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These authors contributed equally to this work.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
In a rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI), we investigated changes in cognitive function and S100A6 expression in the hippocampus. TBI-associated changes in this protein have not previously been reported. Rat S100A6 was studied via immunohistochemical staining, Western blot, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after either lateral head acceleration or sham. Reduced levels of S100A6 protein and mRNA were observed 1 h after TBI, followed by gradual increases over 6, 12, 24, and 72 h, and then a return to sham level at 14 day. Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate animal spatial cognition. TBI- and sham-rats showed an apparent learning curve, expressed as escape latency. Although TBI-rats displayed a relatively poorer cognitive ability than sham-rats, the disparity was not significant early post-injury. Marked cognitive deficits in TBI-rats were observed at 72 h post-injury compared with sham animals. TBI-rats showed decreased times in platform crossing in the daily MWM test; the performance at 72 h post-injury was the worst. In conclusion, a reduction in S100A6 may be one of the early events that lead to secondary cognitive decline after TBI, and its subsequent elevation is tightly linked with cognitive improvement. S100A6 may play important roles in neuronal degeneration and regeneration in TBI.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is very common in modern society and is associated with extremely high disability and death rates [
Many studies on the malfunction and degeneration of neurons following TBI have revealed that intracellular accumulation of calcium plays an important role in neuronal edema, apoptosis, repair, and regeneration [
S100 is widely expressed in the cell membranes, cytoplasm and nuclear membranes of various tissues. It is not known whether S100 has functional homogeneity across various tissues. An S100 protein family member called S100B was observed to be closely associated with TBI in experimental models and human patients and is even regarded as a biomarker of brain damage [
S100A6 expression was observed in the hippocampus of mouse models of brain aging and epilepsy, and in the axotomized hypoglossal nucleus of mice [
Microscope visualization showed that layers of pyramidal neurons were located in the CA2 region of the hippocampus of sham-rats (
All rats swam and found the platform. The animal swim speeds in daily MWM trials were not significantly different between sham and TBI subgroups (
The present study demonstrated that TBI-rats showed a lower expression of hippocampal S100A6 early post-injury, accompanied by relatively delayed deficiencies in spatial learning and memory. The down-regulation of S100A6 protein expression occurred as early as 1 h after TBI, followed by a gradual up-regulation across 6, 12, 24, and 72 h, and finally reaching sham-levels at 14 days (
A recent study reported for the first time that up-regulation of S100A6 in activated astrocytes may be linked to glutamate toxicity in the hippocampus of two mouse models of brain aging and epilepsy, and in the axotomized hypoglossal nucleus of one mouse model [
However, the results of the present study were not similar to the above reports. We found that there was an immediate and significant reduction in S100A6 protein and mRNA expression 1–6 h post trauma, followed by a gradually-increased expression of S100A6 across 12 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 14 days. Perhaps the increased protein expression provided biochemical substrates required for neuronal regeneration and repair. The disparity between the current study and the previous report in the literature could derive from differences in experimental models and the time-points tested.
Calcium-dependent phosphorylation of CacyBP/SIP is initiated and driven by its interactions with S100A6 [
The posttraumatic expression of S100A6 increased in TBI-rats at 72 h post-injury, even though the rats exhibited a much worse performance in MWM test. It is possible that the S100A6 protein changed dramatically prior to the factors that later influenced the animal's spatial cognition. It should be noted that there were greater standard errors in escape latency (
It is known that corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex, especially glucocorticoids, influence a variety of behaviors such as learning and memory and other cognitive activities. Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) display higher concentrations in the area of the hippocampus, a brain region involved mainly in the regulation of spatial orientation and learning [
It is known that CacyBP/SIP participates in further signal transduction after complexing with S100A6 in a calcium-dependent way [
Hence, considering the occurrence of intracellular calcium overload immediately after brain injury trauma, it is possible that S100A6 transduces the calcium overload signal to CacyBP/SIP and then initiates the degradation of β-catenin, which reduces the stability of microtubules and leads to neuronal death.
Healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (provided by the Center of Experimental Animals of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China) weighing 200 ± 20 g were maintained in an environment with constant temperature, humidity, and a 12 h light/dark cycle (light on from 07:00 to 19:00). The animals had free access to food and water. All measures were taken to minimize animal pain or discomfort. All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the National Experimental Animals Guidelines and approved by the Chinese Small Animal Protection Association.
The study design was an independent between-group study. Rats were divided into a TBI group (
TBI was induced by a lateral head acceleration device (
Both experimental and control rats were anesthetized with an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (50–60 mg/kg), and then exsanguinated by transcardial perfusion with 4 °C heparinized saline until the circulating effluent became transparent. The rats were fixed transcardially by 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 3 h, with perfusion pressure maintained at 90–95 mmHg and temperature at 37 °C. Next, each animal was decapitated and its brain was removed immediately and immersed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight. After being washed many times, brain samples were routinely dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Two micrometer thick sections were cut and dried at 8 °C for 1 h and kept at 70 °C overnight. Next, the sections were placed in boiling water at higher pressure for 2 min and 15 s. The sections were processed with SABC (StreptAvidin-Biotin Complex) and DAB (3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride) color reagent kits from Zhongshan Agent Corporation, Beijing, China as per protocols. The tissues were probed with a mouse monoclonal primary antibody against S100A6 (1:50; Abcam, Suite B2304, Cambridge, MA, USA). The negative control was incubated in 0.01 mol/L PBS. The sections were observed by light microscope.
Rats were decapitated under pentobarbital anesthesia as previously described. Hippocampal tissues were removed and homogenized in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) sample buffer (KeyGEN, Nanjing, China) containing a mixture of proteinase inhibitors. Protein samples were separated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels (4%–15% gradient gel; Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and transferred from gels to nitrocellulose membranes. Blots were blocked for 1 h in a Tris-buffered saline solution with 0.1% Tween-20 (TBST) and 5% skim milk, and then incubated overnight at 4 °C with a primary antibody against S100A6 (1:1000; mouse monoclonal, Abcam, Suite B2304, Cambridge, MA, USA). Then the blots were incubated with an HRP (Peroxidase Horseradish)-conjugated secondary antibody (1:20,000; Beijing Zhongshan Biotechnology, Bejing, China) for 1 h at room temperature. Blots were visualized by incubation in enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) Western blotting substrate solution (Pierce Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) for 1 min and followed by exposure to hyperfilm for 1–10 min. The blots were then incubated in a stripping buffer (67.5 mM Tris, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, and 0.7% β-mercaptoethanol) for 30 min at 50 °C and reprobed with a polyclonal mouse anti-β-actin antibody (1:1000; Abcam, Suite B2304, Cambridge, MA, USA) to serve as a control for sample loading. The Western blot analysis was conducted in triplicate. The density of specific bands was measured using an imaging analysis system (Fotodyne, Hartland, WI, USA) and normalized against corresponding loading controls. The ratio of S100A6 to β-actin in intensity (OD value) was regarded as the protein level for a tissue sample.
