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\n\nTeam Previews\t\n\n\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n \n \n\n\n\t\nFlorida State Seminoles\n\n\n2010-11 Record: 23-11 (11-5 in ACC)\n\nHead Coach: Leonard Hamilton\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nDeividas Dulkys :: Michael Tureski/Icon SMI \n \nVITALS\n\n2010-11 Season Stat\nFlorida State\nACC Rank\n\n\nSCORING OFFENSE\n69.1\n8\n\n\nSCORING DEFENSE\n62.0\n2\n\n\nFG%\n.435\n9\n\n\nFT%\n.665\n12\n\n\n3FG%\n.334\n8\n\n\nREBOUND MARGIN\n+4.9\n2\n\n\nBREAKDOWNNo one would blame Leonard Hamilton and his team if they took some time to sit back and enjoy their success last season. The Seminoles staked their claim as the third-best program in the ACC, behind only Duke and North Carolina and they reached the Sweet 16 for the first time since 1992. Those are significant accomplishments for a program that languished near the ACC cellar for several years before the Hamilton-led resurgence.
Yet, when talk in the Seminoles' practice facility turns to last year, the general feeling is one of disappointment and frustration. "There was a certain amount of pain that these guys felt in the game that we lost," Hamilton says, referring to the Seminoles' Sweet 16 defeat (in overtime) to VCU. "And that seems to be the driving factor."
\n
That motivation, combined with perhaps the most talented and experienced team he has fielded in his 10 years in Tallahassee, has Hamilton and his players believing that the coming season could be their best yet.
\n
"Over the last six years, it's generally accepted that we're the third-winningest program in the ACC," Hamilton says. "That's fine if you are satisfied with being third. ? We see no reason that we can't be No. 1."
\n
As strange as it might sound, the Seminoles' chances for another strong postseason could hinge upon the abilities of a point guard who will be playing for his third college in five years. Former Iowa and Arkansas starter Jeff Peterson, who left each school after coaching changes, will be eligible to play immediately because he already has earned his bachelor's degree. And Peterson will have an opportunity to step right in.
\n
Hamilton will also rely on power forward Bernard James, a high school dropout who developed an affinity for basketball during six years in the Air Force. In only his third year of organized basketball, the junior college transfer finished the season with modest numbers (8.6 ppg, 5.9 rpg, 2.4 bpg), but he had some huge games down the stretch, including a double-double in the Seminoles' NCAA tournament upset of Notre Dame. And James' teammates say he has shown even greater progress during offseason workouts and pickup games.
\n
"The leap you're going to see in B.J. next year is gonna be tremendous," senior guard Luke Loucks says. "It's gonna be a whole different ballgame."
\n
The Seminoles also have the benefit of a loaded and experienced backcourt, with senior shooting guard Deividas Dulkys, Loucks, junior Michael Snaer and sophomore Ian Miller all returning. FSU also returns 7-footer Jon Kreft and 6-11 Xavier Gibson at center, as well as several quality forwards, including emerging sophomore Okaro White.
\n
FINAL ANALYSISAs experienced and talented as the Seminoles are, they clearly will have a tough time knocking North Carolina and Duke from their perch atop the ACC. The Tar Heels will be projected by many to win the 2012 national title and the Blue Devils won't be far behind. Yet Hamilton and his players insist they are closing the gap.
\n
"I know a lot of our fans were excited about the Sweet 16," Loucks says. "But we're sitting back looking at it like, 'Man, that could have been an NCAA championship -- not a Sweet 16.' A Sweet 16 is good, but in the end, we still haven't won anything. We want a championship."
\n
NEWCOMERSJeff Peterson (PG, GS): Transfer from Arkansas will be the first of the newcomers to earn extended playing time.
\n
Antwan Space (F, Fr.): Should contribute as another offensive weapon.
\n
Kiel Turpin (C, Jr.): Junior college big man should help down the road.
\n
Terry Whisnant II (G, Fr.): Sharp-shooter should provide offensive spark.
\n

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Birthday Gif!
Tuesday, May 21, 2013
Here's to my lil' bro Diego, turning 9 already... droppin' years like it aint no thang. Why a killer whale you ask? Because that's what he wanted on his birthday card, of course. I love this little fellow. Here's to another big year!
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Photo courtesy of Shoe Gallery Miami
Well, its July 4th. What better way to start it off than to get some fresh new kicks. Shoe Gallery in Downtown Miami has definitely been doing it big as of late. Especially with the recent Nike Livestrong releases, which they've been going all out for (ie. the Air Max collection we posted a couple months back). And today's release of the coveted Nike Livestrong x Mister Cartooon Air Force One, was no exception. Dozens of sneakerheads awaited in that Miami heat for a chance to get a pair of these to call their own. Not everyone did, but the people that did, walked away extremely happy. The display/installation that Shoe Gallery had was unique and eye-popping to say the least. Photos of the display, the sneaker and the release are below. Photos provided by Shoe Gallery. Follow them on Twitter (twitter.com/shoegallery).
Shoe Gallery
244 NE 1st Ave
Miami, FL 33132
(305) 371-2063


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Easy Backup and Recovery
The HP MediaSmart Home Server automatically backs up all PCs connected to the server--a key function. As a core feature of the Windows Home Server OS, backups are available on all flavors of devices offered by different companies.
The full-system recovery feature took less than 20 minutes to return a notebook PC that I had intentionally corrupted back to a pristine previous state. I was impressed.
But Windows does more than back up your PC. The Connector software also keeps tabs on the status of firewalls and antivirus software on each PC connected to the server, using a Home Network Health component of the server software.
If you need to update your virus definitions or ratchet up firewall protection on any of the PCs connected to the server, the device pops up a message from the system utility tray with recommendations. This is a great feature for parents who want to ensure that all of the PCs in the house are subject to Internet controls. Instead of checking each individual PC, Home Network Health pops up a message alerting you to potential problems.
HP is one of several hardware vendors that will sell servers equipped with the Windows Home Server OS. Others include Fujitsu Siemens Computers, Gateway, Hewlett-Packard, Iomega, LaCie, and Medio. Each will customize its systems with unique tools and functions. So far, Iomega and HP are the only major manufacturers to have announced that they will have WHS devices available in time for the end-of-year holiday season. For these early entries, my fingers are crossed that Microsoft has successfully completed its prelaunch bug hunting.
From my tests, I can say that the HP version is a good match for the average PC household and that it delivers on its marketing promise of offering an easy-to-manage tool for protecting and sharing data in a multi-PC home.


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Helena Fourment
Helena Fourment or Hélène Fourment (11 April 1614 – 15 July 1673) was the second wife of Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens. She was the subject of a few portraits by Rubens, and also modeled for other religious and mythological paintings.
Hélène Fourment was the daughter and youngest child of Daniël Fourment, an Antwerp silk merchant, and Clara Stappaerts. They had four sons and seven daughters. Helena Fourment was buried together with her husband, children and parents in the Saint James' church, Antwerp. Most of the daughters married into important families.
- Daniel I Fourment , marr. Clara Stappaerts
- Daniel II Fourment, Lord of Wijtvliet; marr. Clara Brant, sister of Isabella Brant, (1591-1626).
- Elisabeth Fourment, died 1667: marr. 23 october 1627 to Nicolas Pycqueri, died 1661: almoner of Antwerp.[1]
- Joanna Fourment: marr. Balthasar Nicolaas de Groote.
