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1 SESSION PAPER PARIS 2002 TRANSMISSION LINE EMERGENCY RESTORATION PHILOSOPHY AT LOS ANGELES DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND POWER by R. J. SCHWEINER K. E. TWOMEY K. E. LINDSEY* Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Lindsey Manufacturing Co. (United States) INTRODUCTION An essential question for any utility is whether to maintain their in-house emergency capability for line restoration or whether to depend on subcontractors and outside sources for this service. Every utility should consciously address and decide which plan is the most realistic for their particular situation. In doing so a number of factors come into play such as: the size of the utility, the availability of subcontractors who can be depended upon during emergency, whether there are other utilities willing to enter into mutual assistance plans, and of course, costbenefit of the plan. This paper describes how the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) has chosen to maintain its in-house capability as the solution to this concern, including what they see as the critical success factors to maintaining their in-house capability. Several incidents of overhead transmission line (OHTL) failures and emergency restorations are presented demonstrating these critical success factors. KEYWORDS Availability Economic Loss Emergency Restoration Overhead Transmission Line 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) established at the beginning of the 20 th century is the largest municipally owned utility in the United States. LADWP provides electricity to approximately 1.4 million electrical customers in a 1202-square-km area. Business and industry consume about 70 percent of the electricity in Los Angeles, but residences constitute the largest number of customers. In addition to serving these consumers, LADWP lights public streets and highways, powers the city's water system and sells wholesale electricity to other utilities. LADWP supplies power from many sources, including its own hydroelectric and fossil-fueled generating stations and contracts for hydroelectric power from the Pacific Northwest. Coal is the largest single source of power supply in Los Angeles at 45 percent. Natural gas now supplies about 20 percent of the city's energy; hydroelectricity accounts for 12 percent; nuclear, 9 percent, and the remainder comes from purchased power, including biomass, solar and cogeneration. LADWP has a net dependable capacity of approximately 7000MW, and an annual peak demand of approximately 6000MW. 1.1 LADWP S OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION GRID The LADWP overhead transmission grid consists of approximately 8,800 circuit km of 115, 138 and 230kV transmission as well as both 500kV AC and DC transmission lines. The Bulk Power Business Unit of LADWP is responsible for all construction and maintenance of these lines. Of approximately 15,000 transmission structures maintained by LADWP, over 90% of them are steel lattice type structures. Much of the 8,800 circuit km of transmission is within the metropolitan Los Angeles area; however, the LADWP Bulk Power Business Unit also maintains 935km of 500kV DC transmission lines from Los Angeles to the Nevada-Oregon border and 772 km from Los Angeles * P.O. BOX 877, AZUSA, CA 91702
2 to northern Utah. The major 230 and 500kV OHTLs maintained by LADWP outside their service territory are shown in figure 1. CALIFORNIA LADWP Service Area +/-500kV HVDC Celilo-Sylmar NEVADA 500km UTAH +/-500kV HVDC IPP ARIZONA Figure 1 The service area and the 230 and 500kV OHTLs maintained by LADWP 1.2 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A TRANSMISSION LINE FAILURE In the current deregulated environment of California electrical energy production, the loss of a critical transmission line could be catastrophic. LADWP currently has a typical peak native load of approximately 5,500 MW (these are customers that LADWP is committed to serve). LADWP has a peak generating capacity of approximately 7,000 MW. Of their large bulk 500kV AC and DC transmission system, the 500kV lines range in capacity from 1,800 to 3,100 MW. The loss of one of these lines could require purchasing 1,000 MW of power on the current deregulated market during peak hours. At the time of the writing of this paper, the current cost of electric energy on the summer spot market in California is approximately US$350/MW hour. The need to purchase 1,000 MW in this market to prevent outages could cost US$350,000/hour. In addition, the loss of any transmission line could prevent LADWP from selling excess power to the neighboring utilities and again force additional economic hardship on not only LADWP but other utilities as well. In recent years, LADWP has experienced several failures of their critical transmission lines due to a variety of causes. In each of these cases LADWP has been able to respond quickly and effectively to restore these critical lines. The next section will discuss what LADWP believes are the critical success factors for this performance. 2.0 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR RAPID RESTORATION OF A DAMAGED TRANSMISSION LINE 2.1 MANAGEMENT SUPPORT The Transmission Construction and Maintenance Organization (TC&M) reports to the Director of the Bulk Power Business Unit who in turn reports to the power system Assistant General Manager of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. The TC&M Organization is responsible for all maintenance, capital improvement jobs and emergency response when there is a transmission line failure. LADWP management has decided to have the in-house line crews of TC&M perform capital improvement jobs as opposed to using subcontractors. Conventional wisdom views outside contractors as more economical than in-house crews. However, LADWP management has made a decision to stay with in-house transmission construction and maintenance crews. This management decision is one of the biggest success factors for rapid restoration of a damaged overhead transmission line (OHTL). 2.2 TRAINED IN-HOUSE PERSONNEL The TC&M Organization consists of three superintendents that share overall management duties. One superintendent is responsible for fleet, secondary land use and purchasing coordination, the other two are field superintendents Under these two superintendents are eight (8) line foremen and two (2) labor supervisors. The line foremen direct 37 transmission patrolmen, 12 line maintenance assistants and two (2) heavy equipment operators. In the mid 1980s, the size of the transmission patrol staff was larger averaging approximately 80 transmission patrolmen. Over the years, this number has been reduced to its current number. All transmission patrolmen are journeymen linemen that were first trained in distribution work and then advanced to the transmission department. Transmission patrolmen get approximately 80 to 100 hours of classroom and field training per year at TC&M s training facility (see figure 2). However, much of the training is on the job training, since TC&M crews perform capital improvement jobs, such as, transmission line modifications, fiber optic installations as well as normal maintenance including live line maintenance on all transmission lines voltages. The TC&M line crews can and do build towers and string conductor on a regular basis. The 37 transmission patrolmen can work unsupervised because of their extensive training and experience. These transmission patrolmen can be dispatched from their home, which can save considerable time since the transmission patrolmen can proceed directly to a trouble
3 site. Transmission patrolmen are normally rotated around the entire service territory of LADWP so that they are familiar with the entire service territory. Figure 2 This LADWP training facility enables TC&M crews to train in all phases of construction and maintenance. Various DC, AC and temporary towers are erected. One aspect of planning, crucial to the successful handling of an emergency, is communication between the various elements of the emergency response team. A single point contact concept is used during emergency situations to insure that all communication between each department is direct and that the responsibilities are clearly defined. Using this concept, a single individual within each department is assigned to handle all intercompany contact in any major functional area. In addition, once a task is assigned to an individual, it becomes the obligation of that individual through completion thus establishing a clearly defined path of responsibility. This approach dramatically improved the efficiency of the inter-company communications, an area that, if not properly coordinated, can become a major problem in the hectic environment of an emergency situation. they are used to locate the damaged site and find the actual trouble location, weather permitting. Because TC&M line crews do most of the capital improvement jobs at LADWP, they are very familiar with the equipment and tools that are available to them because they use them on a normal, daily basis. Without this normal use of the construction tools and equipment, some material might not be