Total RNA was isolated from 107 unsorted or 2 × 105 sorted thymocytes with Tri Reagent (Beijing Zhongshan Biotechnology, Beijing, China). To generate the most sensitive and biologically relevant results, sample collection, storage, and RNA isolation were performed according to the guidelines and instructions for maximizing the yield and quality of sample RNA. The final RNA precipitate was dissolved in diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated water and the RNA content, and purity was checked by UV spectrophotometry at 260 and 280 nm. To eliminate DNA-contamination of the RNA, the samples were digested with DNase before reverse transcription. Reverse transcription was performed using 1 μg RNA/sample in the presence of 0.5 μg oligo (dT)16, M-MLV RT 1× reaction buffer (Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, WI, USA), 1 mM of each dNTP, 40 units of RNase Inhibitor, and 1 unit of M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, WI, USA), Negative controls included all of the aforementioned components except the reverse transcriptase enzyme. Primers were designed for S100A6 and GAPDH (S100A6 Forward 5′-CAGATGAGGGGAGACTCGTCA-3′; Reverse 5′-TGGCTTACACAACGCACATTC-3′ Length 154 GAPDH Forward 5′-GGCACAGTCAAGGCTGAGAATG-3′; Reverse 5′-ATGGTGGTGAAGACGCCAGTA-3′ Length 161). A Bio-Rad CFX96 Real-Time PCR machine set for 40 cycles amplified the RNA. After step 1: 95 °C for 30 s, steps two to four were repeated 40 times (step 2: 95 °C for 5 s, step 3: 60 °C for 30 s, step 4: A plate reading), before finishing with step 5: A melt curve 65 to 95 °C, incremental reduction in temperature by 0.5 °C for 5 s, and a plate reading. The relative normalized expression of S100A6 was recorded. Bio-Rad CFX Manager software (3.0 Bio-Rad Company, Hercules, CA, USA) was used to analyze the data of the real-time PCR and generate graphs.
MWM test involves forcing an animal to swim in order to find a platform hidden in the water. It measures their learning and memory capacity for spatial orientation [
Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was calculated. Graphpad Prism software (v.5.01, Graphpad software, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to analyze the data and generate the graphs. TBI- and sham-rats' performances were compared, as well as TBI subgroups. Significance level was set at
In conclusion, using a rat model of TBI, our data from immunohistochemical staining, Western blot, and RT-PCR of S100A6 all indicates that the expression of S100A6 in hippocampus is reduced significantly at 1–6 h post-injury, and then gradually returns to baseline at 14 days. These protein and mRNA changes are accompanied by a relatively delayed deficiency in spatial learning and memory. Our data seems to suggest that down-regulation of S100A6 is involved in early posttraumatic events that lead to secondary cognitive disorders. The elevation of S100A6 levels is implicated in neuronal regeneration and repair in functions. S100A6 level alterations in rat hippocampus post-TBI occurred in association with animal cognitive deficits. The conclusions of this exploratory analysis are based, however, on limited experimental findings and lack supporting causal evidence. Also, the design of the study involving multiple testing could lead to statistical errors. Moreover, in our previous publication [
The present study was supported by the funds of 2010 NSFC proposal (Item No.30971173).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Light micrograph of hippocampus sections in sham- and TBI-rats at different time-points post-injury (immunohistochemistry for S100A6). The normal structure of the hippocampus from a sham rat is depicted in (
Expression of hippocampal S100A6 protein for sham- and TBI-rats. (
Relative normalized expression of S100A6 mRNA for sham- and TBI-rats. This relative normalized expression reflects that S100A6 mRNA is down regulated greatly 1 h after trauma, reaches its lowest point at 6 h, then increases gradually over 12, 24, and 72 h, and approaches sham levels at 14 days. This value is 1.983 ± 0.3513, 1.000 ± 0.3124, 0.6022 ± 0.0822, 1.245 ± 0.2713, 1.323 ± 0.4980, 1.591 ± 0.4121, and 1.981 ± 0.2778, respectively, for the group of sham, 1 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 72 h, 2 weeks. A significant decline of relative normalized expression of S100A6 mRNA occurrs in TBI-rats compared with sham-rats from 1 to 72 h post-injury (
Swim speed (s) of sham- and TBI-rats with various survivals in daily Morris water maze (MWM) test. The animal swim-speed did not significantly differ between sham and TBI subgroups in daily MWM test (
Escape latency (cm/s) for sham- and TBI-rats in daily MWM test. All sham- and TBI-subgroups had gradually-decreased escape latencies over the consecutive 4 days MWM test, indicating a learning curve. Day1: The escape latency was 41.50 ± 7.55, 49.20 ± 6.13, 40.62 ± 7.52, and 49.81 ± 6.63, respectively, for the group of sham, 6, 24, and 72 h. Day2: The escape latency was 34.44 ± 8.14, 25.75 ± 6.93, 26.29 ± 6.69, and 42.25 ± 6.26, respectively, for these above groups. Day3: The escape latency was 26.72 ± 8.59, 18.45 ± 6.31, 26.89 ± 6.30, and 41.24 ± 6.73, respectively, for these groups. Day4: The escape latency was 15.32 ± 5.36, 23.20 ± 6.11, 26.53 ± 5.92, and 30.36 ± 6.83, respectively, for these groups. With each MWM test day, 72 h survived-rats demonstrated a significant increase in escape latency. However, TBI-rats did not have an expected and stable delay in escape latency across 6 and 24 h survival on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd day's MWM tests. On the 4th day of MWM test, an apparent gradual delay in escape latency across 6, 24, and 72 h was observed in TBI-rats. Data are presented as mean ± SEM,
Times of platform crossing in sham- and TBI-rats 3 days after the 4-day MWM trial. The value was 3.00 ± 0.38, 1.38 ± 0.67, 0.63 ± 0.26, and 0.38 ± 0.18, respectively, for the group of sham, 6, 24, and 72 h. Three days after the 4-days MWM trial, TBI-rats spent significantly less time crossing the platform than the sham rats, with larger differences observed for rats with longer survival (*
Diagram of the device to induce traumatic brain injury (TBI) by lateral head acceleration (ratio 1:1.77). (1) trigger; (2) reset nut; (3) rotational angle-determined hole at 0°; (4) rotational angle-determined hole at 30° and its bolt; (5) rotational angle-determined hole at 30°; (6) driving spring; (7) ear pin; (8) horizontal arm; (9) anterior tooth hole.


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Music For Middle-Brow Snobs: NWOBHM
NWOBHM download mix.
NWOBHM download mix.
The television show "Bones" takes on the evil of metalheads.
Death is everywhere.
The Murder of Jesus the Jew by black metallers Meads of Asphodel
Introduction to Death.
High on Fire: do we have to call it metal?
