text:
Laura Mclay
Laura McLay holds a Ph.D. in industrial engineering from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She is is Associate Professor of Industrial & Systems Engineering at University of Wisconsin-Madison. She blogs at Punk Rock Operations Research and is active on Twitter.
A 22-year old college student has been accepted to a Ph.D. program in a technical field. He's academically talented, and he's always enjoyed school and his subject matter. His acceptance is accompanied with 5-years of guaranteed funding. He doesn't have any job offers but suspects he could get a decent job as a software developer. He's not sure what to do. What advice would you give him, or what questions might you suggest he ask himself as he goes about making the decision?
Laura: I would recommend visiting Tough love: An insensitive guide to thriving in your Ph.D. by Chris Chambers for guide for knowing if you are ready to pursue a Ph.D. I don't have too much to add. If this list doesn't frighten you much, then I highly recommend relocating to attend a top Ph.D. program in your field, such as the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
It's important to think about how a Ph.D. fits in with other life decisions. I definitely felt like it would be hard to go back to graduate school if I started another career. And if I did go back, I was afraid that a two-body problem would mean that it would be easiest to go to the local Ph.D. program rather than move to go to a top Ph.D. program. Relationships need a lot of compromise and mutual sacrifice to work, and a Ph.D. doesn't always fit in nicely. I decided to go straight into graduate school so that life didn't get in the way later on. That's not the right decision for everyone, but it might be harder to go back than you may think.
Many people go and get Ph.D.'s later in their career as part-time students if their employers pay for them. This is a nice perk, and it is rare. This experience will be very different from that of the 22-year old student jumping straight into a Ph.D. program. The part-time career student may just be interested in getting a Ph.D. to qualify for moving up the corporate ladder. The full-time student should be more interested in building a set of skills and expertise to challenge important problems in their field for life. I believe that the motivation to get a Ph.D. should be more than just getting the diploma.
And it's worth saying that five years of guaranteed funding is a sweet deal. Think about it.
Our hypothetical student specifically aspires to be an academic and sees a Ph.D. as essential to getting there. Do you any words of encouragement or caution about that goal?
Laura: It's a great career, but it's not for everyone. Graduate students should have plenty of time to discover if academia is right for them. I am introverted and was painfully shy at age 22. I did not enter graduate school with the goal of becoming an academic. Luckily, I was converted along the way.
Do you have any thoughts on going from undergrad into a Ph.D. program verses first enrolling in a masters program?
Laura: There are many more funding opportunities for Ph.D. students than for Masters programs. If you're on the fence, apply to Ph.D. programs.
Let me be clear: a Ph.D. is not a Masters degree plus a little more coursework and a small project. This is a sketch of what my colleague Jason Merrick uses to explain the concept of a Ph.D. to prospective Ph.D. students. The Ph.D. student first sees the "hill" of coursework, which seems like a lot of work. From where the Ph.D. student stands when he/she starts a Ph.D. program, the second, bigger "hill" of research is not visible. But it is there. "All but dissertation" (ABD) is not very close to finishing. If the idea of tackling that hill of research is daunting, maybe consider a Masters instead of a Ph.D.
Admission and funding aside, what should a potential Ph.D. student look for in a graduate program?
All graduate students should look for top programs that have friendly faculty who have interesting blogs and/or engage in human pyramids. There should also be several nearby lakes for kayaking on days off, bike trails everywhere, the best union you've ever seen, beer aplenty (and better yet - the birthplace of kegball), and a mascot who is a lovable woodland creature.1
I have a slideshare presentation on applying to Ph.D. programs that has more tips and advice.
What should a Ph.D. student look for in an advisor?
Laura: Choosing an advisor is a two way street. One thing prospective students may not know is that no faculty member has to oversee their dissertation research. It's important to be polite, diligent, and responsible with faculty. Even in a big program, there may be only a couple of faculty members whose interests may match yours. You will not finish if one of them isn't on your side. Chris Chambers put it well: "Above all, remember that you and your supervisor are in this together. Those three years can be an energizing, productive, and career-making partnership. But they can also be a frustrating waste of time and energy. If you want your supervisor to go above and beyond for you, then lead by example and work your butt off."
If Tim left in this shameless plug for my department, I will be extremely grateful! ↩
Oscar Boykin
Oscar Boykin is a software engineer at Stripe. Prior to joining Stripe, Oscar was a data scientist at Twitter and a professor of computer engineering at the University of Florida.
A 22-year old college student has been accepted to a Ph.D. program in a technical field. He's academically talented, and he's always enjoyed school and his subject matter. His acceptance is accompanied with 5-years of guaranteed funding. He doesn't have any job offers but suspects he could get a decent job as a software developer. He's not sure what to do. What advice would you give him, or what questions might you suggest he ask himself as he goes about making the decision?
Oscar: The number one question: does he or she have a burning desire to do a PhD? If so, and funding is available without taking loans, then absolutely! Go for it! It is a wonderful experience to try to, at least in one small area, touch the absolute frontier of human knowledge. If you greatly enjoy the area of study, and you find it is the kind of thing you love thinking about day in and day out, if you imagine yourself as some kind of ascetic scholar of old, toiling to make the most minor advance simply for the joy the work, then by all means.
The second reason to do a Ph.D., and this one hardly needs discussing, is that you want a career that requires it. If you want to teach at a university or do certain scientific occupations, a Ph.D may be required.
If the student has doubts about any of the above, I recommend a master's degree and an industry job. There are a few reasons:
- If you lack the passion, the risk of not completing and the time investment do not equal the cost.
- There is little, if any, direct financial benefit to having a Ph.D. and the cost in time is substantial.
- Professions are changing very fast now and you should expect a lifetime of learning in any case, so without a strong desire for a PhD, why not do that learning in the environment where it is most relevant?
He decides he wants to do the Ph.D. but his timing is negotiable. Would you recommend he jump straight in or take some time off?
Oscar: Doing an internship or one year of work at a relevant company will often give students much better insight into choosing research topics. Choosing a great topic and a great advisor is the entire name of the game when it comes to the Ph.D. BUT, taking time off makes it very easy to get out of the habit of studying and learning, so if commitment is a concern, there is substantial risk that time off will turn into never coming back.
Are there skills developed while earning a Ph.D. that are particularly valuable to being a practicing software engineer? Are there ways in which a non-Ph.D. can work to build similar skills?
Oscar: You can't take too much math. Learning linear algebra, probability theory, information theory, Markov chains, differential equations, and how to do proofs, have all been very valuable to me, and very few, if any, of my colleagues without PhDs have these skills. I have seen on the order of 3-10 people in the hundreds to ~thousand that I've interacted with, that picked these up on their own, so doing so is clearly possible. It is hard to say if getting a PhD helps learn those things: perhaps the same people who learned them with a PhD would have done so without. A safe bet seems to be structured education to pick up such classical mathematics.
In your experience, are there potential liabilities that come with getting a Ph.D.? Do doctoral students learn habits that have to be reversed for them to become successful in industry?
Oscar: One problem with the industry/academia divide is that each has a caricatured picture of the other. Academics fear entering industry means becoming a "code monkey" and often disparage strong coding as a skill. I think this is to the detriment of academia as coding is perhaps as powerful a tool as mathematics. Yet, many academics muddle through coding so much that the assumption by teams hiring academics is they will have to unlearn a lot of bad habits if they join somewhere like Twitter, Facebook, Google, etc… This assumption often means that hiring committees are a bit skeptical of an academic's ability to actually be productive. This skepticism must either be countered with strong coding in an interview or some existing coding project that gives evidence of skill.
You didn't really ask much about the career path of academia vs industry. I did want to address that a bit. First, those paths are much more similar than most people realize. As a professor, on average, your colleagues are brighter, and that is exciting. But academia today is very focused on fund raising, and that fund raising is involves a lot of politics and sales-personship. In the software industry today, one has a lot of perks: great salary, lots (even unlimited) vacation time, the freedom to focus on the things you enjoy the most (compare to being a professor and doing 3-4 different jobs concurrently). As a professor, you are running a startup that can never be profitable: you are always raising money and hiring. The caliber of the very best in industry is also just as high or higher than academia (though the mean may be lower). I much prefer my job at Twitter to my time in academia.
Mike Nute
Mike Nute is a recovering actuary and a current Ph.D. student in statistics at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Dear Young Student,
First, as far as whether you should do the Ph.D. program, you should think long and hard about it because there is a lot of upside and a lot of downside. Here are some things in particular to should think about:
1) Going to a Ph.D. program straight from undergrad and continuing essentially the same field of study is a lot like marrying your high school sweetheart. Certainly for some people that works out ok, but for many others in ends in a terrible divorce. In the case of the Ph.D. program, you should bear in mind that the academic world and the real world are two very different places, and that up until this point you have only seen the academic world, so you might very well enjoy the real world just as much. Bear in mind also that the professors and advisors you have dealt with up to this point tend to be people who have thrived in the academic world and their advice will come from that lens. So do your best to get at least some exposure to the variety of jobs out there where you could apply the discipline. You should especially do this if the reason that you think you'd like to get a Ph.D. is to enter academia afterward. Take a little Rumspringa from that life before you enter the order.
2) If you find yourself thinking about the Ph.D. program as a means to an end, like as a requirement for some job, then you should strongly consider whether there is an easier way. More specifically, if you don't think that getting the Ph.D. is going to be fun on its own, then there's a strong chance you'll be miserable and it will end badly. If you want to be a professor, then getting a Ph.D. is really the only way to go about it, but for virtually any other goal there is probably an alternative that doesn't require the same sacrifice.
3) The way you should be thinking about the program is like this: it's a chance to spend five years doing nothing but studying your favorite subject in great depth while keeping adequate health insurance and avoiding debt. You really won't have either the time or the money to do very much else, so you had better really love this subject. You remember that episode of the Simpsons where the devil's ironic punishment for Homer is to force feed him an endless stream of donuts, but gets frustrated because Homer never stops loving the donuts? Well you have to love your subject like Homer loves donuts, because that's going to be you. If you do love it though, you won't even notice being broke or studying all the time.
4) In fact, you should come to grips right now with the fact that you may finish your Ph.D. and find that you want to change careers and never revisit that subject again. That may sound unimaginable, but it's possible mainly because you're 22 and who the hell knows what you'll want when you're 28. If that happens though, will you look back on having gotten a Ph.D. as a terrible decision and a waste of time? If so, then don't do it. If you think you'll be proud of it and will have enjoyed yourself no matter what, then it's actually a low risk move because that's basically the worst case scenario.
5) You should also note that there is a major difference between a Masters and Ph.D. program. First of all, the Ph.D. will be much more intense, even in the first two years, than a Masters. Since most Masters programs are not funded but Ph.D.s are, you can think of it as the difference between being an employee and being a customer. But on the other hand, most industry jobs are as happy to have you with a Masters as with a Ph.D., so you can easily use the extra years of work to pay off the loans from the Masters program. This reinforces the last point above: the only real reason to do a Ph.D. program is for love of the subject.
In my case, I came back to grad school after seven years in industry. From my experience you can take two lessons: 1) try to avoid waiting seven years to go back if you can, and 2) if you do wait that long, just know that it's never too late. The longer you wait, the harder the sacrifice of time and money will be. But you gotta do what's going to make you happy, and there are a lot of ways to be happy with a job. You can literally enjoy being at work every day, you can do something that benefits others, you can do something very challenging, or you can do something that enables you to enjoy other parts of your life, like gives you schedule flexibility or a sufficiently high salary. There are others too. In my case, I had a very tiny bit of all of those but not enough of any one to really count, which is why it took me so long to leave. Grad school though is challenging, and it makes me proud as hell to tell people about because I know how hard it is. So think about which of those is the most important to you, and plan accordingly.
So anyway, good luck young man or lady, and don't stress about it too hard; you can always change your mind later.
Mike Nute
Paul Harper
Paul Harper holds a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Southampton. He is Professor of Operations Research and Mathematics at Cardiff University in Wales. He is active on Google+; his personal website is profpaulharper.com.
A 22-year old college student has been accepted to a Ph.D. program in a technical field. He's academically talented, and he's always enjoyed school and his subject matter. His acceptance is accompanied with 5-years of guaranteed funding. He doesn't have any job offers but suspects he could get a decent job as a software developer. He's not sure what to do. What advice would you give him, or what questions might you suggest he ask himself as he goes about making the decision?
Paul: Put simply, students should first and foremost ask themselves if they actually need a Ph.D. If they aspire to an academic career, then almost certainly a Ph.D. will be required. An initial word of warning though; for many straight out of their first degree, knowing what an academic career actually involves or indeed how to climb onto the academic ladder is often not fully understood. This isn't surprising, after all most undergraduate students only see their lecturers in the lecture room or in tutorials, and typically don't appreciate the wide range of responsibilities and pressures they have across teaching, research and administration. My advice would be to those curious or aspiring to an academic post and thus getting the Ph.D., just as one would seek career guidance for any other job in industry, is seek advice from a variety of sources such as chatting to range of academic staff, research the prospects of employment in your field (see below), grab any opportunity to work on research with potential supervisors to ensure it is something that you're both passionate about and intellectually able to fulfill (there might well be paid summer internships as an undergraduate, or just offer to work for free if you're that serious!). There is a reality check though, that permanent academic posts are increasingly hard to come by. Typically (in the UK at least), after a Ph.D. you would still be required/expected to have completed a 2-3 year post-doctoral position before even being considered for a lectureship. In reality you might even end up on multiple post-docs before an opportunity arises. It's tough and most certainly will require you to be willing to move locations in your quest for that first step on the ladder. That said, if deep down you know that this is your true desire, then coupled with the right attitude and willingness to put in the effort for potential reward, then go for it!
Based on my own experiences of chatting to Ph.D. applicants, the majority don't actually know what they want to do by way of career and wish to keep open the possibility of an academic career as well as a stepping-stone in to industry. In this instance the need for the Ph.D. isn't so clear. There are some industrial jobs that do require or at least highly desire applicants to have a Ph.D., in which case the Ph.D. will again be necessary. Clearly the student should research what qualifications are required for the different careers they are considering. I am also aware of industrial jobs where those entering with a Ph.D. are fast-tracked to more senior posts with overall better prospects, hence the benefits of the Ph.D. might begin to outweigh the negatives such as 5 years of lost salary and industrial experience.
Returning to the case at hand, this student suspects he could get a decent job as a software developer, and so it seems the Ph.D. isn't required for the job. Here the student should ask himself if he wants to get a Ph.D. (as distinct from an actual need to get it). This is more complex with multiple factors to consider. Going straight into industry should provide 5 years of good income, experience and potential to rise up the career ladder. Staying for the Ph.D. will provide 5 years of much lower income and typically a completely different life and way of working to those in industry (I worked myself in industry for 2 years as a Management Consultant before retuning to University for a Ph.D., so I have some first hand experience of the differences). Ph.D.'s require much more time working independently and in isolation, thus for sure you need to be able to motivate and organise yourself and be able to bounce back from the inevitable lows. It will be tough work, long hours etc, although that can be true of course in industry (as a management consultant I'd spend silly hours at work too). On the plus side, the highs of achievement (a breakthrough in your research) are hard to eclipse, and provide enormous amounts of personal satisfaction. For me at least, you can't put a price on those moments, and I never personally got anything like this level of satisfaction working for those 2 years in industry. Perhaps the best way to summarise the life of a Ph.D. student is to look at the awesome Ph.D. comics (phdcomics.com) by Jorge Cham, which are spot on!
What are your thoughts on getting a masters first versus going straight to a Ph.D. in a British university? Would you differentiate that advice for an American-style Ph.D.?
Paul: I would suggest that whether to obtain a masters first versus going straight to the Ph.D. largely depends on the subject area. For instance I obtained my masters first (and moved University to do this) because Operational Research (OR), at least in the UK, is mostly taught at masters . (I only studied one OR module in the final year of my undergraduate degree which sparked my interest.) Masters can therefore offer intensive training (in the UK they are usually 1 year full-time courses) in a particular field that can then be a stepping-stone to the Ph.D., helping to decide on which aspect of the field to focus on for the Ph.D. As Director of MSc programmes at Cardiff University (OR and Applied Statistics), I get many students asking for my advice on the masters versus industry, or masters versus straight to the Ph.D. My advice would be that for those not certain on the Ph.D. (as discussed above) the masters would make more sense as it will improve prospects for both jobs in industry and Ph.D. scholarships. For example the majority of big employers in OR in the UK tend to recruit first from MSc (there are exceptions and good students with exceptional first degrees are highly employable as well without the MSc).
For those students wishing to do a Ph.D. and have high grades, my advice usually differs and that the masters might not be the best investment of their time (and potentially money). An exceptional student could start the Ph.D. and for instance sit in on masters modules as required or attend national training events. Here the differences between the UK Ph.D. and elsewhere become more important. In the UK, a Ph.D. usually lasts for 3.5 years (and certainly not 5 as in the case at hand). Increasingly first year Ph.D. students are required to take taught courses (could be internal modules or as part of national taught course schemes we have in the UK). When I was undertaking my Ph.D. (1998-2001) there were no such programmes or expectations, hence the time to completion was less, typically around 3 years. Introducing the requirement to sit on taught courses is a good move in my view, as it allows the Ph.D. student to widen their knowledge (they may well be asked to study something not directly related to their Ph.D. for instance). So for the US system, with more formal training in the first 2 years of Ph.D., my advice to go straight to the Ph.D. rather than the masters would probably be strengthened. In the case where the student was absolutely sure they needed or wanted the Ph.D., the masters would seem somewhat unnecessary.
I haven't yet mentioned scholarships/bursaries, and of course these may play a large part in the decision-making processes too. Typically funds for Ph.D.'s are much harder to obtain, hence the masters first (where possibly more scholarships are available) might at some Universities improve one's chances of subsequent funding for the Ph.D. Some Universities nowadays in the UK are also offering funded places for a 1+3 scheme (Masters + Ph.D.) so the bundle of funding covers you for both. This is increasingly the preferred option of some of the major UK funding councils, so in future going straight to the Ph.D. might in fact not be an option at all but there will the necessity to complete the Masters first.
Would you advise an American student to do a Ph.D. at an British university? Visa versa?
Paul: I suppose the most immediate difference between the US and UK Ph.D.'s is the duration (3 to 4 years compared to more like 5) largely resulting from the necessity of the taught programme components (as discussed above). In practice I imagine the decision would be largely driven by ensuring you have the right supervisor as an expert in their field (whether they happen to be based at a UK or US University), financial considerations (scholarships, cost of living etc) and how much weight one places on how 5 years of a Ph.D. (including the benefits of taught component) in the US compared to less of a time commitment in the UK.
Admission and funding aside, what should a potential Ph.D. student look for in a graduate program?
Paul: First and foremost, ensure you find a supervisor/advisor with similar research interests willing to take you on, after all they'll be a big part of your life for the next several years, and it is very important that your research interests mesh! Consider the reputation of the department, read publications to get a better feel of potential supervisor's interests and track-record etc. Ask what types of training programmes are available, what teaching/tutorial duties are possible, conference funding, other activities of the research group (seminar series etc) and destinations of recent graduate students. Consider the number of other graduate students under their supervision and indeed within the department as a whole since working within a larger team of fellow grad students can be more supportive and better chances that others are working on similar research work to yourself, although conversely if you are one of many grad students being supervised by the same person, you might expect to have to fight more for their time and attention!
A very common misconception is that applicants can simply pick a supervisor of their choice, but this requires mutual consent. So approach potential supervisors with the courtesy it merits and to impress them both with your research ideas and interests, but also the right attitude to be willing to work hard and to learn. One of my favourite quotes (courtesy of a colleague, Dr. Vince Knight, from whom I first heard this from) is by Dr Seuss: "It is better to know how to learn than to know." Hold fast to this principle and it will keep you in good stead!
Melissa Santos
Melissa Santos has a Ph.D. in applied math and statistics from the University of Colorado at Denver. A data scientist at Big Cartel, you can find her at @ansate.
A 22-year old college student has been accepted to a Ph.D. program in a technical field. She's academically talented, and she's always enjoyed school and her subject matter. Her acceptance is accompanied with 5-years of guaranteed funding. She doesn't have any job offers but suspects she could get a decent job as a software developer. She's not sure what to do. What advice would you give her, or what questions might you suggest she ask herself as she goes about making the decision?
Melissa: Make sure to get an industry internship every summer to get a view of the real world. Have a plan to get a masters degree midway, and reassess the Ph.D. decision at that point.
Part of not being sure is not having firmed up other options - apply to some of those programming jobs! What do you learn in those interviews? How does that stipend look with a salary offer in hand?
The only reason you HAVE to do a Ph.D. is to become a professor. That is also the aim of the people training you in a Ph.D. program, which can make it hard to be realistic about your goals outside of academia - the entire structure around you will be telling you that everything else is lesser.
Do you have any thoughts on going from undergrad into a Ph.D. program verses first completing a masters?
Melissa: I did a masters first, and I don't regret it - it's part of what has let me have such a wide variety of academic experience. My thought at the time was that it was helping me decide if I like grad school enough to go on, but it didn't help me appreciate how much different a Ph.D. program is for a masters. The jump from coursework to research was a sharp break, and you will want to talk to your potential adviser's other students to learn how much help you'll get in that transition.
What benefit(s) does having a Ph.D. bring to your work industry? Is a Ph.D. necessary for that kind of work?
Melissa: I work in tech. The Ph.D. might make my resume stand out a bit, but it's not necessary. To some extent, the process of getting the Ph.D. helped me have the mindset of putting together methods and being creative in my approach to problems that I'm not sure I would have with just the masters degrees. Masters degrees gave me toolboxes but the Ph.D. enforced that the tools come from people like me, and I can be part of building them.
Carl Vogel
Carl Vogel is an economic consultant at Navigant Economics. He has a masters in in economics from the University of Toronto and and masters in statistics from Columbia University. You can find more of him on his website and on Twitter.
A 22-year old college student has been accepted to a Ph.D. program in a technical field. She's academically talented, and she's always enjoyed school and her subject matter. Her acceptance is accompanied with 5-years of guaranteed funding. She doesn't have any job offers but suspects she could get a decent job as a software developer. She's not sure what to do. What advice would you give her, or what questions might you suggest she ask himself as she goes about making the decision?
Carl: The world is full of miserable grad students. Stressed-out, depressed, uncertain about when or if they'll graduate and what will happen to them when they do. Far more people go into Ph.D. programs than should. There are a two main reasons for this, I think. One is that for kids who've only really ever gone to school, and have been successful at it, grad school seems like a natural next step, and a career in academia seems pretty great. The other is that bright, academically talented twenty-two year olds just don't know themselves very well; they tend to be overly-optimistic about their abilities and their prospects. They've never really known failure or crippling self-doubt, and just can't imagine it as a real possibility.