operable when required in emergencies. A free flow of ideas is encouraged from the transmission patrolmen and foremen on new tools and equipment. As a result, many new tools are developed for a particular type of work that is required by LADWP. Some specialized construction equipment; such as winch trucks are strategically placed throughout the service territory. However during emergencies local equipment, such as backhoes and cranes, are typically rented from a variety of sources in Los Angeles and outlying areas. This equipment is readily available at this time. Most important, specialized transmission line construction equipment such as: puller pilot winder, with steel pulling line, all wheel drive tri bundle bull wheel tensioners for both 2 and 3 bundle conductors (see figure 3) and fiber optic bull wheel tensioners for pulling overhead ground wire and fiber optic cable are maintained by TC&M since they are not readily available from other sources. This equipment must be maintained in good working order for effective emergency response. In addition, other specialized equipment suitable for various terrains found along the OHTL right-of-ways (such as: all terrain rubber track vehicles for working in snow conditions, and all wheel drive 2 ½ ton trucks with front winches) are also maintained by TC&M. 2.3 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT One of the most critical aspect of emergency restoration is effective communication between all of the parties involved. One of the most important pieces of equipment is communications equipment. The foremen and supervisors have been equipped with new satellite phones to improve communication between field and TC&M headquarters where most of the materials and equipment are kept. The satellite phones take care of dead spots in LADWP s service territory that normal cell phones and low band radio are unable to serve. Another major piece of equipment for emergency response is helicopters. LADWP has two Bell 206 Long Ranger helicopters that are primarily used by TC&M for: transportation of men and materials to remote job sites, staging materials in rough terrain, and as safety standbys for construction personnel at job sites. During transmission line emergency restoration, Figure 3 An all wheel drive tri bundle bull wheel tensioners for 2 bundle conductors is used to string 2312kcmil conductor during restoration of the DC Intertie. 2.4 EMERGENCY MATERIALS In order to perform any unplanned emergency work, critical materials must be on hand and available. LADWP typically carries standardized wire sizes in appropriate quantities including all terminations and
4 splices. For example, LADWP stocks over 30km of 2312kcmil ACSR Thrasher conductor which is a standard 500kV conductor. Most of LADWP s 230kV transmission lines were built between the 1950s and 1960s. In performing normal maintenance or replacement during emergencies, it is almost impossible to replace the older hardware from this era; therefore, TC&M has standardized new hardware and insulator assemblies for the 115, 138 and 230kV voltage classes. This standardization has resulted in considerable savings in time and money for routine maintenance and for emergency restoration. Since LADWP has a variety of different types of transmission towers, extra permanent tower steel for various types and classes of towers are stored close to the transmission lines where they will be needed. The majority of the transmission structures on the +/- 500kV HVDC Celilo-Sylmar (DC Intertie) transmission line are a guyed steel tower. Spare guyed steel towers are located at various yards along this transmission line. The majority of transmission towers for the 500kV DC Intermountain Power Project are heavy self-supporting steel towers and likewise these towers are located at yards along the transmission line right of way. In addition to this permanent tower steel available, a quantity of light weight modular aluminum restoration structures (ERS) made in accordance with IEEE Standard 1070[1] are maintained at TC&M headquarters. These lightweight structures are used whenever permanent steel is not readily available. The polymer insulators for emergency restoration and the hardware and guying components are maintained in 20ft storage containers for security and for easy of transportation to job sites. 3.0 RECENT EXAMPLES OF OHTL EMERGENCY RESTORATION BY LADWP 3.1 GENERAL RESTORATION PROCEDURES When an overhead transmission line failure occurs the first job is to find the trouble location. Weather permitting, helicopters are sent to find the trouble location and to report back. When the helicopter is sent, either a transmission patrolmen or a foreman from TC&M is sent along with the helicopter in order to report back. The first priority is to ensure the safety of the general public and the workers at the jobsite and to prevent further damage and/or cascading of the transmission line. Transmission patrolmen are sent directly to the jobsite in order to ground any conductors and to start snubbing operations of the downed conductors. Snubbing equipment consists of a variety of anchoring equipment, winch trucks, conductor splices and grips. In addition preplanned layouts of conductor puller and tensioner sites are sent to the site so that the work can be started on placing anchors for the pullers and tensioners Typically two foremen are sent to the jobsite to marshal equipment and to communicate back to TC&M headquarters. One foreman is responsible for mobilizing all required emergency materials to the trouble locations. The second foreman is responsible for mobilizing all equipment and other logistical support such as hotels, food and lodging for the TC&M crews. Next, all necessary critical emergency materials such as conductors, splices, insulators, hardware and structures are mobilized. If sufficient permanent steel is not available or if there is foundation damage, the modular lightweight IEEE Standard 1070 ERS structures are brought to the jobsite along with the 20ft storage container containing all the polymer insulators, hardware and anchoring for these modular temporary structures. After the line is stabilized and the area around the line is made safe for the general public and the workers, the next priority is to restore the line either permanently or temporarily considering the economic factors at that time. In today s economic environment, the fastest possible restoration scheme is usually the most desirable. At later dates during power plant maintenance, temporary towers can be taken down and permanent structures are rebuilt and the line restored to its original permanent condition. Since the mid 1980 s TC&M crews have had to restore several major OHTL failures. Most of these failures have been on the +/- 500kV HVDC Celilo-Sylmar (DC Intertie) transmission line. Other failures on 230kV transmission lines have been due to a variety of causes such as earthquakes and lightning strikes on wood poles. The next section will briefly discuss some of the failures on the DC Intertie and failures due to the 1994 Northridge earthquake. 3.2 FAILURES ON THE DC INTERTIE Between 1984 and 1986 the DC Intertie was uprated with several of the guyed suspension towers raised 2.1 to 6.4m. This was done by adding mast sections and lengthening guy wires without moving guy footings. On three different occasions sabotage has brought down these guyed towers. But the most extensive failures began in January 1988 when sixteen guyed and one self supporting tower collapsed due to high winds and cascading. Both of these incidences have been discussed previously and will not be discussed here [2], [3]. In February 1989 eight more guyed and two self supporting towers collapsed again due to high winds and cascading. From 1990 to 1992 the DC Intertie line was upgraded by reguying, moving footings and replacing defective hardware. This upgrade has effectively
