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1 IFI TECHNICAL REPORTS Institute of Computer Science, Clausthal University of Technology IfI Clausthal-Zellerfeld 2005
2 Software and Operational Concept for EIT-Based regional lung Function monitoring Taras Dudykevych 1, Harald Richter 2, Günter Hahn 1, Inéz Frerichs 1, Jóse Hinz 1 and Gerhard Hellige 1 1 Department of Anaesthesiological Research Center of Anaesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine TL 195 University of Göttingen Robert-Koch-Strasse 40 D Göttingen, Germany 2 Institute for Informatics, Clausthal University of Technology Julius-Albert-Str. 4 D Clausthal, Germany Abstract Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique suitable for medical application. Most of the previous investigations have been done under laboratory conditions and only few projects under real hospital environment. This paper presents a novel concept of EIT application for clinical lung ventilation monitoring. A virtual EIT lung ventilation monitor suitable for application in clinical environment was designed and successfully implemented into the Goe- MF II EIT device developed in our lab. The software together with its operational concept is described here. The problems of device handling, extraction of physiological relevant information from measurements, and data storage and retrieval are addressed. During data acquisition, comprehensive status information is displayed: the contact of all electrodes to the patient's body, the correctness of the wiring of the electrodes, and properties of electric or magnetic fields that produce noise at electrodes or cables. To give a quick overview about the patients' lung function, dynamic functional images are introduced for the first time with the essential property that their screen display only changes if the patient s physiological status changes, but not during the breathing steady state condition. Additional evaluation procedures are available for series of EIT images to generate functional images in offline evaluation mode. Four different display windows are available: lung ventilation, shift-in-lung-volume, filling capacity, and pressure-volume relation. The described features of the virtual EIT ventilation monitor will be helpful to optimize the respirator s parameters for each individual patient. Keywords electrical impedance tomography, EIT, ventilation monitoring 1 Introduction Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive imaging technique used for medical application as well as for non-destructive inspection of technical devices or processes. EIT was first introduced for medical imaging in the mid-1980s by Barber and Brown [0]. For EIT imaging, electrodes are placed equidistant around a cylindrical-like object such as a human thorax. Between any two adjacent electrode pairs, a constant electric current is injected into the body under inspection while all other electrodes measure pair wise the resulting voltages at their location. By having repeated current injections and voltage measurements between all electrode pairs, a data set is established for reconstructing the body's internal structure by a mathematical operation called filtered back-projection [0]. During the last two decades, several prototypes have demonstrated the feasibility of this tomographic method [0], [0], [0], [0], [0]. Most of the previous work on EIT for monitoring and measuring regional lung functions was conducted under experimental or laboratory conditions [0], [0]. Some of the work was even carried out under extreme 2
3 environmental conditions such as micro gravity; e.g. on board the MIR space station [0], [0] as well as in airplanes on parabolic earth flights [0], [0]. To our knowledge, EIT applications under real clinical conditions are rare and have not been performed systematically. The reliable interpretation of EIT images depends on the quality of the raw data, which are frequently disturbed by higher noise levels encountered in the hospital environment. Furthermore, there is a reluctance to attach another scientific instrument to the patient with increased discomfort and interference with medical treatment. 1.1 EIT for Lung Function Monitoring In the case of lung function EIT offers the possibility of long-term measurement and visualization of pulmonary relevant parameters. These are represented by passive electrical properties, i.e. the transimpedance of the lung tissue. Monitoring can be performed only by means of EIT since X-ray computed tomography (CT) is not applicable at the bedside and results in an excessive radiation exposure with frequent use. EIT instead delivers information about regional lung function, e.g. local ventilation and end-expiratory lung-volume for arbitrary time intervals directly at the patient's bed without radiation exposure and at very low costs [0]. 1.1 State of the Art and Definition of the Problem Usual medical equipment in intensive care unit (ICU) such as heart rate monitors are much easier to handle than existing EIT systems, since the former are easy to apply and operate automatically. Presently, a number of individual manual steps are necessary for EIT operation. These steps are: device initialization, data collection, data storage, image reconstruction, and extraction of physiological information from image series. For these steps, several software modules from different sources are usually involved. Problems arise especially in device handling, information extraction and data comparability and interchangeability. Here, the state-of-the-art is: 1.) Device handling: Time-consuming trouble-shooting is reported [0] when measured data are inconsistent. The reasons for faulty data are loose contact between adhesive electrodes and the patient's body, electromagnetic interferences and electro-static noise in the clinical environment. Static and dynamic noise is not apparent in a laboratory environment, which is electrically quieter [0], [0]. 2.) Extraction of physiological information: physiological relevant information about the patient can be extracted only off-line after some lengthy evaluation steps. 3.) Data comparability and interchangeability: in contrast to standard diagnosis methods such as X-raying no established procedures for data acquisition, evaluation and documentation exist in EIT. This means that measurement data acquired by different EIT systems cannot be compared other on a regular basis. The described problems are the main limiting factors for clinical acceptance of EIT, especially because of the fact that clinical personnel lack engineering or EIT background. Therefore, clinicians decline to use EIT as a common tool. It was our goal to develop an EIT-based ventilation monitor, which can be used by clinicians for monitoring the regional pulmonary function without requiring any expert knowledge on EIT or computer handling. The realization is based on the Goe-MF II EIT system [0], [0] which was built in our lab. In this paper, the software, together with its operational concept in conjunction with Goe-MF II's hardware, is described as follows: the hardware setup of Goe-MF II EIT system, the operational concept, the software implementation of ventilation monitor and the software optimization used to meet the real-time requirements will be explained in section II. In the results section, the online data processing as well as resulting PC screen is presented in the subsection A. In the subsections B and C data sophisticated data evaluation procedures available offline are described in detail. A novel solution for the monitoring regional lung function is introduced in the subsection D. And finally, the item of data interchangeability of data collected by different EIT group is addressed in the subsection E, followed by discussion and conclusion. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Hardware Setup The Goe-MF II EIT device [0] comprises the core system consisting of input and output multiplexers, AC amplifier, a programmable current source, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters as well as a digital signal processor (DSP), a set of 16 electrodes used as current injection and measurement probes and a host PC with graphic processor. The hardware setup is depicted in Fig. 1. The most important component in this circuitry is the high-precision low-noise amplifier, together with its constant-current source. The latter provides a current of programmable frequency and amplitude for injection into the body under investigation by means of a pair of injection electrodes. The amplifier senses the resulting voltages at each other pair of measurement electrodes. 3