So I'd suggest the healthiest way to think of grad school is not as a default next step—as "undergrad 2.0"—but to realize that it's a tremendous commitment in terms of time and psychological endurance and lost income. She's going to be giving up a huge chunk of her prime years. And during this time, the positive feedback she's gotten from professors and peers is going to disappear. The cycle of challenges and accomplishments she's been used to is going to be replaced by an intangible but ever expanding nebula of expectations and her every victory will be fleeting, unacknowledged, and Pyrrhic.
The needle on the Ph.D. gauge should start at "No." If she isn't really aware of what jobs she could do in her field, and what those look like in terms of career progression, she should definitely do that research. Software development is fine, especially if it's in a context related to her intellectual interests, and there's a possibility of learning, growing, and doing a variety of interesting work. She shouldn't take a job that doesn't excite her intellectually, unless she's really strapped for the cash or has a pile of school debt. At this age, she's got the chance to take a little financial risk for the chance to learn and get new experiences. There are a ton of interesting problems to work on in industry. She should make a real effort to see if any of those excite her. School isn't the only place to learn and do research.
To move the needle on the Ph.D. gauge to "Yes," I'd propose a 3-part process. Let's call the parts the Reality Check, the Personality Test, and the Skills Checklist.
The Reality Check:
I think a lot of students go into the graduate school decision with some overly rosy misconceptions. Mostly because their experience and advice to date has all been from within their department and university and is rife with selection bias. So it's important to burst a few bubbles for our hypothetical student.
- She's not going to be a professor. In almost every field, the odds are just strikingly against getting a full-time, tenure-track position.
- Attrition rates are higher than she probably realizes. There's a non-trivial probability that she'll drop out or flunk out before she finishes.
- Even if she does finish, it's not going to be in 4 or 5 years. Think seven.
- Grad school is not an intellectual salon, where she's going to be discussing the big questions and probing into deep insights about nature and the universe and all. There's some of that, to be sure. But it's large part tribal initiation (with all the gratuitous nonsense that implies), and no small part straight-up hazing.
It's important to be pessimistic when making this decision. If she imagines some tough, but not-improbable realities, and finds herself flinching, then grad school is probably not the right decision for her right now. For many, the realization that a successful academic career is unlikely is enough to deter them; if they're going to end up in industry anyway, why not start there?
If this bums her out a little, but she's so devoted to her field that she can accept these, she can go ahead and tick the needle towards "Yes" a bit.
The Personality Test:
Successful grad students aren't like normal humans. The following questions should test whether she's got the necessary personality traits.
Can she give one or, preferably, more examples of times working on a research project when she was:
- Inquisitive: new research questions (not necessarily original ones) came to her while studying; when learning about a tool or technique she thought of new contexts it might be applied to.
- Disciplined: she had set daily/weekly routines for making progress on a project; she persisted in these routines even when she was bored or burnt-out on the project.
- Obsessive: she couldn't stop thinking or talking about her work; she couldn't tear herself away from a project without checking every detail, or testing every possible permutation of her model or experiment.
- Delusional: she was sure she was going to uncover something new and important with her research.
The Skills Checklist:
Not all of these skills are necessary for someone going into a Ph.D. program—indeed, part of the point of grad school is to obtain these skills. But the more she goes in with, the less pain she's going to feel. If she's answering no to most of these, she'll want to hold off on a Ph.D.
- Is she comfortable with at least some analytical software used in her field? R, SAS, Stata, Matlab?
- Is she comfortable with at least one programming language like Python, Perl, C/C++, Java, etc.? (R or Matlab count if she's done more than just import data and run built-in functions.)
- Does she have an organized and efficient workflow system? See, e.g., Keiran Healy's Choosing Your Workflow Applications.
- Is she comfortable with mathematical proofs at the level of a first- or second-semester real analysis course?
- Is she comfortable reading through an upper-level undergraduate or lower-level graduate textbook in her field? Does she have experience doing self-study at this level—not for a class or required project, but for her own interest?
- Can she read and follow some recent empirical literature in her field?
- Is she a competent, conscientious writer? Does she understand how to write in a clear, concise style, using plain English? Does she understand how to structure an argument, and compose clear paragraphs and sentences? Has she consciously tried to improve her writing, either in a class or by reading writing/style guides?
If she's gone through these three tests and the needle has moved most of the way towards "Yes," then I have a whole other slew of advice for choosing a program (more importantly, avoiding bad programs). The most effective of which is to buy beers for some grad students in the department. After two rounds you'll probably know whether or not you want to be in that program.
She's decided to do her Ph.D. Would you recommend she take some time off prior to grad school, or should she jump right in?
Carl: There's a balance to strike here. On the one hand, I find people with a little more experience and maturity, as well as stability in their personal lives cope better with the stresses of a Ph.D. program (and tend to finish faster). On the other hand, the older you get and the more responsibilities you accumulate, the harder it is to bear the costs in time and income required by a Ph.D.
But if she's 22 or 23, and all she's known is high school and undergrad, then yes, I'd definitely suggest doing something else a year or two before her Ph.D. See the Skills Checklist above. Try and find a job that will let her check off some of those boxes. There are lots of them out there. A normal job also confers a lot of meta-skills useful for grad school: working on teams, putting up with assholes, communicating effectively, dealing with hard deadlines, structuring her time and work-flow.
While she's doing that, take some night classes, work on side projects, keep a notebook of research questions she'd like to look into. Also save up some money and try to get into a stable, monogomous relationship with someone whom she can go to for emotional support during her Ph.D. Do some traveling if she can.
Do you have any thoughts on going from undergrad into a Ph.D. program verses first completing a masters?
Carl: In most cases (at least in the U.S.) an M.A. isn't really a meaningful prelude to a PhD. It's a different track. Indeed, I've spoken to professors at programs who've told me they avoid M.A. students—especially their own—in their Ph.D. admissions.
I wouldn't unequivocally say you shouldn't get an M.A.—I have two of them—but I'm a little down on them. I think many departments treat their M.A. programs as cash cows, and the programs don't provide a good return-on-investment.
So, given that, don't pay for an M.A. I didn't, and wouldn't have, paid for either of mine. Get a full-time job, look for a program with a part-time curriculum, and and try to get your company to pay for most, or all, of your tuition. Alternatively, some of the better programs will provide financial support or merit scholarships.
Also, pick your courses with an eye toward Ph.D. admissions. Talk to program advisors for advice on this. This typically means spending your electives taking Ph.D.-level courses. Whenever a course has an M.A. and a Ph.D. version, take the latter.
What benefit(s) does having a Ph.D. bring for someone working in industry?
Carl: It really depends on the industry. For some it opens doors, often a lot of them; for others it's absolutely necessary to progress past a certain point. In some cases, it can actually be a negative—you get pegged as an egghead and put in the back office. Avoid those places, even if you don't have a Ph.D.
For the most part it's an easy signal to recruiters, hiring managers, bosses, colleagues, and clients that you've got a certain set of skills (even if you don't really have those skills). Obviously, you may end up using a lot of what you learned in your Ph.D. to do your job, but in my limited experience, someone without a Ph.D., but with enough experience on the job and who is a motivated learner can do pretty much the same work as someone with a Ph.D. Again, depends on the industry.
If you're working in a technical or research-oriented place where there are a lot of Ph.D.s, not having one may nix a lot of options for you, and you may have to fight to prove you can do the same work.
Eric Jonas
Eric Jonas is a postdoc at the Berkeley Center for Computational Imaging. He was formerly a Predictive Scientist at salesforce.com and a Ph.D. student in Computational Neurobiology at MIT. He can be found at ericjonas.com and @stochastician.
A 22-year old college student has been accepted to a Ph.D. program in a technical field. He's academically talented, and he's always enjoyed school and his subject matter. His acceptance is accompanied with 5-years of guaranteed funding. He doesn't have any job offers but suspects he could get a decent job as a software developer. He's not sure what to do. What advice would you give him, or what questions might you suggest he ask himself as he goes about making the decision?
Eric: The first thing to recognize is just how different a PhD program is from being an undergrad:
Time allocation and duration: In undergrad, your life moves in term-sized chunks – you almost never have projects stretch over multiple terms. Something is expected of you every week. In a PhD, you are often much more at the mercy of your own motivation.
Learning: In undergrad, the focus is on learning as much new information as quickly as possible, and all of the information is well-organized. As hard as it may be to believe sometimes, there has been a real focus on pedagogy by your instructors, textbook authors, and institution. Problem set problems give you an instant sense of "getting it right", and often have well-defined answers. Graduate school classes are often quite different – they are much smaller and often built on top of reading cutting-edge research, with ambiguity, contradition, and even politics.
School status: Most of us went to the best undergraduate institution we could get into. Undergraduate "school name" carries weight, and people (however unfortunately) pay attention to rankings such as those in US News & World Report. This is much much less the case in graduate school. What really matters is the advisor you work with, then the department, and only then the school. The smartest MIT undergraduates I knew at MIT scattered into the wind, some going to schools I had only barely heard of, to work with the best set theoreticians, or the best logicians, or the best experimental biologists, in the world.
My best advice to an undergraduate curious about the "experience" of graduate school is: work in a lab while you're an undergrad. Or even, take a year off and work at a low wage as a tech in a lab. Watch how the students work with their advisor. Observe what their lives are like. Figure out what makes someone a happy and successful graduate student.
But above all, to speak directly to your hypothetical, never ever go to graduate school as a "backup" to getting an industry job. I have never seen this work out well. In graduate school for CS, your stipend will be $30k a year and you will work 80 hours a week. Your friends working 80h/week in finance will be making literally 10x that. You say "I don't care about money" but how will you feel when you can't afford to fly home because your parents are sick?
You left your Ph.D. program and then returned. Why did you decide to go back?
Eric: I never intended to "leave" my PhD program, and was actually (unfortunately) a student the entire time I did both startups. I always intended to finish. My work at the first startup, Navia, was much closer to my core PhD research than my role as CEO at the second startup, Prior Knowledge. My thesis was roughly finished around 2010, but various aspects of running a company prohibited me from finishing the "last bits", writing up the results for publication, and assembling the committee. I would not recommend this to many people – it caused a lot of additional cognitive burden and stress! Things worked out well for me, but I want to stress this was the result of both luck and working with the most brilliant people I have ever met – not through my own doing!
We also had incredibly supportive investors (Peter Thiel's group, The Founders Fund), who were committed to advancing the long-term state of the art. Prior Knowledge's acquiring company, Salesforce, has also been very supportive in letting me take a little time here and there to finish my degree.
You also started a company while working on your degree. What advice would you give to a current Ph.D. student considering the same thing?
Eric: It depends – if you're just leaving your PhD to go start a company, that can be fine. I've heard (probably apocryphal) stories of Stanford CS PhD students viewing graduate school as a holding pattern until they do a startup.
If your entrepreneurial ambitions are related to your research, FINISH FIRST. You will have more credibility with investors, and you will most likely have to deal with your school's Technology Licensing Office to resolve IP issues anyway. Patents and scientific publications can interact in many ways, some of which are good and some of which are bad. Talk to other successful graduate student entrepreneurs from your school to figure out the hoops to jump through. Feel free to e-mail me if you're in this boat, I'm happy to talk.
Finally, if you're going to ignore the above advice, check to see if your school has some sort of "all but degree" (ABD) status, which can save your advisor and department a great deal of money by reducing your tuition costs.
What benefit(s) does having a Ph.D. bring to your work industry? Is a Ph.D. necessary for that kind of work?
Eric: Beyond the credentialing problem in science (people take you much more seriously if you have a PhD), learning how to execute and direct research is the most important part of a PhD. I plan on living at the interface between science and engineering for the rest of my life, and formal training in that process has been crucial to my success.
A lot of people think of a PhD as being like an undergraduate degree in that you've "learned a lot of material". This is false. You've learned a set of skills to produce knowledge – to iterate on the scientific process and engage with the scientific community. That's one of the reasons why people basically never have "two" PhDs: once you've learned how to "do" the science, it's supposed to transfer across disciplines.
Paul Rubin
Paul Rubin holds a Ph.D. in mathematics from Michigan State University. He is Professor Emeritus at Michigan State where he started in 1980. He blogs at OR in an OB World and is active on Twitter.
A 22-year old college student has been accepted to a Ph.D. program in a technical field. He's academically talented, and he's always enjoyed school and his subject matter. His acceptance is accompanied with 5-years of guaranteed funding. He doesn't have any job offers but suspects he could get a decent job as a software developer. He's not sure what to do. What advice would you give him, or what questions might you suggest he ask himself as he goes about making the decision?
Do you want to be a college professor who teaches and does research, do you want to teach college but not do research, or do you want to get a job in industry (including government, non-profits etc. in that category)? The first path requires a Ph.D.. The second path may require a Ph.D. if you want to work at some private colleges, but it may also be possible to get a good teaching job with just a masters degree (which will put you into the salary pool faster). With the third category, it varies. There are quite a few industry jobs that require only a bachelor's or masters degree, while some require a Ph.D..
Do you enjoy (or do you think you will enjoy) research? Getting a Ph.D. is a major commitment of time, a substantial portion of which is quite likely to be devoted to original research. Some institutions, in some fields, allow "expository" dissertations – such as an annotated history of military purchasing patterns, from Goliath to the 21st century Pentagon – but in technical fields and/or at reasonably prestigious schools, dissertations are very likely to require original research. Some people enjoy doing research, some hate it, some fall in between. If you do not enjoy doing research, pursuing a Ph.D. will be difficult, unfulfilling and possibly pointless (since you will not want a job with research expectations).
How important is compensation to you versus how interesting the work is, personal prestige, etc.? A Ph.D. is often the ticket to jobs that are more intellectually stimulating than those requiring just a bachelor's degree, with the caveat that "often" does not equal "always". For some people, being able to identify themselves as "John Doe, Ph.D." also carries some value. The compensation side is less clear. Compensation tends to go up with job experience (at least in industry; not as reliably in academe), and a lengthy postgraduate education delays your entry into the workforce. Even if you have an assistantship, you will likely make less money as a student than you would as an employee with a bachelor's degree. Add in educational expenses you will incur and the fact that you will enter the workforce with less accrued history and experience, and possibly in a lower position or at a lower salary (depending on the job) than where you would have been at graduation date if you had gone straight into industry, and you may be better off from a purely economic perspective going straight to work. (On the other hand, you may miss out on a fair bit of fun as a graduate student. Work is, after all, a four letter word.) When I was completing my Ph.D., my intention was to go into industry. In one of my job interviews, I discovered that the employer counted a Ph.D. as the equivalent of something between two and four years of work experience for salary purposes, although it was taking me six years (post-bachelor's) and change.
Are you geeked by the idea of going as far as you can in a particular field? As a high school student, I made up my mind that I would get a Ph.D., not because I had any real sense of comparative job prospects, but simply because I wanted to take my education as far as I could in my chosen discipline (mathematics).
Would you recommend he take some time off prior to grad school, or should he jump right in?
Paul: This varies according to the individual. A Ph.D. program can be a long slog, especially starting from a bachelor's degree, so if you are a bit burned out on school after getting that bachelor's, definitely take some time off and work. Working helps recharge the bank account, and is also a useful motivator. Once you have experienced the 9 - to - 5 grind, you may see that Ph.D. in a whole new light. (I experienced the wonders of office drone life working summers while I was in college, so I did not need a gap between undergraduate and Ph.D. studies to convince me that anything that delayed having to work for a living was a good idea.)
In some disciplines, having relevant industry experience will help put course work in perspective, will help enforce the relevance of some theoretical results, and will help to assess the low likelihood of satisfying the assumptions behind other theories. A special case is the desire to teach and do research in a technical field (such as Management Science) in a business school. Some business schools are skeptical of purely technical types. When it comes time to find a faculty position, having "real world business experience" in addition to that technical Ph.D. may well make you more attractive. (Having an MBA would make you still more attractive.) In part this has to do with somewhat fuzzy accreditation standards; in part it stems from a not-unreasonable belief that knowing something about how businesses actually operate will help you in the classroom, even when teaching technical subjects; and in part it reflects the desire for greater staffing flexibility (being able to plug you into a less technical, more business-oriented course if push comes to shove). That last consideration may well exist in other application areas besides business.
If you are not burnt out, your bank account is not drained, and you do not need to acquire "real world credibility", going straight into the Ph.D. program has two majors advantages. First, it gets you out the other end and into your career trajectory that much sooner. (See previous comments about the economics of the decision.) Second, you will have developed certain studying skills and habits along the way, and if your record is good enough to get you into a Ph.D. program, those skills and habits are apparently fairly effective. For many people, there is a nontrivial atrophy of their study skills while they are employed, particularly in jobs not strongly related to their primary discipline. Some students have attributed lower than anticipated scores on graduate entrance examinations to a dulling of their test-taking abilities. A seamless transition from undergraduate to graduate studies is in some ways analogous to a distance runner not having to break stride.
Do you have any thoughts on going from undergrad into a Ph.D. program verses first completing a masters?
Paul: In business, an MBA is not strictly an interior point on the line segment connecting bachelor's degree to Ph.D. It covers substantial material outside your discipline, it brings perspectives distinct from those you will have in the Ph.D. program (and very often distinct from those in the undergraduate program), and (as noted above) can be a valuable credential.
In most technical disciplines, on the other hand, a Ph.D. thoroughly subsumes a masters degree. Having both a masters and doctorate in mathematics is no better than having just a doctorate. The primary, if not exclusive, virtue of the intermediate masters degree is to allow you to dip your toes into the graduate education pool. Often, though, a doctoral program has an early exit strategy that allows students who lose interest in the Ph.D. or fail to get past some hurdle (usually comprehensive examinations) to earn a masters with little or no extra course work.
The remaining case is when the masters is in a different, complementary discipline. In my case, I earned bachelors and doctoral degrees in mathematics but a masters degree in probability and statistics. For someone in operations research, even if they work primarily on deterministic models (as in my case), and understanding of statistics is useful when estimating model parameters from actual data, and understanding of hypothesis testing is useful when trying to prove that your algorithm is better than the previous benchmark, and an understanding of probability theory is useful in a variety of contexts. I also considered a masters in computer science – knowing data structures, database management principles and the essence of how compiled code works have all proven useful – but ended up filling those gaps just by course work.
Admission and funding aside, what should a potential Ph.D. student look for in a graduate program?
Paul: If you are aiming at an academic career, look at the job placements for recent graduates. Take a look at publication records for faculty (these days, you can usually find that on a web site at the school), and see if they are active in research. If you know you are interested in a particular subdiscipline (integer programming, compiler design, bionic limbs), look specifically for faculty active in that area. Not only will you want courses or seminars of relevance, but you will need a dissertation chair who has some clue about your topic. Finally, if you can get in touch with a few of their students, try to sniff out what the culture of the relevant department is like, and whether the faculty you most likely would prefer as mentors are accessible, pleasant to work with, and willing to take on students. (A somewhat common misconception among applicants is that you can pick your dissertation advisor. It generally requires mutual consent.) Senior students (the kind you want to quiz) often attend professional meetings (for job hunting as well as for the other attractions of the meeting); that might be a good place to try to make new friends.
If you could do it over again, would you make any changes to the way you went about getting a Ph.D.?
Paul: There are small glitches that I would repair if I could – for instance, my advisor took a sabbatical just as I was finishing my opus, and it sat unread for a full term – but overall, I have no significant regrets, and there is nothing substantial I would change.
John Cook
John D. Cook holds a Ph.D. in mathematics from University of Texas at Austin. He is an independent consultant. He blogs at The Endeavor and is active on Twitter.
A 22-year old college student has been accepted to a Ph.D. program in a technical field. He's academically talented, and he's always enjoyed school and his subject matter. His acceptance is accompanied with five years of guaranteed funding. He doesn't have any job offers, but he suspects he could get a decent job as a software developer. He's not sure what to do. What advice would you give him?
John: There are basically two reasons to get a Ph.D.: personal satisfaction, and credentials for a job requiring a Ph.D. It's hard to say what the financial return is on a Ph.D. Some say it lowers your earning potential, but that's confounded by the fact that people with Ph.D.'s tend to seek high security rather than high compensation employment. Some say a Ph.D. increases your earning potential, but they often don't account for the work experience you could have gained by working during the time it takes to complete a degree.
Would you recommend he take some time off prior to grad school, or should he jump right in?
John: Whether to go straight into grad school would depend on personal circumstances. It could be good to take some time to evaluate whether you really want to go to grad school or whether you are just doing that just because it's a natural continuation of what you've been doing for the past 17 years. If you're sure you want to do grad school, it's probably best to keep going and not lose momentum.
Do you have any thoughts on going from undergrad into a Ph.D. program verses first completing a masters?
John: There's more difference between a Ph.D. and a masters degree than many people realize. A masters program is a fairly direct continuation of an undergraduate degree. It's more specialized and more advanced, but it's still mostly based on class work.
The goal of a Ph.D. program is to produce original research and prepare for a career as a researcher. You won't necessarily even become very knowledgeable of the area you get your degree in. But you will develop the discipline of working on a long-term project with little external guidance.
In the humanities, you're often required to complete a master's degree on the way to a Ph.D. That's not as common in the sciences. By going straight for a Ph.D., you might graduate a semester sooner. It's nice to grab a master's degree along the way so that you have something to show for yourself if you don't finish the Ph.D.. But I think most schools will give you a masters on your way out if you go straight for a Ph.D. but don't finish.
If you could do it over again, would you make any changes to the way you went about getting a Ph.D.?
John: If I were to do my Ph.D. over again, and if I wanted to be an academic, I'd learn more about how the academic game is played. When I was in grad school, I learned a lot of math, but I didn't learn much about how to succeed in an academic career. I knew nothing about grants, for example, or strategies for publishing papers. I also would be more selective of my research topic, picking something I was more deeply interested in.
You've spent much of your career doing work different from your field of expertise. What would you say to a current Ph.D. student who is concerned that his field or research is too specialized?
John: You've got to set your own agenda for your time in grad school. In addition to what is required to graduate, you may have additional things you want to learn while you have the opportunity: access to libraries, access to people to ask questions of, and most of all, free time. (When I was in college, a pastor once told a group of students that we had more free time now than we'd ever have again. Of course we all thought he was crazy, but he was right.) You ought to have a survey knowledge of your field, even if that's not required for graduation. You also need to have some idea how your field relates to the rest of the world, and your professors might not be the best people to learn this from. If a professor has never worked outside of academia, I'd be skeptical of anything he or she says about "the real world."