5 prevented any further cascade type failures. However, isolated failures have still occurred. All of these failures were quickly restored by TC&M crews. The following is a brief summary of each failure and their restoration. Indian Wells site and assembled the tower for erection, completing the restoration (see figure 4) STORM DAMAGE At 1:20 p.m. on Saturday, February 4, 1989, high winds again damaged the DC Intertie. Eight guyed towers, one self-supporting angle and one self-supporting suspension tower were destroyed. The 2312 kcmil conductor and static wires in those 11 spans were too damaged to be reused, requiring the installation of approximately 16 km of 2312 kcmil conductor and 8 km of static wire. The Owens Gorge transmission line encountered structural damage to six towers. The 954 kcmil conductor was down on seven spans and required replacement of approximately 5 km of 954 kcmil conductor. The damage to the Owens Gorge line was caused primarily by the falling of the DC Intertie structures and conductors. TC&M personnel immediately activated their emergency response plan. After the initial single point contacts for the support functions were established, the Supervisors started the transporting of material and equipment to the soon-to-be established marshalling yard at Indian Wells. A remote command post was set up at Indian Wells to control: material and equipment delivered from Los Angeles; supply and personnel needs; lodging; meals; crew assignments; timekeeping; and progress logs. By 3:30 p.m. on February 4, the available on-duty Transmission Section personnel in Valley, Victorville and Los Angeles were to report to TC&M for instruction. The Transmission personnel were into the first day of the scheduled days off, and approximately 50 percent of the transmission line series personnel were off shift. However, by 9:00 p.m. of that day, all Transmission offduty supervisors were called out to travel and report to the Indian Wells damage site. The major tasks were divided into two areas: the Owens Gorge line restoration and the DC Intertie restoration which included the assembling and erection of eight instock guyed suspension towers, as well as anchor installation, pad development, and erection of three IEEE Standard 1070 ERS structures to replace the two selfsupporting towers. The Owens Gorge- transmission line was Okayed for service on the evening of Sunday, February 11, and the DC Intertie on the following Thursday, February 16. The permanent restoration of the DC Intertie was contingent on delivery of self-supporting tower steel, and the availability of DC Intertie. During the week of March 27, the northern crew transported the tower steel to the Figure 4 Permanent restoration of a self-supporting DC Intertie tower. The de-energized conductors are supported in the ERS, and the Owens line is shown at the right STORM DAMAGE On December 12, 1995, at 7:53 a.m., a guyed suspension tower of the DC Intertie collapsed under heavy wind. This tower had a height of 36m from the base to the crossarm elevation and was one of the towers that collapsed in 1988 as part of the wind cascade failure that took down seventeen other towers. The tower was permanently replaced using spare guyed tower components stored in the Mojave Yard. Approximately 100m of subconductor were replaced, and the remaining conductor was repaired by sanding and adding sleeves. The replacement tower was assembled, erected, and secured by the night of December 13. On December 14, all other restoration work was completed, and the line was available for service by 4:00 p.m AIRCRAFT COLLISION WITH TOWER On September 20, 1998, at 4:38 p.m., a twin-engine Cessna sliced through conductors and hit and destroyed a self-supporting tower on the DC Intertie. The aircraft burst into flames along the right-of-way just 20m from a housing development. LADWP crews immediately responded. They grounded and snubbed the conductor to prevent further damage (see figure 5), and a roadway under the line was barricaded for public safety. As a similar self-supporting tower was not available, LADWP crews installed a temporary IEEE Standard 1070 ERS structure. Due to the close proximity of residential houses, a steep down guy angle was required. This was quickly analyzed using the emergency restoration structure structural analysis computer programs. Crews work around the clock using night lights. Conductor hardware and insulators were replaced on the
6 adjacent tension tower and new conductor was spliced in and sagged. Spacers were installed and the line energized within 36 hours after the start of the outage. responsibility given to the staff and crews of TC&M has promoted an esprit de corps in that organization which fosters cooperation among the personnel of the TC&M Group. Granted, this type of capability will not be feasible for every utility. However, every utility and transmission line asset owner should address its own needs by a careful review of emergency service contracts, available emergency equipment and stocks of emergency materials, and most importantly their plans for dealing with emergency situations. Figure 5 Snubbing the twin bundle 2312kcmil conductor with conductor grips and a winch truck. Note the residential area to the left of the damaged tower. 3.3 THE 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE. At 4:31 a.m. on January 17, 1994, the 6.6 magnitude Northridge earthquake hit Los Angeles. For the first time in the history of LADWP the entire city of Los Angeles went black. Only one transmission line was operational. A four circuit 230kV transmission tower, that normally brings 1500MW of power from the Castaic pump storage generating station north of the city, was completely destroyed, and several other towers were severely damaged. It was vital to restore one circuit of this line to support the black start procedures for the fossil fuel generating stations. Adding to the difficulty was the damage to several roadways leading to the site. Within eight hours after the earthquake, TC&M Crews were able to bring in a crane and assemble a vertical string of polymeric insulators and conductor travelers to lift one circuit and allow it to be energized (see figure6). In order to support the load that was being brought back on line, two more circuits of this critical 230kV line needed to be restored. In order to accomplish this a special double circuit narrow right-of-way ERS structure made from the same IEEE Standard 1070 components was erected next to the energized circuit in the crane (see figure 6). By the morning of January 19, all three circuits were energized. 4.0 CONCLUSION The ability to quickly react to any transmission line emergency at LADWP is due in large part to management s decision to maintain a skilled, trained inhouse workforce and to provide them the necessary equipment and materials to perform the job. The Figure 6 One circuit at the left is supported by the crane; two other circuits are supported by an IEEE Standard 1070 ERS. 5.0 REFERENCES [1] IEEE Guide for the Design and Testing of Transmission Modular Restoration Structure Components, IEEE Std , ISBN [2] J. C. Pohlman, K. E. Lindsey, L. N. Agrawal, A. K. Kapur, Practical Steps for Increasing Availability of Existing Overhead Lines, (CIGRE Paper , Paris 2000). [3] S. A. Rutty, et. al., Planning Ahead Proves Invaluable to the Rapid Restoration of the Pacific DC Intertie and Owens Gorge Transmission Lines, (11 th IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 2-7, 1989).
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Babcock University first batch admission list for the 2016/2017 academic session has been released. All candidates who applied for admission into the university are hereby informed to check this list. The procedure for checking the Babcock University admission status, Acceptance Fees and School Fees have also been released
The admission list has been uploaded online following approval from the appropriate quarters. The list contains the names of candidates who have succeeded and have been offered provisional admission into the University for 2016/17 session.
Candidates should proceed to the school's admission portal here to check for their names.
All candidates offered provisional admission for the academic session should proceed immediately to the bank to pay acceptance fee i.e. a non-refundable fee. The 2016/2017 Babcock University acceptance fee is One Hundred & Fifty Thousand, Three Hundred & Fifty Naira only, (N150,350.00.) which is part of the school fees.
Present your Application ID (5 digits) at any of the following banks: Diamond, UBA, WEMA, Zenith and pay by E-tranzact or E-Bills Pay.
The candidates whose names appear in the Batch A list have been offered Provisional Admission ON A FIRST COME, FIRST SERVE BASIS, for the 2016/2017 academic session. Please note that admission offers will be withdrawn if the stipulated requirements are not met.
Admitted students are to proceed with the payment of acceptance fees and begin registration.
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Pet Sitter in Dallas
I am a seventy seven retired Real Estate Broker who would love to baby sit your pets. I love animals of all sizes, shapes and consider all to be God's creatures. We are told in the bible to care for all of them. Let me help with any out of town plans you may have. I will come to your home and sit with them as long as you need me to. I come with many references.
Pet Sitter Details
|Email Address
|Phone Number
|214-317-... Confirmed
Pet Sitting
Overnight Care
Notes made here will only be seen by you. If you want to message the owner of this listing
Phyllis Mason's Other Listings
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selected: deep red
Actual size is 3.9" circle
|3.9" circle
|Sold in sets of 12
|deep red
|Item Code
Round Coasters ship within 1-2 business days. $2.99 flat rate shipping within the U.S. See delivery times and options.
Labels on rolls ship separately to U.S. addresses only. See shipping rates.
The vibrant and juicy hues and chic geometric Swiss cross inspired seamless pattern featured on this style are sure to catch the eye! Classic typefaces are used but the minimalist design is kept playful with color. Simple and symmetrical, this design lends itself well to just about any event. Customize Royal Suite coasters today!
Special Note: Evermine wedding coasters are printed on the front side only and come beautifully packaged in sets of a dozen. On the blank back, a small Evermine logo is tastefully debossed.


