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Harry Gamboa Jr.
|Harry Gamboa Jr.
Los Angeles
|Known for
|Performance art, Photography
Harry Gamboa Jr. (born 1951) is a Chicano essayist, photographer, director and performance artist. He was a founding member of the influential Chicano performance art collective ASCO.
The first of five children born to a working-class Mexican American couple, Gamboa grew up in East Los Angeles, California, "an urban area tormented by poverty, violence, and racial conflict".[1] Despite the "inadequacy of the East L.A. public schools",[1] Gamboa was encouraged to value education and did fairly well in school, and he was active in community organizations and politics as a teenager. As a high-school student (graduated 1969), Gamboa was active in student government and an organizer of various student-initiated reforms, most significantly the 1968 "East L.A. Blowouts"—a series of protests against the inferior conditions of public schools in poor, non-white areas.[2]
Gamboa's extracurricular activities were not, however, limited to politics. Already a developing artist, it was at Garfield High that Gamboa met Gronk (Glugio Nicandro), Patssi Valdez (then known as Patsy), and Willie Herrón, three of his closest associates in his later career. After the "Blowouts" of his senior year, Gamboa dropped out of the political scene to dedicate himself to his education. Thanks to these efforts and with the help of the Equal Opportunities Program (EOP) for disadvantaged minority students, Gamboa was able to attend California State University, Los Angeles.
From this point, his career as an artist—both solo and with Gronk, Valdez, and Herrón in the art collective ASCO (Spanish for nausea) —"took off".[1] Among other "urban interventions," Asco sprayed their names on the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.[3]
Gamboa's work as a writer, photographer, film-maker, performance artist and multimedia creator of "things" is diverse, but in all his efforts (including those as a member of ASCO) his focus has been to reveal the absurdity of urban life and to confront both the dominant white culture and various perspectives within Chicano culture, pointing to the pain and alienation caused by both. This is often achieved by altering the media of the art itself, as opposed to just the subject matter. Gamboa's most significant 20th Century works include mail art of the 1970s, ASCO's "no movies," and the "urban operas" Ignore the Dents and Jetter's Jinx.
In 1993 Gamboa married his second wife, Chicana muralist Barbara Carrasco, after seven years of romantic and professional involvement.
The Getty Research Institute Pacific Standard Time initiative that focused on postwar art in Los Angeles featured the major exhibition, Asco: Elite of the Obscure, a retrospective, 1972-1987, at Los Angeles County Museum of Art, September 4 - December 4, 2011.
ASCO: Elite of the Obscure, Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, MA, February 4 - July 29, 2012.
Patrick Charpenel selected Asco: Elite of the Obscure as Mexico City's Best, 2013, Art in America, (December 2013)
Gamboa's photograph, Decoy Gang War Victim, 1974, was featured on the cover of Artforum (October, 2011).
Michael Ned Holte selected, Asco: Elite of the Obscure, as his #1 pick for Best of 2011 in Artforum (December, 2011).
Christopher Knight selected, Asco: Elite of the Obscure, 2011 year in review: Best in Art, 2011 Los Angeles Times.
His work has been exhibited by museums nationally/internationally : Whitney Museum of American Art, New York (2016, 2015 and 1995 Biennial); Delaware Art Museum (2016); Utah Museum of Fine Arts (2015); Princeton University Art Museum (2015); Centre d'Arts Plastiques Contemporain, Bordeaux, France (2014); De Appel, Amsterdam, Netherlands (2014); Lentos Kunstmuseum Linz, Linz, Austria (2013); Nottingham Contemporary, Nottingham, England (2013); Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington D.C. (2013); Le Musée d'Art Contemporain, Marseille, France (2013); Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo (UNAM), Mexico City (2013); Tate Liverpool, Liverpook, England (2013); Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City (2011, 1981); Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (2011, 2010); Musée de l'Élysée, Lausanne, Switzerland (2009); Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA (2011); Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester, England (2009); Museo de Arte Zapopan, Guadalajara, Mexico (2009); Los Angeles County Museum of Art (2011, 2008, 2001); Fowler Museum, UC Los Angeles (2011); Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporaneo, Mexico City (2008); Japanese American National Museum, Los Angeles (2008); El Museo del Barrio, New York (2008, 2010); The Huntington Library, San Marino, California (2008); Museo José Luis Cuevas, Mexico City (2006); Centre Pompidou, Paris, France (2006); Museo Nacional de la Estampa, Mexico City (2005); International Center of Photography, New York (2003); MIT List Visual Arts Center (2000); Queens Museum of Art (1999); Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. (1997); Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen, Denmark (1996); Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY (1994); Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (1994); LAX/CSU Los Angeles (1994); Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City (1981); Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago (1979); Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City (1978); Museo Alvar y Carmen T. Carrillo Gil, Mexico City (1978); Tucson Museum of Art, Tucson, AZ (1977).
He has received numerous awards from institutions including the Rockefeller Foundation (2004), the Durfee Foundation Artist Award (2001), the Flintridge Foundation Visual Artist Award (2000), the Gluck Foundation (1998–1999), the J. Paul Getty Trust Fund for the Visual Arts (1990), the California Arts Council (1996), Art Matters, Inc. (1996), and National Endowment for the Arts (1987 and 1980).
2010 Latino Heritage Month was inaugurated in a ceremony attended by a wide spectrum of supporters in Council Chambers at the famed Los Angeles City Hall, where Los Angeles Mayor Antonio R. Villaraigosa presented the Latino Heritage Awards: Spirit of Los Angeles Willie Herrón III, Patssi Valdez, and Harry Gamboa Jr. accepted the award on behalf of Asco), Dream of Los Angeles Tony Plana, Hope of Los Angeles Plácido Domingo.
Latino Heritage in Los Angeles: Harry Gamboa Jr.
In 2005, Gamboa founded Virtual Vérité, an international ensemble performance troupe that he directs while producing fotonovela, audio drama, video, Internet, and live performance projects:
Sidewalk Quinceañera [1]
Calibre Libre [2]
Thin Line [3]
Borderless [4]
Current Exhibition
Human Interest: Portraits From The Whitney's Collection [5]
April 27, 2016 – February 12, 2017
No Canary [6] 1977
Whitney Museum of American Art New York
He is a member of the faculty at California Institute of the Arts, School of Art, Program in Photography and Media.
He has taught at various universities and art institutions, including California State University, Northridge, University of California, Los Angeles, University of California, Riverside, University of California, Irvine, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, San Diego, Otis/Parsons, and Maine College of Art.
He has delivered artist talks at: Smithsonian American Art Museum, Harvard University; UC Berkeley; Stanford University; Dartmouth College; Cornell University; Scripps College, Claremont Graduate University; School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Centro Cultural de España, Mexico City; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; ; University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda", Mexico City.
In Fall 2012, Universitair Centrum Sint Ignatius Antwerpen - UCSIA sponsored Gamboa to present, La La Land: Deflections and Recollections, an artist talk at Universiteit Antwerpen. He also worked with students and faculty of Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen (Royal Academy of Fine Arts) along with Belgian artists Ria Pacquée and Nico Dockx to produce "actions" in Antwerpen and Brugge.
His photographs are in the permanent collection of Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
His photographs are in the permanent collection of Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.
His photographs are in the permanent collection of Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY.
His photographs are in the permanent collection of Autry Museum of the American West, Los Angeles, CA
His photographs are in the permanent collection of Wiliams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, MA.
His photographs are in the permanent collection of El Museo del Barrio, New York, NY.
His lithographs are in the permanent collection of Grunwald Center for the Graphic Arts, University of California, Los Angeles.
His oral history is included in Smithsonian Archives of American Art (1999). His oral history is also included in Alternative Projections, Experimental Film in Los Angeles 1945-1980, a project of Los Angeles Filmforum (2011).
A permanent collection of his media works/papers has been established and archived at Green Library, Stanford University.
Artist Books[edit]
- Gamboa, Harry Jr.; Aztlángst 2 ; c2015. ISBN 1477615822 (paperback)
- Gamboa, Harry Jr.; Vie 21, Photo Journal 1 ; c2014. ISBN 1500706868 (paperback)
- Gamboa, Harry Jr.; Worker Ant (1) ; c2013. ISBN 1493544349 (paperback)
- Gamboa, Harry Jr.; Aztlángst: La La Fotonovela (Volume 1) ; c2011. ISBN 1-4505-6964-1 (paperback)
- Gamboa, Harry Jr.; Pix ; c2011. ISBN 1-4565-1742-2 (paperback)
- Gamboa, Harry Jr.; Fallen ; c2010. ISBN 1-4505-6964-1 (paperback)
- Gambhoa, Harry Jr.; Rider ; c2009. ISBN 1-4486-7030-6 (paperback)
- Gamboa, Harry Jr.; edited by Chon A. Noriega. Urban Exile: Collected Writings of Harry Gamboa Jr. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, c1998. ISBN 0-8166-3051-8 (hardback), ISBN 0-8166-3052-6 (paperback)
- Chicano Male Unbonded. B&W Photography series 1991-2010.
- Alarmist Gets Her Curl, 2005. From the series Siren's Post-Acid Complex. Edition of 40. 16" x 24" inches.
- 113 Degrees of Separation, 2010. From the series Siren's Post-Acid Complex. Edition of 40. 16" x 24" inches.
- "Harry Gamboa Jr.". Future Tongue. Online text/video released 2015.
- "Ephemeral Aztec on the 405". Albertini 2014 The Kite. Online text/image released 2015.
- "No Movie for Asco: Harry Gamboa Jr & Rita Gonzalez" on YouTube. Online video released 2013.
- "ASCO Interviews". Online video released 2013.
- "Harry Gamboa Jr. - Baby Kake - Artist's Video Projects - MOCAtv" on YouTube. Online video released 2013.
- "Harry Gamboa Jr. - Untunnel - Belgium". Online video released 2013.
- "Asco: Elite of the Obscure Symposium - Conversation with Mario Ontiveros, Harry Gamboa Jr. and Sean Carrillo - Williams College" on YouTube. Online video released 2012.
- Erased: Limits and Borders - Harry Gamboa Jr. - Smithsonian American Art Museum" on YouTube. Online video released 2011.
