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Skin-tastic Skin Tones (Oil & Acrylic)
Workshop by Holly McWIlliams
2-day Workshop:
Monday July 24, 9:30am-4pm
Wednesday July 26, 6-9pm
Essential workshop for all figure painters!
You will learn how to identify and mix proper skin colours using an easy to follow technique. Flesh tone and hue is one of the most difficult subjects to paint but after this workshop you will gain confidence and improve your portraits and figurative work.
2-day workshop that breaks down how to mix beautiful, realistic and lush skin tones in your artwork and learn the properties that make skin look believable.
Open to acrylic and oil painters.
Instructor: Holly McWilliams
Holly attended ACAD majoring in sculpture and painting. She has been instructing at Swinton's since 2000 with a focus towards providing an enjoyable, positive and inventive learning environment. Holly concentrates on painting inspired by tradition. Full Instructor Bio: HERE
Paint: Acrylic or Oil
Student grade paint will work, but if you are serious about painting, investing in artist grade paint would be better. It's more money but it's stronger, will last longer and is the true pigment which is better for color mixing and easier to work with. Ask your local art store what they carry.
- Cadmium Yellow Medium
- Cadmium Red Medium
- Anthraquinone Red, or Quinacradone Red (Rose will work too)
- Ultramarine Blue
- Manganese Blue (Cerulean Blue can work)
- Transparent Red Oxide or Burnt Sienna
- Burnt Umber
- Maganese Violet
- Titanium White
Extras: not necessary but sometimes handy for painting the figure:
- Yellow Ochre
- Cadmium Orange
Mediums and turps:
No hardware store turps please!
- Oil -Eco house turpentine (please only this brand)
- Acrylic - Gloss Medium
Please bring a variety of brushes you have already. I prefer to have flat brushes and I like to use synthetic (for oil and acrylic) and hogs hair (oil paint). Brand's I love are: Princeton 6300, Heinz Jordon (HJ) series 10 (blue handel hogs hair) and Heinz Jordon (H. J) series 911 (burgundy handel and hair, synthetic). Here are a few sizes I would recommend
Flat brushes
Size #2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
Small round brushes for detail
Painting supports:
You can buy a canvas pad or canvas boards. Whichever you prefer
Pad of canvas paper 12"x16" for studies ***(primed canvas that has been bought off the roll and then ripped into 12"x16" (ish) sizes is great as well. Please have around 4 pieces. Or you can use 3-4, 12"x16" Canvas boards)
Please also bring:
- Sketch book for notes and little studies no smaller then 9"x12" please
- Pencil and pen for notes
- 12x16 paper palette
- Oil - Turp pot (a glass jam jar will work, make sure the lid doesn't leak!)
- Blue shop towel preferred but white paper towel will work too
- Masking tape
- Register Online
- In store: 7160 Fisher Street S.E. Calgary, AB
- By Phone: (403) 258-3500
- Email: email@example.com
- Tags: Acrylic, Figure, Holly McWilliams, Oil, Workshop


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Water covers more than 75% of the globe, teeming with still undiscovered life forms we could probably boil. Discover delicious fish with this Groupon.
Choose Between Two Options
$25 for Sunday brunch for two (up to a $43.80 total value)
$49 for Sunday brunch for four (up to an $87.60 total value)
- One brunch entree per person (up to a $14.95 value each)
- One mimosa or bloody mary per person (up to a $6.95 value each)

Brunch takes place every Sunday from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. The menu constantly changes to showcase the best seasonal and sustainable ingredients. Recent entrees have included steak and eggs, a portobello-mushroom omelet, and Prince Edward Island mussels served in a tomato cream sauce over pasta.

Chef Tony's
Perhaps it was his own voyage across the Atlantic Ocean as a child that inspired Italian chef Tony Marciante's seafood-heavy menu at his eponymous restaurant. Broiled scallops, jumbo shrimp, pure-lump crab cake, cod, and freshwater trout populate the dinner selection, making the filet mignon, chicken scaloppini, and vegetable medley stand out. In his entrees, Chef Tony aims to use sustainable seafood and produce, organic meats, and artisan foods when possible, so the menu changes regularly to correspond with what is in season. The kitchen also accommodates those adhering to gluten-free or vegan diets and those who have never gotten over the scary asparagus scene in Jaws. As soft jazz music plays and colorful lights twinkle over cloth-covered tables, Chef Tony Restaurant easily shifts from a bustling dinner scene to a lunch and Sunday-morning brunch spot. Bartenders pour bottomless mimosas for early-morning eaters, and complimentary WiFi keeps businesspeople from talking noisily on their tin-can phones.

subset: commoncrawl


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39 weeks. No NICU time, roomed with me and home the next day.
36 weeks born at home so no NICU
Mommy to DS13, DS12, DS7, DD5, DD3, and twin GIRLS : born at home in the water on 12/18/09
My guys were born at 37w, 5 days, and had ZERO time in NICU.
Thomas was jaundiced, but I attribute that to him being bruised during the breech extraction. No bili lights.
Catholic homeschooling mom of 5 - a teenager, a kindergartener, twin boys and a tiny princess. Follow the Adventures!
My twins aren't born yet, but I just had a fantastic conversation with a twin OB who has been practicing for years and years (probably 30 or so) and has done research on twin births and all that. He told me that 1 in 10 babies born at 34 weeks will go home with their mothers. At 36 weeks, 9 in 10 will go home then. I just thought that might be good info for any other pregnant mamas who are reading this thread closely trying to figure what the earliest "safe" date is.
37 weeks 2 days. They stayed in the room with me from birth and we went home the next day.
Montessori teacher working part time and trying to keep up with the kiddos. DD1 (June 08) DS1 (June 10) DD2 (June 10)
38 weeks and 5 days...no NICU thank God though they were small 4-14 and 5-10.
Mama to S&H, twin girls born 4/09
Baby 3 due 2/12
40 weeks, no nicu.
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Loving Pet Med Acurel Healthgrd 25ml {bin-2}
Loving Pet Med Acurel Healthgrd 25ml {bin-2}
Product Description
Acurel health guard is a weekly health boost and electrolyte stabilizer. Health guard restores and maintains correct bicarbonate alkalinity in your fish, essential for proper organ function and overall health. Normal biological activity can cause the bicarbonate alkalinity levels to crash in your fish, resulting in severe stress. Health guard replenishes electrolytes which stimulate enzyme production similar to the effect sports drinks have on humans. Contains absorptol for added benefits (see product for details).