text:
ASHLEY Williams and his County team-mates will be training hard this week and are aiming to bounce back positively from last weekend's first league reverse of the season.
The County skipper has admitted that his side got off to a shocking start at Mansfield Town on Saturday, when amazingly they found themselves four goals behind with only just over half-an-hour gone, but Williams has quickly shrugged off the 4-2 defeat and he and his fellow players now possess a steely determination to quickly put things right.
Williams told the Express: "It was an unbelievable game on Saturday, but it was only our first league defeat of the season don't forget.
"The manner in which we started wasn't good of course, but we did pick ourselves up and could have gone on to win the game. We should have at least drawn, particularly after all the possession and chances we had in the second half.
"We have trained well on Monday and Tuesday though."
Hatters fans will be looking for a response now though, and Williams has stated that they will get one this weekend when County host League Two table-toppers Shrewsbury at 'fortress' Edgeley Park.
"Maybe we did go into last Saturday's game on the back of two hard games," added Williams. "But that can't be offered as an excuse for what happened.
"It happens to every team now and again, including the best teams, but it's all about how we bounce back now. We've all worked particularly hard so far this week, and I think we will put things right straight away on Saturday.
"It's always going to be a hard game against Shrewsbury, but we are playing at our place and we don't fear anybody at Edgeley Park.
"We're looking forward to the game already, and we're going to get right into them.
"We're still determined to get as many points on the board as possible, as quickly as possible."
Williams added: "We've been working on different things in training this week, and we are training on Wednesday. There is no day off this week.
"All the players know their jobs, we're all very determined, and we certainly know what's expected of us."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Submitting Changes to the Version Control Server
Team Foundation version control files are checked in to the version control server using the Pending Changes window or the Checkin dialog box. For more information, see Using the Check In and Pending Changes Windows. These check-ins are submitted atomically as changesets. During a check-in the user can associate work items, provide release notes and review check-in policy adherence for the changes. Various information of the check-in process can be customized by an administrator.
The Team Foundation version control check in process performs the following actions:
Validates compliance with check-in policy.
Submits version control file changes.
Updates associated work items.
Sends e-mail notification.
When the check-in operation is performed, the source file updates either succeed completely or fail completely. If any of the changes in the list of pending changes cannot be submitted to the server (for example, you lose network connectivity in the middle of the operation), none of the changes are committed and a changeset is not created.
If the basis version of any item in the list of pending changes differs from the latest server version (for example, you checked out version 4 of stellar.cs and the latest server version is now version 6), Team Foundation prompts you to resolve any conflicts between your version and the latest server version first. The Resolve dialog box appears to help you investigate and resolve version differences. After you resolve outstanding differences and re-test your code, you can then attempt to check in your changes again.
Upon completion of the check-in operation:
The changes are committed to the server as a changesets and the changeset number is displayed.
Files that were checked out are returned to a read-only state. Your changes appear in the server and can be retrieved by other users.
E-mail is delivered to team members who have subscribed for check-in notification.
Work items are updated.
A Team Foundation administrator can configure the check-in notes and check-in policies that apply to a given team project. For more information, see Walkthrough: Customizing Check-In Policies and Notes.


