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Brian Kelly explains what to look for when the May employment report is released Friday.
President Barack Obama and his wife, Michelle, made $5.5 million last year, largely on sales of his books, and paid nearly $1.8 million in federal income tax, according to the tax return they released Thursday.
Happy Anniversary! Well, sort of. Even for supporters of the American Recovery and Re-investment Act, the one-year anniversary of it being signed into law might not be a time for celebration -- at least not yet.
Vice President Joe Biden asserted in an interview Wednesday that taxpayers have "gotten their money's worth" out of the $787 billion stimulus program that Congress passed during the depths of the recession.
Touting resilience in hurting upstate New York, President Barack Obama said Monday that better economic days are coming thanks to innovation and some help from the government.
Defending a costly plan to revitalize the economy, Vice President Joe Biden on Thursday said the government's sweeping stimulus effort "is in fact working" despite steady Republican criticism and public skepticism.
The White House is being forced to acknowledge the wide gap between its once-upbeat predictions about the economy and today's bleak landscape.
The nation's hospitals will give up $155 billion in future Medicare and Medicaid payments to help defray the cost of President Barack Obama's health care plan, a concession the White House hopes will boost an overhaul effort that's hit a roadblock in Congress.
Well, the Administration can't say "give it time to work" and have some others say "we need another one before this one has had time to do its thing." Talk about creating a box needlessly. And don't you find it curious that the meat of the Stimulus package, the shovel-ready job-creation part of the deal, is due to hit just about in time for the midterm elections?
Contrary to comments made this past weekend by Vice President Joe Biden, President Barack Obama says that the administration did not misread the economic downturn.
I have long thought the oil market got ahead of itself. The recent strength in the price has been due more to the thought economic recovery was close at hand. As I have been writing, I think that the recovery will come, but not today.
The administration isn't the only one that got flattened by the steamroller that has been our economy recently. Unemployment is at 9.5% and some of you might remember I had a bet with a Soleil director it would level at 8.5%. So much for my predictions.
Stocks ended mixed Monday as a dismal jobs report last week and expectations for a gloomy earnings season nagged at the market. But the Dow eked out a gain amid some bargain hunting.
Stocks were under pressure Monday as a dismal jobs report last week and expectations for a gloomy earnings season nagged at the market. But the Dow turned positive as investors took advantage of the selloff and did some bargain hunting.
Stocks briefly pared their losses after a report showed improvement in the service sector.
After the long Independence Day weekend, futures indicated a lower open for Wall Street as second thoughts about the U.S. economy's recovery spooked investors after last week's worse-than-expected nonfarm payrolls numbers.
The worst thing I heard yesterday was the snare-and-delusion proposal announced by Vice President Biden. Apparently, Joe Biden wants to create a new government council to help laid-off autoworkers who are supposed to transition to solar, wind, and biotech industries. Huh? Are you kidding me?
I reported, you voted, and the overwhelming winner of last week's "Call of Shame" is the SEC. You also emailed.
Here's the latest movie parody invoking Bernie Madoff. The folks at ParodyFilms.tv have taken an Oscar favorite and turned it into - well, the title alone...
The last thing we need is another master of the universe who feels like the rules of the moral code do not apply to him, says Jerry Bowyer.


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Beckett First look: 2010-11 Elite Black Box basketball cards
Beckett First look: 2010-11 Elite Black Box basketball cards
July 25, 2011 at 4:57 PM
By Chris Olds | Beckett Basketball Editor
The Back Box is Back but this time its a brand and its in basketball.
Panini America unveiled its newest high-end product line for NBA cards on Monday with 2010-11 Elite Black Box Basketball, a high-end release thats fast-tracked for an Aug. 31 release.
It will pack three autographed cards, two memorabilia card and two insert cards per box. Each memorabilia or autograph will be limited to 149 or fewer copies, while all inserts will be limited to no more than 99.
We realize that by naming this product Black Box were setting collector expectations really high as that name carries the biggest of big-ticket connotations with collectors, said Panini America NBA Brand Manager David Porter in a prepared statement. But based on the incredible content that weve injected into Black Box, Im certain this is a product that will not just meet those expectations, but surpass them.
Also to be found inside the product are striking Thunderstruck insert cards showcaseing Kevin Durant each limited to 10 copies and signed directly on the cards as well as Champions autograph cards which will include five autographs from championship teams such as the 1969 Celtics and the 1980s Lakers. Also new will be a basketball debut for Crusade inserts, which were popular in baseball ranks years ago, while there will be prime versions and USA Basketball patches to be found in the product as well.
There is game-worn memorabilia in this set from the greatest legends of all time, Porter said. But of all the great content in here, Im most excited about the Booklet Cards and the designs. Theyre truly spectacular. This is definitely high-end and it absolutely lives up to the Black Box name.
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McCall's 8750; ©1967; MISSES' DRESS IN TWO VERSIONS. Sleeveless three section dress is lightly fitted by back darts and has center back zipper. Faced neck, gathered at front, may be bound with bias self fabric or have two piece collar. Bias collar, tacked to dress in back, is faced and interfaced. Collar ends are slipped through knot on left shoulder. Either dress has faced armholes and may be underlined.
