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in our current inventory
1933 Ford Speedstar
- Stock #
- 133014
- Body Style
- Convertible
- Engine
- LS1 5.7 Liter V8
- Exterior Color
- Fly Yellow
- Interior Color
- n/a
- Miles
- 249
Trade in a Vehicle
Why Buy From Us ?
See Also
these cars might interest you
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recent sales
- Multiple magazine features – Street Rodder and SEMA Magazine
- Rat's Glass SpeedStar Vicky body
- Borings-prepped 700R4
- Dupont Fly Yellow
- Heidt's suspension
There was a time when hot-rodding meant pulling the fenders off your Model A roadster and stuffing a Flathead V8 between the frame rails. These days, it's a competitive multi-million dollar industry. It takes vision and a team of skilled craftsmen to even consider building a nationally competitive street rod. Take this '33 SpeedStar Vicky for example. If it looks familiar, it's past as a SEMA cover car or Street Rodder Magazine feature is probably responsible. To build a car of this caliber took the combined forces of two industry legends – Bobby Alloway and Paul Atkins. The result is a jaw dropping street rod that will hold its own at any show in the country. If you're in the market for a world class street rod, this car is the end of your search.
On most vehicles, there is a single piece that catches your eye before anything else. On this Vicky, every piece screams for your attention. The best thing to do is just step back and admire the shape of the Rat's Glass SpeedStar Vicky body. We've featured a handful of these Alloway-designed cars before, including two coupes and two roadsters but the extended Vicky roofline adds a unique element to this car. What further separates this car from the others is the fact that it was actually built at Alloway's Hot Rod Shop in Tennessee – the shop responsible for building America's Most Beautiful Roadster in 2003 as well as a few strong Ridler contenders. If you had any concerns about build quality, go ahead and leave those behind.
With a shape that would turn heads in primer, what better to do than spray it with the brightest color available? Dupont's Fly Yellow was chosen for the job and performs its task remarkably well. Sprayed by the crew at Alloway's Rod Shop, you can rest assured absolutely no corners were cut. Flawless is a difficult word to use when it comes to cars but finding an imperfection in this paint would be one hell of a challenge. Once the yellow paint dried, Joshua Shaw was called in to add some finishing touches including a green and purple triple pinstripe and tasteful custom graphics above the grille and under the rear window. If this car doesn't stand out in the crowd, you're probably in Alloway's parking lot.
On modern street rods like this one, the lack of trim is a point of pride. That ideal is carried throughout this build. Up front, a sweeping custom grille by Jim Rench of Rench's Hot Rod Stuff sits between a pair of King Bee headlights. Out back, Alloway taillights hide out underneath the lip of the body. Naturally, all wiring has been masterfully tucked away. If we're talking about key points of this rod's exterior, we should probably go ahead and discuss those wheels. They're Billet Specialties five spokes measuring 18" x 7" up front and 22" x 10" in the rear. Backspacing is four inches all the way around. The front tires are 215/35-R18 BF Goodrich's while the rears are monstrous 305/45-R22 tires of the same brand. If you're wondering, the rear quarter panels did require some modification to make the rear wheel setup work.
Tilt the hood towards the passenger side and you'll be greeted by a purely modern powerplant. At the core is GM's venerable LS1. In stock form, these engines are good for approximately 310hp but, of course, this one has a few modifications. To start with, there's a polished Weiand intake, Alloway EFI and K&N air filter. Other noteworthy features include a custom copper radiator by Steve Long, a Powermaster alternator and Taylor ignition wires. The setup breathes through Sanderson headers that exhale through 2 ¼ inch pipes with glass pack mufflers. What the component list won't tell you is how impossibly clean this bay is. All wiring, right down to the electric fan is completely hidden from sight. The coil packs, one the LS1's ugliest features are tucked away under custom covers, leaving the shape of the intake as the only clue to exactly what engine you're looking at. Best of all, it's a modern EFI engine that starts immediately, idles well and can be driven anywhere without fear.
Backing that LS1 is a Borings-prepped 700R4 automatic transmission with a B&M torque converter and a Lokar Performance Parts shifter that make driving this rod simple. A custom driveshaft by Sonny's connects the transmission the Winter's quick-change rear end residing in a fully polished independent rear suspension. Up front, you'll find a fully independent stainless Heidt's front complete with Aldan coilovers, and a Sweet rack and pinion steering setup. Braking is handled by a Wilwood four-wheel disc setup with a Ford Racing master cylinder. If it isn't painted, it's polished. Absolutely every square inch of this undercarriage is ready for show.
With the list of components so far, you can probably guess that the interior is something to behold. You're absolutely correct. Interior master Paul Atkins covered the entire cabin in a mix of rich tan leather and Ostrich (or Alabama chicken if you've read the Street Rodder feature on this car). The reclining front buckets are extremely supportive and look great sitting atop the tan wool carpet. Steering controls are provided by an Ididit tilt column with a Billet Specialties steering wheel wrapped in Ostrich. Instrumentation comes courtesy of modified Classic Industries gauges placed in a Carriage Works insert that looks right at home in the SpeedStar dash. A Sony head unit is mounted in the headliner, well within reach of the driver. The pedals and shifter are both Lokar pieces. There are few luxury cars on the market with this level of interior build quality, much less street rods.
This is a truly world class car built by some of the best in the business. Cars like this usually leave our showroom in a hurry so, if you're in the market for a full show car that is an absolute blast to drive and own, don't miss out on this '33 Vicky.
- Year
- 1933
- Make
- Ford
- Secondary Make
- n/a
- Model Name
- Speedstar
- Secondary Model
- n/a
- Vehicle Type
- Passenger Car
- Hobby Segment
- Street Rod
- Mileage
- 249
Engine / Transmission
- Engine Type
- Gasoline
- Engine Size
- LS1 5.7 Liter V8
- Engine Number
- n/a
- Heads
- Stock
- Fuel Specification
- n/a
- Fuel Delivery System Type
- Fuel Injection
- Transmission Type
- 4 Speed Automatic
- Transmission Spec
- Transmission Number
- n/a
- Entertainment System Type
- n/a
- Battery Location
- n/a
- Battery Shut Off
- n/a
- Battery Charger
- n/a
- Power Steering
- No
- Air Conditioning
- No
- Interior Color
- n/a
- Seating Type
- Bucket
- Seat Material
- n/a
- Shifter Type
- n/a
- Center Console
- No
- Body Style
- Convertible
- Doors
- 2
- Safe Body Color
- Fly Yellow
- Paint Type
- n/a
- Stripes
- Yes
- Front Suspension Type
- n/a
- Rear Suspension Type
- n/a
- Axle Specification
- Winters Quick Change 4.10
- Front Wheel Specification
- n/a
- Rear Wheel Specification
- n/a
- Front Tire Specification
- n/a
- Rear Tire Specification
- n/a
- Front Brakes Specification
- Power Disc
- Rear Brakes Specification
- Power Disc
- Spare
- n/a
- Exhaust Type
- n/a
- Muffler Type
- n/a
- Restoration Status
- Restored
- Mileage Since Restoration
- n/a
- Awards Summary
- n/a
- Historical Documents Summary
- SEMA Cover car. Streetrodder Magazine cover car and feature article. GoodGuys award winner.
Contact Us Regarding this Vehicle
Call Us
- 704.445.9105
- 704.596.5980