Karen Dalton, Greenwich Village folkie, and Pyha, Korean black metal, together at last.

subset: commoncrawl


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Your search for "sfrp5" returned 49 TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assays
secreted frizzled related protein 5
Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) is a member of the SFRP family that contains a cysteine-rich domain homologous to the putative Wnt-binding site of Frizzled proteins. SFRPs act as soluble modulators of Wnt signaling. SFRP5 and SFRP1 may be involved in determining the polarity of photoreceptor cells in the retina. SFRP5 is highly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium, and moderately expressed in the pancreas. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
(Human) Q5T4F7, (Human) O14780, (Human) Q86TH7, (Mouse) Q9WU66, (Mouse) Q8K269
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In recent years, composites fatigue testing has rapidly moved from a research interest to a critical commercial requirement, but the cost - in terms of machine time - remains a significant challenge to commercial testing The wind energy industry has led this demand, but aerospace and automotive sectors are defining their own needs in this area and fatigue performance is expected to become an additional qualification requirement for their composite materials and assemblies.
Cyclic loading of composites dissipates a considerable amount of energy, which results in "self-heating" of specimens. Not only can this cause specimen temperature to rise by more than 20 °C in the wrong test conditions, but this varies during the course of a test, and is rarely repeatable from one specimen to the next. Standard practice demands a single low frequency (typically 3 to 5 Hz) for all tests in order to avoid overheating, but that means very long and expensive test schedules. Temperature has a major effect on results since the performance of these materials is far more temperature sensitive than that of metals. Unfortunately, the fact that specimens generate heat internally means that there is always an offset from the surrounding environment, so temperature rise is not actually controlled even when working in a chamber. In response to this demand, Instron® developed a unique control solution that typically gives more than a 25% time saving for a composite S-N dataset and can maintain specimen temperature to within ± 0.5 °C of a specified target.
Specimen Self-Heating Control in WaveMatrix™ dynamic test software accepts an input of specimen temperature, which is used in a sophisticated outer-loop control of test frequency*. The user sets the target test temperature and the system then automatically adjusts the live test frequency (within user-specified limits) to achieve it. This means that at low stress levels, where each specimen survives millions of cycles, the frequency can be increased to greatly reduce the test time. Conversely, at high stress levels (where each test is several orders of magnitude shorter) the frequency must often be reduced to prevent excessive heating, but this has little effect on the overall time for the S-N dataset.
Instron asked the UK National Composites Certification and Evaluation Facility at Manchester University (NCCEF) to assess the comparability of results by producing an S-N data set using their standard method followed by a complete repetition on the same batch of material using Specimen Self-Heating Control. In two separate trials on commercial epoxy pre-preg materials with carbon fiber and e-glass fibre reinforcement (respectively), NCCEF found that the logarithmic data fitting coefficients were almost identical and that specimen temperature variation was reduced from ± 4 °C during a test to a range of less than ± 0.5 °C. On the carbon fiber reinforced material, the batch time was reduced by 15 machine-days on a total time of 55 days.
For the test laboratory struggling to fulfil demand for composites S-N curve generation, Specimen Self-Heating control offers exceptional value – the price of this small software extension can enable each machine to handle over 35% more tests.
*Thermocouples or non-contact transducers can be used.
WaveMatrix™ is intelligent software designed for fatigue and dynamic testing of materials and components. It delivers flexibility - run everything from a simple static ramp, to cyclic waveforms through to complex multi-step, multi-axial tests
The highly visual environment with integrated tabular screens, clear menu structures, time-based matrix test preview and
configurable live test workspace is designed to be intuitive and instill confidence. Packed with intelligent features, such as data
reduction and built-in project organization, designed to simplify your testing.
The ElectroPulsTM E1000 is a state-of-the-art, all-electric test instrument designed for dynamic
and static testing on a wide range of materials and components. It includes Instron® advanced
digital control electronics, DynacellTM load cell, Console software, and the very latest in testing
technology – hassle-free tuning based on specimen stiffness, electrically operated crosshead
lifts, a T-slot table for flexible test set ups, and a host of other user-orientated features. Powered
from a single-phase supply it requires no additional utilities for basic machine operation (for
example, pneumatic air, hydraulics, or water).
Increase the throughput and consistency of your composites and polymers testing by optimizing the test frequency with the Specimen
Self-Heating Control. This powerful add-on is specific for WaveMatrix™ Software.
Composites and various other materials are prone to significant self-heating effects during cyclic loading, but their performance also shows strong temperature dependence. This has traditionally led to fatigue testing at very low frequencies to minimize specimen heating and the resultant degradation in mechanical properties. A test run for a single S/N dataset could mean weeks of machine time.
Specimen Self-Heating Control can significantly reduce this, while providing previously unachievable confidence in test temperature.
This patented system achieves and maintains a specified test temperature by varying test frequency in response to a specimen
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Self-similar propagation of linearly chirped hyperbolic-secant pulses in a comblike decreasing-dispersion fiber amplifier has been observed experimentally for the first time to our knowledge. The scheme takes advantage of an exact solution of the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation with distributed coefficients.
© 2006 Optical Society of AmericaFull Article | PDF Article
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How Do Muslims View Jesus Christ? (4 of 11) by Stan Coffey
This content is part of a series.How Do Muslims View Jesus Christ? (4 of 11)
Stan Coffey
I John 2:22-23
If you'll notice on your outline we're looking at the subject "How Do Muslims View Christ?", and that is lesson four in the study of Islam: What You Need To Know Now. Now the first passage that you see on your outline is from I John 2:22-23. If you want to learn who Christ is, the nature of Christ, read the gospel of John and read John's letters, first, second and third John. These are the greatest statements about Christ along with Paul's word in Colossians and Philippians. John says "Who is the liar? It is the man who denies that Jesus is the Christ. Such a man is the Antichrist - he denies the Father and the Son. No one who denies the Son has the Father; whoever acknowledges the Son has the Father also." So the man who denies Christ is an Antichrist. The word Antichrist not only refers to a man, but it refers to a spirit. It refers in a larger sense to all those who do not accept Jesus as their Savior, as the diving Son of God. In that sense they are anti Christ, that is, they substitute something instead of Christ. The word anti can mean against or the word anti can mean instead of. So just keep that in mind when it says "such a man is the Antichrist - he denies the Father and the Son."
Now notice this - "no one who denies the Son has the Father; whoever acknowledges the Son has the Father also." Now what does this mean? It means that unless you accept Jesus as God you can't come to the Father. There are people in many religions who acknowledge Jesus was a prophet, but they don't acknowledge Jesus was God come to the earth in human flesh. Yet they claim they know God. But the New Testament clearly says here if you reject one then you reject the other. If you reject the Son then you reject the Father. If you claim to have the Father and don't have the Son then you have the spirit of Antichrist. So that's a very important statem ...