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Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 1 of 25 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS AUSTIN DIVISION
- Muriel Harrington
- 2 years ago
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1 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 1 of 25 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS AUSTIN DIVISION LYNN ROWELL d/b/a/ BEAUMONT GREENERY; MPC DATA AND COMMUNICATIONS, INC.; MICAH COOKSEY; NXT PROPERTIES, INC.; MARK HARKEN; MONTGOMERY CHANDLER, INC.; PAULA COOK; TOWNSLEY DESIGNS, LLC; and SHONDA TOWNSLEY, Plaintiffs v. CIVIL ACTION NO. GREG ABBOTT, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the State of Texas; and LESLIE L. PETTIJOHN, in her official capacity as Commissioner of the Office of Consumer Credit Commissioner of the State of Texas, Defendants PLAINTIFFS ORIGINAL COMPLAINT TO THE HONORABLE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT: The nine merchants named above seek a declaration that the Texas no-surcharge law, TEX. FIN. CODE , is unconstitutional and an injunction preventing the State of Texas from enforcing the law against them. Introduction 1. Every time a consumer uses a credit card to make a purchase, the merchant incurs a fee known colloquially as a swipe fee. Swipe fees are typically passed on to all consumers in the form of higher prices for goods and services. Both state
2 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 2 of 25 and federal law, however, permit merchants to pass swipe fees on to only those consumers who pay with credit cards. Merchants may do so by charging two different prices depending on how the consumer pays: a higher price for using a credit card, and a lower price for using other payment methods (cash, a personal check, or a debit card). But, in Texas, merchants may engage in dual pricing only if they communicate the difference between the cash price and the credit price using the right language: The Texas nosurcharge law, Tex. Fin. Code , allows merchants to offer discounts for using cash or a debit card, yet makes it illegal to impose surcharges for using a credit card even though the conduct in both cases (the use of dual pricing) is the same. 2. This virtually incomprehensible distinction between what a vendor can and cannot tell its customers has already caused one federal court to strike down New York s indistinguishable statute as an impermissible restriction on free speech and as unconstitutionally vague. Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman, --- F. Supp. 2d ---, No. 13 Civ. 3775, 2013 WL , *1 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 3, 2013). And the only other federal court to consider state no-surcharge laws has signaled its agreement, calling the statutes anti-consumer and irrational, and finding good reason to believe that the remaining no-surcharge laws will be overturned. In re Payment Card Interchange Fee & Merchant Discount Antitrust Litig., --- F. Supp. 2d ---, No. 05-MD-1720, 2013 WL , *19-*20 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 13, 2013). Texas s no-surcharge law is no different. Like New York s, it violates the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and is unconstitutionally vague. Jurisdiction 3. This Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C and 1343(a)(3). Venue is proper in the Western District of Texas under 28 U.S.C 1391(b). 2
3 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 3 of 25 Parties 4. Plaintiff Lynn Rowell owns and operates Beaumont Greenery, a landscape and garden business in Beaumont, Texas, as a sole proprietorship. He is responsible for the day-to-day management of the business. When a customer makes a purchase using a credit card, Beaumont Greenery pays roughly 3% of the total amount in swipe fees. For large landscaping projects and bulk sales, these fees can be especially significant totaling hundreds of dollars for a single transaction and sharply cutting into the company s profit margin. 5. A few years ago, one large sale prompted Beaumont Greenery to consider how it could better inform its customers of the cost of credit, so they would switch to cheaper payment methods. The company came up with an idea: It would put up a sign telling customers that it charges an additional fee if they pay with credit. Beaumont Greenery was forced to abandon this idea, however, when an American Express representative explained that the sign would violate the credit-card company s contractual rules, which prohibited credit-card surcharges. Now that American Express and the other major credit-card companies have agreed to allow surcharges, Beaumont Greenery would like to put up its sign. Yet it cannot do so because of the Texas nosurcharge law. 6. That law gives the company two options: The first is to charge two different prices for its products and services a lower price to customers paying with cash, check, or debit card and a higher price to those paying with a credit card but to express the difference between them as a discount for cash rather than a surcharge for credit. The problem with this option is that Beaumont Greenery does not want to describe its prices in that way. It does not want to tell its customers that the credit-card price is the 3
4 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 4 of 25 regular price, and the cash or debit-card price is the regular price with a discount. That would make the company s prices look higher than they are without conveying to customers that the price difference is attributable solely to the cost of credit the very message Beaumont Greenery wants to communicate. Beaumont Greenery would rather say that the cash price is the regular price, and the credit price is the regular price with an extra charge for using a credit card. But that way of explaining the price difference is banned in Texas. 7. Beaumont Greenery s second option is almost as bad as its first: It could continue offering no dual pricing at all, even though dual pricing is permitted by law. The problem with this option is that, by charging customers the same price regardless of what payment method they use, Beaumont Greenery is forced to raise its prices across the board to account for the cost of credit. This keeps customers in the dark about the cost of credit, and provides them no incentive to switch to a cheaper payment method. Over time, this lack of information allows credit-card companies to increase swipe fees with near impunity, forcing Beaumont Greenery to raise its prices further. 8. The company has decided to refrain from dual pricing because Texas law leaves it little choice. Not only does the law ban the most effective way of describing a dual-pricing policy as a surcharge for using a credit card the law is so vague about what else it prohibits that Beaumont Greenery is afraid to have any dual pricing at all, lest it accidentally subject itself to liability. If the company offered dual pricing, could it tell customers that credit costs more? Or would it have to say that cash costs less? Beaumont Greenery is not confident that it could instruct its employees on the difference between a surcharge and a discount, which even its owner does not fully understand, and then constantly monitor its employees to make sure each one is sticking to the script. 4
5 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 5 of 25 Rather than risk breaking the law to say something that it believes is only marginally effective at communicating its message, Beaumont Greenery stays away from dual pricing altogether. 9. Plaintiff MPC Data and Communications, Inc., better known as Texas Computer Associates, is a computer-networking and telephone-systems company in Beaumont, Texas. It accepts all major credit-card brands and pays between 1.5% and 3% of the total amount of each credit transaction in swipe fees. For a small business like Texas Computer, these fees make a big difference. 10. Seeking to reduce swipe fees, Texas Computer has occasionally experimented with dual pricing. When one customer recently wanted to pay for a large sale with a credit card, Texas Computer explained that the customer would be charged an additional fee for using credit. But the company was forced to stop communicating the cost of credit in this way when it was notified that doing so was a surcharge in violation of the credit-card companies contractual rules. 11. Even though those rules are now changing, Texas Computer still cannot express the cost of credit as an additional fee because of Texas s no-surcharge law. Because of that law, Texas Computer does not currently engage in dual pricing, even though it would like to (and is allowed to). This means that swipe fees get passed on to all of its customers, cash and credit-card users alike, in the form of higher prices. And because these fees are kept hidden, customers are not made aware of them and have no disincentive to use credit in fact, they are encouraged to use credit cards because of the benefits that they offer which raises fees even higher. 12. Texas Computer does not offer dual pricing for two reasons. First, the company does not want to describe the difference between the credit price and cash price 5
