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Love this place! We have been going to Colony Beach for the past 6 years. The pool is awesome, the grounds immaculate, the beach private, the rooms clean and fresh and the staff wonderful! Our family will return in 2017 but we will miss our...More
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"They all seemed to have great locations... but there are some ocean front rooms available."
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Chatham Vacation Packages
Chatham is located some 190 miles (306 kilometers) from Washington, the capital of the United States of America, and about 95 miles (153 kilometers) from Charlottesville.
Chatham isn't the only place in this popular region worth experiencing; visitors with plenty of time should also head off and experience the charms of the surrounding countryside, towns and cities. Altavista, 20 miles (32 kilometers) to the south, and Huddleston, 25 miles (40 kilometers) to the south of Chatham are also worth visiting should you have the time.
Organise transportation and spend some time in Roanoke, a transport and retail hub for the area, 45 miles (72 kilometers) away from Chatham. The place has a number of points of interest, for example Roanoke City Public Library, St. Andrews Catholic Church and Tanglewood Mall. Hollins University, Harrison Museum of African-American Culture and History Museum of Western Virginia are more attractions in Roanoke that should be included on every traveler's schedule.
If you plan on arriving and departing by air, it's good to remember that the most convenient major airport is Lynchburg Regional Airport, 35 miles (56 kilometers) to the north of Chatham.

subset: commoncrawl


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Description Edit
A one-minute video overview about the Marvel Cinematic Universe version of Ant-Man's Pym Particle Discs, their powers, abilities, and characteristics as depicted in the MCU movies, and Avengers expanded universe.
Created by Hank Pym, Pym Particles Discs are the primary weapon of the Ant-Man Suit, with several units stored in a special compartment on the Suit's belt. When thrown, the discs release their Pym Particles upon impact with a target, triggering one of two effects depending on the type of disc used.
Red Discs shrink their target to the size of an insect and contain a unique form of Pym Particles similar to those that power the Ant-Man Suit. These particles shrink the space between atoms – reducing an object's size.
Blue Discs enlarge the target to the size of a giant and contain Pym Particles different from those that power the original Ant-Man Suit. However, Scott Lang was capable of using this technology to reverse the effects of shrinking after rapidly plunging into the Quantum Realm – utilizing a blue disk in his suit regulator to return to his former human size.
Marvel movies featuring the Pym Particle Discs are: - Ant-Man (2015) - Captain America: Civil War (2016)
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HYDROFRACProject ID: 251475
Funded under:
Enhancing hydraulic fracturing on the basis of numerical simulation of coupled geomechanical, hydrodynamic and microseismic processes
Project details
Total cost:EUR 1 530 901
EU contribution:EUR 1 530 901
Coordinated in:United Kingdom
Call for proposal:FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IAPPSee other projects for this call
Funding scheme:MC-IAPP - Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways (IAPP)
The project aims to enhance the hydraulic fracturing techniques for increasing productivity of oil and gas reservoirs. The objective will be reached by developing numerical simulation of coupled geomechanical, hydrodynamic and microseismic processes for proper choices of equipment, regimes and parameters of hydraulic fracturing. Simulation of microseismicity will also provide a unique means to improve the interpretation of microseismic data. The fracture propagation will be traced by combining 3D boundary element models of elastic/poroelastic media with the finite difference models for a non-Newtonian liquid flow with taking into account mass transport within the fluid. Improved criteria for fracture growth and adequate boundary conditions on the lagging liquid front will be used. The microseismicity will be simulated by randomly seeding initial flaws with specially chosen statistical distributions of parameters, by checking the strength and stability of the flaws on the time steps and by processing the resulting statistical data on the simulated events. The expertises of the Rzeszow University of Technology and SINTEF Petroleumsforskning AS participants in developing numerical models and codes and the skill of the Aberystwyth University participants in formulation and modelling of boundary value problems will be joined in this work. The simulation of microseismicity will employ the theory developed by the researches from Rzeszow University of Technology and New Mexico State University. The codes will be adjusted to practical needs in permanent close collaboration with the industrial partner (EUROTECH). In this way, the conclusions and recommendations will be verified and the model parameters adjusted to field conditions by comparing the predicted oil/gas output with that observed in field and by comparing the predicted and observed microseismicity. Finally, the gained knowledge and computer codes will be shared with the industrial partner.
EU contribution: EUR 422 316
King Street, Old College
United Kingdom
Tel.: +441970622753
Fax: +441970 622826
EU contribution: EUR 250 422
Tel.: +48 17 865 1303
Fax: +48 17 854 1114
NM 88003-8001 Las Cruces
United States
Tel.: +1 575 646 6546
Fax: +1 575 646 6111
7031 Trondheim
Tel.: +47 73 59 11 81
Fax: +47 73 59 12 46
EU contribution: EUR 858 163
39 300 Mielec
Tel.: +48 17 788 77 60
Fax: +48 17 788 02 73


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text: Blog New Arrivals: Dang! We're not joking around October 14, 2015 08:00 Dang! We're not joking around. New in stock is the delicious and refreshing Dang! Root Beer and Butterscotch Root Beer. Made in Wisconsin, these classic beverages have outstanding flavor. They go great playing cards or board games with friends or the kids. Other flavors include Italian Cherry Soda, Red Cream Soda, Diet Root Beer and Diet Butterscotch Root Beer. Try a six pack, you won't be disappointed. Visit our soda pop hub store in Okemos, Michigan. Our Okemos store location is 1875 West Grand River in Okemos, Michigan. The original Cravings store is located in Old Town at 1220 Turner Street in Lansing. Downtown is located at 109 South Washington Square, just five doors from The Peanut Shop. Visit our awesome page. You'll be drooling soon http://www.cravingspopcorn.com Share 0 Tweet 0 Leave a Comment Your name: Your email: Comment: Comments must be approved before showing up. Recent Articles Chocolate Fest Drizzled Gourmet Popcorn Event Posted on 25 Jan 15:13 Top 5 Super Bowl Party Snack Foods Posted on 23 Jan 13:29 Weekly Update | 1-18-2017 Posted on 18 Jan 11:55 Weekly Update | 1/11/2017 Posted on 11 Jan 07:37 Weekly Update | 1/4/2017 Posted on 04 Jan 15:10 Weekly Update | 12-28-2016 Posted on 28 Dec 13:13 Do It From Your Heart Posted on 18 Dec 18:00 Local Commercial Real Estate Company Pops in on Tenants with Cravings Popcorn Posted on 15 Dec 09:00 Show Teachers Appreciation Posted on 14 Dec 09:00 Why Do People Love Cravings Popcorn? Posted on 13 Dec 08:03 Tags All 1980's 1990's 80's 90's bbq blog capital area humane society celebration ceremony chocolate chocolatefest Christmas coconut oil contest contest winner corporate gifts corporate order crave card cravings popcorn fundraiser custom labels customers diploma Downtown Lansing drizzle east lansing Embarrassment employee morale events family fun flavors fundraiser fundraising game show gift box gifts gluten free popcorn gourmet popcorn gourmet popcorn fundraiser graduation hand crafted popcorn haslett holiday humane society inspiration kid shows Lansing lansing michigan Michigan movies New Items news nickelodeon nostalgia okemos old town Old Town Lansing open house order parks Party peanut allergy peanut free popcorn Popcorn Friday popcorn fundraiser premium signature gold productivity quality dairy question of the day soda pop Special Offer special order summer Super Bowl teachers testimonial Thankful TMN Commercial video blog weekly update welcome what's the haps winner youtube


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It's not what you think Crafters! Easter Peeps Show is a contest hosted by Washington Post featuring the classic Easter treat: Peeps. You will be utterly amazed at the details and quality of dioramas that people can create with peeps. Maybe it'll inspire you to do something with all that leftover Easter candy!
Check out the winners of the Peeps Show this year! Most people chose significant political or social events to highlight, such as the rescue of the Chilean miners and the new TSA regulations at airports. Some are based in popular movies, Inception, or rather, Inpeeption!
Peeping Gallery
I can't decide if I'm more hungry or awed by these marshmallow candy! My personal favorite is Split Peep Soup...if only for the gory fates of the adorable peeps! Tell us your favorite!
Kate.moon 23:29, May 4, 2011 (UTC)