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A study of the relations between large dimensionless numbers leads one to believe that G, expressed in atomic units, varies with the epoch. The Einstein theory requires G to be constant. One can reconcile these two requirements by supposing that the Einstein theory applies with a metric that differs from the atomic metric. The theory can be developed with conservation of mass by supposing that the continual increase in the mass of the observable universe arises from a continual slowing down of the velocity of recession of the galaxies. One is led to a model of the Universe that was first proposed jointly by Einstein & de Sitter (the E.S. model). The observations of the microwave radiation fit in with this model. The static Schwarzchild metric has to be modified to fit in with the E.S. model for large r. The modification is worked out, and also the motion of planets with the new metric. It is found that there is a difference between ephemeris time and atomic time, and also that there should be an inward spiralling of the planets, referred to atomic units, superposed on the motion given by ordinary gravitational theory. These are effects that can be checked by observation, but there is no conclusive evidence up to the present.
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Our homes are all different from one another, which means there has to be a large variety of window treatment design. What happens when those options become overwhelming or confusing? Some of us might settle and buy whichever window covering to save ourselves the headache. Don't settle for anything but chic shades!
We are going to help you select chic shades for these four common styles: Traditional, Modern, Contemporary, and Eclectic. For you lofty people out there-we included an industrial style bonus, too!
1. Traditional
We chose draperies for the traditional look because they are a classic window treatment. Timeless and elegant, drapes will always be in style. They help your room feel taller if you install them close to your ceiling, and can also help your windows seem much larger if you let them fall on either side instead of directly in front. Maybe you'd like to buy curtains but aren't sure how to take care of them? Don't worry, we also have some tips to help them last for years!
2. Modern
Modern design is sleek, simple and functional. Cellular shades are perfect for the modern home! They are very versatile-coming in the traditional up/down shades, or the non-convectional top down/bottom up shades. You also have a cordless option for safety and function. They are best known for their insulating properties and come in single-celled (for slight insulation), or double-celled (for maximum insulation).
3. Contemporary
Maybe you fall somewhere in between the traditional and modern styles? Contemporary design is new like modern, and cozy like traditional. Woven wood shades go great with this style because they are classic shaped shades with a nontraditional material. The wood does an awesome job in making the room feel cozy and warm with its natural tones. We offer a wide variety of wood tones from light to dark.
4. Eclectic
For all you quirky people out there: Are you creative and love to mix and match furniture? Then eclectic the the perfect style for you! We thought roman shades were a great match for this design style because they are fun and come in different shapes. Some are European and elegant or Colonial and classic. Our designer series are great for a more modern-eclectic mix. Check them out and choose a style that fits your home!
5. Bonus: Industrial
Abandoned factories are being turned into lofts in big cities-something that has been happening for a while now. The interior design of such lofts are usually very industrial and modern with dark woods and leather, exposed brick and steel, and a lot of large windows. Roller shades, also known as solar shades, are a fantastic pick for these places. They can span large distances and are pretty lightweight. Solar shades can offer the privacy you need during the night and light filtering, or room darkening, you want during the day.
The window coverings chosen for each design type is not the only kind you can choose from. Remember, these are simply guides to help you understand each design style so you can choose a shade that goes well with your home interior. Share this post and help your friends, too! Which design style do you prefer?


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The fun starts next Friday, April 29!!
There will be festival performers ~ jugglers, stilt walkers, uni-cyclists, ribbon twirlers ~ strolling throughout the downtown area on Friday evening. Music, magic, a scavenger hunt, family game night at Keeler Tavern, a catwalk on Bailey Avenue featuring the spring fashions available here in Ridgefield and more will also be happening on our streets.
The fun continues on Saturday, April 30… with a chalk festival on Main Street featuring famous artist, Hani Shihada, open houses at the Ridgefield Fire Department and the new Ridgefield Visiting Nurse Association, nancy O's famous petting zoo, race cars at Georgetown Autobody and more!
Also, many of the local merchants and organizations will be hosting events of their own during the Stroll so be sure to stop-in and see all that is happening in downtown Ridgefield!
Be sure to head to the Lounsbury House on Saturday and Sunday for the Ridgefield's Gone County BBQ event!
For updates, please visit our website or Facebook page.
Here is the schedule of events for the 2016 Spring Stroll:


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Lately, there has been much debate about the plan for the new University Medical Center in New Orleans and the proposed benefits of scrapping the long-deliberated efforts to build a new, state-of-the-art facility to succeed Charity Hospital in favor of a proposal to expand existing facilities owned by Tulane University. As the purported merits of this latest idea are still being vetted, one important question is missing from the debate: What about our veterans?
As you may already know, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs is in the early stages of rebuilding a new, state-of-the-art VA hospital in downtown New Orleans to replace the former location that was lost in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. This new VA hospital and the current UMC plan go hand-in-hand in the form of a unique partnership that has been intended from the beginning. If this plan is abandoned, many of the anticipated benefits to veterans would be compromised.
Per the original plan, the two hospitals were slated to be located directly across the street from one another, making it easy to share space and resources. As both hospitals are to be teaching hospitals, the two can double their influence to recruit top-level medical professionals to maximize their innovative research and treatment potential. Without such close proximity, these and many other benefits will be lost and the long-term care of our veterans and the community at large will lose an important edge.
As a combat-wounded Vietnam War veteran, I am passionate when it comes to supporting our veterans. I believe our veterans have earned the right to receive the highest level of care available. This height can be achieved if the partnership with the new VA hospital and UMC is supported and allowed to reach its full potential, without the delay of deliberation on a plan with limited scope and short-term focus.
Lane A. Carson, secretary
Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs
Baton Rouge


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Can I use my account for more than one website?Asked by dedmonds on November 16, 2016 at 07:40 PM
We run a couple of different non-profits, can I use this account to make forms for both sites?
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I'll admit I'm already worn out with this month's Intentional Play theme. Easter's a much bigger holiday than any of the others we've included so far and with an abundance of craft and activities, our little house has been littered with (plastic/cardboard) eggs, fluffy chicks and rabbits. The eggs and chicks above were my well-lets-see-if-this-works centrepiece for an Easter dinner with friends. I adore the subtle green of that egg in the middle although these are really a great big Pinterest fail after attempting ombre eggs and those suckers just not standing up in a cup and my dyes not being serious enough for the job.
In an attempt to avoid a diabetic coma, I've included all manner of non-consumables in our Easter Egg hunt. These little chicks aren't all that durable (eeep, scary faceless chicks!) but they added some serious cute to the festivities. Dear Boy cradled them ever so gently in his chubbsy little
Even trying to cut down, we still ended up with a metric crap-tonne of chocolate. Family and friends kept appearing with shiny, foiled-wrapped bunnies and eggs. Now my wardrobe is housing the bulk of the leftovers and will soon be (mostly) rehoused to the work kitchenette where they'll be devoured by hangry academics in search of sugar.