text:
Dave Mustaine: 'People Misinterpret Stuff So Pathetically'
Megadeth mainman also discusses the importance of not making too complicated music, calling the band "predictably unpredictable."
Megadeth mainman Dave Mustaine recently discussed the way his statements tend to be misinterpreted by the public, focusing on one of his interviews in which he described the upcoming record "Super Collider" as similar to Megadeth's debut effort "Killing Is My Business... And Business Is Good."
During a chat with Full Metal Jackie, the frontman recalled the time when bassist David Ellefson made such a comparison and the way fans reacted.
"The funny thing is that people misinterpret stuff so pathetically, so badly," Mustaine said (via Loudwire). "David [Ellefson] was working on 'Dancing in the Rain' and he goes, 'This song reminds me of the first record because it sounds like 'Looking Down the Cross' a little bit' and so now everybody's saying, 'When I hear the record I disagree with David Ellefson, it doesn't sound like the first record' and it's like 'Dude you're misinterpreting what he said.'"
In case you aren't familiar with the first interview, it took place in January, once again on Full Metal Jackie show. Back then, Mustaine commented, "David Ellefson is one of those guys that are kind of the barometer of the band. You ask me, you never really know what you're gonna get, but when you ask David Ellefson, it's kind of like reading the ingredients on the back of something, 'cause he's such a straight shooter.
"He told some people the other day that this is music that's really similar to 'Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!,' some of the stuff - really dark, really heavy and fast stuff."
Singer/guitarist also discussed the importance of not making too complicated music, naming it as the problem numerous musicians are tangled up with. He also praised the "less is more" kind of approach, saying, "I remember one time hearing this advice somebody had given me and said that, 'A good song is beat, melody and ten simple words,' and I was like, 'God, I can't fit 10 simple words in a sentence let alone in a whole song,' but the point of it is it's like beat, melody 10 simple words, don't make it to complicated."
Mustaine continued, saying, "If you are going to make it complicated make it at least musical and I think theres a lot of bands out there I'm not going to say Megadeth was responsible for the prog-rock starting, I think that happened more with Genesis and stuff like that. As far as thinking man's metal and having a lot of twists and turns, we always liked doing that stuff and I think if every song had that it would become predictable and you would know what you're going to get.
"Megadeth is a predictably unpredictable band and you never really know what you're going to hear with the songs. You heard more songs than just about anybody off this record so far when we were making them and there were a lot of surprising tracks on there."
"Super Collider" is set to be unleashed on June 4 via Mustaine's own Universal-powered label Tradecraft. Previously announced with title track single and "Kingmaker" track, it will mark the fourteenth release in the band's catalogue.

subset: commoncrawl


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Unit 9, 25-35 Buckland Street, Mitchell, ACT 2911
- Property No. 500895643
- Show Page Visits
- For Sale
- Contact Agent
- Land Area
- 262.00 m² (approx)
- Floor Area
- 261.0 m² - 262.0 m²
- Tenure Type
- Vacant Possession
- Building
- Partial
- Last Updated
- Jul 11, 2017
Interested in this property? Contact an Agent today
Savills - Canberra
Ground Floor Suite 4, 10 National Circuit
Barton ACT 2600
Theo Dimarhos
Excellent First Floor Unit without parking hassels
Modern two storey building featuring prominent street frontage and ample car spaces.
Features two glass frontage offices, and a small staff area. Ample natural light with large open floor plan, with no columns. Unit has all amenities including kitchen facilities. Also includes blinds, carpet, data services, and also two offices, with whiteboards.
Ideally suited for small office business work environments. Current Unit only available on First Floor. Access from both Buckland Street and Rear Car parking.
Price on Application.


text:
Nursery Favorites on Little Hip Squeaks October 21 2014
Giveaway Alert from Little Hip Squeaks! Get a chance to win a bundle of awesome brands such as oilo, The Land of Nod and Ubbi World to kick start your nursery into the Best Room in the House! Click, Play and Share!


text:
All of the Cunninghams are at house, and they notice that they have taken somebody else's groceries. Fonzie comes rushing in and says that somebody has been following him. Somebody knocks at the door, and Fonzie answers it. The man asks if he is Arthur Fonzarelli. Fonzie says "no" and slams the door in his face. The man knocks at the door again. Fonzie opens the door. The man has something really important to tell to Fonzie. Fonzie asks what it is, and the man says that he is his brother. Fonzie slams the door in his face again. He thinks that the man behind the door is a con artist because he (Fonzie) doesn't have a brother. The man opens the door by himself and tries to explain to Fonzie that he is really his brother. Fonzie doesn't believe him, and he leaves through the kitchen door. Fonzie's brother starts to sing a song, and Fonzie comes back inside and starts to sing, as well. After that, Fonzie believes him because only a Fonzarelli knows that song. Fonzie is excited and asks what the man's name is. His name, also, is Arthur, but he is called "Artie." Joanie comes down from upstairs and takes a picture of the two of them.
Chachi is playing at Arnold's, and everybody is dancing. Fonzie and Artie come in. Fonzie introduces Artie to Chachi. Chachi goes to the kitchen to make burgers for Fonzie and Artie. Marlene and Darlene Lovejoy arrive at Arnold's. They are Fonzie and Artie's dates. Chachi brings them the burgers and goes back to the kitchen. After a little while, Marlene and Darlene go to freshen up. Artie wants to tell Fonzie something about their father, but Fonzie doesn't want to hear it. Marlene and Darlene come back from the ladies room, and they are arguing about who gets to be with Fonzie. Marlene and Darlene leave Arnold's.
Howard comes downstairs in the middle of the night and wonders what the noise is. Fonzie is making a milkshake. As they drink their milkshakes, they discuss Fonzie's brother. Fonzie says that he hates Artie.
Fonzie explains to Howard that he has no feelings for his brother whatsoever. Artie comes to the kitchen, and Howard goes back upstairs. Artie tells Fonzie that he is going back home. First, he wants to tell him something about their father. Artie says that he died two weeks ago, and he gives Fonzie their father's old watch. Fonzie doesn't want it. Artie leaves the house.
Howard goes to the bathroom in the middle of the night and almost has a heart attack when Fonzie emerges from a dark corner. Howard asks what he is doing there. Marion and Joanie wake up and wonder what's going on in the bathroom. Fonzie explains that he wanted to talk to one of the Cunninghams. He figured that, eventually, one of them would come to the bathroom. He says to the Cunninghams that his father died. They talk about it. Fonzie says he wanted to know some things about his father. Howard says that he should talk about these things with his brother. Fonzie leaves the bathroom.
Fonzie talks with Artie about their father. Artie gives their dad's watch to Fonzie. Artie leaves to board the plane but turns back. Artie asks what Fonzie is doing for Christmas, and Fonzie says that he'll be decorating the Christmas tree with his brother. They hug, and Artie leaves. Fonzie reads an inscription on the watch from his father.
Fonzie arrives at Arnold's and goes to the table where Chachi and Joanie are. He shows them his watch. Fonzie notices that the watch is broken. Fonzie snaps his fingers, and Marlene and Darlene come to him. They leave Arnold's together.
Songs in this episode:
"Heat Wave" (instrumental) by Martha And The Vandellas (1963)
an unknown instrumental
"What'd I Say" (instrumental) by Ray Charles (1959)
"My Girl" by The Temptations (1965)


text:
ST. ALBANS – Funeral services for Lydia Emery will be held 10:30 a.m. Monday, May 15, at the St. Albans Union Church with Pastor Leonard Reiss officiating. Burial will follow at St. Albans Village Cemetery. The family invites relatives and friends back to the church after the committal for refreshments at the church fellowship hall. Arrangements are by Crosby & Neal, Newport.
Posted Sept. 25, 2008, at 11:20 p.m.