- '1440 frames - vol.08.13.09 - 1 minute', 35mm films, July 20, 2009
- The Candid Frame #14 - Harry Gamboa Jr.. Podcast released 2006.
- Harry Gamboa Jr.: 1990s Video Art, Volumes 2 and 3. DVDs released 2004.
- Red Tide on YouTube. DVDs released 2001.
Exhibition + Project Catalogues[edit]
- Whitney Museum of American Art: Handbook of the Collection. Whitney Museum of American Art, 2015.
- The City Lost and Found Capturing New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, 1960–1980. Yale University Press, 2015.
- Our America: The Latino Presence in American Art. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington D.C., 2014.
- Performance as Archive , Archive as Performance. Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Antwerp (Belgium), 2013.
- Glam! The Performance of Style. Tate Liverpool (England), 2013.
- ASCO: Elite of the Obscure: A Retrospective 1972-1987. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2011.
- MEX/LA: Mexican Modernisms in Los Angeles 1930-1985. Museum of Latin American Art, 2011.
- L.A. Xicano. UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, 2011.
- Under the Big Black Sun: California Art 1974-1981. Museum of Contemporary Art, 2011.
- Pacific Standard Time, Los Angeles Art, 1945–1980. Getty Research Institute and J. Paul Getty Museum, 2011.
- Phantom Sightings: Art after the Chicano Movement. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2008.
- This Side of Paradise: Body and Landscape in Los Angeles Photographs. The Huntington Library, 2008.
- Los Angeles 1955-1985 Birth Of An Art Capital. Centre Pompidou, 2006.
- Only Skin Deep. International Center of Photography, 2003.
- Made in California: Art, Image, and Identity, 1900-2000. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2000.
- Global Conceptualism. Queens Museum of Art, 1999.
- 1995 Biennial Exhibition. Whitney Museum of Art, 1995.
- Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation, 1965-1985. Wight Art Gallery, 1991.
- Helter Skelter: L.A. Art in the 1990s. Museum of Contemporary Art, 1992.
- L.A. Hot & Cool. MIT/Bank of Boston, 1987.
- Harry Gamboa Jr., 1990's Chicano video art'. UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, 2004.
- Harry Gamboa Jr., Early Chicano video art'. UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, 2004.
- Routemaster Remix Project Live'. Ilppo Pohjola, Crystal Eye Ltd, 2003.
- Asphalto Routemaster. Ilppo Pohjola, Crystal Eye Ltd, 2003.
- Both Sides of Sunset - Photographing Los Angeles. Edited by Jane Brown, Marla Hamburg Kennedy. Foreword by Ed Ruscha. Introduction by David L. Ulin., Metropolis Books, 2015.
- Creating the Future: Art and Los Angeles in the 1970s. Michael Fallon, Counterpoint, 2014.
- A People's Art History of the United States: 250 Years of Activist Art and Artists Working in Social Justice Movements . Nicolas Lampert, The New Press, 2013.
- Live Art in LA: Performance in Southern California, 1970 - 1983. Peggy Phelan, Routledge, 2012.
- Mexican Americans in Los Angeles. Alex Moreno Areyan, Arcadia Publishing, 2010.
- Next of Kin: The Family in Chicano/a Cultural Politics. Richard T. Rodriguez, Duke University Press, 2009.
- Technological Rituals, Stories from the Annenberg Dialogues'. Rosanna Albertini, University of Southern California, 1999.
- Chicanos And Film: Representation and Resistance'. Chon A. Noriega, University of Minnesota Press, 1992.
- ^ a b c Stanford University. Guide to the Harry Gamboa Jr. Papers, 1968-1995. Biography. Retrieved September 17, 2008.
- ^ Acuña, Rodolfo F. (17 April 1996). Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles. Verso. p. 13. ISBN 9781859840313. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ^ Smith, Roberta. When the Conceptual Was Political. New York Times, February 1, 2008.
External links[edit]
- www.harrygamboajr.com
- harrygamboajr.wordpress.com
- Artist Harry Gamboa Jr. attends the LA Art Show 2017 opening premiere hosted by Emma Roberts, Getty Images
- Guest Lecture - Harry Gamboa Jr.- The Sixth Expanse, Artillery, January 10, 2017
- We watch artist Harry Gamboa Jr. stage a fotonovela at the site of L.A.'s demolished 6th Street Bridge, Los Angeles Times, December 24, 2016
- A New Crop of Artists Re-create a Famed 1968 LACMA Photograph, Vanity Fair, December 2016
- Re-creating LACMA's Famed 1968 Class Photo, Vanity Fair, December 2016
- L.A. Habitat: Ed Ruscha, Artnews, March 2016
- El "boom" del arte hispano se abre paso entre las instituciones de EE.UU., El Diario, March 12, 2016
- Art and Technology, Artforum, September, 2015
- The Whitney Discovers L.A., Blouin Artinfo, August 24, 2015
- Can you capture L.A.'s complexity in a photo book? 'Both Sides of Sunset' tries, Los Angeles Times, June 11, 2015
- Max Mara, Presenting Sponsor, Celebrates The Opening Of The Whitney Museum Of American Art - Arrivals (Harry Gamboa) 2015
- The New Whitney Museum of American Art: First Impressions, Frieze, April 27, 2015
- The City Lost and Found at the Princeton University Art Museum, Artnews, April 27, 2015
- The Ultimate Tour of the New Whitney Museum, NY Curbed, April 27, 2015
- At new Whitney Museum site, a show is shrouded in parochialism, Los Angeles Times, April 27, 2015
- From Solange to Art Stars, The New Whitney Draws a Crowd, Art in America, April 24, 2015
- The Whitney Opens With A Winner, ARTnews, April 23, 2015
- The Whitney's Buried Treasures: 10 Rarely Seen Masterworks Making Their Debut in the New Building, Artspace, April 17, 2015
- The Whitney Museum announces inaugural show, and the Internet parses, Los Angeles Times, April 16, 2015
- Which Artists Does the New Whitney Museum Leave Behind?, New York Observer, April 13, 2015
- The Whitney Museum's New Home, The Wall Street Journal, March 28, 2015
- The Whitney Museum, Soon to Open Its New Home, Searches for American Identity, The New York Times, March 26, 2015
- How New York, Chicago, and L.A. Explain the 1960s and '70s, CITYLAB, March 30, 2015
- Experience three cities' histories in photos, Daily Record, March 10, 2015
- Texas Museum to Build Ellsworth Kelly Design, The New York Times, February 5, 2015
- Celebrating a Partnership of Two West Coasts, Mexican-American Street Art From Los Angeles Comes to Bordeaux, The New York Times, September 9, 2014
- Los Angeles, 1970s style, The Art Newspaper, May 8, 2014
- L'art du happening des voyous superbes d'ASCO, Le Monde, Paris, April 18, 2014
- L'art en bande organisée, Le Monde, Paris, April 11, 2014
- Le combat en images des Chicanos californiens, La Provence, Marseille, March 13, 2014
- CSUN Professor's New Show 'Vidrio' Exhibits Under Hollywood, CSUN Today, March 6, 2014
- Asco: No Movies, Art Monthly, UK, December 2013 - January 2014
- Mexico City's Best, 2013—Patrick Charpenel, Art in America, December 2013
- Los Fantasmas y Los Muros, Luna Córnea 34, Mexico City, 2013
- CSUN Professor's Work Part of Smithsonian Exhibit on American Art, San Fernando Valley Sun, October 31, 2013
- West Coast Art (Not Laid-Back) A California 'State of Mind,' Circa 1970, at Bronx Museum, The New York Times, July 11, 2013
- Le MAC de Marseille s'ouvre sur le monde, 20 minutes FR, May 27, 2013
- MUAC prepara ciclo de talleres sobre videoarte y visuales, El Universal, 25 de mayo de 2013
- México DF acoge una retrospectiva de Asco, un colectivo de arte chicano, El País, May 15, 2013
- Chicano Males Stare Down Stereotypes, NPR, April 25, 2013
- Circa 1970: Pacific Standard Time at the Bronx Museum, Art in America, July 11, 2013
- Building bridges between Mexican and Mexican American Art, Los Angeles Times, April 6, 2013
- Asco: Elite of the Obscure, A Retrospective (1972-1987) Arrives at the MUAC, Mexico City, Arte al Día, 2013
- Walking Mural: Asco and the Ends of Chicano Art , Los Angeles Review of Books, August 23, 2012
- Gallery Sonja Roesch puts prints online with the unveiling of new UNIT shop and exhibit, Culture Map Houston, August, 2012
- City after Fifty Years' Living: L.A.'s Differences in Relation, Art Journal, Vol. 71, No. 1, Spring 2012
- Civillains, A Fotonovela, X-TRA, Summer, 2012
- Artists, actors creatively reengage with '92 L.A. riots, 'Twilight', Los Angeles Times, April 29, 2012
- Asco: Elite of the Obscure, Art in America, January, 2012
- Asco: Elite of the Obscure, Frieze, January, 2012
- Harry Gamboa of Asco: How A Chicano Performance Group Turned Oppression into Dangerous Fun, LA Weekly, December 6, 2011
- The MEX/LA Art Show: Five Things to Know, The Hollywood Reporter, December 4, 2011
- A New Pin on the Art Map, The New York Times, November 10, 2011
- End of an Era/Error, a play by Harry Gamboa Jr., East Los Angeles Dirigible Air Transport Lines, November 1, 2011
- ASCO: estetica sovversiva, Rolling Stone, 12 ottobre 2011
- Southern California Stakes Its Claim as World Art Center, The New York Times, October 13, 2011
- Pacific Standard Time, puro arte de L.A. El Cultural, October 13, 2011
- Laying Claim to Its Place in the Sun, The Wall Street Journal, October 13, 2011
- PST Events Bring Out Actors, Artists, Collectors and Others, Society News L.A., October 7, 2011
- L.A. Stories: A Roundtable Discussion, Artforum, October, 2011
- Patt Morrison Asks: New master Ed Ruscha, Los Angeles Times, September 24, 2011
- Asco en el museo, BBC Mundo, 23 de septiembre de 2011
- A permanent Asco mural is slated for City Terrace, Los Angeles Times, September 12, 2011
- Art review: 'Asco: Elite of the Obscure, 1972-1987' at LACMA, Los Angeles Times, September 9, 2011
- Chicano Pioneers, The New York Times, August 25, 2011
- Asco Returns Triumphant to LACMA, The Huffington Post, August 25, 2011
- Virtual Vérité performing for Aztlángst fotonovela, The American Show, August 19, 2011
- Last Stand, a play by Harry Gamboa Jr., Bad Subjects, Issue 81, 2011
- Blinders, a story by Harry Gamboa Jr., Global Graffiti Magazine, June 15, 2011
- MOCA's 'Art in the Streets' gets the big picture wrong, Los Angeles Times, May 29, 2011
- 'America Latina: 'Crisisss. Art and Confrontation in Latin America 1910-2010', Centre for the Aesthetic Revolution, May 24, 2011
- 'Your Art Disgusts Me: Early Asco 1971-75', East of Borneo, November 16, 2010
- 'Against the Wall: Remembering the Chicano Moratorium', East of Borneo, November 16, 2010
- 'The Artists Take Over', Los Angeles Downtown News, November 5, 2010
- 'Arizona law spurs backlash among artists', Los Angeles Times, June 2, 2010
- 'Democrats lead calls to boycott Arizona over immigration bill', The Guardian, April 26, 2010
- 'Palabra', Literary Magazine Reviews, May 26, 2009
- 'Phantom Sightings, Frieze, Issue 117, September 2008
- 'This Side of Paradise at the Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens', Los Angeles Times, June 18, 2008
- Artists in conversation: 'Phantom Sightings' at LACMA, Sickly Season-Notes From Mictlan, May 4, 2008
- 'Phantom Sightings at LACMA', Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2008
- Harry Gamboa Jr.: Early Video Art, Education Media Reviews Online, April 21, 2006
- 'Harry Gamboa and the Contemporary Avant-Garde', Jouvert, Vol. 6, Issue 3, 2002
- 'Harry Gamboa's East Side Story', Los Angeles Times, November 19, 1994


