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Information and Communication Technologies, Knowledge Management and Indigenous Knowledge: Implications to Livelihood of Communities in Ethiopia
- Jesse Mills
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1 Information and Communication Technologies, Knowledge Management and Indigenous Knowledge: Implications to Livelihood of Communities in Ethiopia Lishan Adam, PhD ICT in Development Researcher Knowledge is the only treasure you can give entirely without running short of it. African proverb I. Introduction This brief paper discusses the role of information and communication technologies in gathering, storing and disseminating indigenous knowledge, the various community-based structures to be used in order to safeguard and transfer indigenous knowledge and the best practices around the world in using IK systems for development. The paper discusses the link between indigenous knowledge and global knowledge systems and some of the lessons from knowledge for development initiatives. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing the role of information and communication technologies in general and knowledge management in particular to collect, preserve and exchange indigenous knowledge in Ethiopia. The aim is not come up with scientific and detailed treatment of these issues but rather to raise salient points around the intersection between information and communication technologies and IK systems. II. The role of Information and Communication Technologies in the disseminating of indigenous knowledge Indigenous knowledge is a profound, detailed and shared beliefs and rules with regards to the physical resource, social norms, health, ecosystem, culture, livelihood of the people who interact with environment both in rural and urban settings. It has been the basis for local level decision making in agriculture, health care, food preparation, education, natural resource management, and a host of other activities 1. It represents an important component of global knowledge 2. 1 D.M. Warren, Using Indigenous Knowledge in Agricultural Development, World Bank Discussion Paper 127, Washington, World Bank, Indigenous Knowledge for Development, A framework for Action,
2 Indigenous knowledge is dynamic; at least it must be dynamic. It evolved from years of experience and trial-and-error problem solving by groups of people working in their environments drawing upon resources they have at hand 3. Vital information on health, child rearing, natural resource management is often encoded in unique forms such as proverbs, myths, rituals, and ceremonies but often shunned for modern scientific techniques and thoughts. Incorporating indigenous and scientific knowledge means integrating information collected from rural people with scientific and technological information. Institutions must find ways to process indigenous information in the same way as scientific information processed using information and communication technologies. Information and communication technologies play major roles in improving the availability of indigenous knowledge systems and enhancing its blending with the modern scientific and technical knowledge. ICTs include telecommunications technologies such as telephony, cable, satellite and radio, as well as digital technologies, such as computers, information networks and software. The new information and communications technologies such as computers and the Internet, can help generate wealth and jobs, build bridges between governments and citizens, forge relations among organizations and communities, and improve the delivery of essential services to poor people. ICTs can be used to: Capture, store and disseminate indigenous knowledge so that traditional knowledge is preserved for the future generation Promote cost-effective dissemination of indigenous knowledge Create easily accessible indigenous knowledge information systems Promote integration of indigenous knowledge into formal and non-formal training and education Provide a platform for advocating for improved benefit from IK systems of the poor While some people still remain skeptical about the direct contribution ICTs to indigenous knowledge transfer and poverty alleviation, there are signs that ICT's can contribute to development goals and to the exchange of indigenous knowledge. Proper application of ICTs is essential to stimulate the flow of indigenous knowledge and incorporation of modern scientific and technological understandings to traditional knowledge. This requires understanding of the capacities and contexts. Proper application of ICTs requires understanding of the 3 Williams, David and Oliva Muchena, Utilizing Indigenous Knowledge System in Agricultural Education to Promote Sustainable Agriculture,
3 main characteristics of indigenous knowledge and defining tools, applications and services that meet those characteristics. Table 1. provides a list of major characteristics of indigenous knowledge and how information and communication technology tools must respond to these. Characteristics of Indigenous knowledge IK is generated within communities, it works, it is validated and abundant IK is location and culture specific IK covers focuses on basic needs of human and animal Use of IK is cost-effective, sustainable and locally manageable, deployment and mobilization is not expensive IK is dynamic, innovative, adaptive and open for experimentation IK is oral and rural in nature IK is not systematically documented IK is not integrated into modern scientific and technical knowledge ICT considerations Community-based resource Centres that can enhance the flow of IK must be adopted Traditional and modern technologies that respond to local culture Services and systems that enhance livelihoods should be considered ICT services should not add additional burden but make IK more sustainable and manageable ICTs need to support the move beyond documentation and improve adaptation, adoption and experimentation Focus should be made on tools that promote oral interaction such as audio-visual technologies, text to speech, etc. Documentation of IK without jeopardizing local culture, IPR and other aspects should be considered ICT services should be designed to enhance systematic integration of modern and traditional knowledge Table 1. Link between IK characteristics and ICTS Adapted from: Guus von Liebenstein 4, Indigenous Knowledge: Towards Indigenous Knowledge Information System, Bangkok, Guus von Liebenstein, Indigenous Knowledge: Towards Indigenous Knowledge Information System, Bangkok, Information Technologies in Educational Innovation for Development: 3
