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Direct Acceleration Feedback Control of Shake Tables with Force. Stabilization
- Stephen Mervyn Warner
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1 Direct Acceleration Feedback Control of Shake Tables with Force Stabilization Matthew Stehman [1] and Narutoshi Nakata [2] [1] Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA, [2] Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA, ABSTRACT This study presents a new strategy for shake table control that uses direct acceleration feedback without need for displacement feedback. To ensure stability against table drift, force feedback is incorporated. The proposed control strategy was experimentally validated using the shake table at the Johns Hopkins University. Experimental results showed that the proposed control strategy produced more accurate acceleration tracking than conventional displacement-controlled strategies. This paper provides the control architecture, details of the controller design and experimental results. Furthermore, the impact of input errors in shake table testing on the structural response is also discussed. Keywords: Shake tables, Acceleration control, Dynamic tests, Earthquake engineering, Error analysis 1
2 1. Introduction The role of experimental studies is of considerable significance in earthquake engineering. In particular, shake table testing is the primary experimental means for the performance assessment of structures subjected to earthquake ground motions. Since the development of the first handpowered shake table in the late 19 th century [Severn, 2011], a number of shake table facilities have been constructed in many parts of the world (US, Japan, Germany, Italy, China, etc.), and shake tables have been employed in a variety of earthquake engineering studies (e.g. [Jacobsen, 1930; Filiatrault et al., 2001; Elwood and Moehle, 2003]). It is not an overstatement to say that the development of earthquake engineering today would not be possible without the outcomes, advancements, and achievements in shake table testing. While shake table testing is by far the most preferred experimental method among others in earthquake engineering, it has yet a number of challenges. Some of the challenges are due to practical matters and economical constraints. For example, though full-scale shake table tests with multi-directional loading might be desirable, such tests are rarely possible because of limited access to experimental facilities and lack of funds. Such practical and economical challenges are often beyond the engineer s control. However, some of the other challenges in shake table testing are technical issues that should be addressed by engineers. Technical challenges in shake table testing range from control issues to post-processing of test results: reproduction of desired table accelerations; shake table nonlinearities; control of multiple actuators for multi-dimensional loading and asynchronous ground motions; instrumentations to capture structural responses of interest; boundary conditions such as soil-structure interaction 2
3 and interaction with surrounding members that are omitted in shake table testing; difficulties to incorporate substructure techniques; extrapolation of scale effects; interpretation, implication, and generalization of test results; and so on. All of the above cannot be addressed by a single study. This study focuses on the challenge of reproducing desired table acceleration in shake table testing. The challenge in acceleration control of shake tables is mainly due to the inherent dynamics of the control system (i.e., servo hydraulic actuators) and its interaction with the test structures, often referred to as control-structure interaction [Dyke et al., 1995]. In general, the hydraulic actuators used in shake tables are displacement-controlled with proportional-integral-differential (PID) controllers; where reference displacements are determined a priori by integrating the acceleration time history and removing drifting components. In some cases, velocity and acceleration feedback are added to the displacement control (e.g., three-variable controller by MTS [Tagawa and Kajiwara, 2007; Nowak et al., 2000]). Iterative approaches are often incorporated in commercial shake table controllers to compensate for the dynamics of the control system by modifying the reference displacement outside the servo control loops [Spencer and Yang, 1998]. Displacement control in shake tables provides reasonable performance in the low frequency range if evaluated in the frequency domain (e.g., performance spectrum often used in manufacturer specifications). However, displacement control generally produces poor acceleration tracking in the time domain and does not provide adequate repeatability in generated accelerations [Nakata, 2010]. Efforts to improve acceleration control accuracy of shake tables over the conventional displacement control strategies can be found in literature. Stoten and Gomez [2001] proposed 3
4 adaptive control using the minimal control synthesis (MCS) algorithm for shake tables. The MCS algorithm improves the control of shake tables when using the first order strategy of displacement control in the low-medium frequency range. Kuehn et al. [1999] developed a feedback/feed-forward control strategy based on receding horizon control (RHC). Experimental results showed that the RHC based controller had better phase characteristics in the acceleration transfer function than a feedback control using the linear quadratic regulator control. Trombetti and Conte [2002] employed a method that combines displacement feedback, velocity feedforward and differential pressure feedback control in a test-analysis comparison study. Their sensitivity analysis showed the effectiveness of the velocity feed-forward term in the magnitude characteristics of the displacement transfer function. Nakata [2010] developed an acceleration trajectory tracking control strategy that combines acceleration feed-forward, displacement feedback, command shaping, and a Kalman filter for the displacement measurement. Experimental results showed superior performance and repeatability of the acceleration trajectory tracking control over the conventional displacement control. While those methods improve control accuracy of shake tables to some extent, acceleration tracking in a wide range of frequencies, particularly in high frequency range, is still a challenging problem. This paper presents a new approach to reproduce accurate reference acceleration for shake tables. The proposed acceleration control strategy employs direct acceleration feedback without utilizing displacement feedback. While the idea of acceleration feedback is mentioned in literature [Stoten and Gomez, 2001], it has not been thoroughly investigated due to the issue of table drift; table position cannot be inferred by acceleration measurement. The proposed method overcomes this challenge by adding a force feedback loop while maintaining high-fidelity 4
5 acceleration control in both low and high frequency ranges. Following the hardware requirements as well as sample controller designs for the proposed acceleration control strategy, experimental validations conducted on the Johns Hopkins University uni-axial shake table are presented. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed control strategy is discussed in comparison with the conventional displacement-controlled strategy. Finally, the impact of erroneous input ground motions in shake table tests on the structural response is presented. 2. Direct Acceleration Feedback Control of Shake Tables This paper presents a new approach for acceleration tracking of shake tables that adopts direct acceleration feedback control without displacement feedback. As mentioned in the previous section, due to issues of table drift, implementation of acceleration feedback for shake tables is fairly limited. In this study, force feedback control is incorporated into the actuator control system to provide stability for preventing table drift. 2.1 Control Architecture The goal of the control system in shake table testing is to reproduce reference accelerations. While the acceleration control strategy proposed herein can be applied to multi-axis shake tables, for illustrative purposes, only single axis shake tables are considered in this study. Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed acceleration control strategy. The control system consists of two parallel feedback loops: an acceleration control loop and a force control loop. In the acceleration control loop, the reference acceleration, a r, is first prefiltered by the pre-gain, P a, to obtain the modified reference acceleration, â r. This technique is used to compensate the dynamics of the closed loop controller. This modified reference 5
6 acceleration is then sent to the acceleration feedback control loop. The acceleration feedback controller, C a, generates the valve command, u a, from the acceleration error between the modified reference and the measured accelerations. In the same way, the reference acceleration is forwarded to the force control loop that contains the force pre-gain, P f, and the force feedback controller, C f. The reference force, f r, is the converted signal from the reference acceleration and is sent to the force feedback control loop. The force feedback controller, C f, generates the valve command, u f, from the force error between the reference and the measured forces. The total valve command is the sum of the acceleration and force valve commands. As shown in the block diagram, acceleration and force measurements of the table are used as feedback in the servo control loops; in the figure, transfer functions, H au, and H fu, denote the open-loop dynamics of the shake table from the valve command to the measured acceleration and force, respectively. It should be noted that the control strategy proposed here does not utilize displacement measurement, and thus it is fundamentally different from the conventional shake table controllers that are relying on displacement feedback. a r Acc. Pre-Gain â P r a Force Pre-Gain + Acc. FB. Controller C a Force FB. Controller Shake Table/Structure Dynamics u a H au a m u P f f r + C f u f H fu f m FIGURE 1 Block diagram of proposed acceleration control strategy. 6