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Math(Probability) need help
posted by Lauren .
Three drugs are being tested for use as the treatment of a certain disease.
Let p 1 , p 2 , and p 3 represent the probabilities of success for the respective drugs. As three patients come in, each is given one of the drugs in a random order. After n = 10 "triples" and assuming independence, compute the probability that the maximum
number of successes with one of the drugs exceeds eight if in fact p 1 = p 2=p 3 = 0.7


text:
Well…I had to make another trip to town Wednesday..it was unplanned and unexpected. I really don't like those kind of trips..but what could I do. Since I was already in town (which is about 20 mins from my home) I decided to make the best of it and stop at Walgreens. There wasn't much time to "plan" what I was going to get…which left me flustered a bit. I'm a planner and a major list maker. Can hardly function without them! So..back to Walgreens…without much planning, I still feel as if I did okay..although I forgot to use my RR from last week! GRR! That is going to take me a bit to get used to.
So here is my score:
(2) Walgreen's Alum foil 2/.99
(2) Planter's Trail Mix 2/1.98 (which spit out .75 in RR)
(2) Ajax Dish Soap 2/1.79
(2) Gorton's Popcorn Shrimp 2/$4
(2) Off Power Pad Lamps 10.99ea
(1) Schick Quattro Razor 8.99
(2) Bertolli Chicken for 2 5.99 ea
(3) Skippy PB 3/$5 (this w/the bertolli qualified me for the $5 RR)
Then I used these coupons..
.75 off 2 Gortons…making them 1.63 ea
Off Lamps $1 ES q ($2), $3 man, and then a BOGO..making them $3 ea
Razor $4 ES, $2 man making it $2.99 (Willie was in need of another one)
Then..the I had (2) $2.50 Q's for the Bertolli's making them $3.49 ea..but paired w/the Skippy qualified me for $5 RR…making the PB .66 ea and the Bertoli 2.49 ea.
If I had remembered those pesky little RR ($7.50 worth) it would have been even better. That's what happens when I don't plan. That and confusing myslef into not getting the Egde Shave Gel for free!!! Gah. I confused myself into believing that the ones on sale were not the ones with the ES q and my man. q. Hopefully no more unplanned trips for me! I hope that I get better at this Walgreens and couponing thing. I'm sure that there are better deals that I could have gotten…but I am addicted either way! Practice makes perfect!
Currently in my purse I have $13.25 in RR…hopefully I can score big next week.
Anyone have any upcoming deal plans?


text:
I work to be who I prefer myself to be, instead of emotionally reacting to my environment. I work on myself, but I don't think we can change someone else. And shouldn't try.
Many specific shallow things about other people used to be important to me. Now instead, what's important is how I feel about them.
I like to go outdoors, preferably out of town for the weekends. I like camping biking hiking climbing sailing cooking animals. Traveling. Festivals. Gardening.
I get along with most people and have fun in most situations.
I am content with my career and income.
traveling to Thailand
answering important yet unasked questions
changing what I think based on new information
admitting I'm wrong
making adventres happen, whether it's going out for the night or a week
books: Dune, Geek Love, Barbara Kingsolver
Lana del Rey, dubstep, CocoRosie, the Knife, Krisna Das, Nick Cave
These days I am reading about biological origins of consciousness and emotions.
colored earth
indoor plumbing, bonus for heated!
And I don't mean wondering what i want, i KNOW what i want.
I mean how to get it!
(but, it's not from age, its from an injury! lol)
i think it's growing back


text: Contents[show] Nozomi Anime Pics Profile Images Nozomi KujōNozomi close up.Add an image to this galleryGotei 13 Invading Army arc (anime only) Nozomi falls from a Senkaimon.Kon trips over Nozomi.Ichigo discovers Nozomi in his bed.Ichigo recalls that the girl is still asleep.Nozomi trying to leave the Kurosaki Clinic.Nozomi using Tenran on two Reigai.Inaba finds Nozomi.Inaba attacking Nozomi.Nozomi smacks Kon with the flowerpot.Kon questions Nozomi.Kon pleads with Nozomi.Nozomi bites the Reigai.Kon offers Nozomi a skewer for the barbecue.Nozomi at the barbeque.A Reigai of Rangiku takes Nozomi.Ichigo saves Nozomi from a Reigai.Kon Tries To Ignore Nozomi.Kon talks with Nozomi.Kon and Nozomi arrive at Senkaimon entrance.Nozomi opens the Senkaimon.Reigai Rangiku and Nozomi.Ichigo protects Nozomi from the Reigai.A defeated Reigai.At the Urahara Shop with Ichigo and Tessai.Nozomi heals Ichigo.Nozomi with her protectors.Nozomi tells Ichigo to be safe.Monitoring Ichigo's progress.Nozomi blames herself for Ichigo's fate.Kon tries to cheer up Nozomi.Kon reassures Nozomi.Waiting on news of Ichigo.listening to Kisuke Urahara explaining about Inaba's interest in the Dangai.Nozomi greets Ichigo upon his return.Nozomi reveals herself as the first Modified Soul in existence.Yuzu offers to help Nozomi.Karin welcomes Nozomi to the household.Kon and Nozomi struggle to talk to one another.Kon pokes fun at Nozomi while eating.Kon finds Nozomi after she is attacked by a Hollow.Nozomi's Zanpakutō appears.Nozomi's Zanpakutō absorbs Sado's Reiatsu.Nozomi is approached by Ikkaku.Ichigo trains with Nozomi.Nozomi trains in the Human World.Nozomi releases Arazome Shigure.Nozomi's Shikai, Arazomeshigure.Alternate image for top of Nozomi's Shikai, Arazomeshigure.Nozomi unleashes her special ability.Nozomi defends Izuru.Reigai-Byakuya Kuchiki uses Rikujōkōrō on Nozomi Kujō.Uryū saves Nozomi.Nozomi's explosion.Nozomi attacks the Reigai.Nozomi tricks Inaba.Nozomi questions why Yamamoto saved her life.Nozomi despairs over the situation and the truth.Ichigo shows up to protect Nozomi again.Inaba finally captures NozomiKon considers as Nozomi looks on.A Hollow appears near Nozomi.Nozomi wants to fight.Nozomi transforming into Shinigami form as she defends Kon with her new ZanpakutōNozomi's Zanpakutō hiltNozomi overhearing the conversation between Ichigo, Ikkaku, Renji, and YumichikaKon teasing Nozomi for being childish after Nozomi manifested her Zanpakutō.Reigai-Kenpachi reappears.Rangiku blocks the attack.Izuru saves Nozomi.Reigai-Kenpachi challenges Nozomi.Nozomi absorbs all the attacks.Reigai-Kyoraku uses Kageoni on Nozomi.Nozomi gets slashed.Facing off against Inaba.Confronted by Inaba.Inaba demands Nozomi.Inaba cutting down Ichigo.Kon and Nozomi.Kon considers as Nozomi looks on.Nozomi asks Ichigo to kill her.Yushima's fusion is undone, Inaba and Nozomi reappear.Nozomi hugs Kon before fading away.Add an image to this galleryAnime Volume Covers thumb|Nozomi, Kon, and Urahara on the cover of DVD volume 81.Add an image to this galleryNozomi Video Clips Nozomi absorbs multiple attacks, creating a large explosion.Nozomi first uses her Zanpakutō.Nozomi attack Hitsugaya.Add an image to this gallery Retrieved from "http://bleach.wikia.com/wiki/Nozomi_Kuj%C5%8D/Image_Gallery?oldid=453536" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Images