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Mallorca, Spain: India notched up excellent wins on the third day of the 36th chess Olympiad defeating Philippines and Bulgaria in Mallorca, Spain. The Indian Women's team was pitted against a stronger opponent Bulgaria, having reigning World women Chess Champion Anotneta Stefanova on the top board against Koneru Humpy. Despite that Indian Women registered a fine 2-1 victory and went up in the ranking. In the men's section, Sasikiran, in absence of Viswanathan Anand, led the Indian attack on the top board against Philippines Veteran Grandmaster Torre Eugenio. Thanks to a resurgent Abhijit Kunte and Surya Shekhar Ganguly, the Indian men cruised to a 3-1 victory. With nine points out of a possible 12, Indian men's team is in the group of the First 10. Ukraine, with all the 12 wins, is leading in the Olympiad.
Topics : Chess
Get the latest ICC Women's World Cup 2017 news, check ICC Women's World Cup 2017 schedule, WWC live score & WWC Points Table. Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter for more ICC Champions Trophy updates. You can also download the NDTV Cricket app for Android or iOS
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Spring's house by Evelin-NovemberduskWatch
©2012-2017 Evelin-Novemberdusk
Love the colour shades ^^ Nicely done!
The tree looks really cute as well!
The tree looks really cute as well!
I am in love with this O.O *.*
Beautiful colours - looks fantastic!
I wanna eat it. But, at the same time. I don't. It's too cute.. ;n;
I want to eat it, but it's TOO cute and pretty to eat! Lovely cake!
Is that a cake????


text: A crumbly topping consisting of flour, sugar, butter and various spices that is sprinkled on coffeecakes, breads, muffins and cakes. The word streusel is German for sprinkle or strew. Retrieved from "http://recipes.wikia.com/wiki/Streusel?oldid=517439" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Glossary Add category Cancel Save


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If an item you ordered from TextbookRush does not meet your expectations due to an error on our part, simply fill out a return request and then return it by mail within 30 days of ordering it for a full refund of item cost.
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Description: Interchange Third Edition is a 4-level series for adult and young adult learners of English from the beginning to the high-intermediate level. The Student's Book, Level 2, builds on the foundations established in Level 1 for accurate and fluent communication, extending grammatical, lexical, and functional skills. Topics such as travel, childhood, customs, personality, and predicaments are presented in unique ways using interesting real-life information. Each Student's Book contains 16 teaching units, frequent Progress Checks that allow students to assess and monitor their own learning, and a listening self-study section. Included is a Student Audio CD that contains the Conversation, Pronunciation, and self-study section from the Student's Book. As with the other levels of Interchange Third Edition, a complete set of ancillaries is available to make classes productive, varied, and fun.
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|"Andrew McIntyre" <mcintyr...@gmail.com>
|Re: full stack trace with TestConnectionMethods.java
|Fri, 04 Aug 2006 21:23:04 GMT
On 8/3/06, Narayanan <firstname.lastname@example.com> wrote: > Hi, > > SUMMARY: UNABLE TO REPRODUCE PROBLEM :-( That's a good thing. :-) > I applied patch for DERBY-1424 (i.e.) derby-1424-v1.diff. > </snip> > I also ran jdbc40 TestSuite in both the Embedded and the client > frameworks. The test always seemed to pass. Seems like I am doing > something wrong in my environment :-( . This is also a good thing, and thank you for trying out the patch! It made me realize that something was wrong with *my* environment. After some tinkering with the test and my environment, I tracked it down to some recently installed firewall software. I'm not sure why it was treating the Network Server for this test differently for the other network client tests, but I was able to fix the problem by removing restrictions on java.exe in the firewall software. Since this solves the last remaining issue with Derby-1424, I will be committing that patch shortly. Thanks again, andrew
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text: The Company has filed a registration statement (including a prospectus) with the SEC for the Rights Offering. Stockholders should read the prospectus in that registration statement and other documents the Company has filed with the SEC for more complete information about the Company and this Rights Offering. The documents are available free of charge by visiting EDGAR on the SEC website at www.sec.gov.Any questions or requests regarding the Company or the rights offering may be directed to AST Phoenix Advisors, the information agent for the Rights Offering, at (877) 478-5038. Banks and brokers may contact AST Phoenix Advisors at (212) 493-3910. Caution About Forward-Looking Statements Certain statements made in this press release may constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are statements that include projections, predictions, expectations, or beliefs about events or results or otherwise are not statements of historical facts, such as statements regarding the purpose, timing, consummation and consequences of the transactions described herein, including the rights offering. Although the Company believes that its expectations with respect to such forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions within the bounds of its existing knowledge of its business and operations, there can be no assurance that actual results, performance or achievements of the Company will not differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual events or results to differ significantly from those described in the forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to those described in the cautionary language included under the headings "Risk Factors" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in the prospectus for the Rights Offering, and in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011, the Company's Quarterly Report for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2012 and other filings made with the SEC.


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I don't know if this is the right place to leave a complaint, but here I go. I need help dealing with a certain user. The user's name will be left anonymous to avoid conflicts. However, I wish to complain about a certain user. See, for almost a year now, he's been harassing users across Wikia, until getting banned from most of them. In time, he made his own wiki (name will also be left anonymous)to harass the people he has grudges against for banning him. One time, he threatened to hide under a user's bed and cut his throat. When the staff saw this, they deleted the blog with the threat and globally banned him for a month. He overcame the ban by using proxies, and continued his harassment until his global ban ended in December. See, he believes he is carrying out God's will by "conquering" people and by getting rid of the people he dislikes. Additionally, he came to several wikis he was banned from, overcoming his bans and replacing the content of pages with "God wills it" or simply curse words. I sent a request to the staff via Special:Contact, requesting they find a way to deal with him, and I received a reply that blamed the wiki that The User has been hating on, generally giving no helpful information. Though not satisfied, I was forced to just carry on. HOWEVER, this user is CONTINUING to do this, overcoming his ban once a day to harass and vandalize. Now, I want to know how to deal with this annoying user, who not only harasses, vandalizes, and bans people on his wiki for things that HE did, but he also threatens to get people in trouble when they don't agree with him, saying that "his mom is a lawyer", apparently believing it means he can get people into legal trouble for things that he did. Now, as I said, I want advice on dealing with him, because banning him clearly hasn't worked out very well.
If the staff would like documents saved on a drive, along with links that reveal the user for what he is, please ask in the comments, and I will get them to you as soon as possible.
Thank you for any help you can provide me with.--Shade 20:36, January 3, 2012 (UTC)


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Fondant Drumstick Help Please
Decorating By nanahaley Updated 19 Nov 2008 , 5:32pm by muddpuppy
I need to make a set of drumsticks and have some questions that I hope someone can help with. First of all, should I use just fondant or a fondant/gumpaste mix? Secondly, is there a way to dry them so they stay round and don't dry with a flat side?
Just an idea, but if you place them into a flower former of a paper towel roll that's cut in half, they might not get a flat side....
Quote by @%username% on %date%