4 Additional to the collection of skin surface voltages, the auxiliary analog input of the Goe-MF II device can be used to acquire airway pressure values of mechanically ventilated patients. These pressure values are accessible at the "y-piece" of the respirator. The analog input can also be used for acquiring other physiological information, if necessary. Analog-to-digital converters and first-in-first-out buffers provide for appropriate digital access to the measurement values during data acquisition. The DSP is responsible for data preprocessing. Additional utilities such as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Direct Memory Access Controller (DMA) allow for efficient operation of the digital part of Goe-MF II. Subsequent image reconstruction and data presentation is performed by the host PC running the Windows XP operating system. The performance of the Goe-MF II system is described in previous publications of our group [0], [0]. 2.2 Operational Concept and Software Implementation of Ventilation Monitor The first step in the sequence of operations is the analog-to-digital conversion of the probe signals and the calculation of a so-called characteristic signal amplitude out of 1024 primary data AD-samples of 14 bits each. As a result, a single 32-bit integer is obtained as characteristic amplitude of the fundamental oscillation in the signal spectrum. Signal sampling and spectral analysis is repeated for all 16*13=208 combinations of 13 active measurement electrode pairs out of a set of 16, thereby forming a raw input data set. This is performed by the DSP. In the second step, data are transferred to the host PC via a bi-directional Universal Serial Bus link (USB) at 12 Mbits/s. In the third step, a filtered back projection algorithm is executed on the PC for image reconstruction generating 32x32 pixel image. The fourth and last step in the sequence of operations is the user s screen generation according to the above-described calculations. This comprises the interpolation of a 32*32 double-precision number matrix and the conversion of this matrix to 8 bit integer values to yield a 128*128 pixel matrix for rendering on the PC's display. Pixel interpolation was used for better visual perception by resolution enhancement. Steps 1-4 are repeated with a rate of 13, 25 or 44 Hz to get a series of single EIT images, which are required for the monitoring of regional lung function. Subsequently more sophisticated data evaluation can be started either for the last acquired (by default) or for any arbitrary data set. The DSP s software was written in C, tested, compiled and downloaded by means of the Texas Instruments Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The overall software project engineering, the generating of the graphical user interface (GUI) and the visualization was implemented under MATLAB numeric computing environment. MATLAB is commercial software, optimized for numerical calculations with matrices [see The used MATLAB Application Programming Interface (API) makes it possible to compile custom C code as a so-called MATLAB executable dynamic link library (MEX-DLL) and to link it to the MATLAB framework. The most time-consuming calculations such as image reconstruction, image interpolation, user' screen generation, as well as calculation of the functional EIT images and dynamic functional EIT images, described later in the paper, were implemented in this way. The graphical output of MATLAB is coded in the OpenGL language, which in turn is interpreted in real time by a hardware renderer, located on the PC's graphic controller board. 2.3 Software Optimization To meet the real-time requirements Goe-MF-II s software had to be highly optimized. To monitor reliably e.g. the ventilation distribution, the series of single EIT images for the duration of at least one breathing cycle should be used for the calculation of some derived functional parameters. Assuming breathing cycle duration of 4 s, a data set of 20 Mbytes will be collected for 13 Hz data acquisition rate for instance, thus resulting in an input stream of 5.5 Mbytes/sec. For real time visualization, these data have to be processed into a video output stream of 208 Kbytes/sec (8bits 128x128 pixel image every 1/13 sec). To achieve this, manual and automatic code optimizations had to be made. The first optimization level was obtained by using the Texas Instruments optimizer tool for digital signal processors. The second level of optimization was to share all computational tasks between three processors: DSP, host PC and graphic controller. They operate in a pipeline on each data set in a block wise manner. The third optimization was the replacement of array indexing by pointer arithmetic according to the following C-code example: for {i=0;i<n;i++} {a[i] =b[i] +c[i]} by a++ := b++ + c++. This avoids index checking to lie between array boundaries, thus giving more speed. 3 Results 3.1 Data Acquisition Goe-MF II provides comprehensive information by means of two main operation modes: online data acquisition and offline evaluation. To maintain the functional integrity of Goe-MF II before and during measurements 4
5 automatically, a status determination is performed. The following status information is displayed: 1) the contact of all electrodes to the patient's body, 2) the correctness of the wiring of the electrodes (no permuted cables etc.), and 3) the presence or absence of electric or magnetic fields or waves that would produce static or dynamic noise at electrodes or cables. The first two items are continuously checked and displayed during data acquisition while the third information is only available in the initialization phase before EIT measurements start. During the initialization phase of Goe-MF II, the sampled primary values, affected by electromagnetic noise, are visualized in the time domain as well as in the frequency domain by their Fourier spectrum (Fig. 2). Additionally to displaying this information, the electrical noise status is automatically documented in a file, allowing a remote troubleshooting by EIT experts, also in retrospective. A block diagram of online data processing of the Goe-MF II software is shown in Fig. 3, the corresponding PC screen captured during data acquisition is shown in Fig. 4. The continuous check of the electrode contact during data acquisition is made by measuring the injected current and the resulting potential differences over the driving electrodes. The quotient of both yields the electrode impedance. A check of all 16 active electrodes pairs impedances is carried out continuously and simultaneously with the data acquisition and the results are displayed (subview 1 in Fig. 3 and 4). Additionally, all sampled raw values of the 208 measuring electrode pairs are concatenated to build a continuous curve and presented to the user. A typical U-distribution as in subview 2 of Fig. 4 can be seen if the wiring of the electrodes is correct and if no other major disturbances are present. In the beginning of each EIT measurement campaign, several voltage measurement cycles of the electrodes of the patient s skin surface are performed and used subsequently as a baseline reference data set (Fig. 3) that is required for image reconstruction. (The reference sets can be based either on tidal breathing in case of spontaneously breathing patients, or on controlled ventilatory conditions that are defined by the mechanical ventilator.) Subsequently EIT data acquisition can be started. The baseline reference data and the actual measuring data are processed as (v-v ref )/v ref, which serves as image reconstruction input. Then, a modified version of a filtered backprojection algorithm is used to produce individual EIT images [0]. The result of the tomographic reconstruction is the spatial distribution of relative impedance changes in the thoracic cross-section. By using its results two essential images are computed and displayed continuously in real time by Goe-MF II s software: an EIT movie, that is directly generated out of a series of reconstructed tomographies and a so-called dynamic functional EIT image (df-eit image), that is derived from a series of subsequent EIT images. Examples for both imaging modes of lung ventilation are shown in subview 3 and 4 of Fig. 3 and 4, respectively, and will be explained later. 