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Cote d Ivoire H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H. They Killed Them Like It Was Nothing. The Need for Justice for Côte d Ivoire s Post-Election Crimes
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1 Cote d Ivoire They Killed Them Like It Was Nothing The Need for Justice for Côte d Ivoire s Post-Election Crimes H U M A N R I G H T S W A T C H
2 They Killed Them Like It Was Nothing The Need for Justice for Côte d Ivoire s Post-Election Crimes
3 Copyright 2011 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY USA Tel: , Fax: Poststraße Berlin, Germany Tel: , Fax: Avenue des Gaulois, Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) , Fax: + 32 (2) , Avenue Blanc 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: , Fax: Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: , Fax: Rue de Lisbonne Paris, France Tel: +33 (1) , Fax: +33 (1) Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC USA Tel: , Fax: Web Site Address:
4 OCTOBER 2011 ISBN: They Killed Them Like It Was Nothing The Need for Justice for Côte d Ivoire s Post-Election Crimes Maps... 1 Summary... 4 Recommendations Methodology Background From Independence to the 2000 Elections Armed conflict and political-military stalemate Peace Agreements and Peacekeepers Elections and Immediate Aftermath I. Initial Post-Election Violence: November 2010-January Pro-Gbagbo Forces Excessive Use of Force against Demonstrators Targeted Killings and Enforced Disappearances of Pro-Ouattara Activists Killings of Perceived Opponents by Pro-Gbagbo Militia Sexual Violence Pro-Ouattara Forces in the North II. Toward Active Conflict: February to mid-march Pro-Gbagbo Forces Incitement to Violence by the Gbagbo Camp Targeted Violence against West African Immigrants in Abidjan Attacks on Mosques, Muslims, and Imams Targeted Rape and Enforced Disappearances of Ouattara Supporters Violent Suppression of Demonstrations Pro-Ouattara Forces Civilian Killings in Anonkoua Village Summary Executions of Detained Gbagbo Fighters III. Full-Scale Armed Conflict: mid-march-may Pro-Gbagbo Forces Killings, Massacres in Far West Indiscriminate Shelling in Abidjan Widespread Ethnic Killings and Rapes in Abidjan... 67
5 Republican Forces Military Offensive Killings, Rape, and Pillage in the Far West Summary Executions of Detained Civilians, Primarily the Elderly Rape and other Sexual Violence Duékoué Massacre Involving Republican Forces Final Battle for Abidjan and Subsequent Weeks IV. Key Leaders Implicated Gbagbo Camp Ouattara Camp Not Formally Aligned V. Accountability Commissions of Inquiry Domestic Prosecutions against Gbagbo Camp No Domestic Procedures against Republican Forces Soldiers International Criminal Court Dialogue, Truth, and Reconciliation Commission Conclusion Annex: Letters to the International Criminal Court Acknowledgements Glossary of Acronyms
6 Maps Côte d Ivoire Human Rights Watch 1 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH OCTOBER 2011
7 Côte d Ivoire s Far West Human Rights Watch THEY KILLED THEM LIKE IT WAS NOTHING 2
8 Abidjan John Emerson/Human Rights Watch. Map data OpenStreetMap contributors, CC-BY-SA 3 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH OCTOBER 2011
9 Summary On November 28, 2010, Ivorians went to the polls to elect a president, hoping to end a decade-long crisis during which the country was divided politically and militarily between the north and south. In the week that followed this run-off election, despite clear international consensus that Alassane Ouattara had won, incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo refused to step down. The post-election crisis then evolved from a targeted campaign of violence by Gbagbo forces to an armed conflict in which armed forces from both sides committed grave crimes. Six months later, at least 3,000 civilians were killed and more than 150 women were raped in a conflict that was often waged along political, ethnic, and religious lines. Elite security force units closely linked to Gbagbo dragged neighborhood political leaders from Ouattara s coalition away from restaurants or out of their homes into waiting vehicles; family members later found the victims bodies in morgues, riddled with bullets. Women who were active in mobilizing voters or who merely wore pro-ouattara t-shirts were targeted and often gang raped by armed forces and militia groups under Gbagbo s control, after which the attackers told the women to go tell Alassane their problems. Pro-Gbagbo militiamen stopped hundreds of real and perceived supporters of Ouattara at checkpoints or attacked them in their neighborhoods and then beat them to death with bricks, executed them by gunshot at point-blank range, or burned them alive. Abuses by pro-ouattara forces ultimately known as the Republican Forces, following a March 17 Ouattara decree did not reach a comparable scale until the beginning of March, when they launched an offensive to take over the country. In Duékoué, the Republican Forces and allied militias massacred hundreds of people, pulling men they alleged to be pro-gbagbo militiamen out of their homes and executing them unarmed. Later, during the military campaign to take over and consolidate control of Abidjan, the Republican Forces again executed scores of men from ethnic groups aligned to Gbagbo at times in detention sites and tortured others. In the course of six field missions to Côte d Ivoire, including four in Abidjan and two along the Ivorian-Liberian border, Human Rights Watch researchers interviewed over 500 victims and witnesses to the violence as well as members of the armed forces on both sides, Ouattara government officials, journalists, medical staff, representatives of human rights and humanitarian organizations, United Nations officials, and diplomats in Abidjan, New York, Washington, and Paris. Human Rights Watch found that armed forces on both sides THEY KILLED THEM LIKE IT WAS NOTHING 4
10 committed war crimes and likely crimes against humanity a finding shared by an international commission of inquiry that presented its report to the Human Rights Council on June 15. The post-election violence was the culmination of a decade of impunity for serious crimes. Despite grave crimes in violation of international law committed during Côte d Ivoire s civil war and its aftermath, no one in the country was held to account for the violence. Those who were armed or who served in security forces were effectively immune from accountability for crimes they committed. As a result of this impunity, community self-defense groups sprung up throughout the country, but particularly in the volatile west, where vigilantism replaced the rule of law. Gbagbo s presidency was also notable for the concentration of power among ethnic groups aligned to him and for the government s increasing manipulation of ethnicity and citizenship targeting ethnic northern Ivorians and West African immigrants as dangerous foreigners, despite that many of these individuals had spent all of their lives in Côte d Ivoire, often in southern cities like Abidjan far removed from their historical ethnic regions. After the election run-off, the Gbagbo government-controlled state television station, Radiodiffusion Télévision Ivoirienne (RTI), incited violence against these groups, routinely referring to them as rebels and unwanted outsiders that threatened the nation. As the post-election tension escalated, Gbagbo s mouthpieces went further, comparing Ouattara supporters to rats and culled birds and exhorting followers to set up roadblocks and denounce foreigners a call followed immediately by gruesome, targeted violence. The brutality against perceived Ouattara supporters reached appalling levels. Between December 2010 and April 2011, pro-gbagbo militiamen stopped hundreds at checkpoints based on the person s dress or name on an identity card; they often proceeded to beat the victim savagely, pile tires and wood and douse petrol on the limp body, and then burn the person alive. The practice became known as article 125: 100 francs CFA (US $0.23) for petrol, 25 francs CFA for the box of matches. Others were shot at point-blank range: a 40- year-old man from Burkina Faso described being detained at an Abidjan checkpoint on March 29 along with eight other West African immigrants; police told all the immigrants to walk in one direction, and as they did, opened fire. The witness received two gunshots but was able to survive, unlike six others killed next to him. In the far west, Gbagbo militiamen and Liberian mercenaries killed hundreds identified predominantly by ethnicity. In one particularly heinous event in Bloléquin on March 25, people who had taken refuge in the town prefecture awoke to the Gbagbo forces having 5 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH OCTOBER 2011