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Genome-wide annotation and analysis of zebra finch microRNA repertoire reveal sex-biased expression
Non-human and non-rodent vertebrate genomics
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally in a wide range of biological processes. The zebra finch (
We deep sequenced small RNA libraries made from the brain, heart, liver, and muscle tissues of adult male and female zebra finches. By mapping the sequence reads to the zebra finch genome and to known miRNAs in miRBase, we annotated a total of 193 miRNAs. Among them, 29 (15%) are avian specific, including three novel zebra finch specific miRNAs. Many of the miRNAs exhibit sequence heterogeneity including length variations, untemplated terminal nucleotide additions, and internal substitution events occurring at the uridine nucleotide within a GGU motif. We also identified seven Z chromosome-encoded miRNAs. Among them, miR-2954, an avian specific miRNA, is expressed at significantly higher levels in males than in females in all tissues examined. Target prediction analysis reveals that miR-2954, but not other Z-linked miRNAs, preferentially targets Z chromosome-encoded genes, including several genes known to be expressed in a sexually dimorphic manner in the zebra finch brain.
Our genome-wide systematic analysis of mature sequences, genomic locations, evolutionary sequence conservation, and tissue expression profiles of the zebra finch miRNA repertoire provides a valuable resource to the research community. Our analysis also reveals a miRNA-mediated mechanism that potentially regulates sex-biased gene expression in avian species.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally
The zebra finch (
General features of zebra finch miRNAs
We prepared eight small RNA libraries from four tissues – brain, heart, liver, and muscle – of adult female and male zebra finches. These libraries were sequenced using the Illumina Genome Analyzer II high throughput sequencing platform. We obtained a total of 23,366,676 raw sequence reads from all libraries combined. After adaptor trimming and removal of low quality reads and orphan sequences (single reads), 19,424,182 high quality sequence reads were retained for subsequent analysis (Additional file
Additional file 1
A summary of small RNA sequences in 8 libraries.
Click here for file
Additional file 2
Sequences, genomic loci, and expression information of all identified miRNAs. miRNAs without genomic loci were indicated separately.
Click here for file
Figure 1
miRNA annotation and expression analysis in zebra finch
miRNA annotation and expression analysis in zebra finch. (A) Mature sequences, expression counts, and precursor sequences with predicted hairpin-like secondary structures of three novel miRNAs identified in the zebra finch. Nucleotides labeled in red and blue in the precursor sequences represent mature miRNAs and their star sequences, respectively. The read numbers are combined from four tissues and two sexes. (B) Relative percentages of small RNA populations among the total sequence reads. Calculations were based on the total reads of the eight libraries combined. (C) The 20 most abundantly expressed miRNAs.
miRNAs and their variants accounted for ~64% of all high quality reads. The remaining sequence reads were classified as rRNA/tRNA fragments, repeat-associated small RNAs, degradation products of mRNAs, and undefined small RNAs (Figure
Potential avian specific miRNAs
By comparing to mature miRNA sequences in miRBase, 33 of the 193 zebra finch miRNAs did not have homologs (identical or with one mismatch) outside of avian species. To investigate whether these 33 miRNAs had unidentified homologs in other genomes, we searched for homologous sequences in the genomes of 9 animal species including
Additional file 3
Conservation status of all identified miRNAs and their expression reads.
Click here for file
Figure 2
Conservation status of avian-specific miRNAs in nine animal species
Conservation status of avian-specific miRNAs in nine animal species. The orange color indicates miRNA sequence homologs with predicted hairpin-like structures were found in a genome by our analysis. Black dots indicate homolog miRNAs are already recorded in miRBase as known miRNAs. Green color indicates mature miRNA sequences, but not precursor sequences, were found in a genome, and they were not counted as having homologs in other genomes. Blue is the background. Note, sequence homologs for miR-2978, miR-2983, miR-2984, miR-2987, and miR-2956 were found in the chicken genome, but they were not recorded in miRBase, so they didn′t get a black dot. We reported zebra finch specific miRNAs (miR-2955 through miR-2997) previously
miRNA clusters
Using a distance of 10 kb between any two miRNA genes as a cutoff, 87 miRNA genes were grouped into 36 genomic clusters. We named these miRNA gene clusters according to the name of the first member of each cluster followed by the number of miRNA genes within the cluster in parenthesis, e.g., cluster
Additional file 4
Genomic clusters of zebra finch miRNAs and their conservation status in other species.
Click here for file
We found 150 miRNA* sequences for 131 mature miRNAs (Additional file
Additional file 5
miRNA* sequences and their expression information.
Click here for file
Additional file 6
Sequences and expression of 3 miR-7*s. Mature miRNAs and corresponding miRNA*s are highlighted by red and blue, respectively.
Click here for file
Additional file 7
miRNA precursors with both 5p and 3p arms producing high abundant mature miRNAs.
Click here for file
miRNAs generated by atypical biogenesis pathways
Mirtrons are a special group of miRNAs that are derived from short intronic sequences by splicing machinery rather than by Drosha cleavage
miR-451 is a vertebrate miRNA whose maturation depends on Ago2 cleavage rather than the common Dicer pathway
Additional file 8
Sequence reads of tgu-miR-451 and precursor structures of the atypically generated miR-451 in zebra finch, mouse, and human.
Click here for file
miRNA expression patterns in tissues
We next examined the expression patterns of zebra finch miRNAs in brain, heart, liver, and muscle. Overall, the brain displayed the most diverse miRNA expression and had the largest number of tissue-enriched miRNAs (Figure
Figure 3
Tissue enriched expression of miRNAs
Tissue enriched expression of miRNAs. (A) Summary of percentages of miRNAs with enriched expression in each tissue. (B) miRNAs with the most tissue-enriched expression. Note, calculations in A and B were based on reads combined from both sexes. (C) Northern blot analysis showing the expression of miR-7, miR-9, miR-124, miR-143, and miR-122 in the brain and liver tissues of zebra finches, mice and humans.
miRNAs within a genomic cluster tend to exhibit parallel relative expression patterns across tissues, probably reflecting their shared promoter and tissue specific cistronic transcriptional control. However, the expression abundance of different members of a cluster in a given tissue can be drastically different. For example, miR-133a and miR-1 of the
Additional file 9
Expression patterns of miRNA clusters in the four tissues. (A) A heatmap was plotted according to the log2 transformed normalized reads in each tissue. (B) The relative expression of three miRNA clusters in 4 tissues.
Click here for file
Sequence variations
Taking advantage of the large sequence dataset, we analyzed miRNA sequence variations. We classified miRNA isoforms into three major groups: length variations, untemplated terminal nucleotide additions, and internal substitutions (Figure
Figure 4
miRNA sequence variants
miRNA sequence variants. (A) Distribution of sequence variation types among all miRNA reads. (B) Sequence variants in miR-124. The nucleotides differing from the template genome are highlighted in red. Blue bars to the right indicate frequencies of these variants. (C) Motifs identified among internal substitution sites. The overall height of a stack indicates sequence conservation at that position: the higher the stack, the more the position is conserved. The heights of nucleotides within a stack indicate the relative frequency for each nucleotide at that position. We analyzed 6-nucleotide sequences containing an internal substitution site having a substitution rate > 5%, and found that a GGU motif was preferentially present among all sequences. The numbers (1–6) below the X axis indicate nucleotide positions in the motifs.
Untemplated nucleotide additions to miRNA 3' ends are observed for many miRNAs in worms, flies, and mammals
Additional file 10
miRNA variants with untemplated 3′ terminal modifications.
Click here for file
In mammals, miRNA editing events in which adenosine is converted to inosine by adenosine deaminases (ADARs) are observed for several miRNAs; the resultant inosine is detected in sequencing as an A-to-G conversion
Additional file 11
Summary of internal nucleotide changes observed among miRNA variants. (A) The total sequence reads of each nucleotide change type detected in all tissues. (B) The relative ratio of each nucleotide change type in each tissue sample.
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Male-biased expression and targeting of miR-2954
miR-2954 is a recently identified avian miRNA, which has a single genomic locus on the zebra finch Z chromosome
Additional file 12
Expression information of Z chromosome-encoded miRNAs.
Click here for file
Figure 5
Expression analysis of miR-2954
Expression analysis of miR-2954. (A) Northern blot analysis shows that miR-2954 was expressed in brain and liver tissues of male zebra finches, but was not detectable in mouse or human tissues. (B) Northern blot shows expression of miR-2954 and miR-9 in the brain tissues of female and male zebra finches. (C) Sex-biased expression of miR-2954 in the brain, heart, liver, muscle, ovary, and testis of male and female zebra finches validated by qRT-PCR. (D) Expression ratios of Z chromosome-encoded miRNAs between male and female zebra finch tissues based on sequence reads. Note, miR-2973, another Z chromosome-encoded miRNA, was not included here because its total combined reads were < 100.
We next performed target prediction analysis using the TargetScan software package
Additional file 13
Predicted target genes of tgu-miR-2954.
Click here for file
Figure 6
Z chromosome distribution bias of predicted targets for miR-2954
Z chromosome distribution bias of predicted targets for miR-2954. (A) Distribution of predicted targets for miR-2954 among zebra finch chromosomes. (B) Distribution of predicted targets for miR-2954 among chicken chromosomes. Note, in both zebra finches and chickens, miR-2954 targets exhibited a strong bias towards Z chromosome-encoded genes. (C) Distribution of predicted targets for miR-27b and miR-122, two other Z chromosome-encoded miRNAs, among zebra finch chromosomes. The distributions of protein coding genes among zebra finch and chicken chromosomes are shown in blue color.
Here we report a comprehensive annotation and analysis of 193 zebra finch miRNAs expressed in four different tissues of both sexes. While the majority of the 193 identified miRNAs are evolutionarily conserved, relatively large fractions of them are zebra finch-specific (10%) or avian-specific (15%). The list of zebra finch specific miRNAs may be even longer, as approximately 40% of the total sequence reads obtained from our small RNA libraries failed to map to the genome, probably due to gaps in the current genome assembly. Conversely, genomes of other species that we searched may have gaps as well, thus we cannot rule out the possibility that some avian and/or zebra finch specific miRNAs described here may have undiscovered homologs in other species. Several zebra finch specific miRNAs showed tissue specific expression. For example, miR-2963 was detected in the brain, miR-2997 in liver, and the novel miRNA 3 in heart (Additional file
Additional file 14
Expression information of zebra finch specific miRNAs.
Click here for file
Recently, Gunaratne et al. reported the annotation of 155 miRNAs expressed in the auditory forebrain region of zebra finches
Additional file 15
Comparison with the miRNA set from the Gunaratne et al. study. Fifty-three miRNAs unique in this study are listed in the box.
Click here for file
miRNA sequence heterogeneity
We did not observe significant A-to-I editing in mature zebra finch miRNAs except for miR-24. Notably, several mammalian miRNAs with well-characterized A-to-I editing sites (e.g., miR-376a, miR-376c, miR-379, miR-381, miR-411, miR-421, and miR-589,