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Roscoe's House of Chicken 'n' Waffles Map
830 N. Lake Ave. (Orange Grove Blvd.)
626-791-4890 | Make Restaurant Reservations | Menu
Now that you know where you want to enjoy a meal, it's time to find the restaurant. Print out this Roscoe's House of Chicken 'n' Waffles map and take the driving directions with you so you can locate the restaurant easily.
Find out which restaurants and chefs top the list of GAYOT's 2016 Annual Restaurant Awards.


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My wife and I recently stayed at TradeWinds for 2 nights in the downstairs queen suite. It was our 12th anniversary and I surprised her with a quick trip to Philadelphia. It was her first time in the city. She'd always wanted to see the...More
Getting you more information on this room
Getting you more information on this room
"Close to so many museums, churches, restaurants. Perfect location...."
"Read the aforesaid review - and realize that if security in your room is essential to you, the shared..."


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5 Tips for Buying Ontario Home Insurance Coverage
Do you want to buy home insurance coverage in ontario? Ontario has the largest population among Canada's 10 provinces. It's in East-Central Canada. Buying or owning a home is one of the biggest joys. That's because it takes a lot of dedication to own a house. Therefore, it's important to have home insurance. That's because it guarantees that you will get compensation, for example, after unfortunate happenings such as fire, theft, floods and vandalism. In this guide, we look at 5 tips for buying Ontario home insurance coverage.
They Are: Comparison


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Junk Monkey Pop Up Christmas Market 2016
- Nov 26, 2016
- 109 West Overton Road
- Scottdale, PA 15683
Mark your calendar for a magical day! Get ready for some holiday cheer at the "Junk Monkey Pop-Up Christmas Market!"
FREE admission--complete with all kinds of local shopping, yummy food & even LIVE music! This INDOOR market at West Overton Village (located in bottom level of distillery/Overholt Room) will be held Nov 26th, 10 AM-4 PM!
Yup, it's the Saturday AFTER Black Friday! Support your local businesses & avoid all those crazy crowds! Find one of a kind gifts to go bananas over!
It's going to be a great day with local makers, creatives, and vendors, Food, live music, & holiday cheer too. Find everything from: jewelry, glass terrarium and planters, essential oil items, skincare products, wax air fresheners, candles & tarts, scented pine cone fire starters, ornaments made from prisms and chandelier crystals, country florals, vintage Christmas decor, hand sewn items, all natural goat milk products - including scrubs, soaps, and aromatherapy products, storage organizers, local photography, reclaimed wood signs, cushions, leggings, dresses, shirts (clothing), homemade baked goods, re-purposed vintage items, blacksmith made items, custom vinyl creations, garden flags, wooden shelves, bread boxes, primitive/rustic/farmhouse/shabby chic decor, nail wraps, and so much more!


text: Sir Lancelot was a knighted character that appeared in the planet Earth's Human mythology. References to Lancelot in history were often used as an example of a heroic character. (TOS novel: The Rift) This article is a stub relating to a character. You can help our database by expanding on it. Retrieved from "http://memory-beta.wikia.com/wiki/Lancelot?oldid=540595" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Memory Beta stubs (characters) Mythological characters Fictional Humans Add category Cancel Save


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|We've Need of a Shepherd
|Daisy Fitzroy
|Finkton Proper
|July the 6th, 1912
Transcript: I have a pressing need to speak to this so-called "False Shepherd" stirring up so much trouble. We got enough problems without this damn fool shooting up the city and blamin' it all on the Vox. Though, if he's amiable… yeah… yeah, he might be just the fella we need for our… immediate concerns.
Location: On the counter inside Chen Lin's gunsmith shop.