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Blog A blog (a contraction of the term "web log") is a type of website, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse-chronological order. Blogging Blogging, is therefore, defined as the use of a blog to present ideas/opinions to an audience on the Internet Why? Expression BUSINESS JOURNAL LEARNER'S
PLAYGROUND HOW? self-hosted wordpress.org
HTML subdomain
Types of Blogging traditional
microblogging Etiquette keep it clean
stay on topic
simplicity is great
reply to comments Visit mine:
Present Remotely
Send the link below via email or IMCopy
Present to your audienceStart remote presentation
- Invited audience members will follow you as you navigate and present
- People invited to a presentation do not need a Prezi account
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- A maximum of 30 users can follow your presentation
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A look at blogging and what it means in the current state of the Internet
Abhigyan Banerjeeon 30 April 2010
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text:
Rammus Build Guide by beastx15
This build has been archived and is for historical display only.
PLEASE NOTE: This build has been archived by the author. They are no longer supporting nor updating this build and it may have become outdated. As such, voting and commenting have been disabled and it no longer appears in regular search results.
We recommend you take a look at this author's other builds.
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Speed Demon
Rammus Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
Summoner Spells
Always take ghost.... period... now what varies your other spell is if you are jungleing or just being and ******* and trolling and going into lane.. dosent matter where.. your laneing as rammus.. you are an *******.. take revive just incase you lose a fight for some reason.. hit revive power ball and ghost and you will literally be back in the lane in 3 seconds.. and be able to kill your already crippled opponet... very ****ing fun.. now if your not jungling take revive and prepare to have some fun!


text: Just turned 0.6 in the nightlies. As always, it has become more stable (again) in the past week or so, and has resolved a number of problems with flash animations (although it is recommended that you upgrade to the latest Flash Player beta). Go to the Chimera project homepage and get it! Chris edit: The 0.6 release is offical.


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14 Cars Axed in 2012
9. Lexus HS Hybrid
Poor sales of the Lexus HS 250h forced the Japanese automaker to give it the axe this year. Priced from $37,030, the HS model never caught on like the CT 200h has. In fact, only 2,864 units sold in 2011. A slow seller at the start, with the CT 200h priced almost $8,000 cheaper, it's no surprise buyers are opting for the CT instead.
And then there's the introduction of the 2013 Lexus ES 300h, which surely would have cannibalized even more sales of the HS 250h had it continued production.


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This is a demo store. Any orders placed through this store will not be honored or fulfilled.
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text:
I am seeing a black strip about 1cm wide down the rh side of all screenshots, what gives? nothing to do with my code as seeing in some email clients I have personally tested in.
worksdigital. Please contact support. We can take a look. It might have just been something went wrong with that test.


text:
Home> SAKURA HOUSE's Services
SAKURA HOUSE's Services
Japanese real estate agency SAKURA HOUSE provides brief, short & long term Tokyo & Kyoto accommodations for vacationers, students, interns, businesspeople, etc. Lodging & housing for any number of people, for any length of stay. Daily stays available. Couples, families, groups, children & senior citizens welcome. Since 1992, SAKURA HOUSE has provided accommodations for people from over 100 countries around the world.
Find rooms HERE.
CONTACT SAKURA HOUSE HERE, or CALL US at +81-3-5330-5250. (THE SAKURA HOUSE OFFICE is open every day of the year between 8:50 AM to 8:00 PM JST.)
SAKURA HOUSE offers over 1,000 APARTMENT ROOMS, SHARE HOUSE (GUEST HOUSE) ROOMS & DORMITORY BEDS in 100 Tokyo & Kyoto locations, all furnished, all with free Internet Wi-Fi. A valid passport and a 20,000 yen deposit are all you need to reserve a room, from anywhere in the world. Deposits are not needed for stays of less than 1 month and vacation rental stays.
- Lodging & housing for any number of people, for any length of stay
- Daily stays available
- Personalized support & service by multilingual staff
- No key money, agent fee or guarantor needed
- Unlike many of our competitors, there are NO HIDDEN COSTS at SAKURA HOUSE
- All utility costs are paid for by the stated fees
- Credit cards accepted (VISA, MasterCard, DC, American Express)
- CONTACT US and move in on the same day!
- Book rooms months in advance with PRE-RESERVATION
- THE SAKURA HOUSE OFFICE is open 7 days a week, 365 days a year
- Prorated rents; residents pay only for the number of days he/she actually stayed in the room
- Building maintenance & cleaning of common areas by SAKURA HOUSE maintenance staff
- All residences have air conditioners
- All residences have fully-equipped kitchens with induction cooktops (or gas ranges), refrigerators, microwave ovens, toaster ovens, tableware & cookware
- Free Internet Wi-Fi
- RESIDENT EVENTS are held throughout the year
- MUSLIM-FRIENDLY APARTMENTS, SHARE HOUSES & DORMITORIES available
On January 18, 2016, the deposit payment for new residents was reduced from 30,000 to 20,000 yen! The deposit payment for a new resident is now 20,000 yen, plus 10,000 yen for each additional person. Under the new system, resident(s) moving out will be refunded up to 15,000 yen (up to 10,000 yen for apartment residents). Deposits are not needed for stays of less than 1 month and vacation rental stays.
Prorated Rents
Rents for SAKURA HOUSE rooms are prorated, which means that residents pay only for the number of days he/she actually stayed in the room.
SAKURA HOUSE Staff and Residents
SAKURA HOUSE provides support to our residents throughout their stays in Japan. SAKURA HOUSE offers multilingual support by an international staff (current staff members come from France, Canada, South Korea, Thailand and Zambia), and provides comfortable, safe and reasonably-priced accommodations in which all of our residents, regardless of their origins or the cultures to which they belong, can enjoy life in Japan.
SAKURA HOUSE has its own maintenance team that cleans, repairs and upgrades SAKURA HOUSE residences. If you experience any problems, CONTACT SAKURA HOUSE immediately and we will provide assistance. All SAKURA HOUSE maintenance staff speak English and are more than happy to assist you!
The SAKURA HOUSE office in Nishi-Shinjuku is open from 8:50 AM to 8:00 PM, 7 days a week, including the New Year's holidays. Come to the SAKURA HOUSE office to pick up Tokyo- and Japan-related brochures, pamphlets, fliers and maps. Refreshments and PCs connected to the Internet are available, free of charge.
SAKURA HOUSE staff and residents
Multilingual staff waiting to assist you
SAKURA HOUSE/SAKURA HOTEL Events
Shodo (Calligraphy) Workshop
Want to learn about Japan? Want to make new friends? Come participate in SAKURA HOUSE's many events and workshops, such as friendship parties, tea ceremonies, kimono parties, shodo workshops, sporting events, horse racing events and much, much more! Both SAKURA HOUSE and our sister SAKURA HOTEL/HOSTEL organize events throughout the year! Become part of our international community and experience Japan at its fullest! CLICK HERE to see a photo gallery of past events.