Other types of sequence heterogeneity including untemplated 3' terminal extensions and length variations are far more prevalent than internal nucleotide changes. miRNA isoforms with 3' untemplated extensions account for ~15% of all miRNA reads. miRNA 3' untemplated A or U extensions have been widely reported by others in multiple animal species
miR-2954 as a sex specific gene regulator in avian species
Despite extensive searching, we did not find sequence homologs of miR-2954 outside of the avian taxon. An extensive search among transcripts of crocodile and 11 bird species conducted by Gunaratne et al. found miR-2954 in several bird species but not in crocodile
Animals adapt different dosage compensation mechanisms to balance the expression of sex chromosome genes between the two sexes and to balance the expression between sex chromosomal genes and autosomal genes
In both chickens and zebra finches, dosage compensation can occur locally in a gene-specific manner
Both song behavior and the underlying neural circuit are highly sexually dimorphic in zebra finches. The song system nuclei HVC
Our results provide a comprehensive miRNA expression atlas of brain, heart, liver, and muscle tissues of both male and female zebra finches. These data significantly enlarge the zebra finch miRNA repertoire, and will serve as a valuable resource for comparative and functional studies for the scientific community. In addition, we report a GGU motif as a potential site for miRNA internal substitution. We also describe male-biased expression of tgu-miR-2954, as well as its Z chromosome biased target relationship, which may point to a novel avian specific dosage compensation mechanism.
Library preparation and sequencing
Four tissues (heart, liver, muscle, and whole brain) from adult male and female zebra finches were collected, and total RNA was isolated using the Trizol method. The RNAs were used for library construction. Briefly, in a total reaction volume of 20 μl, 2 μg total RNA was ligated to 100 pmol adenylated 3′ adapter containing a unique pentamer barcode (App-(Barcode)TCGTATGCCGTCTTCTGCTTGT), 1 μg Rnl2(1–249)K227Q (plasmid for expression of recombinant ligase is available at
Sequence analysis and miRNA identification
After adapter trimming and removal of orphan reads, reads of 18–32 nt in length were kept for further analysis. For miRNA annotations, we compared sequences to known miRNAs (miRBase 17.0, 04/2011), and identical sequences were identified as homology miRNAs. Sequences were mapped to the zebra finch genome (Ensembl, taeGut3.2.4) permitting no mismatches. Sequences with more than 100 genomic loci were excluded from further analysis. Sequences homologous (with at most one mismatch) to known tRNA/rRNA/ncRNA sequences collected from the NCBI GenBank database were classified as tRNAs/rRNAs/ncRNAs. Small RNAs derived from repeat region/transposable elements were identified by screening the zebra finch genome using the RepeatMasker software. The remaining sequences were used for new miRNA candidate prediction. Flanking genomic sequences of various lengths (60, 80, 100, and 120 nt) of each small RNA mapping locus were extracted and subjected to analysis by the mFold program (
Sequence conservation analysis
We searched miRBase for known miRNA homologs in 9 species: chicken (galGal3), human (hg18), mouse (mm9), platypus (ornAna1), lizard (anoCar2), X. tropicalis (xenTro3), zebrafish (danRer7), drosophila (dm3), and
Tissue specificity
We normalized the read counts of individual miRNA species to the total miRNA read number in each tissue to obtain an RPM measurement, ″
miRNA sequence variant identification
All sequences passing the qualification filter were used for miRNA variant analysis. Length variants were selected among sequences matched perfectly to the zebra finch genome by comparing their lengths with the canonical miRNA sequences. For variants containing terminal modifications and internal substitutions, the NCBI Blastn program was used to compare all qualified sequence reads with identified miRNAs. Sequences matching multiple miRNAs were excluded to avoid ambiguity. The criteria used for accepting an internal nucleotide change variant included i) a requirement that the total number of sequence reads of a miRNA including its variants was > 100, ii) the number of reads with internal changes represented more than 5% of total reads, and iii) the mismatch occurred at positions at least 2 nucleotides from the 5' and 3' termini. A plot of the motif analysis (Figure
Target gene prediction
For target gene prediction, the 3' UTR sequences of all zebra finch and chicken genes were extracted from the Ensemble database (taeGut3.2.4 and WASHUC2) using the BioMart tool (
Northern blot and qRT-PCR
Total RNAs were extracted from relevant tissues of adult male and female zebra finches with Trizol reagent (Invitrogen). Total RNAs of chicken, human, and mouse were purchased from Ambion. For Northern blot analysis, 20 μg RNA from each tissue was separated on 20% denaturing gel, transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, and hybridized to relevant miRNA probes labeled with 32P-dCTP at 65°C overnight. Hybridization signals were detected using a phosphorimager. For qRT-PCR, reverse transcription was performed using a custom-designed miR-2954 specific primer and the TaqMan microRNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems). qRT-PCR was performed in a 20 μL reaction volume containing 1.33 μL cDNA, 1 μL 20× custom designed miR-2954 Taqman probe, and the Taqman universal PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems) using conditions of 10 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 15 sec at 90°C, 1 min at 60°C. Relative miR-2954 expression was calculated by the ∆ ∆ Ct method as described
Additional information
The three novel zebra finch miRNAs have been assigned miRBase IDs as tgu-miR-7643 (novel 1), tgu-miR-7644 (novel 2), and tgu-miR-7645 (novel 3).
Competing interests
All authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
GZL carried out the bioinformatics analysis and participated in writing the paper. MH performed small RNA library construction and sequencing work and participated in writing the paper. MB and GHF helped analyze the data. ZS performed RNA isolation, qRT-PCR, and Northern blot assays. TT participated in designing the work. XCL and XJW designed the study, supervised the experiments and data analysis, and wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was supported by NIH grant MH081254 (XCL) and grants, 973 2011CBA01101 from the National Basic Research Program of China and KSCX2-EW-R-0103 from Chinese Academy of Sciences (XJW). MH was supported by the Charles Revson Jr. foundation. We thank Dr. C. Zhao and Genomic Core of the Rockefeller University for the sequencing work. We thank the Washington University Genome Center for sharing the zebra finch genome sequence prior to publication.
MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions
The nuclear RNase III drosha initiates microRNA processing
The microprocessor complex mediates the genesis of microRNAs
The drosha-DGCR8 complex in primary microRNA processing
Many roads to maturity: microRNA biogenesis pathways and their regulation
Nuclear export of microRNA precursors
Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs
The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay
Widespread regulatory activity of vertebrate microRNA* species
A mammalian microRNA expression atlas based on small RNA library sequencing
Post-transcriptional generation of miRNA variants by multiple nucleotidyl transferases contributes to miRNA transcriptome complexity
Mammalian microRNAs: experimental evaluation of novel and previously annotated genes
A comprehensive survey of 3′ animal miRNA modification events and a possible role for 3′ adenylation in modulating miRNA targeting effectiveness
Revisiting the principles of microRNA target recognition and mode of action
Biological basis for restriction of microRNA targets to the 3′ untranslated region in mammalian mRNAs
Transcriptome-wide identification of RNA-binding protein and microRNA target sites by PAR-CLIP
Annotation of primate miRNAs by high throughput sequencing of small RNA libraries
Conservation of small RNA pathways in platypus
Characterization of small RNAs in aplysia reveals a role for miR-124 in constraining synaptic plasticity through CREB
Transcriptome-wide identification and characterization of miRNAs from pinus densata
MiRBase: integrating microRNA annotation and deep-sequencing data
Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs
MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function
Birdsong and human speech: common themes and mechanisms
The anatomy and timing of vocal learning in birds
A bird′s-eye view of sex chromosome dosage compensation
Sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the songbird brain
Neural mechanisms for learned birdsong
A molecular neuroethological approach for identifying and characterizing a cascade of behaviorally regulated genes
Genomic resources for songbird research and their use in characterizing gene expression during brain development
The songbird neurogenomics (SoNG) initiative: community-based tools and strategies for study of brain gene function and evolution
The genome of a songbird
Birdsong ″transcriptomics″: neurochemical specializations of the oscine song system
Molecular microcircuitry underlies functional specification in a basal ganglia circuit dedicated to vocal learning
Song exposure regulates known and novel microRNAs in the zebra finch auditory forebrain
Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction
The microRNA registry
A microRNA catalog of the developing chicken embryo identified by a deep sequencing approach
The mirtron pathway generates microRNA-class regulatory RNAs in drosophila
Intronic microRNA precursors that bypass drosha processing
Mammalian mirtron genes
Dicer-independent, Ago2-mediated microRNA biogenesis in vertebrates
A novel miRNA processing pathway independent of dicer requires Argonaute2 catalytic activity
Large-scale sequencing reveals 21U-RNAs and additional microRNAs and endogenous siRNAs in C. Elegans
Evolution, biogenesis, expression, and target predictions of a substantially expanded set of drosophila microRNAs
Deep annotation of mouse iso-miR and iso-moR variation
Modulation of microRNA processing and expression through RNA editing by ADAR deaminases
Redirection of silencing targets by adenosine-to-inosine editing of miRNAs
Systematic identification of edited microRNAs in the human brain
Somatic sex identity is cell autonomous in the chicken
Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets
Application of massively parallel sequencing to microRNA profiling and discovery in human embryonic stem cells
A myriad of miRNA variants in control and Huntington′s disease brain regions detected by massively parallel sequencing
Deep annotation of drosophila melanogaster microRNAs yields insights into their processing, modification, and emergence
Complexity of the microRNA repertoire revealed by next-generation sequencing
Dynamic isomiR regulation in drosophila development
Zcchc11-Dependent uridylation of microRNA directs cytokine expression
Selective stabilization of mammalian microRNAs by 3′ adenylation mediated by the cytoplasmic poly(a) polymerase GLD-2
Kinetic analysis reveals the fate of a microRNA following target regulation in mammalian cells
Dosage compensation for the birds
A sex-linked enzyme in birds–Z-chromosome conservation but no dosage compensation
Absence of Z-chromosome inactivation for five genes in male chickens
Dosage compensation in birds
Faced with inequality: chicken do not have a general dosage compensation of sex-linked genes
Dosage compensation is less effective in birds than in mammals
Sex bias and dosage compensation in the zebra finch versus chicken genomes: general and specialized patterns among birds
All dosage compensation is local: gene-by-gene regulation of sex-biased expression on the chicken Z chromosome
Female-specific hyperacetylation of histone H4 in the chicken Z chromosome
Regional differences in dosage compensation on the chicken Z chromosome
An immunohistochemical and pathway tracing study of the striatopallidal organization of area X in the male zebra finch
Sexual differentiation of the zebra finch song system: positive evidence, negative evidence, null hypotheses, and a paradigm shift
Sexually dimorphic SCAMP1 expression in the forebrain motor pathway for song production of juvenile zebra finches
WebLogo: a sequence logo generator
Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−delta delta C(T)) method


