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text: This is probably a repeat question, but I'm kind of new to Minecraft I've been searching my world and the whole map seems to be filled out, but I don't seem to have every biome. I tried using the minecraft wiki and other places before asking here, but can't find a lot of information that explains the problem in a way I can actually understand it. My two questions are- 1. Which Biomes are PC exclusive at the moment? 2.Will every world have every biome? Mine seems to lack one of those giant hilly regions, and the tundra area.

subset: commoncrawl


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During the development of China mobile phone industry, there appears many local smartphone OEMs who have made high-quality with low-cost smartphones, such as Elephone, Leagoo, Doogee, Bluboo, Ulefone, Ubtel, THL, Oukitel, Zopo, etc. Thanks to these China OEM smartphone suppliers' help, most people around the world will have a chance to use a made-in-china smartphone. This article will review a popular 3G smartphone from Doogee – Doogee Dagger DG550, which is a 5.5 inch, 1.7 Ghz octa-core smartphone with a 13MP camera and 16GB of storage.
Hardware and Performance
Adopting a true octa core 1.7GHz processor – MT6592 powered by MediaTek, along with the ARM Mali-450 MP GPU, Doogee Dagger DG550 really has a good performance among most same-level smartphones from China suppliers. It has a high score on AnTuTu, up to 27419 scores, just slightly slower than a Samsung Galaxy S4 and faster than the HTC One (M7).
Design and Display
The whole design of Doogee Dagger DG550 is sleek, wrapped in a matte plastic texture body and enhanced liquid metal designed sides. All these features make Doogee Dagger DG550 look more fashionable, show more sense of science and technology in design and have a great feeling when users hold it in hand.
Doogee Dagger DG550 configures 5.5 inch HD (1280*720) display that combines OGS full lamination with IPS screen technology, which can identify the limits of the human eyes breakthrough. So the screen of Doogee Dagger DG550 will show an unprecedented clear, sharp, fresh and smooth image. The touch screen of the phone uses Capacitive touch technique and supports 5 points multi touch.
The back cover of Doogee Dagger 550 is a matte plastic that doesn't easily slip from the hand. The cover starts to curve towards the edges while the middle part of the phone is flat. The camera protrudes slightly from the back cover, which means the device doesn't stay flat when on a table, but it doesn't affect how you use the device in your hand.
13 MP Camera and 16GB Internal Storage
Doogee Dagger DG550 features two cameras: rear camera uses a 13 megapixels camera sensor of F2.2 aperture, which means that users can take clear and bright photos in low light conditions and meanwhile reduce the blur caused by jitter; the front camera uses a 3 megapixels camera sensor.
Android 4.2 and Large Memory
Running on Android 4.2 mobile OS, along with the large memory, 1GB of RAM and 16GB of ROM which can be extended to 32GB, Doogee Dagger DG550 has a good working performance, works quickly and smoothly, even for some big games.
Connectivity and Dual SIMs
Doogee Dagger DG550 has most connectivity options: Wi-Fi of 802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, 2G GSM and 3G. So it is a 3G smart phone and supports at most 3G networks: WCDMA 850MHz and 2100MHz, which can be used in most regions and countries, but not in US. The DG550 has two SIM card slots that allows users to equip two SIM cards at the same time.
Needless to say, Doogee Dagger DG550 is a best value 3G smartphone in the most same-level smartphones from China OEMs. But it is also really a relative old smartphone, comparing with the new models of Doogee. For customers who don't care the latest features of mobile phone technology, it is worthy trying.
And it might be a good choice for B2B buyers who aim at medium-low end 3G smartphone market, so below are some good recommendations.
Octa Core Smartphones Recommendations
M8000 smartphone Equips with an octa core processor – MediaTek MT6753, clocked at 1.3GHz. Comparing with MediaTek MT6592, this processor has integrated LTE and supports 4G network bands, even more, M8000 supports both Europe 4G networks (band 3/7/20) and America 4G networks (band 2/4/7/17). M8000 has an internal storage combination of 3GB of RAM and 16GB of ROM, featuring a 5.5 inch FHD (1920 x 1080 pixels) screen with metal framd and using IPS technology as well. But the camera is better, using a 13 MP camera sensor from Samsung. And the battery is really big among most octa core smartphones, 4165mAh, running on Android 6.0 OS.
3G Smartphone Recommendation
M8 features a quad core processor that also comes from MediaTek, MT6580. It is a two SIM device as well that support 3G networks of 2100 MHz and 850 MHz. It features a 5 inch HD screen with full lamination and capacitive touch screen technology. And it has thickness of 7.2mm, ultra slim. The biggest feature different from most 3G smartphones is that M8 supports touch-for-pictures function, really good feature for selfie.
If you have any ideas or comments on smartphones from China OEMs, please leave your comments.