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Public Information Sessions
To complement its stakeholdering efforts, the IESO regularly holds public information sessions on various aspects of the system and market.
Seasonal Readiness Program Webinar - June 6, 2017
The IESO may exercise the Seasonal Readiness Program in preparation for peak demand seasons or as deemed necessary for reliability. The IESO is looking to expand the program starting in September 2017 to further ensure unit readiness during all periods of the year. A public information session will be held by webinar on June 6, from 10:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. to detail the changes. Market participants and their agents of larger, dispatchable, non-quick start generators are encouraged to attend this webinar by emailing email@example.com.
More information on the Seasonal Readiness Program is available in section 7.3 of Market Manual 7.1.
Regulation Services Overview Webinar - April 25, 2017
The IESO will present an overview on regulation services by webinar on April 25, 2017 from 2 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. The webinar is intended to provide interested market participants and sector stakeholders with background information on how providers of regulation services interact with the IESO market.
Regulation services act to match the total system generation to total system load and help correct variations in power system frequency. The IESO is planning to expand its capability to schedule regulation by increasing the amount of regulation usually scheduled from 2017-2019. More information is available on the Ancillary Services Market webpage.
Market Operations Spring 2017 Awareness Session - May 3, 2017
Registration is now open for the IESO Market Operations Spring 2017 Awareness session on May 3, 2017. This is the sixth operations awareness session in a series intended to increase transparency of IESO market operations. The session will focus on the development of the Operating Plan.
This meeting will be of particular interest to people that manage, plan and operate facilities in the electricity system; however, participation is open to all interested.
The session will be held at the Hilton Garden Inn, Mississauga/Oakville. Registration will be limited. To register send an email to email@example.com .
Interchange Enhancements
A number of public meetings were held regarding proposed changes aimed at improving the efficiency of the interchange scheduling process. See Interchange Enhancements for posted materials and upcoming meetings.
Market Renewal Education Workshops
The IESO is hosting five education workshops to help stakeholders, market participants and the broader sector better understand the design elements of the market renewal project.
The half-day workshops are intended to be informative and educational on how market design components work with a focus on how they are used in other jurisdictions. The content is targeted to build capacity in these areas. They are also intended to be interactive with opportunities for questions and discussion. The first workshop provides a general overview, and the subsequent four will provide more detail and context into the elements.
The workshop schedule is:
Market Design Overview, January 25, 2017, 9am-12pm - Recorded Presentation
To register for one or all of these workshops, please register at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Enhanced Outage Management System – March 22, 2017
The IESO will be holding a webinar on Wednesday, March 22 at 10:00 a.m. to provide information on planned enhancements to the Outage Management System to address feedback from market participants. This session is scheduled for two hours. To receive your webinar invitation, please register at: http://www.meetview.com/ieso20170322/.
Grid-LDC Interoperability Framework Webinar– November 25, 2016
The IESO is hosting an information webinar on Friday, November 25 at 1:00 pm to discuss the development of a grid-LDC interoperability framework. The objective of the framework will be to identify opportunities to enhance the reliability and efficiency of Ontario's electricity grid through the coordination of IESO and LDC-controlled resources. It is anticipated that operations representatives of LDCs will have the greatest interest in this webinar; however, all interested parties are welcome to participate. To register, email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Through a Grid-LDC Coordination partnership with PowerStream, the IESO has identified existing real-time IESO market and system information that may be useful to LDCs in managing their day-to-day operations as well as a number of short and long-term collaboration opportunities for the IESO and LDC's. The IESO will present these early learnings during the webinar and provide an opportunity for input on the draft framework including identifying any barriers or other opportunities that might not have been contemplated thus far.
Presentation | Draft Grid-LDC Interoperability Framework | Feedback and IESO Response | Grid-LDC Interoperability Update
Proposed changes to Peak Demand Hours and the Adequacy Report Webinar – November 25, 2016
The IESO is planning to make changes to Peak Demand Hours and the Adequacy Report. All interested stakeholders are invited to a webinar on November 25 from 10am-12pm.
The IESO is proposing to determine which hours to use a peak demand forecast in the pre-dispatch scheduling timeframe on a dynamic basis. This would be reflected in the Adequacy Report. New information regarding IESO's regulation requirement, and wind and solar forecast publishing logic to be added in the Adequacy Report will also be presented.
If interested in participating in the webinar, please register with IESO Engagement to receive the webinar details. Stakeholders will have an opportunity to ask questions, seek clarification and provide comments on the material.
Presentation | Bruce Power Feedback and IESO Response | Sygration Feedback and IESO Response | Ontario Power Generation Feedback and IESO Response | Updates: Peak Demand Hours and Adequacy Report | Adequacy Report - Clarification of Peak Demand Hours
Spring 2016 Market Operations Awareness Session – May 5, 2016
The IESO held its fifth Market Operations Spring Awareness session on May 5, 2016. The objective of the session was to increase transparency of IESO market operations, with a focus on the IESO's assessment of future system operability needs and review NERC's long-term reliability assessment.
Proposed change to curtail wheel-through transactions as a control action Webinar – April 28, 2016
The IESO is proposing changes to Market Manual 7.2: Near-Term Assessments and Reports. The proposed change would add a new condition in section 1.3.4: IESO Control Actions (Nuclear Manoeuvres Forecasted or Occurring) to allow the IESO to curtail wheel-through transactions if a nuclear shutdown is scheduled in future hours concurrent with wheel-through transactions.
The IESO hosted a stakeholder webinar on April 28 at 10:00 am to discuss the proposal in more detail, answer questions and outline next steps.
Presentation | IMDC - Curtailment of Wheel-Through Transactions to Prevent a Nuclear Shutdown: Update and Next Steps| Q&A Document|


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Lab-Created Blue Sapphire Five Stone Ring in Sterling Silver
Item# 20020552
The Peoples Difference
Why shop Peoples?
Unique and sparkling, this fashion ring is an exciting choice for the September birthday girl. Crafted in sterling silver, this geometric design features five round lab-created blue sapphires, each shining from a hexagonal frame. Polished to a bright View product details.
Special Offers
FREE SHIPPING with Ship-to-Store
Typographic errors are subject to correction. Merchandise enlarged to show detail and may not always be exactly as pictured. Promotions, prices, styles and availability may vary by store and online.