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Global Military Electro-optical and Infrared Systems Market 2015-2019
About Military Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems Market EO/IR systems are essential for military industries. These are used by military platforms like airborne, land-based and naval. Some of the airborne EO/IR systems include optic sights, observation systems, helmet mounted displays, night vision systems. Land-based EO/IR systems include night vision goggles, weapon mounted sights, vehicle-mounted optronics devices, thermal imagers, laser rang finders and designators. Naval based EO/IR systems are infrared imaging and detectors, thermal imagery systems, optronics mast system, surveillance and tracking systems. These systems aid in the war field scenario by providing with better visibility, tracking and targeting enemy locations. Technavio analysts forecast the global military electro-optical and infrared systems market to grow at a CAGR of 6.07% during 2015-2019. Covered in this Report The report includes the present scenario and the growth prospects of the global military electro-optical and infrared systems market for the period 2015-2019. The market can be segmented based on airborne, land-based, and naval platforms. The Technavio report, namely Global Military Electro-Optical and Infrared Systems Market 2015-2019, is based on an in-depth market analysis, with inputs from industry experts. The report covers the Americas, APAC, and EMEA markets, and includes the key vendors operating in the market. Key Regions • Americas • EMEA • APAC Key Vendors • BAE Systems • ELBIT Systems • Lockheed Martin • Raytheon • Thales Other Prominent Vendors • Northrop Grumman • Rockwell Collins • UTC Aerospace • L-3 Communications • General Dynamics Key Market Driver • Growing Demand for Vetronics • Introduction of InGaAs Detector System • Advancement in EO/IR Technology Key Market Challenge • Issues with Unmanned System • Decline in Defence Spending in US and UK • Meeting the Regulatory Norms Key Market Trend • Shift towards LWIR System • Low-Light Sensors • Usage of Laser Rangefinders • Shift towards EO/ Laser Guidance System Key Questions Answered in this Report • What will the market size be in 2019 and what will the growth rate be? • What are the key market trends? • What is driving this market? • What are the challenges to market growth? • Who are the key vendors in this market space? • What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key vendors? • What are the strengths and weaknesses of the key vendors?


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donnah mattr MP3
Provided to YouTube by Virtual Label LLC donnah mattr · Dufus · Dufus One:Three:One ℗ 2003 Copyright Control Released on: 2003-09-10 Auto-generated by ...
Se fossi nato donna: Matt e Bise MP3
ATTENZIONE: Se questo video vi sembra strano, guardate questo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=az0acaN3uXE prima di farmi venire l'orticaria! Non avete ...
the B-52's versus Donna Summer - I Feel Love Shack (Matt Pop Mix, unofficial) MP3
Two ridiculously cool records made love in Disco Heaven and this is their baby. Full credits at the end of the video. This is an unofficial remix. For Matt Pop news, ...
What is Big Data and why does it matter? | Donna Green | TEDxSouthamptonUniversity MP3
What is Big Data? Can it help us solve some of society's big challenges? If so, how? Donna Green provides answers to these and other questions in this fact ...
Donna Lee For Big Band MP3
Donna Lee For Big Band 5 Trombones Partitions.
Donna Summer- Last Dance (Family Matters) [digital] hi*fi MP3
Donna Fargo - Does It Matter.wmv MP3
This is the ninth track on the Donna Fargo album, "All About A Feeling" released on ABC/DOT Records in 1973. Don't forget to visit www.donnafargo.com.
Another World-Donna and Matthew MP3
I enjoyed this pairing, and was bummed when it ended. They had great chemistry. A sexy, but short clip.
Donna Lynton - If i never sing another song MP3
If i never sing another song by Donna Lynton. A wonderful song that has been sung by Matt Monro, Shirley Bassey, Joe Longthorne, Sammy Davis.
EBBShow on "The Word Network" - Guest: Matt & Donna Griggs MP3
Producer/Director: Reginald A. Drummond (Reg G Reg D'zyns) RGR Dzyns & TV Majik Production.
Tu Donna Make Up MP3
Il trucco ideale per rimorchiare i maschilisti porci. Queste sono le cazzate che nascono durante i fuoriscena dei video ufficiali.
Donna Ashtray - "What's the matter ?!" MP3
TELECHARGEZ ce titre GRATUITEMENT (marche à suivre dans la vidéo ci-dessus) sur : http://www.facebook.com/donnaashtray/app_193189600816783 ...
Donna Ayo All Lives Matter MP3
All Lives Matter PSA2 revisited CSUEB Professor Kristin Becker #3828 Advance After Effects Class.
The Road To The Matt Santos White House - West Wing (2/2) MP3
Donna va fuori di testa in metro MP3
http://videoincredibiliedivertente.it/ [video incredibili e divertenti] Questa ragazza sembra posseduta in metropolitana, ecco come va fuori di testa iniziando a ...
The Pimp Squad Chronicles, w/ Donna Goudeau [Pt 4 of 6] MP3
This is chapter 4 in a 6 part series from our exclusive prison cell interview with viral video sensation Donna Goudeau. In this chapter Donna talks about the ...
Another World - Donna is Upset Over Matt's Rejection MP3
Dec '95 - Donna sings for Matt at Rachel and Carl's Christmas party, and is upset when he puts money in her drink and walks out. Michael and Vicky try to ...
TYFBAF Aunt Donna and Uncle Matt MP3
Donna and matt MP3
Mentors Matter: Donna Cill, Assistant Dean of Student Affairs, Columbia Nursing MP3
Mentors Matter: We're saluting nurse mentors who change lives in honor of National Nurses Week May 6th-May 12th.
Spia la donna delle pulizie e fa una scoperta INCREDIBILE MP3
Lui è Matt, un ragazzo che ha voluto registrare e pubblicare un video catturato dalle telecamere a circuito chiuso all'interno della sua abitazione. Il ragazzo ...
The Pimp Squad Chronicles, w/ Donna Goudeau [Pt 5 of 6] MP3
This is part 5 in a 6 part series. In her original arrest video Donna became famous for saying "Pimp Squad hold it down," which begs the question.... Is Pimp ...
Comic Relief - Catherine Tate & David Tennant MP3
http://www.rednoseday.com/ PLEASE DONATE! David Tennant is Catherine Tate's new English teacher in a sketch performed for Comic Relief 2007. Will she be ...
Donna gives opinion about Matt and Sweat MP3
This is my opinion about the whole situation surrounding the escaped prisoners, Matt and Sweat.
MPC Presents The Blk Grrrl Show! Donna Murch, Ph.D. & Matt Sedillo MP3
Donna Murch is associate professor of history at Rutgers University and co-director of the Rutgers Center for Historical Analysis and the Black Atlantic.
Donna Lieb (Matt Catingub) / Keiwa Gakuen Jazz Hornets MP3
2013 Jan 05.
P.O.P. Panic - Jacob van Hage & Halfway House VS Donna Goudeau (Matt Yo Bootleg) MP3
My first bootleg. P O P Hold it down. pimp squad baby fo lyfe. links to the originals. POP Hold It Down - Full Interview ...
Matt Turk and Ilana Donna Sing On the Turning Away MP3
Matt Turk and Ilana Donna Sing "On the Turning Away" by Pink Floyd at Rockwood Music Hall in NYC on February 4th, 2015. Musicians are Rik Mercaldi on ...
Mini golf Donna vs Matt Thomley MP3


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Davis spent the weekend in Tallahassee and he had a good time.
"My host was Davonta Freeman and he told me about FSU bring a good school and how the coaches will play you early if you are ready. He told me I'd just have to come in and work hard," said Davis.
The 5-foot-10, 195 pound running back out of Stone Mountain, Ga. - Stephenson listened to everything Freeman had to say and he also paid attention to head coach Jimbo Fisher.
The Noles may have a commitment from five-star running back Mario Pender, but they are still targeting Davis.
"Coach Fisher was telling me that they want me at FSU and how I would be a perfect fit there. He told me they are going to recruit me hard."
The Peach State star liked many things while on the FSU campus, but the environment is what stood out to him most.
"I really liked the players and how none of them have problems with each other. It is all family down there."
FSU now has Davis' attention and they are in contention for the seventh best prospect in Georgia.
"I am still open, but I have a lot of interest in them. Nothing really surprised me there, I just had a great time," Davis said.
Now Davis plans to prepare for the Army All-American game in January before visiting Clemson, Georgia, and South Carolina officially.
He plans to announce his decision on Signing Day.