- Clara Fourment, (1593-1643): marr. Peter van Hecke (1591–1645), tapestry dealer .
- Susanna Fourment, (1599-1628), marr. Arnold Lunden. who were both also painted by Rubens.[2]
Hélène Fourment married Rubens on 6 December 1630, when she was 16 years old and he was aged 53. His first wife, Isabella Brant, had died in 1626. Hélène's brother Daniël Fourment the younger was married to Clara Brant, the sister of Isabella. Daniël Fourment the elder was an art lover and possessed works by Rubens and Jacob Jordaens, and works by Italian masters; he also commissioned from Rubens a series of tapestries depicting the life of Achilles.[3]
- Peter Paul Rubens, marr. 2nd to Hélène Fourment:
- Clara-Joanna Rubens, baptized 18 January 1632: marr. Philips van Parys, knight
- François I Rubens, bapt. 12 July 1633: alderman of Antwerp in 1659, marr. Susanna-Gratiana Charles.
- Isabella-Helena Rubens, baptized 3 May 1635
- Peter III Paul Rubens, baptized 1 March 1637: ordained priest.
- Constantia-Albertina Rubens, baptized 3 February 1641: entered La Cambre Abbey in l668.
Second marriage[edit]
After the death of Rubens, Helena started a relationship with Jan-Baptist de Brouchoven, count of Bergeyck assessor and alderman of Antwerp, who later became Count of Bergeyk.[4] On 9 October 1644 their son Jan van Brouchoven, the later second Count of Bergeyk and one of the most important politicians in the Southern Netherlands of his time, was born, and Helena and Jan-Baptist married in 1645. They had five further children together.
Hélène Fourment was said to be very beautiful, amongst others by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, then Governor of the Netherlands, stating that she was "undoubtedly the most beautiful one may see here",[5] and by the poet Gaspar Gevartius, a friend of Rubens, who praised "Helen of Antwerp, who far surpasses Helen of Troy".[6]
Helena Fourment[edit]
Portrait of Hélène Fourment, c. 1638, now in the Museu Calouste Gulbenkian
- Helena Fourment in wedding dress, Munich, Alte Pinakothek, 1630-1631; a studio copy of this work is in the collection of the Rijksmuseum
- Pörtrait of Helena Fourment with a glove", Munich, Alte Pinakothek (same as above?)
- Helena Fourment with her eldest son, Frans, 1635, Munich, Alte Pinakothek
- Rubens and Helena Fourment walking in their garden, Munich
- Helena Fourment with her children Clara, Johanna, and Frans, 1636-1637, Louvre
- Helena Fourment and Frans Rubens, Louvre
- Rubens, his wife Helena Fourment, and their son Peter Paul, c. 1639, Metropolitan Museum of Art
- Portrait of Helena Fourment(?) a studio work in the collection of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels
- Portrait of Helena Fourment(?) a 17th-century work from Antwerp, now in the Rubenshuis
- Judgment of Paris, Museo del Prado (the Venus-figure is modelled on Hélène Fourment)
- The Garden of Love, Prado, 1630-1633
- Het Pelsken, 1638, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
- The Origin of the Milky Way, c. 1637
Siblings: Clara van Hecke née Fourment, and Susanna Lunden née Fourment[edit]
- ^ Notice des oeuvres d'art de l'eglise paroissaile ... de St. Jacques a ...
- ^ Fahy, Everett (1973). The Wrightsman Collection. 5. Paintings, drawings. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 196. ISBN 9780870990120.
- ^ Campbell, Thomas Patrick (2010). Tapestry in the Baroque. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 28. ISBN 9780300155143.
- ^ Knackfuss, H. (1904). Rubens. p. 158.
- ^ Liedtke, Walter A. Flemish paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 177. ISBN 9780870993565.
- ^ Néret, Gilles (2004). "The Most Beautiful Woman in Antwerp". Peter Paul Rubens, 1577-1640. Taschen. ISBN 9783822828854.
Further reading[edit]
- Brendel, Maria L. (2011). Die Macht der Frau. Rubens` letztes Modell Helene Fourment (in German). Berlin: Parthas. ISBN 978-3-86964-037-2.
- Liedtke , Walter A. (1984). Flemish paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870993569. (see index, v.1; Lunden, Susanna (née Fourment) for information about her daughter)
External links[edit]
- Media related to Hélène Fourment at Wikimedia Commons


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|"Jan Lehnardt (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] [Commented] (COUCHDB-1677) Dedicated query server log file
|Sun, 02 Jun 2013 19:06:20 GMT
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/COUCHDB-1677?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=13672646#comment-13672646 ] Jan Lehnardt commented on COUCHDB-1677: --------------------------------------- +1 > Dedicated query server log file > ------------------------------- > > Key: COUCHDB-1677 > URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/COUCHDB-1677 > Project: CouchDB > Issue Type: New Feature > Components: Logging, View Server Support > Reporter: Jason Smith > > Admins should be able to configure an additional log file, which only contains logs coming from query servers (i.e. `log()` in the built-in JavaScript one). > [log] > query_server_file = js.log > This creates an additional log file (relative to the dirname of _config/log/file) to which "log" messages from the query server are copied. (The original log file contents are unaffected by this feature.) > The query_server_file has no prefix or formatting (such as timestamps). It should feel like a direct tap into console.log(). If people want to add structure or timestamps to their log file, they can do it in the application. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. If you think it was sent incorrectly, please contact your JIRA administrators For more information on JIRA, see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira
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Creative Director
Print advertisment created by Volcano, South Africa for Studio People, within the category: Professional Services.
The Creative Director is a two-headed Nightmare!
Beware! This fickle freak flips fruitful into futile, converts creativity into codswallop and swaps sensational for "subtle"... Avoid every agency's nightmare & find the right staff first time - with the recruitment company by creatives, for creatives! www.studiopeople.co.za
Creative Director: Glenn Jeffery
Art Director / Illustrator: Francois Boshoff
Copywriters: Francois Boshoff
Popular Reads
Clio Sports
"Say Less, Do More": Words of Inspiration From the 2017 Clio Sports AwardsRead More
Inside the Agency
How DDB's Ari Weiss And Keith Reinhard Are Embracing Ad Legend Bill Bernbach's "Rebel Spirit"Read More
Clio Health
Ward+Robes Designer Gowns Offer Individuality for Hospitalized TeensRead More
Clio Awards
Empathy, Observation, Openness: IDEO's Roshi Givechi on the Narrative of Product DesignRead More


text:
2017 National Estuary Program Spring Tech Transfer Meeting
Strength through Adaptation
Sponsored by the Association of National Estuary Programs
May 2-4, 2017
Meridian Institute, Washington DC
– Charles Darwin
General Information
Location: Meridian Institute, 1800 M St. NW, Suite 400 N, Washington DC, 20036. Nearby metro stations include Farragut North (red line), Farragut West (blue, silver, and orange lines) and DuPont Circle (red line).
Audience: NEP Directors, U.S. EPA NEP leads, key staff
Security requirements: Any government issued ID
Meals: Light refreshments and snacks will be served, meals on your own
The meeting will focus on programmatic and organization-level issues and include lightning talks (3 slides in 3 minutes), in which a selection of NEPs will present a success story, lesson learned, or current challenge relevant to each session's agenda topic.