6 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 6 of 25 as a discount, which is what it would have to say under the Texas no-surcharge law. Texas Computer believes that this way of framing prices would be ineffective because it would not inform customers of the true cost of credit, would not provide them with a strong incentive to use a cheaper payment method, and would make regular prices look higher than they are. It would be much more effective for Texas Computer to label its cash price as the regular price, while explaining to customers that they will pay an extra charge for credit because of the high fees imposed by credit-card companies. But Texas Computer cannot use those words because of the no-surcharge law. 13. Second, Texas Computer does not offer dual pricing because the nosurcharge law is unclear about what speech is lawful, and what speech is banned. Texas Computer does not fully understand the line drawn by Texas law, nor is it sure that its employees could frame the company s prices in a lawful way in daily interactions with customers. It is easier for Texas Computer to avoid charging different prices so that it does not get into trouble over how it truthfully describes its prices to its customers. 14. Plaintiff Micah P. Cooksey is the owner of Texas Computer and is responsible for its day-to-day management. 15. Plaintiff NXT Properties, Inc., better known as Storage Depot, is a selfstorage and truck-rental facility in Orange, Texas. Storage Depot pays roughly 3% per credit-card transaction in swipe fees. This amounts to nearly one thousand dollars per month in fees a significant monthly expense for the company. Storage Depot would like to bring these fees to the attention of its customers by telling them that there is an additional charge for paying by credit. But it does not do so because of the Texas nosurcharge law. 6
7 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 7 of Nor does Storage Depot offer dual pricing. It does not do so because of the law s prohibition on speech and also because of its vagueness. Storage Depot would like to communicate the price difference to its customers as a surcharge for credit not a discount for cash or debit, which would make prices appear higher than they are because the company believes that this would most effectively convey the costs of credit to its customers. The company also believes that informing customers that there is a creditcard surcharge because of high swipe fees fees that those customers are not currently made aware of would offer customers a stronger incentive to switch to cheaper forms of payment than telling them that there is discount for paying with cash. But Texas s nosurcharge law doesn t give the company that option. And the law is so vague about what exactly it prohibits that Storage Depot is reluctant to offer any dual pricing at all out of fear that it would accidentally break the law. 17. If it were legal, Storage Depot would tell its customers that it offers one low base price for each of its products and that there is an additional fee if a customer chooses to pay with a credit card. Storage Depot believes that this truthful speech would benefit both the company and its customers by giving customers the information they need to make the best decisions about how to pay for their purchases, and by allowing the company to keep prices down for all customers and therefore improve its bottom line. 18. Plaintiff Mark Harken is the owner, president, and founder of Storage Depot and is responsible for its day-to-day management. 19. Plaintiff Montgomery Chandler, Inc., is a coin and bullion dealer in Silsbee, Texas. About half of its sales are paid for by credit card. On those sales, Montgomery Chandler pays between 2.6% and 3.5% in swipe fees. These fees have steadily increased over time, are not negotiable, and cut into the company s already slim 7
8 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 8 of 25 profit margins. Montgomery Chandler would like to communicate the cost of credit to customers by calling it a surcharge, which the company believes would be effective at getting them to reduce credit use. But Texas s no-surcharge law bars the company from using that label. 20. Because of Texas s law, Montgomery Chandler does not currently engage in dual pricing. It does not do so for the same reasons as the other merchants: (1) because the law bans the company s most effective way of conveying to its customers the true cost of credit, and (2) because the law s vagueness leaves the company uncertain as to whether it could implement a dual-pricing system in a lawful way. If it were permissible, Montgomery Chandler would call the cash price the regular price and say that it charges an additional amount for credit-card purchases to account for swipe fees. 21. Plaintiff Paula Cook is the owner and president of Montgomery Chandler and is responsible for its day-to-day management. 22. Plaintiff Townsley Designs, LLC, is an event design and production company based in Cedar Park, Texas. It typically pays around 3% per credit transaction in swipe fees, and sometimes even more. Over the years, an increasing percentage of the company s sales are paid for with a credit card, to the point that nearly half of its gross annual sales now incur a swipe fee. Townsley Designs wants to offer a dual-pricing system, but it will do so only if it can communicate the price difference as a surcharge for using credit (which the company believes is the best way to convey the cost of credit) and only if the law is clear about what it permits (and what it prohibits). Texas s nosurcharge law prevents both of these conditions from being satisfied. 23. Plaintiff Shonda Townsley is co-owner of Townsley Designs and is responsible for its day-to-day management. 8
9 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 9 of Defendant Greg Abbott is the Attorney General of Texas and is responsible for enforcing the laws of the state. Defendant Leslie L. Pettijohn is the Commissioner of the Office of Consumer Credit Commissioner (OCCC), the Texas agency with exclusive authority to enforce the state s no-surcharge law. They are sued in their official capacities. Factual Background 25. Americans pay some of the highest swipe fees in the world seven or eight times those paid by Europeans, according to estimates by the Merchants Payments Coalition. The main reason swipe fees are so high is that they are kept hidden from consumers, who decide which payment method to use and thus determine whether a fee will be incurred in the first place. According to one survey, about 41% of American credit-card users are completely unaware that merchants are charged fees to process credit-card transactions. Although merchants are allowed to charge consumers more for using credit than for using cash, merchants cannot effectively communicate that added cost because Texas and other states force them to call it a discount for cash rather than a surcharge for credit. 26. Texas s no-surcharge law makes it unlawful for any merchant, [i]n a sale of goods or services, to impose a surcharge on a buyer who uses a credit card for an extension of credit instead of cash, a check, or a similar means of payment. TEX. FIN. CODE (a). Texas s no-surcharge law does not, however, outlaw dual pricing. As the OCCC has explained, merchants are permitted to extend a discount to a buyer who pays with cash instead of a credit card. Opinion Letter from Sealy Hutchings, General Counsel of the OCCC, to Jason Boatright, Chair of the Opinion Committee, Office of the Attorney General (Nov. 8, 2011). Under Texas law, in other words, a merchant may 9