text: The Behring Institute for Medical Research is an independent non-profit organization located in Dresden, Germany. Since it was founded in 1997 its mission has been to develop and integrate new methods for improving public health. We currently maintain 36 research units and working groups that are devoted to open up innovative paths in medicine and medical treatments. The Behring institute works largely in an interdisciplinary setting to generate cutting-edge knowledge and technological breakthroughs in medical research and definitions of healthcare. Its goal is to play a powerful role in advancing medical research and medical education in Europe. As one of the leading research group, the Behring Institute has close relationships with NSF and the Banned Substances Control Group, non-profit agencies that test random lots of certain products and/or certify our research facilities.


text:
Balachandra Menon whose films are always there on the favourites list of family audience is coming up with his new movie. The actor-director has himself revealed this through a Facebook post.
The director says that he is all set with the thread of his next directorial venture which is produced by his friend Harikumar under the banner of Krishnakala Creations.
The title of all his movies are unique just like its plot. Balachandra Menon also revealed that he has already titled the film but he wants to keep it a secret for a while till he completes the whole story, keeping his fans anxious.
His previously released film was 'Njan Samvidhanam Cheyyum' which could not do well in the box office. The director stated that Harikumar has approached him even before his previous venture. He also said that the home video of his previous film would be reaching the viewers soon.
His upcoming project as an actor is Jeethu Joseph's Prithviraj starrer film 'Oozham'. Balachandra Menon would appear as Prithviraj's father in the film.