text:
Scotty Roberts 5K : Race Information
USATF Certification #SD 10007 CM
Friday, May 12, 2017
Registration/Bib Assignments: 5:00 to 5:30 pm
Race Start: 6:00 pm (gather in front of Children's Museum)
Registration will take place at the Children's Museum from 5:00 to 5:30 pm on Friday, May 1st. The race will start at 6:00 pm directly in front of the Children's Museum. The race finishes on the west side of the Brookings County Courthouse. See the course map for complete details on the race route.
Named for a running icon in the Brookings Community, the Scotty Roberts 5K takes place the evening before the marathon. Dr. Roberts ran before running was even considered good for you, and his efforts helped "pave the ways" of Brookings running over many years. This event provides a great chance to get in a friendly race and still volunteer or cheer for your favorite runner on Saturday. Registration, packet pickup, and the meal all take place at the start and finish of the 5K. Taking in the sights, sounds, and tastes of marathon weekend couldn't be easier.


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In the United states, more than 50% of adults who report having mental illness never seek treatment. 20% of those with mental illness also meet the criteria for substance dependence or abuse.
Reasons why those who need help don't find it: the stigma of mental disease, lack of access to care and the financial barriers imposed by our healthcare system.
Together we can help change this.
Music can be such a wonderful tool for connecting people. The chords, notes, colors and patterns have an inherent power to express the seemingly inexpressible. Through sharing emotion in this way, music can lead to an intimate understanding that provides a starting point for new conversation.
So many of the musicians that we admire and are inspired by have struggled with their own mental health. To name but a few: Ian Curtis, Elliott Smith, Daniel Johnston, Michael Hutchence, George Gershwin, and Brian Wilson.
We are a non-profit organization with the mission of promoting mental health awareness through music to reduce stigma, promote recovery, and save lives. We shine a light on the stories and music of musicians we admire, and those whose lives and work have been effected by struggles with mental health, in order to encourage new conversations and greater understanding.
Box of Stars has partnered with Minding Your Mind, NAMI of New York, DBHiDS, The Scattergood Foundation, The School of Rock, Mental Health First Aid and others. Developing partnerships with these and other organizations and entities is essential to our achievements.


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This was the best kept secret. The structure looks to be straight out of the 50's. We were a bit skeptical when we saw the outside. When we walked in the lobby smelled musty and damp. Not a good first impression. There was a pool...More
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Getting you more information on this room
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"Second floor, back of the motel away from area above lobby. Consider a suite and sign up for frequent guest..."