Meeting Registration
ANEP meeting registration fee: $100 for dues paying members and $150 for others. To register for the ANEP meeting, go to this [Link TBA]
Accommodations are on your own.
May 3, 9AM – 5PM: Tech Transfer Sessions
For each session, we hope to have 5 to 8 lightning round presentations (each no more than 3 slides and 3 minutes). Our goal is to have each session's presentations represent the various NEP organizational type (government agency, nonprofit, or academic institution). The presentations will be followed by round table discussions.
9am-9:15am: Meet and greet
9:15am-10:30am: Session 1- NEP messages for national communications
10:30am-10:45am: Break
10:45am-12pm Session 2- CCMP Updates: Lessons learned under new guidance
12:00pm-12:30pm: Lunch
12:30pm-1:30pm: Session 3- Funding beyond Section 320: Sharing lessons learned
1:30-2:30pm: Session 4- Strengthening regional partnerships between NEPs
2:30pm-2:45pm: Break
2:45pm-3:45pm: Session 5- Approaches to sharing the State of the Bay reports
3:45-4:00pm: Session 6- Wrap-up/Fall Tech Transfer agenda discussion
5:30- 7:30 PM: Save the date – Congressional Estuary Caucus Social. Details TBA.
May 4, 9AM – Noon: Legislative Outreach Meetings
12:00-2:00 PM: Save the date – Congressional Estuary Caucus Briefing. Details TBA.
Read this detailed 2/9/2017 draft agenda.


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This section provides access to research projects currently being supported under the Quality of Life Programme (1998-2002), as well as research supported under relevant programmes supported by the Fourth Framework Programme (1994-98).
The first projects supported under the Quality of Life programme began in January 2000. Details of these projects are added to the CORDIS RTD-Projects database as they become available, and can be
according to the area of the Quality of Life Programme under which they fall.
to compose a search in the CORDIS RTD-Projects database.
Details of projects supported under the life sciences domain of the Fourth RTD Framework Programme (1994-98). These cover research supported under the
Biomedicine and Health
, the
, and the Agriculture and Fisheries (
) programmes. See also the Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects (
) projects implemented under these three programmes.
Antimicrobial resistance
projects related to antimicrobial resistance
funded by the EC within the 3 Life Sciences programmes of FP4 and within the Quality of Life programme (FP5).
Projects eligible for participation in the Call to include new partners from Newly Associated States in running contracts
Browse projects eligible to participate
in the
launched on 31 May 2001, to extend existing contracts under the specific programme for research, technological development and demonstration on "Quality of life and management of living resources" (1998 to 2002) to include partners from the «Newly Associated States».
For further details browse the CORDIS
Projects database


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Love, serious relationship, creating family
I am very adventurous person. I have a lot of friends, I am spontaneous and pretty, I like doing things that I like. I am devoted, loyal, understanding, caring and not boring. I like cuddling watching a movie. I can express my feelings everywhere, even in public. I want a family and like spending all my free time with family.
Someone who isn't afraid to take risks or work hard. I want a man who gets back up again as soon as life knocks him down. Respect, loyalty, trust and the ability to just simply enjoy each other's company even if we are doing nothing but sitting at home alone is all I could ask for.


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Shifting views on the symbolic cueing effect: Cueing attention through recent prior experience
- Merryl Marshall
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Psicológica (2008), 29, Shifting views on the symbolic cueing effect: Cueing attention through recent prior experience Matthew J. C. Crump * (1), Bruce Milliken (1), & Imran Ansari (2) (1) McMaster University, Canada; (2) University of Waterloo, Canada Several studies have demonstrated that centrally presented, non-predictive, directional symbols (arrows, directional words, eye gaze) can influence response times to detect the onset of a target item presented in a peripheral location. Although symbolic cueing effects have been reliably demonstrated, the underlying mechanisms that produce these effects are not well understood. In two experiments we test the idea that perceptual integration between cue-target pairs mediates symbolic cueing effects. Our findings suggest symbolic cueing effects may not necessarily reflect the orienting power of highly over-learned directional symbols. Rather, symbolic cueing effects are also mediated by relatively recent experiences with coherent cuetarget objects during the experimental session. We elaborate on the implications of our findings for conventional explanations of symbolic cueing effects. In this paper we investigate two important assumptions underlying recent explanations of a novel finding in the attentional cueing literature, the symbolic cueing effect for non-predictive, central cues. The symbolic cueing task is a variant of the Posner visual cueing procedure (Posner, 1980). Participants are asked to detect the onset of a target that can appear in one of two locations. The symbolic cueing effect is defined by faster responses to targets appearing in a validly cued location (e.g., a dot appearing on the pointed side of an arrow cue) than to targets appearing in * The preparation of this paper was supported by a research grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to B. M., and by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Graduate Scholarship to M. J. C. C. We acknowledge the help provided by Ellen MacLellan with regard to data collection and technical assistance. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Matthew J. C. Crump, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4K1.
2 98 M.J.C. Crump, et al. an invalidly cued location (e.g., a dot appearing on the open side of an arrow). Early research using the symbolic cueing method suggested cueing effects could occur only when cues offered predictive information about the likely location of a following target (Jonides, 1981). However, a host of recent studies has shown that central symbolic cues that are non-predictive of target location can indeed produce reliable cueing effects. These symbolic cueing effects are typically small (5-10 ms), but have been reliably observed in studies using a variety of symbolic cues, including eye gaze (Friesen & Kingstone, 1998; Hietanen, 1999; Ristic, Friesen, & Kingstone, 2002), arrows (Tipples, 2002), directional words (Hommel, Pratt, Colzato, & Godijn, 2001), and numbers (Fischer, Castel, Dodd, & Pratt, 2003). Although there has been some controversy surrounding particular explanations of the symbolic cueing effect (Tipples, 2002), there is general agreement about two processes that contribute to such effects. The first process is an evaluation process that allows for the rapid extraction of the directional meaning of a cue. The second process is an orienting process that directs attentional resources to an implied target location. Together, the evaluation and orienting processes work to allocate attentional resources to locations in space that are signaled by the symbolic cue. In turn, the symbolic cueing effect occurs because the presence of attentional resources facilitates perception of validly cued targets relative to invalidly cued targets. Much of the controversy surrounding explanations of the symbolic cueing effect has focused on whether the cue-evaluation process is mediated by general or specific mechanisms. For example, Friesen and Kingstone (1998) argued that symbolic cueing effects for eye gaze cues are mediated by a special, eye-gaze detector module (Baron-Cohen, 1995). In support of this idea, Kingstone, Tipper, Ristic, & Ngan (2004; see also Ristic & Kingstone, 2005) demonstrated that symbolic cueing effects using an ambiguous car/eye gaze cue depended on instructional manipulations to perceive the ambiguous cue as an eye gaze cue. Alternatively, other researchers have pointed out that symbolic cueing effects can occur with symbolic cues that are not biologically relevant, including arrows (Tipples, 2002) and directional words (Hommel et al., 2001), which are presumably not mediated by mechanisms specialized to process eye gaze information. Instead, it has been suggested that some symbolic cueing effects may be mediated by general-level processing mechanisms.