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Entry requirements
Pass in an undergraduate degree in any academic subject or Diploma (3–5 years) with high grades in any academic subject. IELTS 5.5 (with a minimum of 5.5 in all subskills) or equivalent. INTO University of Stirling London accepts other Secure English Language Tests (SELT) including Pearson PTE
Months of entry
January, September
Course content
A full-time academic programme, the Graduate Diploma incorporates English language skills, academic study skills, postgraduate research skills, subject-specific content and an understanding of the UK education system – everything that is required for successful university study at a postgraduate level.
The programme provides a grounding in subject content with relevant English language and research skills. You will conduct a research project and dissertation as part of the programme.
You will study the following core modules:
English for Graduate StudyMost students take the full 40 credit module, depending on English language levels. The four key skill areas of reading, writing, listening and speaking are covered. Academic skills, such as sourcing materials efficiently is also included alongside preparation for various learning environments such seminars and discussion sessions.
Academic Skills and ICT for Postgraduate StudyTopics covered include: learning styles and self-appraisal; improving one's learning and performance; advanced digital literacy; application of numeracy skills; advanced reading and comprehension skills; originality and independence; analysing, critiquing and synthesising argument; and qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Extended Project and Research SkillsThe project module will draw upon the research methods required at postgraduate level and all academic skills gained during this programme. Students will focus on the proposed subject area for study at postgraduate level, allowing for a more in-depth knowledge using a problem-solving approach. You will advised and supported by your tutor throughout.
You will study the following specialist modules:
Empirical Enquiry and Critical Thought
This module covers the relationship of theoretical models to empirical studies, the ways in which primary supporting data is collected and analysed, and the philosophical grounds of rationalism and empiricism. Students will learn to examine the reliability of sources and to distinguish between good and poor reasoning. This will include some work in elementary formal logic, touching upon key fallacies and their detection. Group discussion and written assessments will allow students to develop skills in analysis, critical thinking, debating and essay writing.
Management and OrganisationThis module addresses the key principles of marketing theory and their application. It offers an introduction to marketing practices, and a critical engagement with relevant academic research and case study material. The module provides a foundation for further study, and utilises case studies as well as up-to-date academic research and practice.
Quantitative Methods in Business and Social SciencesThe module builds on core mathematics (beginning with a revision of basic algebraic methods) and focuses on the solving of economic problems, relating these to applications in the real world. These ideas are then further developed to cover more advanced mathematical concepts, including linear and non-linear functions, single variable calculus and calculus of several variables.
The module also covers basic statistical methods used by economists. This will include data presentation, descriptive statistics, basic regression analysis, time series and elementary probability theory.
Grades from the Graduate Diploma programme do not count towards your degree, but help the University to determine whether you meet the specified progression grades for direct entry to your chosen degree programme.
Assessment is both formal and informal. Assessment of your academic aptitude will be based on written assignments, group work, project work, presentations and examinations. You will also be required to submit a research project and extended dissertation. Assessment of your English language and communication skills will be based on written assignments, presentations, interviews and examinations.
Fees and funding
Qualification and course duration
Course contact details
- Name
- INTO University of Stirling London Admissions
- email@example.com
- Phone
- 00441273876040


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Air Jordan 4'89 OG White Cement,White Cement 4s For Sale
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January 12, 2011 by USA Post
KYW 1060, Mother Nature is back to her old tricks, dumping heavy snow on the Philadelphia area. KYW school closures are reported and many parents are simply keeping their children at home rather than brave the elements outside.
Philadelphia has had a hard life during the last month when it comes to snow because it is the responsibility of the mother second important element that struck the city. In addition to snow, ice also plays havvock for drivers who are slipping and sliding in all directions and the temperature is below 30 degrees. Children spend a snow day, however, could not be happier.
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


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This is how 2 referees rated Sarah:
|Hourly Rate
My lengthy experience as a schoolteacher and examining experience as a senior SATs marker means that I can give incisive advice to my tutees
I have taught (and still teach) KS2 English for sixteen years in a middle school.
I believe in establishing a rapport with my tutees and encourage them to believe in their ability to develop. I am a mother of school age children and understand the pressures of modern life and school and try to make the experience fun but productive.
Tags: Newcastle English tutor, Newcastle Primary English tutor


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Skagen Womens Anita Crystal Watch - Grey Dial & Leather Strap - Gold-Tone Case
With an understated elegance, this sleek women's Anita watch from Skagen features a gold-tone case subtly complemented by matching grey dial and leather strap.
- Gold-tone stainless steel case
- Grey leather strap
- Crystal markers
- Water resistant up to 30 meters (100 ft)
- Case size is 30 mm (approximately 1 1/4 in)
Princeton Watches is an Authorized Skagen retailer, your Skagen watch will include an International Limited Lifetime manufacturer's warranty from Skagen.
In stock items ordered by 4pm Eastern time ship the same day.
All orders $50.00 or more qualify for FREE UPS Ground delivery. Watch orders $149.00 or more qualify for FREE UPS 2nd Day Air delivery. Please note that FREE 2nd Day Air Delivery does not apply to clocks.


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THIS RESTAURANT IS CLOSED Le Biftheque Map
6705, chemin de la Côte-de-Liesse (Rue Beitl)
514-739-6336 | Make Restaurant Reservations
Use this map to THIS RESTAURANT IS CLOSED Le Biftheque to get there and back safely. If the "Get directions" pop-up does not appear, click the green arrow to get driving directions to and from this restaurant.
Find out which restaurants and chefs top the list of GAYOT's 2016 Annual Restaurant Awards.