text:
Why does my nose keep swelling up after working out? How can I heal?
Doctor Answers 5
Nose swelling after trauma.
Swelling post trauma, some advices:
Swelling after nasal fracture
It is common to have nasal swelling after nasal injury and often occurs after exercise. I highly recommend a consultation with a physician to evaluate the extent of your nasal fracture and injury. I also recommend avoid heavy lifting and contact sports while your nose is healing. Best of luck.
You might also like...
Swelling after nasal fracture
Learn more: http://www.facialplasticsurgerymiami.com/rhinoplasty-nose-surgery-miami/
Nose swelling after trauma
Great question - and very common. After nasal trauma, just like trauma anywhere else, you will have subsequent swelling as the tissue gets inflammed and tries to heal itself. The issue is two fold - 1) the blood circulation in the face is fantastic. its part of the reason why things can heal so well (and so much faster in relation to other parts of the body) on the face. that being said, as your heart rate increases and your blood pressure rises with exercise all of this blood supply to your face will increase. As this happens, the areas trying to heal (which will already have an increase demand in blood supply) will get flushed with more fluid. this is an oversimplification of the mechanism, but you get the idea. as you continue to heal, the amount of swelling you get after workouts will decrease. also 2) in order for things to heal quickly, they need to rest. think of breaking an arm, and having to be in a cast for 4-6 weeks for example. the nose is in the middle of your face, and as such, a large majority of the muscles of facial expression are connected in one way or another to the nose. as you go about your daily routine, your nose will shift in miniscule amounts - certainly enough to prolong the healing process. this is also part of the reason why it can take a year for things to settle after a rhinoplasty.
putting both of these together, you can see why your nose swells after exercising following trauma. unfortunately the best thing for you to do to speed up the healing is take it easy :). use how you feel as a guide - if you feel swelling and throbbing, thats your body telling you that you are not quite ready to push it that hard. it will improve. and it will go down. once the swelling resolves, if you would like to fix the broken nose because you are having difficulties breathing or you do not like the way it looks, thats a totally different issue!
i hope this helps.
Learn more: http://www.miguelmascaromd.com
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


text:
Contact Us
We are located on the main street (Hemlock) in Cannon Beach.
Street Address
188 S. Hemlock Street
(corner of Taft and S. Hemlock).
Mailing address:
P.O. Box 1368
Cannon Beach, OR. 97110
Phone – the only way to ensure a reservation is to speak to our representative by phone
phone 503.436.8555
free: 1-877-436-EVOO (3866)
fax: 503.436-8999
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Question about Amana Refrigerators
I am going to change a compressor in an Amana Refer.and I need to know what is the best way to do it,also need to replace the rear roller. thanks Bert
Posted by captbert104 on
This is not a diy job. after replacing compressor, you have to vacuum down the system ie remove all air and measure the amount of refrigerant injected into the system. you need special gear for this
Posted on Sep 13, 2008
SOURCE: I have freestanding Series 8 dishwasher. Lately during the filling cycle water hammer is occurring. How can this be resolved
a 6ya expert can help you resolve that issue over the phone in a minute or two.
best thing about this new service is that you are never placed on hold and get to talk to real repairmen in the US.
the service is completely free and covers almost anything you can think of (from cars to computers, handyman, and even drones).
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Posted on Jan 02, 2017
Tips for a great answer:
Apr 18, 2014 | Amana Refrigerators
Jan 23, 2012 | Maytag Refrigerators
Look inside the freezer compartment and rear wall of
freezer. Does the rear wall appear to have frost buildup? I noticed you said
also that the refrigerator will not get cold. If not getting cold this may be
simply a start relay problem. The symptoms of not getting cold usually is
caused because the compressor start relay has become defective and as the
compressor tryst to restart it becomes hot. pull the refrigerator away from wall,
unplug and remove lower panel covering the compressor. While unplugged remove
cover and feel top of compressor. If warm then the compressor may have been
running. If too hot to hold hand on top of compressor unplug until the start
relay and start capacitor can be replaced. Let me know your results because I will be able to identafy the parts you need replace to get refrigerator back to cooling normally. Here is the=> 67005560 Relay/Overload with Start Capacitor
If this is what is happening you may need to simply replace this part. Here is a link to these parts as they are shown on the parts breakdown for your Click here=> ABB2222FEB Amana Refrigerator Compressor Components In that photo location 10 is the part that will need to be replaced if I understand you correctly. If the symptoms are any different than this post please let me know so I can adjust the solution to a possible control board=> ABB2222FEB Controls Parts Breakdown From the way you explained the symptoms are the first solution but adding this location should your refrigerator not be defrosting properly. Then again this board can also be OK and somthing in the defrost circuit be defective like defrost heater or defrost thermostat. I will wait to hear back from you to tell me if the compressor is too hot from not starting, If helpful please rate this solution. If you have any question please ask. I will be waiting to hear back from you, Thanks, Sea Breeze
Jan 10, 2012 | Amana ABB2222FEB (221 cu ft) Bottom...
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Apr 24, 2011 | Amana ABB2224DEW / ABB2224DEQ / ABB2224DEB...
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text:
- two-tail
- adjective see two-tailed
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
two-tail — adjective see two tailed … Useful english dictionary
Tail 'Gator — Japanese box art Developer(s) Natsume Co., Ltd Publisher(s) Natsume Co., Ltd … Wikipedia
two-tailed — also two tail adjective Date: 1945 being a statistical test for which the critical region consists of all values of the test statistic greater than a given value plus the values less than another given value compare one tailed … New Collegiate Dictionary
two-tailed — ¦ ̷ ̷ ˈ ̷ ̷ adjective also two tail ¦ ̷ ̷ ¦ ̷ ̷ : being a statistical test for which the critical region consists of all values of the test statistic greater than a given value plus the values less than another given value compare one tailed… … Useful english dictionary
Tail Code — Tail codes are the markings usually on the vertical stabilizer of U.S. military aircraft that help characterize the aircraft s unit and/or base assignment and occasionally other information that is not unique. This is not the same as the serial… … Wikipedia
Tail gunner — tail gun armaments may also be operated by remote control from another part of the aircraft. General descriptionThe tail gun armament and arrangement varied between countries. During World War II, USAAF heavy bomber designs such as the B 17… … Wikipedia
Tail — Tail, v. t. 1. To follow or hang to, like a tail; to be attached closely to, as that which can not be evaded. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] Nevertheless his bond of two thousand pounds, wherewith he was tailed, continued uncanceled, and was called on the … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
tail-light — tail lights also taillight N COUNT The tail lights on a car or other vehicle are the two red lights at the back. She stood watching the car s tail lights disappear down the drive. Syn: rear light … English dictionary
Two-up — is a traditional Australian gambling game, involving a designated Spinner throwing two coins into the air. Players gamble on whether the coins will fall with both heads up, both tails up, or with one coin a head, and one a tail (known as Odds ).… … Wikipedia
Two-toed sloth — Two toed sloths[1] Temporal range: 35–0 Ma … Wikipedia


text:
Wis. man wins Ice Fishing Extravaganza
BRAINERD -- A first-time attendee from Wisconsin caught the winning fish at the Brainerd Jaycees $150,000 Ice Fishing Extravaganza.
More than 10,000 people gathered on frozen Gull Lake Saturday for what's billed as the world's largest ice-fishing event.
Andrew Schultz's northern pike weighed in at 7.18 pounds and was caught in 11 feet of water using a minnow and a tip-up.
Schultz, from Dousman, Wis., won a Ford pickup truck.
Gov. Mark Dayton became the first sitting governor to attend the event. He didn't catch a fish but told organizers he enjoyed the experience.
Only one angler from the West Central Tribune area made the top 150 list. Aaron Benson of Benson registered a 0.45-pound walleye and finished in 132nd place. He won an Ice 55 ice fishing flasher.