11 recaptured part of the town from the advancing Republican Forces. As they swarmed into the prefecture, the Gbagbo forces demanded that the inhabitants speak Guéré, the language of an ethnic group in the far west that largely supported Gbagbo. Those who could not speak it as a mother tongue were gunned down. Three days earlier, the same group of mercenaries and militiamen killed at least 37 people, mostly West African immigrants, in nearby Bédi-Goazon village. As the Republican Forces began their offensive in early March, they likewise engaged in collective punishment of real and perceived Gbagbo supporters. In the far west, the Republican Forces executed at point-blank range elderly Guéré villagers who were unable to flee. One woman said she watched her father, husband, and son all killed in front of her. The Republican Forces held women and raped them in towns where military bases were located. They burned entire villages to the ground. The Republican Forces committed atrocities similar to those they committed in the far west, although on a smaller scale, once they controlled Abidjan. By the conflict s end, residents reported that wells in the west were stuffed with human remains. Several Abidjan neighborhoods were marked with communal graves dug in haste, turning dirt parking lots and children s soccer fields into constant reminders of the violence that had been visited upon the country. Other bodies littered the streets for days, particularly where pro-gbagbo militias operated checkpoints. The stench became so horrible, according to residents, that they themselves took to burning corpses. In certain areas of Yopougon and Koumassi neighborhoods in particular, all that remained of many victims were a few white bone fragments and a blackened patch of concrete both still visible to a Human Rights Watch researcher several weeks after clashes ended. In almost every corner of Côte d Ivoire particularly in the west, the southern coastal region, and in Abidjan the conflict left utter destruction. Almost everyone carried a story of a brother killed, a sister raped, a home burned to the ground or pillaged of all its valuables. After intense fighting in the far west in March, the Republican Forces swept into Abidjan at breathtaking speed with most of Gbagbo s forces abandoning their positions, except for a few elite units and militia groups. Fighting threatened to drag on in Abidjan, however, as Gbagbo s huge arsenal of heavy weaponry began to be employed in likely indiscriminate attacks that killed civilians. The UN Security Council quickly authorized the peacekeeping force to use all necessary means to protect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence including to prevent the use of heavy weapons against the civilian population. During the week of April 4, UN peacekeepers and the French Force Licorne attacked Gbagbo s military sites throughout Abidjan, culminating in an April 11 attack on Gbagbo s THEY KILLED THEM LIKE IT WAS NOTHING 6
12 residence. Republican Forces were then able to storm Gbagbo s residence on April 11 and arrest him, his wife, and a number of other allies. Certain armed groups loyal to Gbagbo continued to hold out, however, killing 100 people alone in Abidjan the day after their leader s arrest. By mid-may, the fighting finally ended. The scale and organization of crimes committed by both sides, including murder, rape, and persecution of individuals and groups on political, ethnic, and national grounds, strongly suggest that they were widespread and systematic. Under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, such acts, as part of an attack on a civilian population, constitute crimes against humanity. Both sides also committed war crimes, including intentional attacks against civilians and the murder of people not taking an active part in hostilities. When such grave crimes are committed, people in command authority who should have been aware of the crime and failed to prevent it or submit it for investigation and prosecution can be held accountable. The evidence presented in this report and the gravity of the crimes committed suggest that impartial justice to provide remedy to victims, enshrine the rule of law, and help promote the prospect of preventing further atrocities is essential in Côte d Ivoire. President Ouattara has notably asked for the ICC to investigate grave crimes committed after November 28, 2010, and, on October 3, 2011, the ICC pre-trial chamber granted the ICC prosecutor s June 23 request to open such an investigation. The ICC could play an important role in ensuring accountability for the horrific acts committed during this period. However, domestic trials will also be crucial in this effort, including because, historically, the ICC has taken on only a few cases in situations it investigates, trials conducted domestically can have greater resonance with affected populations when conducted according to international standards, and local accountability efforts can help maximize the rebuilding of respect for rule of law. So far, domestic criminal investigations and prosecutions for post-election crimes appear glaringly one-sided. At time of writing, military and civilian prosecutors had brought charges against at least 118 Gbagbo allies, several of whom, like General Dogbo Blé of the Republican Guard and General Guiai Bi Poin of the elite security unit CECOS, have been implicated by Human Rights Watch as being responsible for grave crimes. A military prosecutor has charged former pro-gbagbo military leaders with crimes including murder, rape, and the concealment of bodies; several specific events mentioned in the charges, like the March 3 killing of seven women who were demonstrating peacefully along with thousands of other women, have been documented by Human Rights Watch. Gbagbo and his wife, Simone, are in preventative detention; the government charged both with 7 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH OCTOBER 2011
13 economic crimes on August 18, 2011, following statements that the ICC would investigate their potential role in war crimes and crimes against humanity. Human Rights Watch has consistently called for the prosecution of those in Gbagbo s forces responsible for grave crimes and stressed that any immunity or amnesty deals for grave crimes including for Gbagbo given evidence concerning his role in such crimes would be counter to international law and practice as well as respect for victims. Human Rights Watch also calls on neighboring states to cooperate in arresting and extraditing those, like Young Patriots leader Charles Blé Goudé, who are implicated in grave crimes and have sought refuge elsewhere. In stark contrast to the prosecution of those from Gbagbo s side, no member of the Republican Forces has been arrested on charges for crimes committed during the conflict. Human Rights Watch, the international commission of inquiry, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Amnesty International, and the International Federation of Human Rights have all documented grave crimes by the Republican Forces. While President Ouattara and Justice Minister Jeannot Kouadio Ahoussou have consistently promised that all crimes will be punished, the gap between rhetoric and reality risks a reversion to impunity. A crucial window is closing in which the government can send a message that a new era of impartial justice and human rights has begun, rather than a victor s