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This Dallas isn't just a metal shed trying to pretend that it's a vinyl structure. On the contrary, it's an entirely unique product that combines the resilience of vinyl with the cost-efficiency of galvanized steel. Yes, it's true that it's not quite as strong as a solid vinyl building, but it still offers excellent weather protection. In fact, this shelter can handle rain, wind, and snow more effectively than ones made with a lot of other materials. So while there's a substantial difference between the cost of a vinyl-coated shed and a solid model, there really isn't much of a difference when it comes to strength.
In terms of daily use there's even less of a difference between the two types of vinyl shed. A spacious 470 cu. ft. capacity allows this Dallas to store your patio furniture, barbecue supplies, and yard equipment just as well as its more expensive cousins. It also features a nearly seven-foot center height that easily accommodates taller items and gives you plenty of room should you want to create a workspace.
Saving money may be the first item on your priority list, but convenience is probably a close second. You've got enough to worry about without adding a time-consuming construction project to the mix. Fortunately, this Arrow Vinyl Dallas 10 x 8 Premium Outdoor Storage Shed is quite easy to set up. Anyone, even those without any building experience, can assemble one with just a few simple tools and the instruction manual. There's no complicated cutting or drilling; literally all you have to do is put everything together. When you invest in one of these sheds you're not just reducing your storage costs, you're significantly reducing your stress.
Emilio Lacy
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Keeps Me Coming Back
April 29, 2012
Good purchasing service from this manufacturer will keep me as a regular customer.
Livingston, NJ
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Great Shed But Get the Snow Kit. Great Customer Support
July 5, 2011
We bought this shed about ten years ago. It's been a great place for my father-in-law's ride-on mower and other lawn equipment. It still looks great after ten years, and the doors are tracking perfectly. This past winter we had excessive amounts of snow accumulation, and late into the winter the roof collapsed under the weight of the snow, which had melted and frozen was getting too heavy for the stock roof. The rest of the shed stood strong. A call to customer service proved to be very helpful. Arrow offered to split the cost of the replacement parts with us 10 years after our purchase. Customer service asked for a copy of the manufacturer label inside of the shed, but there was none. My father-in-law had saved the owner's manual and one of the box labels, and that worked for Arrow. Just ordered replacement parts AND the Snow Kit, which we should have had installed from day one. I'm very satisfied with the quality of the construction (in spite of the roof collapse, which was not the mfg's fault), and really impressed by the strong backing of Arrow on a 10-year old product. The ice cream on the pie is that they are made in the USA!
Pros:Made in the U.S.A.!, Quality of Design & Construction, Friendly Customer Support, ARROW stands behind their product over ten years after our purchase!
Joshua Arellano
5 Stars
I would recommend this item to a friend.
Nice Install, and Waterproof
February 17, 2011
I had a concrete slab already to install these on (I bought two) and even with a little slant to the surface they both went up fine. They were right in front of a block wall and I needed to make them waterproof so a gutter went up between the two. Also, I put some six mil plastic underneath the floor of the sheds as well as beneath the tiles for the ceiling (but over the rafters). I also recommend a floor kit on top of ¾ inch exterior plywood. All in all the job only needed a fifty foot roll of plastic to keep it dry, as several days of fog and rain have not been able to make the interior wet. One problem is that the metal is very thin so it can dent without much pressure put on it. I recommend not completely tightening any fasteners until it is mostly assembled.
4 Stars
Great Item-Read directions
April 15, 2008
This is a great shed for the price. When completed and properly assembled it is sturdy and easy to enter. The instructions could be fleshed out a little to prevent minor assembly errors. I had to, on three occassion, disassemble sections and reassemble them due to almost unnoticable non-highlighted details in the drawings and instructions. "Particularly in the way pieces need to overlap." I suggest the following simple advice: 1. Take your time and double check all work before during and after assembly. 2. Constantly compare your work to the drawings. 3. The information to correctly assemble this unit is there in the instruction, it is just not always readily apparent.


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Products Pipeline
Latest News
May 05, 2015Germtron issued U.S. utility patent 9024770 for electronic football concussion avoidance training module.
FEbruary 13, 2013Germtron issued U.S. utility patent 8372128 for photodynamic absorbent bandage.
May 17, 2012Germtron issued U.S. utility patent 8177383 for photodynamic floor sanitizing shoe.
About Germtron
Germtron™ is a startup company focused on the development and commercialization of novel electronic consumer products which serve unmet healthcare needs in the marketplace.
Germtron™ incorporates advanced LED, fiber optic, sensor, and battery technologies to design and calibrate its products.


text:
Searchable Directory
A full searchable directory of telephone and contact details of ORC staff and students more...
People at the ORC
Callum Smith
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
tel: +44 23 8059 9091
Postgraduate student (from 2013)
Member of groups
There are 3 publications in ORC database for 'Smith, C.'
7534 — C.R.Smith, S.J.Beecher, J.I.Mackenzie, W.A.ClarksonAmplification of a radially-polarised beam in an Yb:YAG thin slab
7th EPS-QEOD Europhoton Conference Vienna 21-26 Aug 2016 PO-1.1 Poster
[Abstract] [ePrint: 400641]
6741 — M.Eckold, C.R.Smith, J.I.Mackenzie, W.A.ClarksonPower scaling of solid-state lasers using a rotating cavity configuration
6th EPS-QEOD Europhoton Conference Neuchatel, Switzerland 24-29 Aug 2014 WeC-T1-o-06 [ePrint: 384215]
6305 — R.Pitwon, C.R.Smith, K.Wang, J.Graham-Jones, D.R.Selviah, M.Halter, A.WorrallPolymer optical waveguides with reduced in-plane bend loss for electro-optical PCBs
SPIE Photonics West San Francisco 21-26 Jan 2012 in Proc. SPIE 8264, Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies XVI
[Abstract] [ePrint: 362994]
For more publications, visit our database search tool.
Copyright University of Southampton 2006


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If you would like to ship your items to a different country, please select it below. Item availability, prices and shipping will be updated to reflect that country.
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Style: 37956109 Colour:
In a lightweight and sheer fabric, this oversized kaftan is in a classic bandana print with a wide sleeves and a maxi silhouette.
Mes Demoiselles
Banderas Print Kaftan styled by the FP Me community
Overall Rating (1):
Don't bother
This is just one HUGE piece of material in a big square that goes almost to my ankles. UGGGG
lynnespejo on May 16, 2016
Was this review helpful? Yes No