7 The closed-loop transfer functions from the reference acceleration to the measured acceleration and force can be expressed as: H am a r = a C m = a P a + C f P f H au (1) a r 1+ C a H au + C f H fu H fm a r = f C m = a P a + C f P f H fu (2) a r 1+ C a H au + C f H fu It can be seen that all of the controller terms, namely P a, P f,c a and C f, affect the closed-loop acceleration and force transfer functions. In this study, those controller terms are designed based on the above transfer functions: acceleration tracking performance is evaluated from the acceleration transfer function while stability is judged from the force transfer function. Therefore, those controller terms need to be designed for each test setup. 2.2 Hardware Requirements The acceleration control strategy developed in this study also has certain requirements in terms of hardware. The first requirement of the proposed control strategy is a restoring force member between the shake table and the fixed base. The restoring force member such as springs provide forces proportional to the absolute position of the table, allowing force from the restoring member to serve as a reference to the table position. To measure the force from the member, a force transducer such as a load cell has to be installed in series with the actuator rod and table platform. Figure 2 shows a schematic of a uni-axial shake table test setup to illustrate the requirements for the proposed combined acceleration control strategy. The spring attached between the shake table and the fixed base provides the restoring force that is proportional to the position of the 7
8 table. It should be mentioned that under dynamic loading the measurement from the load cell includes inertial forces of the table and test structure; base shear from the test structure; and restoring force from the spring. For acceleration feedback, accelerometers have to be mounted on the shake table. It should be also clarified that because the displacement signal is not used in the proposed control strategy, linear variable differential transducers (LVDTs) are not required in the test setup. FIGURE 2 Schematic of a uni-axial shake table setup for the proposed acceleration control strategy. 8
9 3. Experimental Setup To demonstrate an application of the proposed acceleration control strategy, shake table tests are conducted using the shake table in the Smart Structures and Hybrid Testing (SSHT) laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University. Figure 3a shows the uni-axial shake table with a three-story test structure. The shake table has a 1.2m x 1.2m (110kg) aluminum platform driven by a Shore Western hydraulic actuator (Model: 911D). The actuator has a dynamic load capacity of 27kN and a maximum stroke limit of ± 7.6cm. An MTS 252 series dynamic servo valve is used to control the fluid flow through the actuator chambers. The table platform is capable of moving a maximum payload of 0.5 ton at an acceleration of 3.8 g. To meet the hardware requirements discussed in Section 2.2, an accelerometer, a 22.5kN dynamic load cell and four compression springs connecting the table platform to the floor were installed. Together the springs act as a single kn/m restoring member; 2 of the springs are shown in Figure 3b. The overall spring stiffness was chosen such that static drifting of the table resulted in reasonable force levels measured through the load cell. The test structure is 2m tall with individual floor masses of 60kg and a total mass (including support connection) of approximately 225kg. Because the total mass of the structure is more than double the mass of the table platform, the structure has a high influence on the dynamics of the actuator than the table platform. Thus, the test setup here is subjected to a high influence of control-structure interaction, and is used to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed control strategy for such challenging conditions. Dynamics characteristics of the three-story structure are listed in Table I. 9
10 This paper will appear in Journal of Earthquake Engineering Taylor & Francis. FIGURE 3 The shake table in the SSHT lab at Johns Hopkins: (a) shake table with three-story structure; (b) view of restoring springs. Table I. Dynamic characteristics of three-story test structure. Vibration Mode 1 Vibration Mode 2 Vibration Mode 3 Natural Frequency, Hz Damping Ratio, %
11 4. Experimental Investigation of the Proposed Acceleration Control Strategy The proposed acceleration feedback control strategy is experimentally investigated using the shake table with the three-story structure described in the previous section. First, the open loop dynamics of the shake table system are experimentally obtained and modeled using system identification techniques. Then, based on the system models, acceleration and force feedback controllers along with pre-gains are designed. An experimental investigation is performed using a series of earthquake ground motions as the reference to the shake table. This section presents details of the system models, controller design and experimental results Experimental Modeling of the Shake Table System Open loop dynamics of the shake table system are determined using experimental system identification techniques for the design of the controllers. Relationships of interest here are those from the valve command to measured acceleration and to measured force. Those open loop relationships are the primary plants, H au, and H fu, in the proposed acceleration feedback control strategy, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 4 shows the experimentally obtained open loop relationships: valve command to measured acceleration (Figure 4a) and valve command to measured force (Figure 4b). The valve to acceleration relationship has small magnitude at low frequencies. The magnitude begins to increase with frequency. Then a pole-zero pair appears around 13Hz, which corresponds to the second natural frequency of the structure, influence from the first natural frequency is not apparent. Around 25Hz, a peak is present due to vibrations of support connections after which the magnitude begins to decrease. Another pole-zero pair occurs around 38Hz, which is the third 11
12 natural frequency of the three-story structure. On the other hand, the valve to force relationship exhibits peaks and valleys within 5Hz. The first zero appears at 1.45 Hz, which corresponds to the natural frequency of the table with springs. The first peak and the second valley are a polezero pair around 2.5 Hz, which is close to the first natural frequency of the structure. Beyond 5 Hz, the general trend in the valve to force relationship is similar to the valve to acceleration relationship except for the level of influence of the third mode of the structure around 38 Hz. It can be clearly seen that the dynamics of the test structure influences the open loop dynamics of the shake table system, indicating a high level of control-structure interaction in the test setup. Analytical models of the relationships are obtained using curve fitting techniques and are also plotted in Figure 4. The valve to acceleration relationship and the valve to force relationship are captured by 8 th order and 9 th order rational polynomial functions, respectively. The mathematical representations of the analytical models are presented in Table II. As shown in Figure 4, the analytical models capture the experimental relationships with reasonable accuracy throughout the entire frequency range Experimental Analytical Magnitude 10 1 Magnitude (a) 10 2 Experimental Analytical Frequency (Hz) (b) Frequency (Hz) FIGURE 4 Open loop dynamics for shake table system: (a) valve command to measured acceleration; (b) valve command to measured force. 12
13 H au = H fu = Table II. Analytical representations of open loop shake table dynamics s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
14 4.2. Design of the Feedback Controllers and Pre-Gains A controller design of the proposed acceleration feedback control strategy is developed employing analytical models of the open loop dynamics of the shake table system. In this study, the acceleration feedback loop including pre-gain and feedback controller are designed to provide acceleration tracking of the shake table system while the force feedback loop is designed to provide stability to prevent table drift. Because acceleration tracking is the main goal of this study, the acceleration feedback controller, C a, is considered first. A loop shaping design methodology is employed for the design of the acceleration feedback controller. Loop shaping is a frequency-domain approach where the product of the controller and the plant, referred to as the loop transfer function, is formed to have desirable frequency characteristics [Doyle and Stein, 1981]. In this study, the acceleration feedback controller is designed to compensate the dynamics of the valve to acceleration relationship in the entire frequency range of interest. Figure 5a shows the frequency domain characteristics of the designed acceleration feedback controller along with the valve to acceleration relationship. The mathematical representation of the designed acceleration feedback controller is expressed as: C a = 30s s s s s s s s s s s s s (3) As seen in the figure, the acceleration feedback controller is essentially the reciprocal of the valve to acceleration relationship. 14