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Barátja in English. Barátja Meaning and Hungarian to English Translation
Categories: Family and Relationships
If you want to learn barátja in English, you will find the translation here, along with other translations from Hungarian to English. We hope this will help you in learning languages.
Here is barátja meaning in English:
Check out other Hungarian translations to the English language:
Word of the Day
Sunday, July 23, 2017


text: 5 Door Estate, 4. 2L Petrol Aluminium V8, 344bhp, Red, Quattro 4 Wheel Drive, 6 Speed Short Shift Manual Gear ratio Box, FSH last one done 99k miles, MOT 29/03/2014,1 Long very careful owner and Second Owner short period, E/Windows, E/Heated Mirrors, Remote Central Locking, Radio Cassette with In Built CD Changer, S Line Bodykit with optional Aluminium Mirror Backings, Electric S-Line Recaro Heated seats, Climate Control. Alarm/Immobilizer, Tracker system fitted, Rear Parking Sensors fitted, 18 Inch Alloy wheels, Special Miltek Exhaust System fitted, Bi-xenon Headlamps, Roof Racks, Stunning Drive Lots of power. Whole History of vehicle repaired and looked after by us. £6400


text: Suffolk County's marine waters are a huge economic driver for Long Island in their contributions to tourism, commerce, fishing, recreation, and more. Safe and attractive waters play a key role in assuring the success of many of these activities. However, with an increasing frequency, we are seeing what are known as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in various areas of our Suffolk County waterbodies. Algal blooms in themselves are a natural and normal part of any healthy ecosystem, providing a primary level of food for the other organisms that live there. These blooms are considered "harmful" when they are dominated by phytoplankton species that create conditions detrimental to the other biota in the system and/or to humans. Brown tides (Aureococcus anophagefferens) in the Peconics and Great South Bay, red tides (Alexandrium fundyense and Cochlodinium polykrikoides) in Huntington and Shinnecock Bays, Dinophysis acuminate in Northport Harbor, and cyanobacteria (multiple species, which can affect fresh and salt water) are the primary examples. They can have severe economic consequences through their impacts on habitat, shellfish populations, and fisheries. Some can have serious human health impacts. Resource managers have cause for concern, the public wants and needs more information, everyone is looking for solutions, and the time is right for an update, action plan, and strategy on this evolving issue.


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Ever Heard Of Vaporized Alcohol?
As people try to find new and innovative ways to get high, trends begin to develop like the latest concept of "smoking" vaporized alcohol. This activity has recently become popular among teens and college students who want to try something new instead of simply taking shots at parties.
The trend has health care providers concerned about the possible consequences and dangers of vaporized alcohol in the hands of young people. College and high school kids are getting into smoking alcohol because it is one of the fastest ways to get the substance into your bloodstream.
Vaporized alcohol can more easily penetrate the body and reach your blood much faster than simply drinking it. While it may seem like a fast and exciting high for young people, there are a number of risks associated with it that can make it a dangerous alternative to drinking.
Methods of Vaporizing Alcohol
The people who are gaining an interest in vaporized alcohol are usually finding different methods online that allow them to smoke it. One popular method is to pour the alcohol over dry ice in a thermos water bottle and inhale it directly using a straw or a pipe.
Some people are able to make their own vaporizing kits by pouring the alcohol into a bottle and pumping air from a bike pump through a cork which vaporizes the drink. Another method is to free-base the alcohol over a flame which produces vapors for inhalation.
The trend had gained momentum in 2004 when a machine called Alcohol without Liquid or AWOL became popular but the fad declined after the product was banned in the US. Now there has been a re-emergence of vaporizing alcohol with many myths contributing to its popularity.
Many believe that smoking alcohol allows you to get drunk without consuming any calories. Teens hoping to stay thin while getting intoxicated are vaporizing alcohol based on this myth. The reality is that there are calories absorbed through the ethanol although there may not be the extra calories from sweeteners and mixers.
Risks with Inhaling Alcohol Vapors
While people may think that smoking alcohol is basically the same as drinking, the truth is that vaporized liquor can be much more dangerous than they realize. When alcohol is inhaled it bypasses the stomach and liver going from the lungs directly to the brain and the bloodstream.
The alcohol is not metabolized by the liver so it has a higher strength and more potent effect on the user when it hits the brain. The potency and strength of vaporized alcohol makes it a much higher risk for users to experience an overdose or alcohol poisoning.
Even worse, it is harder to get rid of the alcohol in the event that you do overdose. Normally people vomit to rid their body of alcohol that they've consumed but vaporized alcohol bypasses the stomach and so cannot be expelled from a person's system.This could cause serious problems and make consuming too much alcohol have lethal consequences.
Smoking alcohol can also be dangerous because of its increased potential to be addictive. Since the substance has a more rapid and intense effect compared to simply drinking alcohol, it can leave users wanting more.
The quick hit may be similar to using stimulants like cocaine or methamphetamine which can have much more addictive effects than drinking alcohol. It also may be harder for people to tell how much alcohol they have actually consumed as inhaling the vapors is much different than actually drinking the same amount. Inhaling vaporized alcohol has the potential to be highly addictive and very deadly for people who are not aware of the dangers.