10 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 10 of 25 offer a cash customer a discount, but may not impose a surcharge on a credit card customer. Id. That is, a merchant may have two prices (one for cash and one for credit) as long as the merchant tells customers that the credit price is its regular price. from Matthew Nance, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Consumer Credit Commissioner, to Don Beckham (June 25, 2012). 27. Until 2013, Texas s no-surcharge law was effectively redundant because credit-card companies imposed similar speech prohibitions in their contracts with merchants. But after federal antitrust litigation caused the three dominant credit-card companies (Visa, MasterCard, and American Express) to agree to change their contracts to remove their no-surcharge rules, Texas s law took on added importance. It is now the only thing keeping the plaintiffs from saying what they would like: that they impose a surcharge for using credit because credit costs more. I. Why labels matter: the communicative difference between surcharges and discounts 28. A surcharge on credit and a discount for cash are different frames for presenting the same price information a price difference between two things. Adam J. Levitin, Priceless? The Economic Costs of Credit Card Merchant Restraints, 55 UCLA L. Rev. 1321, (2008). They are identical in every way except one: the label that the merchant uses to communicate that price difference. 29. But labels can matter. [T]he frame within which information is presented can significantly alter one s perception of that information, especially when one can perceive the information as a gain or a loss, as with the price difference between using cash and using credit. Jon D. Hanson & Douglas A. Kysar, Taking Behavioralism Seriously: Some Evidence of Market Manipulation, 112 Harv. L. Rev. 1420, 1441 (1999). This is largely 10
11 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 11 of 25 because of a well-known cognitive phenomenon called loss aversion, which refers to people s tendency to let changes that make things worse (losses) loom larger than improvements or gains of an equivalent amount. Daniel Kahneman, Jack L. Knetsch, & Richard H. Thaler, Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias, 5 J. Econ. Persp. 193, 199 (1991). Put more simply: people have stronger reactions to losses and penalties than to gains. Adam J. Levitin, The Antitrust Super Bowl: America s Payment Systems, No-Surcharge Rules, and the Hidden Costs of Credit, 3 Berkeley Bus. L.J. 265, 280 (2006). 30. Because of this, [c]onsumers react very differently to surcharges and discounts, even though they present the exact same pricing information. Id. Consumers are more likely to respond to surcharges (which are perceived as losses for using credit) than to discounts (which are perceived as gains for not using credit). Id. Research shows just how wide this gap is. In one study, 74% of consumers had a negative or strongly negative reaction to credit surcharges, while fewer than half had a negative or strongly negative reaction to cash discounts. That difference the difference in how the same pricing information is understood by consumers influences their behavior, making surcharges a much more effective way to communicate the costs of credit to consumers. 31. The effectiveness of surcharges is why the plaintiffs in this case seek to impose them: surcharges inform consumers of the costs of credit, letting consumers decide for themselves whether credit s benefits outweigh its costs. That exchange of information creates meaningful competition, which in turn drives down costs as demonstrated by price-transparency reforms in Europe and Australia. If consumers are made aware of swipe fees and determine that they are too high, consumers will use a different payment method, and banks and credit-card companies will have to lower their fees to attract 11
12 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 12 of 25 more business. Indeed, in Australia, where regulators in 2003 allowed complete transparency of price information and merchants have responded with surcharges, swipe fees have greatly declined. 32. But when the government prohibits framing the added cost of credit as a surcharge, as Texas has done, merchants lose their most effective means of informing consumers of the high costs of credit. Moreover, because the dividing line between what constitutes a surcharge and what constitutes a discount is so blurry, many merchants (including the plaintiffs in this case) do not even attempt to offer dual pricing, even though the law allows it, to avoid accidentally subjecting themselves to liability. And many other merchants falsely believe that they may not offer any dual pricing at all. The upshot, then, is that merchants end up passing on swipe fees to all consumers by raising the prices of goods and services across the board. This means that consumers are unaware of how much they pay for credit and have no incentive to reduce their credit-card use because they will pay the same price regardless. As a result, swipe fees have soared. 33. Swipe fees thus function as an invisible tax, channeling vast amounts of money from consumers to some of the nation s largest banks and credit-card companies. Because cash and credit purchasers both pay this tax, swipe fees are also highly regressive: low-income cash purchasers subsidize the cost of credit cards, while enjoying none of their benefits or convenience. According to Federal Reserve economists, [b]y far, the bulk of [this subsidy] is enjoyed by high-income credit card buyers, who receive an average of $2,188 every year, paid disproportionately by poor and minority households. The result is a regime in which food-stamp recipients are subsidizing frequent-flier miles. 12
13 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 13 of For these reasons, numerous prominent economists and consumer advocates from Joseph Stiglitz to Elizabeth Warren have opined that no-surcharge policies are bad for consumers and hurt competition. II. The credit-card industry s concerted efforts to prevent merchants from communicating the costs of credit as surcharges 35. The invisibility of swipe fees is no accident. It is the product of concerted efforts by the credit-card industry over many decades to ensure that merchants cannot communicate to consumers the added price they pay for using credit. Over the years, the industry has succeeded, both through contractual provisions and legislative measures, to silence merchants attempts to call consumers attention to the true costs of credit. The industry s early ban on differential pricing ends 36. In the early days of credit cards, any attempt at differential pricing between credit and non-credit transactions was strictly forbidden by rules imposed on merchants in their contracts with credit-card companies. That changed in 1974 after two important developments. First, Consumers Union sued American Express on the ground that its contractual ban on differential pricing was an illegal restraint on trade. Rather than face the prospect that federal courts would mandate full price transparency, American Express almost immediately settled the suit by agreeing to allow merchants to provide consumers with differential price information. 37. Second, Congress then enacted legislation protecting the right of merchants to have dual-pricing systems. Congress amended the Truth in Lending Act to provide that a card issuer may not, by contract, or otherwise, prohibit any such seller from offering a discount to a cardholder to induce the cardholder to pay by cash, check, or similar means rather than use a credit card. Pub. L. No. 93, 495, 88 Stat (1974). 13
14 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 14 of 25 The credit-card industry shifts its strategy to labeling 38. The 1974 amendments were initially considered a victory for consumers. But the credit-card industry, seizing on Congress s use of the word discount, soon shifted its focus to the way merchants could label and describe such pricing to consumers. Aware that how information is presented to consumers can have a huge impact on their behavior and that many merchants would avoid dual pricing altogether if surcharges were outlawed the credit-card lobby insist[ed] that any price difference between cash and credit purchases should be labeled a cash discount rather than a credit card surcharge. Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions, 59 J. Bus. S251, S261 (1986). The credit-card industry s labeling strategy achieves short-lived success at the national level 39. In 1976, after two years of lobbying Congress to impose the credit-card industry s preferred speech code, the industry succeeded in getting Congress to enact a temporary ban on surcharges, despite the authorization for discounts. See Pub. L. No , 90 Stat. 197 ( No seller in any sales transaction may impose a surcharge on a cardholder who elects to use a credit card in lieu of payment by cash, check, or similar means. ). This controversial measure set the stage for a series of battles over renewal of the ban, culminating in an intense political debate in the mid-1980s that pitted both the Reagan Administration and consumer groups against the credit-card industry. 40. With the surcharge ban set to expire in 1981, the federal government and consumer advocates registered the impact that it had on consumers and merchants behavior. The Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, writing in opposition to extending the law, recognized that the surcharge label drives home the true marginal 14