15 The acceleration closed-loop transfer function from the choice of C a in Equation 3 is plotted in Figure 5b where the pre-gain P a is set to 1. While it contains certain desirable characteristics (i.e. flat plateau and decaying magnitude in higher frequencies), its magnitude is too low (approximately 0.36 between 1.5 and 10 Hz). To raise the magnitude to unity, the pre-gain is set to The acceleration control loop with the pre-gain of 2.75 is also plotted in Figure 5b. The figure shows that the selection of P a (=2.75) and C a provides desirable acceleration control performance as well as robustness. It should be noted that while the acceleration control loop in Figure 5b exhibits good performance, it does not ensure stability for table drift. To have stability against table drift, the force feedback controller is incorporated as discussed in section 2. However, the impact of the force feedback loop should be minimized to maintain the acceleration tracking performance. To meet the stability criterion, the force feedback controller is designed such that force closed-loop transfer function contains unit magnitude around 0Hz. To ensure small impact of the force feedback loop on the acceleration performance, the pre-gain for the force controller, P f, is set to 0, and the force feedback controller is designed to have sufficiently small magnitude at higher frequencies in the force closed-loop transfer function; the pre-gain of zero converts reference acceleration into a zero static reference force. To have a smoother transition from low to high frequencies in the force closed-loop transfer function, poles and zeros are placed in the force feedback controller to compensate the dynamics of the valve to force relationship. Figure 5c and 5d show the transfer function of the designed force feedback controller and corresponding force closed-loop transfer function, respectively. The designed force feedback controller is expressed as: 15
16 C f = s s s s s s s s s s s s s (4) As shown in Figure 5d, the force closed-loop transfer function has unit magnitude around 0Hz and smaller magnitude at higher frequencies while compensating the dynamics of the valve to force relationship. Finally, the overall performance and stability of the proposed acceleration control strategy using the choices of C a, P a, C f and P f are examined. Figure 6a shows the closed-loop acceleration to force relationship for stability assessment. The acceleration-to-force relationship has finite magnitude in the neighborhood of 0Hz, indicating the stability of the shake table system to prevent table drift. Then, the overall acceleration performance of the proposed control strategy with the incorporation of the force feedback loop is shown in Figure 6b. As shown in the figure, the designed force feedback loop hardly influences the overall acceleration transfer function. It can be seen from these figures that the designed acceleration control strategy provides acceleration control performance while gaining stability to prevent table drift. 16
17 Magnitude Magnitude 10 0 P a =1 P a =2.75 H au (a) C a Frequency (Hz) (b) Frequency (Hz) Magnitude 10 0 H fu C f Magnitude (c) Frequency (Hz) (d) Frequency (Hz) FIGURE 5 Controller design for the proposed acceleration control strategy: (a) acceleration feedback controller; (b) acceleration closed-loop transfer function; (c) force feedback controller; (d) force closedloop transfer function With Force Feedback Without Force Feedback Magnitude 10 2 Magnitude 10 1 (a) Frequency (Hz) (b) Frequency (Hz) FIGURE 6 Closed-loop transfer functions of shake table system using the proposed acceleration control strategy: (a) reference acceleration to measured force magnitude; (b) reference acceleration to measured acceleration magnitude. 17
18 4.3. Experimental Validation of the Proposed Acceleration Control Strategy The proposed acceleration control strategy with the designed feedback controllers and pre-gains is experimentally validated using a series of earthquake ground motions. Figure 7 (a and b) show the time histories of the reference acceleration and the measured table accelerations from the JMA record of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. For comparison, the measured table acceleration using a conventional displacement control strategy with PID controller is also plotted. Overall both acceleration and displacement control strategies show reasonable agreement with the reference acceleration (see Figure 7a). However, when inspected closely (see Figure 7b), the acceleration control strategy exhibited smaller amounts of discrepancy than the displacement control strategy. The two control strategies are also compared in the frequency domain as in Figure 7c. The figure reveals that while the performance of both acceleration and displacement control strategies are similar, the acceleration control strategy has less high-frequency errors. The measured force time history from the acceleration control strategy is shown in Figure 8. While the force varies during the intense part of the acceleration time history, it returns to zero afterwards. Because the force control loop regulates static forces, the table platform is stable and table drift is not observed. 18
19 Acceleration (g) Referecence Acceleration Control Displacement Control (a) Time (s) Fourier Amplitude 10 2 Acceleration (g) (b) Time (s) (c) Frequency (Hz) FIGURE 7 Results with the 1995 Kobe ground motion as the reference acceleration: (a) shake table acceleration tracking comparison; (b) close up view of table accelerations; (c) frequency domain comparison of table accelerations Force (N) Time (s) FIGURE 8 Measured table force from the acceleration control strategy using the Kobe reference acceleration. 19
20 Displacement (mm) Acceleration Control Displacement Control Time (s) FIGURE 9 Comparison of measured table displacements with the Kobe reference acceleration. In addition to the performance and stability assessment, the displacement time histories from both acceleration and displacement control strategies are compared in Figure 9. It is interesting to see from the figure that the table displacements are quite different even though acceleration time histories from both control strategies are similar (see Figure 7). This observation indicates that two unique displacement time histories can produce almost identical acceleration time histories. However, from the experimental results here, the actual displacement experienced during this earthquake cannot be fully identified. It may also be inferred that deducing the displacement from a given acceleration time history that is often done in conventional displacement control strategies may not result in the true ground displacements of the earthquake. Further performance evaluations are conducted using a series of earthquake ground motions. A summary of the performance evaluations is discussed using Root Mean Squared (RMS) percentage errors between reference and measured table accelerations. Table III presents RMS errors from both acceleration and displacement control strategies. All reference accelerations are 20
21 scaled to a peak ground acceleration of 0.5g. In all of the tests, acceleration control strategy produces less RMS errors than displacement control strategy. The average RMS error in acceleration control strategy is 9.12% whereas the average RMS error in displacement control strategy is 11.29%. Furthermore, the variation of the RMS errors in the acceleration control strategy is more consistent than the displacement control strategy where the RMS errors range from 9.63% to 13.62%. These test results prove that the acceleration control strategy developed in this study provides more accurate acceleration tracking than the conventional displacement control strategy, showing a 19.2% improvement. Table III. RMS errors between measured and reference shake table accelerations. Acceleration Control, % Displacement Control, % Chi Chi, Coalinga, Imperial Valley, Kobe, Landers, Loma Prieta, Morgan Hill, Northridge, Taiwan, Average
22 5. Impact of Input Acceleration Errors in Shake Table Tests on Structural Response Uncertainties are inherent in structural response under dynamic loading. Common sources of uncertainties are material properties, construction qualities, deterioration, excitation disturbances, environmental effects, etc. While some of the uncertainties are difficult to measure and often treated as stochastic processes, some can be quantitatively assessed. One of such uncertainties is the accuracy of the input ground motion in shake table testing. This section investigates the impact of acceleration errors in shake table control (difference between reference and measured accelerations of the shake table) and their affect on the measured structural response. The investigation is carried out using measured structural responses from the previous shake table tests. The response from an analytical model of the three-story structure is used as the reference for the experimental response. The top floor acceleration responses of the structure during the 1995 Kobe ground motion are shown in Figure 10. Figure 10a shows that while structural responses are mostly captured using inputs from both acceleration and displacement control strategies, differences can be seen in the magnitude of the responses; the structural response in the displacement-controlled test shows larger error in the magnitude. In addition to the difference in magnitude, different frequency contents can be observed in the close-up view (see Figure 10b); the structural response in displacement-controlled test exhibits more highly frequency contents that are not present in the reference. Above observations can be further verified through the frequency domain comparison in Figure 10c. Responses from both tests capture the first vibration mode well. However, higher frequency responses, in particular second and third vibration modes, are heavily amplified by the 22
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By Ryan Stackhouse
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text:
UTAU manual TOP > 10. Setting voice banks
Prev: 9. Envelope and Vowel Blending
10. Setting voice banks
10-1. About voice configuration
UTAU Operation Tutorial
- • 01 - Introducing UTAU
- • 02 - Entering notes, rests and lyrics
- • 03 - Audio playback
- • 04 - Exporting audio to a WAV file
- • 05 - Saving projects to a UST file
- • 06 - Importing and exporting MIDI/VSQ files
- • 07 - Note properties and flags
- • 08 - "A la carte" Tonal mark features
- • 09 - Envelope and Vowel Blending
- • 10 - Setting voice banks
- • 11 - Adjusting the Pitch
- • 12 - Mode2 features
- • 13 - Properly using various pitch files
- • 14 - Extending features with Plug-ins
- • 15 - Continuous sound sources
- • 16 - Other useful features
UTAU can use sound sources (voice banks) made by registering 50 or more sounds that you record yourself as WAV files. However, when composing with UTAU with unmodified recorded WAV files, the sound is distorted and the phoenome timing is out of place because the consonant part is stretched, so it is necessary to configure the fixed consonant and preutterance in the files.