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Contact Us 7 months ago
ski doo skidoo parts (negaunee)
I have quite a few parts for late 90's ski doos., I am looking to sell the whole lot. A fair offer can take it all. Below is a break down of all the parts. If you have a couple chassis laying around, there is definitely enough parts to put some sleds back together. please call or text if interested. I will not reply to emails.thanks for looking1997 formula 3 600 triple1. rear springs2. oil/coolant
7 months ago
Upper Peninsula, MI
Contact Us
$2,800.00 11 months ago
Awesome SeaDoo GTX family 3 seater powerful 110hp towing WITH WARRANTY - $2800 (Golden Valley)
Excellent family jetski. Super clean! Pile on 3 people and tow tubers and skiers. Has the best engine Seadoo ever made. The 110HP Rotax 787 with RAVE valves and a counter balance shaft.SEADOO builds the BEST jetskies out there. No one even comes close.I just finished going through this entire ski:- Rebuilt engine- Ultrasonically cleaned carbs and new carb kits installed- Ultrasonically cleaned RAV
11 months ago
Minneapolis, MN
$1,300.00 1 year ago
1994 ski doo mach z 779 m10 suspension long track - $1300 (Culver)
I'm selling my 1994 ski doo mach z 779 triple snowmobile. It runs great prime it 3xs and starts on 2nd pull. It has plastic skis, aftermarket team fast m-10 suspension with rail extensions and a 136 inch 1 1/2 inch paddle track. The track is not missing any lugs to my knowledge. It has factory hand and thumb warmers and registration through this year. The only thing wrong with it is the seat has c
1 year ago
Duluth, MN


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Game Description:
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[APK] [15.4 MB] [direct download link]
[APK] [15.4 MB] [direct download link #2]


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|Lucky Coyne
Real Name
"Lucky" Coyne
First Appearance
Funny Picture Stories v2 #1 (Sept 1937)
Original Publishers
Created by
Golden Age Origin
Lucky Coyne was a hard-boiled police detective and later a sergeant, private eye, and reporter. He was helped by Terry and sometimes Detective Mike McDune. As a reporter, he was also aided by the beautiful Kitty.
He carried a coin which when faced with a key decision he would flip. Heads would mean to take action, while tails would mean do nothing. Coyne was skilled detective, athlete, and marksman.
Golden Age Appearances
- Funny Picture Stories v2 #1
- Cocomalt Big Book of Comics #1
- Little Giant Comics #1
- Star Comics v1 #14
- Keen Detective Funnies v2 #6
- Top-Notch Comics #1
- Amazing Adventure Funnies #2
- Dynamic Comics #1-3,8,10-15
- Red Seal Comics #14-18,20-21
- The Weekender v2 #1
- Authentic Police Cases #1,3
- Lucky Coyne #1
Silver Age Appearances
- Daring Adventures #16
- Danger #12
- Lucky Coyne was created by the Harry "A" Chesler studio and packaged to several different companies including Centaur, Chesler, MLJ, Rucker, St.John, and Bell Features Syndicate. Because of this, details concerning the character were obviously inconsistent from company to company.
- The story from Dynamic Comics #1 was reprinted by St. John in Strange Terrors #1, Crime Reporter #2, and Authentic Police Cases #8. Lucky Coyne was re-named and re-colored in each reprint as Kensington Slade, Rocky Stone, and Jinx Jordan respectively.


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Midway Mayhem
JPS Approves Teachers, Discusses Superintendent Post
A few new faces will be seen in September at the Jamestown Public Schools District. The Board of Education approved a few probationary ...
Offensive Outburst
Jamestown Loses Lead Late In New Jersey
SOMERS POINT, N.J. — The Jamestown All-Stars lost a close 3-2 decision to Upper Darby-Drexel Hill (Pa.) in their opening game of the Babe Ruth ...
HR Issues Small Businesses Face
Community Key
An unfortunate incident leading to a disability can occur anytime with no warning. Luckily in the Jamestown community there is the Southwestern ...
Area Police Reports
JAMESTOWN POLICE DEPARTMENT ¯ Rory S. Davis Jr., 29, of Jamestown was charged on July 25 with felony driving while intoxicated, aggravated DWI, first-degree ...
Few Updates Released On Man Run Over In Lakewood
Man Found Driving Truck From Jamestown Business Without Permission Charged With DWI
Ellicottville Chamber Announces Jazz And Blues Weekend Lineup
Week Five: Chautauqua Presents 'The Supreme Court: At A Tipping Point?'
Literary Language
Controversy Over Voter Information Is Overblown
Controversy over a federal commission's request for information on American voters is more than a bit overblown. Claims the panel is asking states to invade the ...
Legislators Right To Question Lake Check
Obamacare Still Needs To Be Corrected
Top Jobs
- Casual Sanitation Worker
- Teachers Of Special Education
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Here we are at another crucial point in life where the decisions we make will enable productivity and happiness in the year to come. I remember holiday breaks well from my days in corporate America. Ill admit I handled them all wrong. Ill get to that in a minute. Suffice it to say there are two ways youll emerge from the holidays:
..werent lost with the loss of David Bowie in 2016. He left a legacy with that song. You have the power for a legacy too. The enablement stems from your ability to recognize it and act.
Picture it as if you are rolling a rock up a hill. You can take action to move the rock upwards or slack off and let it roll backwards. Moving the rock enables item 1 which is being charged and ready. Letting the rock slip enables item 2, being slump shouldered and defeated as you will eventually have to make up for lost ground.
Which do you choose? BTW, the hill never ends as life itself is an uphill challenge. I cant let you off easy here. However, the further up you go, the more incentivized you become. I know, when I lost 60 pounds, each day carried with it the confidence of success and the fear of regression. I chose confidence and like our rock scenario, momentum assisted me greatly. Enjoy the journey. The goal is a good thing however it is likely to change. Live in the now. The goal will be there when you eventually get there.
Back to my aforementioned failure during the holidays. I rested well and indulged terribly which led to guilt and even more feelings of defeat. After all, I had busted my butt all year and deserved the rest, right? What I didnt realize was that I had failed to take charge of my time as outlined in this article titled, Time Ownership Enables Time Management. As vacation wound down I was filled with regret and remorse for having not made effective use of my time. Understandably I returned to work with sloped shoulders and a dismal outlook.
You are currently sitting right where I was then, on the forefront of several days where you can lay the plan to change your future.