That poor boy of mine crashed pretty hard after an egg or two right after breakfast and was parked in front of a happy, cheery music DVD until he calmed the eff down. Afterwards we took down the toilet-roll bunnies he'd helped me make last week and he discovered the most definitely non-chocolate bits and pieces I'd hidden in the middle: a small stash of crayons and a few printed Easter Bilby pictures for colouring and drawing all over. Perfect for a little vegemite in need of a few sugar-free moments of calm.
Have you had a very chocolate-y Easter? Do you have any non-chocolate Easter traditions (I'm on the look out for more of those for next year)?


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Gav and Steve went to the same school. They weren't friends. Their paths diverged for a few years, but now they're working in the same pub. Gav is assistant manager, while Steve is a barman paying his way through a master's degree.
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What Bob & Christine Talked About Today: "The Recipe For Radiance"
"Recipe For Radiance"
Author Alexis Wolfer joined us this am with some awesome health and beauty tips to do right in our own kitchen to help your body inside and out!
Want to go to the movies this weekend?
Harry Medved from Fandango recommends "Draft Day" & "Rio 2"
You WON'T believe who Katy Perry is dating?!
Rapper Riff Raff...what?!?
Mike Aresta from "Hell's Kitchen" joined us this am also!
He is the latest castoff from the show. He said his goal is to open his own new restaurant next May in his home town...go Mike!
Nearly Impossible Question: 1 in 5 women do this before a big night out...what is it?
The Answer: Talk to themselves in the mirror
Selena Gomez: Mom and Dad you're fired!
Selena has ditched mom and dad who have been managing her since her Dinsey days. TMZ says "she believes she's now old enough -- and famous enough -- to have a seasoned professional manager with other A-list clients, family friction was NOT the reason for the split."
Miley is on the cover of "Seventeen" and not too happy about it!
Miley ended up on the cover even though she didn't even do an interview with the magazine. Cyrus' people feel "Seventeen" readers are too young for Miley's image.
A source close to Miley's team told Women's Wear Daily, "She's very, very selective when it comes to magazine covers. Miley declined Seventeen and denied being a part of it, completely.&rdquo


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Join Date: Oct 2004
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|I just want to say something about the idea of having more children so they won't be alone after the parents die. I hear this a lot as a reason not to have an only and it doesn't make sense to me. I don't feel that this is fully thought through or fair reasoning as given.
Originally Posted by EllieB
I always found this odd to say too. My mom is an only child and when her mom passes away she will still have her 5 kids and my dad and her own friends to support her. BUT, the way she feels she will be "alone" is that no one else will share her memories anymore. None of us were around during her childhood, no one knows exactly what it was like having her mom as a mother, none of us will be able to truly understand her grief although we all of course will be grieving too. So would it be easier with a sibling? No I don't think so, except she'd have people around to carry on the connection with her childhood.
Kim ~mom to one awesome dd (12)
Karin - breastfeeding , cloth diapering: , cosleeping ;, homeschooling , babywearing !, AP Mama to Martin, Ivy Rose, Patrick and Neva , wife to Kevin
Originally Posted by happyhippiemama
I loved loved loved being an only child. As I became an adult, and started seeing the very special adult sibling relationships that my friends have, I admit to feeling a pang of - I dunno - not quite envy - a resignation, maybe?? that I would never experience or truly understand that type of relationship.
|So, i was this miracle, this enormous answer to prayer. I hated that all my life.
Originally Posted by sohj
If it isn't one thing, it is another.
I was an only.
I was and am fairly unhappy with my childhood.
Was it because I was an only child?
Oh, for crying out loud! Of course not! That has nothing to do with it. It is just incidental, not causual.
And I know several happy only children. And I know several unhappy ones. And the same goes for people from big families.
It all depends on the raising.
You can't plan everything, you just have to take it one day at a time. If the family feels right to you, it probably is.
Mom to two boys, ages 8 and 11, and one blessing due May 8th.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Originally Posted by awnja
Juliacat, you really seem to have a good grip on who you are and why. Yes, I plan to intentionally fix my attention beyond my little one.
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Back in May Vavolo released quite delicious USB drives of the shapes of hamburger,hotdog,pizza for the data hungry people now again Vavolo has released some interesting designs in USB storage devices like of Camera USB drive, Bear bottle USB drive,Oil drum USB drive,cell phone USB drive and many more .
The designs are quite interesting aren't they, I would definitely want to have one if i got a chance somehow, btw if you interested in the pricing then go to Vavolo product page where prices and device specifications are available for bulk orders.
Check Out Related Posts:
That's funny man, I've never seen anything like that before. hahahaha Good stuff
very creative drives 🙂
i like the chocolate donut!! It seems so delicious!


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City Gives JFK Conspiracy Theorist Robert Groden 14-Day Reprieve, Which Means He'll Be Back at Dealey Plaza Perch Saturday Morning
On a related note, while I was doing some Dealey Plaza research I came across this original 1939 sketch in the city's archives.
Finally, the city of Dallas sends word. It has no Official Comment on the federal suit Robert Groden filed against the city on Wednesday, in which he says he was jailed for nine hours in mid-June for selling his Kennedy conspiracy-theory wares in Dealey Plaza -- something he's done for, oh, 15 years till the city yet again decided to put a stop to it. But I did just hear from Alex Tandy, the Fort Worth attorney representing Groden, who says Tuesday's hearing concerning the temporary restraining order has been put off for two weeks.
Tandy received a letter from Assistant City Attorney James Butt, who wrote that in exchange for a 14-day delay, "the City of Dallas will forebear enforcement of respective provisions of state and city laws concerning Mr. Groden's vending activities in the Dealey Plaza area until the court rules on the hearing. This agreement does not extend to enforcement actions against obstruction of sidewalks and roadways and trespass on private property."
Tandy's delighted with this good news, no matter how temporary: "The city will not harass or try to arrest him for the next two weeks, while they try to get material together," he says, "so Robert will be out there hawking his wares starting this afternoon, if it isn't raining like a cow peeing on a flat rock." And since it is right now, more than likely Groden will return to his perch tomorrow morning starting at 11. I might go say hi, then get a cupcake.
"And if the city doesn't back off from trying to enforce this [permanently]," says Tandy, "I think we'll go to trial."
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Do You Exchange Gifts to Get What You Really Wanted?
If you're a fan of Friends like I am, you might remember that Rachel Green is a notorious gift exchanger. Almost always when gifted a present from friends or family, Rachel rushed to exchange it for something she really wanted.
Obviously, her little exchanging operation backfired more than a couple times, when she was called out for being insensitive and rude by more than one of her five closest pals. Of course, in Rachel's defense, if the gifts were truly going to waste, an exchange was probably a good way to ensure that the gifter's money wasn't totally lost on something that was never going to be used. But, if the giver ever asks to see you wear the scarf she gave you, and all you have to show for it are the new earrings you traded the scarf in for? Well, then you might be in trouble.