3 Cueing attention 99 The debate over the general or specific nature of mechanisms involved in producing the symbolic cueing effect has not been resolved, and the possibility remains that the alternatives are not mutually exclusive. On the one hand, symbolic cueing effects using biologically relevant cues could be governed by a highly specialized module evolved to rapidly process directional attributes of biologically relevant stimuli. On the other hand, symbolic cueing effects using over-learned cues could occur because a lifetime of experience with particular symbols allows directional meaning to be automatically extracted by a general processing mechanism. Both views suggest, for different reasons, that the symbolic cueing effect provides novel insight into processes responsible for directing attentional resources. The present research is not aimed at the distinction between specific and general processing mechanisms, but rather at tacit assumptions inherent to both the general and specific processing mechanism accounts of symbolic cueing effects. A review of the current literature suggests symbolic cueing effects are mediated by over-learned cues to direction information. This tacit assumption implies that directional symbols gain their directional cueing power through long-term real-world experience, rather than short-term experience within the experimental context. A more pervasive assumption is that symbolic cueing effects necessarily reflect the covert allocation of attentional resources. This assumption is supported by the fact that symbolic cueing effects can be observed with non-predictive cues and short cue-target SOAs (e.g., 100 ms). Following this logic, target detection is faster for valid than invalidly cued targets because attentional resources are assigned to the validly cued target location prior to target onset. An implication of this view is that target detection should be speeded for all targets appearing in attended locations. In our opinion, the extent to which the experimental context constrains the expression of symbolic cueing effects has not been adequately addressed. Yet, such a test may provide novel insight to the underlying cause of symbolic cueing effects. To this end, and to foreshadow the results, we demonstrate across Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2, that symbolic cueing effects can be reversed, or eliminated by changing the nature of the target used to elicit detection responses. The idea to test these two tacit assumptions stems from a novel alternative account of symbolic cueing effects, which emphasizes the integration of cue and target into coherent perceptual objects (for a related discussion of cue-target integration processes in exogenous spatial cueing studies see Lupiañez, Decaix, Sieroff, Milliken & Bartolomeo, 2004; Lupiañez, Milliken, Solano, Weaver, & Tipper, 2001). We describe this
4 100 M.J.C. Crump, et al. alternative account in more detail later in the article, and at this point focus on a novel cueing method designed to take advantage of object coherence of cue and target. In particular, as in prior studies of symbolic cueing effects, participants completed a task that required the detection of a target stimulus following presentation of a non-predictive, central symbolic cue (see Figure 1). The novel aspect of our design concerned the choice of cue and target stimuli (see Figure 2). Figure 1. Each trial began with the presentation of a fixation cross. After 500 milliseconds, the fixation cross was replaced with a cue that was displayed for one of 4 intervals (100, 200, 400, 800 ms). Following the SOA interval, a target was presented to the right or left of cue. Both the target and the cue remained on the screen until a response was made, or until 2000 msec elapsed.
5 Cueing attention 101 Figure 2. Depicts the cue-target pairs used in Experiments 1a and 1b, and 2. Experiment 1a always employed good target types that appeared equally frequently in valid and invalid locations. Experiment 1b always employed bad target types that appeared equally frequently in valid and invalid locations. Experiment 2 was a mixed design in which all trial types used in Experiments 1a and 1b were combined and presented equally frequently.
6 102 M.J.C. Crump, et al. We constructed cue and target stimuli that could be paired in various ways to form coherent or incoherent cue-target objects. There were two centrally presented arrow cues roughly resembling a greater-than symbol (>), or a less-than symbol (<). There were two target stimuli, each consisting of two symbols arranged vertically to form two-thirds of a notional triangle (see Figure 1). Each target stimulus could appear on the left or the right of each cue. The factorial combination of these stimulus conditions produced eight distinct cue-target pairs. We defined the eight distinct cue-target pairs in terms of two factors: cue side, and target type. The cue side factor had two levels, cue-open and cue-pointed, referring to the side of space relative to a cue in which a target appeared. The target type factor had two levels: good and bad. Good targets were those targets that could potentially be paired with a cue to form a coherent cue-target object, whereas bad targets were those targets that never formed a coherent cuetarget object. Critically, two of the eight distinct cue-target pairs (i.e., the cue-open, good-target pairs) formed a coherent object in the form of a notional triangle. This aspect of the design was the primary means of investigating the possibility that target detection would be influenced by integration processes involving cue-target pairs. We expected target detection performance to be speeded on trials when the cue-target pairs formed a coherent object. EXPERIMENTS 1A AND 1B In Experiments 1a and 1b we investigated the extent to which symbolic cueing effects depend on recent experience with coherent cuetarget objects. In Experiment 1a, experimental trials were limited to good targets. We expected target detection performance to be faster on cueopen/good trials, in which the cue-target pair formed a coherent cue-target object, than on cue-pointed/good trials, in which the cue-target pair formed an incoherent object. In Experiment 1b, experimental trials were limited to bad targets. We expected no differences in target detection performance between cue-open/bad and cue-pointed/bad trials because neither cue-target pair formed a coherent object. Importantly, in both Experiments 1a and 1b, cues were not predictive of target location or target type. Participants were not given specific instructions regarding the cue, but were instructed to detect the onset of each target appearing in the left or right location by pressing a key as quickly and accurately as possible.
7 Cueing attention 103 METHODS Participants. The participants were 40 undergraduate students enrolled in psychology courses at McMaster University who volunteered for course credit. Materials and Procedure. We followed a standard visual cueing task procedure involving the presentation of a centrally appearing, nonpredictive cue, followed by a target pattern appearing in one of two locations, left or right of fixation (see Figure 1). The cue subtended.95 o of visual angle in height and width. Each target was composed of two vertically aligned triangle corners (see Figure 1) subtending 4.3 o of visual angle in height. Targets were presented to the left or right of fixation, approximately 3.57 o of visual angle from the centre of the cue to the centre of the target. The cues and targets appeared in white against a black background. There were three factors in our design: cue side (open vs. pointed), target type (good vs. bad), and SOA (100 ms, 200 ms, 400 ms, 800 ms). The SOA manipulation was included primarily as an exploratory variable. In Experiment 1a, the experimental conditions were limited to cueopen and cue-pointed trials involving good target types. In Experiment 1b, the experimental conditions were limited to cue-open and cue-pointed trials involving bad target types (see Figure 1). Participants in both experiments completed 13 blocks of 40 trials, for a total of 520 trials. For each block of trials, every cue/target pair was presented equally frequently across all four SOA conditions. Finally, 20% of the trials in each block were catch trials, in which a cue appeared that was not followed by a target. The experiment was conducted on a PC, with a 15 CRT screen, using MEL experimental software (Schneider, 1988). Participants were seated approximately 57 cm from the computer monitor. At the beginning of each trial, participants were presented with a fixation cross displayed in white against a black background for 500 ms. Next, a cue was presented for 100, 200, 400 or 800 ms, followed immediately by the target display. Targets were presented either to the left or right of fixation. Both the target and cue remained on the screen until a keypress response to the target onset was made, or until 2000 ms elapsed.