text:
Hi friends,
We are using accounting software tally 6.3 in our company. recently i had to format the pc on which tally has been installed and after that i am not able to access tally in my network pc's. In the main pc, its showing tally gold multi user with licence. but in network pc's it is showing tally diamonderp multi user in educational mode. so i am unable to work in tally on network pcs. Can someone help me in this. I really need this
10 Replies
Nov 18, 2010 at 1:03 UTC
Change the parameter of TallyLicense IP (Server Computer IP Address)
and Tally Port number in Tally.ini file found in Tally folder.
Nov 18, 2010 at 1:15 UTC
Hi DoubleN,
Thanks for the advice. but in my tally.ini file, there is no option to change the parameter of TallyLicence and tally port number. I am using tally 6.3
Nov 18, 2010 at 2:36 UTC
Try Like below but the lines might be there:
In the Tally.ini file, add the following parameters
TallyLicense = Connect
TallyLicenseServer = server: port
;;TallyLock = Localhost
Remove the semi colons (;;) before
TallyLicenseServer = server: port
where server is the Name or IP of License Server computer, and port is the Port Number used in the server Tally.ini file.
For example, TallyLicenseServer= 192.168.0.1:9000
Nov 18, 2010 at 2:44 UTC
Hi DoubleN,
Thanks for the update. But there is no line in the.ini file as mentioned by you. is it ok, i write in manually?
Nov 18, 2010 at 2:51 UTC
hi tried to add the detals manually. but its not working. just to remind you, i am using tally 6.3
Nov 18, 2010 at 3:29 UTC
do u have any system with tally other than tally server ? if you have then copy tally.ini file to the system but make sure to take a back-up of your current .ini file
Nov 18, 2010 at 3:42 UTC
hi doubleN,
I do have clinet pc installed with Tally. but they depend on the this tally server to be on for tally to work in them. But now they are unable to work as they are not getting the SI. No. Only educational mode is coming in client.
So if i copy from client pc the .ini file to this server pc, then will it work?
Nov 18, 2010 at 5:17 UTC
Don't copy Client .ini file to Server
i thought u are having problem with tally client tally machine.
try to ping form tally client to tally server and check IP address of Server and make tally client IP same as tally server IP (TallyLicenseServer = server: port ) or else change tally server IP as what it shown in tally.ini in tally client pc. and make the tally server ini file like this
;;TallyLicense = Connect
;;TallyLicenseServer = server: port
TallyLock = Localhost
hope it's clear.
Nov 18, 2010 at 8:11 UTC
Hi DoubleN
I didnt fully understand. How can the server and client both have the same ip in the lan? it will be an ip conflict corect.
Nov 18, 2010 at 10:01 UTC
no no u didn't understand what i was saying...!!! :)
I told to check the tally server IP and check client tally.ini file (TallyLicenseServer = server: port) line and chek that line IP it should be same as Server IP
Your Tally Server IP :192.168.0.1
Your Tally client Tally.ini file TallyLicenseServer = 192.168.0.1:9000
hope now you can understand.
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
Famous Music composer Aadesh Shrivastava, who was suffering from cancer for a long time, breathed his last on September 5th at the Kokilaben Hospital, Mumbai. Bollywood celebrities like Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Amitabh Bachchan, Sonu Nigam, Rishi Kapoor and many others attended the prayer meet of Aadesh yesterday (8th Sept).
9Apps Facilitates Meeting Of 'Love At First Sight' Couple
Recently, Sonu Nigam took to Twitter and shared his last Whatsapp conversation with Aadesh Shrivastava on July 25. With a smiling face, although lying on the hospital bed, Aadesh shared his picture with Sonu and captioned it: "Mere chota bhai, khush raho (my younger brother... be happy)."
Adorable Pictures: Shahid Kapoor Celebrates Wife Mira Rajput's 22nd Birthday
To which Sonu Nigam replied, "Lots of Love Aadesh bhai. Prayers and best wishes. You will get well soon. Jaimataki."
Aadesh Shrivastava's last rites were held at the Oshiwara Crematorium in Mumbai on September 5. A prayer meet for him was held at the ISKCON temple in Mumbai on September 8.
Anu Mallik, Shaan, Neha Dhupia, Madhuri Dixit, Juhi Chawla were also present at the meet to pay the last respect to their close friend Aadesh Shrivastava.