Sure, exchanging might be a thrifty way to get yourself what you actually wanted for Christmas, but does that mean you do it? Tell me, do you exchange to get what you really want or maybe even something you need?


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7/24/2017 » 7/27/2017AAEEBL Annual Conference
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The Open Access Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh
- Elwin Jefferson
- 1 years ago
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1 The Open Access Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh As from January 2010 The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh (IJA) will be published exclusively as an on-line Open Access (OA) quarterly accessible by all AquacultureHub (http://www.aquaculturehub.org) members and registered individuals and institutions. Please visit our website (http://siamb.org.il) for free registration form, further information and instructions. This transformation from a subscription printed version to an on-line OA journal, aims at supporting the concept that scientific peer-reviewed publications should be made available to all, including those with limited resources. The OA IJA does not enforce author or subscription fees and will endeavor to obtain alternative sources of income to support this policy for as long as possible. Editor-in-Chief Dan Mires Editorial Board Sheenan Harpaz Zvi Yaron Angelo Colorni Agricultural Research Organization Beit Dagan, Israel Dept. of Zoology Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv, Israel National Center for Mariculture, IOLR Eilat, Israel Published under auspices of The Society of Israeli Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology (SIAMB), University of Hawaii at Manoa Library and University of Hawaii Aquaculture Program in association with AquacultureHub Rina Chakrabarti Ingrid Lupatsch Jaap van Rijn Spencer Malecha Daniel Golani Emilio Tibaldi Copy Editor Ellen Rosenberg Aqua Research Lab Dept. of Zoology University of Delhi Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea, UK The Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture Israel Dept. of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences University of Hawaii The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel Udine University Udine, Italy ISSN X Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - BAMIGDEH. PUBLISHER: Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - BAMIGDEH - Kibbutz Ein Hamifratz, Mobile Post 25210, ISRAEL Phone:
2 134 The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh 54(3), 2002, FIELD REPORT EFFECT OF DIETS WITH PROTEIN FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES ON THE GROWTH OF GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS K.N. Mohanta* and S. Subramanian ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa, Goa , India (Received , Accepted ) Key words: Carassius auratus, diets, growth, protein sources Abstracts Four isoproteinous (40% crude protein) feeds (based on chicken liver, lean shrimp meal, mussel meal or squid meal) were fed to goldfish, Carassius auratus, of 4.61±0.427 g for 30 days at 10% of their body weight. The effect of the feeds on growth performance were compared with two commercial feeds, Brine Shrimp Flake and Tubifex Worm (59% crude protein each). There were no significant differences in food conversion ratio or specific growth rate between the treatments. The protein efficiency ratios (PER) of all the formulated feeds were significantly better than that of the Brine Shrimp Flake and the PER of the diets based on mussel and squid meal were also significantly better than Tubifex Worm. The weight increment with Tubifex Worm was significantly highest of all the treatments. Considering the nutritional parameters and cost of producing one kilogram of fish, the diet based on lean shrimp meal was the best. The cost of producing one kilogram fish using the formulated feeds ranged Rs Using Brine Shrimp Flake and Tubifex Worm, the costs were Rs and Rs per kg, respectively. The cost of goldfish rearing can be appreciably reduced by using feeds prepared with locally available protein sources. The crude protein level of 40% was sufficient for the goldfish, as the PER of the fish fed the formulated feeds was better than that of the fish fed the commercial feeds. * Corresponding author. Tel.: , /9, fax: ,
3 Effect of diets with different protein sources on growth of goldfish 135 Introduction There is a growing demand for ornamental fish in several countries of the world. The world ornamental fish trade is about US$5 billion at present (pers. info.) with a growth rate of 10% per annum. Asian countries are estimated to have a share of about 60% of the world trade. The major exporting countries in Asia are Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Maldives, Thailand and Hong Kong. In some countries like India, even though the potential for expanding the ornamental fish trade is very high due to their vast natural resources and species diversity, the present level of exploitation is only 1% of the global trade. The main problem limiting the development of the aquarium fish trade is the non-availability of low-cost high-quality feed in many of the countries that are venturing into this important field of business. Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to study the economic and nutritional effectiveness of four formulated feeds prepared with different locally available animal protein sources, compared to two locally available commercial feeds, on the growth performance of one of the most popular ornamental fish, the goldfish Carassius auratus. Materials and Methods Preparation of formulated feeds. Four isoproteinous feeds, designated T1, T2, T3 and T4, were prepared from dried chicken liver meal, lean shrimp meal, green mussel meal and squid meal, respectively, in addition to groundnut oil cake and fishmeal as the main protein sources. The other ingredients used in the preparation of these feeds were constant in all the feeds. The composition of the feeds is shown in Table 1. The chicken liver, mussel meat and squid were collected from the market in wet condition; the lean shrimp was obtained in sundried form. The ingredients, except for the mineral and vitamin mixture and vegetable oil, were oven dried for 24 hours at 60ºC, then Table 1. Ingredients (%) of the formulated goldfish feeds. Ingredients T1 T2T3 T4 Chicken liver Shrimp meal Mussel meal Squid meal Fishmeal Groundnut cake Wheat bran Maize Mineral and vitamin mix Oil Binder
4 136 Mohanta and Subramanian powdered and screened through fine mesh strainers. The powdered ingredients were evenly mixed with a grinder mixer and pellets of 3 mm were prepared with a hand pelletizer. The prepared feeds were first sun dried and then oven dried at 60ºC for eight hours in aluminum trays. The feeds were kept in airtight polyethylene bags costing Rs per bag. Previous experiments (unpublished) revealed that such feeds could be kept at room temperature in such bags up to six months without deterioration of the nutritional quality. Two commercial freeze-dried feeds, vacuum packed in pouches, were procured from the local aquarium shop. Tubifex Worm was designated Control 1 (C1) and Brine Shrimp Flake was designated Control 2 (C2). The proximate compositions of the formulated and control feeds are presented in Table 2. Stocking and feeding. Two hundred goldfish, Carassius auratus, of the veil tail variety (4.61±0.427 g) were procured from the local aquarium shop. They were treated with 3% common salt for 15 min in a quarantine tank and then transferred to two 1000 l fiberglass reinforced plastic tanks containing water that was disinfected by a mild treatment of acriflavin. The fish were conditioned for seven days during which time they were fed a commercial diet different from those used in the experiment. Sufficient aeration was supplied. After conditioning, ten healthy and approximately uniform-sized (in weight) fish were stocked into each of 18 experimental tanks containing 200 l water. They were fed at 10% of their body weight for 30 days. The 10% feeding level was chosen after testing different feeding levels (2%, 5%, 10% and 15%) prior to the beginning of the experiment. It was observed that, up to the 10% level, all the given feed was consumed by the fish within min. The feed quantity was determined on a dry weight basis after deducting the moisture content. The fish were weighed every 15 days and the quantity of feed was adjusted for each experimental tank. Fish were fed twice daily at 11:00 and 16:00. All treatments and controls were replicated three times. Optimal hygienic conditions in the experimental tanks were maintained by changing 20% of the water volume each day. Water quality parameters were analyzed once a week (APHA, 1985). The proximate compositions of the feeds were analyzed by AOAC (1990). The gross energy value was determined using a 1341 Parr Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter. Table 2. Proximate composition (%) of the formulated and commercial feeds. Chicken Shrimp Mussel Squid Tubifex Brine Shrimp liver meal meal meal Worm Flake (T1) (T2) (T3) (T4) (C1) (C2) Dry matter Total ash Acid insoluble ash Crude protein Crude fat Crude fiber Energy (Kcal/g feed)