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John Gregson
The Night of the Generals
It's 1942 in Warsaw, and tenacious Wehrmacht Intelligence Maj. Grau (Omar Sharif) is led to Paris as he attempts to pinpoint who of three generals is responsible for killing and then slicing up a hooker. Among the suspects is Nazi Gen. Tanz (Peter O'Toole), a known sadist. Anatole Litvak directs this grand-scale World War II film based on Hans Helmut Kirs's novel. Donald Pleasence and Charles Gray co-star.


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We have received your request and you will be notified as soon as this product becomes available.
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Description: Molly & Rex Organizers help you keep your "stuff" together and organized in style, at home or at the office. Or at least can tell your friends that you do and you can think that it is. Square Flap Box Words In Bloom Set/3- Three nested organizer boxes with a magnetic flap closure, each with a different but coordinating design of flowers and quotes; "enjoy the little things", "Dreams Inside", "and "Look within and find happiness". Colors are Linen, Orange, Red, Blue, Navy, Green, Pink, and Yellow. Sizes are approximately 11.25"x 3.5"x 10.25", 9.75"x 3"x 9.25", and 8.25"x 2"x 8.25".
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Details & Care
A moto-inspired jacket is crafted of supple, caramel-colored leather punctuated with silvertone zippers. Channel quilting details the shoulders and elbow patches.
- Approx. length from shoulder: 23 1/2".
- Measurements taken from size Medium and may vary slightly by size.
- Front zip closure.
- Snap-tab collar.
- Zip cuffs.
- Four zip front pockets.
- Fully lined.
- Leather; professional leather clean.
- By Bernardo; imported.
- Coats.
- Item #576972
Quilted Trim Leather Scuba Jacket


text: Jesse Metcalfe shirtless for Flaunt Magazine May 4, 2014 Leave a CommentI've just added photos from Jesse's shoot for Flaunt magazine to the photo gallery! You may remember another popular Flaunt spread Jesse did circa 2006. That one was nice, but this one is by far my favorite. Source: JustJared | Flaunt TwitterPinterestFacebookGoogle


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by Nick Sorrentino
"Much has been made recently of the rich gaming the system for their own benefit. Of a new "guilded age." Socialist economist Thomas Piketty's new book has been getting rave reviews from all over the establishment because it makes the case that very powerful people with nearly bottomless bank accounts have gamed the system and that government induced redistribution is in order.
And indeed the rich have gamed the system for their benefit, but as Matthew Continetti points out, the game the super rich want to play for the most part is not one of free markets and open competition, but one of crony capitalism.
The super rich overwhelmingly support statism. For every David Koch writing checks there are 10 crony capitalists with pens in their hands writing checks to politicians who will pass laws which benefit the crony capitalists. Why is it that Warren Buffett, Carlos Slim, and George Soros, all broadly support statism? Why is it that they want more regulation? Could it be that more government pads their bottom line?
For instance Warren Buffett owns, through Berkshire Hathaway, GEICO, aka Government Employees Insurance Company. Almost every federal employee has GEICO. What do you think the chances are that the feds would ever in some crazy circumstance let GEICO die?
About 0 chance. Nice property to have. Mostly upside with an implicit government guarantee in the event something completely unforeseen happens. This is how the big crony game is played. The statists control the media, the universities, the levers of bureaucratic government, the Senate, the presidency, the banks (in very large part), the Federal Reserve, many of the think tanks, much if not most of the billionaire money, the unions, the schools through teacher unions.
Yet Harry Reid goes on the floor and calls a private citizen "un-American" because that citizen funds the effort to get government out of people's lives? What kind of insanity is that?"


text: 9/29/09 9/28/09 POPSUGAR Celebrity Penelope Cruz Photos of Penelope September 28, 2009 by Celebrity 0 Shares Chat with us on Facebook Messenger. Learn what's trending across POPSUGAR. View on One Page Photo 0 of 10 Start Slideshow ADVERTISEMENT () Share This Link Copy ← Use Arrows Keys → 0 Photos of Penelope Previous Next Penelope Cruz


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Big Ball Worsted Solid Yarn
Additional Information
BERNAT—Big Ball. A soft premium acrylic in a large ball put up; ideal for home decor. No dyelot solids and easy care make this a great choice for afghans, accessories, and home decor. Weight category: 4; 100% acrylic. Solids: 14oz/400gm; 867yd/792.79m. Ombres: 10.5oz/300gm; 582yd/532.18m. 18st x 24r = 4in/10cm on size US8/5mm knitting needles. Recommended crochet hook size H8/5mm. No dyelot solids. Care: Machine wash, tumble dry, do not bleach, do not iron, do not dry clean. Imported.
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The three star Hotel Punta del Mar occupies a prime location in Santa Ponsa. The hotel is set on a rocky headland with spectacular views over Santa Ponsa bay and is ideal for both families and couples alike. All guest rooms have been tastefully furnished while dining options within the hotel include the pleasant air conditioned restaurant and a snck bar.The hotel features an impressive swimming pool with waterfall, separate children's pool, pool bar and sun terrace. There is also a heated indoor pool and solarium.
1km from the beach, 600m from the medical centre, 2km from the nearest bus stop, 20km from Palma City, 35km from the airport, 3km from the nearest golf course.
Public areas fully air-conditioned, doctor on call, safety deposit boxes for hire, reception with money exchange, TV lounge, large sun terrace, swimming pool, separate children's pool, indoor pool (March - May),
* Bicycle Rental
* Children's pool
* Customer Lifts
* Evening Entertainment
* Games room
* Indoor pool
* Live music
* Lounge
* Organised sports and activities
* Outdoor pool
* Pool table
* Reception - 24 hrs
* Sauna
* Shows
* Sunbeds
* Table tennis


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Beyond the bathtub gin.
We love a good homemade cocktail, and this gin kit gives home mixology new meaning. The Homemade Gin Kit creates a one-of-a-kind gin, elevating the classic juniper-infused spirit with bright citrus and floral herbs and spices. In 36 hours, transform vodka into your very own small-batch gin.
The process is easy, simply pick up a bottle of ordinary vodka, add the hand-selected blend of juniper berries, spices, and botanicals -- and in just 36 hours you will have two bottles of fantastic gin (one for you and one for us, right?)
Alcohol is not included. Choose from a standard kit, or a standard kit plus two 2 ounce tin refills.
Sourced from: W&P Design
Our return policy.
Photography by James Ransom.
$48 [More Flavors]
From $30 [More Options]
From $30 [More Styles]
Get the recipes and features that have us talking, plus first dibs on events and limited-batch products.
(Oh, and $10 off your order of $50 or more in the Food52 Shop, too.)


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+ 52 55 1940 3770
Blvd. Avila Camacho No. 3130 Col. Valle Dorado CP 54020 Tlalnepantla Edo. De Mexico Mexico City 54020 Mexico
Location This hotel is located in a top industrial and comercial area in northern Mexico. It is set within the City Shops shopping centre, which offers a range of services, from cinemas to sports club. The hotel also is just a few kilometres from nearby industrial complexes. It is 90 minutes' drive from the centre of Mexico City and Mexico City International Airport is 50 km away. Facilities This hotel was built in 2010. Travellers can feel at home in one of the 130 rooms. The upper floors of the establishment can be accessed by lift. Services such as a safe and a currency exchange service ensure a comfortable stay. Wireless internet access in public areas (for a fee) allows guests to stay connected. Among the culinary options available at the accommodation are a restaurant, a dining area, a café and a bar. Shopping facilities are also available. Those arriving in their own vehicles can leave them in the car park of the hotel. Additional services include a transfer service, room service and a laundry service. Rooms Each of the rooms is appointed with air conditioning and a bathroom. The rooms have a double bed or a king-size bed. Extra beds can be requested. A safe, a minibar and a desk are also available. A mini fridge and a tea/coffee station ensure a comfortable stay. An ironing set is also available for travellers' convenience. Other features include internet access, a telephone, a TV, a radio and WiFi. The accommodation units include a bathroom with a shower. A hairdryer is also available. The establishment offers non-smoking rooms. Sports/Entertainment Guests can enjoy a varied leisure programme thanks to the range of sport and entertainment options available. A range of options are available, including golf and a gym. Meals Guests can choose options including breakfast and dinner. Payment All major credit cards, including American Express, VISA and MasterCard, are accepted for payment.