3.2 Offline Mode All data acquired in the online mode can be post-processed offline, to distill physiological relevant data out of a huge amount of measurement values. The individual images are reconstructed as described above, with a single difference: the data from any meaningful physiological condition can be freely used as the reference data set. Additional evaluation procedures are applied to the series of reconstructed EIT images to calculate other parameters that characterize the regional lung function and to generate so-called functional images. Examples of a patients physiological status are shown in views 1-4 of Fig. 5, these evaluation modes were termed by us lung ventilation, shift in lung volume, filling capacity and pressure-volume relation. C. Functional Images and Evaluation Views Functional images means that a whole series of images are condensed into a single picture representing a specific regional physiological function, derived from the electrical properties of the studied body itself. To achieve a functional image, it is required to track the physiological information for every reconstructed pixel over a period of time. This tracking procedure is called the time course of the pixel. Then, mathematical parameters related to the physiological function are extracted from the time course and displayed as condensed information at the pixel's position. Since this is performed on all pixels' time courses, a series of tomograms will be reduced to a single synthetic image representing a physiological function in a concise way, e.g. lung ventilation or blood flow distribution in the studied cross-section of the body. The advantage of functional images is that they can be interpreted more easily than the original data since only medically relevant information is given. In the functional images, derived parameters have their own scales and values different from each other and from the original data, although the same gray or color representation is used on the PC's screen. Three types of functional images are derived by Goe-MF II's software, i.e. lung ventilation, shift in lung volume, and filling capacity. Each functional EIT image will be abbreviated as f-eit, in the following. 1. Lung Ventilation. The generation of the f-eit image for lung ventilation is described in [0], [0]. Briefly, this technique utilizes the information in the time courses of impedance changes and computes the variation of the local impedance changes for every pixel position as functional parameter. High impedance changes within a thoracic plane physiologically are related to ventilation. 5
6 2. Shift in Lung Volume. The shift in lung volume image computes the mean value instead of the variation of 1.) leading to images representing long-term changes in regional air content of the lungs. 3. Filling Capacity. The f-eit image for the filling capacity is based on the regional relative impedance change as a function of the overall impedance change within the thoracic plane. It images the ratio of local to global ventilation, which has been introduced in [0] as "local filling capacity". The functional images are incorporated into four different views shown in Fig. 5, which can be displayed alternatively on the screen. The basic idea of the display concept was to show simultaneously one functional image together with xy-plots of local and global information from the series of single EIT images or from auxiliary analog input. "Local" denotes information at a given pixel position as function over time and global means data averaged over all pixels of a given image. The pixel position from which local information has to be displayed is selected by moving the mouse pointer to the desired position. Every local xy-plot is automatically kept up-to-date on the screen when cursor position changes, i.e. with each mouse movement. Normally, the global relative impedance time course Z is displayed by averaging of all pixels of each subsequent individual image. The described operations and the resulting screen captures are shown in Fig. 5 as a block diagram. In view 1 of Fig. 5, the lung ventilation image is shown together with the local and global time courses of relative impedance changes. The standard deviation computed here for the f-eit is an indicator for perfusion and ventilation in the cross section of the patient's body [0]. In the second view, the shift in lung volume image is combined with the same local and global time courses as before. This view quantifies the changes in regional lung volume in a transversal cross-section of the chest, resulting e.g. from modified mechanical respirator settings with respect to a reference air volume [0] or from gravity induced shift in lung volume during posture or gravity changes [0], [0]. In the third view, the filling capacity image is shown together with a xy-plot that exhibits regional versus global relative impedance changes. This information can give insight into the local lung filling and emptying behavior [0], [0]. In the fourth view, the lung ventilation image is visualized with the regional and the global pressure-volume relations of the lung. This is considered to be useful for adjusting the respirator settings during mechanical ventilation to optimize lung recruitment and to avoid lung over-distention [0]. 3.3 Dynamic Functional Imaging EIT is the only possibility for imaging of lung function at the bedside. The most important diagnostic parameter for proper therapy planning is a monitoring of the regional ventilation distribution. The EIT monitoring solution mostly considered at present is the EIT movie consisting of subsequent individual EIT images. The information about regional ventilation distribution is contained in the EIT movie although not directly but in form of highly time-resolved local lung volume changes. Therefore, the EIT movie is not optimal for monitoring due to the continuously changing image during each breathing cycle. A novel approach developed by the authors is an extension of the offline f-eit lung ventilation imaging described above to a monitoring method. This technique called "dynamic functional EIT (df-eit)" is accomplished online by recalculating and plotting a new f-eit image immediately after a new measurement frame has been sampled. Details of this technique as well as volunteer's and clinical examples are described in [0]. Briefly, df-eit imaging is achieved by considering lung ventilation f-eit images only for a certain period of time by using the concept of time window. The time window has to move from frame to frame, as depicted in Fig. 6 to incorporate new frames in real time. Within the moving window, the variation for all pixels is calculated, exhibiting a conventional lung ventilation f-eit image. Each image is scaled automatically providing the maximal color dynamic range; the color bar on the image's right side supplies the quantitative information about the instantaneous physiological impedance variation in the studied cross-section as depicted in Fig. 4, subview 4. Evidently, for a stationary physiological process the df-eit image does not alter as long as the moving window length matches or exceeds the process' periodicity. The length of the window is variable and can be chosen during set-up of the ventilation monitor software. The effect of df-eit can be seen in Fig. 7a and 7b. Fig. 7a shows the global relative impedance change Z for a healthy volunteer performing an end-expiratory breath-hold maneuver followed by spontaneous breathing. For the time period depicted by two solid vertical lines in Fig. 7a a series of the df-eit images, which has been generated online, is plotted in a 4x4 arrangement in Fig. 7b. As expected, both physiological steady states, cardiac-related variation during respiratory apnoa (images 1-6) and tidal breathing (images 9-16), show stable df- EIT images. The display only alters during transition from apnoe to ventilation indicating the change in the physiological state. 3.4 Data Interchangeability Data interchangeability is mandatory for the comparability of measurements conducted by different EIT groups or devices. In Goe-MF-II, a configuration setup called template is created for every clinical problem under 6