5 Effect of diets with different protein sources on growth of goldfish 137 Computation of nutritional indices and statistical analysis. The food conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were computed using standard methods (De Silva and Anderson, 1995). The food conversion ratio was calculated according to FCR = quantity of dry feed given/wet weight gain of fish. The specific growth rate was calculated according to SGR = (lnw f - lnw i )/(t 2 - t 1 ) x 100, where W f = final mean weight, W i = initial mean weight and (t 2 - t 1 ) = duration of experiment (30 days). The protein efficiency ratio was computed according to PER = weight gain/protein fed. The data were subjected to ANOVA (Snedecor and Cochran, 1968) for testing the statistical significance. Results There was no mortality caused by disease and no incidence of abnormalities in any of the treatments throughout the experimental period. Water quality was maintained within the optimal range for the growth of the fish. Growth performance is shown in Table 3. Only weight was considered in determining growth. The total length was not taken into account since there is much variation in the initial length of the tail of the veil tail goldfish variety used in the study. The FCR was best in C1, followed by C2, T3, T4, T1 and T2. However, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in FCR among the treatments or between the treatments and the controls. Similarly, there were no signifi- Table 3. Comparative growth and costs using six goldfish feeds. Chicken Shrimp Mussel Squid Tubifex Brine Shrimp liver meal meal meal Worm Flake (T1) (T2) (T3) (T4) (C1) (C2) Weight increment (g) 6.30b 5.73b 6.11b 6.70b 9.26a 6.54b FCR 1.85a 1.89a 1.81a 1.83a 1.46a 1.72a Specific growth rate 2.810a 2.835a 2.783a 2.706a 3.781a 3.170a Protein efficiency ratio 1.343ab 1.322ab 1.376a 1.364a 1.164bc 0.995c Cost of ingredients for 1 kg feed (Rs.) Cost of 1 kg feed (Rs.)* Cost of producing kg fish (Rs.) * Cost of one kilogram feed = cost of ingredients + cost of packaging + cost of preparation. Cost of packaging = Rs. 1.50; cost of preparation = Rs For convenience, cost of packaging and preparing one kilogram feed is calculated as Rs in this table. Labor costs are not included in the production costs as any family member can spare an hour or so of their leisure time to prepare the feed.
6 138 Mohanta and Subramanian cant differences (p>0.05) in SGR among the treatments or between the treatments and the controls. All the treatments had significantly better (p 0.05) PER than that of C2 but there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in PER between the treatments. The PER of T3 and T4 were significantly better (p 0.05) than that of C1 but there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between those of T1, T2 and C1. The weight increment was significantly best (p 0.05) in C1 but there were no significant differences (p>0.05) between T1-4 and C2. The costs of one kilogram of each of the formulated feeds and the costs of producing one kilogram fish using these feeds are much lower than those of the commercial feeds. Water quality parameters were within the optimal ranges (Table 4). Discussion Singh (1991) reported that the protein requirements of cultivated carps Cyprinus carpio, C. carpio spawn and fry, Labeo rohita spawn and fry, L. rohita fry and fingerlings, Cirrhinus mrigala fry, C. mrigala fingerlings and Catla catla fry were 31-38%, 45%, 45%, 40%, 45%, 40% and 47%, respectively. Sen et al. (1978) obtained maximum growth of common carp spawn, fry and fingerlings, and rohu fry with diets containing 45% protein and 26% carbohydrate (dextrin) within the temperature range of 24-32ºC. As goldfish belong to the carp family (Cyprinidae), a protein level of 40% was tried in the present study. Lochmann and Phillips (1994) observed the best weight gain and feed efficiency when goldfish were fed diets containing 28.9% protein or more and reared in a water temperature of 25±2ºC for 6-8 weeks. Diets containing protein from more than one source performed better than diets containing protein from a single source (Bardach et al., 1972; Sehgal and Thomas, 1985). In agreement with this finding, the feeds formulated for this study, which contained three protein sources, resulted in satisfactory performance in all nutritional indices. Perhaps all the essential amino acids required for optimum growth were provided when more than one protein source was used in the feeds. The effects of protein content vary with species (Dabrowski, 1979). Steffens (1981) and Jauncy (1982) found that FCR and PER Table 4. Water quality parameters during goldfish feeding trials. Chicken Shrimp Mussel Squid Tubifex Brine Shrimp liver meal meal meal Worm Flake (T1) (T2) (T3) (T4) (C1) (C2) Temperature (ºC) ph DO (ppm) NH 4 + (ppm) NO 2 - (ppm) NO 3 - (ppm) Alkalinity (mmol/l)
7 Effect of diets with different protein sources on growth of goldfish 139 decreased as the dietary protein content increased. Tabachek (1986) observed a decrease in PER and net protein retention with an increase in the dietary protein level and a constant level of dietary lipid. In agreement with earlier work, in the present study the PER of all the treatments were significantly better than that of C2 and the PER of two of the treatments were significantly better than that of C1, even though the crude protein level increased from 40% (in the treatments) to 59% (in the controls). There were no significant differences in FCR and SGR between the treatments and the controls. In the present study, the crude protein level of the commercial diets was 59% because that is the protein content of all the locally available commercial feeds for ornamental fish. From the results, it is evident that 40% protein is sufficient for goldfish. In an experiment testing temperatures ranging ºC, Kestemont (1995) obtained the best SGR when goldfish larvae were reared at 28.0ºC. In the present study, although no special care was taken to maintain temperature, it ranged ºC, which is optimum for growth. Tacon and Cowey (1985) found a positive correlation between SGR and dietary protein requirements (g per kg body weight per day). The growth rate correlated to the daily protein consumption, irrespective of the dietary lipid content in red tilapia (De Silva et al., 1991) and chinook salmon (Silver et al., 1991). In the present study, the SGR was better with the control diets than with the formulated diets although there were no significant differences (p>0.05) among them. Abi-Ayad and Kestemont (1994) fed goldfish larvae three diets: Artemia nauplii only, 50% Artemia nauplii plus 50% dry feed, and dry feed only. After two weeks, the group fed Artemia nauplii achieved the highest growth rate. It was followed by the group fed 50% Artemia nauplii and 50% dry feed and, finally, the group fed the dry feed. Mills et al. (1993) used three diets for goldfish (C. auratus) larvae: Artemia nauplii sp., a commercial trout grower pellet, and a commercial artificial liquid fry food. They obtained the best performance with Artemia nauplii and suggested that the use of Artemia nauplii, though costly, is justified by the excellent growth performance of the larvae in terms of length and weight increments, percent survival and deformity rate. However, in the present study, the use of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) flakes yielded no significantly better growth performance than the formulated feeds. Since the costs of producing the formulated feeds were much lower than those of the commercial feeds, the cost of goldfish rearing can be reduced substantially and hobbyist and aquarium fish traders will earn more profit if the formulated feeds are used. The cost of producing one kilogram fish biomass was lowest with T2 (shrimp meal based diet) and highest with C1 (Tubifex Worm). Regarding all nutritional parameters, T2 was statistically equal or better than T1, T3, T4 and the controls (except for weight increment in C1). Therefore, taking growth performance into consideration as well as cost of rearing, it can be concluded that the lean shrimp meal based diet was the best diet and it is suggested for use as feed for ornamental fish. With each of the formulated feeds, more than 100% growth was achieved within one month of rearing. Hence, aquarium fish traders can rear small fish for about one month using one of the formulated feeds, obtain fish weighing twice or more the original weight and sell them at a much higher price because bigger aquarium fish command better prices than smaller ones. Fish weighing 5 g sell at Rs. 20 whereas fish weighing 10 g fetch Rs in the local market. At the same time, there is not much price difference (<Rs. 5) between fish weighing 10.6 g and those weighing 13.8 g. The equipment used to prepare the feeds used in the present study is readily available to hobbyists and small scale aquarium fish traders. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to Dr. D.G. Dhandar, Director, ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa, Dr. R.N.S. Sundaram, Senior Scientist (Animal Nutrition) and Dr. B.K. Swain, Scientist (Poultry Science) for their help and encouragement.