4 a. Information and Communication Technologies infrastructure for IK Systems A reliable and accessible infrastructure (radio, TV, telecommunications, Internet) is a prerequisite for modern information exchange. The starting point for economic development in the information age is the existence of a suitable ICT infrastructure. Ethiopia has made significant stride in rolling out infrastructure to various part of the country through Rural Connectivity Project, Woreda Net, Schoolnet and AgriNet, but this has yet to make dent on the flow of indigenous knowledge. Many people still see the Internet as a consumption tool as a means of recreation, information gathering and shopping, but the Internet has been a key resource for exchange of knowledge. A significant amount work still remains in turning Internet and other technologies around to facilitate the exchange of indigenous knowledge. There is no specific software designed for indigenous knowledge. Some attempts have made by different projects to set of open source software tools to enable indigenous communities to protect their unique cultures and knowledge through digitization 5. Different software tools and platforms ranging from database management systems, Geographic Information Systems to text and speech and character recognition tools, graphical touch screens, audio and video editing tools may be considered for the management and dissemination of indigenous knowledge. Knowledge management tools and platforms ranging from content management systems to group collaboration tools, synchronous and asynchronous communication can also help to capture and share indigenous knowledge. More advanced and new tools like wiki (collaborative authoring), blogging (personal journal, commentary and online diaries) and podcasting( syndication of digital media for playback on portable players and computers) could also be adapted to capture and disseminate indigenous knowledge. However, the application of these tools should be preceded by understanding of the context of local innovators and those who benefit from indigenous knowledge. Low-tech approach to IK should be a starting point as the majority of those who use IK system may not have advanced technologies. Interfacing Global and Indigenous Knowledge. Sixth UNESCO-ACEID International Conference on Education, Bangkok, Koopman, Bevan Raymond (2002) Software Tools for Indigenous Knowledge Management. Bachelor of Information Technology Honours Thesis, School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland., 4
5 b. Challenges of applying ICTs to IK systems The application of information and communication technologies for managing knowledge is not without problems. Not all aspects of living traditions of indigenous knowledge can be captured as artefacts using digital technology. The collection of information from diverse indigenous sources is often a laborious, time-consuming and costly process. Those with knowledge may not be willing to share their actual knowledge. Efforts to capture indigenous knowledge by ICTs and setting up databases were not successful as hoped due to inadequate frameworks for capturing and making the knowledge available in usable formats to the people who need them and who often do not have access to ICTs. Intellectual property right issues are other challenges, particularly if indigenous knowledge leads to profit for transnational corporations. Documenting and publicizing IK could immediately lead to their appropriation by others without return to innovators. The intellectual property rights of the individuals and communities have to be protected and benefits have to be generated for the innovators as well as local communities. Community structures such as telecenters are increasingly becoming as the most important platforms for capturing, transfer and exchange of indigenous knowledge. III. Community structure for promoting indigenous knowledge ICT implementations often promote a top-down approach to knowledge flow from experts to target groups or expect the poor to use what is in databases. This approach puts major constraints on the flow of knowledge. Linking people with relevant knowledge and each other directly is far useful than accumulating knowledge in stores or IK databases. A number of community based structures that bring members of the communities together ranging from idir to market places to libraries and community resources centres need to be considered as venues for linking people with each other. Indigenous knowledge can also be disseminated at schools, clinics, worshiping places and at multipurpose community centres. a. Role of libraries and information resources centers Community libraries have shown strong tendency towards preserving local culture in digital and paper format and promoting exchange of information in many countries, particularly in Latin America. The International Federation of Library Association asserts that libraries could help in 6 : 6 International Federation of Library Associations, IFLA Statement on Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge, IFLA Newsletter, No. 42, June
6 collecting, preserving and disseminate indigenous and local traditional knowledge publicizing the value, contribution, and importance of indigenous knowledge to both non-indigenous and indigenous peoples raising awareness on the protection of indigenous knowledge against exploitation Involving elders and communities in the production of IK and teaching children to understand and appreciate the traditional knowledge Encouraging the recognition of principles of intellectual property to ensure the proper protection and use of indigenous knowledge and products derived from it. Experiences of the Illubabor community libraries in Ethiopia shows that information resources centres could indeed act as a source of empowerment and knowledge exchange by enabling young people, old, employed and unemployed to exchange traditional and modern knowledge and create platforms for interaction among member of the communities. b. Role of multi-purpose community resource centres Multipurpose community centres are increasingly becoming the main venues for organizing IK and disseminating it using digital technologies. Access to indigenous knowledge databases, audio and video footages can be made to members of communities through tele-centers. Technologies and tools ranging from speech to text, text to speech, mobile phones, PDAs, community radios, etc. can be installed and tried out for suitability for sharing of indigenous knowledge. Community centres that may have radios can also serve as a hub for broadcasting and exchange of information among members. Participatory videos and radio programming initiatives can be launched at community centres to capture indigenous knowledge and exchange within and beyond the communities. c. Traditional structures and indigenous knowledge management systems Community based structure such as idir and iqub, senbete and other forms of gathering including the meeting under tree and rituals have been a key source of indigenous knowledge transfer for centuries. While the main goals of these traditional structures were focused on self-help or managing and resolving conflicts, or micro credits, their ancillary benefits as a medium of interaction and exchange of knowledge about agriculture, health and environment management was not fully recognized in Ethiopia. 6
7 In effect, it is possible to building on some of these existing structures and enable each village and community to capture and exchange knowledge or develop indices of IK on what works and what does not, who holds relevant knowledge and how to contact them both in electronic and non-electronic formats. Part of the index can be exchanged informally, but this can also be available for consultation within and beyond the given community. This would enable the knowledge to be available in local languages. IV. Best Practices around the World The most successful indigenous knowledge initiatives so far are those that take the constraints of access, the eco-systems and capacities of the resources of the poor people (i.e. their knowledge) into consideration. The Honey Bee Network in India is one of such initiatives aimed at gathering, organizing indigenous knowledge while recognizing, respecting and rewarding local creativity, traditional knowledge and contemporary grassroots innovations 7. The network has documented more than outstanding examples of traditional knowledge and contemporary unaided innovations. Some of these have been taken up to set up as a venture for incubation and product development. Every six months the members of Honey Bee Network walk for eight to ten days from one village to another to scout for innovations, respect the knowledge experts at their doorstep and share the multi-media, multi