text:
Following is a list of most of the websites we have designed and currently manage. For each one there is a small screenshot of the home page, and a QR barcode that would be useful if you have a smartphone with a barcode app.
AlmondTreeResort.com uses a gradient green background, and many enhanced photos to try to capture the elegant beauty of this small but classy resort on Corozal Bay just south of Corozal Town.
BelizeVipAutoRental.com also has a gradient background, and it demonstrates the mobile-friendly quality of all our websites. They look best in a desktop environment, but they adapt well to smaller screens, like on smartphones.
Belize4MileMarina.com has a gradient background with orchid overlay behind the menu on the left. The site, a marina development at the entrance to the Four Mile Lagoon, has a parcel map with pop-ups to show the dimensions of properties available. It also has a Google locator map and galleries.
BelizeTransfers.com features custom text shadows, a site icon, multi-level menus, and an image map with clickable areas for maps of the districts of Belize.
CapitalFactory.bz has a multi-level menu, a special panoramic view of the factory on the home page, custom icons, and a special font in header images.
CaveTubing.bz has custom graphic headers, random graphic links to parts of the website in the right column, an animated gif link in the left column, an image map with links to district maps of Belize, a Trip Advisor widget, and other custom features.
CerrosSands.com has a custom font for headings, news about Belize, random images and testimonials that link to additional information, a real estate database, and a parcel map with links to parcel data. It is a large, attractive site that has lots of info.
ContourCP.com is a businesslike website for a Corozal company that makes cement products. The page and heading backgrounds give a solid feeling to the website. Galleries show the many decorative and useful products that are available.
CopperHorseInn.com is a simple but effective website for an inn, restaurant, and bar located at the north end of Corozal Town on the Corozal Bay.
Corozal.bz (this website) is our business-oriented sister site to Corozal.com. It includes a Directory of businesses and services in the Corozal District, Real Estate available in the district, and Websitos (smaller websites that are part of Corozal.bz).
Corozal.com is our oldest and our flagship website. It is one of the largest in Belize, with several hundred pages. It is the best known community website for the Corozal District. It includes an events calendar, latest news, banner ads, and many other features.
CorozoBlues.com reflects the beauty of this fine restaurant, bar, and day resort. The menu background details the excellent stonework, and the header and footer remind us of the beautiful Corozal Bay. As with most of our sites, it includes a pop-up Google locator map to show you exactly where it is.
DWGphotography.com is a website to showcase the work of Debra Wilkes Gray, a professional photographer in Corozal. The site includes a custom logo and header font, and distinctive graphic styling, as well as a gallery of pop-up photo images with watermarks.
Mirador.bz has a custom photo header, distinctive site icon, an image map with pop-up maps for the districts of Belize, a multi-level menu, and other features.
SerenitySands.com is a resort website with a sandy background, custom heading font with graphic background, rounded-corner images, custom list icon, embedded Reservation/Credit Card form, embedded Google Maps with directions to the resort, embedded time and weather, and other premium features.
TABuilders.bz has a custom grid and icon background, random image/link header, custom heading font, custom logo and list bullets, and lots of photos of construction progress in galleries. It also has a custom embedded Google Map with directions to Orchid Bay, and a custom email contact form.
Tradewinds.bz uses actual old explorers' maps as backgrounds for the header, main menu, and headings. Some of them even have arrows representing tradewinds. It has an interactive Calendar of Events and Specials to highlight upcoming attractions to the restaurant and bar. It has a custom embedded Google Map with directions to Orchid Bay, and a custom email contact form.
We are adding websites today. Check back a little later for more.
For information about these websites, or if you would like to explore having us
do one for you, please contact Jan or Judy Wilson in Corozal, 422-2646, or you can use
our Contact Form, or email us at:
Email for advertising or content, or
Email for technical comments or questions.
Printed from corozal.bz (Our Websites)