justice that could have a devastating impact on the country s reconciliation. Human Rights Watch believes that the Ouattara government s most pressing task is to give victims on both sides the justice they demand and deserve for the decade of grave crimes that have been committed. Human Rights Watch also calls on the government to ensure that those implicated in human rights abuses are not appointed to serve as members of the future Ivorian army, gendarmerie, and police. Rather than extort and abuse the population, security forces should protect civilians and faithfully investigate crimes. Early signs are very negative, as Ouattara promoted on August 3 several commanders against whom there is strong evidence of implication in serious violations of international law, including Martin Fofié, who has been on the UN Security Council sanctions list since 2006 for commanding troops implicated in extrajudicial executions and the use of child soldiers. His appointment sends the wrong signal regarding the president s commitment to justice and a rights-respecting security forces. Côte d Ivoire s international partners should demand impartial accountability and assist the government in identifying and addressing shortcomings in pursuing domestic trials for grave crimes. The ICC prosecutor should amend his request to open an investigation to THEY KILLED THEM LIKE IT WAS NOTHING 8
14 cover crimes committed prior to the post-election period so that an investigation best ensures an end to a decade of impunity. The UN Operations in Côte d Ivoire needs to conduct joint patrols with Ivorian forces through the upcoming legislative elections and actively participate in disarmament efforts. The peacekeeping operation should be commended for strong steps it has taken, particularly its reinforcement of the west in advance of legislative elections. Lastly, Human Rights Watch calls on the UN Security Council and secretary-general to promptly publish the report of a 2004 international commission of inquiry into human rights violations associated with the civil war. Many of those identified in the confidential 2004 Annex as most responsible for grave crimes remained in power to again incite and oversee grave crimes in the conflict and potentially appear in the confidential annex of a 2011 commission of inquiry report. Both Annexes should be published or, at a minimum, made available to the main actors responsible for justice efforts in Côte d Ivoire: President Ouattara, Justice Minister Ahoussou, and Abidjan prosecutor Simplice Koffi. Thousands of people in Côte d Ivoire lost loved ones and suffered enormous harm during the country s most recent outbreak of violence. Most were targeted because of their political or ethnic affiliation. Such discrimination and incitement to hatred must end, and so too must the impunity that has long undermined Côte d Ivoire s security. To return to the once-lauded status of stability and prosperity, the Ouattara government must ensure and welcome the impartial pursuit of justice. The conflicts in Côte d Ivoire have laid bare the grave consequences of security forces, militias, and political leaders operating above the law. If the Ouattara government does not soon heed these lessons and pursue members of the Republican Forces responsible for post-election crimes with the same fervor that it has for Gbagbo s allies, Côte d Ivoire risks another descent into violence and vigilantism. While it may be politically difficult to prosecute certain commanders implicated in crimes, it would be far more costly to the country s stability and the respect for the rule of law to once again ignore victims clear demands for justice. 9 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH OCTOBER 2011
15 Recommendations To President Alassane Ouattara, Justice Minister Jeannot Kouadio Ahoussou, and Interior Minister Hamed Bakayoko Ensure the investigation and prosecution, in accordance with international fair trial standards, of members of both sides forces against whom there is evidence of criminal responsibility for grave crimes, including those liable under command responsibility for their failure to prevent or prosecute these crimes. Ensure that those currently charged in the Gbagbo camp are detained and tried according to standards that meet international law. Ensure, in particular, adequate time and resources for the preparation of a vigorous defense by competent counsel for any accused. Seek assistance from key donors to ensure fair, credible domestic investigations and prosecutions of grave crimes. This should include requests for assessments of the Ivorian justice system s capacity to pursue cases involving grave crimes as well as assistance based on such assessments. Areas that merit particular attention include: safeguards, both legal and procedural, to ensure the independence and impartiality of the bench; and resources and plans to protect rights of accused and witnesses who may be at risk. Ensure that military courts do not try civilians and that, unless a case involves purely military offenses, civilian courts are given preference because of their greater independence. Ensure that members of the military, gendarme, and police are vetted for involvement in grave crimes, either directly or through command responsibility. Publicly request that UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay provide the confidential Annex to the 2011 commission of inquiry report, as per the government s request for the commission to identify those most responsible for the violence. Request also that the UN Security Council publish the 2004 commission of inquiry report. Continue to provide full cooperation and unhindered access to the International Criminal Court, including in the potential future arrest and surrender of suspects. Provide complete access to all detention facilities, including places of house arrest and military camps, to international monitors and members of the human rights division of the UN Operations in Côte d Ivoire. Access should include detainees having the ability to describe their conditions without the presence or interference of the Republican Forces. THEY KILLED THEM LIKE IT WAS NOTHING 10
16 Prioritize efforts to combat sexual violence, which remains pervasive throughout the country and is particularly acute in the far west. In particular, improve the response of law enforcement personnel and the judiciary to sexual and gender-based violence, including by recruiting more female police officers to act as focal points in police stations and by training judicial and security personnel. Ensure access to health care, psychosocial support, legal assistance, and socio-economic reintegration services for survivors of sexual violence, including those who have been targeted for political and ethnic reasons during the conflict. Commit to providing compensation and other reparations for victims of abuses and to assist villagers, particularly in the far west and along the southern coastal region, in the rebuilding of villages destroyed during the fighting and reprisals. Commit to working swiftly with the next National Assembly to ratify the Rome Statute to the International Criminal Court; the Palermo Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish the Trafficking in Persons; the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child; the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa. In addition, make a declaration accepting the competence of the African Court on Human and Peoples Rights to receive individual petitions, as outlined under Article 5(3) of the court s Protocol. Thoroughly review and, as necessary, revise the training curriculum for police, gendarmes, and armed forces to ensure comprehensive training on human rights issues, including the laws of war, interrogation and detention practices, and minimum use of force for crowd control. All training should be consistent with human rights and international humanitarian law standards, such as the Geneva Conventions, the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, and the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials. To Charles Konan Banny, President of the Dialogue, Truth, and Reconciliation Commission Respect international human rights standards with regard to granting of amnesties. This means excluding amnesties for international crimes such as crimes against humanity, war crimes, extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and torture. Ensure open and meaningful consultation is carried out with civil society and victims throughout the process. Ensure that the commission explores the dynamics that have given rise to cyclical violence, ethnic tensions, and pervasive corruption, with a view to make recommendations aimed at preventing a repetition of past violations. 11 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH OCTOBER 2011