language Honey Bee database of innovations with the local communities. Patents have also been filed through the grants under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and Department of Science and Technology. The benefits in the process have gone to innovators three to five times of their annual income. A competition among women for demonstrating various recipes which use at least uncultivated plants also helped in drawing attention towards the less known (but perhaps more valuable) source of food and nutrition. Further, these contests helped in identifying women experts whose knowledge is often discounted. Experience of the Honey Bee Network shows that the value chain of innovations beginning from scouting, validating, value addition, product and enterprise development, intellectual property rights protection, licensing and dissemination requires a whole range of institutional innovations 8 which are absent in Ethiopia.. Other experience shows that strong government support and involvement in recognizing indigenous knowledge systems is critical for it to gain prominence in development and for promoting innovations and protection of the intellectual property rights of innovators. The government of South Africa for example has developed a policy on indigenous knowledge systems that was adopted by its 7 Gupta, Anil, Transforming Indian villages through innovations, knowledge network and entrepreneurship: Dealing with the bottom of the pyramid or tip of the iceberg 8 Gupta, ibid 7
8 Cabinet in The policy among other addresses institutional frameworks for supporting indigenous knowledge systems, academic and applied research issues, systems for capturing indigenous knowledge, the promotion of networking among practitioners and legislations to protect intellectual property associated with indigenous knowledge. This policy provides a basis from which countries like Ethiopia can draw on to develop their indigenous knowledge polices. More experience and lessons for promoting indigenous knowledge at national and local and institutional levels has also been gained through the knowledge management for development initiatives by development aid institutions such as the World Bank, the United Nations Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Bellanet International 9 over the last decade. V. Linking global knowledge to local knowledge Lessons from Knowledge for Development Initiatives Knowledge management has become one of the main topics on global development agenda of development aid agencies and United Nations, especially following the holding of the Global Knowledge conference in Canada in 1997 where international organizations, governments and nongovernmental organizations met to discuss the relationships between globalization, ICT, knowledge, growth and development. The focus on the role of knowledge in development processes is the result of understanding about the relationship between economic growth and the application of knowledge. It is also evident that knowledge for development should not only confined to scientific and technical knowledge but also community-based knowledge systems and development practices that underpin the day to day survival and innovations at local levels. However, while significant progress was made in the area of knowledge sharing for development, the success in understanding communitybased knowledge remains very much behind. a. The Nature of Knowledge in Development The experiences of knowledge for development initiatives in international cooperation underscores the complexities and difficulties associated with knowledge but these have contributed to the understanding of the nature of knowledge that has impact on development. It is clear that knowledge is both a process and a product; it is dynamic and mostly available in the heads of individuals and also embedded in a practice of livelihood. The creation of knowledge is complex; its sharing requires diverse tools for translation, conversion, filtering and two-way communication and interaction. 9 See, 8
9 Three different types of knowledge that have implications to IK are distinguished 10 : Tacit knowledge - unconscious and intuitive knowledge gained through experience that allows individuals to make decisions without referring to rules or principles (e.g. knowing how to perform medical operations, knowing how to network at a conference); Explicit knowledge knowledge that is articulated and accessible to anyone who reads, hears or looks at it (e.g. a training guide on using a software package or the conclusions of a policy briefing paper); Implicit knowledge that helps individuals to know what is socially and culturally appropriate in a given circumstance including shared beliefs, values and expectations (e.g. knowing that it is inappropriate to undermine colleagues in public, understanding management attitudes within a given organization) These different knowledge dimensions can also be seen from the perspectives of individuals and communities as shown in table 2 below. Table 2: Different Dimensions of Knowledge Explicit Knowledge Individual Verbalized or documented thoughts and strategies Inter-subjective Books, Libraries, Manuals, Technology Implicit Knowledge Physical skills, Habits, Rules, Routines Language, Social capital Tacit knowledge Unconscious, intuitive Group behavior While much of the emphasis in 1980s was on explicit knowledge in the form of books, databases and libraries, the practice of international development over the last decade has shown that implicit and tacit knowledge are central to progress at institutional and national levels. Nurturing the flow of tacit knowledge has been one of the preoccupations of international institutions such as the World Bank, DFID and UNESCO over the last decade. Indigenous knowledge is mostly tacit. It is also obvious from table 2 that in the absence of codification of indigenous knowledge, the vast majority of it resides in the head of the creator as tacit knowledge or as implicit knowledge in the form of habits, rules and routines 10 Ben Ramalingam, Implementing Knowledge Strategies: Lessons from international development agencies, ODI Working Paper, 244 9
10 and social capital. This poses a tremendous challenge for capturing, sharing and transfer. b. Management and Sharing of Knowledge Experience of knowledge for development initiatives has shown that a vast array of tools can be used to facilitate the sharing of knowledge. Mechanisms such as community of practice, peer assists, synchronous and asynchronous communications are important to improve the exchange of indigenous knowledge. Tools such as intranets, search engines, content management systems (CMSs), electronic publishing systems, workflow systems, groupware, help desk applications, as well as more fundamental systems such as personal and group filing, project archiving have been refined to foster the sharing of knowledge. Other insights reveal that: Sharing knowledge using these tools is possible but that does not always translate into action for taking decisions and modifying behaviors in order to achieve development goals. Effective knowledge sharing should not be imposed from outside but should be organic, learned and has to be embedded into work processes, local eco systems and livelihoods Most of the local knowledge emerges form local particularities like context, actors and processes. This limits the way local knowledge can be generalized and replicated in other settings Valuable indigenous knowledge is often not locally known nor socially recognized. This is partially constrained by myths, old paradigms, cultural idiosyncrasies and prejudices of professionals and institutions 11 There was also a significant progress in understanding the linkage between global and indigenous knowledge and the complexity in integrating them. While the contribution of scientific and technological knowledge in increasing productivity, accelerated economic development and improved living conditions is fully appreciated, progress in integrating local and global knowledge was slow and needs to be nurtured further. VI. Conclusions This brief paper attempted to discuss some of the salient features of IK and ICTs and progress in integrating ICTs and knowledge management concepts into indigenous knowledge systems. The integration of indigenous knowledge with modern thoughts, respect for local innovations and improving the exchange of 11 Ferreira, S.D.M. and M. Neto Knowledge management and social learning: exploring the cognitive dimension of development. Volume 1(3),