7 investigation. Each template is stored in a file with a mnemonic name that allows subsequent retrieval. Consecutive measurements that may be necessary for diagnosis or therapy of a patient can be run without any delay or new manual set-up if a template file already exists. The template has to be loaded, and the measurement can begin instantaneously. Furthermore, predefined templates for EIT settings provide also external compatibility of data, if the same template is used in different locations. A template file contains fixed parameters such as the duration of the reference frame, the rate of the measurement frames (13 Hz, 25 Hz, 44 Hz), the duration of a series of measurement frames (e.g. 1min), the length of the used time window for df-eit (e.g. 5 seconds), and several other parameters. Additionally, a unique identification label for each patient file is provided by means of two IDs i.e. text strings, one for the hospital and one for the patient, to allow for unambiguous data retrieval. The text strings are entered manually in the set-up menu for each patient, together with the patient s weight and height and his main pulmonary diagnosis. These data are stored in an additional file type called patient file. The patients and data file names are generated automatically out of center and patient IDs to standardize data management and to avoid errors. All patient files are kept in selectable subdirectories while their IDs serve as access keys. 4 Discussion and Conclusion In the past few years fascinating new achievements and marked improvements were reached in the technical development of electrical impedance tomography systems [0], [0], [0], [0] allowing, e.g. brain imaging or generation of three-dimensional tomograms. However, the majority of the new devices has not been applied in clinical environment and was used only under experimental conditions. The main remaining limiting factors are the EIT device handling, the need of time-consuming data evaluation and measurement disturbances resulting in low clinical acceptance of the EIT. Therefore, it was our goal to develop a novel EIT-based ventilation monitor that would fulfill the criteria for successful clinical application, both with respect to a simple and mostly automated handling as well as an immediate feedback to the clinical intervention in online mode and a comprehensive evaluation procedure offline. The novel operational concept provides online monitoring of physiological data such as regional and global lung functions and cardiac action. The handling was optimized for a clinical setting by an intuitive graphical user interface (GUI) and continuous integrity checks. All features are accessed and controlled by the GUI; from a main menu, the user is guided by forms and pushbuttons. By this, it can be guaranteed that the measurements will be carried out under reasonable system settings, and nothing will be missed for subsequent data evaluation. Potential malfunctions will be displayed immediately during the data acquisition. The typical problem of inadequate electrode contact to the patient is encountered especially on the ICU. In the past, finding the faulty electrodes was time-consuming and tedious. By using the new software clinical personnel can avoid this problem easily. Ventilation monitor is especially useful for medical personnel in ICUs to get a quick overview about the lung function of a patient under artificial ventilation. It provides the overview in real time, which means that a change in patient's lung function by changing the set up of the mechanical respirator is immediately detectable. By this fast feedback, it is possible for the first time for clinic personnel to set up optimally the respirator function for each patient individually. This feature is based on the novel concept of dynamic functional imaging (df-eit) that is derived from standard functional imaging. A df-eit image changes only when the patient s physiological status changes, but not during the ordinary breathing sequence as it is the case in standard EIT movies. By df- EIT regional lung ventilation can be monitored continuously in a similar way as heart rate or blood pressure. Additionally, more detailed and sophisticated data extraction and evaluation procedures are also available offline. The modular software structure allows easy implementation of new functional images and evaluation views. To check the clinical potential of our EIT-based ventilation monitor application studies on patients are being carried out currently. The ventilation monitor will provide a standardized platform for clinical EIT research groups for easy exchange and comparison of data. It has to be proven during the next few years whether EIT can become established as a routine tool for ICU. References [1] F. J. Baisch, "Orthostatic stress by lower body negative pressure and its fluid distribution kinetics under microgravity," The Physiologist, vol. 36, no. S, pp , [2] D. C. Barber and B. H. Brown, "Applied potential tomography," Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments, vol. 17, pp ,
8 [3] D. C. Barber and A. D. Seager, "Fast reconstruction of resistance images," Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas., vol. 8, no. 4A, pp. A47-A54, Nov [4] R.S Blue, D. Isaacson, and J.C. Newell, "Real-time three-dimensional electrical impedance imaging," Physiol. Meas., vol. 21, pp , Feb [5] B. H. Brown, E. Lindley, R. Knowles, and A. J. Wilson, "A body worn APT system for space use," Proc of a Meeting on electrical impedance tomography, Copenhagen, 1990, pp [6] B. H. Brown, "Electrical impedance tomography (EIT): a review," Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp , [7] T. Dudykevych, I. Frerichs, G. Hahn, J. Hinz, F. Thiel, G. Hellige, "Application of EIT for studying gravity effects on lung ventilation and LBNP induced fluid shifts during parabolic flights," Proceedings of XI International Conference on Electrical Bio-Impedance, Oslo, Norway, Jun , 2001, ISBN , pp [8] T. Dudykevych, G. Hahn, H. Richter, I. Frerichs, J. Hinz, O. Moerer, G. Hellige, "Dynamic functional EIT imaging for monitoring of regional lung function," Proceedings of XII International Conference on Electrical Bioimpedance & V Electrical Impedance Tomography, Gdansk, Poland, Jun , 2004, ISBN , pp [9] I. Frerichs, "Electrical impedance in applications related to lung and ventilation: a review of experimental and clinical activities," Physiol. Meas., vol. 21, pp. R1-R21, May [10] I. Frerichs, T. Dudykevych, J. Hinz, M. Bodenstein, G. Hahn, and G. Hellige, "Gravity effects on regional lung function determined by functional EIT during parabolic flights," J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 91, pp.39-50, Jul [11] I. Frerichs, J. Hinz, P. Herrmann, G. Weisser, G. Hahn, T. Dudykevych, M. Quintel, and G. Hellige, "Detection of local lung air content by electrical impedance tomography in comparison with electron beam CT," J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 93, pp , Apr [12] I. Frerichs, H. Schiffmann, R. Oehler, T. Dudykevych, G. Hahn, J. Hinz, and G. Hellige, "Distribution of lung ventilation in spontaneously breathing neonates lying in different body positions," Intensive Care Med., vol. 29(5), pp , May [13] G. Hahn, M. Beer, I. Frerichs, T. Dudykevych, T. Schröder, and G. Hellige, "A simple method to check the dynamic performance of electrical impedance tomography systems," Physiol. Meas., vol. 21, pp , Feb [14] G. Hahn, T. Dudykevych, I. Frerichs, G. Hellige, "EIT System for clinical and space applications," Proc. of the 2 nd European Med. and Biol. Eng. Conf., Vienna, Austria, Dec , 2002, ISBN , pp [15] G. Hahn, I. Sipinkova, F. Baisch, and G. Hellige, "Changes in the thoracic impedance distribution under different ventilatory conditions," Physiol Meas., vol. 16, no. 3A, pp. A161-A173, Aug [16] G. Hahn, I. Frerichs, M. Kleyer, and G. Hellige, "Local mechanics of the lung tissue determined by functional EIT," Physiol Meas., vol. 17, no. 4A, pp. A159-A166, Nov [17] G. Hahn, F. Thiel, T. Dudykevych, I. Frerichs, E. Gersing, T. Schröder, C. Hartung, and G. Hellige, "Quantitative evaluation of the performance of different electric tomography devices." Biomed. Tech., vol. 46, no. 4, pp , [18] J Hinz, "Clinical measurement of end-expiratory lung volume on the intensive care unit," International Journal of Intensive Care, pp , Summer [19] J. Hinz, P. Neumann, T. Dudykevych, I. Frerichs, G. Hahn, G. Hellige, and H. Burchardi, "Regional pulmonary pressure volume in mechanically ventilated patients" (submitted). [20] G. Kühnel, G. Hahn, I. Frerichs, T. Schröder, and G. Hellige, "Neue Verfahren zur Verbesserung der Abbildungsqualität bei funktionellen EIT-Tomogrammen der Lunge," Biomed. Tech., vol. 42, no. 2, pp , Oct [21] S. Meeson, B. H. Blott, and A. L. T. Killingback, "EIT data noise evaluation in the clinical environment," Physiol. Meas., vol. 17, A33-A38, Nov [22] B. Rigaud and J.-P. Morucci, "Impedance Imaging: General concepts and hardware," in Critical review in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 24, (4-6), pp , [23] A.J. Wilson, P. Milnes, A.R. Waterworth, R.H. Smallwood, and B.H. Brown, "Mk3.5: a modular, multifrequency successor to the Mk3a EIS/EIT system," Physiol. Meas., vol. 22, pp , Feb [24] R.J. Yerworth, R.H. Bayford, G. Cusick, M. Conway, and D.S. Holder, "Design and performance of the UCLH mark 1b 64 channel electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system, optimized for imaging brain function," Physiol. Meas., vol. 23, pp , Feb