8 104 M.J.C. Crump, et al. RESULTS Before performing an analysis of participants reaction times, error trials were identified and removed. Anticipation errors were defined as those trials in which response times were less than 100 ms. Misses were defined as those trials in which response times were greater than 1000 ms. False alarms were defined as catch trials in which participants responded in less than 1000 ms. The percentage of errors in each condition for Experiments 1a and 1b are reported in Table 1. An analysis of participants misses for Experiments 1a and 1b is reported at the end of this section. For each participant in Experiments 1a and 1b, the correct response times in each condition were submitted to an outlier elimination procedure (Van Selst & Jolicoeur, 1994). Mean RTs were then computed using the remaining observations, and are reported in Table 2. An alpha criterion of.05 was adopted for all statistical tests. Experiment 1a Mean RTs were submitted to a 2x4 repeated measures ANOVA that included cue side (open vs. pointed), and SOA (100, 200, 400, 800) as within-participant factors. The main effect of cue side was significant [F (1, 19) = 7.85, MSE = ]. Detection responses were faster for cue-open trials (321 ms) than cue-pointed trials (328 ms). Of less interest was the significant main effect of SOA [F(3, 57) = 26.53, MSE = ]. The general trend for the main effect of SOA across all experiments appeared to be that RTs were slower in the 100ms and 800 ms conditions than the 200ms and 400ms conditions. The cue validity by SOA interaction was not significant [F(3,57) < 1] 1. Experiment 1b Mean RTs were submitted to a 2x4 repeated measures ANOVA that included cue side (open vs. pointed), and SOA (100, 200, 400, 800) as within-participant factors. Critically, the main effect of cue side was not significant. Detection responses on cue-open trials (350 ms) were not 1 A small programming error resulted in targets to the left of fixation being presented slightly further from the cue than targets to the right of fixation. This difference was not so obvious that it triggered concern during conduct of the study, but it was measurable (about.5 cm difference). We are confident that this methodological imperfection does not compromise our conclusions, as the side to which targets was presented was orthogonal to the cue validity manipulation of interest, and an analysis that included target location as a factor indeed revealed that it did not interact with cue validity.
9 Cueing attention 105 different from detection responses on cue-pointed trials (350 ms). Of less importance was the significant main effect of SOA [F (3, 57) = 7.33, MSE = ], which followed the same pattern as in Experiment 1a. The cue validity by SOA interaction was not significant. Table 1. Percentage of errors in Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2 as a function of cue-side, target-type, and SOA. SOA 100 ms 200 ms 400 ms 800 ms Cue Side Open Pointed Open Pointed Open Pointed Open Pointed Experiment 1a Good Anticipation Miss False Alarm 4.0 Experiment 1b Bad Anticipation Miss False Alarm 4.0 Experiment 2 Good Anticipation Miss Bad Anticipation Miss False Alarm 4.0 Error analysis For each participant in Experiments 1a and 1b, the mean percentage of misses was computed for each condition. These means were submitted to separate 2x4 repeated measures ANOVAs that included cue side (open vs. pointed) and SOA (100, 200, 400, 800) as within-participant factors. There were no significant effects in the analysis of misses in Experiment 1a. For the analysis of misses in Experiment 1b, there was a significant main effect
10 106 M.J.C. Crump, et al. of SOA. This effect owes to the fact that misses were extremely infrequent in the longest SOA condition. Table 2. Mean target detection response latencies in Experiments 1a (Good targets) and 1b (Bad targets), with standard errors (in parentheses), as a function of cue-side and SOA. SOA 100ms 200 ms 400 ms 800 ms Cue Side O P P-O O P P-O O P P-O O P P-O Experiment 1a Good SE (2.8) (2.0) (4.9) (4.0) Experiment 1b Bad SE (3.5) (5.1) (5.7) (4.0) O = Cue-open, P = Cue-pointed, P-O = cue-side effect, SE = standard error DISCUSSION The results from Experiments 1a and 1b confirmed our predictions. In Experiment 1a, target detection performance for good targets was faster for targets appearing on the cue-open side than for targets appearing on the cue-pointed side. In Experiment 1b, target detection performance for bad targets was not influenced by the cue-side manipulation. The results of Experiment 1a and 1b raise a number of questions regarding the conventional interpretation of symbolic cueing effects. Experiments 1a and 1b demonstrate that factors other than the direction of the symbolic cue play an important role in producing symbolic cueing effects (see also, Kingstone, Tipper, Ristic, and Ngan, 2004). It is worth noting that the cues in Experiments 1a and 1b could easily be interpreted as arrows commonly used to elicit symbolic cueing effects in other target detection tasks. Arrow cues are well known to speed target detection for targets presented on the pointed-side relative to the open-side of the arrow cue. In keeping with these results, one might predict that target detection performance in Experiments 1a and 1b should be faster for all target types appearing on the pointed side of the cue. In contrast, Experiment 1a demonstrated a reversed symbolic cueing effect, and Experiment 1b eliminated the symbolic cueing effect altogether. The important conclusion across these experiments is that the nature of the
11 Cueing attention 107 perceptual match between cue-target pairs can strongly mediate the symbolic cueing effect reported here. It is worth considering whether the reversed symbolic cueing effect observed in Experiment 1a is indeed mediated by processes involved in symbolic control over attentional orienting. For example, it is possible that speeded detection for cue-open/good targets reflects a benefit to target detection conveyed by a gestalt-like perceptual integration processes. On this view, fluent integration of coherent cue-target pairs may lead to faster detection responses for coherent cue-target objects than to incoherent cuetarget objects. Perceptual integration processes of this nature may well proceed independently of processes involved in symbolic control over attentional orienting. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine whether the reversed symbolic cueing effect was entirely driven by gestalt-like perceptual integration processes. According to the perceptual integration view, the nature of the target stimulus is critically important for determining whether cue-target integration proceeds fluently. Specifically, the perceptual integration view predicts that symbolic cueing effects should be observed for good targets, but not observed for bad targets. This prediction stems from the assumption that fluent integration will occur for cue-open/good targets forming coherent cue-target objects, leading to faster detection responses for targets in those conditions. On the other hand, fluent integration should never occur for the cue-open/bad, or cue-pointed/bad targets, as these cue-target pairs never form coherent cue-target objects. EXPERIMENT 2 Experiment 2 was exactly the same as Experiments 1a and 1b, except all of the possible stimulus combinations used in Experiments 1a and 1b were mixed together and presented randomly to participants. This design allowed us to determine whether perceptual integration processes were entirely responsible for the reversed symbolic cueing effect observed in Experiment 1a. The critical issue was to determine whether symbolic cueing effects would be observed for good targets, and not bad targets. It is important to note that in this mixed design, both good and bad target types could appear in the cue-open and cue-pointed locations. As a result, the cueside manipulation can be measured separately for good target types that sometimes form coherent cue-target objects, and bad target types that never form coherent cue-target objects.
12 108 M.J.C. Crump, et al. METHOD Participants. The participants were 20 undergraduate students enrolled in psychology courses at McMaster University who volunteered for course credit. Materials and Procedure. Experiment 2 was run using the same apparatus and procedure used in Experiments 1a and 1b. The only difference was that for Experiment 2 all 8 possible cue-target pairs were included in the design. That is, cue-side (open vs. pointed) and target type (good vs. bad) were completely crossed. Every cue-target pair was presented equally frequently. All other aspects of the design were held constant. RESULTS Before performing an analysis of participants reaction times, error trials were identified and removed using the same criterion used in Experiment 1. For each participant, the correct response times in each condition were submitted to an outlier elimination procedure (Van Selst & Jolicoeur, 1994). Mean RTs were then computed using the remaining observations. These means were submitted to a 2x2x4 repeated measures ANOVA that included cue side (open vs. pointed), target type (good vs. bad), and SOA (100, 200, 400, 800) as within-participant factors. The main effect of cue side was significant [F (1, 19) = 9.31, MSE = ]. Detection responses were faster for cue-open trials (331 ms) than cue-pointed trials (339 ms). Interestingly, the critical cue-side by target type interaction was not significant, p <.27. This null-result suggests that perceptual integration processes are not solely responsible for the cueing effects reported here. Were there any trend at all toward such an interaction, we might expect it to be most robust at shorter SOAs, where symbolic cuing effects in detection tasks tend to be observed most robustly (Friesen & Kingston, 1998). To look at this issue more carefully, we dropped the 800 ms SOA data from the previous analysis, and re-analyzed the data using only the 100, 200, & 400 ms SOA conditions. The critical cue-side by target type interaction was again not significant, p<.56. Furthermore, we conducted separate 2-tailed t-tests on the overall cueing effect (cue-pointed cue-open) for good and bad targets. The cueing effect for good targets (10 ms) was significant, [t(19)=3.71]. As well, the cueing effect for bad targets (8 ms) was significant, [t(19)=2.21].