17 To the United Nations Operations in Côte d Ivoire (UNOCI) Assist the government to undertake a full and thorough Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration (DDR) program in line with the Integrated DDR Standards (IDDRS) and other internationally recognized best practices. Ensure that DDR is performed credibly and impartially disarming those from all sides of the conflict who are not entering the reconstituted armed forces. Assist the government to reestablish the rule of law with a focus on the independence and impartiality of the justice system, the humane treatment of detainees, and the protection of accused and witnesses. In line with UNOCI s noteworthy efforts to reinforce security in the far west, focus particular attention on that region, given the longstanding lawlessness that has prevailed there. To the UN Security Council In the interest of truth and justice during Côte d Ivoire s now decade-long crisis, publish the 2004 Commission of Inquiry report, including the annex that identified key people responsible for grave crimes during the armed conflict. Ask the Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict to provide briefings on rape and other sexual violence to the Security Council and promote a coordinated and effective response to sexual violence by all actors in Côte d Ivoire. Monitor closely the Ivorian government s pursuit of justice for the post-election violence and ensure that such efforts are impartial, with fair, credible investigations for grave crimes committed by both sides. To the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Make the 2011 international commission of inquiry annex available to domestic authorities responsible for judicial investigation in Côte d Ivoire. To the International Criminal Court Prosecutor Amend the request to open an investigation to include crimes prior to the post-election period, including the armed conflict and its aftermath. To the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States: Remain actively engaged on Côte d Ivoire and ensure that the Ivorian government prioritizes human rights and rule of law considerations. In particular, help ensure that President Ouattara fulfills his promise to hold responsible those implicated in grave crimes, regardless of political affiliation or military rank. THEY KILLED THEM LIKE IT WAS NOTHING 12
18 Encourage African states to support efforts to hold responsible those implicated in grave crimes, including by handing over any suspect requested by the International Criminal Court as per President Ouattara s invitation or the Ivorian government as long as international standards for treatment and trial are met. Assist regional efforts to disarm, demobilize, and effectively reintegrate the fighters that politicians and warlords have recruited during armed conflicts in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d Ivoire. To the Government of Liberia Prosecute according to fair trial standards mercenaries and other Liberian fighters implicated in grave crimes in Côte d Ivoire. To Neighboring Countries Where Individuals Allegedly Involved in Grave Crimes May Have Taken Refuge Publicly commit to handing over any suspect requested by the International Criminal Court. Should the Ivorian government request the arrest and extradition of someone implicated in crimes committed during the post-election period, fully cooperate as long as international standards for treatment and trial, such as those outlined in the Convention against Torture, are met. To International Donors, including the European Union, France, and the United States Assist the Ivorian government in its efforts to restore the rule of law and conduct trials for grave crimes committed during the post-election period. Ensure that such efforts are impartial, with fair, credible investigations for grave crimes committed by both sides. 13 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH OCTOBER 2011
19 Methodology This report is based primarily on six research missions conducted between December 2010 and July Human Rights Watch researchers conducted investigations in Abidjan in January, March, May, and July 2011, and along the Ivorian-Liberian border in December 2010 and March-April In between these research missions, Human Rights Watch conducted additional interviews by telephone. In total, Human Rights Watch interviewed over 500 victims and direct witnesses to the post-election violence, including supporters from both political camps, people from all major Ivorian ethnic groups, West African immigrants, and members of both sides of armed forces. Human Rights Watch also spoke with diplomats in Abidjan, New York, Washington, DC, and Paris; officials in the Ouattara government; medical professionals; representatives of the United Nations peacekeeping mission in Côte d Ivoire; staff on the international commission of inquiry; and representatives of human rights and humanitarian organizations. Much of this material has previously appeared in extended press releases published by Human Rights Watch immediately after four of the six research missions. The material was made available quickly as a result of the urgency of the findings and the rapidly evolving nature of the crisis. This report brings together the entirety of Human Rights Watch s postelection work in Côte d Ivoire, including new material previously unpublished. The extremely tense security situation throughout the crisis required great care in ensuring that victims were not put at physical risk for speaking with Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch often identified victims and witnesses through the help of numerous local organizations, neighborhood leaders of President Ouattara s RHDP political coalition, journalists, and representatives of immigrant communities. Throughout the crisis, Human Rights Watch was careful to ensure fairness and balance by investigating abuses committed by both sides and maintaining consistent contact with groups and individuals that were well connected to each side. The descriptions of events are based on information verified and corroborated through multiple direct sources, particularly victims and eyewitnesses, as well as the inspection of victims injuries and sites where events occurred. Before an individual or security force unit was named as responsible for certain crimes, Human Rights Watch corroborated the information from independent sources, including victims, eyewitnesses, and other perpetrators involved. THEY KILLED THEM LIKE IT WAS NOTHING 14
20 The interviews were primarily conducted in French, or on a few occasions in one of the languages spoken by the different ethnic groups and then translated into French by an interpreter. Human Rights Watch has withheld names and identifying information in order to protect witnesses privacy and security. 15 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH OCTOBER 2011
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General InformationEdit
Morránia (American English - [mɔɹˈeɪ̯njə]; Shax - [moˈranja]) is the country where the Shax Language is paramount (similar to France-French, Germany-German, Russia-Russian). Its capital city is Cazavlanca, a shaxified form of the Spanish name for the city of Casablanca in real-world Morocco. It boarders the Vandal Kingdom, home to Vandalic, and Xarràña, home to Xarrano.
The name Morránia is the Shax word comes from the latin word MAURĪTĀNIA.