- 原音設定の概念図 = voice configuration conceptual map
- ピアノロール画面の音符 = piano screen notes
- クロスフェードの状態 = crossfade status
- 原音設定エディタの状態(あ.wav) = voice configuration editor status (a.wav)
- 原音設定エディタの状態(さ.wav) = voice configuration editor status (sa.wav)
First, in order not to use the silent parts at the ends of the voice file in the speech synthesis, and the end part where the volume fades out, cover them with the left and right blanks (the purple areas). Depending on the case, the left blank may also include a part of the consonant when it is too long, or a part of the beginning of a vowel where the volume is low.
Next, cover the consonant pronunciation area with the fixed consonant range (the pink area). By performing this configuration, even if you enter a note longer than the original sound, like "sa.wav" in the illustration above, the white vowel area is the only part being stretched, so consonant distortion is prevented. (Theoretically, a fixed consonant range is not necessary in a vowel like "a.wav", but there are cases where UTAU procedures don't catch the pitch well if no consonant fixed range is configured, so set it to at least 5ms).
For consonants such as "sa. wav", the phoenome pronunciation comes late if it is pronounced beginning at the start of the note on the piano roll, so move the preutterance (the red vertical bar) to the boundary between the consonant and the vowel, so the consonant is pronounced before the start of the note. By setting a preutterance, the section from the end of the left blank to the red vertical bar (the consonant utterance area) is voiced before the start of the note, like in the image above. (To that extent, the pronunciation time before the note is short.)
Finally, move the overlap (the green vertical bar) to blend the consonant with the sound that precedes the note. By setting an overlap, the section from the end of the left blank to the green vertical bar overlaps the end of the previous note, and crossfades for a smooth sound when the envelope is configured.
For details, please refer to -> 10-4. Using the Voice Setting Editor to configure a voice.
Caution: The voice bank configuration method shown here is intended for the traditional single syllable(CV) sound sources (where the 50 or more sounds are separated into individual files). To configure continuous sound sources (VCV), please refer to -> 15-3. Voice configuration of continuous sound sources.
Warning: VOCALOID voice output must absolutely not be used as an UTAU sound source. Article 4 of VOCALOID End User License Agreement (Prohibitions) explicitly prohibits "(3) Using all or part of the product as a component of your or a third party's software".
Reference: VOCALOID2 Hatsune Miku End User License Agreement -> http://www.crypton.co.jp/download/pdf/eula_cv01.pdf
Advice for creating original sound sources (voice banks).
- The audio format requirements for preparing a voice bank are PCM/44100Hz/16bit in WAV or AIFF format. However, AIFF files are only supported in UTAU Ver0.2.46 and later.
- Stereo and Mono files both work, but since the output is mono, it is recommended to use mono format to reduce the file size.
- For more information on the making of voice banks, please refer to Producing insider ??? - UTAU libraries construction support site -, published by N.H.P. sama.
- Mimi-RoboP sama has released the program "OREMO", simplifying voice bank creation-> http://freett.com/nwp8861/soft/oremo/index.html
- Voice configuration does not have to be performed by the author of the original sound source. Because it is especially difficult for a beginner to perform voice configuration, UTAU usage rules allow publishing only the voice sounds and leaving the voice configuration to the user. However, it is recommended to at least roughly configure the consonant fixed range, especially with sound sources where the pronunciation time is short, because the notes would be widely stretched, distorting the consonants. Also, users should not require the voice contributer to perform voice configuration.
- If you publish a voice bank, it is recommended that you first read the article "To sound source contributors" in the UTAU Users Mutual Support@Wiki. (Important points are given regarding the display of the conditions of use, the character setup, etc.)
10-2. Opening the Voice Bank Settings screen
Select "Voice Bank Settings" 「原音の設定」 from the menu "Tools" 「ツール」, or press "Ctrl" + "G" to open the "Voice Configuration" 「原音設定」 screen and display the Voice settings data pertaining to the voice configured in "Project" 「プロジェクト」 (the voice which is displayed in the Voice Name display field at the upper left of the main screen).
※ After selecting just one note with the sound you want to configure, press "Ctrl" + "G" to directly open the Voice Setting Editor screen.
Explanations -> 10-4. Using the Voice Setting Editor to configure a voice
10-3. Switching the desired sound source in the Voice Settings screen
1. Select the menu "File" 「ファイル」 -> "Open Another Voice Bank" 「別の音源を開く」 in the "Voice Configuration" screen.
2. Select the file containing the voice bank you want to configure, then press the "Open" 「開く」 button.
3. When the WAV files of the Voice Bank you want to configure are displayed, press the "Open" 「開く」 button again to open the Voice Configuration screen displaying configuration data for this voice bank.
10-4. Using the Voice Setting Editor to configure a voice
1. In the Voice Configuration screen, click and select the sound you want (in our example "shi" 「し」), then press the "Launch Editor" 「エディタを起動」 button to open the Voice Setting Editor screen.※ After selecting just one note entered with the sound you want to configure, press "Ctrl" + "G" to open directly the Voice Setting Editor screen from UTAU's main screen.