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The 2017 Ford Expedition is a top-of-the-line SUV. The choices available to you are all good. It is simply a matter of finding which one suits your needs the best. This is a good looking vehicle that you and your family will enjoy. Not only that, but if you take good care of it, you can appreciate it for a long time. That is, unless you are a buyer who enjoys getting the newest model of each year.
Look under the hood, to see the EcoBoost Engine which has a 6 speed automatic transmission. The 2.3L I-4 EcoBoost engine and the 3.5L EcoBoost Engine are both designed particularly for efficiency and safety. The automatic transmission can come with a Select/Shift 6 speed automatic transmission. You can choose from a four-wheel drive or a two-wheel drive Expedition, whichever meets your needs the best.
The 2017 Ford Expedition is Ford's largest SUV. It seats 8 people and tows up to 9200 pounds because of the powerful twin-turbo V-6 engine. This full size Sport-Utility-Vehicle excels at towing heavy loads and has ample room for large families.
One reason the 2017 Ford Expedition performs so well is the fact that it is built on a sturdy chassis – body-on-frame. That is how it can outperform its best rivals in the towing category. If you need even more cargo space behind the third row, you can opt for the Expedition EL. Building a truck with a body-on-frame chassis sets you up for a ride that feels more like a truck. Maneuvering the large Ford Expedition takes some skill and it is a genuine parking challenge.
All of the accessory packages highlight safety features. Think about it. Why build a truck full of accessories that is not safe to drive? Many contemporary safety features are now standard on 2017 Ford Expedition SUVs. Features such as the Perimeter Alarm System, Blind-Spot Information and Cross Traffic Alert systems are now standard on your Ford Expedition. The Rear View camera and multiple restrain system components are excellent safety additions.
Additional packages highlight features needed for safe towing or off-road travel, or for convenience and comfort. Specific air conditioning control systems help to keep all passengers comfortable no matter where they are seated. Power entry, remote control and power lift gate release are all conveniences you will soon love. The stabilizer package improves the stability of towing and braking with a trailer.
Care and Maintenance
Taking good care of your new 2017 Ford Expedition is your responsibility. Learning what is needed can be picked up by reviewing your Owner's Manual and by talking with the folks in the Service Department for details. Visit one of the Baierl service centers and use the Baierl 360 Total Service if your 2017 Ford Expedition needs an oil change, a tune-up, state inspection, brake repair or any other regular maintenance. Highly qualified technicians will tend to whatever service your vehicle needs. One thing is certain, if you keep good records of what maintenance is needed and what routine steps are needed for excellent engine performance, you will enjoy your 2017 Ford Expedition much more.
Located in Oxford, Pennsylvania, Baierl Automotive serves North Hills, Franklin Park, Shockley, Acropolis, Mars, Cranberry, Zelienople, Butler and all of the Greater Pittsburgh Area and Western PA. With more than 12 brand names of new and used vehicles, Baierl Automotive is prepared to meet automotive needs. Go and see the 2017 Ford Expedition SUV for yourself. Take it on a test drive. You be glad you did. Driven to be better!
This entry was posted in Baierl Automotive and tagged Ford, Expedition, Ford Dealer, New Car, 2017 Ford on 01/31/2017 at 8:29 AM


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What!? Easter, this weekend. How did I miss that? Wow, I know I'm out of touch with a lot that goes on in the world, especially anything outside this continent, but Easter? It's a Christian event and if Felix hadn't said anything I would have found out via Facebook.
The only thing I think of now during the month of April is Genocide. Yesterday, April 6th marked the 18th Anniversary of the start of the Rwandan genocide. For me, it is a difficult time to be in the country. I leave Thursday. For eleven months out of the year I work with Rwandan cyclists, they are simply Rwandan. During April there is a rightful palpable sadness and melancholy. Reality of what these riders experienced eighteen years ago stands directly in the forefront. It is not that I ignore their past. I simply choose to focus on their present and future through a constant filter of remembering and accounting for past scars. As a white American in Rwanda during this month I do not want to be here. I want to show my respect to the survivors and families, yet I feel almost voyeuristic. It is their time, their moment to make peace with the past whether they are perpetrators or victims. As an American, I am embarrassed and appalled at the lack of attention we gave this country eighteen years ago. I cannot change that. I can only do what I do today.
Easter is this weekend....how very apropos.
Camp this week was different and in a good way. I've been going Mach 10 since the second week in January. We have only had one week without camp and that was the week I threw together an impromptu camp for the CNN Inside Africa segment.
Last week Kiki asked me if he could bring his three year old son, Jonathan to the last camp before we headed back to the US. I just took a deep breath. Really, a three year old at camp, no Jock, no Max I am running ragged and I cannot deal with a three year old on top of everything else. Those of you who know me know I chose not to have children, no regrets, actually not a huge fan of children. Some I totally adore, generally it tends to be the children of friends in Africa, they are significantly different than most US children. Must be the lack of video games, who knows. Something told me to say yes to Kiki and as I sit here with little Jonathan watching the 2004 Giro next to me, I am so happy I did. Not only is he a great little boy, but I have witnessed the most loving family of young men all engaged with this one little boy.
For the most part I do not see men, at least rural men in my area, engaged with their children. That is not true of this team of young men. Jonathan has been the center of attention the entire week. He had his papa and nine other uncles/brothers. The team watched him, fed him, cared for him and played with him. I have never witnessed so much love between men. I am blessed to have been a part of this week.
When I saw Jonathan watching the Giro last night with his dad and Geremie, Nicodem and Nathan's younger brother, asking Kiki question after question about the race I was amazed. Asking questions is not the norm. Trying to get the team to ask questions has taken five years. Here was Kiki's son firing away so many questions it wore his dad out. Perfect!
We may not be able to change what this team of young men have experienced in their lives, but through them we can influence the next generation. When Kiki was just a bit older than his son he was running for his life. Everything in his world was horrific. Geremie was born right after the genocide. His mother most likely pregnant during the genocide. Geremie was born into a world turned upside down. Jonathan was born into a stable world. His father has given him his full attention and has taken the time to ensure he has every opportunity.
Rwanda's next generation truly is the future and hope of this country. Perhaps Jonathan will be the next Adrien Niyonshuti 15-20 years down the road. Maybe his father will be running Team Rwanda and he will ride for his father. Now wouldn't that be something?


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Smallest rim on an 04
what is the smallest rim i can run on a 04 1500 4wd.it had 20s on it then i went with 17s that have 295/75/17 tires on them but when i go bigger i dont want to run 17s i kinda want 16s or 15s if possible so tires are cheaper.thanks
17s are the smallest on that rig, any smaller you wouldnt clear the rotors
He's the man ^^^ That is correct!!!
Smaller doesnt mean cheaper anymore.... And getting a strange size 15" or 16" to make it fit right will likely be just as high (tires are cheap online...tirerack and so on) Also, if the truck was designed to have 17"+ there was some weight calculations and tread designs figured in for wear purposes.
I bet a 15" long term costs MORE w/ it being a tall side wall, thus likely a more aggressive tread pattern (All terrain) which can mean less wear, worse gas mileage and very slightly reduced cost initially.
Did I mention I used to manage tire stores....been here, done this.
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text: In chemistry, a phosphate is any chemical that contains a group consisting of one atom of phosphorous and four of oxygen (PO4) in a tetrahedral (pyramid) configuration. Most metabolic processes in living things involve the addition and removal of phosphate ions from proteins. They are also part of the building process for hard tissues such as bones and teeth. Some organophosphates are used as pesticides.


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