subset: commoncrawl


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Compare Birth Injury attorneys near you. Read reviews, see Avvo Ratings, and contact them directly.
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Bill Maddix has practiced law in Minnesota for over 27 years and devotes 100% of his practice to helping those harmed by medical malpractice. He has handled medical negligence cases against all of the major healthcare systems in the Twin Cities a...
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Brandon Vaughn represents plaintiffs in personal injury, medical malpractice, and product liability actions. In addition to focusing on these areas, Brandon has provided pro bono representation to clients in the areas of family law and immigratio...
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Nurse attorney Teresa Fariss McClain utilizes her legal and medical knowledge and experience to achieve justice for her clients. Prior to graduation from William Mitchell College of Law, she practiced as a registered nurse in the areas of obstetr...
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Despite having been in the music industry for more than two decades now, Pharrell Williams has remained controversy free. The people for whom he has written countless super hit songs over the years have all done crazy stuff, but this baby-faced 41-year-old was and is a role model.
He was recently invited for an interview by Oprah Winfrey and during that heart-to-heart, the singer was so overcome with emotions that he wept his eyes out.
Relevant: Here's Proof That Pharrell Williams "Happy" Is Winning Hearts All Around The World
It all began when Pharrell revealed how Happy didn't get much radio play at first but went crazy once he released its official music video. At that point, Oprah showed a montage of fan-made videos of Happy from around the world, and that moved him to tears.
The master tearjerker that Oprah is, she then mentioned Pharrell's late grandmother and made him even more sentimental.
"It's overwhelming because it's like I love what I do," he said, "and I just appreciate the fact that people have believed in me for so long, that I could make it to this point to feel that."
Oprah added, "I so now get why it's so infectious because it came from such a clear space. That the energy was absolutely uninterrupted by anything other than allowing it to flow from heart to heart. And that's what happens when you see it."
Later on, the two had a courteous exchange of tweets as well.
. @Pharrell this was one of the most sincere humbling moments I've ever experienced during an interview. HAPPY tears.😢 #OprahPrime — Oprah Winfrey (@Oprah)
April 14, 2014
Thank you @Pharrell that was one of my all time favorite interviews ever. You all now can see why , right? #OprahPrime — Oprah Winfrey (@Oprah)
April 14, 2014
Thank you for letting me share my life with you @Oprah. 🙏 http://t.co/BGwJPM2BW5 — Pharrell Williams (@Pharrell)
April 14, 2014
Wow...@Oprah, I am speechless. All of your kind words are overwhelming. 🙏 — Pharrell Williams (@Pharrell)
April 14, 2014
Recommended: The Wait Is Over, Pharrell Williams Performs "Happy" On Saturday Night Live


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colour given by proline in ninhydrin test
colour given by proline in ninhydrin test
Ninhydrin reagent is used for the detection of alpha amino acids mainly.it gives purple color aka ruhemann's purple with most amino acids.in case of proline since it has an alpha amino acid as a side chain the substitution of which results in a YELLOW COLOR.
Proline and hydroxyproline do not produce pink color.
Golden yellow
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text:
The Mayor of Axbridge
The Mayor and Deputy Mayor were elected at the annual "Mayor Making" ceremony in the Town Hall on the 9th May 2016. Councillors Ian Laken and Pauline Ham were proposed and seconded by members of the Town Council. At the meeting, the outgoing Jennifer Trotman made a well-received and characteristically to-the-point speech thanking all who had served and helped throughout the year, and acknowledging the hard work put in by the other mayors from the surrounding towns.
Here are some pictures.
Councillor Laken was duly "robed" and signed his acceptance of office:
The new Mayor then took the official Oath to uphold just about everything for Queen, country, and Axbridge.
Click here to see the exact words which were spoken.
The Mayor proposed Councillor Pauline Ham as his deputy, and she was duly elected, to the delight of Mayor Ian and Mayoress Nicole Laken.
Mayor Laken gives his acceptance speech:
The new Mayor gives his thanks to the outgoing Mayor Jennifer Trotman:
The new 'tradition' of Mayor's cadet continues with a representative from the Axbridge Sea Cadets:


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Nicky Getgood
Cardiff, UK
E-Learning Assistant at the Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University, supporting the design and development of e-learning solutions and material for the BEST programme. Prior to this I was Communications Manager at Talk About Local, helping active citizens across the UK create and develop community websites and online profiles. I managed the popular Birmingham hyperlocal website Digbeth is Good from May 2008 until December 2011, when I moved to Cardiff.
I currently manage Canton Social Media Surgery in my spare time, when I'm not busy being a mum to Rowan, carer to Dad and wife to Carl.
I talk a lot on Twitter as @getgood, have a professional profile on LinkedIn and chat with friends on Facebook. I post random reflections and recipes whilst on the go at getgood.tumblr.com. Before motherhood, when I had the time to compose more in-depth posts, I had a personal Wordpress blog called The Getgood Guide, which has now been archived. I post the occassional photo to Instagram and/or Flickr.


text: I love my Williams-Sonoma 6 mini-tartlet pan, and I can't get enough of it: it's so convenient to bake individually sized little tarts that look so pretty (both sweet and savory). This tart pan makes 6 mini-tarts, 3 inch diameter each. This is the minimum number of tartlets that I will usually bake at any […] Read More


text:
Critical Analysis on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Bulk and Nanocrystalline Cu-Fe-O
Date of this Version
Document Type
Nanocrystalline and bulk samples of "Fe"-doped CuO were prepared by coprecipitation and ceramic methods. Structural and compositional analyses were performed using X-ray diffraction, SEM, and EDAX. Traces of secondary phases such as CuFe2O4, Fe3O4, and α-Fe2O3 having peaks very close to that of the host CuO were identified from the Rietveld profile analysis and the SAED pattern of bulk and nanocrystalline Cu0.98Fe0.02O samples. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) measurements show hysteresis at 300 K for all the samples. The ferrimagnetic Neel transition temperature () was found to be around 465°C irrespective of the content of "Fe", which is close to the value of cubic CuFe2O4. High-pressure X-Ray diffraction studies were performed on 2% "Fe"-doped bulk CuO using synchrotron radiation. From the absence of any strong new peaks at high pressure, it is evident that the secondary phases if present could be less than the level of detection. Cu2O, which is diamagnetic by nature, was also doped with 1% of "Fe" and was found to show paramagnetic behavior in contrast to the "Fe" doped CuO. Hence the possibility of intrinsic magnetization of "Fe"-doped CuO apart from the secondary phases is discussed based on the magnetization and charge state of "Fe" and the host into which it is substituted.
This article was originally published in Hindawi Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Volume 2010 (2010).
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Recommended Citation
D. Paul Joseph, C. Venkateswaran, and R. Selva Vennila, "Critical Analysis on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Bulk and Nanocrystalline Cu-Fe-O," Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 2010, Article ID 715872, 14 pages, 2010. doi:10.1155/2010/715872