Several things are to your benefit right now. First and foremost is that most successful kickstarter campaigns begin with the new year. I took mine live recently. Other reasons include the boost in income seen by tax returns. This also seems to increase patent writing requests during the first quarter.
Several things are not recommended right now as they will cause disappointment. Avoid the gym for at least three weeks until others are gone due to failure to stick with it. Avoid going out on New Years eve? Really? The biggest party night of the year? Absolutely. Avoid it. Prices are raised, help is minimized, places are crowded, and service is lousy. Those who are working wish that they werent. Skeleton crews are overworked and understaffing causes delays, cold food, and poor quality. Avoid taking a partner out on New Years eve as well as Valentines Day for these reasons. You will have a much better day if you put it off by one when crowds diminish and service improves. The servers will be anxious to earn the tip that compensates for their party the night before/after. Stay home, enjoy the place you work so hard to obtain, and leave time to grow your confidence by learning something.
Avoid over indulging. Eating too much will make you feel lethargic and slow. Alcohol consumption may cause a hangover that costs you precious time in the quest to improve. It will rob one of your coveted days off. Instead, take a walk or hike in a vigorous fashion. With todays modern clothing, the weather shouldnt be an issue in all but the most extreme conditions. Even then, activity will offset the cold. Get out and enjoy life. Youre confined to a cubicle all year. Why stay inside when you have options that arent available 9-5?
Finally, feed your brain. Kickstarter and crowdfunding sites are excellent ways of incentivizing yourself. They provide proof that your idea isnt that whacky in comparison to the things people throw money at. Same goes for patents. Search your idea for similar prior art. Get to know the lingo and formats of patents. They people that wrote them put their pants on the same way you did. The only difference is familiarization with the process. The more you see it, the easier it gets. Youve got this.
Its easier than you think to charge into 2017 with change resulting from your efforts. Go forth and kick some acid. Gotta give some respect to chemical engineers in this analog blog. Besides this is a family show. You software somewhats, dont get your hopes up for similar kudos. You already have it too easy.


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Source: Google Video
Herbert Biberman's 1954 film, Salt of the Earth, has the distinction of being the only film to be blacklisted in the United States. From the Wikipedia article:
Salt of the Earth (1954) is an American drama film written by Michael Wilson, directed by Herbert J. Biberman (husband of Academy Award-winning actress Gale Sondergaard), and produced by Paul Jarrico. All had been blacklisted by the Hollywood establishment due to their involvement in socialist politics.[1]Resources:
The movie became a historical phenomenon and has a cult following due to how the United States establishment (politicians, journalists, studio executives, and other trade unions) dealt with the film. Salt of the Earth is one of the first pictures to advance the feminist social and political point of view.
The film centers around a long and difficult strike led by Mexican-American and Anglo miners against the Empire Zinc Company. The film shows how the miners, the company, and the police, react during the strike. In neorealist style the producers and director used actual miners and their families as actors in the film.
In the Library:
Booker, M. K. (2007). From box office to ballot box The American political film. Westport, Conn: Praeger.
Buhle, P., & Wagner, D. (2003). Hide in plain sight: The Hollywood blacklistees in film and television, 1950-2002. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ceplair, L. (2007). The Marxist and the movies A biography of Paul Jarrico. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
Joseph, A. (2000). Skilled workers' solidarity The American experience in comparative perspective. Garland reference library of social science, v. 1412. New York: Garland Pub.
Lichtenstein, N. (2002). State of the Union: A century of American labor. Politics and society in twentieth-century America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Lorence, J. J. (1999). The suppression of Salt of the earth How Hollywood, big labor, and politicians blacklisted a movie in Cold War America. Albuquerque, N.M.: University of New Mexico Press.
McGilligan, P., & Buhle, P. (1997). Tender comrades: A backstory of the Hollywood blacklist. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Nicholson, P. Y. (2004). Labor's story in the United States. Labor in crisis. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Stepan-Norris, J., & Zeitlin, M. (2003). Left out: Reds and America's industrial unions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
On the Web:
- "Mining Salt of the Earth" - an essay by James J Larence from the Winsconsin Magazine of History [pdf].
- "History makers reflect on Salt of the Earth - 'Even more relevant now' - Interview with Anita and Lorenzo Torres, participants in the in Empire Zinc strike on which the film is based; from People's Weekly World.


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EMCCAN Prepares to 'Take Flight' After News of Successful Funding
25 January 2017
East Midlands Caribbean Carnival Arts Network (EMCCAN) received news today that Arts Council England is supporting their bid to take the very best of the regions Carnival Arts on tour across the country.