13 Cueing attention 109 Of less importance was a significant main effect of SOA. [F (3, 57) = 11.01, M S E = ]. There was no interaction between SOA and validity, and no three-way interaction between SOA, validity, and target type. Error analysis Both the anticipation errors and false alarms reflect errors made before a target appeared. As a result, these errors are uninterpretable and were not submitted to further analysis. For each participant, the mean percentage of misses was computed for each condition. These means were submitted to a 2x2x4 repeated measures ANOVA that included cue-side (open vs. pointed), target type (good vs. bad), and SOA (100, 200, 400, 800) as within-participant factors. There were no significant main effects. The three-way interaction between cue-side, target type, and SOA was significant [F(3,57) = 4.3, MSE=8.47^-5]. However, very few errors were made overall, and the pattern of error rates that gave rise to the interaction was not easily interpretable, nor did it contradict the RT results described above. DISCUSSION The purpose of Experiment 2 was to determine whether the cueing effects reported in Experiment 1a were entirely mediated by perceptual integration processes. In Experiment 2, target detection performance was speeded for both good and bad targets appearing on the cue-open side relative to the cue-pointed side. This pattern of data suggests the cueing effects observed in Experiment 2 are not entirely driven by a perceptual integration process that facilitates target detection uniquely for coherent cue-target pairs. GENERAL DISCUSSION Symbolic cueing effects are commonly explained by a cueevaluation process that automatically extracts directional meaning from symbols, and an orienting process that covertly shifts attentional resources to signaled target locations. We investigated two untested assumptions underlying this view of symbolic cueing effects, and established boundary conditions for observing symbolic cueing effects in a target detection task. The first goal was to determine whether symbolic cueing effects necessarily measure the attentional orienting power of highly overlearned directional
14 110 M.J.C. Crump, et al. symbols. The second goal was to determine whether symbolic cueing effects are necessarily mediated by attentional orienting processes. We manipulated the perceptual match between cue-target pairs by varying the form of the to-be-detected target. The central finding across Experiments 1a and 1b was that symbolic cueing effects were observed (1a), or eliminated (1b), by changing the form of the to-be-detected target. Experiment 2 established that the cueing effects reported here could not be entirely explained by perceptual integration processes. Taken together, the pattern of results suggest a need to extend current explanations of symbolic cueing effects. Table 3. Mean target detection response latencies for Experiment 2, with standard errors (in parentheses), as a function of cue-side, targettype, and SOA. SOA 100ms 200 ms 400 ms 800 ms Cue Side O P P-O O P P-O O P P-O O P P-O Good SE (4.0) (4.1) (5.1) (4.4) Bad SE (4.5) (4.2) (5.9) (5.2) O = Cue-open, P = Cue-pointed, P-O = cue-side effect, SE = standard error Long term vs. short term experience Much debate has focused on the extent to which symbolic cueing effects reflect general or specific orienting processes. A common assumption underlying both perspectives is that directional symbols acquire their orienting power over the long-term, either by repeated experiences in the world (e.g., arrows), or by functionally specific adaptations occurring across evolutionary time-scales (e.g., eye-gaze). For both views, symbolic cueing tasks provide a tool to measure the orienting power of a symbolic cue that has acquired directional cueing power over the long-term. Alternatively, symbolic cueing effects could also be mediated by relatively short-term experiences inherent to the experimental contexts employed in most symbolic cueing tasks.
15 Cueing attention 111 The results of Experiments 1a and 1b bear directly on the possibility that symbolic cues acquire directional cueing power over the course of the experimental session. Cues were always non-predictive greater-than, or less-than arrow symbols. According to long-term experience, directionality should be signaled by the pointed-side of the arrow; and, targets presented on the pointed-side should be detected faster than targets presented on the open-side. In contrast to these expectations, in Experiment 1a good targets demonstrated a reverse symbolic cueing effect. That is, good targets were detected faster for cue-open than cue-pointed target locations. In Experiment 1b, bad targets were not detected faster for cue-open than cuepointed target locations. The important conclusion from these experiments is that symbolic cueing effects can be mediated by short-term constraints inherent to the experimental context. At the same time, we do not deny the possibility that long-term factors play some role in mediating previously reported symbolic cueing effects, and we suggest that future research should clarify the extent to which symbolic cueing effects are mediated by short or long-term experience. In the remaining portion of the general discussion we elaborate on candidate processes that could account for the apparent flexibility of symbolic cueing effects across different experimental contexts. Perceptual integration hypothesis The cueing effect reported in Experiment 1a could be mediated by gestalt-like perceptual integration processes that facilitate target detection performance for coherent cue-target objects. A process of this nature would completely explain the pattern of results across Experiments 1a and 1b, and would not require further assumptions about cue-evaluation, or covert orienting of attention. Instead, target detection would be influenced at the time of target onset by integration processes working to group the cue and target into an object. To unpack the implications of the perceptual integration hypothesis forwarded here, it is worth remembering the highly austere task requirements imposed in the target detection task described in the current research. Namely, participants were instructed to press a button as quickly as possible in response to a flash of light. The likelihood that perceptual integration processes can play a role in mediating performance for such basic perceptual processing may seem remote, and in contradiction with conventional bottom-up views of perceptual processing. Indeed, the role of perceptual integration in target detection would suggest that features of the visual display as a simple as flashes of light are not processed independently of form. Instead, the perceptual integration hypothesis
16 112 M.J.C. Crump, et al. assumes that holistic aspects of the object may be perceived before the processing of constituent features is completed, and as a result may be available to influence performance in target detection tasks. In sum, the prospect of perceptual integration processes mediating symbolic cueing effects is interesting because such a demonstration would extend knowledge of symbolic cueing effects, and challenge conventional feed-forward views of perceptual processing. Although the present results do not clearly identify a role for perceptual integration processes in mediating the cueing effects reported here, grouping processes have been reported to influence identification of individual features in other domains (e.g., the word-superiority effect; Reicher, 1969; see also Hochstein & Ahissar, 2002; and Grossberg, 1995; for discussion of related phenomena). Indeed, gestalt grouping processes have been previously shown to influence target detection in speeded-identification tasks (Prinzmetal & Banks, 1977). For these reasons, we are optimistic that a fruitful avenue for future research will be to further clarify the role of perceptual integration processes both in symbolic cueing tasks, and in more general target detection contexts. Object-based expectation hypothesis A strong version of the perceptual integration hypothesis predicts that facilitation of target detection should occur only for coherent cue-target objects. In contrast, we found no evidence in Experiment 2 that cueing effects depended entirely on coherent cue-target objects. Instead, equivalent cueing effects for both good and bad target types were observed. We propose that these results provide novel insight into the processes mediating symbolic cueing effects reported here and elsewhere. The intriguing pattern of results is that cueing effects for bad targets were eliminated in Experiment 1b, but were observed in Experiment 2. A crucial difference between these experimental contexts was asymmetries in the experience of coherent cue-target objects. Coherent cue-target objects were never experienced in Experiment 1b, but were sometimes experienced in Experiment 2. Apparently, recent experience with coherent cue-target objects in the experimental context can change the pattern of cueing effects for bad targets that never form coherent cue-target objects. One implication of this result is that aspects of the processing associated with detecting coherent cue-target objects generalize to the detection of incoherent cuetarget objects. To explain this pattern of generalization we forward the object-based expectation hypothesis.