text:
|Please note: This article is about the Rokugani term for "demon women". For other uses of the term, please see Yasha (disambiguation).
Yasha was the Rokugani word for "demon women". [1]
- ↑ Bearers of Jade, p. 17
|This article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by adding to the information here.


text:
Retailing since 1974
Brand new item in original retail packaging | Includes free delivery | 100% guaranteed
Social Area
Brand new item in original retail packaging | Includes free delivery | 100% guaranteed
high quality two piece set, well presented in gift boxes
practical and beautiful engagement gift idea
approx 60 pages with timeline dividers and covering page
ensuring the bride to be creates a perfect day and has a keepsake planner to look back on in years to come!
pen is silver barrel black biro with stylus and can be stored inside the planner
Write, plan and create! "Proper Planning Prevents P Poor Performance"
Not only does this set give you a beautiful planner which will become a treasured keepsake, you also get a stylish and functional Stratton Mayfair designer pen and advice and tips from the planner each step of the way.
The front covering page includes useful initial wedding plans covering everything from venue and dress to flowers and guests! The planner is then sectioned off with key dates which include 3 months before, 6 weeks before, 4 weeks before, 2 weeks before and finally 1 week before.
Unlike the other lower priced planners this one looks and feels like a substantial quality piece so the bride to be will treasure it, and you can be assured if buying as a gift it will be greatly received and will last a lifetime.
If you are presenting it to a dear friend as a gift you can handwrite a little note on the inside cover. In this planner also there is space on the stiff card pages to make notes and keep a diary of your feelings along the way - not only are you creating your day, you are creating a timeless memory which can be read and enjoyed by future generations.
The planner is good build quality, solid weighty feel to it like a good book. The pen is smooth to touch balanced weight silver barrel with black ink.
This two piece set will delight, inspire and be a practical additional to creating a perfect day.
Item ID: WB/WJ147/ST1198


text:
This is a disambiguation page for all articles containing the title Mecha Sonic. You may be looking for:
- Mecha Sonic (Robian)-Sonic the Hedgehog's Robian form in the Pre-SGW timeline, occurring when he has been subjected to Roboticization.
- Sonic Man (Roboticized Master)-another Robian version of Sonic created when the process has been modified with technology from the universe of Earth 20XX.
- Mecha Sonic (Robot)-a creation of Dr. Ivo "Eggman" Robotnik in the Post-Super Genesis Wave Timeline.
- Shard the Metal Sonic-the original Mecha Sonic (also known as Metal Sonic) from the Pre-Super Genesis Wave Timeline.
Related articles include:
- Metal Sonic-Dr. Ivo "Eggman" Robotnik's robotic enforcer.
- Silver Sonic-a series of robots based on Sonic but built larger than Metal Sonic.
- Pseudo Sonic-a robotic Sonic created by Dr. Ivo Robotnik in the Pre-Super Genesis Wave Timeline.