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All over the planet there were some pockets of resistance, it is untouched depths of the forest, which gathered a skilled team ready to stop the invasion of robots and destroy the plant for their production. You have to collect the resources needed to develop, recruit new team members and unlock a set of powerful skills. In total there are 4 types of characters, a lot of new skills, spells, and other things, three difficulty levels, a variety of unique opponents, a lot of achievements.
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vestibular system
出典: meddic
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/10/22 16:20:06」(JST)
wiki en[Wiki en表示]
The vestibular system, which contributes to balance in most mammals and to the sense of spatial orientation, is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution about movement and sense of balance. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals, situated in the vestibulum in the inner ear (Figure 1). As movements consist of rotations and translations, the vestibular system comprises two components: the semicircular canal system, which indicate rotational movements; and the otoliths, which indicate linear accelerations. The vestibular system sends signals primarily to the neural structures that control eye movements, and to the muscles that keep a creature upright. The projections to the former provide the anatomical basis of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, which is required for clear vision; and the projections to the muscles that control posture are necessary to keep a creature upright.
- 1 Semicircular canal system
- 1.1 Structure
- 1.2 Push-pull systems
- 1.3 Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
- 1.4 Mechanics
- 1.5 Central processing
- 1.6 Projection pathways
- 2 Otolithic organ
- 3 Dark cells
- 3.1 Importance and research in dark cells
- 3.2 Dark cell structure
- 3.3 Mechanism of dark cells
- 4 Experience from the vestibular system
- 4.1 Vestibular/somatogyral illusions
- 5 Pathologies
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
Semicircular canal system[edit]
The semicircular canal system detects rotational movements. The semicircular canals are its main tools to achieve this detection.
Since the world is three-dimensional, the vestibular system contains three semicircular canals in each labyrinth. They are approximately orthogonal (right angles) to each other, and are called the horizontal (or lateral), the anterior semicircular canal (or superior) and the posterior (or inferior) semicircular canal. Anterior and posterior canals may be collectively called vertical semicircular canals.
- Movement of fluid within the horizontal semicircular canal corresponds to rotation of the head around a vertical axis (i.e. the neck), as when doing a pirouette.
- The anterior and posterior semicircular canals detect rotations of the head in the sagittal plane (as when nodding), and in the frontal plane, as when cartwheeling. Both anterior and posterior canals are orientated at approximately 45° between frontal and sagittal planes.
The movement of fluid pushes on a structure called the cupula, which contains hair cells that transduce the mechanical movement to electrical signals[1]
Push-pull systems[edit]
The canals are arranged in such a way that each canal on the left side has an almost parallel counterpart on the right side. Each of these three pairs works in a push-pull fashion: when one canal is stimulated, its corresponding partner on the other side is inhibited, and vice versa.
This push-pull system makes it possible to sense all directions of rotation: while the right horizontal canal gets stimulated during head rotations to the right (Fig 2), the left horizontal canal gets stimulated (and thus predominantly signals) by head rotations to the left.
Vertical canals are coupled in a crossed fashion, i.e. stimulations that are excitatory for an anterior canal are also inhibitory for the contralateral posterior, and vice versa.
Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)[edit]
The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movement by producing an eye movement in the direction opposite to head movement, thus preserving the image on the center of the visual field. For example, when the head moves to the right, the eyes move to the left, and vice versa. Since slight head movements are present all the time, the VOR is very important for stabilizing vision: patients whose VOR is impaired find it difficult to read, because they cannot stabilize the eyes during small head tremors. The VOR reflex does not depend on visual input and works even in total darkness or when the eyes are closed.
This reflex, combined with the push-pull principle described above, forms the physiological basis of the Rapid head impulse test or Halmagyi-Curthoys-test, in which the head is rapidly and forcefully moved to the side, while observing whether the eyes keep looking in the same direction.
The mechanics of the semicircular canals can be described by a damped oscillator. If we designate the deflection of the cupula with , and the head velocity with , the cupula deflection is approximately
α is a proportionality factor, and s corresponds to the frequency. For humans, the time constants T1 and T2 are approximately 3 ms and 5 s, respectively. As a result, for typical head movements, which cover the frequency range of 0.1 Hz and 10 Hz, the deflection of the cupula is approximately proportional to the head-velocity. This is very useful, since the velocity of the eyes must be opposite to the velocity of the head in order to have clear vision.
Central processing[edit]
Signals from the vestibular system also project to the cerebellum (where they are used to keep the VOR effective, a task usually referred to as learning or adaptation) and to different areas in the cortex. The projections to the cortex are spread out over different areas, and their implications are currently not clearly understood.
Projection pathways[edit]
The vestibular nuclei on either sides of the brain stem exchange signals regarding movement and body position. These signals are sent down the following projection pathways.
- To the Cerebellum. Signals sent to the cerebellum are relayed back as muscle movements of the head, eyes, and posture.
- To Nuclei of Nerves III, IV, and VI. Signals sent to these nerves cause the vestibule-ocular reflex. They allow for the eyes to fix on a moving object while staying in focus.
- To the Reticular Formation. Signals sent to the reticular formation signal the new posture the body has taken on and how to adjust circulation and breathing due to body position.
- To the Spinal Cord. Signals sent to the spinal cord allow quick reflex reactions to both the limbs and trunk to regain balance.
- To the Thalamus. Signals sent to the thalamus allow for head and body motor control as well as being conscious of body position.[2]
Otolithic organ[edit]
While the semicircular canals respond to rotations, the otolithic organs sense linear accelerations. Humans have two on each side, one called utricle, the other saccule. The otoconia crystals in the otoconia layer rest on a viscous gel layer, and are heavier than their surroundings. Therefore they get displaced during linear acceleration, which in turn deflects the ciliary bundles of the hair cells and thus produces a sensory signal. Most of the utricular signals elicit eye movements, while the majority of the saccular signals projects to muscles that control our posture. While the interpretation of the rotation signals from the semicircular canals is straightforward, the interpretation of otolith signals is more difficult: since gravity is equivalent to a constant linear acceleration, one somehow has to distinguish otolith signals that are caused by linear movements from such that are caused by gravity. Humans can do that quite well, but the neural mechanisms underlying this separation are not yet fully understood. Humans can sense head tilting and linear acceleration even in dark environments because of the orientation of two groups of hair cell bundles on either side of the striola. Hair cells on opposite sides move with mirror symmetry, so when one side is moved, the other is inhibited. The opposing effects caused by a tilt of the head, causing differential sensory inputs from the hair cell bundles allow humans to tell which way the head is tilting,[3] Sensory information is then sent to the brain, which can respond with appropriate corrective actions to the nervous and muscular systems to ensure that balance and awareness are maintained.[4]
Dark cells[edit]
Dark cells are specialized nonsensory epithelial cells found on either side of the vestibular organs, and lining the endolymphatic space. These dark-cell areas in the vestibular organ are structures involved in the production of endolymphatic fluid (endolymph), secreting potassium towards the endolymphatic fluid. Dark cells take part in fluid homeostasis to preserve the unique high-potassium and low-sodium content of the endolymph and also maintain the calcium homeostasis of the inner ear.[5]
Morphological and immunohistochemical studies in several species have indicated that these dark cell areas also form a single layer resting on top of pigmented cells at the base of the cristae ampullaris in the semi-circular canals and around the utricular macula. [5]
Importance and research in dark cells[edit]
Many species (with recent studies done on dogs) are affected by balance disorders and hearing problems that can be caused by a problem in the dark-cell areas in the vestibular endorgans. Studies researching damaged dark cells due to genetic abnormalities or therapeutics are very important in attempting to understand the onset and mechanism of said balance impairments.[6]
Dogs have been used as models due to similarities between humans and dogs with regards to inner ear size, inner ear lesions and susceptibility to ototoxins. [6]
Dark cell structure[edit]
Dark cells are morphologically and functionally similar to marginal cells of the stria vascularis as they both display characteristics of fluid transport tissue; however, studies indicate an earlier histological and immunohistological maturity in the dark-cell areas compared to the stria vascularis.[5]
The dark cell epithelium is consisted of cells with a multitude of pinocytotic vesicles near their luminal surface. A numerable portion of infoldings occurs at the basal end of the dark cell toward the basal membrane. These infoldings contain a high quantity of mitochondria. The nucleus of the dark cell is displaced toward the surface.[7]
Mechanism of dark cells[edit]
Vestibular dark cells transport potassium into the inner ear endolymph, a potassium-rich fluid whose homeostasis is essential for hearing and balance. Dark cell regions of the vestibular system are involved in active (energy consuming) ion transport to maintain the unusual endolymph composition. In other words, dark cells utilize the Na+/K+-ATPase pump in order to transport potassium.[8]
As mentioned in dark cell structure, the basolateral membranes of vestibular dark cells are highly folded, allowing the enclosure of the numerous large mitochondria, and they contain high levels of Na+/K+-ATPase in both alpha and beta isoforms, transporting potassium into the cell in exchange for sodium while consuming ATP.[9] The infoldings also create large surface area over which ion exchange can take place and the plethora of mitochondria enclosed provides the needed energy source of ATP for active transport.
The basolateral membrane also contains a Na+/K+/Cl—-co-transporter, (NKCC1) which transports all three ions into the cell.[10] The transport of sodium into the cell enhances the effect of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump by stimulating the outward transport of Na+, and therefore, the inward transport of K+. NKCC1 is the therapeutic target of action for loop diuretics in the kidney and loop diuretics have rapid, acute ototoxic side effects through an action on the co-transporter in vestibular dark cells. These acute ototoxic side effects inhibit ion transport resulting in accumulation of ions in the extracellular space leading to edema.[11]
The apical membranes of the dark cells also have a k+ channel which is formed of two subunits, the KCNE1 regulatory protein and the KCNQ1 channel proteins.[8] This channel provides the pathway through which K+ is secreted into the endolymph. As a result, mutations in the KCNE1 gene disrupt endolymph production in the vestibular system, leading to the collapse of the epithelia of the roof of the utricle, saccule and ampullae, as well as dysfunction of the vestibular sensory organs.[12]
Experience from the vestibular system[edit]
Experience from the vestibular system is called equilibrioception. It is mainly used for the sense of balance and for spatial orientation. When the vestibular system is stimulated without any other inputs, one experiences a sense of self-motion. For example, a person in complete darkness and sitting in a chair will feel that he or she has turned to the left if the chair is turned to the left. A person in an elevator, with essentially constant visual input, will feel she is descending as the elevator starts to descend. Although the vestibular system is a very fast sense used to generate reflexes to maintain perceptual and postural stability, compared to the other senses of vision, touch and audition, vestibular input is perceived with delay.[13]
Vestibular/somatogyral illusions[edit]
Diseases of the vestibular system can take different forms, and usually induce vertigo and instability, often accompanied by nausea. The most common vestibular diseases in humans are Vestibular neuritis, a related condition called Labyrinthitis, and BPPV. In addition, the function of the vestibular system can be affected by tumors on the vestibulocochlear nerve, an infarct in the brain stem or in cortical regions related to the processing of vestibular signals, and cerebellar atrophy.
Alcohol can also cause alterations in the vestibular system for short periods of time and will result in vertigo and possibly nystagmus. This is due to the variable viscosity of the blood and the endolymph during the consumption of alcohol. The common term for this type of sensation is the "Bed Spins".
- PAN I - The alcohol concentration is higher in the blood than in the vestibular system, hence the endolymph is relatively dense.
- PAN II - The alcohol concentration is lower in the blood than in the vestibular system, hence the endolymph is relatively dilute.
It is interesting to note that PAN I will result in subjective vertigo in one direction and typically occurs shortly after ingestion of alcohol when blood alcohol levels are highest. PAN II will eventually cause subjective vertigo in the opposite direction. This occurs several hours after ingestion and after a relative reduction in blood alcohol levels.
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, or BPPV for short, is a condition resulting in acute symptoms of vertigo in people. It is probably caused when pieces that have broken off otoliths have slipped into one of the semicircular canals. In most cases it is the posterior canal that is affected. In certain head positions, these particles shift and create a fluid wave which displaces the cupula of the canal affected, which leads to dizziness, vertigo and nystagmus.
A similar condition to BPPV may occur in dogs and other mammals, but the term "vertigo" cannot be applied because it refers to subjective perception. Terminology is not standardized for this condition.
A common vestibular pathology of dogs and cats is colloquially known as "Old Dog Vestibular Disease," or more formally idiopathic peripheral vestibular disease, which causes sudden episode of loss of balance, circling, head tilt, and other signs. This condition is very rare in young dogs but fairly common in geriatric animals, and may affect cats of any age.[14]
See also[edit]
- Migraine-associated vertigo
- ^ Boulpaep, Emile L.; Boron, Walter F. (2005). Medical physiology: a cellular and molecular approach. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3. OCLC 56963726.
- ^ Saladin, Kenneth S. (2011). Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-337825-9. OCLC 799004854.
- ^ "The Otolith Organs: The Utricle and Sacculus". NCBI Bookshelf - Neuroscience.
- ^ Angelaki DE, Cullen KE (2008). "Vestibular system: the many facets of a multimodal sense". Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 31: 125–50. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125555. PMID 18338968.
- ^ a b c Kimura RS (June 1969). "Distribution, structure, and function of dark cells in the vestibular labyrinth". Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 78 (3): 542–61. PMID 5305759.
- ^ a b Pickrell JA, Oehme FW, Cash WC (February 1993). "Ototoxicity in dogs and cats". Semin. Vet. Med. Surg. Small Anim. 8 (1): 42–9. PMID 8456203.
- ^ Takumida, M (1999). "Vestibular Dark Cells and Supporting Cells.". Science Links Japan. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ Quraishi IH, Raphael RM (January 2007). "Computational model of vectorial potassium transport by cochlear marginal cells and vestibular dark cells". Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 292 (1): C591–602. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00560.2005. PMID 17005601.
- ^ McGuirt JP, Schulte BA (July 1994). "Distribution of immunoreactive alpha- and beta-subunit isoforms of Na,K-ATPase in the gerbil inner ear". J. Histochem. Cytochem. 42 (7): 843–53. doi:10.1177/42.7.8014467. PMID 8014467.
- ^ Crouch JJ, Sakaguchi N, Lytle C, Schulte BA (June 1997). "Immunohistochemical localization of the Na-K-Cl co-transporter (NKCC1) in the gerbil inner ear". J. Histochem. Cytochem. 45 (6): 773–8. doi:10.1177/002215549704500601. PMID 9199662.
- ^ Forge A, Wright T (2002). "The molecular architecture of the inner ear". Br. Med. Bull. 63: 5–24. doi:10.1093/bmb/63.1.5. PMID 12324381.
- ^ Vetter DE, Mann JR, Wangemann P, et al. (December 1996). "Inner ear defects induced by null mutation of the isk gene". Neuron 17 (6): 1251–64. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80255-X. PMID 8982171.
- ^ Barnett-Cowan, M., and Harris, L. R. (2009), Perceived timing of vestibular stimulation relative to touch, light and sound Experimental Brain Research, 198: 221-231. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-1779-4 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00221-009-1779-4
- ^ Rossmeisl, John (2010). "Vestibular Disease in Dogs and Cats". Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 40 (1): 80–100. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.09.007. Retrieved 6/2/2012.
Further reading[edit]
- S. M. Highstein, R. R. Fay, A. N. Popper, editors (2004). The vestibular system. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98314-7. OCLC 56068617. (Comment: A book for experts, summarizing the state of the art in our understanding of the balance system)
- Thomas Brandt (2003). Vertigo : Its Multisensory Syndromes. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-387-40500-3. OCLC 52472049. (Comment: For clinicians, and other professionals working with dizzy patients.)
- "Driver Fatigue: Is Something Missing?" (pdf). Christopher Brill, Peter A. Hancock, Richard D. Gilson - University of Central Florida - 2003. (Comment: Research on driver or motion-induced sleepiness aka 'sopite syndrome' links it to the vestibular labyrinths.)
External links[edit]
- (Video) Head Impulse Testing site (vHIT) Site with thorough information about vHIT
- SensesWeb, which contains animations of all sensory systems, and additional links.
- Dizzytimes.com Online Community for Sufferers of Vertigo and Dizziness.
- Vestibular System, Neuroscience Online (electronic neuroscience textbook)
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- 1. 回転性めまいの病態生理、病因、および鑑別診断 pathophysiology etiology and differential diagnosis of vertigo
- 2. 小児および思春期における浮動性めまいの評価 evaluation of dizziness in children and adolescents
- 3. 回転性めまいの治療 treatment of vertigo
- 4. コーガン症候群 cogans syndrome
- 5. 律動眼振 jerk nystagmus
- 前庭電気刺激における不感電流を用いた往復電流刺激が与える身体動揺の増大効果と逆電流印加時間の関係
- 青山 一真,櫻井 悟,宮本 靖久 [他],古川 正紘,前田 太郎,安藤 英由樹
- 日本バーチャルリアリティ学会論文誌 20(1), 65-68, 2015-03-31
- … This study revealed the relationship between evoked body sway and insensible opposite-current duration of Counter Current Stimulation (CCS) in Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS). … GVS is expected to apply the walking navigation system and so on. …
- Kinectを用いたマーカーレスモーションキャプチャシステムによる平衡機能計測 : 健常者の静止両脚立位状態と足踏み動作における頭部重心動揺の特徴
- 楠本 欣司
- 活水論文集. 健康生活学部編 58, 33-39, 2015-03-31
- … Twenty-three healthy females (age=20.5±0.8 years, height=158.2±5.4 cm, body mass=52.1±6.6 kg, BMI=20.8±2.2) with no visual, vestibular, or neurological impairments volunteered to participate in the research. …
- 慢性めまいに対する集団認知行動療法
- 近藤 真前
- 心身医学 55(1), 55-61, 2015-01-01
- 慢性めまいは平衡機能と不安の心理生理学的過程の悪循環が想定される病態である.本研究では慢性めまいに対する認知行動療法プログラムを作成し,長期的効果を予備的に検討することを目的とした.3カ月以上持続し,器質的要因では説明困難なめまいを主訴としてめまい専門外来を受診した20〜70歳の患者に対して,全4〜5回の集団認知行動療法を実施し,めまいによる機能障害(Dizziness Handicap Inve …
- 英
- vestibular system
- n.
WordNet [license wordnet]「(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"」
WordNet [license wordnet]「a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going"」
WordNet [license wordnet]「a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender"」
- 同
- system of rules
WordNet [license wordnet]「a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"」
WordNet [license wordnet]「a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"」
WordNet [license wordnet]「the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"」
PrepTutorEJDIC [license prepejdic]「〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身」
WordNet [license wordnet]「instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"」
- adj.
- 前庭の
WordNet [license wordnet]「relating to the sense of equilibrium」