8 140 Mohanta and Subramanian References Abi-Ayad A. and P. Kestemont, Comparison of the nutritional status of goldfish (Carassius auratus) larvae fed with live, mixed and dry diet. Aquaculture, 128(1-2): AOAC, Official Methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th ed. Assoc. Official Analytical Chemists Inc., Arlington pp. APHA, Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th ed. Am. Public Health Assoc., Inc., Washington, DC pp. Bardach J.E., Rhyth J.H. and W.O. Mcharney, Aquaculture: the Farming and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Animals. Whiley Interscience, Sydney and Toronto. Dabrowski K., Feeding requirements of fish particular attention of common carp. A review. Poland Arch. Hydrobiol., 26: De Silva S. and T.A. Anderson, Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. Chapman and Hall Aquacult. Ser. 1, London. 319 pp. De Silva S.S., Gunasekara R.M. and K.F. Shim, Interaction of varying dietary protein and lipid levels in young red tilapia: evidence of protein sparing. Aquaculture, 95: Jauncy K., The effect of varying dietary protein level on growth, food conversion, protein utilisation and body composition of juvenile tilapias (Sarotherodon mossambicus). Aquaculture, 27: Kestemont P., Influence of feed supply, temperature and body size on the growth of Carassius auratus larvae. Aquaculture, 136(3/4): Lochmann R.T. and H. Phillips, Dietary protein requirement of juvenile gold shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) in aquaria. Aquaculture, 128(3/4): Mills D., Stone D., Newton P. and S. Willis, A comparison of three diets for larval gold fish rearing. Austasia Aquacult., 7(1): Sehgal H.S. and J. Thomas, Efficacy of two newly formulated supplementary diets for carp Cyprinus carpio var. communis (Linn.). 1. Effects on survival, growth and yield. Ann. Biol., 1(1): Sen P.R., Rao N.G.S., Ghosh S.R. and M. Rout, Observations on the protein and carbohydrate requirements of carps. Aquaculture, 13: Silver G.R., Higgs D.A., Dosanjh B.S., Mckeown B.A., Deacon G. and D. French, Effect of dietary protein to lipid ratio on growth and chemical composition of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) in seawater. pp In: S.J. Kaushik and P. Luquet (eds.). Fish Nutrition in Practice. Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, Paris, France. Singh B.N., Nutrition and feed development strategies for aquaculture in India. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 23(2): Snedecor G.W. and W.G. Cochran, Statistical Methods, 6th ed. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa. 593 pp. Steffens W., Protein utilisation of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdeneri) and carp (Cyprinus carpio): a brief review. Aquaculture, 23: Tabachek J.L., Influence of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, body composition and utilisation efficiencies of Artic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. J. Fish Biol., 29: Tacon A.G.J. and C.B. Cowey, Protein and amino acid requirements. pp In: P. Tytler and P. Calow (eds.). Fish Energetics: New Perspectives. Croom Helm, London.
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Health Services Correspondent
Labour has demanded that Virginia Bottomley, Secretary of State for Health, clarify plans to privatise parts of the NHS following revelations in the Independent yesterday that trusts are being forced to accept tenders from private companies to finance, build and run hospital services.
Margaret Beckett, Shadow Health Secretary, has written to Mrs Bottomley seeking an explanation of new Department of Health guidance telling trusts they must accept private tenders not just for capital projects but also for running services.
The guidance explains that the Treasury-inspired Private Finance Initiative has been extended from capital projects to services. The Independent disclosed that construction companies including McAlpines, Tarmac and Laings are joining forces with private health care firms and financiers to build, finance and run hospital services.
Mrs Beckett has also discovered that trusts have invited private health companies to tender for 30 contracts to provide clinical services such as anaesthetics, occupational therapy and haematology since the NHS reforms were introduced in 1991. Trusts are "market testing" another 20 clinical and support services in 1994/95 according to a parliamentary answer. The services include chiropody, infection control, ophthalmology, speech therapy and radiology.
Mrs Beckett wrote to Mrs Bottomley: "I am writing regarding the article in the Independent to seek urgent clarification of your privatisation plans for the NHS. The programme identified in the article utterly contradicts the Prime Minister's statement at last year's Conservative Party conference that he would not privatise the NHS `while I live and breathe'.''
Leading article, page 18
- More about:
- Healthcare
- Ophthalmology
- Privatization


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"As part of our efforts to restructure our business we are going to be launching a new bingo room shortly on the Globalcom network and it will be a 75 and 90-ball room with additional features," said Greg Gomes, Account Manager for AquaGaming.
AquaGaming has recently migrated from Windows Online Casino to the Playtech software platform, a powerful and popular option for many online gaming and bingo operators, and stated that the as yet unnamed sites are part of its boosted restructuring efforts.
Gomes also stated that the group's Windows Casino and Windows Poker operations are doing well following the passage of America's Unlawful Internet gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA) last year and that the company is continuing to target the growing European market.