17 Cueing attention 113 According to the object-based expectation view, the presentation of a symbolic cue triggers the retrieval of coherent memory episodes that are associated with the cue. The retrieved episodes then set up an expectation for a target to appear in a location that could contain a coherent target. On this basis, attentional resources are allocated to one of the potential target locations. The presence of attentional resources would then be expected to facilitate target detection for any target appearing at that location. The object-based expectation hypothesis accepts that a cueevaluation process rapidly extracts directional meaning during processing of the cue. However, the cue-evaluation operating in the present set of experiments is apparently not tapping into the long-term directional meaning of a cue. Instead, cue-driven expectations about potential target locations are generated on the basis of recent experience with coherent cuetarget objects. We take this demonstration to be the most important contribution of the current research, as it implies a re-evaluation of the processes thought to underlie symbolic cueing effects. In particular, symbolic cueing effects using directional arrow cues, or eye-gaze cues, may also be mediated by recent experiences that occur during the experimental session. For example, validly cued targets in the form of a dot appearing to the right of a right pointing arrow, or a dot appearing to the right of a right looking eye-gaze cue, may be perceived as more coherent than invalidly cued targets. From this perspective, symbolic cueing effects may be driven by relatively general expectations about target location, derived not from some inherent over-learned meaning of the cue, but rather mediated by recent experience with coherent cue-target relationships. REFERENCES Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Fischer, M. H., Castel, A. D., Dodd, M. D., & Pratt, J. (2003). Perceiving numbers causes spatial shifts of attention. Nature Neuroscience, 6, Friesen, C. K., & Kingstone, A. (1998). The eyes have it! Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5, Grossberg, S. (1995). The attentive brain. American Scientist, 83, Hietanen. (1999). Does your gaze direction and head orientation shift my visual attention? NeuroReport, 10, Hochstein, S., Ahissar, M., & Center, N. C. (2002). View from the top: Hierarchies and reverse hierarchies in the visual system. Neuron, 36, Hommel, B., Pratt, J., Colzato, L., & Godijn, R. (2001). Symbolic control of visual attention. Psychological Science, 12,
18 114 M.J.C. Crump, et al. Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind s eye movement. In Attention and Performance, (Eds). J. B. Long & A. D., Baddeley Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 9 th ed. Kingstone, A., Tipper, C., Ristic, J., & Ngan, E. (2004). The eyes have it!: An fmri investigation. Brain and Cognition, 55, Lupiañez, J., Decaix, C., Sieroff, B., Milliken, B., & Bartolomeo, P. (2004). Independent effects of endogenous and exogenous spatial cueing: Inhibition of return for endogenously attended target locations. Experimental Brain Research, 159, Lupiañez, J., Milliken, B., Solano, C., Weaver, B., & Tipper, S.P. (2001). On the strategic modulation of the time course of facilitation and inhibition of return. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A, Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32A, Prinzmetal, W., & Banks, W. P. (1977). Good continuation affects visual detection, Perception & Psychophysics, 21, Reicher, G. M. (1969). Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 81, Ristic, J., Friesen, C. K., & Kingstone, A. (2002). Are eyes special? It depends on how you look at it. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, Ristic, J., & Kingstone, A. (2005). Taking control of reflexive social attention. Cognition, 94, B55-B65. Schneider, W. (1988). Micro-experimental laboratory: An integrated system for IBM PC compatibles. Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 20, Tipples, J. (2002). Eye gaze is not unique: Automatic orienting in response to uninformative arrows. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, Van Selst, M., & Jolicoeur, P. (1994). A solution to the effect of sample size on outlier elimination. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47A, (Manuscript received: 30 May 2006; accepted: 21 August 2007)
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It was a very last minute thing, but a quick Internet trawl found us a great cheap hotel room in Lyndhurst for Sunday night. The New Forest is so lovely, and not too far away from home, but just far enough to feel 'away from it all', so it was ideal for a quick recharge of our batteries. And thankfully, despite the doom-laden weather forecasts, we had sunshine for the whole weekend, and it wasn't too chilly.
We went back to Milford-on-Sea on Sunday, a childhood favourite of mine, and a place Lara loves for its toddler-friendly beachside playground. Sophia even enjoyed her first ride on a swing on my lap:
Lara had her first ice cream cone - chocolate of course! I think she must have charmed the cafe staff because her ice cream was twice the size of mine and Steve's! She didn't quite get the edible container thing though and put her 'empty' cone in the bin!
Here are the before and after choccy ice cream pictures:
On Monday we trawled the charity shops and boutiques of Lymington, spent some time feeding the seagulls at the quay, and went to the clifftop at Barton-on-Sea where we watched some paragliders. Not sure I could do it, but it looked amazing, very peaceful and relaxing.
It was so lovely to get away for a couple of days, leaving all the normal stuff behind, and taking time just to relax. We definitely need more of that!
Find us on Twitter Facebook Pinterest Google+ Bloglovin'
And don't forget to enter our competitions!


text:
Hello Avatar wiki community!
You probably don't know me, I'm bureaucrat of Polish Avatar wiki and I am here because I wanted you to know how to change appearance of global navigation just for yourself. It's totally legal and looks like this: http://i.imgur.com/fIf8HPx.jpg
/* New global navigation */ .global-navigation { background-color: #611E03; } .global-navigation .start-wikia { border: solid 1px #fff; border-radius: 10px; color: #fff; } .wikia-logo img { background-image: url(http://i.imgur.com/My9gtqc.png); height: 44px; } .AccountNavigation .account-navigation-first-item .links-container .chevron { border-top-color: #fff; } .hubs-entry-point:after { border-top-color: #BEC6D0; } .AccountNavigation .user-menu > li > a { background-color: #905E43; color: #000; }
You just copy and paste this code to your /User:Nickname/wikia.css and violà. Enjoy your new global navigation.
(Ps. Admins - I don't know if it's the right place for things like that, if not - message me and tell me, how can I show this to users )
Ps2. It won't appear instantly, you have to wait or press ctrl+F5 to make it work.


text:
jorge_jime... Photographer
Ariel Arias HidalgoModel Female Santa Cruz, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
My Website: Ari's face bookMy MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/ArielAriasHidalgo
Mayhem # 1793957
About MeI live in Costa Rica i like modeling,surfing,yoga and meditating, i study physical therapy and enjoy life alot. message me and let me know what you think or if youd like to work together, i am located in the Canton of Guanacaste, my hair is natural i will not dye or cut it im very petite and id love to work with you!