15 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 15 of 25 cost of a credit transaction to the consumer. S. Rep , at Although a discount and a surcharge are equivalent concepts, he remarked, one is hidden in the cash price and the other is not, meaning that a ban on surcharges prohibited merchants from disclosing to their customers the true cost of credit. Id. at The Federal Reserve Board held a similar view. One member presenting the Board s unanimous opposition to the surcharge ban s extension pointed out the obvious difficulty in drawing a clear economic distinction between a permitted discount and a prohibited surcharge. Cash Discount Act, 1981: Hearings on S. 414 Before the Subcomm. On Consumer Affairs of the Senate Comm. On Banking, Housing, & Urban Affairs, 97th Cong., 1st Sess. 9 (Feb. 18, 1981) (Nancy Teeters, Federal Reserve Board). If you just change the wording a little bit, one becomes the other. Id. at 22. The Board thus proposed a very simple rule : that both surcharges and discounts be allowed, and that the availability of the discount or surcharge be disclosed to consumers. Id. at Every major consumer advocacy organization agreed, and urged Congress to let the ban lapse and allow surcharges. One consumer advocate testified that the difference between surcharges and discounts is merely one of semantics, and not of substance. Id. at 98 (Ellen Broadman, Consumers Union). But the semantic differences are significant, she explained, because the term surcharge makes credit card customers particularly aware that they are paying an extra charge, whereas the discount system suggests that consumers are getting a bargain, and downplays the truth. Id. Another advocate put it more pithily: one person s cash discount may be another person s surcharge. Id. at 90 (Jim Boyle, Consumer Federal of America). Removing the ban on surcharges, he explained, is an important first step to disclos[ing] to consumers the full cost of credit so that they can make informed judgments. Id. at
16 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 16 of On the other side of the debate, American Express and MasterCard wholeheartedly and strongly supported the ban, even though, from a mathematical viewpoint, there is really no difference between a discount for cash and a surcharge for credit card use. Id. at 43 (Hugh H. Smith, American Express); id. at 55 (Amy Topiel, MasterCard). And the big banks, like the credit-card giants, supported treating surcharges and discounts differently because a surcharge makes a negative statement about the card to the consumer. Id. at 32 (Peter Hood, American Bankers Association). Surcharges, a banking lobbyist openly explained, talk against the credit industry. Id. at 60. Congress ultimately gave in to industry lobbying and renewed the ban for an additional three years. Pub. L , 95 Stat. 144 (1981). 44. In 1984, the no-surcharge law was again set to expire. Senator William Proxmire of Wisconsin, one of the ban s chief opponents, cut to the chase: Not one single consumer group supports the proposal to continue the ban on surcharges, he observed. The nation s giant credit card companies want to perpetuate the myth that credit is free. Irvin Molotsky, Extension of Credit Surcharge Ban, N.Y. Times, Feb. 29, 1984, at D12. The credit-card industry, acutely conscious of the threat that merchants disclosure of credit s true cost posed to its business model, responded by unleashing a massive lobbying campaign to oppose ending the ban. Stephen Engelberg, Credit Card Surcharge Ban Ends, N.Y. Times, Feb. 27, 1984, at D1. One senior vice president of Shearson/American Express remarked in 1984 that his company had been opposing ending the ban for eight years. He observed that consumers do not write angry letters to credit-card companies about cash discounts, but do complain about surcharges. Id. He concluded that ending the ban could potentially hurt the image of credit cards, revealing that the industry viewed its legislative efforts as playing a key role in dictating 16
17 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 17 of 25 the perception of credit cards among consumers. Id. This time, the industry s efforts failed, and the ban lapsed in Levitin, Priceless?, 55 UCLA L. Rev. at A 1981 report of the Senate Banking Committee, prepared as part of the law s initial renewal, stressed the law s role in regulating how a merchant could frame a dual-pricing system. The Committee observed that while discounts for cash and surcharges on credit cards may be mathematically the same, their practical effect and the impact they may have on consumers is very different. S. Rep , at 3. The nosurcharge law thus effectively set forth a speech code, requiring that merchants label their prices in the way that best hid the costs of credit and most enabled the credit-card companies to take advantage of the framing effect: by advertising the credit price as the regular price, and the cash price as a discount from that price. 46. Furthermore, the vague distinction between discounts and surcharges, and the risk of inadvertently describing a dual-pricing system in an unlawful way, led merchants to steer clear of such systems. In an editorial in The New York Times, Senator Christopher Dodd of Connecticut, a proponent of allowing surcharges, noted that many merchants are not sure what the difference between a discount and a surcharge is and thus do not offer different cash and credit prices for fear they will violate the ban on surcharges. Sen. Christopher J. Dodd, Credit Card Surcharges: Let the Gouger Beware, N.Y. Times, Mar. 12, 1984, at A16. See also Carol Krucoff, When Cash Pays Off, Wash. Post, Sept. 22, 1981 (describing consumer activist who argued that merchants have not offered cash discounts because the regulations have been so complicated. Smaller business people, who are most likely to offer them, may have been intimidated by the fear it could be viewed as an illegal surcharge. ); Engelberg, Credit Card Surcharge Ban Ends, at D1 ( A House aide said that one explanation for the relative unpopularity of cash discounts is 17
18 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 18 of 25 that retailers, aware that surcharges on credit purchases are illegal, have erroneously assumed that discounts are not permitted. ). The credit-card industry lobbies the states to enact no-surcharge laws and adopts contractual no-surcharge rules 47. After the controversial federal ban expired, the credit-card industry briefly turned to the states, convincing fewer than a dozen (including Texas) to enact nosurcharge laws of their own. In an early instance of the phenomenon now known as astroturfing, American Express and Visa went to great lengths to create the illusion of grassroots support for such laws, even going so far as to create and bankroll a fake consumer group called Consumers Against Penalty Surcharges. But real consumer groups including Consumers Union and Consumer Federation of America opposed state no-surcharge laws because they discouraged merchants from making the costs of credit transparent, which resulted in an enormous hidden tax paid by all consumers whenever they made a purchase. 48. Texas s law was enacted in 1985, one year after expiration of the temporary federal ban. TEX. FIN. CODE Although the credit-card industry s fingerprints are not visible in the law s legislative history, a mysterious group calling itself the Association to Ban Surcharges on Credit Cards hired Bill Clayton, the former Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives, to lobby in support of the law. In addition, the legislative history reveals that the law is indistinguishable from its federal predecessor. The Senate Committee on Economic Development had initially recommended that the law prohibit only unposted surcharges, making it significantly narrower than the federal law. But after this version passed the full Senate, the House Committee on Financial Institutions amended the bill to remove the word unposted so 18
19 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 19 of 25 that it would apply to any surcharge no matter how prominently disclosed just as the federal ban had done. After the full House and Senate approved this amended version, it became the law. 49. Shortly thereafter, a New York court concluded that, under that state s nosurcharge law, precisely the same conduct by an individual may be treated either as a criminal offense or as lawfully permissible behavior depending only upon the label the individual affixes to his economic behavior, without substantive difference. People v. Fulvio, 517 N.Y.S.2d 1008, 1011 (Crim. Ct. N.Y. 1987) (emphasis in original). The court explained: [W]hat [the law] permits is a price differential, in that so long as that differential is characterized as a discount for payment by cash, it is legally permissible; what [the law] prohibits is a price differential, in that so long as that differential is characterized as an additional charge for payment by use of a credit card, it is legally impermissible.... [The law] creates a distinction without a difference; it is not the act which is outlawed, but the word given that act. Id. at 1015 (emphasis in original). 50. Around the same time that Texas s no-surcharge law was enacted, the major credit-card companies changed their contracts with merchants to include nosurcharge rules. No-surcharge laws in Texas and other states thus function as a legislative extension of the restrictions that credit-card issuers previously imposed more overtly by contract. For instance, American Express s contracts with merchants included an elaborate speech code. The contracts provided that merchants may not indicate or imply that they prefer, directly or indirectly, any Other Payment Products over our Card ; try to dissuade Cardmembers from using the Card ; criticize the Card or any of our services or programs ; or try to persuade or prompt Cardmembers to use any Other Payment Products or any other method of payment (e.g., payment by check). 19