2017 'Dates for Your Diary'
12 January 2017
After an exciting year in 2016 full of successful events and projects, we now look to the year ahead. Throughout 2017 we will continue to support all four regional East Midlands carnivals whilst delivering our own events and publications which aim to promote carnival arts more widely, create opportunities for carnival artists and volunteers, and […]
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- Hugh Lawson
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 188 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TRANSACTION ARRANGEMENTS 1 Representação gráfica de arranjos de transação José Márcio Carvalho 2 ABSTRACT With this article the intention is to add to the Transaction Cost Analysis empirical discussions. It introduces a model that aims to graphically represent transaction arrangements. The proposed model was empirically tested in the Brazilian fruit export sector. Six different fruit were used as the basis for the investigation: melons, grapes, mangoes, papayas, oranges and apples. These are the six most exported fruit produced in Brazil. Two distinct research techniques were used in the investigation: secondary data analysis and interviews. The focal aim of the secondary data research was the characterisation and comparison of the production and export sequences of the six most exported Brazilian fruit types. The content of the semi-structured interview questions was determined based on the literature review of Transaction Cost Analysis and the international fruit trade. The questions were carefully chosen to reveal the factors which are determinant for the configuration of transaction arrangements in the fruit trade. The Graphical Representation of successfully disclosed the three main types of arrangements used by Brazilian fruit exporters. These arrangements are: Integrated Production-Export Transaction, Export Agents Transaction and the Integrated Multinational Transaction. The graphical model makes the process of categorising organisations according to their behaviour more precise. By clearly describing the technical activities performed by an organisation it is possible to assess its role in a specific sector. Key words: transaction costs, fruit trade, graphical representation. RESUMO Com este artigo, procura-se contribuir com as discussões sobre análise de custos de transação, introduzindo um modelo que tem por objetivo representar graficamente arranjos de transação. O modelo proposto foi testado empiricamente junto a organizações brasileiras exportadoras de frutas. Seis tipos diferentes de frutas foram usados como base para a pesquisa: melão, uva, manga, mamão papaya, laranja e maçã. Estas são as frutas mais exportadas pelo Brasil. Foram utilizadas duas técnicas principais de pesquisa para a coleta de dados: análise de dados secundários e entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Com a coleta de dados secundários, objetivou-se principalmente caracterizar e comparar as seqüências de produção e exportação dessas frutas. As questões das entrevistas semi-estruturadas foram escolhidas para revelar os fatores que são determinantes nas configurações dos arranjos de transação do comércio de frutas. Na pesquisa, mostrou-se com sucesso que os principais arranjos comerciais para exportar frutas são: Empresas Integradas de Produção-Exportação, Agentes de Exportação e Multinacional Integrada. O modelo de representação gráfica de arranjos de transação tem a propriedade de tornar mais preciso o processo de categorização de organizações de acordo com a sua função em uma cadeia comercial. Ao se descrever as atividades técnicas executadas por uma organização, torna-se possível entender o seu papel em um segmento econômico específico. Palavras-chave: custo de transação, comércio de frutas, representação gráfica. 1. INTRODUCTION There are a variety of theories that can be used to investigate commerce in agricultural products. Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA) is one of them. It is a construct capable of dealing with complex issues such as vertical integration, market transactions and international trade. The problem with TCA is that it is based on highly subjective concepts that are difficult to put into context. To overcome this limitation it is proposed a graphical model capable to represent transaction arrangements. The methodology capable of linking the graphical model with a specific sector is also presented. The final section of the article is about how the proposed graphical representation model is realised in a particular sector: the Brazilian fruit export trade. TCA is a scientific construct which has been developed by a great number of scholars with varying backgrounds and aims. Some of these researchers have contributed to the enrichment of the theory with the creation and use of new constructs capable of analysing the complexity of economic transactions. Coase has achieved considerable merit in the development of the 1 This paper is a result of a research conducted at The University of Reading (UK) and supported by CNPq. 2 José Márcio Carvalho studied Agronomy at Federal University of Lavras/UFLA, and also obtained the Master Degree in Management at the same university in The PhD title was conquered by him at the University of Reading/England in At the same year he became lecturer at the Federal University of Tocantins/UFT Campus Universitário de Gurupi Caixa Postal 66 Tocantins, Brazil Organ. rurais agroind., Lavras, v. 7, Recebido n. 2, p , em 26/09/ e aprovado em 15/10/05
2 Graphical representation of transaction arrangements 189 theory because of his early proposal to see markets and firms as alternative governance structures. Coase pointed out that there are costs involved in transactions in the market and when the market transactions are costly, institutions matter. The most common market transaction costs are: the cost of finding the relevant prices, the costs of writing transaction contracts and the costs of reaching agreement. If the sum of all these costs is high, the alternative may be keeping the transaction within a single organisation. In this case all the problems of the price system are replaced by the co-ordination mechanism of a firm. Conversely if the co-ordination mechanism is too costly the transactions will be executed at lower cost in market type negotiations (Coase, 1937; Douma & Schreuder, 1998; North, 1990). According to Coase (1937) and Williamson (1975) the organisations trading with a product or a group of products can use different transaction arrangements to carry out their commerce. It is important to characterize how diverse these arrangements are in order to understand trade patterns. It is important to clarify that a Transaction (TA) is a pattern of relationships established by a group of organisations to trade a product. It is an informal agreement where the responsibilities of each commercial partner are clearly defined according to the sequence of production and trade in a good. In other words, a transaction arrangement is related to the way that commercial organisations interact among themselves to overcome market and internal problems. 2. GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF TRANSACTION ARRANGEMENTS Graphical illustrations or representations almost always have the advantage of simplifying and better focusing the discussion of a specific topic. They create a visual representation of a concept or phenomenon making the learning process easier for those who want to understand the subject under analysis. In this research a method of representing transaction arrangements graphically was developed. The four steps of this method are presented here using a hypothetical example as illustration. The first step in the graphical representation is to illustrate each main technical activity present in the product processing sequence by a number inside a box. Using this system, a (hypothetical) product that needed ten distinct activities in order to be produced and traded would be represented by the figure: The order of the numbers gives the idea of the progression of events. The number 1 represents the early stage of production and the number 10 represents the final stage of distribution. The second step is to represent the organisations that are making or trading a product. One can say that organisations are executing some of the technical activities of the product cycle. It is possible then to represent each organisation by a rectangle circumscribing a group of technical activities, exactly those activities executed by the organisation. In our hypothetical example it is possible to have the configuration below: In this hypothetical example the organisation represented by the rectangle on the extreme left gives the idea that it is related to the production stages. The rectangle in the middle of the picture is giving the idea of a company performing the products logistics and distribution. Finally, the rectangle on the right side of the figure gives the impression that the organisation is responsible for the final stages of the product distribution or retailing.