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Medical Tourism for plastic surgery is an emerging global trend. Every day, more and more people are choosing to take their elective and routine medical care abroad. Not only can they get the required treatment at a mere fraction of the cost but there are no long and unreliable wait lists. Add to this the chance to explore a fantastic country full of culture and history and it's easy to see why this trend has become so popular!
In Mexico, health and medical tourism are growing rapidly. Factors drawing medical tourists include Mexico's tourist appeal and the proximity to the USA and Canada. All of the Transformation & Wellness Centers doctors are bilingual, board certified, and accustomed to working with the same medical equipment and technology used in the United States and Europe.
On most procedures, Mexico offers savings of more than 50% compared to the US and Europe.
Plastic surgery covers a wide spectrum of operations, both cosmetic and reconstructive.


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McCall's 2422; ©1986; Enchanted Forest - Children's Jumper or Sundress, Detachable Bib Appliques, Blouse and Panties: Jumper or sundress A or B has self-lined bib, buttoned shoulder straps and gathered skirt with lower band and elastic in back waistline casing. View A has skirt band of contrast, lace or eyelet trim and a choice of snap-on bibs (flower, strawberry and apple). View B is for striped fabric. Buttoned blouse has peter pan collar, ribbon bow and short puff sleeves with elastic in casings; lace or eyelet trim on collar and at sleeve hems. Panties have elastic in waistline and leg casings.
Links to reviews/blog postsEdit
- New Vintage Studio Size 4, FF
Add a photo to the gallery by clicking the "modify" button below.
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the site.
This step is voluntary but will seriously boost your chances of getting interest from other over 40s members on the site. Let people know a bit about yourself, your pasttimes and upload a nice photo of yourself.
Utilise our website's cutting-edge search to pinpoint over 40s members who match your requirements. Or just flip through listings and pinpoint singles that you like.
Discovered someone who is attractive to you? Send a message to them or just a wink and await their reply. With a little luck you'll be on your way to finding your soulmate.
It's really quick


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Re: Foutch in Illinois
In reply to:
Re: Foutch in Illinois
Sandra, I wonder if you would be so kind to send me the names of the children of William D and Lavina Foutch.
I am looking for my g-g-grandparents.I have a g-grand-
father by the name of James S Foutch and he had a sister
by the name of Lavina Foutch.I am wondering if they
might be children of William D. and Lavina.
Marietta (Foutch) Bigham


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Up to 60 New Routemaster bus sculptures are being unveiled across London in October as part of celebrations to mark the Year of the Bus.
Transport for London's Year of the Bus Sculpture Trail features 2.5m long, 1m high and 0.5m wide sculptures, which have been painted and adorned by well-known and aspiring artists to showcase the vital role that London's buses play in the life and economy of the city.
The sculpture trail is part of Transport for London (TfL's) celebrations to mark the Year of the Bus in partnership with London Transport Museum and the capital's bus operators, and is being delivered with creative events company Wild in Art. The project is being entirely funded by individuals and organisations sponsoring the bus sculptures, with the Year of the Bus Sculpture Trail running from Monday 20 October for seven weeks. At the end of the event, the bus sculptures will be brought together in a final display before being auctioned, with all proceeds split between three charities: Kids Company, Transaid and London Transport Museum.
After a launch event in Trafalgar Square, Londoners and visitors to the city have the chance to discover the bus sculptures, which will be organised in clusters, on foot by following public art trails in five areas of the capital – three in central London and two in outer London.
Rod Hunt was commissioned to design one such bus sculpture, and his artwork, titled London Takes The Bus, is now on display in Victoria Street, London, SW1.
We caught up with the artist to map out his creative journey.
Next Page »


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Garen Build Guide by Green8
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Garen Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
How to win.
Go top.
Use brush to harras by hiding then runnig out with Q on and then E every time you have them on cooldown and the enemy is "trying" to last hit couse he will only do one's then he has learn his leson. Trust me. After you have kill him first time you should have gold enough to buy another Dorans blade on boots of speed. The rest goes easy and you will win within 30 min. Exept you have relly bad TM. Good luck and spin to win!