9 Fig. 1: The hardware setup of Goe-MF II EIT device. Fig. 2: Sampled AD-signals of 208 measuring electrode pairs in the frequency and time domain. 9
10 Fig. 3. Block diagram of online data processing in Goe-MF II software Fig. 4. PC screen of the Goe-MF II software displayed during data acquisition 10
11 Fig. 5. Offline data processing in Goe-MF II Software. 11
12 Fig. 6. Principle of dynamic, online generation of functional EIT images during EIT data acquisition. 12
13 Fig. 7 a) Global time course of relative impedance change, and b) series of df-eit images of a healthy volunteer performing the end-expiratory breath-hold maneuver followed by spontaneous breathing. Data acquisition performed at 13 Hz, only every third df-eit image between solid vertical lines is shown. 13
14 Impressum Publisher: Institut für Informatik, Technische Universität Clausthal Julius-Albert Str. 4, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Editor of the series: Jürgen Dix Technical editor: Wojciech Jamroga Contact: URL: _ wjamroga/techreports/ ISSN: The IfI Review Board Prof. Dr. Jürgen Dix (Theoretical Computer Science/Computational Intelligence) Prof. Dr. Klaus Ecker (Applied Computer Science) Prof. Dr. habil. Torsten Grust (Databases) Prof. Dr. Barbara Hammer (Theoretical Foundations of Computer Science) Prof. Dr. Kai Hormann (Computer Graphics) Dr. Michaela Huhn (Economical Computer Science) Prof. Dr. Gerhard R. Joubert (Practical Computer Science) Prof. Dr. Ingbert Kupka (Theoretical Computer Science) Prof. Dr. Wilfried Lex (Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science) Prof. Dr. Jörg Müller (Agent Systems) Dr. Frank Padberg (Software Engineering) Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. rer. nat. habil. Harald Richter (Technical Computer Science) Prof. Dr. Gabriel Zachmann (Computer Graphics) 14
IFI TECHNICAL REPORTS. Institute of Computer Science, Clausthal University of Technology. IfI-05-12
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Anniversary Sale
Sale: $35.90
After Sale: $55.00
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AGOLDE Parker Distressed Denim Shorts
A relaxed, high-rise fit and destroyed light-wash denim create plenty of vintage attitude on denim shorts finished with ragged raw-edge hems. Color(s): swapmeet. Brand: AGOLDE. Style Name:Agolde Parker Distressed Denim Shorts (Swapmeet). Style Number: 5390414. Available in stores. Learn More
AYR The Always High Waist Denim Shorts
Cut from pure-cotton denim for an authentic vintage feel, this expertly faded pair is designed to complement and contour your shape-the result of a year of meticulous development. Color(s): malibu quartz. Brand: AYR. Style Name:Ayr The Always High Waist Denim Shorts (Malibu Quartz). Style Number: 5379073. Available in stores. Learn More
BP. Frayed Hem Denim Shorts
Looking like they already have some history, stretch-denim shorts with exposed buttons are roughed up with heavy fading and fraying step hems. Blown-out holes reveal pocket bags for more lived-in attitude. Color(s): destroy medium worn wash. Brand: BP. Style Name:Bp. Frayed Hem Denim Shorts. Style Number: 5289447. Available in stores. ... Learn More
CITIZENS OF HUMANITY 'Ava' Frayed Denim Shorts
Denim shorts enhanced by heavy whiskering and frayed hems complete an essential sunny-day look. Grass stains and dandelion spores not included. Color(s): modern love. Brand: CITIZENS OF HUMANITY. Style Name:Citizens Of Humanity 'Ava' Frayed Denim Shorts. Style Number: 1025713. Available in stores. Learn More
FRAME Le Cutoff Cuff Denim Shorts
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FRAME Le Original Tulip High Waist Denim Shorts
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HUDSON JEANS Asha Denim Shorts
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Tamaya is a Jacksonville new home community that brings vibrancy, character, and relevance to the area between the city and the sea. Tamaya offers homes ranging from 1,800 to 4,000 sq.ft. along with Tuscan, Mediterranean and Spanish architectural styles. This one-of-a-kind custom built home community offers lush landscaping, walking paths, crystal lakes, a 10,000 sq.ft. resident's center, grand entrance, gatehouse, and more than 500,000 sq.ft. of commercial and retail space.
You can rest assured that your new custom home at Tamaya will feature the best, not only in custom, but in quality too. Choose from oversized conservation or water front home sites in close proximity to the new Resident's Club.
Discover the Beauty of Tamaya:
- Prices start in the mid $300s
- 24 hour manned guard gate currently under construction
- Lakefront and conservation home sites
- Outstanding Residents Club currently under construction
- Top rated schools
- New shopping with Tamaya architecture coming soon
- Just 6 miles to the beach
- Within minutes to Mayo Clinic
Latest News from Tamaya
- January 5, 2017It's a Wrap! (for 2016, that is…) Huge changes marked 2016 for Tamaya. We welcomed 80 new families (for a total of approximately 180 families in all) to the Tamaya lifestyle. We broke ground on the long-awaited Resident's Club. We began construction of the permanent entry feature and we started to say goodbye to the... Read more...
- September 28, 2016What a Grand Entrance it is! Every day that goes by the entrance gets better and better. The massive wall structures truly create a visual that is the standard for Tamaya. Traveling further into the community, you're sure to notice that the paved roads have been finished in the 50′ section of Bella Nika. It's... Read more...
- July 1, 2016Spotlight on Our Residents! With over 160 sales, Tamaya's residents surprisingly have a lot in common… with the vast majority coming from just a 5 mile radius of the community. The family situations, however, are quite diverse; 50% having younger or older children still at home, 25% retired or close to it, and 25% are... Read more...


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SAO PAULO - Brazil's natural gas output could nearly double by 2020, reaching up to 120 million cubic-meters a day, as Latin America's biggest country increases the number of offshore platforms to take advantage of huge deep-sea oil reserves, the general director of the National Petroleum Authority, or ANP, said Wednesday.
"Between 2016 and 2018, 21 new platforms will need to start producing," said ANP General Director Magda Chambriard at an energy seminar. "This is the basic premise." The platforms are part of a Brazilian drive to develop huge oil and gas fields in the so-called subsalt offshore region.
Ms. Chambriard said average natural gas production in Brazil in 2012 will likely be similar to the 2011 level of around 66 million cubic-meters a day. Growth this year was stymied, among other problems, by a reduction in the level of production in two large fields.
Ms. Chambriard noted forecasts are based on projects laid out by state-owned energy company Petrobras and other companies. She also noted around 90% of Brazil's gas production comes from fields operated by Petrobras.
According to Ms. Chambriard, the ANP is working toward holding the next auction for oil and gas concession rights in May, as previously announced. But she added the bidding round still depends on congressional approval for legislation dealing with royalties paid by drillers to state governments.
"For that to happen, a solution to the royalties issue will need to be reached at least 120 days before the auction," she said. "I believe there will a solution on royalties by January."
Brazil's government wants royalties to be paid more broadly to all of Brazil's 27 states. But states such as Rio de Janeiro and Espirito Santo that are getting the biggest stakes under the current system are trying to block the government bill in congress.
Ms. Chambriard commented briefly on a controversy between the Rio de Janeiro state government and a small private oil refinery in the state called Manguinhos.
The Rio state government moved on Tuesday to seize lands belonging to Manguinhos, according to a decree published in the Federal Register. The decree followed comments by Rio de Janeiro Governor Sergio Cabral, who said on Sunday the government would spend 200 million Brazilian reais ($99 million) to take over the refinery's lands, clean them up and build public housing at the site.