3 190 The third step of the graphical representation is the illustration of the market type transactions or more precisely the trade operations in the product cycle. Here buying and selling operations are represented by a dashed line square. In the following illustration it is possible to see that there are two market type transactions happening in the product cycle The fourth stage of a graphical representation is to create a frame capable of identifying each element of the visual illustration. In this case the frame is divided into three parts, as follows: The upper section of the frame is a field for the identification of the organisations present in the product trade. The middle section is devoted to the illustration of the transaction arrangement. Finally the lower section creates a space for the identification of the market type transactions. The final graphical representation of the hypothetical example would look as it does below: Production Organisation Distribution Organisation Retailing Organisation Distribution Wholesale This type of graphical representation has the potential to illustrate the transaction arrangements existing in the production/ trade cycles of any product.
4 Graphical representation of transaction arrangements METHOD An investigation programme was executed in Brazil, the aim of such research being to illustrate the transaction arrangements used by Brazilian fruit exporters. In this research, six different fruit were used as the basis for the investigation: melons, grapes, mangoes, papayas, oranges and apples. These are the six most exported types of fruit produced in Brazil. Two distinct research techniques were used in the investigation: secondary data analysis and interviews. Both techniques are presented and discussed in the following sections Secondary Data Analysis The main objective of the secondary data research was the characterisation and comparison of the production and export sequences of the six most exported Brazilian fruit types. In order to achieve this the following steps were observed: Technical books and articles about melons, grapes, mangoes, papayas, oranges and apples were examined in order to characterize their production and export sequences. The technical activities necessary to produce and export fruit were listed according to their order of execution. The lists were then compared. The juxtaposition of the lists allowed the formation of categories of technical activities. The final aim of the examination of these processes was to describe the technical sequence used in the fruit export business Interviews and Direct Observations The two most widely used qualitative research techniques are interviews and direct observation. These techniques were combined in this research to disclose the peculiarities of the Brazilian fruit export trade. The qualitative methodologies used in this investigation were based mainly on Dreve r ( 1997), Nac hmias & Nachmias (1997) and Rubin & Rubin (1995). The cases described in this research were chosen based on a selection process conducted together with researchers based in six different fruit research institutions in Brazil (EMBRAPA, UEBA, ESAM, EPAGRI and IBRAF). The three types of questions were used in the interview sessions: main questions, probes and follow up questions. Drever (1997) and Rubin & Rubin (1995) affirmed that: Main Questions form the backbone of the interview. They are used to raise discussion of the main topics to be covered. These should be few in number as otherwise it would not be possible to go into the questions in depth. Probe Questions encourage the interviewee to expand on a matter at hand, complete a statement, an example or a narrative, or explain on a statement that the interviewer did not understand (Rubin & Rubin, 1995, p. 208). Follow-up Questions have as their purpose to scrutinise new lines of enquiry raised during the interview and to check new conjectures on the theme under investigation. The content of the semi-structured interview questions was determined based on the literature review of TCA and the international fruit trade. The questions were carefully chosen so as to reveal the factors which are determinant for the configuration of transaction arrangements in the fruit trade. The topics investigated were: The technical activities performed by the organisations operating in the fruit commerce; The main types of commercial clients (partners) of the firm; and The nature of the market type relations maintained by the firm. The interviews were arranged by telephone at least one week in advance. The interviewee was given the prerogatives of choosing the day, the time and the place of the interview. In order to better process the data obtained in each interview, the principle was followed of not doing more than one interview per day. As soon as possible (preferably on the same day) the data obtained in the interview were organised for analysis. This routine was followed because each interview could potentially help to refine the process of data gathering. This strategy for collecting data was developed by Rubin & Rubin (1995) and is called Iterative Design of Research. Box 1 brings its main characteristics.
5 192 Box 1 Iterative Design of Research. The iterative design means that each time you repeat the basic process of gathering information, analysing it, winnowing it, and testing it, you come to a convincing model of the phenomenon you are studying. In the early stages of the interviewing, the design emphasizes more the gathering of many themes and ideas, toward the middle of the research you concentrate more on winnowing to limit the number of themes that you explore. In the final stages, you emphasise more the analysis and testing of your understanding as you put them by your interviewees and critical readers in your field. Source: Rubin & Rubin (1995, p. 46). At the end of the semi structured interviews the interviewees were asked to show the interviewer the main facilities used for fruit processing. Direct observation of the processing units (machinery, storage facilities and laboratories) helped to clarify the themes touched on in the research Transaction s Characterization The characterization of the predominant transaction arrangements present in the Brazilian fruit export trade was based on the results of the interviews obtained in Brazil. Two steps served as the basis for the characterization: data preparation and data analysis (DREVER, 1997). In the data preparation stage the main facts obtained in each interview were transcribed. The information was then coded according to its relation to concepts used as a framework; finally at this stage a summary of the main ideas of each interview was produced. The data analysis stage was concerned mainly with the development of categories. Categories were developed either for individual organisations or for groups of interrelated organisations. The categories for organisations took as their point of reference the technical activities performed by each organisation within the product cycle (trading sequence). The development of categories for groups of interrelated organisations observed the types of market transactions they had developed. All the categories developed are presented in the following sections Search for Different Transaction s After the full characterization of a TA used by producers and traders to export/import their fruit it is fundamental to assume that there are probably other TA being used in the commerce of fruit. It is therefore necessary to search for and to characterize alternative TAs. The diversity of TAs present in an economic sector is directly related to the diversity of firms present in the sector. The firms can have differing structures and sizes; they can also make multiple types of alliances. In international fruit commerce this is particularly true. During the qualitative research fieldwork watch was kept continuously for alternative TAs used to trade fruit. Fruit producers, traders and fruit trade specialists were asked to indicate organisations that are trading fruit in a different way, or, to be more precise, that are adopting procedures and market alliances different from the ones used by the majority. The firms indicated were then visited and characterized according to the TA they used. This proactive search allowed the identification of three main types of TA present in the Brazilian fruit export trade. After the description of the main TA present in the Brazilian fruit export trade, they were compared in terms of their transaction advantages/ disadvantages Interview Response From the total of 26 calls for interview visits in Brazil it was possible to obtain 19 valid interviews. The results of the interviews are presented and commented on sections to follow. 4. THE BRAZILIAN FRUIT EXPORT SECTOR A sequence can be defined as an arrangement of events in successive order. In most cases sequences are executed aiming a specific result. The fruit trade is no different, producers and traders need to execute a sequence of technical procedures in order to offer a quality product to the final consumer. The description of a technical sequence may be detailed or general. Detailed descriptions are advantageous only for those who want to examine the specificities of a sequence. On the other hand general descriptions are more useful for those who want to analyse a sequence in its entirety. One of the objectives of the present scientific research is to analyse the export/import sequences of six different fruits (mangoes, apples, melons, papayas and grapes). The final purpose is to verify whether the trade sequences of the fruits mentioned have any common characteristics or not. This task can be better executed with general descriptions of the production and trade sequences of these six fruit species. Detailed descriptions would only result in excessive information being imputed into the analysis.