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Legler Systems
A developer of business management software.Speak with a Legler Systems provider
The accounting software from Legler Systems supports multiple users on a PC-based Local Area Network and supports the following nine application modules:
- Accounts Payable
- Accounts Receivable
- General Ledger
- Payroll
- Order Entry
- Inventory Management
- Check Reconciliation
- Mailing List
- Database Control
Theses modules can be installed separately or as an integrated system.
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Accounting Software from Legler Systems
A full ERP system designed by Legler Systems.
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Did Tony La Russa win Game 1?
It may not make for the most exciting viewing experience, but Tony La Russa's pitching changes do seem mighty effective. With the manager calling on five relievers in three innings (not to mention picking the right pinch hitter for the go-ahead hit), the Cardinals beat the Rangers in Game 1 of the World Series. Does this win go to the manager?
- "What I see is that La Russa has his players believing in him and the opposition doubting themselves. At least to this point, he seems to be winning the psychological battle and that counts for something. I guess we'll have to wait until some move backfires, if it ever does, to see how everyone reacts." -- SN commenter JohnWilkinsonJr
- "This is why NL rules with pitchers hitting are so much more interesting. It forces managers to make tough decisions earlier on in the game. Need to get rid of DH. Even long-time AL manager, Torre, thinks NL rules are more interesting." -- SN commenter yjtanaka
Did Tony La Russa win Game 1?
Jayson Stark called it a performance worthy of chess masters like Garry Kasparov, but was Tony La Russa the reason the Cardinals won?
Is Octavio Dotel right about history?
"That's why Tony La Russa, if he's not the best, is one of the top five managers in major league history." -- Cardinals reliever Octavio Dotel after Game 1.
La Russa or Albert Pujols?
Albert Pujols may well retire with more than 3,000 hits and 700 home runs, but does that make him more of an immortal than a skipper currently third in wins?
What about Chris Carpenter?
Sure, La Russa made all the right moves with his bullpen, but it helps having an ace go six strong innings. Is Chris Carpenter a better ace than La Russa's Oakland teams had?
The master of the in-game adjustment?
Basketball coaches get the fashion edge over guys like La Russa or Bill Belichick, above, but which iconic coach is the best once the game starts?


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Find must-see attractions and long-distance travel resources, including visa information, regional overviews and tour operator credentials.
Discover the unique differences among South Carolina's three key geographic regions, where you'll always find Southern hospitality.
South Carolina is the perfect vacation destination for every family. Plan your Palmetto State adventure today.
The Palmetto State's culinary scene is famous for quality and originality, from unique Gullah cuisine to our thriving farm-to-table movement.
From the hiking trails of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the beaches of the Grand Strand, see for yourself all of the adventure that South Carolina has to offer.
South Carolina accommodations are famous for their beauty and Southern charm.
Content: See & Do
Category: Events
4401 South Kings HWY
Myrtle Beach, SC 29575Get Directions
Phone: (843) 238-0874
City: Myrtle Beach
Region: Coastal & Islands
Discover all sorts of fish, crabs, and other critters as we pull a seine net through the surf zone. Wear clothes that can get wet. Kids 12 and under must be accompanied by an adult at all times. For ages 5 to 105.
Upcoming Date:
August 24, 2017
Info & Amenities
Info & Amenities
Free with park admission
Children in Nature Program
Event Hours
See schedule above
Meeting Place
Fishing Pier
What to Bring
Wear clothes that can get wet
Nearby Attractions
1205 Pendleton Street Columbia, SC 29201
or uncover more great South Carolina trip ideas on:


text: LSU baseball pregame: LSU at Florida The Advocate Apr 1, 2014 - 7:39 pm (…) Advocate staff photo by John Oubre -- LSU's Kramer Robertson watches his base hit before running to first on Saturday night against Georgia at Alex Box. Pregame news and notes for Friday's LSU at Florida SEC baseball game. Load comments View comments


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Garden Club
The O'Fallon Garden Club is a community based group that enjoys gardening. Everything gardening.... bees, worms, flowers, and edibles!
Join us on the first Tuesday of each month for our monthly educational programs or spend time with us in the gardens of O'Fallon, doing what we love best... getting our hands in the dirt.
News & Announcements
Meeting Minutes
Board Meeting Minutes - February
February 26, 2014
General Meeting Minutes - January
January 14, 2014


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Dear St Jude, please, can you bring back to me the love of my life? I ask for forgiveness for my selfish and hurtful actions towards him and ask his understanding that I believed he was having an affair and that he was about to leave me, and that's why I left our marriage. I have learned my lesson and understand the value of the gift of real love. I ask forgiveness for throwing that gift away so stupidly. Please help me recover my health, to be fit and well and get rid of diabetes and extra weight. Please help release me from money worries, make me successful enough in my work so that I can pay my dues and support myself and my son. I ask you to make me a better person who deserves and receives love and respect. Thank you St Jude, Amen
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Daily Devotional .
Click for Inspiration
50 Inspirational Bible Verse Pictures
See What Happens After A Single Act Of Kindness
By The End of This Video, Your Faith Will Be Stronger Than Ever
See What Happens When Someone Pays For A Random Stranger's Groceries
Popular Prayers
Must Reads:
5 Powerful Prayers for Prosperity
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|Episode 232
|Production code
|ITV transmission date
|4th March 1963 (Monday)
|Stories by
|Harry Driver
|Jack Rosenthal
|Denis Parkin
|Gerard Dynevor
|H.V. Kershaw
|Previous episode
|27th February 1963
|Next episode
|6th March 1963
Elsie gets depressed on her birthday. She gets cards from Linda, Dennis, Ena and Bill Gregory and a letter from the landlord putting the rent up 10/- a week. Frank and Christine set the date for 4th May. Elsie receives an anonymous present through the post - a marquasite watch. Ken tells Christine she's making the biggest mistake of her life. Lucille reads an old paper of Ena's about a local girl portraying Lady Godiva. Sheila does a dance on one of the Rovers' tables when dared by Jed. Annie threatens to throw her out. Annie is horrified to discover Ena has kept the paper of her exploits as Lady Godiva.
Regular castEdit
- Elsie Tanner - Patricia Phoenix
- Christine Appleby - Christine Hargreaves
- Albert Tatlock - Jack Howarth
- Kenneth Barlow - William Roache
- Valerie Barlow - Anne Reid
- Frank Barlow - Frank Pemberton
- Lucille Hewitt - Jennifer Moss
- Sheila Birtles - Eileen Mayers
- Doreen Lostock - Angela Crow
- Florrie Lindley - Betty Alberge
- Jerry Booth - Graham Haberfield
- Ena Sharples - Violet Carson
- Minnie Caldwell - Margot Bryant
- Martha Longhurst - Lynne Carol
- Jed Stone - Kenneth Cope
- Jack Walker - Arthur Leslie
- Annie Walker - Doris Speed
- Len Fairclough - Peter Adamson
- Leonard Swindley - Arthur Lowe
- Miss Nugent - Eileen Derbyshire
Guest castEdit
- TV Times synopsis: Elsie receives an unexpected gift, and Lucille finds a skeleton in Ena's cupboard.
- Viewing Figures: First UK broadcast - 8,432,000 homes (joint 1st place with 6th March 1963).
|March 1963 episodes
|Mon 4th • Wed 6th • Mon 11th • Wed 13th • Mon 18th • Wed 20th • Mon 25th • Wed 27th