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Starting 1/10, Rite Aid will have Zim's Max Freeze Pain Relievers 3-4 oz on sale for $5, plus you will get 300 Plenti Points (value $3) for buying one (limit 2 offers.) Toss in a coupon and score freebies!
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text:
Question about Computers & Internet
Posted by pete802 on
I have the same with clean installed xubuntu. I think this is because it is an older type of power supply which not support power down mode.
Hi your system is infected with a Worm which does not allow the comp to shutdown and power-off . An antivirus software could correct this or in my opinion cleaning the hard disk by formatting it and reinstalling the OS would be better option.
Posted on May 24, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
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How to Access Playstation Recovery Menu
1. Turn off Playstation®3.
2. Hold The power button down; The system will turn on and turn off once again.
3. Once the System has been shutdown, re-press you finger until you hear 2 consecutive beeps
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6. The Recovery menu will pop up.
have you tried options available in this menu?
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 10, 2010
|Filing date
|Nov 22, 2005
|Priority date
|May 10, 2005
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|John M. Cioffi, Iker Almandoz, Georgios Ginis
|Original Assignee
|Adaptive Spectrum And Signal Alignment, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (30), Non-Patent Citations (51), Referenced by (2), Classifications (17), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. �119(e) of the following:
U.S. Provisional No. 60/679,621 filed on May 10, 2005, entitled TONAL ROTORS, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
U.S. Provisional No. 60/698,113 filed on Jul. 10, 2005, entitled DSL SYSTEM, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
1. Technical Field
This invention relates generally to methods, systems and apparatus for managing digital communication systems.
2. Description of Related Art
Digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies provide potentially large bandwidth for digital communication over existing telephone subscriber lines (referred to as loops and/or the copper plant). In particular, DSL systems can adjust to the characteristics of the subscriber line by using a discrete multitone (DMT) line code that assigns a number of bits to each tone (or sub-carrier), which can be adjusted to channel conditions as determined during training and initialization of the modems (typically transceivers that function as both transmitters and receivers) at each end of the subscriber line.
In communications systems employing vectoring techniques, the signals of multiple lines are jointly processed. Joint signal processing may take place either at the transmitter or at the receiver, or at both the transmitter and at the receiver. It is typical for vector-related joint signal processing techniques to include a matrix operation where a signal vector is multiplied by a unitary matrix. When the signal vector dimensions and/or unitary matrix dimensions are large, then this matrix operation has a high processing cost.
Systems, methods and techniques that provide a lower processing cost and an easily implemented matrix operation would represent a significant advancement in the art. Also, systems, methods and techniques that that can be easily integrated with controller modules likewise would represent a significant advancement in the art.
Embodiments of the present invention utilize a set of complex rotations to implement a unitary "Q" matrix that can arise in various transmitters and/or receivers in communication line vectoring, recognizing the complex rotation is a set of real rotations, where the minimum number of real rotations to perform the complex rotation is three, and where the minimum number of angles to characterize the real rotations is two. An order of rotations is also provided, though the order, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, may be chosen from any that are available and the sequence of rotations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
The present invention assists in the efficient implementation of any unitary "Q" matrix in a QR or other sophisticated matrix factorization (for example, like singular-value decomposition or MMSE-GDFE calculations as described in Chapter 5 of Digital Data Transmission by John M. Cioffi) that characterizes vector DMT DSLs and copper transmission systems (such as perhaps also 10 Gbps Ethernet transmission systems). A complex form of the so-called "Givens" implementation of the Q matrix is characterized in the invention in terms of a sequence of complex rotations that are implemented using a complex rotor computational unit. This complex rotor computational unit accepts a minimum of two real angles and a pair of integer indices for each of a set of successive complex rotor calculations and then implements the complex rotation as a series of a minimum of three real rotations with one real angle used twice and the other real angle used once, providing two complex outputs (that is, two rotated data entries from a data vector comprising indexed communication data) for two complex inputs (two original data entries from a data vector comprising indexed communication data). The index-angle sets for each successive rotation can be provided by a complex rotor calculation unit, which may be collocated with the complex rotor computational unit, located in a controller such as a DSL optimizer, or located in any other suitable device or apparatus that has performed the QR factorization upon supplied matrix multiple input-multiple output ("MIMO") transfer functions for the vectored channel.
Rotations that are deemed (on all angles) to be sufficiently close to zero in angle measure may be ignored by the complex rotor computational unit (or not provided by the complex rotor calculation unit or any controller controlling operation of the complex rotor calculation unit) to save computational complexity, which enables the designer of an implementation to gauge the number of implemented rotations to the cost of implementation. The Q (or Q*) matrix can be updated by the complex rotor calculation unit (for example, in a DSL optimizer or other controller in a DSL or other communication system), recognizing that local updates (that is, updates performed within a modem or other communication line device) typically are complicated and limited by computational error. In such cases, the overall order of rotation may be best decided by a search procedure that is implemented centrally with the cost shared by the various lines serviced by the complex rotor calculation unit, controller and/or DSL optimizer.
Further details and advantages of the invention are provided in the following Detailed Description and the associated Figures.
The present invention will be readily understood by the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate like structural elements, and in which:
The following detailed description of the invention will refer to one or more embodiments of the invention, but is not limited to such embodiments. Rather, the detailed description is intended only to be illustrative. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to the Figures is provided for explanatory purposes as the invention extends beyond these limited embodiments.
Embodiments of the present invention implement methods and apparatus that permit the calculation, distribution and implementation of a QR factorization and, more specifically, the efficient implementation of the Q and/or Q* matrix multiplications as used in communication systems such as ADSL and VDSL. In particular, embodiments of the present invention are useful in the operation of a vectored DSL system. The communication system in which embodiments of the present invention may be used may include ADSL lines, VDSL lines and/or any other communication system components and/or lines with which the present invention is practical, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art after reading the present disclosure.
As described in more detail below, implementation of a complex rotor computational unit and related methods according to one or more embodiments of the present invention can be part of a communication device (for example, a DSL modem). Such implementation may be controlled and/or assisted by a complex rotor calculation unit in a local device (again, for example, a modem) or in a remote device, such as a controller (for example, in or as a DSL optimizer, dynamic spectrum manager or spectrum management center). The controller and/or complex rotor calculation unit can be located anywhere. In some embodiments, the controller and/or complex rotor calculation unit reside in a DSL CO, while in other cases they may be operated by a third party located outside the CO. The structure, programming and other specific features of a controller and/or complex rotor calculation unit usable in connection with embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art after reviewing the present disclosure.
A controller, such as a DSL optimizer, dynamic spectrum management center (DSM Center), a "smart" modem and/or computer system can be used to collect and analyze the operational data and/or performance parameter values as described in connection with the various embodiments of the present invention. The controller and/or other components can be a computer-implemented device or combination of devices. In some embodiments, the controller is in a location remote from modems or other communication equipment coupled to a communication line. In other cases, the controller may be collocated with one of or both of the "local" devices (that is, devices directly coupled to a communication line or part of such a local device) as equipment directly connected to a modem, DSLAM or other communication system device, thus creating a "smart" modem. The phrases "coupled to" and "connected to" and the like are used herein to describe a connection between two elements and/or components and are intended to mean coupled either directly together, or indirectly, for example via one or more intervening elements or via a wireless connection, where appropriate.
Some of the following examples of embodiments of the present invention will be used in connection with vectored ADSL and/or VDSL systems as exemplary communications systems. Within these DSL systems, certain conventions, rules, protocols, etc. may be used to describe operation of the exemplary DSL system and the information and/or data available from customers (also referred to as "users") and/or equipment on the system. However, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, embodiments of the present invention may be applied to various communications systems, and the invention is not limited to any particular system.
Various network-management elements are used for management of ADSL and VDSL physical-layer resources, where elements refer to parameters or functions within an ADSL or VDSL modem pair, either collectively or at an individual end. A network-management framework consists of one or more managed nodes, each containing an agent. The managed node could be a router, bridge, switch, modem or other. At least one NMS (Network Management System), which is often called the manager, monitors and controls managed nodes and is usually based on a common PC or other computer. A network management protocol is used by the manager and agents to exchange management information and data. The unit of management information is an object. A collection of related objects is defined as a Management Information Base (MIB).