6 Graphical representation of transaction arrangements 193 The description and analysis of the production and trade sequences of the most exported Brazilian fruit was based on an extensive literature review, which involved the reading of 96 different technical papers on fruit production and trade. After the description of the individual production and trade sequences of mangoes, apples, melons, papayas, oranges and grapes it was possible to juxtapose and compare them. From this comparison it was possible to affirm that there is a technical sequence of production and trade that is common to the six types of fruit examined. It is important to observe however, that the technical sequence is common only in its general aspects. Each fruit has particularities in terms of processing that are not common to the other fruit. The production and trade sequences of mangoes, apples, melons, oranges, papayas and grapes observe the following nineteen procedures: 1. Pre-harvest activities This phase is concerned with the fruit cultivation activities necessary to produce fruit; 2. Harvesting This is the one of the most critical moments in the whole fruit export chain. Fruit growers need to choose the right moment to harvest the fruit and then gather the fruit trying to cause a minimum of damage possible; 3. Short distance transport At this stage the fruit is taken from the production fields to the packinghouse; 4. Receiving operations The fruit is unloaded at the packinghouse platform at this time; 5. Selection and grading At this point the fruit is separated into various categories according to weight, size or appearance; 6. Treatments The fruit is submitted to different treatments according to destination. Most of the treatments aim at extending the fruit s shelf life and also to improving appearance; 7. Packing and labelling At this point the fruit is packed and the packs are labelled. 8. Pallet consolidation The packed fruit is placed on pallets and arranged according to a previously specified method; 9. Cooling At this stage the pallets of fruit are placed in the cooling facilities. The objective is to decrease the temperature of the produce to such a point that senescence of the fruit is diminished; 10. Storage The pallets are disposed in cold storage until the moment of transport. The stores may be near the packinghouses or near ports or airports; 11. Loading the ship or airplane The fruit is transferred from the storage place to the long distance transport vessel. This is a sensitive stage since the produce can suffer physical injuries or excessive exposure to environmental temperatures; 12. Long distance transport This is the period when the fruit is inside a transport vessel (ship or airplane). During this time brusque movements of the cargo can damage the produce. Another problem is that during the long distance transport neither the fruit exporters nor the fruit importers have direct control over cargo conditions; 13. Unloading the ship or aeroplane The pallets of the fruit are removed from the transport vessel and put under the importers control. Some importers make their first inspections at this point; 14. Transport to the distribution centre During this phase the cargo is transferred to the importers facilities; 15. Processing At this stage the pallets are dismantled and the produce is then inspected. Some importers perform a new selection and grading according to their own criteria; 16. Packing The produce is packed again, this time in packs specified by the retailers. In most cases the packs bear the retailer s name; 17. Distribution This practice is related to the dissemination of the produce to the retailers stores or distribution centres; 18. Retailers shelves Finally the fruit is arranged on display shelves and made available to the final customer; 19. Final customer The consumer buys the fruit, making this stage the last in the commercial chain of the fruit. The interviews with fruit exporters in Brazil confirmed that the above-mentioned activities in the fruit export business are actually performed. These 19 activities were shown to be common to most of the exporters interviewed, however they mentioned having different levels of difficulty with each of them Diversity of Export s in Brazil Fruit production and export organisations use a variety of transaction arrangements in order to export their fruit. The semi-structured topical interviews conducted among Brazilian traders revealed that three distinct Transaction s (TA) are more frequently used by them to export fruit. The TAs were categorized according to the fruit trade activities that were executed by the fruit exporters. The analysis of the interviews showed that fruit exporters can be placed into three distinct groups: Integrated Production-Export Organisations, which execute the following activities in the fruit trade: Preharvest; Harvesting; Short distance transport; Receiving operations; Fruit treatment; Selection and grading; Packing
7 194 and labelling; Pallet consolidation; Cooling; Storage; Short distance logistics; Contracting long distance transport. Export Agents Differently from Integrated Production- Export Companies, Export Agents do not produce the fruit that they trade. They execute only the following activities in the fruit trade: Receiving operations; Fruit treatment; Selection and grading; Packing and labelling; Pallet consolidation; Cooling; Storage; Short distance logistics; Contracting long distance transport. Integrated Multinational This type of fruit exporter execute all the activities performed by the Integrated Production- Export Companies and also the import operations in the destination market. They integrate the following activities: Pre-harvest; Harvesting; Short distance transport; Receiving operations; Fruit treatment; Selection and grading; Packing and labelling; Pallet consolidation; Cooling; Storage; Short distance logistics; Contracting long distance transport; Port operations at the destination market; Transport to the fruit processing centre; Fruit processing; Storage. These three types of exporters demonstrated to use three distinct transaction arrangements in their commercial operations. These three transaction arrangements are presented and discussed in the sections below Integrated production-export transaction arrangement The Integrated Production-Export Transaction (I-ETA) is composed by one hierarchical transaction type followed by a market transaction type. The hierarchical type of transaction is performed mainly by a category of organisations that can be called Integrated Production-Export Organisations. I-ETA is the most common arrangement adopted by Brazilian fruit exporters. 