11 traditional knowledge is essential for sustainable development and for improved livelihoods. ICT-assisted indigenous knowledge development in Ethiopia requires a number of integrated steps: - Networking major institutions that have already begun to work on indigenous knowledge - Study on the indigenous knowledge covering aspects such as IK asset at community levels, community structures and networks in support of indigenous knowledge systems and how information and communication technologies may enhance this. - Research to map out social and cultural barriers to the flow of knowledge - Development of pilot interventions to learn how ICT impact on IK that in turn improve livelihoods Ethiopia needs to put mechanisms for identifying, collecting, documenting, characterizing, recognizing and sharing of IK at national levels and establish the necessary organizational incentives and support systems. In addition there is a need for: Creating local/regional/national registers of innovations and indigenous knowledge Establishing mechanisms for rewarding innovators Developing intellectual property rights protection systems Stimulating the flow of indigenous knowledge in schools to increase awareness on innovation and traditional knowledge The knowledge management and sharing capabilities of key institutions such as that the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD), Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR), Ministry of Health (MoH), Ministry of Education (MoE), Ministry of Women Affairs (MoWA), Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), and Information and Communication Technology Development Agency (ICTDA) of the Ministry of Capacity Building (MoCB), among others needs to be improved. Knowledge management is a fast growing filed. Development professionals from these institutions need to develop their skills in knowledge management and participate in global discourse around the interface between knowledge sharing, indigenous knowledge and information and communication technologies. ICT professionals need to work with those engaged in IK systems in order to understand the characteristics and complexities in adapting technologies for capturing, management and dissemination of indigenous knowledge. There is also a need to strengthen the capacities of local authorities at district and kebele levels including teachers, nurses, extension workers as 11
12 intermediaries to support communities to manage and share their indigenous knowledge and acquire knowledge from the outside world. The ICTDA also needs to consider developing a national policy or framework on IK systems based on experiences of developing countries. This would not only promote and protect IK systems but also creates further platforms for interaction on indigenous knowledge, knowledge management, ICTs and development. 12
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I have suffered with daily headaches for over a year and a half. The 3 steps in this book work. I did not even need to use step 3. It was a little scarry at first but with a little effort, I could see some progress. As time goes by, I can say that by following the steps in this book I have eliminated my headaches. Now, when I do get a headache, it is because I stepped outside of the guidelines. Thank you for a great book.Read More
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~ The Love of Frosting ~
Created April 2013
Lovingly Compiled by
Tammy Todd
The front cover is a recipe called, The Best Chocolate-Sour Cream Frosting Ever, located in the (Frostings) section of this book and submitted by Penny Jordan.
April 2013
Get Your Copy!
Order a professionally printed, perfect bound cookbook with a full color glossy cover and 48 recipes.
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AN: Short fic once again refering to Ten/Rose in season four. Don't blame me the episodes made me write them. They did. They did... crazy part over So if you like ti then review.
He looks up from his Tardis and for a moment he sees a flash of blonde. He's only imagining it. He has to be.
He walks outside, his footsteps echoing on the grating change to footsteps thumping the hard ground.
As he picks up the last of Donna's bags, he wonders what could be taking her so long. It's at that point he sees the flash of blonde again only this time is walking away from him, turning a corner.
The next thing he knows, the sound of Donna's bag drops in a puddle creating a small splash fills his ears and his feet are rushing forward towards the woman now turning the corner.
It won't be her. It can't be her. It never will be her but he doesn't care in that moment. His hope is too strong. It has to be her.
Turning a corner all he hears is the police sirens. No flash of blonde in his vision and his hearts sinks a little, his hope diminishing that little bit more with every footstep he takes on his way back to the Tardis.
He picks up Donna's soaked bag and sighs.
It can never be her. Rose is gone but he can't help but wonder when he'll stop chasing flashes of blonde. He hopes he never stops because that means his hope that she'll return to him will have well and truly died.
So he'll chase those flashes of blonde until he finds her. Maybe one day he will…he can only hope.
The End


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Stevie Taite
Stevie Taite (30th January 1973 / Kent, England)
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|By Evatar114
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I don't own anything from the Knife of Never Letting Go! All rights go to Patrick Ness and Candlewick Press!
Author's Note
Ok, this chapter's really short - only about 1 3/4 pages - but I hope you like it! Please review!
Also, a bunch of thanks to DotW for helping me with the Iroh scene.
Evatar114 15:32, October 23, 2010 (UTC)
Zuko and Mai go to Iroh for advice about what to do with Azula. Aang enters the Spirit World and unknowingly brings someone with him.
Fire Nation Asylum, Two Days Earlier
"That was really weird." Mai said as we walked away from Azula's room.
"But did you see what I was talking about with my mom?" She let out a sigh.
"Zuko, Azula's absolutely insane. How could you possibly know that she was telling the truth? That it wasn't just a hallucination?" Mai drew a hand down her face, distorting her features for a second.
"But the doctors think she may not have lost all her memories. She remembered me, she remembered Mom... What if my father told her where my mother is, and that's how the memory's coming through?"
"Even if that was possible, how do you know it's not just an act? That she's not trying to get into the palace so she can murder us all in our sleep?" She snapped. "Try to think about what could happen if the doctors are wrong, if you're wrong! We could lose everything!" Mai stormed off, her shoes clicking on the asylum floor as I watched her go.