- Although it could be possible to perform each configuration by direct input of numerical values in milliseconds in the input fields on the right side of the Voice Setting Editor screen and press the "Set" 「セット」 button, using the Editor screen has the benefit of allowing configuration while looking at the waveform, thus its use is recommended. However, the "Alias" 「エイリアス」 configuration can be done only in the Voice Setting Editor screen.
※ Alias is a configuration feature allowing to enter a note with another name than the name of the WAV file, and to play this corresponding WAV file. Even with no configured alias, entering a note with the name of the WAV file plays its sound, thus it is not necessary to configure an alias if the WAV file has a name matching with the sound type.
2. Press the "+" button on the upper left of the Editor screen, to enlarge the sound file waveform horizontally and watch it more easily. Also, you can enlarge or reduce vertically by dragging the upper and lower edges of the Editor screen.
※ When pressing the "-" button, the sound file waveform is shrinked horizontally. Also, when double-clicking the "P" button next to the "-" button, you can listen to the sound corresponding to the actual settings of the voice within the editor.
※ In UTAU 0.2.61 and later versions, you can also display the spectrum by pressing the "s" button on the upper left of the Voice Editor screen.
By right-clicking on the "s" button you can also select and change the "Color" 「カラー」, and change the "Range" 「レンジ」 to 5, 7 or 10 kHz.
Caution: In order to quickly display the spectrum next time, "*.uspec" cache files are created in the voice folder. As these files are quite big, voice distributors should be cautious not to distribute them together with the sound files by mistake. (It is also possible to not create cache files by right-clicking the "s" button and select "Don't cache" 「キャッシュしない」.)
3. Configure the following five items by dragging them on the Editor screen.Description of each Voice Settings (using as example Nagone Mako's "shi" sound).
(1). Left blank (offset) (the purple part on the left of the Editor screen)
The left blank defines where to cut off the silent part and the sibilants at the beginning of a voice sound file.
Leaving too much of the silent part will result in no sound to be heard. In addition, leaving too much sibilants will produce a discordant "shiii" sound, so perform this setting first.
How to configure
Place the cursor toward the left edge of the Editor screen; when the cursor shape changes to a cross, you can set the left blank setting area, in purple on the left of the screen, by dragging the cursor to the right. However, if the consonant fixed range (2) (the pink area on the left of the screen) is not yet configured, doing it is possible by dragging the screen left edge, thus configure it before configuring the left blank region. Also if the green (4) and red (5) vertical lines defining the position of the overlap and the preutterance become a hindrance, move the vertical lines appropriately out of the way to the right.
Advisable setting values
Basically, set the whole silent part (the part where the voice waveform is flat).
However, as the pronunciation time of the consonant part for the sounds of the "ka" column, "ta, te, to" and the "pa" column is short, leave about 10 milliseconds of the silent part outside of the left blank, so as to improve the articulation. For the "sa" column, as it is mostly comprised of sibilants (the part where the waveform is very small, that comes just after the silent part), it is necessary to cut it to some degree in the left blank, but be careful that the articulation will become very bad if you set it to all the sibilants sounds. At the beginning, set it to 70ms or less (The "0.1" location on the upper part of the Editor screen represents 100ms), then adjust it while double-clicking "P" on the upper left of the screen to listen to the result. Also, for the vowels "a, i, u, e, o", it seems that it is better to trim with the offset (the left blank) the portion where the head of the waveform increases gradually. (So that the sounds are nicely connected when blending vowels.)
※ If the advisable setting values are not clear for you, there is the method of copying by eye another reference sound source with a relatively good articulation, where the voice settings are precisely done. (With the latest versions of UTAU, launch UTAU's main screen twice, and you can launch two instances of the Voice Configuration screen and the Voice Editor screen.) However, as the voice waveforms are somewhat different from one person to another, even for the same type of sound, in the end you will have to validate and readjust with your own ears.
For details about Voice Configuration, please refer to the following site.
UTAUWiki's Voice Configuration advices -> http://www10.atwiki.jp/utau2008/pages/20.html
Producing insider ??? - UTAU libraries construction support site -
(2). Consonant part fixed range (the pink area on the left side of the Editor)
The consonant part fixed range defines a part of the consonant that is not stretched, in order to prevent the distortion of the consonant sounds of the voice when the latter is stretched to fit long notes.
How to configure
Pull out the pink configuration area from the left edge of the screen, like with the left blank configuration.
Advisable setting values
Select the sibilants and the consonant part (the part where the waveform amplitude gradually increases on a narrow range). If there is room enough in the length of the voice, you can safely set to include some part of the vowel. If you are unsure, please refer to the Voice settings of another sound source.
Caution: Starting from UTAU Ver0.2.46, if the consonant part fixed range is set to a very short value (about 3ms or less) or even zero, a phenomenon occurs where the pitch cannot be efficiently captured. Set at least 5ms for the consonant part fixed range, even for vowels like "a, i, u, e, o".
Reference ->UTAU Exchange Board v2.46 bug
(3). Right-blank (the purple part on the right part of the Editor)
The right blank setting cuts the end part of the voice where the volume attenuates, in order to maintain a stable volume.
How to configure
Pull out the purple configuration area from the right edge of the screen, like with the left blank configuration.
Advisable setting values
Set to the end part of the voice where the volume attenuates. Also, as the pitch at the end of the voice often becomes unstable, include that part too (the part where the orange line representing the pitch wavers a lot and falls abruptly).
(4). Overlap (the green vertical bar)
Overlap is a configuration for improving the connection of sounds, by superimposing the voice end part of the preceding note with the head part of the configured voice.
How to configure
Set it by dragging to the right the vertical green line on the left edge of the screen.
Advisable setting values
Set it to about 30 ms as a rough estimate, or to about half of the preutterance. However, for the sounds where the pronunciation time of the consonant part is short, like e.g. the sounds of the "ka" column, "ta, te, to" and the "pa" column, setting an overlap would crush the consonant and the articulation would become bad, thus leave it to 0 (i.e. on the boundary between the left blank and the consonant fixed part on the Editor screen).
※ The longer the overlap, the better the sound connection, but in return the consonant pronunciation is drowned within the vowel of the preceding note and the articulation becomes bad, thus this setting must be traded-off. Because of this it seems that, for the overlap only, it is best to adjust each note individually depending on the melody. (Overlap and preutterance can also be set individually for each single note in the "Notes Properties" 「音符のプロパティ」 screen.)
Reference -> 7-2. The settings of the "Notes Properties" screen
(5). Preutterance (the red vertical bar)
The preutterance is a setting to automatically force the utterance ahead of time so as to match the consonant phonation timing.
※ You can also cut all the sibilants with the offset (the left blank) to match the phonation timing, but as the articulation becomes very bad, this is not recommended except as a temporary measure.
How to configure
Set it by dragging to the right the red vertical line on the left edge of the screen.
Advisable setting values
Set it to the boundary between the consonant part and the vowel part. If you are unsure, please refer to the Voice settings of another sound source.
10-5. Precisely adjusting the phonation timing (adjustment method using a metronome)
There is a Voice configuration method, invented by Ameya/Ayame sama, to precisely match the phonation timings by using the sound of a metronome.