text:
SPOKANE, Wash. (AP) A storm packing heavy snow pounded Eastern Washington on Tuesday, prompting many schools to send students home early before roads became treacherous.
Moses Lake received 5 inches of snow in the 24 hours that ended at 11 a.m. Tuesday, but the school district decided to conduct a full school day, superintendent Michelle Price said.
"This could be a very long winter," Price wrote in a news release. "The weather prediction is for lots of snow and cold. The last days of November will certainly be memorable ones."
The National Weather Service issued a winter storm warning for the east side of the state, along with the Olympic and Cascade mountains. Four to 8 inches of snow was expected Tuesday and Wednesday in the Spokane area, which already is having one of its snowiest Novembers ever. Up to 18 inches is likely in the Cascades.
"The Interstate 90 corridor is expected to feel the brunt of this storm, from Snoqualmie Pass to Spokane to the Idaho/Montana border," the weather service said.
Rain and high winds are forecast for the lowlands of Western Washington.
An ice storm warning was issued Tuesday as freezing rain began falling in the Tri-Cities, Connell and lower Yakima Valley areas.
At Snoqualmie Pass, snow and slush covered the roadway Tuesday and traction tires were required.
Spokane plow crews that barely finished removing snow from the Thanksgiving weekend storms have been working 24 hours a day in the metro area.
A snow emergency has been declared in the city, meaning north-south streets were plowed Tuesday and east-west streets Wednesday. Drivers are required to park off streets being plowed or face having their vehicles towed.
As of Monday, the weather service had measured 20.6 inches of snow this month at Spokane International Airport, making it the fifth-snowiest November since record keeping started in 1893. The record of 24.7 inches was set in November 1955, and was in danger of being eclipsed Tuesday.
Spokane already has had more snow than the 13.7 inches recorded in all of the 2009-2010 season.
A La Nina cooling in the tropical Pacific has created a storm circulation that draws colder air from Alaska and Canada to mix with moisture off the North Pacific Ocean.
Another storm that will mainly hit far Eastern Washington and the Idaho Panhandle is expected Wednesday night through Thursday night, with another 2.5 inches in Spokane and nearly 5 inches in Pullman.
Copyright 2010 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Sep 3, 1996
|Filing date
|Jun 7, 1995
|Priority date
|Jun 7, 1995
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas W. Glynn
|Original Assignee
|Glynn; Thomas W.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (3), Referenced by (65), Classifications (16), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to communication systems using elevated platforms (e.g., satellites, orbiting or tethered vehicles, airborne platforms, towers, etc.) for, among other things, a switched relay, and in particular, to the provision of a variable bandwidth, high channel capacity, fully switched, fully interactive communication network operating from a single elevated platform. The inventive system is an optically cross-linked communication system (OCCS).
2. Description of the Related Art
Elevated platforms have been used for radio frequency (RF) communication for years. For example, Cellular telephone systems, Basic Exchange Telephone Radio System (BETRS), Personal Communication Systems (PCS), Geostationary and Low Earth Orbiting (LEO) Satellites, Broadcast Radio and Television (TV) are ubiquitous in our society. In contrast, wide bandwidth systems (typically 1 MHz) have been generally limited to distributive systems (i.e., TV, Direct Broadcast Systems, including DSS, C and Ku band satellite TV systems) or limited to wide bandwidth point-to-point interactive links between a very few (typically 2) points, thereby limiting access to a selected few users.
A typical example is a wide bandwidth point-to-point gateway system, in which a user in Europe communicates to a user in the United States (U.S.) via a satellite positioned over the Atlantic Ocean. The footprint from one of the satellite's beams covers the European user and the footprint from a second beam covers the US user. These wide bandwidth applications exist but are limited presently to a few communication channels.
Some newer "wireless" system designs (e.g., LEO systems such as Iridium, Teledesic, and Globalstar) promise full worldwide interactivity, but they only assure voice capability and other narrowband features, while costing billions of dollars to implement. Typical communication systems have been limited by low bandwidth (typically 10 KHz, sufficient to support 4.8 kilobits/second--kb/sec to 64 kb/sec) because only low bandwidth systems can be fully switched to serve a large number of customers in a fully interactive way. An interesting example of a competing communication system is the U.S. phone system--a "wired" system. It services 130 million lines with fully interactive (switched) 64 kb/sec (about 10 KHz or less of bandwidth) channels. This takes over 20,000 buildings to implement the switching component of the system, and over $200 billion in additional costs for wires, poles, buildings, etc. to implement the "wired" components of the system.
It would be desirable to provide a communication system (or other systems servicing a number of users) that would operate from a single elevated platform that could handle a very large number of customers providing each with fully interactive, switched variable bandwidth (wide or narrow, depending upon user demands) service. Implementing such a system would require a low-cost, low-weight, high performance switch capable of handling digital or analog waveforms, and a variety of multiple access schemes. The application of acousto-optic devices, such as "Bragg Cells," and unique optical switching to provide wide bandwidth, high capacity communication systems from a single elevated platform has not been identified, as far as the present inventor is aware.
It is an object of the present invention to create a low-cost, low-weight, high performance switch capable of handling digital or analog waveforms, and a variety of multiple access schemes, as an integral component of a communication system hosted on an elevated platform, which does not suffer from the above described drawbacks.
It is a specific object of the invention to provide a system which combines large numbers of antenna beams (e.g., 10 to 4,000), each covering a distinct geographic sector, and a novel optical processing and switching system utilizing Bragg Cell technology. (The terms "beam" and "sector" serve the same purpose for the present invention: both refer to geographically distinct service areas covered by the radiation pattern of one or more antennas). By focusing optical channels, derived from the diverse beams, on an optically coupled Bragg Cell, the frequency content of the optical channels can be spatially separated into a plurality of individual frequency bands. By appropriately splitting (i.e., duplicating or reproducing) the spatially separated optical channels to create a duplicate set of spatially separated optical channels and recombining the two spatially separated sets of optical channels along diagonals, each incoming beam that enters the switch system can access each outgoing beam that exits the switch system by initially selecting the proper up-link frequency. (The up-link frequency is merely the transmit frequency of the source terminal that is attempting to establish communications with a destination terminal via the switch system). This could, for example, allow for simultaneous full switching of one million 1 MHz (i.e., wideband, full motion compressed video) signals to a large number of users; thus yielding, from one satellite, a fully interactive video network capable of supporting the same customer base as the total U.S. telephone system.
A further object of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is to provide a switch capable of handling wide channel bandwidths. The bandwidth achieved by this invention will allow for 100 times the bandwidth assigned to each user of the expensive LEO systems, and handles over 100 times the number of simultaneous users in one elevated platform that the LEO systems handle with as many as 66 to 840 satellites.
A further object of the of the preferred embodiment present invention is to provide a low-cost, low-weight switch system as an integral part of a wireless communications system. Since the inventive system requires only one elevated platform, the cost of the inventive system is relatively quite low to comparable systems such as LEO satellites that require 10's of satellites, or cellular telephone networks that require 1000's of communications towers. The primary internal components of the present invention includes a 1�N Laser diode array, a 1�N detector array, one quartz "Bragg Cell" and a selected few lenses and mirrors. This enables a reduction in system weight to only a few pounds for the basic switching mechanism, thereby making the switching component applicable for use in a variety of elevated platforms, including satellites, orbiting or tethered vehicles, airborne platforms, towers, etc.
A further object of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is to accommodate a large number of antenna beams, each of which service users in distinct geographic sectors, where each beam services a number of users. The OCCS accommodates, for example, from 10 to 4,000 simultaneous beams (the baseline design being 1,000 from a geostationary satellite, for coverage of an area the size of the U.S.). Since coverage (i.e., the footprint) of each beam does not appreciably overlap, it is possible to reuse the full spectrum in each beam if the beams are isolated properly (including, but not limited to, polarization isolation and spatial isolation). It is possible to handle 1000 customers per beam (1 MHz/channel in a total bandwidth of 1000 MHz) enabling total simultaneous usage by approximately 1 million customers. The total number of customers per beam being limited by the multiple access scheme and bandwidth requirements of each user. While the present invention is compatible with a wide variety of multiple access and bandwidth allocation schemes, this invention neither limits, nor requires, nor is improved by the use of any one particular waveform protocol.
It is a further object of the preferred embodiment of the present invention to switch, for example, the 1 million incoming channels to the 1 million outgoing channels. As mentioned above, the present phone system requires over 20,000 buildings to switch the same number of much lower bandwidth audio channels. Moreover, the present invention switches the same number of higher bandwidths (e.g., 1 MHz) video channels within a fairly small elevated platform (e.g., a satellite).
It is a further object of the preferred embodiment of the present invention to use components that are commonly available. The devices necessary to perform the switching function in the present invention (i.e., a 1�N Laser diode array, 1�N detector array, Bragg Cell, and various focusing lenses and mirrors) are all commonly available.