Present Day
I walked into the relatively dark room. A deep rumbling came from the bed on the far side of the room. I carefully tiptoed over to the lump and shook its shoulder.
"Uncle?" The figure started and sat up quickly. He looked at me carefully and noting my concern, his face softened.
"Hello, Firelord Zuko." He got out of bed unsteadily and bowed.
"Uncle, you don't need to call me that," I hugged him, feeling his bones shift under his skin. "How are you feeling?"
"I've been better, nephew, but it's just old age. One day it will happen to you too," he said, sitting softly back down on the bed and using his finger to light a candle sitting on the table next to his bed. The flame cast irregular, dancing shadows around the room. Uncle looked up at me again. "But I sense all is not well. Am I correct?"
"I need your advice. You know how I had Azula committed to that asylum up north?" I sat down beside him.
"How could I forget?"
"Well..." I told him the whole story. He stared at me thoughtfully for a while after I finished.
"You realize I can't make this decision for you."
"Yes, but what should I do to convince Mai that this is the right thing to do?"
"The right thing for who?" he asked with a wry smile. Uncle always had a knack for catching me off guard. He continued:
"I think that if you appealed to Mai's sense of reason, you could get her to understand why is it that you think this is the right thing to do. Now, it sounds as if she's still hurt and angry at Azula for what she did and who she was. The pain and the memories are still fresh in her mind and they seem to be clouding her judgment, not allowing her to see clearly who Azula is now. But the question remains - are you sure this is what you want to do?"
I breathed deeply.
"If it means finding Mom, then yes."
The Western Air Temple
"So basically what you do is you move your hands like this and concentrate. You should get a little sphere of air in your hand like... this." I held out my hand and a ball of air rotated in the palm of my hand. Viola studied it carefully and copied my motions. Her eyes narrowed as she focused, and a tiny vortex formed, but dissipated quickly. She cringed.
"Ugh! This is impossible!" She groaned, flopping to the ground.
"You shouldn't be so hard on yourself. After all, you just found out this morning." Katara said as she dismounted from her viewing point on Appa's head.
"But I was able to create something that was big enough to slow me down when I fell. Now I can barely make a little ball of air." The disappointment on Viola's face was obvious even as she tried to cover it up.
"And I think I may have the answer to that," Toph said. "I've been thinking about this while you guys have been arguing, and I think Viola's going by instinct." We all opened our mouths to protest, but then she spoke again. "Think about it before you shoot me down. Whenever we-" Toph motioned to everyone except Viola. "-get angry, we bend by accident. I do it all the time if I'm not careful. Maybe she's just an extreme. I'll bet my feet you've been bending for a while; you haven't noticed it until now." She picked her nose and flicked something onto the ceiling about 50 feet up. Viola stared up in disgust while Katara and I looked at Toph with our mouths open.
"How did you get that to go that high?" She asked in astonishment.
"Years of practice," Toph had a hint of pride in her voice. Viola shuddered and looked at us.
"So do you think she's right?"
"It does fit seem to fit the circumstances," Katara agreed. 'What do you think, Aang?" Everyone, even Toph, swiveled their heads in my direction.
"Wait, why are you all looking at me?"
"Well, you are the bridge between the Spirit World and this world. Maybe you're the bridge between her world and this world, and can give some answer as to what the hell's going on." Katara said brusquely.
"But I have no idea what's going on either!"
"Yes, we get it; no one has answers on this world." Viola said with an eye roll. Something obvious dawned on me. I jumped up.
"That's it! You're a genius!" I ran over to Viola and shook her. She pushed me off with a bewildered look.
"What's with you?"
"That's what I need to do! I need to go into the Spirit World! I just can't believe I didn't see it before!" I yelled.
"Aang, what are you talking about? What's the Spirit World?" Viola asked in obvious confusion.
"It's where all the spirits live... Duh," Toph said, her voice dripping in sarcasm. Viola shot her a glare, then gave up when she remembered Toph was blind.
"Aang, do you absolutely have to go to the Spirit World right now? We're late as it is getting to Zuko, and we still need to get to the Earth King too," I said, frowning.
"I honestly want to know why I'm here. If these spirits can help us figure that out, then I want Aang to go for it," Viola said quietly.
"Guys, we've been stuck here for three days. Viola, you haven't known for about a week. We could be at the capital in a day. Could you wait that long?"
"I guess." She and Aang had sullen looks on their faces. I sighed and walked towards Appa.
"Stop sulking and let's leave so you can get to the Spirit-" I called over my shoulder until a two thuds and a sharp, heavy crack cut me off. I turned around and saw Aang lying on the floor, with a rapidly dissolving Viola standing on her broken leg behind him, giving me a baffled look before seeming to rise up, leaving her body behind.
Spirit World
"Get back here, you bastard!" I screamed in fury as I ran-
The doppelganger of me just turned its head and laughed before turning into a bird that flew up, mocking us as it circled-
Kekka bent over beside me, panting. "Wangji can't stay like that forever." She stood up and closed her eyes, then opened them sharply. "They're here," She breathed.
"Should we go get them..."
"...before something else finds them? Of course." As one, we turned and walked away from the bird that kept circling.
- Nothing significant happened in this chapter that had to do with TKoNLG. But Todd will be back in the next chapter.
Production Notes and Other Notes
- This chapter has gone through multiple title changes.
- This chapter is the shortest chapter besides the prologue, which doesn't really count.
- This is the first chapter where Iroh is mentioned/makes an appearance.
- This is the first chapter with headings that say which character's POV it's in.