The G.997.1 standard specifies the physical layer management for ADSL and VDSL transmission systems based on the clear embedded operation channel (EOC) defined in G.997.1 and use of indicator bits and EOC messages defined in G.99x standards. Moreover, G.997.1 specifies network management elements content for configuration, fault and performance management. In performing these functions, the system utilizes a variety of operational data that are available at and can be collected from an access node (AN). The DSL Forum's TR69 report also lists the MIB and how it might be accessed. In
NT 120 also includes a management entity (ME) 124. ME 124 can be any suitable hardware device, such as a microprocessor, microcontroller, or circuit state machine in firmware or hardware, capable of performing as required by any applicable standards and/or other criteria. ME 124 collects and stores performance data in its MIB, which is a database of information maintained by each ME, and which can be accessed via network management protocols such as SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), an administration protocol used to gather information from a network device to provide to an administrator console/program or via TL1 commands, TL1 being a long-established command language used to program responses and commands between telecommunication network elements.
Each ATU-R in a system is coupled to an ATU-C in a CO or other upstream and/or central location. In a VDSL system, each VTU-R in a system is coupled to a VTU-O in a CO or other upstream and/or central location (for example, any line termination device such as an ONU/LT, DSLAM, RT, etc.). In
Several of the interfaces shown in
At the U-interface (which is essentially loop 130), there are two management interfaces, one at ATU-C 142 (the U-C interface 157) and one at ATU-R 122 (the U-R interface 158). Interface 157 provides ATU-C near-end parameters for ATU-R 122 to retrieve over the U-interface 130. Similarly, interface 158 provides ATU-R near-end parameters for ATU-C 142 to retrieve over the U-interface 130. The parameters that apply may be dependent upon the transceiver standard being used (for example, G.992.1 or G.992.2).
The G.997.1 standard specifies an optional OAM communication channel across the U-interface. If this channel is implemented, ATU-C and ATU-R pairs may use it for transporting physical layer OAM messages. Thus, the transceivers 122, 142 of such a system share various operational and performance data maintained in their respective MIBs.
More information can be found regarding ADSL NMSs in DSL Forum Technical Report TR-005, entitled "ADSL Network Element Management" from the ADSL Forum, dated March 1998. Also, DSL Forum Technical Report TR-069, entitled "CPE WAN Management Protocol," dated May 2004. Finally, DSL Forum Technical Report TR-064, entitled "LAN-Side DSL CPE Configuration Specification," dated May 2004. These documents address different situations for CPE side management and the information therein is well known to those skilled in the art. More information about VDSL can be found in the ITU standard G.993.1 (sometimes called "VDSL1") and the emerging ITU standard G.993.2 (sometimes called "VDSL2"), as well as several DSL Forum working texts in progress, all of which are known to those skilled in the art. For example, additional information is available in the DSL Forum's Technical Report TR-057 (Formerly WT-068v5), entitled "VDSL Network Element Management" (February 2003) and Technical Report TR-065, entitled "FS-VDSL EMS to NMS Interface Functional Requirements" (March 2004) as well as in the emerging revision of ITU standard G.997.1 for VDSL1 and VDSL2 MIB elements, or in the ATIS North American Draft Dynamic Spectrum Management Report, NIPP-NAI-2005-031.
It is less common for lines sharing the same binder to terminate on the same line card in ADSL than it is in VDSL. However, the following discussion of xDSL systems may be extended to ADSL because common termination of same-binder lines might also be done (especially in a newer DSLAM that handles both ADSL and VDSL). In a typical topology of a DSL plant, in which a number of transceiver pairs are operating and/or are available, part of each subscriber loop is collocated with the loops of other users within a multi-pair binder (or bundle). After the pedestal, very close to the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), the loop takes the form of a drop wire and exits the bundle. Therefore, the subscriber loop traverses two different environments. Part of the loop may be located inside a binder, where the loop is sometimes shielded from external electromagnetic interference, but is subject to crosstalk. After the pedestal, the drop wire is often unaffected by crosstalk when this pair is far from other pairs for most of the drop, but transmission can also be more significantly impaired by electromagnetic interference because the drop wires are unshielded. Many drops have 2 to 8 twisted-pairs within them and in situations of multiple services to a home or bonding (multiplexing and demultiplexing of a single service) of those lines, additional substantial crosstalk can occur between these lines in the drop segment.
A generic, exemplary DSL deployment scenario is shown in
Users' lines that co-terminate in locations such as COs 210, 218 and ONU 220 (as well as others) may be operated in a coordinated fashion, such as vectoring. In vectored communication systems (such as vectored ADSL and/or VDSL systems), coordination of signals and processing can be achieved. Downstream vectoring occurs when multiple lines' transmit signals from a DSLAM or LT are co-generated with a common clock and processor. In VDSL systems with such a common clock, the crosstalk between users occurs separately for each tone. Thus each of the downstream tones for many users can be independently generated by a common vector transmitter. Similarly, upstream vectoring occurs when a common clock and processor are used to co-receive multiple lines' signals. In VDSL systems with such a common clock, the crosstalk between users occurs separately for each tone. Thus each of the upstream tones for many users can be independently processed by a common vector receiver.
The loops 227 of the remaining M users 292 are copper twisted pairs only, a scenario referred to as Fiber to the Exchange (FTTEx). Whenever possible and economically feasible, FTTCab is preferable to FTTEx, since this reduces the length of the copper part of the subscriber loop, and consequently increases the achievable rates. The existence of FTTCab loops can create problems to FTTEx loops. Moreover, FTTCab is expected to become an increasingly popular topology in the future. This type of topology can lead to substantial crosstalk interference and may mean that the lines of the various users have different data carrying and performance capabilities due to the specific environment in which they operate. The topology can be such that fiber-fed "cabinet" lines and exchange lines can be mixed in the same binder.
As can be seen in
As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, at least some of the operational data and/or parameters described in these documents can be used in connection with embodiments of the present invention. Moreover, at least some of the system descriptions are likewise applicable to embodiments of the present invention. Various types of operational data and/or information available from an DSL NMS can be found therein; others may be known to those skilled in the art.
A vectored DMT channel (both upstream and downstream) is characterized in synchronized digitally duplexed DSL systems by the simple matrix equation:
Y=HX+N Equation (1)
where H is a complex matrix that describes the insertion loss and crosstalk on a single tone and depends on the number of inputs and outputs used, including non-square versions of H when special channels such as phantom-mode signal channels are used. H is usually a square matrix that is size U�U for differential-only vectoring, and can be (2U−1)�(2U−1) in full two-sided vectoring with phantom-mode signals. H may be a different matrix for each tone and usually is not the same in upstream and downstream directions. A single H is used in this disclosure to simplify notation. The complex rotor computational unit applies a complex rotor to each such tone in either direction independently. For downstream, H may be altered by pre-multiplication of the inverse of the square root of the worst-case-noise spatial autocorrelation matrix on each tone. For upstream, noise-whitening can be handled in several ways, including through use of a correction to the decision feedback matrix R, or through pre-multiplication of the inverse of the square root of the noise autocorrelation matrix on each tone. In either case, a matrix "H" can be identified for QR factorization or the Q matrix may arise through other mechanisms that follow singular-value decomposition (for example, in two-sided vectoring) or approximations to MMSE GDFE implementation. Embodiments of the present invention use QR factorization of the matrix H as a typical form of implementation, but the invention is not limited solely to the Q matrix being generated by QR factorization of H.
For downstream transmission, the factorization H=RQ* is used, where the triangular R matrix defines a precoder (that sometimes trivially degenerates to an identity in differentially coupled channels with "spatially white" noise), and Q is a unitary matrix such that QQ*=Q*Q=I. If H is singular, the procedure can be generalized by eliminating unused (energy is zero) input dimensions (users on those dimensions are not active in the vectoring for any tone on which they are zeroed, so the corresponding column and row of H can be eliminated for such a user on the particular tone that carries zero energy) and reducing the size of H on that tone. The input of a vectored DMT system can be characterized by the matrix multiplication downstream (just before the inverse fast Fourier transform, IFFT, modulator) by Q. Q in turn is represented by a series of complex rotations according to embodiments of the present invention. If preceding is used prior to transmission of data, then the Q matrix can be implemented after precoding and prior to delivery of the data to the IFFT.
For upstream transmission, the factorization H=QR is most often used (although other ways of generating the Q matrix also are possible), where the triangular R matrix defines a feedback section (that sometimes trivially degenerates to an identity in differentially coupled channels with "spatially white" noise), and Q is an unitary matrix such that QQ*=Q*Q=I. If H is singular, the procedure can be generalized by eliminating unused (energy is zero) input dimensions (eliminate row and column of H for those users on this tone that have zero energy) and making R triangular in appropriate positions and zero elsewhere. The input of a vectored DMT system can be characterized by the matrix multiplication upstream (just after the fast Fourier transform, FFT, demodulator) by Q*. Q* in turn is represented by a series of complex rotations according to embodiments of the present invention. Where a GDFE or similar functionality is used in a receiver, then the Q* matrix can be implemented immediately prior to the GDFE.
