble
April 9 @ 12:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Event Navigation
Celebrate the beginning of Spring! Enjoy an animal show, face painting, and a visit with the Easter Bunny before and after the scramble for the Easter eggs. Preregister and save $2 per child. Please preregister, 734-426-8211.
Time: Noon – 2 p.m.
Cost: $4 per child, $6 per child day of event
Location: Hudson Mills Metropark Activity Center – Map Me
- Phone: (734) 426-8211
- E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
A Metroparks vehicle entry permit is required to enter any Metropark and is only $35 annually for regular admission, $21 annually for seniors or $10 daily.


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Renton, Washington – (The Hosting News) – January 31, 2008 – Server virtualization firm, Parallels (formerly SWsoft), has released its latest version of the container-based server virtualization software. Parallels Virtuozzo Containers Version 4.0, includes enhancements and features designed to improve usability, data center management and business continuity.
Parallels Virtuozzo Containers differs from traditional hardware virtualization solutions in that it dynamically partitions a single Windows or Linux operating system instance into highly efficient and scalable virtual environments or "containers."
Serguei Beloussov, CEO of Parallels noted, "The ever-changing needs of today's enterprise data centers call for a virtualization solution that is flexible and delivers high performance. With the release of Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4.0, we are launching the next wave of virtualization, including a suite of products that help IT administrators effectively manage their growing virtual infrastructures."
By delivering native server performance, Virtuozzo virtualization can be used with performance-sensitive workloads such as Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle databases that are not practical with other virtualization solutions due to their associated overhead and the performance penalties that are incurred.
Mr. Beloussov continued, "Parallels offers the right technological approach coupled with the best economics to deliver a comprehensive suite of virtualization and automation products for any hardware or software environment."
Also, Parallels Virtuozzo offers three times the density or more versus other solutions, which permits data center managers to maximize the number of virtual containers per each physical server. In fact, Virtuozzo is the only virtualization solution that enables dozens to hundreds of containers to immediately and automatically leverage hardware, resulting in exceptional data center efficiency from administrative, ROI and energy-consumption perspectives. Along with the increased density capabilities, IT administrators can reduce operating system sprawl in the data center by using Virtuozzo.
Robert Berry, Director of Technical Services, Homes and Land Magazine, noted, "We were impressed by the Beta and are looking forward to implementing Virtuozzo 4.0. The new centralized management and networking options in the tools will make managing our virtualized data center even easier."
John Humphreys, Program Vice President with IDC's Enterprise Platform Group remarked, "With the Virtuozzo product, Parallels is focused on taking virtualization to the next level. By virtualizing above the operating system, customers get both the benefits of hardware reduction and a reduction in the number of operating system images they need to run to support their applications."
Diane Bryant, Vice President and General Manager of Intel's Server Platforms Group commented, "As virtualization continues to proliferate in data centers and on desktops, Intel is delivering leading platform capabilities and performance to foster the growth. Parallels Virtuozzo 4.0's manageability tools, ease-of-use and reliability take advantage of the performance improvements with Intel's latest generation of Quad Core Xeon and Itanium processors and make it a leading virtualization solution."
Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4.0 offers new features and functionality in several key areas:
– Business Continuity – Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4.0 includes several new options to drive uptime, such as Windows Server 2003 and Red Hat clustering services. In addition, Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4.0 delivers a comprehensive set of backup enhancements
– Ease of Use and Manageability – Version 4.0 extends the already significant resource management in Parallels Virtuozzo Containers with the inclusion of virtual CPU improvements, burstable CPU limits, hardware device forwarding, hardware device sharing and more
– Efficiency – Version 4.0's architectural enhancements provide even higher levels of stability and performance. New efficiency-driving features include real-time optimization of hardware resources, and an improved Virtuozzo file system that speeds common management tasks and more effectively utilizes hard disk resources. More information about how customers are using Parallels Virtuozzo can be found at www.parallels.com/virtuozzo.
Virtuozzo 4.0 also introduces the Parallels Infrastructure Manager, a powerful tool for managing the Virtualized Data Center that enables IT administrators to efficiently manage their infrastructure from anywhere.
The Parallels Infrastructure Manager includes a number of important features such as:
– Enhanced Permissions – Includes role-based security and audit, Microsoft Active Directory support and LDAP integration.
– Newly Designed Management Tool – Easier assessment of resources and assets via powerful dashboards.
– Large Scale Deployment and Management Capabilities – Includes application and OS templates as well as centralized data center management, providing logical views of the data center.
Parallels Virtuozzo Containers 4.0 is available worldwide from Parallels or any of its partners. The product, including the Parallels Infrastructure Manager, is available for $3,000 per dual CPU. A Parallels Virtuozzo Containers license can be purchased without the Parallels Infrastructure Manager for $2,500 per dual CPU.
Parallels (formerly SWsoft) is a worldwide leader in virtualization and automation software that optimizes computing for consumers, businesses and service providers across all major hardware, operating system and virtualization platforms. Founded in 1999, Parallels is a fast-growing company with 900 employees in North America, Europe and Asia.
To learn more, please visit: www.parallels.com.


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Suite dreams for Sydney job seekers
SYDNEY — Hold it and they will come.
CALGARY — The new leader of Alberta's Progressive Conservative party wants to begin negotiations as soon as possible with the opposition Wildrose with a goal of merging the two parties before the next provincial election.
Former federal Conservative cabinet minister Jason Kenney will meet with Wildrose leader Brian Jean today in Edmonton.
Kenney says there is a lot of work ahead but if all goes well he would like a new party ready to go within a year.
He says he had a positive first meeting with the PC executive on Sunday morning.
Kenney remains optimistic that any Progressive Conservatives opposed to a merger will change their minds once they see what the new political entity looks like.
He says he has no intention of moving the PC's any further to the right and wants the new party to be open to people of all political stripes.
The Canadian Press


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Here are all the Non-Solo Games. If you are an EEA Inc. member, you can edit ANY of these games in the Any EEA Inc. Member Can Edit section.
Any EEA Inc. Member Can Edit
- Super Mario Sunshine II: Battle of the Frozen Isle
- Dance Dance Revolution Wii: Mario Mix
- Mario Tennis DS
- Pokemon Battle Mania
- Pokémon BrendanRuby & MaySapphire
- Fantendo Kart Melee