Adjustment method using a metronome (adjusting the preutterance) -> http://www10.atwiki.jp/utau2008/pages/20.html#id_7aa5ba2a
Open the Voice settings screen for the voice you want to configure, and double-click the empty place on the upper right of the screen to open the "Estimate parameters" 「パラメータの推定を行います」 pop-up. When pressing "OK", you can automatically set estimated values for the voice settings of all the sounds. However, as there may be incorrect settings, depending on the sounds, be sure to check with your own ears and to perform timely readjustments.
Caution: As it is a hidden feature, it is unsupported by UTAU's author. Please use at your own risk.
※ The image below uses the default voice as an example, but as this default voice comes readily with adequate voice settings, it is not necessary to estimate the voice settings values.
In UTAU, frequency table files (*.frq) are generated the first time a playback is performed, and WAV files are generated based on these frequency table files. However, because generating the frequency table files takes time, it is useful to generate them all beforehand using the following method. The method to regenerate them all is also explained, as you can sometimes produce more accurate frequency table files through an updated "resampler" voice synthesis engine.
Caution: As it is a hidden feature, it is unsupported by UTAU's author. Please use at your own risk.
Caution: Please note that this feature is useless if you can not use launch "resampler.exe", e.g. because of Virus Buster.
1. Open the Voice Settings screen for the voice on which you want to generate (or regenerate) the frequency table files, then double-click the area between the "Edit frequency map" 「周波数表の編集」 button and the "Initialize frequency map" 「周波数表を初期化」 button on the lower left of the screen.
2. The "Creating all the frequency tables" 「周波数表の一括作成」 screen opens. If you want to regenerate with a new "resampler" engine, select "Regenerate and overwrite all" 「上書きで全て再作成」. If you want to generate for new sounds, or to complete partially missing ones, select "Create only missing" 「無いものだけ作成」. Choose one of them, then press the "Execute" 「実行する」 button.
Warning: In older versions of UTAU, when selecting "Delete all then generate" 「全て削除後に作成」, the frequency table files for all the voices within the Voice folder are deleted! Be warned! (Version 0.2.72 of UTAU has been fixed so that only the frequency table files of the selected voice are erased before regeneration.)
3. A command prompt window appears and the frequency tables files are generated. If you want to cancel the table generation, close the command prompt window.
4. When "Frequency table generation terminated" 「周波数表の生成が終了しました。」 is displayed at the bottom of the command prompt screen, press Enter or any other key to close the command prompt window.
※ If you checked "Close command prompt when terminated" 「終了したらコマンドプロンプトを閉じる」 in the "Creating all the frequency tables" 「周波数表の一括作成」 screen, it closes automatically at the end of the frequency table files generation.
5. In the Voice Settings screen, verify that all the sounds are marked with a 「○」 in the "frq" column.
Next: 11. Adjusting the Pitch (attaching vibrato and portamento vocal expression)
UTAU manual TOP > 10. Setting voice banks


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Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps, NSCDC, Bayelsa state command, Commander Desmond Agu has charged journalists practicing in the state to support his command in its war against crude oil theft.
Agu, said that journalists play a vital role in intelligence gathering in the society but that the lack of intelligence sharing between NSCDC and journalists is a militating factor in the war against crude theft nationwide, a situation he says must change in Bayelsa State.
He gave the charge on Thursday when the executive members of the Nigerian Union of Journalists, NUJ, Bayelsa State Council paid a courtesy visit in his office at the commands headquarter in Yenagoa.
While urging journalists to do more to aid the NSCDC, the commandant commended journalists in the state for being accurate in their reportage but decried the fact that journalists seldom share intelligence that may lead to hide outs of crude oil thieves.
"Since I assumed office here in Bayelsa state, the NSCDC through the cordial relationship I have with journalists has succeeded in destroying more than 1000 illegal refineries in Southern Ijaw and other Local Government Areas of the state.
"Journalists get information faster than any other person in society and sometimes they get information that may lead to hide outs of criminals before but the problem is that journalists seldom share such information with security men. So that is why your visit to our office is vital and I hope through this visit we can further cement our relationship," he said.
Earlier, chairman of the NUJ, Comrade John Angese proposed a sporting competition between the NUJ and NSCDC, saying such activity would help cement the relationship between journalists and NSCDC in the state.
He said that the NUJ will not relent in its duty to ensure that journalists are up and doing, and that the NSCDC would continue to receive the support of journalists in its war against crude oil theft across the state.
He said, "It is our desire that we would engage all security outfits in Bayelsa state in a friendly tournament because they say all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. In no time as soon as our economy improves, we are looking forward to organising a table tennis tournament between NUJ and NSCDC.
Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps, NSCDC, Bayelsa state command, Commander Desmond Agu has charged journalists practicing in the state to support his command in its war against crude oil theft.


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films Archives
Teen business bootcamp and more THINKspot this summer
May 18, 2016 by in AZ Business Magazine | Experience AZ Magazine | Play
Unleash your creativity with THINKspot this summer. THINKspot, located at the Red Mountain Library, 635 N. Power Rd. will be holding a series of summer workshops designed for teenagers 12 and up. The summer events include: Film Camp – June 13-23 Learn the basics of filmmaking, from brainstorming ideas, acting, script writing, to film production,… Read More →
Arizona considers film tax breaks
February 13, 2013 by in Business News | Economy
Arizona lawmakers looking to woo Hollywood are flirting with resurrecting a tax incentives program aimed at competing with New Mexico and other states that have long thrown free cash at production companies that film there. A Senate committee unanimously approved the bill on multimedia production tax credits Wednesday after local film and tourism leaders argued… Read More →


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The 63rd Expeditionary Fleet was one of the Imperium of Man's interstellar military expeditions sent out as part of the Emperor of Mankind's Great Crusade to reunite all the human-settled worlds of the Milky Way Galaxy under his rule during the 31st Millennium. The 63rd Expedition was commanded by the Primarch and Warmaster Horus of the Luna Wolves (later renamed the Sons of Horus) Space Marine Legion. It formed the core of the Traitor forces that would challenge the Emperor for control of the Imperium during the terrible interstellar civil war known as the Horus Heresy. The 63rd Expeditionary Fleet's attached Imperial Army contingent included the Byzant Janizars, commanded by Lord Commander Hektor Varvarus. The 63rd Expedition also had the powerful Legio Mortis Titan Legion attached to it as well as Horus' massive flagship, the Battle Barge Vengeful Spirit.
- Horus Rising (Novel) by Dan Abnett
- Galaxy In Flames (Novel) by Ben Counter
- False Gods (Novel) by Graham McNeill
- Fulgrim (Novel) by Graham McNeill


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Making Spaces: Expanding Maker Education Across the Nation is a partnership between Google, Maker Ed, and Children's Museum of Pittsburgh (CMP), which aims to develop a national strategy to sustainably integrate making into schools across the country.
In 2016-2017, the program will employ an innovative model where multiple participating schools partner with a nearby Regional Hub (such as a school district, library, museum, or community organization). These Hubs will provide schools with support to help jumpstart and sustain maker education in classrooms through crowdfunding, professional development, and community engagement.
Together, CMP & Maker Ed are designing a suite of resources and tools that hubs and schools can use to support the integration of making into schools and educational spaces across the country.
The Hub @ Maker Ed
In addition to providing program support and professional development to Making Spaces Hubs, Maker Ed will act as a regional and virtual Hub for 5-10 schools. The Hub @ Maker Ed is based in Oakland, CA and will support a few local schools as well as act as a virtual Hub for schools in regions without a current Making Spaces Hub.