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*image shown is 5 x 8 or larger rug
*smaller sizes will not show complete pattern, will be scaled down to fit.
Additional 10-20% discount will be applied in cart once discount code is entered. Please note discount codes do not apply to Dalyn, Loloi, Capel, Milliken, clearance rugs and rug pads.
Name: Mandolina Narman Terracotta
Manufacturer: Couristan Rugs
Collection: MANDOLINA
Material: Acrylic
, Polypropylene
, Chenille
Construction: Power-Loomed
Colors: Tans/Browns/Rusts
Made in: Turkey
Description: Introducing Mandolina, a series of area rugs designed with the most eclectic decorator in mind. Power-loomed in Turkey of a unique fiber content of acrylic chenille and polypropylene, Mandolina features a soft, yet durable flatwoven surface and is designed to be adaptable to a number of decorating genre. These vibrant area rugs feature traditional, nomadic-inspired designs in deep, rich hues. Vivid patterns are brought to life in these beautifully made floor coverings with the help of perfectly placed motifs and geometric patterns. Each old-world design in Mandolina's assortment offers a sense of timeless charm and warmth, allowing the collection's beautiful designs to be displayed in any room in the home. (Mandolina Narman Terracotta - Power-Loomed Acrylic Rugs from Couristan)
Please note: Image shown is for 5 x 8 or larger rug. Smaller sizes will not show complete pattern, and will be scaled down to fit.
Ships within 2 to 4 business days*
* Estimated business days to ship within continental US. Expect longer delivery times for remote locations and oversized rugs (longer than 9'). Custom & braided rugs take longer (up to 4-5 weeks).
Other Related Patterns You Will
Related products are usually selected because they employ the same materials and colours of the product featured above but in different patterns and therefore are often perfect for use in the same or adjacent rooms.


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The College of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences (CHASS) provides a well-rounded
liberal-arts education for undergraduates through many CORE curriculum courses and
numerous degree programs.
CHASS courses provide considerable opportunities for students to broaden their skills in critical thinking, problem-solving, oral and written communications, and understanding of the human experience and condition. Students participate in research and study abroad, international internships, and course-based travel abroad. CHASS offers various majors, minors, and concentrations
Graduates of CHASS are attractive to employers in various fields such as business, the arts, education, the medical and legal professions, and social-service occupations. Students interested in medicine, dentistry, law, and other professional fields often major in a liberal-arts field, thereby establishing an excellent foundation for professional studies.
12 - 5pm | Dubuis Lawn
12 - 5pm | Dubuis Lawn
12 - 5pm | Dubuis Lawn
12 - 5pm | Dubuis Lawn
4301 Broadway CPO
San Antonio, Texas 78209


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Re: FormsAsked by Daniel on February 26, 2014 at 05:38 PM
Is their a number I could speak to a agent about using your services? I would like to purchase your form but I had some questions currently at my agency we are using Formstack.
818 571 2720
Unfortunately we don't have phone support. But you can address your questions in the forum, through live chat or through email and we will get back to you.
Let us know please if you need more assistance.


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Come on, Amazon!
One thing that sucks about self publishing is being at the mercy of other people.
In this case, a publisher.
If you slip just a couple slots down on Amazon's ranking (which is updated hourly), you're suddenly falling off the first page. Much like how SEO works, if you're not near the top you're significantly behind.
One of my new books (that did incredibly well) slipped off the first page and the drop off was noticeable.
I'm still trying to figure out the best "counter" to this…
- Hit up my email list and push hard
- Just see what happens
- Run promotions
How do you combat Amazon's system?


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Have a green period... reusable menstrual cups.
My friend turned me on to the idea of reusable menstrual cups because they worked so well for her--she said they left her feeling much healthier down there.
I love the idea of only having to fool with my period once or twice a day and not constantly wasting money on tampons too.
I tried disposable soft cups, but was not a fan... but I think I will be buying a Luna cup, which is a slightly harder plastic that you just have to rinse, sometimes only once in 24 hours.
I've heard great things about the Diva cup too.
This woman made a great instructional video on how to use it, because one common complaint is spilling when you remove it.. Here's how to get one out without a mess.
(Don't worry... she uses a glass lol!)
Have you tried soft cups or reusable cups? Do they work for you? Would you try one?