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Bauman College Faculty
DR. ED BAUMAN – Ph.D.
Founder + President
Ed has been a pioneer in the field of holistic nutrition since the early 1980s. His vision and leadership have inspired thousands of people to transform their lives in the form of wellness, community, and peace. He received his M.Ed. from the University of Massachusetts, and a Ph.D. in health promotion from the University of New Mexico. Dr. Bauman created the Eating for Health® model to teach individuals to make nutritionally comprehensive food choices and founded Bauman College in 1989 with a mission to change the world through better nutrition and healthful living. He is a special advisor for the National Association of Nutrition Professionals and brings a wealth of knowledge, wisdom, and a love of good health and good taste to his work. Dr. Bauman was co-editor of the Holistic Health Handbook and Holistic Health Lifebook, and is the author of Confronting Cancer in Our Community, Recipes and Remedies for Rejuvenation Cookbook, The Whole-Food Guide for Breast Cancer Survivors, The Flavors of Health Cookbook, and Eating for Health: Your Guide to Vitality and Optimal Health.
Culinary Program Director
Chef Jacquelyn has worked in the Bay Area culinary world in many diverse roles—as executive chef, culinary programs director, and even as a vineyard and winery owner in Sonoma County. As an executive chef, she worked at landmark Bay Area restaurants such as The Union Hotel, The General's Daughter, and Hayes Street Grill. In her role as a culinary programs director, she worked at institutions such as Lucasfilm, COPIA, and Laura Chenel's Chevre. Jacquelyn is a graduate of the California Culinary Academy and is a certified nutrition educator from Bauman College.
Nutrition Program Director
Rosie holds a B.A. in biochemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. After personal health issues led her to research food and nutrition as a mode of healing, she went on to obtain an M.S. in holistic nutrition from Hawthorn University. She has worked at Three Stone Hearth in Berkeley and as a professional caterer for almost a decade. Cooking satisfies her love of science, her interest in nutrition, as well as her curiosity for experimentation. Rosie is currently the owner of Rosewater Cooking & Science, which offers nutrition consultations and hands-on classes involving cooking and the science of cooking.
Lead Natural Chef Instructor
Chef Marie graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a degree in dietetics. An avid traveler, she has explored her love of food while on the road. Marie has worked in the kitchens of numerous meditation centers around the world. Her travels have taken her to study cheese making in Tasmania, Thai cuisine in Bangkok, tea and fermented foods in the mountains of Korea, and raw food in Western Australia. She presently works as a private chef and consultant in addition to teaching and doing community outreach.
Natural Chef Instructor
Hilla received her B.A. in integrative biology and her Doctorate in optometry from U.C. Berkeley. After years of seeing the results of improper eating in her patients' eyes, Hilla became impassioned to teach people the benefits of healthy eating. A graduate of the Natural Gourmet Institute for Health and Culinary Arts, Hilla teaches both at Bauman College and children's cooking camps at the Albany Community Center. She is also the owner of Health in a Pan, where she helps busy parents answer the "What's for Dinner?" question through culinary coaching, so that they feel confident in preparing healthy, delicious, and manageable meals for their families.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Susan has a B.A. in psychology from Sacramento State University and has been teaching and counseling in the field of holistic health and nutrition since 1989. She is a certified nutrition consultant from Bauman College and has been an instructor at Bauman since 2006. Her studies in psychology included an emphasis on nutrition and behavior modification. In her nutrition practice, she emphasizes the whole person, working on all aspects of their life experience to encourage lasting change and well-being. Susan has provided hundreds of clients from diverse backgrounds with individualized nutritional support.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Jaime received her Bachelor's of Health Science degree with honors from the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida. She is a former forensic DNA scientist as well as a Bauman College certified nutrition consultant. For several years, Jaime maintained a private nutrition consulting business and gave lectures throughout her community educating and inspiring families to make healthy food and lifestyle choices. In addition to teaching at Bauman College, Jaime is currently a freelance nutrition and wellness writer.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Anasuya has been the director of a holistic health practice, My Body Wisdom, since 1996. She is a Bauman College certified nutrition consultant and is Board Certified in Holistic Nutrition®. Anasuya was on the faculty of the Acupressure Institute in Berkeley for eight years, teaching traditional Chinese medicine theory applications for women's health as well as nutrition for pain and depression. She is board certified as a Diplomate of Asian Bodywork Therapy (NCCAOM)® and certified by the Upledger Institute in craniosacral therapy.
NISHANGA BLISS – D.Sc., L.Ac.
Natural Chef + Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Chef Nishanga has been a holistic physician since 1999. She is a licensed acupuncturist, nutritionist, and professor of Chinese medicine at the Acupuncture and Integrative Medicine College in Berkeley, CA. Nishanga is the author of Real Food All Year: Eating Seasonal Whole Foods for Optimal Health and All-Day Energy, and has a blog, Gastronicity, where she writes about the intersections of food, health, and sustainability.
SUSAN CHRITTON – M.Ed., P.C.C., N.C.C.C.
Bauman Business Institute Instructor
Susan is an executive career coach, career management fellow, master personal brand strategist, and author of Personal Branding for Dummies. She guides professionals looking to engage their authentic selves in the world by looking within to discover not just what they can do but who they are. With her wealth of credentials and extensive experience in career development, Susan is able to draw on her ability to identify each individual's uniqueness and then arrange the variables in his or her life to map out a strategic direction. Susan's work in career development stems from more than two decades in the career field including teaching graduate career counseling at the University of San Francisco.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Emily is a Doctor of Naturopathic Medicine and has a family practice in Santa Monica, CA. She earned her B.S. in biochemistry and molecular biology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, and went on to receive her N.D. from Bastyr University in Seattle, WA. As a naturopathic doctor, she blends conventional medical diagnosis and treatment with the use of natural therapeutics. Dr. Dashiell has been an instructor with Bauman College since 2006.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Kathryn holds an M.A. in education and a teaching credential from Sonoma State University. She retired from a thrilling teaching career in 2006, instructing adult education, elementary school, and preschool. After retiring, she pursued her passion for cooking and nutrition at Bauman College and completed both the nutrition consultant and natural chef training programs; she eventually began teaching affordable nutrition for Bauman College. Presently, she co-teaches in Petaluma and runs her own nutrition consultant practice. Kathryn is Board Certified in Holistic Nutrition®.
Natural Chef Instructor
Chef Karla is a graduate of the Bauman College Natural Chef Training Program. She is the lead instructor at Mountain Feed and Farm Supply where she teaches food preservation and homesteading skills classes. She also works with The Farmer's Guild, The Homeless Garden Project, Everyone's Harvest, and Santa Cruz Re-skilling to promote healthy and sustainable food practices. She is also the president of the Santa Cruz Beekeeper's Guild. Karla's culinary passion is to inspire people to eat well and be happy by being a part of their local food community.
Natural Chef Instructor
Chef Julia holds a B.S. in food science and human nutrition from Colorado State University. To combine her passion of cooking and nutrition, she became a certified natural chef through Bauman College. Since then, she has founded Trailside Kitchen and developed the Trailside Method, a 6-week solution to building intuitive and strategic eating habits to optimize exercise performance, recover quickly, and set the stage for long-term health. In addition to teaching culinary classes at Bauman College, Julia is working toward her M.B.A. at Sonoma State University.
Natural Chef Instructor
Chef Karen is a graduate of the California Culinary Academy and a certified nutrition consultant from Bauman College. She has worked in many aspects of the culinary world including cooking at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Hong Kong, opening and managing restaurants in Asia and the US, and working with celebrity chefs on many cooking shows on PBS. Karen now combines her love of cooking and knowledge of holistic nutrition through private consultations, cooking classes, and public lectures.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor + Administrator
Diane is a Bauman College certified nutrition consultant and has a B.A. in anthropology from the State University of New York at Stony Brook. She has been a Bauman College faculty member since 2005 and a distance learning mentor since 2007. In that time, she has successfully ushered many enthusiastic students through the program. She also taught nutrition at Northern California Functional Restoration Program, a pain management clinic. Diane has a lifelong interest in health and wellness with an emphasis on stress reduction and cardiovascular health.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor + Bauman Business Institute Mentor + Portfolio Grader
Mary Sheila received a B.A. in environmental education from Sonoma State University and earned her teaching credential from Chapman University. She received certification as a nutrition consultant from Bauman College, a certificate in clinical Ayurveda with DeAnna Batdorff, and is certified as a Pilates mat and rhythm workout instructor. She has studied amino acid therapy with Julia Ross and hormonal balance with Dan Kalish. Mary Sheila has a private nutrition practice called Occidental Nutrition where she works one-on-one with clients and teaches group classes. She also teaches group nutrition classes at the Ceres Community Project, West County Health Centers, and Salmon Creek Middle School.
Bauman Business Institute Instructor, Mentor + Portfolio Grader
Thais holds a B.A. from the California Institute of Integral Studies, attended the University of Southern Santa Catarina's International Relations program in Brazil, and is a certified nutrition consultant through Bauman College. She is the co-founder of Nourish Together, a nutrition and wellness private practice focusing on helping couples achieve optimal health. Thais also works as the nutrition education manager at Ceres Community Project, a nonprofit organization supporting primarily low-income people struggling with serious illnesses by providing free and home-delivered nourishing, organic, and locally produced meals; nutrition education; and the caring support of the community. As a business owner, Thais draws from her experience in graphic and web design, human resources management, and accounting.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Nori holds a B.A. in English, an M.S. in business administration, is a Bauman College certified nutrition consultant, and is Board Certified in Holistic Nutrition®. She has instructed at Bauman College since 2002 and owns a private practice, Radiant Vitality, which focuses on health issues of children and the elderly. Nori teaches widely within her community at schools and seminars. She also introduced a nutrition course, Success!, into the minimum security dorm at San Quentin State Prison.
Natural Chef Instructor
Chef Denise is a certified nutrition educator in whole food nutrition with a specialty in food allergies and sensitivities. She spent over ten years working for Whole Foods Market®, Northern California, as the regional healthy eating program coordinator. Denise is the author of two books: Recipes for Dairy-Free Living and The Dairy-Free & Gluten-Free Kitchen. She is a frequent lecturer for businesses, hospitals, healthcare providers, seniors, and schools. Denise has appeared on numerous local and national television and radio networks including KRON/NBC, KPIX/CBS, and KGO/ABC.
Natural Chef Instructor
Chef Christine has been dedicated to coaching, inspiring, and motivating others to make healthier lifestyle choices for over 10 years. She focuses on the intersection of nutrition and culinary arts, drawing from personal experiences from various cultures around the globe. Christine discovered her passion for teaching after graduating from the Natural Chef program in Berkeley in 2011. Since then, she has implemented and taught cooking classes at several locations around the Bay Area including schools, farmers' markets, community centers, and private homes. Christine is a Certified Nutritionist and works with clients and students using a realistic approach to achieving vitality through culinary arts, nutrient-dense food choices, managing job stress, synergetic relationships, spiritual practices, and exercise. Her areas of expertise include pre- and postnatal nutrition, digestive health, allergies, and the immune system. Christine holds a dual B.A. in economics and international relations.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Laura holds a B.S. in chemistry from Florida Atlantic University and was a senior research associate in the Lipoprotein Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Laura also worked as an electron microscopist from 1982 until 2000. She is a Bauman College certified nutrition consultant, a member of the National Association of Nutrition Professionals, and is Board Certified in Holistic Nutrition®. She is the author of Veggiewoman's Guide to Health; Gluten Free, Dairy Free, Sugar Free Eating; and The Whole Food Guide to Overcoming Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Laura has a private practice at the Labrys Healthcare Circle in Oakland, CA.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Susan received her B.A. with honors from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her J.D. from Golden Gate University. She remains a member in good standing of the State Bar of California. Susan completed the Bauman College Nutrition Consultant Training Program in 2003 and began teaching at Bauman in 2006. She also maintains a private nutrition consulting practice at Indigo Healing Arts in Tiburon, CA, and presents public lectures on a variety of nutrition-related topics at venues throughout Northern California. Susan is currently writing a book on the philosophy of food.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Donna is a Bauman College certified holistic nutrition consultant and has been an orthopedic physical therapist since 1986. She was inspired to bring nutrition into her physical therapy practice to bridge a large gap in the conventional treatment of musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. She is on the faculty at the Nyingma Institute in Berkeley where she has been teaching Tibetan yoga and meditation since 2002. She also facilitates group classes, retreats, and workshops in the areas of nutrition education, natural posture and movement training, meditation, and yoga. Her whole-person integrative approach employs modalities from east and west to guide and support individuals, groups, and communities toward realization of greater health, well-being, and sustainable living.
Nutrition Consultant Instructor
Stacee graduated from Colorado State University with a B.S. in human nutrition and dietetics in 1995. She is a certified nutrition consultant from Bauman College and an active member of the National Association of Nutrition Professionals. She holds certifications through The American College of Sports Medicine as a health and fitness specialist and cancer exercise trainer. Stacee has been in the nutrition and fitness industries since 1998 and has a private practice, S.N.A.C.K.S. for a Healthy Journey, where she consults with individuals on nutrition and fitness in their homes and in the outdoors.
Bauman Business Institute Instructor
Diane is the owner and founder of Balanced Bites, a certified nutrition consultant, the New York Times bestselling author of Practical Paleo and The 21-Day Sugar Detox, the co-author of Mediterranean Paleo Cooking, a serial entrepreneur, and a business and marketing expert. Diane holds a B.S. from Syracuse University where she majored in consumer studies (a cross section of retail, marketing, and management). She also has certifications in graphic and digital design from The New School for Design, holistic nutrition consultation from Bauman College, holistic lifestyle coaching from the CHEK Institute, and Poliquin BioSignature Modulation.
Natural Chef Instructor
Chef Trudy brings a holistic healing approach to both home and professional kitchens. She runs a personal chef business, The Healing Hearth, where she specializes in preparing nourishing and appetizing cuisine for people healing from illnesses. She is the holistic chef at Alegria Community Living, where she works with the staff to cook nutrient-dense meals for the residents. She received her culinary training from Bauman College and her M.A. in holistic health with a specialization in holistic nutrition from John F. Kennedy University.
Bauman Business Institute Instructor
Shaun Tai is the executive director of Oakland Digital, an award-winning 501(c)(3) community-building design studio in Oakland, CA, that enhances technological literacy among underserved, minority, and at-risk populations. Oakland Digital's programs provide digital literacy training, career-related resources/training, and employment opportunities that enable Oakland and East Bay residents to achieve economic independence, opportunity, and self-sufficiency. He has taught at San Jose State University, where he received an M.A. in architectural and urban design and a B.S. in advertising management. In 2002, Shaun graduated with honors from California State University East Bay with a B.A. in digital graphics. Now on its seventh operating year, Oakland Digital has directly impacted the lives of over 4,000 under-resourced Oakland and East Bay community college students, female entrepreneurs, and at-risk youth, boosting the local economy by $3.2 million and providing opportunities for 21st century employment.
Bauman Business Institute Mentor + Portfolio Grader
Brigitte Theriault is the founder of White Apron Chef and a 12-year veteran of the personal chef industry. After graduating from culinary school in Montreal, she moved to New York City. During that time she established personal chef businesses in two of the most cutthroat markets—Manhattan and San Francisco. In addition to her work as a personal chef, she is the founder of the Personal Chef Business Academy, which trains personal chefs on everything they need to know outside the kitchen to succeed.
Natural Chef Instructor
Chef Sascha attended the Natural Gourmet Institute in New York City. He worked as the executive pastry chef at Millennium in San Francisco, a vegan fine dining restaurant, and contributed to their first cookbook. He was the founding chef and culinary director for The Plant Cafe Organic in San Francisco for over ten years, sous chef at the Ravens in Mendocino, private chef at Lucasfilm, and owned and operated Urban Kitchen, a natural foods catering company in Berkeley, CA. His recipes have been featured in numerous publications, and he is currently the director of product development and R&D at Project Juice.
Bauman Business Institute Instructor
Denise began taking photos when her grandmother gave her a camera at the age of 5, and she never stopped shooting. She studied photography with an emphasis on black and white film production at the College of Marin in the 1990s. After starting her food blog, Chez Us, she started to focus on food and travel photography. Her food photography has appeared in Gourmet Live, Food and Wine Magazine, Saveur Magazine, and Rodale's Organic Life. She is also a co-founder of a boutique webcasting/video production company, FullView Media, located in the Bay Area. When not working, she enjoys cooking, spending time outdoors, and teaching photography and video production at Learn to Shoot Food.