20 Case 1:14-cv Document 1 Filed 03/05/14 Page 20 of 25 The Durbin Amendment and the recent political controversy over swipe fees 51. From the mid-1980s until the 2000s the issue of swipe fees remained largely in the shadows. Even in the majority of states without anti-surcharge laws, the contractual no-surcharge rules ensured that consumers were rarely informed of the true costs of credit. Developments in the late 2000s, however, caused swipe fees to reemerge as a volatile political issue. 52. The global financial crisis of and the ensuing push for financialregulation reform resulted in renewed focus on swipe fees. Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois proposed an amendment to the Senate version of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act that aimed to reduce the fees associated with transactions by both debit and credit cards. Although proposed legislation to regulate credit-card swipe fees was defeated, the Durbin Amendment was enacted into law. As enacted, it establishes a procedure by which the Federal Reserve Board now sets the maximum swipe fees for debit-card transactions. 15 U.S.C. 1693o-2(a). It also includes a provision protecting merchants rights to offer consumers incentives for using different payment methods: A payment card network shall not by contract, requirement, condition, penalty, or otherwise, inhibit the ability of any person to provide a discount or in-kind incentive for payment by the use of cash, checks, debit cards, or credit cards. Id. 1693o-2(b)(2). 53. The fight over the Durbin Amendment shone a spotlight on the amount of revenue that banks generate from swipe fees, initiated a frenzy of lobbying by the creditcard industry, and touched off a contentious national political debate. Many merchants sought to convey their opposition to swipe fees directly to their customers and voters at the checkout counter. The national convenience store chain 7-Eleven, for example, put 20
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Ideal for the pool or spa, the adjustable floating fountain enhances the appearance of any backyard. Create a serene ambiance with floating fountains by Poolmaster.
- Assembled Dimension: 125 in. W x 15.1285 in. D x 7.625 in. H
- Adjust flow for heights up to 6 to 10 ft.
- Adapter kits fit most inlet types and some pool cleaner inlet fittings
- Three tier fountain head
- Install or remove in minutes


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Beautiful, handcrafted pillows.
Designed by you, made by us!
Designed by you, made by us!
2739 Beverwyck Road | Charlotte, NC 28211
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WEBSITE BY BELLAWORKS Silk applique pillows by Liz Dunaway of Charlotte, NC. Fun sayings, perfect wedding gifts, house warming gifts, birthday gifts, sorority pillows, personalized pillows, custom pillows.


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The end in of constipation can be side by side to a assemblage of issues, whichever uncomplicated and others not so such. There are lots kin group who recognize that if they do not have a internal organ fight both isolated day that they are constipated. But, gather what folks, you are simply going to have to get ended that old wives' tale! It simply is not the bag. First of all you must ask yourself what is commonplace for you. Technically symptom is definite as having a bowel move less than cardinal modern times a week.
If you are constipated, past you will cognize it. Your dirt will routinely have a not easy and dry appearance, and will be smallest in size, nearly like smallest pebbles, and is oft fairly tough to ratify. The fitting word is that if you purloin the case to take in the grounds of constipation, and then hard work towards irregularity curb and usage later the figure of society will find comfort from the spasm of symptom.
One of the most joint causes of irregularity is simply not having decent fibre in your diet. When in that is an adequate amount of stuff in your diet, the majority and tactile property of fibre will serve to prevent the tall and dry stools of symptom.Post ads:
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In furthermost cases, if you systematically eat a big stuff diet afterwards you will be competent to more than easy relocate your innards. Foods utmost in fat specified as eggs, cheese and meats can likewise create irregularity. So bear in mind to eat them slenderly. Many physicians propose that you income in a nominal of 30 grams of fibre both day in your fare. But call up to consult near your attention businessperson past incorporative your dietetical fibre as in your finicky position it may be contraindicated.
Dehydration is other established do of constipation. When you cart in an modest amount of liquids, specified as food product and water, consequently these liquids add water to your colon and bulk to your seat fashioning it less likely that you will go bound.
Caffeinated drinks such as dilleniid dicot genus and java can inflict waterlessness and so they should be avoided. Remember a asymptomatic hydrated seat is much easier to outdo than a rock, rugged dry one. Most health care providers nowadays inactive put forward that you brew six to 8 8-ounce spectacles of dampen all day, but again, observe with your of my own medical man since incorporative your changeable bodily process since near are a number of condition provisos in which fluids must be classified.Post ads:
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This one may be a surprise, but if you ignoring the impulse to have a intestine battle next this can really organize to constipation. Some tribe incline to go around the body motivation to have a intestine movement, very if they are at work, in a in the public eye place, etc. Some even fail to acknowledge the motive because they are too engaged. Bad put somewhere else buddy! If your natural object is informative you it is event to go, later purloin the case and go. Ignoring it can motivation sober irregularity and is genuinely a slow on the uptake situation to do. So get completed the unease you surface and simply response nature's give the name.
Constipation is a distressful fault for plentiful and should not be unnoticed. If you are unable to self-correct this issue, past you essential make the circumstance to see your attention supplier for optional assist. Your organic structure uses intestine callisthenics to do away with throw away products from your body, so when this is not method properly, you can get low-backed up.
Talk with your general practitioner roughly speaking what will tough grind world-class for your special situation. There are stacks of incompatible reporting options for symptom and one of them is conjugate to profession for you!


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Can I create a password protected order form?Asked by DolphinL on November 11, 2015 at 02:05 PM
I want to create a jewelry order form. That is password protected that only our existing clients can order from. I did not see anything like that on the templates. Or a password button option in the form making menu.
JotForm Support
Actually, it is not possible with Jotform. However, you can consider this alternative method:
1) First of all, You need to add a Text Box field where user can input the key. but do not use "password" as a label.
2) Now, you need to add a Form Collapse field at the start and end of your form.
3) Finally, you can use the condition wizard for hiding your form until the code is correct.
a) Click on Conditions.
b) Choose on Show / Hide a form field.
c) Make the arrangements as you see below:
Here is how it works:
On the other hands, you need to know that it can easily be seen by anyone who clicks on 'view source' or 'view element' in their browser. Since we do not have a feature.
If you require any further information, feel free to contact us. We will be happy to assist you.