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There is nothing more exciting than producing more plants from the ones you have already in your collection. Well OK maybe not as exciting as buying new plants haha! but there is something extra rewarding about propagating these plants yourself from seed, or cuttings.
To watch them grow over the years is truly so rewarding, and such a fun part of the hobby.
Here I explain what methods I have successfully used over the years to propagate my cacti and succulent plants and I hope you find the tips useful. .
I have added many videos to this page which will show you the different methods of how I propagate these incredible plants, from growing from seeds, to taking cuttings, so take a peek after you have a read..
Growing from Seed
There is nothing more rewarding that growing your own cacti and succulents from seed, from the very first process of sowing the seed, to watching them sprout and grow into cute little miniatures of their adults. It really is the most wonderful thing, watching the seedlings grow over the following months and years it is amazing.
There are many different ways to grow cacti and succulents from seed and every grower will have his or her own preferred method but here is mine which I have found successful.
Here is a short video I made showing you the fruit of different cactus seed pods
If you can provide additional heat and grow lights then seed can be sown at any time of the year, but if you haven't it is best to wait until the Spring until you sow your seeds when it is naturally warmer and the days are longer, as to get seeds to sprout you need a minimum temperature of about 70-80f.
Here is a video below I have made showing you how to pollinate cactus flowers to produce seeds.
Out of all the methods of sowing seeds that I have tried over the years, by far the most successful and easiest has been growing them via the bagged method,
Although this does take a bit of preperation this is by far the best as its as easy as just sterilizing the pots, the soil and the water before sowing the seeds,
Once the seeds are sown then immediately place the pots into a air tight transparent zip lock bag as this will keep them in a totally sterile environment until the young seedlings are large enough to come out of the bags, usually anything from 3 months -18 months depending on the type of cactus or succulent seedlings you have.
When you have sown the seed, in this stirile environment they they can take care of themselves, for a good few months BUT it is very important not to open the bag for at least 3 months..
Here is a very easy to follow step by step video I have made that explains in detail how you can grow Cacti from seed using this method.
Here is another very easy to follow step by step video I have made showing you how you can grow Aloe from seed, this video can apply to ALL succulent seeds regardless of the type of succulent seed you have.
This is the most easiest and quickest way to get more plants from your own or other peoples plants proving of course the 'other' people know you are taking them haha.
When taking cuttings of cacti and succulents it is very different to taking cuttings of other non succulent plants where you just simply snip the cutting and place into soil or water to root.
With cacti and succulents when the cutting has been taken because they store water in their stems, leaves and roots, this makes them very prone to rotting by fungi and bacteria entering the cut surfaces if the cutting is placed directly into soil.
When a cutting of a Cactus or succulent has been taken, it is paramount that the cut part has completely healed over and formed a scab called a 'callus' this can take anything from a couple of days to a few months if a very large cactus depending on the size of the cut part of the cutting.
I always prefer to dust over the cut part with sulphur powder as this prevents fungal spores forming before the cutting has had a chance to heal over and it will form a callus, so I recommend sulphur powder if you can get your hands on it,
Cuttings are only recommended to be taken during Spring or Summer, and unless an emergency cutting has to be done to save a plant then it is not recommended to take cuttings during the Winter months.
Once the cutting has fully callused and is planted, keep the cutting in a warm and well bright spot and lightly mist the very surface of the soil every few days to encourage the cutting to send out roots, you will know when a cutting has taken root when the cutting fills out and or shows signs of new growth, where you can then water the cutting as normal.
Some growers like to provide bottom heat by the use of a heat pad or propagator to speed up rooting, this is a very good idea although I have never had to use that method and I have always had success with the method previously mentioned and in the videos.
There are many methods of taking cuttings for all the different types of cacti and succulents but here are a few videos that I have made on taking cuttings of Cacti for propagation and you can watch them below
How to take cuttings of Epiphyllum cacti
How to pot up and root cuttings of Epiphyllum cacti
How to save a cactus from rot and take cuttings
How to grow a Dragonfruit cactus from a cutting
How to tell when an Epiphyllum cutting has taken root
How to pot up and support a very tall Cactus cutting
How to pot up and support a columnar cactus
How to tell when a Columnar cutting has taken root
Leaf propagation
This has to be one of the most easiest and fun ways to propagate a lot of the succulents.
All you need to do is pull/cut off a leaf or segment and depending on the size of the leaf leave the leaf to 'callus' over for 2-7 days and then place into a well drained potting mix, making sure to keep the soil medium in the pot only just lightly moist.
Although this is not 100% necessary as many leaf segments will send out roots regardless if the soil medium is kept moist, but personally I find that keeping the top of the soil just lightly moist encourages rooting faster.
Keep the leaf segment in a warm and bright spot, two ways that you will know when it has taken root is when you see signs of new tiny growth from the bottom of the leaf or segment, where the leaf comes into contact with the soil, and another sign that it may have rooted is that the cutting starts to plump up as it takes water in through the newly established root system..
Here is a video I made on How to propagate succulents the easy way
How to propagate Christmas/Thanksgiving Cactus Schlumbergera
How to propagate Crassula ovata Money/ Jade plant
Offsets are little 'pups' or 'babies' that grow around the Mother plant such as in the Echinopsis, Rebutias, Chamaecereus and Mammillaria varieties of cacti, or grow from the base of the Mother plant such as Aloe's Haworthia's, Agave's, and Gasteria.
Offsets can easily become detached from the parent plant and potted up into their own individual pots as most of these will quite often have roots already on them, however like with all cacti and succulent cuttings, I would still recommend waiting a few days before placing into soil to allow any damage to 'callus' over that may have occurred while removing the offshoot from the parent however gently it may have came away from the main plant.
There are some plants that readily produce plantlets such as the very popular houseplant Chlorophytum comosun aka Spider plant. but when it comes to cacti and succulents, then there is one also very popular plant commonly known as the 'Mother of Thousands'.There are a few different varieties of these plantlet bearing Kalanchoe's, the most popular being Kalanchoe daigremontiana (see photo below)
These plants produce many tiny plantlets all along the edges of their leaves, these easily become detached from the leaves that they grow around and will often already have tiny roots on them. These plantlets can be potted up straight away, placing them gently on top of a well drained soil medium, keeping the top of the soil lightly moist.
Here is a video I have made on how you can propagate the Mother of Thousands plant.
Wishing you all an abundance of happy growing guy's and hope that you found the tips and videos helpful 🙂


text: Yakushima Anime Pictures Umumichi YakushimaYakushima on the cover of DVD volume 3.The Swimming Club as described by Shiranui.Yakushima with Tanegashima and Kikaijima.The Swimming Club after the first event.Tanegashima explaining the Swimming Club's philosophy.Tanegashima and Yakushima swimming with their legs tied together.Medaka preaches to the Swimming Club.jpgYakushima as part of the Swimming Club's horse.Yakushima and Tanegashima advising Kikaijima.Nabeshima and Yakushima.Add a photo to this galleryYakushima Manga Pictures Medaka and the Swiming Club on the cover of Volume 2.Yakushima on the cover of the Medaka Box Complete Guide Book.Yakushima on the cover of Chapter 188.The cast of Medaka Box.Add a photo to this gallery Retrieved from "http://medakabox.wikia.com/wiki/Umumichi_Yakushima/Image_Gallery?oldid=31939" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Images


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- CSDs & Key Exchanges Update
- Asia's Leading & Longest Running Post-Trade Event
- RMB Special Focus Day
IBC's 10th Clearing, Settlement & Custody Asia is the region's leading and longest running must attend event for post trade industry professionals. This event will continue to provide a platform for greater networking opportunities and gain first-hand insights from Asia's CSDs and regional experts.
What's New For 2016
- Introducing New Topics
- Futures & Options Exchange Access & Clearing
- Changing Landscape of Operational Risk Management
- Feasibility & Future of Blockchain Technology in Asia
- Asia Region Funds Passport
- Principles of Financial Market Infrastructures
- Creation of Domestic Hubs
- RMB Foreign Exchange
- Comprehensive Presentation from Asia's CSDs & Exchanges
- Rotating Roundtable Discussions
Top Reasons to Attend
- Get first-hand information from Asia's CSDs & Exchanges
- Network with Asia's key middle and back office executives
- Engage in frank and open discussions from buy and sell side stakeholders
- Gain insights to international and regional macro and micro market movements
- Leverage latest experiences to address transparency and efficiency concerns
- Understand how your peers are managing risks, collaterals and approaches to new and evolving financial products
View full agenda »
Featuring 2016's New Speakers
|Timothy Hogben
Group Executive Operations
ASX Limited
PT Kustodian Sentral Efek Indonesia
|Stanley Park
Managing Director/Head of Legal - Asia Pacific
|Yong Lee Boon
Regional Head, Transaction Banking Office for East Asia
The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ
|Barnaby Nelson
Managing Director, Head, Investors and Intermediaries Transaction Banking - Greater China and North East Asia
Standard Chartered Bank
View all speakers »


text: For the weapon type, click here For the Binding Blade character, click here This is a disambiguation page - a list of articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from "http://fireemblem.wikia.com/wiki/Lance?oldid=198856" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Disambiguation pages Add category Cancel Save