Learn more about how schools can get involved in Making Spaces and check out our current schools' crowdfunding campaigns.


text:
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Miller 12w Miniature lightweight soldering iron designed for soldering where pecision troch is essential. Reaches a temperature of approx 396° c.
Complete with 0.65 mm nickel plated tip and iron rest. Soldering irons have thermo-plastic handles for comfort and a safe grip.
All connections are mechanically and electrically secure.
Specification:Watt: 12 Watt.Power input: 240 Volts.


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You guys who have used auto-complete with jquery, or yui... How did you go about the database part?
When one builds an auto complete feature for a website, how many queries are usually sent to the database?
For example, suppose I type "q" in a text box
I could issue a query like
Select * FROM names where name like 'q';
Then for the next letter "u"
"Select * FROM names where name like 'qu';
I could run a query for every letter that is inputted in the text box, but a database transaction for every letter seems very costly.
The best auto-complete solution to me, seems to dump a database into a big object, and just search object with JavaScript.
I want your input. How do you implement the data retrieval of auto-complete.
Storing everything in one big object may work while the database isn't very big, but once it does get big this will slow down the page considerably, because this whole object has to be downloaded.
As for the AJAX, you could do a few things: 1) Set a minimum number of characters before running the AJAX, e.g. don't autocomplete for just one character, but only start when there are at least two or three2) Don't fire an AJAX query immediately when a user types, but set a timout to fire it in say 500ms. When the user types something else, cancel the previous timeout and start a new one for the new string. That way you only fire an AJAX request when the user stops typing, and not for every letter he types (which may be annoying for the user as well, too much going on).


text:
White Electronic Countdown Timer (19 Hours 59 Minutes) by Altai
In Stock
57 sold
Item Information
Simple to use electronic countdown timer with 19 hours 59 minutes countdown capability. The internal alarm sounds when the set period has timed out. Hundreds of applications around the home. Freestanding, spring clip or magnetic mounting.
- Dimensions
- 2.40cm x 6.00cm x 5.00cm
- Weight
- 0.04kg
- Manufacturer Number
- Product Number
- 007000500020
Customer Reviews
Write the first review of White Electronic Countdown Timer (19 Hours 59 Minutes).
Questions & Answers
Delivery Information
For UK orders we offer a Free Delivery, Standard or Next Working Day delivery service.
We have separate delivery charges for Europe, North America, Japan and the Rest of the World based on the size, weight and destination of your order.
Please view our About Delivery page for full details.
Returns & Refunds
If an item is faulty or damaged on delivery and we are notified within 24 hours we will arrange for a replacement or a refund of the item - it needs to be within this time period for us to make claims with our couriers.
If you have simply changed your mind or no longer require the item(s), you must notify us within 7 days from receiving your order. The item(s) must be in their original unused and unopened packaging and be in a resalable condition for a full refund. You will need to pay for the cost of returning the item(s) and the item(s) remain your responsibility until we receive them.
Please view our Returns & Refunds page for full details.
Full Details
|Net weight (kg)
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|1xLR44 (Supplied)


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Hello everyone! This has nothing to do with iCarly but I just wanted to let you guys know that I have a 'campaign' to help those who are suffering something... anything. If you guys could help me out by sending a photo of yourself holding a piece of paper saying "I'm here to listen", that would be awesome. I'm going to be making a video with all the pictures I receive.
Every single picture counts. Please consider it. If you guys have a tumblr, that would be easier. Message me and I'll give you the link to my tumblr :D


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The WestJet flight status tool allows WestJet guests to re-confirm their flight times, check for any schedule changes or possible cancellations and provides travellers with vital terminal and gate information.
Search by departure city or flight number for the most up-to-date departure and arrival information on your upcoming flight. View airline schedule changes and any possible travel and weather advisories for your travel region as well as any possible flight cancellations.
Please note that only WestJet operated flights can be tracked with the flight status tool.


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Beta Accounting
This stock was designed in order to offer you access to high quality icons with a very clean design, perfect for those who need clarity and simplicity in their projects. These icons have a great management of brights and colors, using vivid combinations that make them look great in big and small sizes. One of the main characteristics of this stock is the frontal perspective, ideal for high quality web development and great color definition, ideal for all of those who want to enhance the looks in their applications and desktops. This originally designed set of icons provide your website and/or software applications with the most complete business icons you can find for finance and insurance sector primarily engaged in financial transactions and banking ( letter of credits, balance, withdrawal, credit cards, wallet, spreadsheet, forms, taxes, safe and checks) appropriate for developing more efficient accounting programs interface and any application running on Windows, Mac or other graphic platforms that support standard image file formats with practical ,useful and enjoyable buttons for habitual tools) or web sites dedicated to real estate and rental sector comprises establishments engaged in renting, leasing, or otherwise the use of tangible or intangible assets, and establishments providing related services online like transactions and money exchange. Sizes: • Normal: 256x256, 128x128, 72x72, 64x64, 48x48, 32x32, 24x24, 16x16 pixels (available in png only). • Hot: 128x128, 48x48, 32x32, 24x24, 16x16 pixels (available in png only). •Disable: 128x128, 48x48, 32x32, 24x24, 16x16 pixels (available in png only). • Ico: 256x256, 128x128, 48x48, 32x32, 24x24, 16x16 pixels •Gif: 128x128, 48x48, 32x32, 24x24, 16x16 pixels • Bmp: 128x128, 48x48, 32x32, 24x24, 16x16 pixels Formats: PNG-GIF-ICO-BMP Color Depth: WinXP 32 Bits Color States: • Normal: Normal color • Hot: Contrasted colors, useful in rollovers, active buttons • Disabled: Gray Scale colors, useful in inactive buttons.


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The Hotel Concordia Playa is ideally situated just 100mts from the famous "lagos de Martinez" and 500mts from the beach in the delightful resort of Puerto de la Cruz situated in the north of Tenerife.The hotel consists of 236 rooms with mountain and sea views. All rooms have their own balconies,air conditioning,TV and safety deposit boxe (payable locally).
Situated just 20KM from the North airport and just over an hour drive from the south airport Puerto de la Cruz holds onto its charm from years gone by.
Well situated in the heart of Puerto de la Cruz,just a stroll away from the bars,restaurants and shops.
* Customer Lifts
* Live music
* Lounge
* Outdoor pool
* Reception - 24 hrs


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LW221 LightwaveRF Wire-free switch (2 gang)
The Wire-free Switch can be used to control any LightwaveRF receiver such as relays, sockets and plug-ins. It can also dim LightwaveRF dimmers. The switch can be screwed to a back box or positioned anywhere using the adhesive pads provided. It is a useful alternative to 2-way switching. The switches can be linked to as many LightwaveRF receivers as desired to control multiple devices at once. They come in 1 and 2 gang with finishes to match the dimmer range (models LW201 & 221) and also white plastic (LW205 & 206).
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Regular price £89.99 Sale price £84.99
LW500 Wifi link (equivalent to LW930 Lightwave Link)
Regular price £59.99 Sale price £39.99
Regular price £25.99 Sale price £14.99


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Chris Young - Tomorrow MP3
Chris Young's official music video for 'Tomorrow'. Click to listen to Chris Young on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/ChrisYoungSpotify?IQid=CYTomorrow As featured on ...