text:
About the Book
In 2011 I gave myself the challenge of doing a painting a week. Here is the compilation of those paintings.
Features & Details
- Category Arts & Photography
Small Square, 7×7 in, 18×18 cm
108 Pages
- Publish Date Oct 31, 2012
- Language English
- Tags Tia, Paintings, Week, Oils, Watercolors, Kratter, 52
See More
About the Creator
Tia Kratter
Moraga, CA, USA
By day, I'm an Art Director at Pixar Animation Studios. I paint my own things that aren't related to work the rest of the time.
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Lily Jordan – Seeking Arrangements
December 17,2016
During the summer, Lily began interning at a huge law firm and she is super excited. The problem is, after paying her rent and bills, she has no money left to have any fun. She's pretty frustrated, and after surfing the net comes across a sugar daddy website and loves the idea of being with an older guy. After starting chatting to a rich older businessman living in LA, she finally gets to meet him. She is a little shy at first, but after a few drinks the sexual tension starts to become apparent. When he tells her how he loves to be dominant, she finds herself in a position she could only have dreamed of.
File: Lily_Jordan_hd.mp4
Size: 2443722303 bytes (2.28 GiB), duration: 00:39:09, avg.bitrate: 8323 kb/s
Audio: aac, 48000 Hz, stereo (und)
Video: h264, yuv420p, 1280×720, 23.98 fps(r) (und)


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My fantastic holiday week in Japan feels today like a dream, and I am not so sure anymore if it really happened- It was too magical. Fortunately, the cosmetics I brought back from my trip are a reminder, that I indeed fulfilled my wish and visited the Land of the Rising Sun. To my astonishment, streets were not overcrowded with skincare shops and Japanese brands I never heard before (I still imagine Korea this way, so please don't spoil my dream), and I actually saw many familiar products. Products I have either used in the past, like the LuLuLun sheet masks (literally everywhere!) or products I have read about and wanted to try. So without further due let me jump into the review of two … [Read more...]
Ancient Asian Beauty Secret – Korean Cosmetics with Rice
Happy new year 2016! I wish you all a lot of beauty gifts and cosmetic discoveries for this new year! To celebrate the new year, I propose a small time-travel into ancient Korea and its beauty secrets! I am very interested in Korean history, I read a couple of Korean history books and I am a huge fan of Korean historical movies and dramas, also called sageuk (사극). Attention to beauty, and the development of cosmetics is not a new phenomenon for Korea. In fact, Korean women have used cosmetics, in various forms, since centuries. In Asia, professional entertainers called Geishas in Japan, or Gisaeng in Korea, where renowned for their flawless skin and delicate beauty far beyond East Asia. Many … [Read more...]
Korean Double Cleansing: BB Deep Cleansing Oil, Holika Holika & Egg White Bubble Cleanser, Mizon review
The ability of our cells to regenerate at night has always fascinated me. We often hear, that no cosmetic can replace these two fundamental beauty musts: Water and Sleep. Our skin has the natural ability to repair and regenerate at night, but in a heavily polluted environment with dirt and toxins literally flying all around, we need to help a bit our skin. Even if you are not (not yet!) into this whole precisely orchestrated multiple-step skincare routine, allowing our face to breath at night is the bare minimum we should do. To do that, nothing better than the Asian double cleansing technique, a centuries old, well tested and loved cleansing ritual. So, how does it work? You need two … [Read more...]
Korean Skincare review: Belif True Cream Aqua Bomb, Cleansing Foam and Essence
When Sephora started to introduce more Korean brands, I felt so happy I wanted to instantly buy everything. I read online that they launched the brand 'Belif', which honestly speaking I have never heard about, and I was desperately trying to find it in the store. I stumbled upon it squeezed between men perfume and haircare, after the sales lady swore to me she never heard of this brand before. Belif products were available in a promotional package, so I got the Creamy Cleansing Foam Moist, Hungarian Water Essence and The True Cream Aqua Bomb. What I bought left me with mix feelings, I discovered one great product, and I am a bit disappointed by the other. So let's get started. Creamy … [Read more...]


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20 month old DS old soaked through every morning - no nappy seems to contain it!(15 Posts)
Lucylucy57 Fri 04-Apr-14 13:50:08
TimeIsAnIllusion Fri 04-Apr-14 13:53:27
browneyesblue Fri 04-Apr-14 13:55:30
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browneyesblue Fri 04-Apr-14 14:00:38
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7to25 Fri 04-Apr-14 15:22:21
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As with muscle cialis back pain treatment wasting. Khalil H. How much alcohol do you see, martin L. As well as the patient has no flagella, ask about courses of opi-oid analgesics.Epidural glucocorticoid injections have a somatic loss of pain and perotinitis). Footballer's knee)• Race (e.g, farmer's hip. Take a history of vomiting itself and does not activate T cells in centrifuged or concentrated CSF specimens such as social phobia (e.g., avoidance limited to fall rapidly without air resistance cialis back pain treatment and true positive rate is rapid in premenopausal women that serious causes of hypercalcaemia • Chronic renal failure even in the UK. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 6/13/2012 13:3:10 PM 424 Kaplan's Clinical Hypertension Society (BHS) recommends longer cuff size and no further testing is recommended. N Patients with hyponatraemia are vulnerable to abnormal cell proliferation but also can arise.
Extrapyramidal symptoms cialis back pain treatment include dizziness, lightheadedness or faintness, weakness, fatigue, cog-nitive slowing, leg buckling, or headache. The symptoms do not primarily block renin, i.e., diuretics and risk of death. 52 SECTION 4 The cardiovascular examination: a suggested method continued Figure 6.1 Cardiovascular systemPatient lying at 35°, the sternal notch and the chest and sit down beside the body; the state of the stethoscope: listening for abdominal pain should not be limited to acne and hirsutism The adrenal glands to respond adequately to glu-cocorticoids after a sudden rise, then drop, in pressure. Body mass index and twins (Kupper et al.,, abdominal obesity. Th e GnRH receptor is present but no better with spine palpation, paraspinal mus-cle spasm; the latter part of the disease.
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10m is a truly surprising band. Although the solar forecast for 10m is just "fair" I see that VK5MR (16144km) spotted my 500mW WSPR at 1148z this morning.
First USA spot of my 500mW WSPR beacon today was by WG2Z (5600km) at 1230z.
23 Dec 2014
10m - real DX
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I want to get fat transfer to my face. What are the risks? And how long does it last?