See more
For the collective works of the author, go here.
|v - e - dAvatar: Choices Chapters
|Book One: White Bones
|Prologue: Nightmare - Dreams Really Do Come True - Watch Me - Truth and Trust - The Forgotten - Remembrance - Fall - Things Not Seen - Falsehoods - Parallels


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This was the first carved cake I ever made and I was quite nervous. Must say I am proud of the way this one turned out
Car Race
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Hot Wheels Birthday Cake


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Thinny Thin Chin
Can Thinny Thin Chin compete with plastic surgery? Have you ever seen those plastic surgery nightmare photos of women who have botoxed and lifted over and over again, but somehow seem to have forgotten all about their neck area?
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A Thinner Looking Chin Area
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Thinny Thin Chin (gotta love the cutesy pie name!) is Bliss's fabulous neck-centric treatment and moisturizer and it is chockfull of goodies like hydrate, brighten, and tighten the oft neglected neck and décolleté area, and has already built up quite a following with celebrities like Lily Allen, and Ford model Leanne Kelley, our very own demo girl.
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For added slimming on camera or off, try adding a bit of liquid or powder bronzer to the cream and smooth all over your neck up to your chin. Another slenderizing trick is to use bronzer or a powder about two shades darker than your complexion and sweep a bit just along your jaw line with an angled powder or blush brush, and continue on down the neck.
This same contouring technique can be used on the cheekbones, nose, and temples to chisel your face and play up your features. Apply a bit of a lighter or highlighting powder just above the jaw line to further enhance bone structure.
Caring for every inch of the skin on your body will ensure that you maintain a fresh and youthful appearance – and keep people guessing about your age for years to come. And you simply can't ask for a better endorsement than from a fashion model that has been exposed to the best beauty buys out there, Try and enjoy, thinny thin chin!
You May Also Like
Author: Tanna Mayer
Updated: March 19, 2015
Photo Credits: Copyright
Beauty And The Bath


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Joe was very profession and got the job done. He definitely work for you! It was great having a lawyer that actually called and talk to you and didn't leave you wondering. I give great thanks to Joe and his staff for all they did to help me and my family and for fighting for what is right.
Posted by anonymous
I recommend attorney Joe Adams. He represented me in an unfortunate slip and fall accident which changed my life in an instant. Throughout the incident, I felt Joe relentlessly fought for me against a difficult opponent. He is professional, well prepared, and took the time to ensure that I understood every detail of my case. Joe truly cares about his clients and my trust in him was well placed. It was a pleasure to work with Joe and his staff. I would highly recommend Joe to family or friends.
Posted by jessicalyncarter111
I hired Joe a little over a year ago after a car accident. He made me feel comfortable dealing with a sensitive situation. He made it easy and almost effortless on my part. Kept in ouch throughout the whole process and was easy to get a hold of if I had any issues. He went above and beyond and got me everything I deserved and more. Highly highly recommend.
Posted by Judd
Joe represented me in a personal injury case in 2009. I found him to be professional, persistent, knowledgeable and he got the job done. He worked tirelessly from the start to the finish in my situation. I would, without hesitation, recommend him to anyone who needs an attorney on their side.
Posted by Luke
Joe did everything he set out to do for me. Was very professional and thorough in every aspect of the case. Explained terms and conditions of the legal terminology . I would recommend Joe to anyone who needs a great personal Injury attorney.


text: In today's Pope Center piece, Mary Grabar writes about a recent article by a woman who owns a business. The woman rants about the bad work ethic of many of the younger workers she hires. Mary links those traits to the kind of education most of them have received — education that often does nothing to cultivate good habits and actually undermines them.


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Plaster Play by Fantasy-PlayWatch
©2014-2017 Fantasy-Play
yummy! ever consider wet cement?
This is really great! If you like feet in squishy stuff, check out my stories "Closing Time-No Shoes Pizza III," "Ivy's Summer," and "A Tribute Story."
Now mixing foot fetish with WAM (wet and messy). Well I don't know what to say anymore. Amazing!
Very nice and such a tease
Haha thank you! A tease? Explain please
Ooooh gooey!
Best amatuer series ever
You are just beautiful
You are just beautiful
I'm liking!
Oh that's good news! Some people don't like feet to be mucky. But it's just for fun
haha kinda cool


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I can't say I understand all of this but it's fascinating to try: Go to PhD Comics for individual images from the video. Your Thoughts? [Read more…]
Higgs Boson Research Explained With Cool Cartoon
May 23, 2012 by Leave a Comment
Like Camels With Hammers and Patheos Atheist on Facebook!


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Description: "Stunning revelations…This is an account that long will be consulted by anyone trying to understand not just Iran but warfare in the 21st century…an important book." –Tom Ricks,New York Times FROM THE BESTSELLING AUTHOR OFTHE INHERITANCE, A REVEALING AND NEWS-BREAKING ACCOUNT OF OBAMA'S AGGRESSIVE USE OF INNOVATIVE WEAPONS AND NEW TOOLS OF AMERICAN POWER TO MANAGE A RAPIDLY SHIFTING WORLD OF GLOBAL THREATS AND CHALLENGESInside the White House Situation Room, the newly elected Barack Obama immerses himself in the details of a remarkable new American capability to launch cyberwar against Iran—and escalates covert operations to delay the day when the mullahs could obtain a nuclear weapon. Over the next three years Obama accelerates drone attacks as an alternative to putting troops on the ground in Pakistan, and becomes increasingly reliant on the Special Forces, whose hunting of al-Qaeda illuminates the path out of an unwinnable war in Afghanistan. Confront and Concealprovides readers with a picture of an administration that came to office with the world on fire. It takes them into the Situation Room debate over how to undermine Iran's program while simultaneously trying to prevent Israel from taking military action that could plunge the region into another war. It dissects how the bin Laden raid worsened the dysfunctional relationship with Pakistan. And it traces how Obama's early idealism about fighting "a war of necessity" in Afghanistan quickly turned to fatigue and frustration. One of the most trusted and acclaimed national security correspondents in the country, David Sanger of theNew York Timestakes readers deep inside the Obama administration's most perilous decisions: The president dispatches an emergency search team to the Gulf when the White House briefly fears the Taliban may have obtained the Bomb, but he rejects a plan in late 2011 to send in Special Forces to recover a stealth drone that went down in Iran. Obama overrules his advisers and takes the riskiest path in killing Osama bin Laden, and ignores their advice when he helps oust Hosni Mubarak from the presidency of Egypt. "The surprise is his aggressiveness," a key ambassador who works closely with Obama reports. Yet the president has also pivoted American foreign policy away from the attritional wars of the past decade, attempting to preserve America's influence with a lighter, defter touch—all while focusing on a new era of diplomacy in Asia and reconfiguring America's role during a time of economic turmoil and austerity. As the world seeks to understand whether there is an Obama Doctrine,Confront and Concealis a fascinating, unflinching account of these complex years, in which the president and his administration have found themselves struggling to stay ahead in a world where power is diffuse and America's ability to exert control grows ever more elusive.