Chris YoungTomorrow I'm gonna leave here I'm gonna let you go and walk away like every day I said I would And tomorrow, I'm gonna listen To that voice of reason inside my head telling me that we're no good But tonight I'm gonn[...]
Tomorrow - Yoon Si Young MP3
Tomorrow - Yoon Si Young Mnet The Voice Kids.
Tomorrow Annie (2014) Lyrics MP3
This is the lyrics for the people who love Annie. Subscribe to Alicia Smiles: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4SJrWHd-cT0Zcw9eLezLiA. Note: I DO NOT ...
TABLO - TOMORROW(ft. TAEYANG of BIGBANG) M/V MP3
Available on iTunes @ http://smarturl.it/TabloFeversEnd2 #TABLO #타블로 #TOMORROW More about TABLO @ http://www.ygtablo.com/ ...
Silverchair - Tomorrow MP3
Silverchair's official music video for 'Tomorrow'. Click to listen to Silverchair on Spotify: http://smarturl.it/SilverchairSpotify?IQid=ScT As featured on The Best Of ...
SilverchairIt's twelve o'clock and it's a wonderful day I know you hate me but I'll ask anyway Won't you come with me to a place [...]
Tomorrowland Presents | THIS WAS TOMORROW Official Movie Trailer MP3
The year 2015 will be chronicled as magical, mythical and memorable. The People of Tomorrow experienced Tomorrowland on three continents this year.
Kevin Gates - Tomorrow (Dir: Breadwinner Films) MP3
Dir: Breadwinner Films Pre-order Kevin Gates debut album 'ISLAH' now and receive an automatic download of "La Familia," "Really Really" and "The Truth!
Tomorrow (annie) Lyrics MP3
hey all you people who're watching my vid. Just letting you know, although I was unable to retrieve my vid from my computer files, I was able to add a note thing ...
Annie - Tomorrow (Movie) MP3
Annie - Tomorrow (Movie) - 1999.
Tomorrow Daily - 'LM3D' racing to be first 3D-printed electric car to market, Ep. 271 MP3
http://www.cnet.com/tomorrow-daily/ Jeff discusses a drone avoidance algorithm from an MIT student, a small device looking to transform regular homes into part ...
Kevin Gates - Tomorrow MP3
Download Luca Brasi 2: A Gangsta Grillz Special Edition iTunes: http://smarturl.it/LucaBrasi2 Google Play: http://smarturl.it/getLucaBrasi2 Spotify: ...
Cô bé 11 tuổi hát Tomorrow cực đỉnh tại The Voice Kids Hàn Quốc MP3
Cô bé Yoon Si Young 11 tuổi đã thể hiện xuất sắc ca khúc Tomorrow tại The Voice Kids Hàn Quốc bằng giọng hát ngọt ngào và cao vút đến khó tin.
Tomorrow Daily - Startup says rooms on wheels are the future of self-driving cars, Ep. 270 MP3
http://www.cnet.com/tomorrow-daily/ Ashley discusses an out-of-the-box idea for a futuristic autonomous car, a kiosk that paints pictures on your nails in a snap ...
Tomorrowland 2012 | official aftermovie MP3
Tomorrowland 2012 | official aftermovie More Madness... http://bit.ly/IMrCUy TomorrowWorld 2014 Tickets http://tickets.tomorrowworld.com/ Subscribe for more ...
Getting Married Tomorrow!! MP3
Tomorrow is the day that I get married to Jamie Jo and I am so excited for our Disney Wedding :D Here's my last video as an un-married man! Enjoy this video?
Gianluca Bezzina - Tomorrow (Malta) 2013 Eurovision Song Contest Official Video MP3
Powered by: http://www.eurovision.tv Gianluca Bezzina will represent Malta at the 2013 Eurovision Song Contest in Malmo, Sweden with the song Tomorrow.
Tomorrow By: Chris Young with Lyrics! MP3
I own nothing!
DC's Legends of Tomorrow | First Look Trailer | The CW MP3
Time-traveling rogue Rip Hunter must assemble a disparate group of both heroes and villains to confront an unstoppable threat to the planet…and to time itself.
Civic Polls in Kerala:Counting Tomorrow:Asianet News Hour 6 Nov 2015 MP3
Civic Polls in Kerala: Counting Tomorrow. തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് ഫലം നാളെ അറിയാം Click Here To Free Subscribe! ▻ http://goo.gl/Y4yRZG Website...
映画『ANNIE/アニー』楽曲クリップ"Tomorrow" 2015年1月24日(土)公開 MP3
"Annie" (1982) - Tomorrow MP3
Aileen Quinn in musical "Annie" (1982), singing legendary "Tomorrow" as little orphan Annie.
BTS (방탄소년단) - Tommorrow [Hangul/Romanization/English] Color & Picture Coded HD MP3
Requested by: sarah choi & Farhana Lee Color Code: Jongkook - Red Suga - Green Rap Monster - Orange Jin - Blue Jimin - Purple J-Hope - Pink V - Light Blue ...
Tomorrow [ Annie - 2014 ] MP3
"Tomorrow" from Annie, 2014. Original soundtrack.
Tomorrowland 2014 | official aftermovie MP3
Tomorrowland compilation: https://itunes.apple.com/be/album/tomorrowland-music-will-unite/id899569549?l=nl Subscribe here: ...
BURY TOMORROW - Earthbound (OFFICIAL VIDEO) MP3
The title track of the album 'EARTHBOUND'. Get it here: Subscribe to Nuclear Blast YouTube: http://bit.ly/subs-nb-yt Subscribe BURY TOMORROW ...
Bihar Elections Counting Starts From 8 AM Tomorrow (07-11-2015)| MP3
For more latest hot and happening news subscribe @ https://www.youtube.com/user/ABNtelugutv?sub_confirmation=1 Follow us ...
Tomorrowland 2015 | Official Aftermovie MP3
People of Tomorrow, the Tomorrowland 2015 Official Aftermovie is out now. Relive the most beautiful moments of the first chapter in The Secret Kingdom of ...
Avril lavigne - Tomorrow MP3
Avril lavigne - Tomorrow.
Idina Menzel - Tomorrow (from LIVE: Barefoot at the Symphony) MP3
You can order the full DVD today on Amazon: http://bzz.is/IdinaMenzel Idina Menzel performs "Tomorrow" from the Broadway classic "Annie" with the ...
Europe - Tomorrow MP3
best ballad ever.


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Authorities arrested at least three people suspected of driving while intoxicated in East Baton Rouge Parish and booked them into Parish Prison between 2:30 p.m. Sunday and 2:30 p.m. Monday, booking records show.
Those booked and the counts against them:
Dennis Harrell, 63, 16858 River Birch Ave., Greenwell Springs, first-offense DWI and hit and run.
Reginald Jackson, 37, 8165 Plank St., Baton Rouge, first-offense DWI and failure to maintain control of vehicle.
Reginald Major, 27, 12355 Leonidas Drive, Baton Rouge, first-offense DWI, littering prohibited and insurance required.
Compiled from staff reports. To talk to a crime reporter at The Advocate, call (225) 388-0369.