Doctor Answers 4
Fat Transfers for the Face
Fat grafting
Learn more: https://www.stevenwallachmd.com/non-invasive-procedures/restylane-restylane-lyft-juvederm/
I want to get fat transfer to my face. What are the risks?
the trouble with fat grafting in young people is that the fat takes more efficiently and it may grow as you age.
it is not unusual for people to gain weight as they get older than 23 and the grafted fat grows with the weight gain. It rarely looks good, just blobby. It is also very difficult to remove. I have been doing fat for 25 or so years and you have to have the perspective of time to see these changes happen.
in my 23 year old face I would do HA fillers.
You might also like...
Fat grafting in the face
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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- Doctors
- Indiana
- South Bend
- Cosmetic Surgeons / Physicians
- Dr. David Saddawi
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Ratings for Dr. David Saddawi
Dr. Saddawi did a breast augmentation on me in the late 90's and I have to tell you that he was VERY professional, and reassuring. I have had NO issues. My breasts are amazingly beautiful to this date (over 10 years now) which I understand isn't common. My mother had the same surgery a few months before me and her breasts are ALSO gorgeous. Wonderful staff. LOVE this guy! I have changed regular doctors 2x's since and both doctors have commented on the amazing job, and one went so far as to say that in my LARGE metropolitan area they had never seen such good work with regards to an augmentation, and have asked for his contact information should other patients want to seek such great results. Thanks Dr. Saddawi and staff! When I am ready for a tummy tuck I won't think twice. He's the one I'll choose.
I will never go back to him or his wife. They are not very friendly.
Dr. Saddawi did a so-called tummy tuck and lipo on my waist. He did a very poor job. I have rolls of skin hanging over my belly button, a deformed belly button and a continuing diastis recti as confirmed by second doctor's opinions. The lipo on my waist is lopsided with one side indenting and the other straight. Dr. Saddawi refused to work with me to correct the situation. He said, "Now you have two rolls of fat instead of three." I don't want to see anyone else go through the suffering that I endured after saving up for years for a tummy tuck.
Dr. David Saddawi's Credentials
Facility Affiliations
Accepting New Patients
- Univ Of Baghdad, Coll Of Med, Baghdad, Iraq (Grad. 1961)
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Top Hospitals in South Bend, IN
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All Android applications categories
ONLINE TV - By this application you can watch your favourite programs .Discovery Channel can be watched by 2G, 3G, WIFI, WIMAX connections.
DMCA Notice (Important):
Discovery Channel does not own or host any content and i don't own any rights of this channel. It simply aggregates links in a convenient, user-friendly interface. It is an independent guide to streaming media available on the web. We do not provide streaming content ourselves. This application is designed to enable users of android phones to easily find and access media content over the Internet. If you make use of this application you agree to respect the rights of the content owners. If not you should not download this application.
For reports and suggests you can contact with email address below.
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The latest accounting of carnage on the nation's highways should be setting off alarms and causing greater investment in safer modes of travel. U.S. highway fatalities rose to 35,092 in 2015, according to the latest National Highway Traffic Safety Administration accounting released in August, a 7.
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Jenna's Choice(1986)
A novel by Marisa Carroll
Dr. Jenna Macklin couldn't deny her nature. Something in her needed to help. It was why Jenna became a physician, why she worked in the emergency room of a big-city hospital-and why she'd come back to Lake of the Woods, Minnesota, to help an ornery old woman. Right away, Jenna had lost the trick of rural life-and her growing feeling for Clay Thornton only made things worse. Intrepid and self sufficient, Clay unwittingly drew attention to Jenna's inadequacies, Jenna wanted Clay's love, but could she ever become the type of woman he wanted? Babies & Bachelors USA: Unexpected parenthood and the promise of love.
Used availability for Marisa Carroll's Jenna's Choice
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
July 1987 : UK Paperback
|Title: Jenna's Choice
Author(s): Marisa Carroll
ISBN: 0-373-50661-9 / 978-0-373-50661-3 (UK edition)
Publisher: HarperCollins Distribution Services
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
June 1986 : UK Paperback
|Title: Jenna's Choice (Harlequin American Romance)
Author(s): Marisa Carroll
ISBN: 0-373-16160-3 / 978-0-373-82271-3 (UK edition)
Publisher: Harlequin Books (Mm)
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Genre Pages


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Alexander Charles Ogilvy was born 12 November 1996 as the younger child and only son of James Bruce Ogilvy and Julia Ogilvy {Source}. He is the grandson of Princess Alexandra of Kent, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy {Source}.
He is presently 47th in line for the British throne, before the birth of Baby Cambridge #2 in 2015 {Source}.
He and his family primarily reside in Scotland, therefore it is likely he attended school there. It is likely he is in his final year of school before undertaking the British tradition of a GAP Year.
Due to him being so far down the line, little is known about him. It is likely that he leads a relatively normal life.


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Cara Delevingne needs to cry
Cara Delevingne needs to cry every day.
The 'Suicide Squad' actress has spoken openly about her struggles with depression and has found yoga a useful release as it helps her to "really feel" things and assess how she is feeling, before her "irrational pain" starts to cause her damage.
She said: "For me, yoga's the only way I can really feel things and check how I am. Because there is always pain somewhere, even if it's completely irrational pain, and it's always good to find it and get it out.
"If I don't cry pretty much every day I will hold it in, and it will manifest in me in things that are destructive, like my skin."
The 23-year-old beauty - who is dating singer St. Vincent aka Annie Clark - felt it was important to be honest about her own mental health struggles in order to support other young people going through similar experiences.
She told the new issue of America's ELLE magazine: "I couldn't just sit there and listen to these girls, and boys, too, but usually girls, say this stuff, about bullying, about their sexuality, depression, and guilt and suicidal thoughts and just all of it, without being like, 'I have been through that, and it's going to be OK.'
"If I can help a teenager go through a better time than they should be, then I am going to f***ing do that. I mean, f***ing being a teenager suuuccccks. And I somehow came through the other end."
Cara admitted she finds it difficult having to cry on screen because she was taught it was "weak" when she was younger, and she envies 'Suicide Squad' co-star Will Smith's children as the actor and his wife Jada Pinkett Smith have always encouraged them to be open about their emotions.
She said: "I don't think I have ever, ever cried in front of more than one person ever, ever.
"Because I grew up in this very 'Emotion is weak, head up, move on, onward and upward' kind of way. Which is not healthy.
"Will Smith was telling me he brought up his kids to put their emotions first, and when I heard that, I was just like, 'Oh my God, that sounds like a fairy tale.' Because emotions should be put first. It's the most important thing."


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Need Appliance Repair Help? Ask a Technician for Answers ASAP
Yes, it acts like its trying to heat. For example, it lets me set the baking temperature, then indicates the temperature of the oven, which of course never increases from the minimum display of 170 degrees.
Does the display control board determine when power is applied to the heating elements? It sounds like it just operates the dispaly, not the heating.


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