text:
Utilizing the traditional elements of Mission styling, the Junipero Collection adds the feel of the early 20th Century design movement to your casual dining room. The pedestal table base supports an oval top and features storage accessible behind the drop-panel door. Framing, unique to the classic style, carries from the chairbacks to the table base. The rich brown finish serves to highlight the wood veneer.View More Items in This Collection
Leave a review & win $100
Have your own question?
No Faqs Found !
For an extended warranty please click here
With proper care and attention, you will be able to enjoy your new Homelegance Furniture purchase for years to come. Homelegance warrants its furniture to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from date of delivery to the consumer. The Homelegance Warranty only applies to furniture used for normal residential purposes and in no event, be responsible for any incidental or consequential damage. Coleman Furniture is proud to offer Homelegance products to our customers.


text:
27 October 2009,
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel
Price realised USD 578,500
Tyeb Mehta (Indian, 1925-2009)
Untitled (Yellow Heads)
signed and dated 'Tyeb 79' (on the reverse)
oil on canvas
59 x 41¼in. (149.9 x 104.8cm.)
Painted in 1979
New York +1 212 636 2000
London +44 (0)20 7839 9060
Hong Kong +852 2760 1766
Shanghai +86 21 6355 1766
William Lawrie
Tel: +971 4 425 5647
Tyeb Mehta's work underwent several epiphanies following a year-long stay in New York on a Rockefeller Grant in 1968. His harshly textured impressionistic brushstrokes were transformed into a new painting mode with structured expanses of color and a conscious two-dimensionality focused more on line than contour.
"My encounter with minimalist art was a revelation. I had seen minimalist reproductions previously but I hadn't seen the works in the original. Had I not seen the original, I might have dismissed many of them as gimmicks just another tricky idea. But when I saw my first original [Barnett Newman] for example, I had such an incredible emotional response to it. The canvas had no image but the way the paint had been applied, the way the scale had been worked out the whole area proportioned. There was something about it which is inexpressible. Let's say there must have been a point of saturation in my work before I went to New York, which my confrontation with the contemporary art scene brought to the surface. I was open to new ideas. About the same time, I became interested in using pure color. Normally brush marks suggest areas of directions. I wanted to avoid all this to bring elements down to such a minimal level that the image alone would be sufficient to speak for itself." (in dialogue with the artist, Nikki Ty-Tomkins Seth, Tyeb Mehta; Ideas, Images, Exchanges, R. Hoskote, ed., New Delhi, 2005, p. 342)
Shortly after Mehta abandoned his expressionistic painting style, he began work on a series in which each painting's composition was built around a thick oblique line running right to left, oftentimes rendered over his figures. In these works, the diagonal allows a single figure to adopt different forms on each side, giving Mehta the flexibility to explore different means of representation in a single painting. This segmentation of the canvas is continued in works from the late 70s /early 80s however, it slowly begins to become less obtrusive as Mehta's style matures. This particular painting is an important transitional work for the artist who has himself mentioned that it pre-figures his obsession with themes of the Goddess. As he was grappling with depicting its formal and psychological elements, the work serves as a turning point in Mehta's oeuvre by illustrating a growing complexity in composition and facility of line which makes Mehta's works masterpieces of Indian Modernism.
Special Notice
Lots are subject to 5% import Duty on the importation value (low estimate) levied at the time of collection shipment within UAE. For UAE buyers, please note that duty is paid at origin (Dubai) and not in the importing country. As such, duty paid in Dubai is treated as final duty payment. It is the buyer's responsibility to ascertain and pay all taxes due.
Tyeb Mehta; Ideas, Images, Exchanges, New Delhi, 2005, p. 132 (illustrated).
The rising stars of a burgeoning market, from Turkey's leading Modern artist to the Warhol of the Middle East
Overall sales hit £2.35 billion ($3 billion) in the first half of the year, with auction sales up by 29 per cent on the e..
Interior designer and heritage colour expert Edward Bulmer on the modello by Jean-Baptiste van Loo he acquired 27 yea..


text:
Helen graduated from the Royal Veterinary College in 2008, and although life in London was fun, she is a country girl at heart and soon returned to her rural roots.
She started her career in mixed practice in Lincolnshire, in a predominantly small animal and farm job. She enjoyed her time in Lincolnshire but within a year was offered her dream job in North Norfolk at Westover Vets Ltd, a practice she had seen much EMS at as a student.
Helen moved to Norfolk in 2009 and has been there ever since! She works predominantly in the large animal branch with a 70% equine, 30% farm split but spends ten weeks of the year covering staff holiday in the small animal department.
She enjoys all aspects of the job but her particular passion is Equine Medicine. She completed a designated Certificate in Advanced Veterinary Practice in Equine Medicine in 2013 and was awarded Advanced Practitioner status in 2015.
Helen loves Norfolk although it took her some time to get used to the dialect! She is a member of Stalham Farmers Club (the second oldest farmers club in the UK) and is well known in the local equine community as she has owned and ridden various horses over the last few years.
She currently has a warmblood X who was bought to event but as horses tend to go, is currently spending time being a field ornament and happy hacker!
She enjoys spending time on the Norfolk Broads and walking along various sections of the Norfolk Coastal Path on weekends off with her husband Steve, border terrier Wiggle and labrador puppy Dave.


text:
I am a home user and have iolo System Mechanic 10.5 installed on three of my Windows 7 workstations. The software is running, it has what they call "Real-Time" protection enabled, and the definitions are up to date.
I know this is not a common anti-virus, but I thought all AV software communicated it's status in the same way to Windows.
I know earlier when my machines were not updating regularly, windows security center would report problems with the AV definitions. It does not report that now.
Is there something I can do to help SpiceWorks find the AV data and report it properly? Thanks
This topic was created during version 5.1.
The latest version is 7.5.00101.
2 Replies
Jul 18, 2011 at 10:09 UTC
Check this page out:
In particular the section on enabling windows security center. If Security Center isn't enabled, you won't see the popup warnings when it's out of date or turned off, and it won't be detected by Spiceworks.
Hope this helps and welcome to the Spiceworks community. :)
Jul 18, 2011 at 10:48 UTC
Thank you for the welcome! I must not have been clear. Security Center or Action center is on. It reports that System Shield (iolo AV software) reports that it is up to date and virus scanning is on.
Yet Spiceworks reports that it this machine does not have AV
This discussion has been inactive for over a year.
You may get a better answer to your question by starting a new discussion.