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BC Superfriends was a group for queer geeks and allies in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Risk factors associated with Hepatitis C among female substance users enrolled in community-based HIV prevention studies
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most frequent chronic blood-borne infections in the United States. The epidemiology of HCV transmission is not completely understood, particularly in women and minorities.
We examined the HCV associated risk factors in substance abusing females involved in National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) funded HIV prevention studies of street recruited women. As a part of the 12 month follow-up, participants were interviewed about substance use and sexual risk behaviors, including drug implement sharing practices, tattoos, body piercing and blood transfusions and the sharing of personal hygiene equipment including tweezers, toothbrushes and razors. Urine and blood testing for HCV antibody (Ab), HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was conducted at the time of assessment.
Among 782 predominantly African American women, 162 (21%) tested positive for HCV Ab. Older age (p < 0.001), history of injection drug use (p < 0.001), lifetime crack cocaine use (p = 0.004) and having a tattoo (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with HCV Ab positivity. Other risk factors previously reported in association with HCV Ab positivity such as sexual risk behaviors were not significantly associated with the presence of a positive HCV Ab.
This large community based sample of predominantly African American substance abusing women showed high prevalence of HCV Ab positivity and low awareness of their HCV serostatus. Our study demonstrated that in addition to intravenous drug use (IDU), other factors were significantly associated with HCV Ab positivity such as having a tattoo and a lifetime history of crack use. Other potential routes of HCV transmission should be further studied among high risk female populations.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most frequent chronic blood-borne infections in the United States, causing significant morbidity and mortality. An estimated 4500 in-hospital deaths per year are related to the HCV infection and associated liver disease in the United States
HCV was originally documented as a non-A non-B virus causing transfusion related hepatitis
The prevalence of HCV infection varies depending on age, race and certain risk factors. Previous epidemiologic studies have shown that there is a higher prevalence of HCV in African Americans, for reasons that are not clearly identified
Sexual transmission of the HCV is possible but much less efficient as compared to hepatitis B virus or HIV
A limited number of epidemiological studies have comprehensively examined the risk factors associated with HCV in women, particularly in underrepresented female populations. We examined HCV associated risk factors in a sample of substance abusing predominantly African American females involved in two HIV prevention studies conducted by the Epidemiology and Prevention Research Group (EPRG) at Washington University School of Medicine.
Sample and Study Description
The data are derived from the two NIH funded HIV prevention studies, focused on providing community based interventions in St Louis, Missouri: Women Teaching Women (WTW, n = 501), funded by NIDA, and the NIAAA funded Sister To Sister (STS, n = 348) conducted between 1998 and 2004.
Women for both studies were recruited by Community Health Outreach Workers (CHOWS) via street outreach
Women were considered eligible if they were 18 years or older, sexually active in the 12 months prior to entering the study, and did not undergo either alcohol or substance abuse treatment 30 days prior to the study enrollment. WTW enrolled women who tested positive for cocaine, amphetamines or opiates by urine drug screening and/or had fresh "track marks", indicative of current intravenous drug use. STS targeted female heavy or problem alcohol drinkers who did not test positive for any substance by urine drug screening. Problem or heavy alcohol use was determined by a score of four or greater on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a 10-item questionnaire assessing heavy alcohol consumption
Structured interviews were conducted by trained non-clinician interviewers. The baseline assessments included a Washington University Risk Behavior Assessment for Women (WU-RBA-W), Substance Abuse Module (SAM), and a Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) Version IV
In addition to interviews at baseline each woman met with the Peer Facilitator to receive the NIDA HIV pre and post-test counseling
Participants were followed up at 4- and 12- months post intervention with repeat assessments including the WU-RBA-W with a trailer containing additional questions on sharing drug use equipment, tattoos, body piercings and blood transfusions, the SAM and DIS. Repeat laboratory testing for HCV Ab, HIV, RPR, Chlamydia and Gonorrhea was performed at the 12-month follow-up.
The data reported in this paper are from the combined STS/WTW sample collected at the 12-month follow-up, as it contained more detailed information on risk factors traditionally associated with blood-borne infections such as HCV than the baseline and 4-month interviews. Participants were consented to join the studies; all procedures were approved by the Washington University Human Research Protection Office (HRPO, study numbers 97-0438 and 98-0374), and were compliant with federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations; confidentiality was further assured NIH Certificates of Confidentiality (NIDA and NIAAA).
Laboratory Testing
Blood samples obtained at the baseline and 12-month follow-up were tested for HIV, HCV and syphilis. Antibodies to HCV (HCV Ab) were detected with a third-generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA-2.0; Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL). Further confirmatory assay was not performed because HCV Ab testing by EIA had a high positive predictive value in this high risk population. HIV testing was conducted with enzyme immunoassay and confirmed by Western Blot. Blood samples were also tested for syphilis and urine specimens were collected for chlamydia and gonorrhea testing.
Statistical Analyses
Samples of the STS and WTW studies were combined for the statistical analyses because women were recruited in the same high risk areas and during overlapping periods. HIV positive participants were not randomized in either study and were therefore excluded from the sample (n = 19). Participants who did not complete all baseline assessments or did not have HCV Ab results were also excluded from this sample (n = 88), resulting in a total sample of 816 women (STS: n = 348; WTW: n = 501) for baseline and 782 women for the follow-up. In addition, there were 4 incident HCV Ab positive test results at follow-up testing that were excluded from the analysis.
The women were analyzed based on their HCV Ab status using composite variables with regards to the following categories: demographics, lifetime substance use and reported risky behaviors. Variables were then tested for association with HCV Ab positivity using the SAS ordered logistic regression procedure; odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in four consecutive models. Variables found to be significantly related to HCV Ab positivity in initial model were included in the next model; each subsequent model contained variables significant from the previous model. This approach was chosen to avoid co-linearity of the variables and complex interactions in the models. SAS® statistical package release 9.1 (SAS Institute, Inc. 1999) was used for bivariate (chi-square) analyses of the association between the dependent variable of HCV Ab status and each of the socio-demographic and independent categorical variables. Mean values were compared using t-tests. All tests were two tailed with a significance level defined as p < 0.05.
Using street outreach techniques, more than 5500 women in the target recruitment area were approached by CHOWS about participation in the studies. Further eligibility screening yielded 935 women; of those, 816 women were interviewed at baseline and 782 presented for the 12-month follow-up assessments and had HCV Ab test results available (96% follow-up rate).
At baseline, 173 out of 816 women tested positive for HCV Ab for a prevalence of 21.2% with similar rate at the 12-month follow-up (n = 162, 20.7%). However, at baseline only 70 women (40%) recalled that they were previously told by a health care provider that they had had "viral hepatitis", meaning that the majority of women were not previously tested and learned about their positive HCV Ab test for the first time through the study.
Baseline characteristics
Baseline sociodemographic characteristics of women recruited in STS/WTW are shown in Table
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics at baseline and follow-up assessments
12 Month
12 Month Follow-up
HCV Ab (-)
HCV Ab (+)
P value
Mean Age, years (±SD)
35.8 ± 9.0
37.2 ± 9.0
35.9 ± 8.9
42.3 ± 7.0
37 years or older
455 (56%)
417 (53%)
294 (47%)
123 (76%)
Non African American
147 (18%)
132 (17%)
529 (85%)
121 (77%)
Never married
532 (65%)
469 (60%)
394 (63%)
75 (46%)
More than one child
649 (79%)
647 (83%)
507 (82%)
140 (86%)
Less than high school
443 (54%)
415 (53%)
315 (51%)
62 (62%)
604 (74%)
593 (76%)
448 (72%)
145 (89%)
Did not work in past 12 months
249 (30%)
354 (45%)
291 (47%)
63 (39%)
486 (60%)
576 (74%)
456 (73%)
120 (74%)
Substance Use and Sexual Behaviour
The risk for HCV Ab positivity was associated with substance use and sexual risk behaviors as shown in Table
Table 2
Substance use and risky behaviours reported at follow-up assessment
HCV negative
HCV positive
p value
Substance Use
Reused needles/syringes*
14 (38%)
61 (59%)
Reused cooker/cotton/rinse water*
11 (30%)
49 (47%)
Gotten needles from friends/pharmacy*
30 (81%)
94 (89%)
Lifetime crack cocaine use
442 (71%)
152 (94%)
Reuse straight shooter/crack pipe belonging to othersa
288 (65%)
119 (78%)
Ever got lesions/burns on lips from smoking cracka
121 (27%)
45 (30%)
Injection Drug Use
41 (7%)
112 (69%)
Mean number of drugs used (±SD)
2.1 ± 1.5
3.3 ± 2.2
Drug Treatment Program
334 (54%)
125 (77%)
More than 7 drinks over past week
327 (53%)
93 (57%)
Binge drinking
211 (34%)
81 (50%)
Attended AA meetings
308 (50%)
112 (69%)
Sexual Behaviors