The series of rotations for either matrix is a set that essentially takes the matrix H and, proceeding entry by entry, zeroes some of the entries in each row (upstream) or in each column (downstream). The same series of rotations generated in this procedure occurs in the receiver (upstream) or transmitter (downstream). This series may, of course, be different for each tone and for downstream and upstream.
A complex rotation is summarized by operation upon two complex entries in a vector, here shown as 2�2 without all the additional pass-through zeros and ones in the larger size matrix.
The unitary matrix used to implement the rotation satisfies
which can be written in a general form with 4 degrees of freedom as:
where |α|≦1.
A single complex post-multiply (downstream) rotation to zero an entry in the upper right position is:
For the first term to be real:
θ1 =−arg(α)=φ Eq. (5)
Φ−θ2 =−arg(β)=ψ Eq. (6)
And for the second term to be zero:
But, as there is one more degree of freedom, by making θ1=θ2, embodiments of the present invention use:
and one for each φ=−arg(α) and ψ=−arg(β)).
Thus the mathematical rotation can be rewritten
A complex rotor computational unit according to one or more embodiments of the present invention, such as the unit 320 shown in
At its input, the complex-rotor computational unit also accepts the first real angle (specified as Φ by the complex-rotor calculation unit 310, which may be part of a DSL optimizer), extracts the cosine and sine from a look-up table, then separately applies a first real rotation (implemented as the
and then again as a second real rotation (again implemented as the
The resultant two real vector outputs are treated as the real and imaginary parts (in both upper and lower element) of an intermediate complex vector
as seen in Equation (11). As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the first and second rotations using the
The third and fourth real rotations (specified by φ and ψ by the complex rotor calculation unit, which may be part of a DSL optimizer) then are applied to each of the individual complex numbers e3 and e4 in the upper (rotation by angle φ) and lower entries (rotation by angle ψ), respectively, of the resultant complex output
of the first and second rotations (again, for example, using the same sine and cosine look-up tables). As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, like the first and second rotations using the
as seen in Equation (12), where f1 is the fully rotated "version" of the first original data entry from the data vector of buffer 330, and where rotated data entry f1 replaces e1 in that data vector of buffer 330. Similarly, rotated data entry f2 replaces original data entry e2.
Further simplification of the complex rotation is possible by eliminating the requirements of Equations (5) and (6). If the first term of the resulting vector after the rotation is not required to be real, then the complex rotation can be performed with only three real rotations, and can characterized by only two angles. Embodiments of the present invention may use:
and one equal to ψ−φ=arg(α)−arg(β)).
Thus, the complex rotor computational unit uses a minimum of 2 angles and 2 indices for the vector elements of Y in upstream processing. In downstream processing, the minimum of 2 angles and 2 indices are used on vector elements of an intermediate transmitter vector that leads to X.
Just as the above rotation as a post-multiplied Q applies to the downstream direction, an analogous procedure and rotation characterize the upstream direction, which instead operates by rows because it corresponds to a post-multiplication of H. If the R matrix is considered upstream lower triangular and downstream upper triangular, then the matrix Q is defined exactly the same way even if applied on the left for upstream while on the right for downstream.
The order of rotations to implement the Q matrix follows the order necessary to zero the entries in H to make it triangular. Any entry for which the angles are near zero can be omitted. The order may be specified by two indices corresponding to the columns of a downstream H (or the rows of an upstream H) upon which the "triangularizing" complex Givens rotation originally occurred. One order that can be used with embodiments of the present invention is to always (on all tones) place the user with largest data rate first for downstream and last for upstream, then correspondingly follow in order of data rates.
The following discussion applies individually to each tone of a vectored DMT system. The complex rotor computational unit then can accept its first inputs (downstream) from the vector DMT encoder outputs corresponding to the two indices supplied. The unit then applies a sequence of real rotations characterized by real angles as described above, and places the outputs in the same indexed positions (essentially updating the two encoder outputs). The complex rotor computational unit is then ready to accept the next set of angles and indices. The sequence of angles and pairs of corresponding user/line indices continues until the set of rotations characterizing the unitary matrix is complete. Each tone may have different index sets and angles, so the complex-rotor computational unit can be reused for each tone (or there may be several complex-rotor computational units that are shared to implement the "Q" matrices for all tones). Otherwise, if the complex-rotor computational unit is sufficiently high speed, it can be used successively for all tones. A high-speed implementation could then make best use of whatever rotational capability was available. Because the IFFT (downstream) and FFT (upstream) also are each a series of complex rotations, the same computational unit used by the IFFT could also be used by the complex-rotor computational unit to achieve a more compact design with either one or a small number of high-speed complex rotational units.
Additionally, the complex-rotor computational unit may employ techniques for multiplying a matrix and a vector, which may exploit the properties of the Q matrix. When the Q matrix is observed to have some its elements equal to 0 or sufficiently close to 0, then it may be represented as a "sparse" matrix. Computational savings may then be realized by employing sparse matrix-dense vector multiplication techniques, which are well known to those skilled in the art.
Assuming that the Q matrix has already been found (for example, by means of Givens rotations, or Householder transformations, or Gram-Schmidt decomposition, all applied for the complex case), the Q matrix may have several of its elements equal to 0 or (sufficiently) close to 0. Thus, Q can be represented as a sparse matrix, while the received vector x remains "dense", meaning that all its elements are non-zero.
The number of operations for performing the matrix-vector multiplication of Q by x is in the order of L2, where L is the number of elements of the vector x. This number can be reduced considerably if only a few elements of Q are actually non-zero.
Let Q be represented by a data structure which includes L sets. Each set corresponds to a row of the sparse matrix Q. Each set contains a number of pairs (col, val), where col defines the column of a non-zero element at a given row, and val corresponds to the value of this non-zero element.
Letting y=Q*x be the vector output, then the computation of the value for a specific row of y can be written as:
for each pair (col, val) in set corresponding to row,
Thus the number of operations can be significantly reduced for sparse matrices. Such methods can be applied in a straightforward way for any MIMO processing in a vectored transmitter or vectored receiver.
Each tone can use a tonal complex rotor computational unit such as the one shown in
complex rotation operations per 4000 Hz symbol could be executed. The chip designer of a device such as a modem that might implement the complex rotor computational unit can, in some cases, communicate a limit on the number of rotations imposed by the modem's computational capacity to avoid exceeding that capacity (and possibly resulting in less performance gain).
A system 300 illustrating one or more embodiments of the present invention is shown in
Complex rotor computational unit 320 includes an input 322 for data prior to rotation data. The data provided by input 322 is a vector that can be stored and updated in a vector module 330, which can be a buffer, database, or any other suitable apparatus for the required function. Upon receiving an l-dimensional (possibly precoded) signal vector for each tone and a set of indices from complex rotor calculation unit 310, module 330 supplies the data corresponding to the indices to a rotator computation module 340.
Rotator computation module 340 (for example, a computer, processor, IC or other apparatus based on such devices) applies appropriate rotations to the indexed data supplied by vector module 330 using the angles provided by complex rotor calculation unit 310. Module 340 may calculate and/or obtain sine and cosine values in any appropriate way and/or from any suitable source, such as a lookup table 345 that may be part of rotator computation module 340 or may be separate from module 340. Any equivalent set of quantities may be used for this computation—for instance, the quantities sin Φ(cos Φ=√{square root over (1−sin2Φ)} always since 0≦Φ≦90�), cos φ, sin φ, cos ψ and sin ψ. Where two indices are used, the rotator computation module 340 performs a 2-D rotation of the U vector data. The rotated data (for example, rotated symbol vector data for each tone) is then sent back to the vector module 330 and is stored again (for example, according to the data's indices).
When complex rotor computational unit 320 has completed the data rotation, vector module 330 will contain an l-dimensional, complex, rotated symbol vector. The complex rotor calculation unit 310 and complex rotor computational unit 320 and their various components may be implemented on computers or processors or other apparatus based on such devices, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Moreover, the rotator computation module 340 may be the same unit in system 300 that performs IFFTs for downstream transmissions and/or FFTs for upstream transmissions. Module 340 may be configured to perform other operations, too. For example, module 340 may be configured to zero entries that correspond to data for which all angles are near zero, thereafter deleting the zeroed entries to save computational resources. Similarly, the module 340 could tailor its functioning (for example, its sequence of rotations) to the computational capacity of the module 340, the complex rotor computational unit 320 and/or any apparatus on which these are implemented by deleting a given number of small rotations. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the H matrix from which the angles of rotation and indices are obtained need not be square (for example, in the case where phantom-mode signals are implemented). QR factorization of non-square matrices requires some adjustment in that the triangular R matrix has some additional zeroed elements, but is otherwise straightforward to one skilled in the art: For a K�N matrix, there are two situations for QR factorization where K>N or K<N. In the former case the early rotations rotate the bottom K−N rows of H into the upper N rows with a series of (K−N)N complex rotations before proceeding with the usual N�N QR factorization on the upper remaining N rows. In the latter case of K<N, the QR factorization focuses only on the first K columns of H, and the process necessarily will result in all zeros in the N−K remaining columns as long as the ordering of H users is selected so the first K columns are linearly independent.