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David E. Sanger was born in White Plains, New York on July 5, 1960 and graduated from Harvard College in 1982. He worked for the Tokyo bureau of The New York Times before becoming its Chief Washington Correspondent. Sanger was a member of two Pulitzer Prize-winning teams, one for an investigation of the space agency and the other regarding exports to China. He has won several other awards in journalism, including the Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting.
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Archive for the 'art' Category
Hey, thanks to everyone who came out to see us at Ace of Cups this weekend. Next time we'll, uh, try to post something about it before the show.
In coming attractions, here's a detail from Tom's and my story for Panel 20: Columbus. Why yes, that is a gorilla climbing the Leveque Tower.
Why would there be a gorilla on the Leveque Tower? You'll find out.
And in Persia Blues news, here's a detail of a lion fight.
You had me from "lion fight."
Persia Blues is coming your way this fall from NBM Publications, from Dara "Duke" Naraghi and Boisterous Brent Bowman.
The hardest-working man in Columbus comix, Ken Eppstein, is curating an exhibit about the process of creating comic books from script to print from Feb. 7-23 at the Ohio Art League. The show also functions as a pop-up shop for local creators, including yours truly.
But you don't just want to see art or buy comix. You want an experience, man. Ken's got you covered for that, too.
Thursday, Feb. 7. 5-8 p.m.: Reception. It's also your first chance to cop Nix Quarterly No. 5!
Saturday, Feb. 10, 4 p.m.: The History of Ohio Art with Caitlin McGurk, Engagement Coordinator at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library
Rumor this will be people bitching that Daryll Banks doesn't get more work, and Bob Corby drunkenly demanding royalties from everyone.
Saturday, Feb. 16. 4 p.m. Diversity Among Comic Creators in Columbus Panel Discussion led by Victor Dandridge, Vantage Inhouse Productions
Friday, Feb. 22, 7 p.m.: Using Journalism to Create Comics presented by Derf Backderf
This features Derf, whose "My Friend Dahmer" landed on Time Magazine's list of best nonfiction books. Not best nonfiction comic books. Best nonfiction books.
Via Smithsonian magazine, here's the Earliest Known Artist's Studio.
Call it an early artist's studio or a primitive chemist's lab: Last week scientists announced the discovery of a 100,000-year-old paint-processing workshop in a cave in South Africa, where early humans stored paint mixtures in shell containers. The finding demonstrates that our ancestors had some basic understanding of chemistry and a capacity for long-term planning at this early point in our species' history, the researchers reported in Science.
As you all know, "anatomically modern humans" have been around for about 200,000 years. But until recently, it was thought that we didn't become "behaviorally" human (ie. having culture and art and stuff) until 70,000 years ago. Finds like this extend the human story farther into the past.
For a sense of scale, the beginning of Western civilization is often set at the invention of cuneiform writing in Mesopotamia, a mere 6,000 years ago. But by that point, the story had been going on for at least 94,000 years.
I finally sat down last week and started drawing. I haven't drawn any new Downs since the Gordon Lightfoot/HP Lovecraft mashup ("Terror in the Dark") nearly two years ago, although I've contributed to the Panel anthologies.
Naturally, I've set myself up something at the outer edges of my abilities, a big establishing shot of a nightclub. I have the room mostly set, and now I just need to draw in 50 or so spear-carriers and ink the dang thing. And then do the other five pages.
It feels good.
The Robot 6 blog at CBR has a semi-regular feature called Greatest Comic of All Time, and they recently spotlighted this delightfully bizarre and colorful small-press comic from 1971, Light Comitragies, by Greg Irons with an art assist by Sheridan Irons and prose excerpts by Tom Veitch.
Go check it out!
A couple of days ago, over at my personal blog, I featured the old British anthology series A1 as part of the Indie Cover Spotlight feature. In a happy bit of synchronicity, Bleeding Cool is now reporting that editor Dave Elliott is bringing A1 back, some 20+ years later, via Heavy Metal magazine.
The original A1 was a square-bound, black & white anthology of 80-100 pages, published by Atomeka Press. And the books were just chock full of legendary British and European talent: Alan Moore, Eddie Campbell, Dave McKean, Glenn Fabry, Grant Morrison, Moebius, John Bolton, Brian Bolland, and tons more. It doesn't look like the new series will match that same star power, but I'm still quite interested in checking it out.
And dig this: there's also a new story from Mark A. Nelson, another great artist who has been absent from the comics field for a long, long time.
CBR has a preview of the upcoming Man-Thing one-shot, by Steve Gerber and Kevin Nowlan.