In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, each customers' ground based unit selects a frequency that corresponds with a frequency assigned to the party to whom he or she wishes to communicate (i,e,, frequency select or encode). The ground based terminal will then transmit a signal to that party at the selected frequency. The antenna on the elevated platform that services this user will receive the transmitted signal within its beam, as well as all the other simultaneous users who are communicating through the same antenna beam. On the elevated platform, each beam, which contains all the frequencies, is used to modulate a Laser diode, which then irradiates a "Bragg Cell," an actively driven acousto-optical material, like quartz. An optical signal will either reflect off of, or pass through the acousto-optical material and will be refracted at different angles for different frequencies. Moreover, frequency bands within each optical channel will be spatially spread, depending upon their modulation frequency. Each spatially spread, discrete frequency band creates an optical channel element. Energy received from each of the other beams are likewise converted to optical channels and simultaneously focused on a separate portion of the Bragg cell, whereby each optical channel is converted into a set of discrete optical channel elements.
The Bragg Cell effectively resolves the wideband optical channels into multiple optical channels having separate frequencies. After collimation by a lens and beam splitting to create two substantially identical sets of optical channel elements, the optical channel elements are collapsed along a 45 degree diagonal to a line array (1�N) of detector diodes such that each detector diode combines a series of unique frequencies from each input beam. Thus, by selecting the appropriate uplink frequency, the output channel is automatically accessed and communications is achieved. The return path follows the same steps to achieve two-way communication.
Special optical or electrical paths can be added to redirect a larger portion of an incoming beams' frequencies back to the same outgoing beam since local calls will probably be more likely than calls to any other beam area. These intra-beam paths essentially by-pass the switch components, and are routed directly to the output of the switch for later transmission to the intended geographic sector.
It is also within the contemplation of the invention to add special circuitry as necessary to break some or all channels down further into over 100 audio channels, or to combine a number of channels (e.g., 6) for high definition television (HDTV) transmission. Moreover, the switch components may be complemented as necessary with additional circuitry to meet specific demands of the communities serviced by the present invention.
FIG. 1A is an overview of the preferred embodiment of the invention used as an optically coupled communication system (OCCS) for use with a single satellite.
FIG. 1B is an overview of a second embodiment of the invention used as an OCCS for use with a single tower.
FIG. 2 shows the details of the optical and electrical processing used in the OCCS.
FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D describe the approach used for frequency sorting and cyclical recombining for each channel per beam.
FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C show how frequency sorting and cyclical recombining is achieved for the three cases, M=N;M>N; and M<N.
FIG. 5 describes a random switching "double hop" capability added to the first or second embodiment of the invention, or any other embodiment that uses frequency bands to distinguish users from separate geographical sectors.
FIG. 6 describes an intra-beam communications path for "local" signaling that by-passes the switch processing.
FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C are several variants for creating a multiple beam antenna design in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 8 describes a multiple elevated platform system that achieves enhanced sector isolation by the user terminal employing a set of directional antennas.
FIG. 9 is an overview of a third embodiment of an electrically switched system that may be used in any elevated platform, including a satellite or a tower.
FIG. 10 describes the switch matrix that defines those frequencies received from a particular input antenna which are then electrically connected to a particular output antenna.
FIG. 1A depicts an OCCS utilizing a satellite as the host elevated platform (e.g., geostationary, medium earth orbit, or LEO) in accordance with the present invention, in which N beams 2 with simultaneous M customers 1 per beam, are shown. It should be clear that the present invention may similarly be hosted on other elevated platforms including tethered platforms, airborne platforms, towers, etc. These M customers would be only a small fraction of the total potential users in each of the N beams 2. However, since only approximately 1% of the customers use a two-way communication system at one time (average in the U.S.), these M simultaneous users could represent as many as 100�M potential customers or terminals for interactive video, each having a small antenna, a transceiver, a video camera and a video display. Furthermore, depending upon whether a multiple access waveform is used in concert with the invention disclosed herein, the capacity for simultaneous users would increase in proportion to the efficiency of the multiple access scheme. For example, the M customers described herein could in fact support 100 million simultaneous users, where each of the 1000 beams supports 1000 users employing a multiple access waveform having a capacity of 100 users per frequency routed subband; although the present invention does not depend on any particular multiple access scheme. However, it would be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that the invention disclosed herein would be complementary to many other facets of a larger communications system, including, for example, a new multiple access scheme or a commercial application of waveforms having large time-bandwidth products.
The M simultaneous customers (where M is from 20 to 4,000--typically 1000) would use some near loss-less video compression to compress each signal to a 1 MHz bandwidth (or digital equivalent), for a total of 1000 signals in a typical implementation. These 1000 signals, each having a bandwidth of 1 MHz, are assigned a specific code (i.e., frequency coded) to discriminate one from the next. The total bandwidth of the beam occupies between 0.5 GHz and 1 GHz, depending upon waveform specific parameters such as modulation, error detection and correction coding, waveform protocol, and multiple access scheme. A source terminal establishes communications with a destination terminal by transmitting a signal within one of the N parallel receive beams (typically N=1000) created by the multiple beam receive antenna system 3 on a geostationary satellite (not shown). The OCCS will then route the signal to the destination terminal according to the description herein. Once communications is established between the source terminal and the destination terminal, a two-way communications may occur by completing a similar reverse path.
On the satellite, the 1000 beams received by receive antenna system 3, each containing 1000 simultaneous full bandwidth users are transmitted along N electrical channels 4. These channels are appropriately down converted by receive antenna system 3, if necessary, to support the electrical-to-optical modulator 5. An example of which is a 1�N array of Laser diodes (e.g., typical fiber optic drivers), but any light modulation device array could be used, which then forms N optical channels 6, one per receive beam.
The N optical channels 6, each carrying signals from M users 1 are passed to a frequency resolver 7. The frequency resolver 7 separates each of the signals from the M users 1 in each of the N optical channels 6 to create N�M optical channels 8. The N�M optical channels 8 connect to a Beam Splitter Image Concatenator 9 that duplicates the N�M channels to create N�2M optical channels 10 (i.e., optical channel elements), each of which may be viewed as an optical channel element. Selected ones of the N�2M optical channels 10 (i.e., selected optical channel elements) are cyclically recombined (reoriented and grouped) in a Diagonal Optical Combiner 11 according to their intended geographic destination. Output optical channels 12 are then converted to N electrical channels (signals) 14 via a multiple beam former 13 (e.g., a diode detector array). N electrical channels (signals) 14 are then, after appropriate frequency shifting and amplification, used to feed a transmit antenna system 15 that comprises N transmit antennas. Clearly, the multiple beam former 13 and the N electrical channels 14 could be included within the transmit antenna system 15. Similarly, the N optical output channels 12, multiple beam former 13 and the N electrical channels 14 could augment the diagonal optical combiner 11.
FIG. 1B is an overview of the second preferred embodiment. This is the same system as shown in FIG. 1A, but the elevated platform is a tower, not a satellite. The individual customers M 1 per beam (or sector, the terms are used synonymously herein) are located within specific angular sectors 16. The operation is exactly as described in FIG. 1A. The adjacent sectors must be isolated from each other, either by frequency shift, by polarization (e.g., linear or circular), by code, or by terminal antenna directionality (each isolation approach will later be described in more detail).
The internal processing of OCCS is shown in detail with reference to FIG. 2, FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D, and FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C. In the preferred embodiment, the receive antennas 100, as part of a receive antenna system, receive frequency coded signals that service M customers 1, approximately 1000 per beam (N beams total), and convert the received electromagnetic energy into N electrical channels 4. These N electrical channels 4, and the M signals resident within each of the channels, are converted to the appropriate frequency by the driver 105 that drives a 1�N Laser diode array 110. N optical channels 6 are output from the 1�N Laser diode array 110, see FIG. 3A, where each of the N optical channels 6 maintains the M signals that were resident within the corresponding N electrical channels 4. FIG. 2 and FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D show the preferred embodiment of M=N. (Other cases where M does not equal N will function adequately and is described in more detail below). Having M=N is preferred since in both cases the inputs and outputs may use the same antennas through a frequency diplexer (frequency diplexers are known in the antenna circuitry art as a means for isolating receive and transmit energy in transceiver applications).