Have you worked with Ariel Arias Hidalgo? Add Credits for Ariel Arias Hidalgo! >>
Credit NotesPLEASE CONTACT ME ON FACEBOOK SOMETIMES I CANT ENTER THIS ACCOUNT AND IT WONT LET ME UPLOAD NEW PICTURES
here is a link to an album on facebook that has current pictures of me modeling regular day to day things... Thanks!
Thank you
jorge_jime... Photographer
Jeremiah Cooper Photographer
Johnny J Lopez Photographer
Davide C Photographer
Brad Patton Photo Photographer
Rivalio Vegas Model
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text:
Henry Ford Trade School was opened October twenty fifth, nineteen hundred sixteen, with six boys and one instructor. In 1931 the enrollment rose to 2800, with 135 instructors. The time for students was divided between the school shop and the classroom where customary high school subjects were studied.
The school was organized to give needy boys an opportunity to help support themselves and to retain their interest in education. To accomplish the first purpose, each boy was awarded a cash scholarship which was paid to him regularly.
Incorporated under a Michigan statute, the school was operated as a non-profit enterprise. It had a floor space of about three acres set apart for its exclusive use. All the equipment in the class and shop departments was the best.....
ohn Robson reports, on January 5 1914, Ford Motor company took a decisive step toward greater prosperity for all when it doubled wages and cut working hours to keep its workforce productive and happy. MORE: http://www.therebel.media/today_in_hi...
Subscribe to the Rebel's YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/c/RebelMediaTV
PLUS http://www.Facebook.com/JoinTheRebel *** http://www.Twitter.com/TheRebelTV
April 25, 2017
The weather surrounding Lawrence Technological University campus was a tad brisk and had overcast skies. This was brushed aside by men who as young boys had stood in Safety Zones waiting for streetcars at six o'clock in the morning in any type of weather. Trade School "boys" and their guests, including widows of Students started arriving displaying their Badges proudly worn on the left shoulder. Other Alumni Association members had distinguishing memorabilia identifying themselves as well. The Henry Ford Heritage Association was well represented by Richard and Ruth Gatza, Mark Campbell, and Mike Skinner. Jeff Dunlap from the Henry Ford was also in attendance.
Folding chairs encircled a shrouded figure set in a small grotto resplendent with flowers and a flowering tree. Promptly at 10:15 am the program began with a "Welcome" from Kristen DeVries who introduced the luminaries from the University, Edsel Ford II and Bob Kreipke, Ford Historian. With remarks from LTU President Virinander Moudgil, and HFTS Alumni Association President George Banda, the unveiling took place with Edsel Ford II, George Banda, Virinder Mougdil, and Douglas Ebert. Bob Hill gave an introduction to the Sculptress, Michaele Duffy Kramer.
The program ended with an invitation to take photographs and to take part in a reception where light refreshments were served.
John J. Graf
|01 Aug 2017
Board of Directors Meeting 2017
|15 Aug 2017
HFTSA Retirees Club
|05 Sep 2017
Board of Directors Meeting 2017
|19 Sep 2017
General Membership Meeting
|19 Sep 2017
HFTSA Retirees Club
- This article lists recent updates on hftsaa.org.
- Detroit automakers and higher education: The Henry Ford Trade School and General Motors Institute
Interesting article in Hemmings Classic Car Blog
- Historic Newsletters
Old HFTSAA Newsletters from the Archives
- Remembering HFTS Video
Special Video about the Henry Ford Trade School (Available for purchase from Ideal Video Transfer LLC)
- Henry Ford Trade School - 75th Anniversary
Video of the 75th anniversary celebration on October 25, 1991
Donald, age 88, of Canton died January 28, 2017. He will be missed by a large and loving family.
Don graduated from the Trade School, Class '45 He served his Country during WW II in the Army as a Paratrooper.


text:
Awareness Corp. of Mesa, Ariz., is recalling its 7.4-oz. container of Boost Tea.
The product may be contaminated with Salmonella.
No illnesses have been reported in connection with this recall.
The recalled product, distributed nationwide on or about December 15, 2015, comes in a white plastic container marked with Lot #022615 on the bottom panel and with an expiration date of 10/17.
What to do
Customers who purchased the product should return it to the place of purchase for a full refund.
Consumers with questions may contact the company at (480) 615-3530 -- X556.


text:
- Description
Hamax Caress is high end, both in look and feel. Elegant and modern curves.
Adjustable back system enables to regulate the height of the back, allowing the child to grow with the bike seat. A Flexible system designed for one hand adjustment. The Shoulder cushions provide extra comfort for the child, and make the safety belt easier to fit. The bike seat is equipped with a reflective in the back for improved visibility.
Buy a Hamax Caress Childseat With Universal Rack Adaptor: Grey Blk Red online today
- Reviews
Customer Reviews
Review "Hamax Caress Childseat With Universal Rack Adaptor: Grey Blk Red"
*Price based on 0% deposit and 36 monthly installments | ** On orders over £50.00. Due to restrictions from the manufacturer we are unable to ship Trek, Whyte, Cervelo, Focus and Wilier bikes. Please contact us for more information and advice. Excludes Highlands and Isles which will be quoted separately. We do our very best to ensure product accuracy but from time to time specification and product images may be subject to change. Please contact us for any product queries you may have.
PLEASE NOTE: discounted prices are not available on purchases using 0% finance or a Cycle to Work Scheme. Discounted prices are not available in conjunction with any other promotion.


text:
Violence against Women Partnership
The Angus Violence against Women Partnership (AVAWP) is a multi-agency partnership which co-ordinates and supports professionals from voluntary and statutory agencies tackle a range of issues, including domestic abuse, prostitution, human trafficking, rape and sexual assault.
We aspire to eradicate Violence Against Women in Angus and make it a place where women and children can, with support when necessary, live safely free from the inequalities and harm associated with gender based violence.
AVAWP recognises that partnership working is essential for providing a comprehensive response to violence against women and that by working together agencies can intervene more effectively with the men who perpetrate violence; safeguard the women and children affected by it; and take steps to prevent it happening in the first place.
The partnership has adopted the Scottish Government definition of Violence Against Women and will develop an outcomes based approach to its work.
The focus is on women and children because they are overwhelmingly, the victims of men's violence. This is not to deny that there are other forms of interpersonal violence and abuse some of which are not based on the abuse of male power and privilege. All forms of violence need to be taken seriously but this does not detract from the importance of tackling violence against women.
Guiding Principles
The guiding principles which underpin the work of the Angus Violence Against Women Partnership are:
- Prevention - to prevent, remove or diminish the risk of violence against women and its impact on children and young people
- Protection - to protect women from victimisation, repeat victimisation or harassment by perpetrators and protect the children and young people affected.
- Provision - to provide adequate services to deal with the consequences of violence against women and children to help them rebuild their lives.
- Participation - to ensure policy making and practice development around violence against women is shaped by the experiences, needs and views of those who use services.
Key facts about Violence against Women
Violence against Women includes:-
- Domestic Abuse
- Rape & Sexual Assault
- Stalking & Harassment
- Child Sexual Abuse
- Commercial Sexual Exploitation
- "Honour" Crimes
- Forced Marriage
- Female Genital Mutilation
Violence against women is widespread affecting women of any age, class, race, religion, sexuality or ability
Women are most at risk from men they know
When asked, significant numbers of women describe patterns of abusive behaviour and repeat victimisation, rather than discrete assaults
Women experience violence at different points in their lives and significant numbers of women experience more than one type of violence