Governor Cabral said the expropriation order was justified because of large amounts of money owed by Manguinhos to the state in the form of unpaid taxes and penalties.
The refinery has the capacity to process about 15,000 barrels of crude oil per day, primarily into gasoline and fuel oil.
Ms. Chambriard told reporters the ANP hasn't evaluated the current situation of the small private refinery. However, she added that the government was "uncomfortable" with possible lack of tax payments by the refinery.
Copyright (c) 2012 Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
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Lionel Messi has called it a day on an incredible career in which he won the Ballon d'Or and FIFA Ballon d'Or five times. Over the years, he has helped guide Barcelona to La Liga, Champions League, and Copa del Rey success a multitude of times.
And on a personal level, he holds a variety of records, including Most FIFA Ballons d'Or and Most Consecutive FIFA Ballons d'Or, Most La Liga Best Player Awards, Top goalscorer in La Liga, Top assist provider in La Liga, Top goalscorer for Barcelona in official competitions, Argentina all-time top goalscorer, and he's the only player to have won more than one FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball. That's quite the CV.
Messi has been the face of football for some time, even going so far as to appear on the covers of PES 2009, PES 2010, and PES 2011 before switching to FIFA from FIFA 13 until FIFA 16. Here's how his FIFA rating has evolved over the years with stats recorded on FIFA Index.
Overall: 78
Potential: 75
Messi wasn't always destined for greatness, according to FIFA. It's understandable why; he hadn't quite made his mark on the world and there was even a bit of uncertainty over whether he'd remain with Barcalona. Ultimately he stayed and the 2006 season saw him earn his place as first-choice right winger – of course, that was too late for his FIFA 06 rating, but it certainly helped his cause the following year.
Overall: 84
Potential: 94
After a breakthrough season, the brains behind FIFA's ratings sat up and paid attention. FIFA 07 saw Messi's overall rating jump to 84, while his potential was a staggering 94.
Overall: 86
Potential: 93
Messi received a small boost to his overall rating in FIFA 08, though his potential dipped slightly. He would soon rectify this!
Overall: 90
Potential: 95
In the summer of 2008, Messi signed a new contract with Barcelona to become the club's highest paid player. And as if this contract wasn't enough to show his value to the club, Messi's FIFA rating jumped too and his potential climbed once more.
There's a song that says that the only way is up, but ratings don't always reflect that. It's hard to go too much higher when you're already eclipsing most of the players in a game.
Overall: 94
Potential: 96
Quite the leap this year, as Messi's Overall rating climbed four points and his Potential jumped to 96! Of course, during FIFA 12's development, he recorded a remarkable 73 goals and 29 assists in all club competitions, and won the FIFA Ballon d'Or for the third time, joining the likes of Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini, and Marco van Basten with three to their name.
Potential: 97
Despite another incredible recordbreaking year, and it being the first time that Messi adorned FIFA's cover, there wasn't much more that EA could do with his rating. A Potential of 97 may have been some consolation, however.
Some subtle tweaks to Messi's individual ratings this year, but his overall and potential remain one of the best in the game.
Overall: 93
Time catches up to us all. For the first time, Messi's ratings take a hit and individual stats like stamina, strength, and reactions start to decline. Realising that he's unlikely to get too much better, Messi's potential matches his overall rating.
In his swansong year, Messi's ratings increase slightly, but attributes that you'd consider age-dependant again take a hit. Still, Messi remained one of the best players in the game right up to his retirement. It will be unusual to select Argentina in FIFA 17 without his presence.


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Private Jets can cost about five million dollar just for the standard size plane. To book a jet can be about five thousand dollars a trip. This can be expensive especially if you have to go out a hire a pilot with great experience. Private Jets are use a lot of gasoline and you can spend ten thousand dollars on a complete tank refueling. As with any form of transportation, private aircraft have a huge risk when going to an airport. The Jet will have to pass the FAA test, just an inspection on a vehicle. Owners have to be careful to not overload the place with suitcases which can weigh the plan down. Just to make sure things are right every owner should read over the rules and regulations.
There are tons of things to consider when choosing a leasing company. Others may say and think that it is a simple and easy task, but in fact, it is a difficult process. First of all, one must locate a charter company that is reputable and trust-worthy. Ask your friends or your family members for their suggestion or you can also look in the computer for reviews regarding charter companies. Once you have decided on a business, you should ask them for documents like safety records, operating certificate, and insurance just to name a few. In addition, it is also important to ask the company how often their pilots get simulator training. In that way, you can be assured that your life, and those who will ride with you in the private jet plane to an airport, is in good hands. It is still better to be safe than sorry.
When chartering private jets for your employer, there are a couple things that you should make certain of before finalizing any deal. Many people wishing to travel in this level of luxury to an airport are seeking certain amenities and accommodations that their party can enjoy. While there are several companies who offer these services, not all of the services that are provided are of equal quality. Taking the time to take a virtual tour of any aircraft that you intend to book will help you to ensure that it will meet the high standards of your employer. You should also read the online reviews that have been provide by other consumers such as yourself. These will inform you of the costumer service benefits of a charter services. In addition to having a vast array of amenities for travelers to enjoy, the service provider will ideally be able to provide individual attention to all guests.
Have you ever pondered hiring a private jet? Most individuals do not feel this is an option, but for the few who do, it can be a very good selection. If you need to fly into an area that is not served by a commercial flight, you might want to consider a private aircraft. They can take you tp an airport and have you there at a specific time. No more long layovers in obscure airports for planes who are canceled or late. If you do not like to land at the airport only to see it is a three hour drive by car to your destination, a private plane is for you. Private jets are comfortable and well equipped to serve you. Often you can request food and drinks any time you want. For the part of the general population that wants to travel in this manner, it is certainly an excellent choice. Private jets should be consider for people who want the best.
Private jets are a popular way for business exewcutives to travel to an airport. Often they need to get to destinations at a exact time and cannot wait for a commercial plane. Because the aircraft are small, they can land on different runways. This will let the businessman the flexibility to fly to small areas not served by commercial airlines. It can save them time and money. In business that is very important. The corporate executives of a large company do not have to waste time sitting in an airport for very long layovers. It is not cost effective to have them do that. More and more businesses are using these planes and finding this way to travel is the best. Business people need to arrive fresh and ready to work. They will find that traveling on a private jet will allow them to do that. All companies should consider using private jets.