14 organisations reported to use this transaction arrangement. In the I-ETA the fruit are traded according to the following order of transactions: Production-Export Companies (hierarchical-transactions type); Export (markettransaction type); Import Companies (hierarchical-transaction type); Distribution Transaction (market-transactions type); Supermarket Chains (hierarchical-transactions type) and sale to the final consumers (market-transactions type). Figure 1 shows the graphical representation of the Integrated Production-Export Transaction. H ie ra rc h ic a l T ra n s a c tio n s Production/Export Companies Import Companies Supermarket Chains Tra n s a c tio n s A rra n g e m e n t M a rk e t T ra n s a c tio n s FIGURE 1 Integrated Production-Export Transaction Export Distribution NOTES: 1. Pre-harvest Activities 7. Packing and Labelling 13. Unloading: Ship or Aeroplane 2. Harvesting 8. Pallet Consolidation 14. Transport to Distribution Centre 3. Short Distance Transport 9. Cooling 15. Processing 4. Receiving Operations 10. Storage 16. Packing 5. Selection and Grading 11. Loading: Ship or Aeroplane 17. Distribution 6. Treatments 12. Long Distance Transport 18. Retailers Shelves 19. Final Customer
8 Graphical representation of transaction arrangements The export agent transaction arrangement The second export arrangement used by Brazilian fruit exporters can be called the Export Agent Transaction (E-ATA). In this arrangement the export activities are organised by an agent. The interviews conducted in Brazil indicate that this is the second most common arrangement adopted by the organisations present in the Brazilian fruit export industry. Four different organisations exporting four different types of fruit (melon, mango, grapes and papaya) reported that they adopt E-ATA as their main scheme to export fruit. Furthermore, it was found that Integrated Production-Export Companies also adopt E-ATA as an alternative arrangement to export fruit. Executives in five of these organisations declared that their companies also export fruit produced by specialised growers. These five executives also affirmed that E-ATA forms only a small part of their fruit trade, an alternative used only to complement their own fruit production. Figure 2 gives a graphical representation of the arrangement mentioned. It clearly shows that E-ATA is composed of a hierarchy (fruit producers) followed by a market transaction (fruit gathering activities) followed by a hierarchy (agent exporters) followed by a market transaction (export activities) followed by a hierarchy (import companies) followed by a market transaction (distribution transactions) followed by a hierarchy (supermarket chains) that is finally followed by a market transaction (sale to the final consumers). H ie r a r c h ic a l Production Companies Export Companies Import Companies Supermarket Chains A r r a n g e m e n t M a r k e t Gathering Export Distribution FIGURE 2 Export Agent Transaction NOTES: 1. Pre-harvest Activities 7. Packing and Labelling 13. Unloading: Ship or Aeroplane 2. Harvesting 8. Pallet Consolidation 14. Transport to Distribution Centre 3. Short Distance Transport 9. Cooling 15. Processing 4. Receiving Operations 10. Storage 16. Packing 5. Selection and Grading 11. Loading: Ship or Aeroplane 17. Distribution 6. Treatments 12. Long Distance Transport 18. Retailers Shelves 19. Final Customer
9 The integrated multinational transaction arrangement. The third export arrangement identified in the Brazilian fruit export sector was the Integrated Multinational Transaction (I-MTA). This is a name that can be adopted mainly because production, export and import activities are all performed by a multinational organisation. Only one company was identified in Brazil as adopting I-MTA as its predominant form of export arrangement. The following discussions are based on this case only. A graphical representation of I-MTA is presented in Figure 3. As can be seen the structure of this transaction arrangement is very simple. It is composed of a comprehensive hierarchical transaction (the Integrated Multinational) followed by a market transaction (fruit distribution at the destination market). At the final stages a hierarchy can be found (supermarket chains) that is followed by a market transaction (sale to the final consumers). H ie r a r c h ic a l Integrated Multinacional Supermarket Chains A r r a n g e m e n t M a r k e t Distribution FIGURE 3 Integrated Multinational Transaction NOTES: 1. Pre-harvest Activities 7. Packing and Labelling 13. Unloading: Ship or Aeroplane 2. Harvesting 8. Pallet Consolidation 14. Transport to Distribution Centre 3. Short Distance Transport 9. Cooling 15. Processing 4. Receiving Operations 10. Storage 16. Packing 5. Selection and Grading 11. Loading: Ship or Aeroplane 17. Distribution 6. Treatments 12. Long Distance Transport 18. Retailers Shelves 19. Final Customer
10 Graphical representation of transaction arrangements Discussions: Comparisons of Transaction s The interviews conducted in Brazil indicated that there are three main types of transaction arrangements used in Brazil with the aim of exporting fruit. These arrangements are: Integrated Production-Export Transaction s, Export Agents Transaction and the Integrated Multinational Transaction. The transactions organised by the Integrated Multinationals are predominantly hierarchical- type. In this case there is intensive use of capital and technologies in all stages of the fruit production and trade cycles. The Integrated Multinationals have shown the capacity to use advanced quality management strategies. Those organisations operating in both fruit production regions and fruit consumption markets conquered an expressive share of the fruit international commerce. Since fruit international trading corporations have branches in the consumption markets they do not need to negotiate with fruit import firms. It should be noted that the transactions organised by the Integrated Multinationals in Brazil are mainly export oriented, and little attention is given to the Brazilian internal fruit market. As a consequence, the Integrated Multinationals have a limited capacity to use the Brazilian potential for fruit consumption to complement export operations. The commercial operations organised by the Integrated Production-Export firms combine both hierarchical