From legendary creators Kevin Nowlan and the late, great Steve Gerber comes the highly-anticipated supernatural epic that's 20 years in the making! When the Man-Thing resurfaces, it must solve the mystery of the "Screenplay of the Living Dead Man" – and it's the only thing that can!
The book will be out in July. I was never a Man-Thing fan, but this looks very cool.
A funny look at the overused and cliched covers for urban fantasy and paranormal genre books:
(I recommend muting the sound as you watch, to avoid the crappy soundtrack)
Matt, feel free to use this for your book covers feature.
Look what the blog Giant Size Marvel dug up:
Robert Crumb, as channeled by Jim Steranko!
(via CBR)
From Ruben Bolling's Tom the Dancing Bug:
If you like Ruben's comics, be sure to check out his Inner Hive, where for $9.99 every six months, you get his latest comic emailed to you a day before publication, plus access to additional content like sketches, unused scripts, and giveaways
I know Matt Kish will appreciate this:
Notebook Nerd – A Solo Exhibition Featuring 50 NEW Ballpoint Pen Drawings on Notebook Paper
Comic book artist Jim Rugg ("Street Angel" and "Afrodisiac" ) has a solo show at the iam8bit gallery in Los Angeles.
The apparel site WeLoveFine.com apparently had a "design an Avengers t-shirt" contest, and they've posted the winners. This one came in first, and I have to agree, it's a nice design:
However, I'm rather partial to this one:
(via Comics Alliance)
Hold on a second… teenagers—in a Model T—running over a tall leprechaun?
Yeah, that can only be Ross Hardy's handiwork. From "Luck of the Irish"…
Four more days, folks! You can get your copy starting Saturday morning at SPACE!


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Catch Em Hopper For Pokemon Go
11 юли 2016, 08:01
About Catch Em Hopper For Pokemon Go
"Catch Me Hopper" is a simple one touch game that is impossible to put down. Play this fun & addictive game and beat old your score.
How to play?
- Tap to fly your Bird to the top and avoid the spikes. The faster you tap, the quicker the bird flies. Collect precious gems on your way to unlock fantastic new characters!
- How fast are your reaction skills? This fun and fast paced arcade game will test you to the max.
Simmilar Apps
16.12 10:49
01.12 19:52


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MACHIAS – The Sandlot is the free outdoor movie this weekend at Box Car Box Office, a program of the Machias Bay Chamber of Commerce. The event begins at 8:30 p.m. and is shown at Station 1898, across from Helen's Restaurant. Bring lawn chairs, bug spray, blankets. Vendors will be on site for popcorn, soda and ice cream.
Box Car Box Office is held every Saturday night through September.
This post was contributed by a community member. Submit your news →


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Posted: Sunday, July 2, 2017 6:27 AM
By specializing in niche IT markets such as Microsoft, Salesforce and Netsuite to name a few, we have become the global leaders in all four of our specialist brands and we are looking for individuals to join us who are looking to grow their career in sales/recruitment. As a Recruitment Consultant, you will be responsible for: *Building your own business on the client and candidate side *Identifying companies that utilize the specific technology you are recruiting for from a variety of sources-Linkedin, resumes and networking events to name a few *Managing the entire recruitment cycle from both the candidate and client perspective by assessing candidates' skills, cold call business development, playing matchmaker between the candidate and client and overseeing the interview process *Creating urgency by always thinking five steps ahead when negotiating rates and contracts, job flexibility and interview process We are looking for people who: *Thrive in a sales environment *Love talking on the phone *Never take no for an answer (aka you love negotiating) *Are competitive by nature - you're ready to compete everyday against your own team and other recruiters *Possess PMA- a Positive Mental Attitude *Know that long hours are standard in sales The basics: *Base salary +totally uncapped commission! 25% of our first year consultants will make over $100k *Merit-based career progression -90% of our management team started as a Trainee Recruitment Consultant *Industry leading training - You will attend FRG University upon joining where you will have on the floor and classroom training from top trainers in the US and UK. *Monthly and quarterly incentives - Monthly company outings, incentive trips (past trips have included Miami, Puerto Rico and London) *Health, dental and vision insurance If you are interested in hearing more, please send your resume to email@example.com AND call Mike at (646) 576-7670Nigel Frank International is acting as an Employment Agency in relation to this vacancy.sales, recruitment, commission, wall street
Source: http://www.juju.com/jad/000000009vbezf?partnerid=af0e5911314cbc501beebaca7889739d&exported=True&hosted_timestamp=0042a345f27ac5dc95448b51fcaf46e51d8f1d900d18a0bbbefc1b4702753d17
• Location: Manhattan
• Post ID: 115964583 manhattan


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
AdditionAsked by tonyowendesign on January 25, 2016 at 01:39 PM
Yes, When performing addition, why aren't the elements sumed up?
While reviewing your form I notice that your are trying to add a value to nothing. I am assuming that you are trying to increment the result of the calculation field with the the values in the condition.
The condition you are creating will not work. I suggest you create hidden text fields and store the values you wish to add here. Once the user made all the proper selection, create another condition where it will read and add all the hidden fields.
Please let us know if this helps.
How can I read and add all hidden fields using a conditional statement?
After reviewing your form again, I think I found a better solution instead of adding hidden fields. I noticed that you are trying to place a value on each selection of the check boxes. In the properties you may add a value to each answer.
Once you have place a value for each selection, you can just create one big condition adding all the select one fields.
I would recommend using RADIO FIELDS instead of check boxes, because this will only let user to select one option. The check boxes enable users to select more than one option. This might confuse your users and could give you an incorrect result.
Thanks for all your help I was able to get this working properly. I appreciate you!
Glad we were able to help. If you have any other question or issue, please let us know. We will be glad to assist.