موقع سكس نيك في نيك, نيك حيوان لبنات, اجم كس العالم, جنس جامد, ممكن مقطع سكس مجاني بدون تسجيل ولا شروط, سكس مسموح فرنسي فيديو, قصص. نيك كاملة, سكس الحيوان مع الإنسان, تشغيل مقاطع سكس مباشره, موقع لا يوجد فيه اي حاجة غير السكس فقط, ظبر وكس مع بعض, نيك جامدسكس, منتدى سكس بنات, أجمل الصور وأكبر حجم سكسيه عالميه, صورة خيار داخل كس , موسيقى اللي في المطار, طيران محج قلعة, المسافر للخارج والذ متعه لنيك, طيارات الي سالزبورغ, شيمبو, أرقام الطرق في ولاية أركنسو, صور مطار دالاس بولايه تكساس, فورت براج, مطار دالاس التنفيذي, الطائرة الخفيفة, كم عدد مقاعد falcon 900b, جزيرة بانجاسينان, فيرفيلد, افضل الطائرات التجارية الصغيرة, carbondale ولاية


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£255,000 Offers over
**£15,000 under Refreshed Home Report Valuation ( April 2017)** Making an ideal spacious family home, this detached bungalow with integral garage and driveway for several cars is situated in the popular coastal village of Burghead. The property was built by MFJ Limited in a private residential development. The accommodation comprises: vestibule, inner hall, large lounge/dining room, kitchen, utility room, family bath and seperate shower room WC. There are three double bedrooms with the master bedroom having an ensuite shower room WC. The property benefits from modern design with oak furnishings and central heating. There are surrounding gardens laid mainly to lawn. Viewing is highly recommended to appreciate this spacious accommodation situated in a pleasant cul de sac.Location
The coastal village of Burghead offers facilities to include shops, primary schools, church, bank, library, sandy beaches and working harbour. The main town of Elgin is approximately eight miles away and offers a wide range of services and facilities to include primary and secondary schools, leisure centre, supermarkets, hotels and restaurants with travel links by road and rail to Inverness, Aberdeen and beyond.
Vestibule 5' 2" x 4' 9" (1.57m x 1.44m )
Bedroom 11' 4" x 13' 3" (3.45m x 4.03m )
En-Suite Shower / WC 9' 4" x 3' 11" (2.85m x 1.18m )
Bedroom 10' 0" x 14' 11" (3.04m x 4.54m )
Lounge 21' 6" x 19' 7" (6.56m x 5.96m )
Kitchen 11' 4" x 11' 8" (3.46m x 3.55m )
Bedroom 11' 8" x 9' 0" (3.55m x 2.74m )
Bathroom / Shower Room / WC 9' 9" x 13' 2" (2.98m x 4.01m )
Cloakroom / WC 5' 6" x 3' 0" (1.68m x .92m )
Utility Room 13' 11" x 6' 6" (4.23m x 1.97m )
Travel from Elgin on A96 towards Inverness. Turn right at the signpost for Burghead. On entering the village turn right heading towards Hopeman/Lossiemouth. Take last turning on the left into Fraser Road, left onto Mason Haugh Road, first right Mason Haugh Rise and the bungalow is the first on the left hand side.IMPORTANT NOTE TO PURCHASERS:
We endeavour to make our sales particulars accurate and reliable, however, they do not constitute or form part of an offer or any contract and none is to be relied upon as statements of representation or fact. The services, systems and appliances listed in this specification have not been tested by us and no guarantee as to their operating ability or efficiency is given. All measurements have been taken as a guide to prospective buyers only, and are not precise. Floor plans where included are not to scale and accuracy is not guaranteed. If you require clarification or further information on any points, please contact us, especially if you are travelling some distance to view. Fixtures and fittings other than those mentioned are to be agreed with the seller.
This house description is based upon information supplied by the owner, or on behalf of the owner. These property particulars are produced in good faith and do not constitute or form part of any contract. s1homes do not take any responsibility for the accuracy of the information contained in this document.
If a property value displays '0', don't worry it just means no properties have been sold in that area during that time.
Sold house price data is supplied to us by the Registers of Scotland, a government department responsible for compiling and maintaining property registers, every month. There can be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is sold to being recorded with Registers of Scotland. We provide house price data for your information only, we do not accept any liability for any errors. If you have noticed any incorrect information, please contact Registers of Scotland.


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Arcadia 5 Pc. Dining Group
Arcadia 5 Pc. Dining Group
Add To Cart
Arcadia 5 Pc. Dining Group
Organic beauty of natural wood grain
The stunning Arcadia 5 Pc. Dining Group is made of solid acacia wood for a beautiful two-toned display. The striking, contemporary table blends the effect of its espresso finished base and legs with the smooth, organic beauty of natural wood grain and has a hideaway 18" butterfly leaf that fits underneath, enabling seating for up to eight. Beveled legs and carved details adorn the matte stained wood, while the table-top is distressed and treated for a sheen look that is easy to clean. Reminiscent of traditional slat posterior chairs, the ladder-backed barstools mimic the style composition of the Arcadia Dining Table and feature a multi-tiered box stretcher. You will love dining occasions in this beautiful set, so bring this marvel home today!
Additional Information
Five piece dining group includes:
1 dining table: 78" L (drops down to 60" L) x 42" W x 30" H
4 side chairs: 19" L x 23" D x 40" H (with 18" seat height)
- solid acacia and hardwood, acacia veneers
- natural distressing
- ladder-backed chairs with multi-tiered box stretchers
- 18" butterfly leaf
- some assembly required


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2005-09-17 at 11:48:00 am #12838
Media Sciences(R) Launches 2005 INKlusive(R) Free Color Printer Program
and Solid Ink Products for the Xerox(R) Phaser(R) 8500 Series at
Recharger World Expo 2005
Media Sciences International is the leading
independent manufacturer of color workgroup printer supplies.
LAS VEGAS, SEP 05 — Media Sciences International,
Inc. , the leading independent manufacturer of generic supplies for
office color printers, today announced at Recharger World Expo 2005 in Las
Vegas an expanded INKlusive(R) Free Color Printer Program and new solid ink
sticks for the Xerox(R) Phaser(R) 8500 Series color printers.
The INKlusive Free Color Printer Program offers customers the ability to
acquire a free printer when they commit to purchase Media Sciences supplies
for a two or three year period. Printer program choices now include a free
Oki(R) C5200n for a $79 per month Media Sciences supplies agreement, a free
multifunction Xerox(R) WorkCentre(R) C2424DP for a $199 per month supplies
agreement, a free Xerox(R) Phaser(R) 8500DN for a $99 per month supplies
agreement, and a free Xerox Phaser 8550DP for a $159 per month supplies
New solid ink products for the Xerox Phaser 8500 Series offer customers a
high-quality price alternative in supplies at a cost-savings of 25% for the
latest in the acclaimed Xerox Phaser line. All Media Sciences products are
backed by the company's longstanding, industry-leading, 100% customer
satisfaction warranty and the Media Sciences service and support team that
stands behind it. Just last month, Media Sciences announced new color printer
supplies for the multifunction Xerox WorkCentre C2424 and the Oki 5000 Series
of printers.
"The business environment is moving to color," commented Fran Blanco, VP
of Sales and Marketing, "and Media Sciences is committed to meeting the
opportunity head on. With seven new office color products announced in the
past year and an INKlusive program with four free printers to choose from,
Media Sciences is making office color affordable for those who once considered
it out of reach."
The 2005 INKlusive Free Color Printer Program is available immediately.
Xerox Phaser 8500 Series solid ink sticks are available for orders today with
shipments expected on or before September 30, 2005.