text: M2M remote monitoring of bee hives enabled by PodsystemM2M solution04 Dec 2014 01:00 PM Arnia harnesses Podsystem's Best Signal M2M SIMs and flat-rate data to remotely monitor bee hives by roaming across both US and European mobile networksPodsystemM2M, which provides multi-network data SIMs for the M2M industry, has announced that its Best Signal USA & Europe Multi Network SIM cards have been selected by Arnia for expansion of its remote bee hive monitoring system into the USA.Arnia provides state of the art remote bee hive monitoring systems for beekeepers, bee farmers and bee researchers, combining hive acoustics with other parameters. The monitoring data is interpreted to assess bee colony behaviour and health.PodsystemM2M Best Signal USA & Europe SIMs roam on multiple networks throughout the USA and Europe at a competitive flat rate, enabling Arnia to expand across the Atlantic without the worry of increased data costs.For Arnia, a key advantage of the PodsystemM2M Best Signal Multi Network SIM is that it automatically switches between networks if coverage is patchy or if a network is not available, so that the device remains connected. This enables Arnia to confidently offer its remote hive monitoring system to customers in remote or rural areas - where bee hives are often located.When the integrity of research studies and the health of the hives are at stake, bee researchers and bee farmers cannot afford to lose data packets as a result of weak or patchy cellular network signals.Arnia operations manager, Peter Sogorski said: "Some of the apiary sites that our beekeepers have can very often be on the peripheral edge of network signals. Sites are sometimes obscured by buildings or trees and this does affect signals locally. Having the multi network SIMs means the connection will automatically switch to another network, should it be required."In addition to reliable connectivity, PodsystemM2M's Best Signal Multi Network SIMs carry the advantage of flat rate data in the USA (on both AT&T and T-Mobile) and on networks across Europe. This makes it easy for M2M companies to expand their operations across the Atlantic without the worry of increased data costs.Sogorski said: "We find this competitively priced multi network SIM invaluable in both the USA and Europe. Our system requires that we have reliability and continuity in our data transfer, as this is a critical part of our electronic bee monitoring system. The Best Signal SIMs provide controllable costs and reliable connectivity."Podsystem CEO Sam Colley added: "We are really excited to be working with Arnia and their innovative bee monitoring application. Given the global environmental and economic value of honey bees, it's vital that Arnia have developed this unique M2M monitoring application especially for bee hives."We are very pleased to be able to provide the reliable M2M connectivity needed to ensure Arnia's monitors continue to provide a unique insight into hive conditions to help maintain strong, healthy and productive colonies around the world."James Atkinson EditorLinkedIn |Google + |Email Leave a CommentPlease write code to prove you're humanMore on... M2MM2M Alliance gears up for 10th anniversary M2M SummitNTT DOCOMO completes tests on Cinterion LTE Cat.1 M2M modulesShipments of cellular M2M modules reached 96.0 million units in 2015More on... Critical CommunicationsFinland and Norway sign cross-border TETRA communication dealCC Europe 2017: Hytera showcasing new base station and handheld radioLatest in IoTAltair Semiconductor introduces narrowband CAT-M1 and NB1 chipsetTelefónica, Huawei and Kamstrup launch in NB-IoT project in Chile oneM2M standard holds third IoT interoperability event


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Water Testing
What is water testing?
Sales Representative will fix an appointment as per the convenience of the customer. On Appointment date and time Sales Representative will visit the customer , conduct a water test of the customer's drinking water supply through a TDS meter. TDS Meter is a device used for testing the purity of water.
What does TDS mean?
Total Dissolved Solids is a measure of dissolved inorganic substances in water. It is measured in mg/L or ppm
What are the sources of water which I can test?
Sales representative will test the tap water / drinking water consumed by the customer.
Are there any charges for water testing?
There is no charge for water testing. It is a free of cost service.
How do I avail water testing?
Customer can call our call center, mail us or generate request online through 'Service Requests' for water testing.
Do I need to test water before buying a water purifier?
Yes. It is recommended to get the water tested. It will help you to choose the right water purifier.