text:
JayZ & Linkin Park - Numb/Encore - (HD) MP3
This is an old but still an awesome song ! Please comment, rate and suscribe for more music ! i do not own the copyrights !
Linkin Park Jay-Z 50 Cent The Game 2pac - Numb Encore Remix MP3
LP Jay-Z - Numb/Encore 50 Cent The Game - Hate it or love it 2pac - Still ballin' Subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMUsTyt8pSXDlI08YUHS4gw.
Jayz ft Linkin Park vs Eminem, Dr Dre - Numb Encore MP3
This is the best song in the world ! remix with Jayz and Linkin Park vs. Eminem, Dr dre I didn´t make this song i just like it ! =)
Numb Encore Remix ft. Eminem, Dr. Dre, 50 Cent, LP, Jay-Z (Lyrics sync).mp4 MP3
linkin park boe fixe.
Linkin Park feat. Jay-Z - Numb/Encore (Collision Course 2004) MP3
West Hollywood (Los Angeles) California, USA The Roxy Theatre MTV Ultimate Mash Ups - Collision Course 18th July 2004 These 6 songs were recorded and ...
Numb/Encore [Live] - Linkin Park & Jay Z MP3
Linkin Park and Jay Z performing "Numb/Encore" live at the Roxy Theatre in Los Angeles in 2004. http://www.linkinpark.com | http://LPUnderground.com iTunes: ...
Linkin Park Jay Z - Numb Encore (DJs From Mars Bootleg Remix ) MP3
Linkin Park Jay Z - Numb Encore DJs From Mars Bootleg Remix.
Linkin Park/Jay-z | Numb Encore Uncensored W/Lyrics (iTunes Quality) MP3
Linkin Park/ Jay-Z feat. Kany West (only in the beginning. That's why I did not add his name in the title) Please Subscribe & Give a thumbs up! - Or a thumbs ...
JayZ ft Linkin Park - Numb Encore MP3
I provide music on requests. You can send me a message on my channel if you want a song to be displayed! I will also send you the embed code to the video ...
Linkin Park Ft Jay Z Numb Encore Dubstep Remix Ambient Chillstep MP3
Follow Me On twitter.com/N1tro GameingHD Add Me On Xbox One And 360 GT: N1tro GameingHD Website- http://n1trogameingyt.weebly.co...
Jay-Z (ft. FonZ) - encore (Remix) MP3
Dutch Produced: Jay-Z (ft. FonZ) - encore (Remix) (2004) Back when the Jay-Z remixing craze took off, FonZ had his go as well: The two Z's (Jay and Fon) - From ...
Linkin Park ,Jay-z feat,Dr.Dre,50cent,Eminem- Numb Encore (Remix) MP3
promoted by the KL7773 "Numb/Encore" is a song by the nu metal band Linkin Park and rapper Jay-Z from their 2004 mash-up album Collision Course.
Linkin Park Feat. Jay-z - Numb/Encore Remix MP3
This is a Numb encore remix artists linkin park jayz eminem 50 cent Dr dre LYRICS [50 Cent] Sh-sh-sh-shady Aftermath, haha G-G-G-G-G-Unit!, haha [Jay-Z ...
Numb Encore Remix- Eminem,Jay-Z,Dr.Dre,50 Cent,Linkin Park MP3
i was bored so i just did this the song name is in the title type it in google or sumt.
numb encore remix [ linkin park;jay z;eminem;50 cent;dr dre] MP3
canta (linkin park,jayZ,eminem,50 cant,dr dre)
Linkin Park Ft. Jay-Z - Numb Encore (DJ F4bby Remix) ‹‹ FREE STEP / SOFT ›› MP3
Curtir : https://www.facebook.com/vib990 - ValclecioSiilver : https://www.facebook.com/valclecio.silva - MarcosAurelio : https://www.facebook.com/macoaure ...
Linkin Park Feat Jay Z - Numb/Encore & Jigga-What/Faint (Subtitulado-Español) MP3
Te traemos con subtitulos en español este gran mashup en vivo de Linkin Park con Jay Z Linkin Park Feat Jay Z Numb/Encore subtitulado español Linkin Park ...
Jay-Z & Linkin Park - Numb/Encore (Instrumental) MP3
Jay-Z & Linkin Park - Numb/Encore (Instrumental)
Jay Z & Linkin Park - Numb Encore (N2N Tropical Remix) MP3
Likes, Comments and Subscribers/Reposts are of course always appreciated, spread the love guys! Cool and original remix made by N2N, very nice producer, ...
Linkin Park & Jay Z - Numb / Encore (Djs From Mars Bootleg Remix) MP3
http://www.facebook.com/djsfrommars http://www.youtube.com/djsfrommars http://www.twitter.com/djsfrommars http://www.soundcloud.com/djsfrommars.


text:
Mr. Herman "Pipe" Cobb Jr. of Covington, died April 9. The son of Mrs. Mildred Belcher sims and the late Herman Cobb Sr., he was born in Newton County in 1955. Mr. Cobb was a graduate of Newton County High School and a member of James Paschal Baptist church. Following in the footsteps of his daddy, Mr. Cobb entered the grading business at an early age. He was a heavy equipment operator for Sims Excavating Inc. Mr. Cobb was fun outgoing, talkative and a genuine friend. He knew no strangers. In his free time he enjoyed drag racing, wrestling, football, dancing and partying at a local "Hole in the Wall."
Surviving are parents Mr. and Mrs. Eddie Roy (Mildred) Sims; brother Mr. and Mrs. Lanier (Bionca) Sims; sisters Ms. Tammy Sims, Ms. Ella Mae Shy, Ms. Melody Usher, Mr. and Mrs. Earl (Josephine) Johnson; nieces and nephews E'Toyus and A.J. Palomino, Anisha and Amisha Usher, Anthony Broughton, Brandon Cobb, Mario and Joeston Johnson; six uncles; two aunts; one great-aunt; a host of other relatives and special friends.
Funeral services were held April 14 at the Church in the Now, Conyers, with Bishop Jim and Pastor Debye Swilley and the Rev. Lamar Bell presiding. Eulogist was Minister Marcell Banes. Interment followed in Lawnwood Memorial Park.
The Covington News April 17, 2009


text:
Faithfull the Brand
Joya Playsuit
$ 165.00
Easy to wear for a day on the water. Faithfull The Brand is not short on components with the deep V neckline, a slit that allows the back to breath, and a drawstring tie at the waist.
Model is wearing size Extra Small
100% Rayon


text:
Call 800-522-2025M-F 8:30am - 7pm EST
Shopping Cart($0.00)
FREE SHIPPING No Minimum Order!
SHOP MARKERTEK EVERYDAY for all of your needs. Free shipping on almost every order placed on our website.
Special order & oversized freight intensive items ship at an additional cost. Continental US orders only.Ask about our new Economy International Shipping Options.
Secure LoginClose X
Returning Markertek Customers
New Markertek Customers
Why Create an Account?
Creating a Markertek account now will save you time on future orders. You'll have full access to your order history and a personalized shopping experience.
Home > Product Categories > Pro-Video > Tripods & Camera Support > Dollies > 395012
Item #: MSE-395012 MFG #: 395012
List Price:$974.00Our Price:$779.20Quantity Pricing
+ Add to Wishlist + Add to Quote
Hot Buttons work beautifully with Matthews Doorway Dolly (click to view the Doorway Dolly) or the even more versatile Round-d-Round Doorway Dolly (Click to view the Round-d-Round). For straight or curve track, steel, aluminum, or PVC pipe, simply remove the locking nut, self-contained wheel and tire from each axle and replace with Hot Button set and nut. Hot Buttons also make a perfect scooter dolly with just two axles and any size ordinary plywood. Combination Track/Stage Wheels #395001 are as simple to change as the Hot Buttons. These wheels have self-contained bearings designed to work on hard surfaces or 1-1/2' diameter straight track only.
Add Accessories for your 395012:
Recently Viewed Items:
Newsletter Sign Up
Weekly email with exclusive deals, unique new products, how-to videos and so much more!
Download the Newest Catalog!
© 2017 Markertek, Division of Tower Products Incorporated • Legal Notice & Code of Ethics


text:
Lest we forget…
We have some more questions regarding this issue of Beppe Fenech Adami and the company he is alleged to have been involved with.
Let us start from basics: the MaltaToday report alleges that allegations that surfaced in Holland before the election somehow did not find adequate correspondence and investigation in Malta.
We would expect, therefore, to be shown official correspondence between the Netherlands and Malta and/or an official complaint in this regard, along with who received it, and who decided not to act upon it.
It may be, of course, that this is a matter for the three former members of the judiciary who were yesterday tasked with investigating the allegations.
We were taken to task yesterday by an English-language writer on Glenn Bedingfield's blog about the independence (or lack thereof) of the members of the judiciary, even those who are pensioners.
As it so happens, one member of this trio of former judges announced later on in the day happens to be a former Labour MP.
In Parliament in the evening, Justice Minister
Editor's pick
Owen Bonnici made a big thing about how the appointment of members of the judiciary has now been taken away from the government's hands and how the new members are being first vetted by a special committee.
With all due respect, this move, though a step forward, does not remove the long shadow of the government of the day. Minister Bonnici himself admitted how members of the judiciary who have resigned have such a low pension that they come to depend on the government for some extra income.
But a far better argument is to turn the whole thing on its head.
If the Prime Minister, who says he is not being partisan, felt impelled to act with such alacrity on the allegations regarding Dr Fenech Adami, what is keeping him from launching a similar inquiry into scandals such as Café Premier, Gaffarena, Panama Papers and visas for sick Libyans – all cases that have long been in the public domain and about which not a single inquiry has been launched not one person investigated. The only person who has paid seems to have been Dr Michael Falzon, despite his protestations of innocence. All the members on the Bench would probably not be enough to staff such inquiries.
The past months and years have seriously undermined confidence in the government and one would have expected the government itself to take swift steps to distance itself from any allegation of wrong-doing. When this was not done (as opposed to what has now been done based on just a newspaper report) the suspicion in the minds of many was that the government was covering up for misdeeds and for those who had committed them. Whatever methods are used to take the people's mind away from such cases, these cases will not drop out of sight and it is definitely not in the country's best interest to let them disappear. The Opposition, representing around half of the electorate, is duty-bound not to let these cases fall from popular memory. It is also duty-bound to commit itself to bringing the perpetrators to justice whenever it finds itself in government.
It is not through sweeping things under the carpet that the nation heals itself. We say this with regard to anyone and everyone, on this or on that side of the political divide.


text:
Anísio Ferreira de Sousa is a Brazilian doctor and serial killer who ran a Satanic ring that killed children in Altamira, Brazil.[1] He was convicted of the murder of three children and the attempted murder of two others. In total, the deaths of 19 children have been linked to the ring.[2]
Between 1989 and 1992 children disappeared around the town of Altamira. The children were sexually mutilated and murdered. De Sousa was sentenced to seventy-seven years in prison.
- ↑ Meninos Emasculados De Altamira (in Portuguese)
- ↑ The Children of Altamira (in Portuguese)
|This page uses content from the English Wikipedia. The original article was at Anísio Ferreira de Sousa. The list of authors can be seen in the page history.