According to one embodiment of the present invention shown in
The complex rotor calculation unit 410 includes collecting means 420 (which can be a computer, processor, computer module, etc. of the type generally shown in
In the exemplary system of
Embodiments of the present invention can utilize a database, library or other collection of data pertaining to the data collected and past implementations of the complex rotations, angles, indices, etc. This collection of reference data may be stored, for example, as a library 448 in the controller 400 of
In some embodiments of the present invention, the complex rotor calculation unit 410 may be implemented in a computer such as a PC, workstation or the like. The collecting means 420 and analyzing means 440 may be software modules, hardware modules or a combination of both, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. When working with a large numbers of modems, databases may be introduced and used to manage the volume of data collected.
Another embodiment of the present invention is shown in
A parameter selector 490 may be used as an instruction and/or signal generator to implement profiles (for example, sending angles and indices to a complex rotor computational unit in a DSLAM or other upstream device). Unit 490 also may generate other operating mode instructions for communication system components and users pursuant to embodiments of the present invention. Information used in and by a complex rotor computational unit may be selected and sent under the control of the analysis module 470 or in any other suitable manner, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Complex rotations using information from unit 490 are implemented in the DSLAM 485 and/or any other appropriate DSL system component equipment. Such equipment is coupled to DSL equipment such as customer premises equipment 499. Data is transmitted on communication lines 491, 492 for users 499. The system of
A method 600 according to one or more embodiments of the present invention is shown in
Generally, embodiments of the present invention employ various processes involving data stored in or transferred through one or more computer systems, which may be a single computer, multiple computers and/or a combination of computers (any and all of which may be referred to interchangeably herein as a "computer" and/or a "computer system"). Embodiments of the present invention also relate to a hardware device or other apparatus for performing these operations. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may be a general-purpose computer and/or computer system selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program and/or data structure stored in a computer. The processes presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. In particular, various general-purpose machines may be used with programs written in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may be more convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. A particular structure for a variety of these machines will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art based on the description given below.
Embodiments of the present invention as described above employ various process steps involving data stored in computer systems. These steps are those requiring physical manipulation of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared and otherwise manipulated. It is sometimes convenient, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, bitstreams, data signals, control signals, values, elements, variables, characters, data structures or the like. It should be remembered, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities.
Further, the manipulations performed are often referred to in terms such as identifying, fitting or comparing. In any of the operations described herein that form part of the present invention these operations are machine operations. Useful machines for performing the operations of embodiments of the present invention include general purpose digital computers or other similar devices. In all cases, there should be borne in mind the distinction between the method of operations in operating a computer and the method of computation itself. Embodiments of the present invention relate to method steps for operating a computer in processing electrical or other physical signals to generate other desired physical signals.
Embodiments of the present invention also relate to an apparatus for performing these operations. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may be a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. The processes presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. In particular, various general purpose machines may be used with programs written in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may be more convenient to construct a more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these machines will appear from the description given above.
In addition, embodiments of the present invention further relate to computer readable media that include program instructions for performing various computer-implemented operations. The media and program instructions may be those specially designed and constructed for the purposes of the present invention, or they may be of the kind well known and available to those having skill in the computer software arts. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape; optical media such as CD-ROM disks; magneto-optical media such as floptical disks; and hardware devices that are specially configured to store and perform program instructions, such as read-only memory devices (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). Examples of program instructions include both machine code, such as produced by a compiler, and files containing higher level code that may be executed by the computer using an interpreter.
CPU 702 also is coupled to an interface 710 that includes one or more input/output devices such as such as video monitors, track balls, mice, keyboards, microphones, touch-sensitive displays, transducer card readers, magnetic or paper tape readers, tablets, styluses, voice or handwriting recognizers, or other well-known input devices such as, of course, other computers. Finally, CPU 702 optionally may be coupled to a computer or telecommunications network using a network connection as shown generally at 712. With such a network connection, it is contemplated that the CPU might receive information from the network, or might output information to the network in the course of performing the above-described method steps. The above-described devices and materials will be familiar to those of skill in the computer hardware and software arts. The hardware elements described above may define multiple software modules for performing the operations of this invention. For example, instructions for running a codeword composition controller may be stored on mass storage device 708 or 714 and executed on CPU 702 in conjunction with primary memory 706. In a preferred embodiment, the controller is divided into software submodules.
The many features and advantages of the present invention are apparent from the written description, and thus, the appended claims are intended to cover all such features and advantages of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, the present invention is not limited to the exact construction and operation as illustrated and described. Therefore, the described embodiments should be taken as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention should not be limited to the details given herein but should be defined by the following claims and their full scope of equivalents, whether foreseeable or unforeseeable now or in the future.
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|U.S. Classification
|708/607, 375/346, 708/235, 708/404
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jan 23, 2006
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text: NSN, Thales and Bombardier to supply mobile GSM-R network for Polish Railways12 Feb 2013 05:00 PM NSN to work with Thales and Bombardier to install a GSM-R network that will enhance security and speed on the 350km train line linking Warsaw and GdyniaNokia Siemens Networks (NSN) is working with Thales and Bombardier to provide GSM-Railway (GSM-R) infrastructure for a major rail line in Poland under a €112 million contract. The nation's rail network management, PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe, is modernizing the highly complex 35-station line linking Poland's capital, Warsaw, with the northern Baltic port of Gdynia. The deployment of the GSM-R network along the 350km section of Poland's E65 line will provide a communications backbone for the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) solution. The project will be carried out by a consortium of NSN, Thales Polska and Bombardier Transportation, introducing ERTMS standards to this busy passenger and freight route. While Thales Polska and Bombardier Transportation are in charge of designing, developing and implementing the Level 2 European Train Control System (ETCS) signaling part, NSN is responsible for the entire GSM-R project including network expansion and rollout. NSN will provide its GSM-R radio network equipment, including base stations, base station controller, the transmission backbone, as well as the dispatchers and handheld terminals. In addition, the company will deploy its maintenance system for Railways (NetAct) and integrate ETCS Level 2 signalling for the GSM-R turn-key project. The solution will be put into commercial operation in the second quarter of 2015.'Nokia Siemens Networks' GSM-R communications will help PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe ensure greater safety for passengers travelling on the Warsaw-Gdynia high-speed route,' said Andrzej Wolski, project director at PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe. 'The modernization will also allow us to shorten travel time by increasing the speed of our modern trains, which will be able to run at up to 200 km/h in selected sections.''This project underlines our global leadership in the GSM-R market where we have more than a 50% share in the deployed GSM-R tracks. It further strengthens our position in Poland as a leading mobile infrastructure provider, also outside traditional telecommunication sector,' said Piotr Kaczmarek, Poland country director at Nokia Siemens Networks.Pawel Piotrowski, Thales country director in Poland, added: 'For Thales, this important project significantly strengthens our position on the Polish railway market. We have been involved in the Trans-European network since 2009, including the famous E30 European corridor.' Wireless magazineLeave a CommentPlease write code to prove you're humanMore on... Critical CommunicationsFinland and Norway sign cross-border TETRA communication dealCC Europe 2017: Hytera showcasing new base station and handheld radio