and market type transactions. The preferred trade partners of Production-Export firms are Import Agents operating abroad. These two types of fruit traders demonstrate a capacity to adopt advanced quality management strategies. Since fruit Import Agents maintain firm commercial relations with supermarket chains (the main institutional fruit buyers) the Integrated Production-Export transaction arrangement tend to involve a low risk level. As a consequence both the exporters and importers are able to maintain all the specialized assets necessary to produce, process, transport and store fresh fruit. When the Integrated Production-Export transaction arrangement is compared with the Integrated Multinational transaction arrangement, a major advantage of the former becomes apparent. This transaction arrangement allows the Integrated Production-Export firms to sell fruit to the Brazilian internal market and also to export fruit. The Integrated Production-Export Transaction brings a considerable advantage to the Fruit Import Agents. These traders do not need to organise commercial operations abroad (fruit production or packinghouses); an activity that can prove to be costly and complex, since it is necessary to deal with foreign legislation and culture. The Integrated Production-Export Transaction also offers a more flexible trading alternative, mainly because exporters and importers can still negotiate with new trade partners at their convenience. The Export Agent Transaction is the most flexible commercial arrangement investigated in this study. It enables Fruit Growers, Export Agents and Import Agents to find the exact volumes of trade that are appropriate to their needs. It is also a business system capable of creating opportunities for fruit growers to sell their produce both to the internal and external markets. The Export Agent Transaction has, however, three disadvantages when compared with the previously mentioned transaction arrangements. First, it is more difficult for the trade partners to harmonise their independent administrative systems (quality management, logistics and marketing). Second, it is a more risky commercial system since any member of the trade chain may fail to perform accordingly, or they may adopt opportunistic strategies. Third, it is possible that as soon as fruit growers reach an appropriate volume of trade they will start to negotiate directly with fruit importers, neglecting the relationship with the Export Agent in consequence. 5. CONCLUSIONS When the Graphical Representation of Transaction s Model was applied to a specific sector (the Brazilian fruit export trade business) it was shown to have five main positive attributes: It gives a clear notion of how transaction arrangements are organised around a product or a group of products since it is possible to clearly represent organisations, market type transactions and their relative position in the cycle (manufacture/trade) of a product; It makes easier to compare transaction arrangements. After the description of the distinct transaction arrangements, it is possible to verify how frequently a transaction arrangement is used (the number of organisations that adopt it) and how intensively (the number of transactions) the transaction arrangement is employed; It makes the process of categorising organisations according to their behaviour more precise: By clearly describing the technical activities performed by an organisation it will be possible to assess its role in a specific sector;
11 198 It makes it easier to analyse market type transactions this is probably the most important use of the graphical model since it opens the opportunity to specify the nature of the market transactions (spot or long-term transactions) and their appropriateness; and The model is simple, practical and almost self-evident. Coase (1937), with his article, started an important cycle of discussions for economics. Williamson (1975) based on the ideas of Coase (1937), developed a framework capable of analysing hierarchical type transactions (organisations). More recently Sako (1992) developed a framework capable of analysing market type transactions. It is important to move further and transform the Transaction Cost Economics into a more quantitative framework. The Graphical Representation of Transaction s Model presented in this article can be a step in this direction. The next stage in the improvement of this graphical model is the development of mathematical modelling based on it. It is especially important to identify and quantify the forces that are determinant of the market type transactions and devise quantitative models capable of describing them. These mathematical models have the potential capacity to allow speculation about the implications of organisational strategies and modifications in the business environment. 6. REFERENCES COASE, R. H. The nature of the firm. Economica, London, v. 4, p , DOUMA, S.; SCHREUDER, H. Economic approaches to organizations. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall, DREVER, E. Using semi-structured interviews in smallscale research. Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Research in Education, NACHMIAS, C. F.; NACHMIAS, D. Research methods in the social sciences. London: Arnold, NORTH, D. Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University, RUBIN, H. J.; RUBIN, I. S. Qualitative interviewing: the art of hearing data. California: Thousand Oaks, SAKO, M. Prices, quality and trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University, WILLIAMSON, O. E. s and hierarchies: analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free, 1975.
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Running Time: 84 minutes
Released: 09/2015
Studio Name: New Sensations
Series: My Hotwife's Gangbang
Director: Eddie Powell Paul Woodcrest
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2 Scenes from My Hotwife's Gangbang 2
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Starring: Madelyn Monroe ... More Details
Stars: Madelyn Monroe
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My Hotwife's Gangbang 2: Scene 2 Free Preview
Starring: Bianca Breeze ... More Details
Stars: Bianca Breeze
Sex Acts: Oral Sex, Squirting, Choking, Deep Throating, Double Penetration, Vaginal Sex, GangBang, Handjob, Masturbation, Breast Play, Anal Sex, Ass To Mouth
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Settings: Living Room
Studio: New Sensations
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