text: frappe le singe - Unregistered February 14, 2012 11:51 AM For any F1 team that does not have a mega star driver, someone who is capable of operating at 95 per cent + all the time, it is difficult to balance the need to pay the bills with the talent available. JVL taught us a valuable lesson, champ at Williams but unable to peddle the BAR, the same applies for DH at Arrows, the same results could have been delivered far cheaper with a tier 2 or 3 driver. It is pointless paying a good driver to drive a slow car, so what are your options? A consistent driver is best for development (LB and GF at the Scuderia). Trulli clearly isn't in the top driver category, for the team it would be better to use HK for development along with a young pay to play driver to attract attention. Trulli's inability to drive the car with the 2011 PAS system shows that the guy just ain't gonna cut it. Bin him off. F1 is a business, there is no room for sentimentality. No cash or no speed = no drive 9 agree 3 disagree


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|Re: Portability issue for 'Like-clause' on non-string types ?
|Thu, 26 Jun 2008 12:18:59 GMT
Albert Kam <firstname.lastname@example.com> writes: > Hello again Apache Derby, > > I'm currently porting my little webapp from using mysql to apache derby. > One of the issue i'm having right now is the like clause being used for > non-string types. I have not checked the exact chapter and verse of the SQL standard, but I'm pretty sure that LIKE for non-string data is a non-standard extension. As described in the charter, Derby aims to be standard compliant. MySQL on the other hand states fairly openly that they will deviate from the standard when they think that is convenient. So basically, porting from MySQL is going to require some effort, I'm afraid. > Anyway, is there a configuration that can be use to be 'friendly' for using > like-clause on non-string types ? Or perhaps anything else that i'm missing > out from the docs ? :) Not 100% sure, but I don't think so. -- dt
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Members of The Commissionfor the Prevention of Evil and Promotion of Virtue (Haia) approached a girl in the mall of Riyadh who was not covering her hair with the scarf. They requested the girl to cover her head and hair with something. Mutawas said that the head of the girl was unveiled which was becoming source of attraction for many strangers walking in the mall. The girl refused to cover her head. When members of The Commission for the Prevention of Evil and Promotion of Virtue (Haia) insisted her to cover her head, she started behaving in a very wrong and condemnable attitude. She started shouting on them that they belong to the Islamic Sate terror organization and threw her shoes on them.
A number of people who were present in the mall confirmed that she threw her shoe to the members of The Commission for the Prevention of Evil and Promotion of Virtue (Haia) and called them terrorist. When some women in the mall tried to stop her from doing so, she did not hear to them and went out of Mall. Haia men managed to obtain the license number of her vehicle, and filed a complaint against her.
Source: Arab News
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We have published several interesting news related to Saudi Arabia on this blog, please click on the below mentioned bold underlined words to read it. Leave your comments about this news below.


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THE DOPE BOY MAGIC SHOP "Trapper" Snapback Cap
Posted by Maui, June 4th, 2013 04:06 am under News
Made in a Chicago hood. "In 2008, Joe "JoeFreshGoods" and Vic Lloyd decided to create a hobby brand, based on the idea around the juxtaposition between fashion and parts of the drug game. Initially starting with $80 bucks, they released a "Make the Trap Say Aye" shirt and decided to flip those for a profit and make more tees. After the success of a few designs Joe and Vic decided to use the full (re-up money) capital to create a season of dopeboymagic for the summer of 2012."
For 2013, THE DOPE BOY MAGIC SHOP presents the "Trapper" snapback cap. This one is available in two colorways: Red and Black. Now available at their online store, http://thedopeboymagicshop.bigcartel.com/.


text:
Deborah Holland is the Chief of Security at Isla Sorna's Ranger Station. She has been in charge since its construction in 2001. She fills the niche of Robert Muldoon.
This is a description of her in the novella:
- Deborah Holland had honey-blond hair, a warm, glowing smile, and the sweetest temperament of anyone with whom Alan had ever worked. She was almost thirty, but she looked like she was still in college.[1]
Trivia Edit
Sources Edit
- ↑ Jurassic Park Adventures: Prey, page 11.


text:
Less-harmful Alternative to Tobacco Smoking
Electronic cigarettes are promoted as a less-harmful alternative to tobacco smoking and in some cases as a way for smokers to quit. But there is a lack of evidence that electronic cigarettes help smokers to quit. There are also concerns that electronic cigarettes could keep smokers addicted to tobacco by providing a nicotine hit in smoke-free places.
Therapeutically approved nicotine replacement products are already available as an aid to quitting and these are not promoted in a way that glamorizes their use and poses a risk to impressionable young people. Moreover, while electronic cigarettes are almost certainly less harmful than smoking, they are not harmless.
And the hazard that they might re-standardize cigarette use in youngsters, there are worries that electronic cigarette vapors and other obscure substance could result in damages in clients and in nonusers presented to second-hand discharges.E cigarettes containing cigarette smoking cannot be lawfully promoted in Modern Australia. These devices have never been legal here because of the restrictions that apply under poisons control guidelines.
Now that electronic cigarettes Australia are becoming more regular around the world, there is increasing interest in their selling in Modern Australia. Like most issues including public plan, technological innovation and professional interests, everything becomes confused in the conversation.
Here are some real reasons why Cancer Regulators yearnings caution on electronic cigarettes and would like to see a reducing of the issues around their availability. Electronic cigarettes and personal vaporizers are becoming more and more popular worldwide as an alternative to tobacco cigarettes. They still contain the nicotine that your body craves and the flavour that you enjoy, but without the carcinogens, tar, carbon monoxide, and other negative aspects of smoking.
E-cigarettes and personal vaporizers are used very similarly to regular cigarettes, but operate with a battery that vaporizes an e-liquid nicotine solution as you inhale. Electronic cigarettes with nicotine feel the same, look the same and taste the same as the cigarettes you currently smoke with some major differences they are much cheaper and so much healthier for you and the people around you! You can continue to smoke with all of your cravings fulfilled without any of the harmful effects. This site provides e cigarette reviews on all the best, most popular e cigs with nicotine. They are fast becoming the choice of smokers all over the world who want the satisfaction of smoking without the negatives associated with traditional smokes. Many who make the switch believe that e cigarettes provide safer smoking alternatives that cannot be ignored.
A good example is the case of e-cigarettes. These inhalers deliver a warm puff of nicotine, without the carcinogenic tar and industrial solvents of cigarette smoke. Alternatively, they can deliver a puff of anything else you could wish for, such as the flavour of chocolate or whisky. In Australia, it is illegal to sell e-cigarettes to deliver nicotine. Not because a bureaucrat has made a decision to ban them, but because no one has yet asked the right bureaucrat for permission. For more information visit the site http://www.e-cigarette-nicotine.com/ .


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A BIRMINGHAM man has appeared in court charged with the triple murder of a mother and her two children.
Pierre Williams, 32, is accused of killing Beverley Samuels, 36, her daughter Kesha Wizzart, 18, and son Fred Wizzart, 13, at their home in Fallowfield, Manchester.
Their bodies were discovered by a member of the public at their red-brick terraced house on Thelwall Avenue at about 7pm last Thursday.
Post mortem examinations revealed all three died of head injuries.
Williams, who grew up in the city's Moss Side district but had recently been living in Selly Oak, appeared at Manchester Magistrates' Court.
He was remanded in custody until next week.
Mrs Samuels was a nurse at the Manchester Royal Infirmary, was a friend of Williams but the pair had not seen one another for some time.
Kesha was a pupil at Parrs Wood High School. She had just completed her A-levels and had won a scholarship to study law at the University of Manchester. The teenager hoped to become a barrister.
Fred suffered from dyslexia and was a pupil at a special school, the St John Vianney School in Stretford, Manchester, where he had studied for more than four years.


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OHIO - Following the deadly ambush of three Baton Rouge police officers in Louisiana on July 18, Milwaukee Sheriff David Clark spoke with CNN's Don Lemon to discuss the controversial Black Lives Matter movement. Sheriff Clarke didn't waste any time letting Lemon know exactly how he felt about the entire situation. Sheriff David Clark will also be speaking at the Republican National Convention this week.
Sheriff Clarke: "My message has been clear from day one two years ago. This anti-cop sentiment from this hateful ideology called Black Lives Matter has fueled this rage against the American police officer. I predicted this two years ago."
Don Lemon: "With all due respect, do you know that this was because of that?"
Sheriff Clarke: "Yes I do. I've been watching this for two years. I predicted this. This anti-police rhetoric sweeping the country has turned out some hateful things inside of people that are now playing themselves out on the American police officer. I've got three dead cops and you want me to calm down?"