text:
An interview with me exploring the underlying themes of Urban Play has just been published on the European Urban Knowledge Network. It's a nice platform for the debate Urban Play is causing, as the EUKN is primarily read by urban planners and policy makers. Here's a clip:
"… [shared space in the city] is increasingly devoted to commercial messages and advertising – communication that is exclusively one-way: the public is being spoken at, in areas where the social expectation is one of shared interactions between people, so the same is expected of the shared visuals of the areas. Yet the one-way visuals and communications of the city run in opposition to the instinctive behaviour of people in the city. Therefore people are increasingly reversing the communication streams of the city and are communicating back."
I'm fairly pleased with how the interview went. So if it's a slow news day where you are, you can read the rest of it here.


text:
Columbus -- Lawmakers would have to review and renew state departments or they would cease to operate, under legislation passed Sept. 28 on a split vote in the Ohio Senate that's drawing concern from union and other groups.
Current subscribers have full access to all online news content as part of their subscription. If you are a current subscriber, please log in with your website account information for full access. If you are a current subscriber, but have not yet registered for access to the website, please call our Circulation Department at 330-541-9400 ext 4103


text:
Last Minute tips for "Hitting the Hill" in DC
Expand Messages
- Infoguys Members:
21 Days and Counting....
For those investigators and security professionals interested in attending
the NCISS "Hit the Hill" Campaign in Washington DC in three weeks, JetBlue
has just announced an End of Summer Sale. The discount airfares are only
good if booked before midnight on Thursday.
Some have apparently taken advantage of the JetBlue Unlimited Flights sale
a few weeks ago, and we are looking forward to lobbying with them - having
"feet on the ground" in Washington DC, when it counts the most!
Here are some tips for those who want to attend at the last minute:
1. Secure your roundtrip airfare (if not JetBlue, try _www.travelzoo.com_
(http://www.travelzoo.com/) also)
2. Go to _www.priceline.com_ (http://www.priceline.com/) and start bidding
on a hotel room in the White House area for $80. Remember, DC has a
subway, so anywhere you stay will be a short subway ride to the conference
hotel. The NCISS room rate was $159/night, but the cut-off was last Friday.
You can always click on _www.washingtonplazahotel.com_
(http://www.washingtonplazahotel.com/) and see if rooms are available. If not, I would
recommend bidding for a room, if you don't mind a little inconvenience - think of
it as an adventure!
3. Once you are set, call the office of your Member of Congress and request
an appointment for Wednesday, September 29th.
Remember, all those who attend the NCISS "Hit the Hill" Campaign in
Washington DC do so at their own expense. As a member of the NCISS Board of
Directors, we are not compensated, nor reimbursed, and it is a privilege to
represent the profession when we walk the halls of these historic institutions.
For more information on the NCISS "Hit the Hill" Campaign, go to
_www.nciss.org_ (http://www.nciss.org/) .
For more information on the JetBlue promotion, go to _www.jetblue.com_
Gary S. Brummond, LPI
NCISS Region 6B Director
SAAB Committee Chair
NCISS Legislative Committee Member
Rod Blythe Investigations
_www.nciss.org_ (http://www.nciss.org/)
_www.GaryBrummondPI.com_ (http://www.garybrummondpi.com/) for Regional 6B
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