About Media Sciences International, Inc. (Amex: GFX): Media Sciences is
the leading independent manufacturer of office color printer supplies. Media
Sciences products, which include color toner cartridges and solid ink sticks,
are the generic alternative to the printer manufacturer's brand. Media
Sciences products offer customers the ability to save up to 30% on their
office color printer supplies. Media Sciences products are sold through an
international network of dealers, national office supply resellers and
distributors under the Media Sciences brand, as well as several private
brands. All Media Sciences products are backed with a 100% satisfaction


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No grudging of the time or the labour spent either on design or needlework; no scamping; no mere outlining.
That's it, but what has that to do with the scare at the tunnel and the scamping?
His manual labour—for he worked alongside his men, and allowed no scamping or shirking—was over at dusk.
In fact, scamping the work was with this man a kind of mania.
Yet so sure is his touch that in the mass of these hundreds of designs to Shakespeare you are not conscious of any scamping.
There is no scamping detail here, nor is there any excess of it.
The scamping business was not confined to houses or properties of an inferior class: it was the general rule.
M. Stumpe's intrepid industry was further shown in disregard of customary "scamping" subterfuges.
Scamp, a graceless fellow, a rascal; a wandering vagabond; scamping was formerly the cant term for plundering and thieving.
The carved oak benches were faithful copies of those in Bere Ferrers Church, and there was no scamping in the material.
1782, "highway robber," probably from dialectal verb scamp "to roam" (1753, perhaps from 16c.), shortened from scamper. Used affectionately in sense "rascal" since 1808.


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Brand Sponsorship Brands + Sponsorships = Recall + Awarenss Thank you!
Questions? For each pink bucket purchased by franchise operators, 50 cents goes to the Komen for the Cure campaign. Associates brands with entertainment and emotional experience. The only Tobacco sponsorship in the U.S. KFC/Susan G. Komen Music Festivals Tobacco/Rodeo Timberland/City Year -Congruity Theory
-Elaboration Liklikhood Model
-Source Credibility Central route
Peripheral route -Hovland, 1951
-Effectiveness of a message depends on the expertness and
trustworthiness of the source Opportunity to reach a demographic that isn't normally reached by local affiliates.
Backfired - incongruent KFC – Buckets for the Cure™
April 5 through May 30, 2010 High brand recall.
People more willing to accept sponsorship since it's necessary for the survival of fesitvals, and adds to the experience. Reaches a rural, blue-collar market. Establishes the brand's personality. Associate with the All-American Cowboy.
Five year commitment of $5 million. Made a custom uniform and completely outfitted volunteers. Establish corporate responsibility and encourge volunteerism among employees. Osgood, 1957 Person Object Source Petty & Cacioppo, 1986 O'Keefe, 1990
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Brand Sponsorship Theories
Evaluating Brand Sponsorship through established theories
Sarah Weinsteinon 21 February 2013
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Call our experts: 888.808.FINE
Shop Personalized StationeryCarlson Craft Wedding Invitations Customize any Address Stamp to match your style!
Select a quantity and printing method. Changes are easily made later.
Modern and elegant, this smooth white invitation features a gold-foil, striped border and your personalized text within a diamond shape in the center of the card. Shown with optional monogram, Romance.


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Five Masters of International Law
This book consists of interviews with five distinguished international lawyers - from the US, the UK, Uruguay, and France - conducted by author Antonio Cassese between 1993 and 1995. Each interview is preceded by a brief 'intellectual portrait' of the interviewee. In his general introduction, Cassese stresses that the interviews, all based on the same questionnaire, were intended to bring out, not only the main ideas associated with each scholar in the fields of international law and international relations, but also his intellectual and philosophical background, his general outlook, and his views of the prospects for the evolution of the international community. In the final essay, Cassese brings together the main threads of the interviews and points to the parallels and divergences amongst them. Five Masters of International Law offers a unique and important insight into the legal minds and outlook of a select group of prominent scholars during the last years of the 20th century.
306 pages
Publication Date: 3/21/2011
Format: Paper


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TDP Solicitors Stadium Vesty Road Bootle Merseyside L30 1NY View with Google Maps
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Posted by desmond
Apparently I spoke too soon. Janet made me believe that my case had merit. After being schooled in court on the laws by the mothers counsel and the judge. Not only has my life been turned further upside down with Janet admitting her mistakes, Unfortunately she didn't feel that any compensation or monies for her representation should be returned.
Posted by anonymous
I retained Janet after a bitter 5 year child custody battle. After expending thousands of dollars on other attorneys and basically getting no where I truly felt that the courts and the legal system let me and my son down. Janet Syphers is a no nonsenses professional that did not, and has not led me to believe that what I felt was not only fair to me and my son, but also realistic in the eyes of the courts.


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Two of the main components that contribute to the continued success of a business are saving money and time. You've heard the saying that time is money.
In addition, being organized saves time, which again, will save money – and hair follicles. To help your business run smoother, consider using fleet cards to organize and track your fuel expenses for the vehicles being used for business purposes.
Generally two types of control are offered with most fuel cards – either hard or soft control. Hard control allows the business to have a tighter grip on usage, which should help reduce abuse of the card. With soft control, though usage is still controlled, the user has more flexibility using the card. The use of fleet cards provides convenience, as well as control.
The use of fleet cards makes discovering how your company uses its fuel, easier. How does having real-time access to your fleet account online sound? Having real access to your account allows you to be able to alter controls at any time.
Providers of these types of cards offer report options that allow you to eliminate the need for employees to have to turn in receipts. There are reports that will show complete details of every purchase made using the fleet card.
Card providers can give you access to such reports as those letting you know who used the card, where they used the card, what type of fuel they used, how much money it cost to fill up, and what grade fuel was used. There are a number of benefits to having access to this information, such as knowing if employees are using a higher grade of fuel than is necessary or if the distance they were scheduled to travel squares with the fuel pumped.
A detailed breakdown of individual transactions makes accounting easier, saving time in another area of general workplace need.
With fuel prices being what they are today, why spend more on fuel than necessary? These things individually might seem inconsequential now, but when it comes to your company's bottom line, they do make a difference. The use of fleet cards can help to make the accounting for your business, a little less...taxing.


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HARNESS / BELT Memory Foam Straps and Belt "remember" the body shape for a contoured fit that provides superb comfort while carrying heavy loads. Cinch the belt securely around the hips and feel the weight transfer there. In the small of your back you feel the gentle support of the contoured belt. The shoulder straps offer a generous amount of foam to make that area feel better, too. The right shoulder strap has a "secret" compartment for cell phone, wireless transmitter, iPod, press pass or other small valuables. The 1" wide sternum strap bridges both shoulder straps in the position that suites you best. And best of all your equipment can be carried at the working level of your choice and comfort.
LARGE - fits 43"-50"/ 110-130cm waist
MEDIUM - fits 33"-43"/ 85-110cm waist
SMALL - fits 30"-33"/ 70-85cm waist
Product Benefits:
• Same great design, all new comfort levels
• Durable, 1000-denier Cordura
• Engineered for professionals
• Lightweight
• Superior performance through simplicity of design
|2.3 lb / 1.04 kg - AH-3H-MEMS