Past history of STD
389 (63%)
103 (64%)
Sexual History in Past 4 mo
Mean number of sex partners (±SD)
3.4 ± 9.8
4.5 ± 12.3
Always used condom
116 (19%)
29 (18%)
Sex under influence of alcohol/drugs
466 (75%)
121 (75%)
Traded sex for drugs, money and other things
274 (44%)
104 (64%)
Potential Risk Factors
Number of times shared tweezers/nail clippers (±SD)
21.1 ± 36.0
24.6 ± 37.9
Number of times used toothbrush of other person (±SD)
1.21 ± 7.41
0.8 ± 2.8
Ever gotten a tattoo
154 (25%)
56 (35%)
Ever gotten a body piercing
569 (92%)
152 (94%)
Ever received a blood transfusion
106 (17%)
54 (33%)
HCV: Hepatitis C Virus: STD, Sexually Transmitted Diseases: AA, Alcoholics Anonymous
* Among IDU only, a Among crack cocaine users only
Women recruited in these studies were sexually active with a mean of 3 - 4 sex partners in the preceding 4 months. Despite reporting several new sex partners in the past 4 months, condom use was low (19%) regardless of HCV Ab status. Both groups reported frequent use of alcohol or drugs before or during their sexual encounters; HCV Ab positive women compared to HCV Ab negative women were more likely to be involved in trading sex for drugs, money and other things. More than 60% of women in both groups reported history of a sexually transmitted disease.
Among other risk factors commonly associated with blood borne infections, both having a tattoo and having had a blood transfusion were found to be significantly associated with HCV Ab positivity in the bivariate analysis. No differences were observed in relationship to body piercings or sharing of personal hygiene equipment.
Multivariate Analyses
Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with HCV Ab positivity controlling for risk factors associated with HCV transmission in four stages (Table
Table 3
Odds ratios for HCV Ab positivity
Model 4
Never Married
0.54, 1.20
Have >1 kids
0.46, 1.41
Worked in past 12 months
0.56, 1.19
Considered being homeless
0.70, 1.63
African American
0.21, 0.56
0.66, 2.47
Older (37+ years)
2.43, 5.98
1.78, 4.92
1.68, 4.59
1.74, 5.31
High school education and more
0.41, 0.88
0.49, 1.26
Ever been arrested
1.53, 4.72
0.67, 2.63
Binge drinking
0.73, 1.93
Number of drugs
0.89, 1.18
Drug treatment
0.66, 2.26
15.19, 45.08
18.70, 50.50
14.31, 37.80
Attended AA meetings
0.65, 2.05
Previous history of STD
0.54, 1.49
Sex under influence
0.40, 1.27
Number of sex partners in past 4 months
0.97, 1.01
Always used condom in past 4 months
0.73, 2.46
Trading sex
1.06, 2.93
0.75, 2.00
Ever gotten a tattoo
1.15, 3.66
Lifetime crack cocaine use
1.66, 9.01
Ever received blood transfusion
0.99, 2.82
OR: Odds ratio, CI: confidence interval, IDU: Injecting drug users, STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease
Subgroup analyses
In further subgroup analyses, HCV Ab positive women were stratified by injection drug use status: 50 HCV Ab positive women reported no prior IDU and 111 HCV Ab positive women reported lifetime IDU. HCV Ab positive IDU's were more likely to have a tattoo and reported more crack cocaine use (40% vs. 24%, p = 0.05 and 98% vs. 86%, p = 0.002 respectively). When a subgroup of non-injectors was analyzed by their HCV Ab status, the prior history of blood transfusion, lifetime crack cocaine use and trading sex were predictors of HCV Ab positivity status (Table
Table 4
Subgroup analyses of risk factors among non-injectors
Reported Behaviors among Non-injectors
HCV Ab neg
HCV Ab pos
P value
Ever received a blood transfusion
95 (16%)
15 (30%)
Ever gotten a tattoo
138 (23%)
12 (24%)
Reused crack pipe belonging to others
262 (64%)
31 (72%)
Ever got lesions/burns on lips from smoking cracka
104 (25%)
9 (21%)
Lifetime crack cocaine use
411 (71%)
43 (86%)
Sex under influence of alcohol/drugs
430 (74%)
34 (68%)
Traded sex for drugs, money and other things
249 (43%)
29 (58%)
Snorted cocaine
102 (18%)
10 (20%)
HCV: Hepatitis C Virus; aAmong crack cocaine users only
Compared to the general population, a substantially higher prevalence of HCV Ab positivity in this large community based sample of predominately African American substance abusing females was a key finding. Nearly two thirds of women with HCV antibodies were not aware of their viral hepatitis status; this is particularly concerning given the chronic nature of HCV infection and implies lack of awareness among health care providers and existing barriers to HCV screening in this population.
Past or present injection drug use in these studies was strongly associated with HCV Ab positivity as shown in previous reports
In addition to injection drug use, having a tattoo and history of crack cocaine use were independently associated with HCV Ab positivity after controlling for IDU. Both crack cocaine use and tattoos have been identified as independent risk factors for HCV acquisition in previous reports, especially non-injection drug implement sharing practices
In a subgroup analysis of this community sample of non-injecting HCV Ab positive females, a number of high risk behaviors (high prevalence of crack cocaine use accompanied by drug implement sharing) as well as high risk sexual behaviors (sex under influence and trading sex) was significantly higher among the HCV Ab positive IDU's As noted, these risky behaviors have been associated HCV Ab positivity in non-injecting populations
There is mounting evidence regarding the increased risk of HCV among non-IDU's suggesting routes of administration and drug implement sharing practices may serve as an alternative HCV transmission pathway
Other potential routes of transmission among women in our study, such as tattooing, were significantly associated with HCV Ab status. Non commercial tattooing has been implicated as a significant risk factor in HCV transmission and deserves more detailed prospective investigation
In our study HCV Ab positivity was not strongly associated with high risk sexual behaviors. Other studies have found that sexual transmission of HCV is associated with high risk sexual practices, including having an IDU sexual partner. To date, the role of sexual behaviors as a risk factor for HCV transmission remains controversial mainly due to the complex determination of the magnitude of the transmission risk which may vary significantly depending on a specific population being studied
Although our study was not designed specifically for exploring the epidemiology of hepatitis C, it focused on the risk factors associated with HIV that share common routes of transmission with HCV. As a result, these data provided us with very detailed information concerning potential risk factors associated with the transmission of HCV. One of the limitations of this paper is that the data is cross-sectional and, as a result, we are unable to establish the timing of the HCV infection. These two studies were not specifically designed to examine the epidemiology of HCV infection but rather to determine a baseline prevalence of blood-borne infections and to evaluate the HIV intervention techniques.
Another shortcoming of the study design is that a single ELISA testing for HCV infection was utilized. Despite a high HCV risk profile in this population, a small fraction of false positive ELISA results is possible, although this possibility is unlikely to significantly affect the results of our analyses.
Self-reported drug use is another shortcoming of this study which could result in underestimated contribution of IDU to the risk of HCV infection in this population. In order to avoid that, participants were asked about injection drug use several times during the course of the interview and examined for the presence of injection track marks. Majority of studies evaluating epidemiological risk factors have to utilize self-reported measures, the reliability of which have been studied. The two studies primarily targeted hard to reach populations, which are traditionally challenging to recruit and therefore rarely evaluated in a clinical research setting; as a result some respondents were not located or opted to not participate in either of the studies. Nevertheless we feel that the large sample of respondents recruited is representative of the targeted population.
This study highlights the prevalence of risk factors common for several major blood borne infections in at risk difficult to reach female populations that is commonly understudied and underreported in literature. Our findings strongly support previous epidemiologic studies showing that injection drug use is a major factor contributing to HCV Ab positivity in this large community sample of predominantly African American substance abusing women. Another revealing finding was lack of awareness of HCV Ab status among the study participants. The fact that the majority of women were not aware of their HCV Ab status has significant implications both from the clinical and public health perspective. Programs targeting high risk female populations are needed in order to improve HCV testing and counseling, develop strategies overcoming barriers to care and ensure referrals to comprehensive treatment models that incorporate addressing substance use. Interestingly, our study demonstrated that factors other than IDU were significantly associated with HCV Ab positivity such as having a tattoo and a lifetime history of crack use without injection use. Other potential routes of HCV transmission should be further investigated in large-scale prospective studies particularly among high risk female populations.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
DN participated in the study design, coordination of statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. ABA participated in the study design, conducted statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. SB performed the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. CCO participated in organization of the research team, data cleaning process and helped to draft the manuscript. LBC participated in the design and interpretation of the study and provided invaluable guidance on statistical analysis and drafting of the manuscript. All authors had full access to all of the data (including statistical reports and tables) in the study and can take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors viewed and approved the final version
This study was supported by grants from NIAAA (AA12111) for Sister to Sister Project and NIDA (DA 11622) for Women Teaching Women.
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Risk factors for hepatitis C on the Texas-Mexico border


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