Each of the N optical outputs 6 of array 110 are passed through a cylindrical focusing lens 115 then through a collimating lens 120, and reflected off or passed through a Bragg Cell 125 (an acousto-optic device that is commonly available and known in the art) having an appropriate acoustic driver 130 (positioned on the appropriate surface of the Bragg Cell 125). The Bragg Cell 125 is an acousto-optic device that, when driven, embodies spatially periodic optical index perturbations propagated within the Bragg Cell medium. Each optical channel, having wideband frequency components comprising the M signals, interacts with the perturbations in such a way as to spatially separate the M signals by their frequency content. In turn, each of the N optical channels is converted into M optical channels, spread in one dimension, and all of the N optical channels are converted into N�M optical channels.
The spatial spreading occurs because distinct frequency bands within the optical energy will each interact differently when passed through the Bragg cell 125. Higher frequency optical energy will reflect at a slightly different angle than optical energy having a lower frequency. The Bragg Cell 125 creates secondary optical grating lobes from the wideband light that passes through it. The grating lobes are frequency sensitive in angle: 2nd grating lobes at higher frequencies will propagate at a less acute angle than 2nd grating lobes of lower frequencies. Accordingly, the signals from the M users per beam are spread optically in a plane whose orientation is orthogonal to the direction of propagation of the N channels. Because the signals for each of the M customers was encoded with a different frequency, each of the M signals per optical channel will emerge from the Bragg Cell 125 at slightly different angles 135 and creating a total of N�M optical channels 8.
Once the N�M optical channels 8 have spread sufficiently, they are formed into parallel optical beams by a collimating lens 140. Once collimated, the resulting discrete beams form N�M optical channel elements 159. These optical channel elements 159 are passed-through/reflected-off of a 1/2 mirror beam splitter 145 and reflected-off a full mirror 150 such as to create two side-by-side virtual arrays--a "dual virtual array." This dual virtual array 155, as shown in FIG. 3B, contains frequencies f1 to fN and f1 to fN (remembering that in the preferred embodiment M=N) repeated for each of the original N beams. Thus, the dual virtual array 155 contains a total of N�2M (or N�2N as shown) optical channel elements 159, two substantially identical sets of the N�M optical channels 8 that emerged from the Bragg Cell 125. This dual virtual array 155 is "virtual" in that it only exists in space and need not be focused or imaged on any surface. The N�2M optical channel elements 159 of the dual virtual array 155 are then selectively passed through a cylindrical focusing lens 160. Since the cylindrical focusing lens 160 is oriented at 45 degrees, relative to both the rows 156 and columns 157 of the dual virtual array 155, only optical channel elements 159 within each of the M diagonals 158 of the dual virtual array 155 are combined (i.e., selective focusing). Moreover, the cylindrical focusing lens adds together only those optical channel elements 159 that reside within the same diagonal 158 in the dual virtual array 155. As shown in FIG. 3C, the output of cylindrical focusing lens 160 contains one frequency band (that corresponds to one of the original M users 1 in a specific beam) from each of the original N beams 2. This is the essence of the inventive switch system: f1 from beam 1 is combined with f2 from beam 2, etc., without the need to translate the channels to baseband and without any processing in the switch system. Moreover, the source terminal (i.e,, one of the user terminals) and the destination terminal (another user terminal) include all the requisite control elections to properly route signals through the switch system. In effect, the terminals merely need to decide the up-link frequency in order to affectively switch to the proper destination beam/sector. The OCCS optics and electronics hosted on the elevated platform requires no control electronics or control hub electronics to switch signals: the source terminal affects switching by choosing the proper transmit (up-link) frequency. Furthermore, the users determine how they will uniquely address one another: the switch does not play a role in deciphering addresses.
Each of the N outputs 12 of the cylindrical focusing lens 160 are focused on a corresponding detector from a 1�N row of detectors 165. The output of each detector then contains all frequencies from f1 to fN, but each frequency originated from a different input beam as shown in FIG. 3D. Each of the N electrical outputs (14 not shown in FIG. 2) from the N detectors are translated to the appropriate transmit band, amplified by driver 170 and used to drive a corresponding transmit antenna 175 whose beams each service M simultaneous customers.
Thus, any customer serviced within any one beam can contact any other customer in any beam by simply selecting the appropriate transmit (i.e., uplink) frequency. The receiving customer merely monitors the energy within the receiving customer's beam for a frequency band, particular subband, code, preamble or other protocol means that has been uniquely assigned to the receiving customer. Once detected, the two parties may initiate full video interactive communication.
FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C show how the internal processing and terminal coding is performed in each of the three possible combinations of sizes of M and N: M=N, FIG. 4A.; M >N, FIG. 4B; and M<N, FIG. 4C. As shown in FIG. 4A, if M=N, then any subband (i,e., any one of the frequency bands comprising the N subbands) in any beam (of N beams) may be linked to any output beam, and thus, enabling a side-by-side N�N-by-N�N switch matrix.
If however, M>N, as shown in FIG. 4B, there are more user M signals per beam, which means there are more subbands M per beam than there are beams, i.e., N beams. In this case the OCCS generates M outputs, as shown. Each output is a combination of three subbands from the three input beams. This, by extension, could be used as a distribution scheme where a smaller number of source channels (say 10,000) could be switched to any of 1 million customers. The case of M>N addresses a major problem in "video dial tone" applications, where the distribution system has a limited ability to distribute entertainment information interactively, yet to multiple destination terminals. On the other hand, additional transmit antennas (i,e., M antennas) are required to support each output.
For those applications where M<N, as shown in FIG. 4C, there are fewer inputs M, subbands per beam, than beams N. Nonetheless the OCCS will generate M outputs, as shown. Each output will have only 3 subbands that are selectable from three of the four input beams. This is akin to a selection process where a small number of outputs are generated from a large potential of inputs.
In a slightly more complex embodiment, a "double hop" capability can be added in which at least one intermediate terminal (i.e., a user terminal is at least capable of transmitting, receiving, and encoding signals that are to be routed through the OCCS) would be used as an intelligent repeater. In reference to FIG. 5, the intermediate terminal would be used when, for example, Terminal A 400 in Sector J (a source terminal) was attempting to establish communications with Terminal B 410, in Sector K (a destination terminal), but the channel 401 within the beam that services Terminal A 400, fM 401 is occupied; thus, blocking communications between Terminal A 400 and Terminal B 410. In normal operations, Terminal A 400 communicates directly with Terminal B 410 by routing signals through the switch system hosted on the elevated platform. In the case of blocking, Terminal A 400 would detect that the channel 401 is occupied, using Terminal A's channel detection circuitry 450 (e.g., using any of many well known energy detection circuits), and would re-code the signal (e.g., change the up-link frequency using a predetermined encoding scheme) so that the re-coded signal would be rerouting through a channel 402 in a sector (e.g., Sector L 420) that was not fully occupied. The re-coded signal would then be routed through a remote intermediate terminal or transceiver (either ground-based or hosted on an elevated platform), Terminal C 430 located in Sector L. Terminal C 430 then detects the signal to be routed and re-codes, for a second time, the signal destined for Terminal B 410 and transmits the signal in the appropriate channel, fq 403, to Terminal B 410, via Sector K 20k. Thus, if the link from the Jth beam to the Kth beam were in use, one could go from the Jth beam to a transceiver in the Lth beam and from the Lth beam to the Kth beam--a "double hop." The intermediate terminal may be a ground-based terminal or a terminal hosted on an elevated platform.
This "double hop" capability permits random switching when any one of the channels within a beam are occupied or blocked. It should be expected that those beams servicing heavily populated urban areas will be the most likely to experience blocking. Conversely, beams servicing remote rural regions will be blocked to a much lesser extent, and therefore, would be good candidates for the intermediate terminals needed to support the system's "double hop," random switching capability. Certain other configurations could be used to support "double hopping." For example, this could be done with dedicated transponders dispersed in many lightly loaded beams or one could design all customer units to accommodate this service when that unit is not in normal use.
FIG. 6 describes a slightly more complex implementation where the switch portion of the OCCS (i,e., elements 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 in FIG. 6) is by-passed by a set of K frequency unique intra-beam signals, while M additional signals, which are resident on each of the N electrical channels 4 are ultimately passed to the optical switch portion of the OCCS. The intra-beam signals are extracted by K frequency selection filters 500 from the N electrical channels 4 and passed directly to the output N electrical channels 14, which are connected to the transmit antenna system 15. This feature permits the system to accommodate a large number of "local calls," without increasing demand on the switch system resources. In other words, this allows for non-switched communications within a beam or sector.
Disposed between the N electrical channels 4 (input) and N electrical channels 14 (output) are frequency selective by-pass circuitry 500. The by-pass circuitry 500 isolates each set of K frequency unique signals from the M additional signals on each of the N electrical channels 4, using conventional bandpass filter technology. All energy on the N electrical channels 4 is ultimately passed to the primary switch processing functions for inter-beam switching. Each of the N optical output channels 12 from the primary processing switch functions are connected to circuitry for converting the N optical output channels 12 into N electrical channels 14 (e.g., a set of diode detectors). The N electrical channels 14 are then combined with the K frequency unique signals output from the by-pass circuitry 500. The N output channels 14, which now contain the K intra-beam signals and the M "switched" inter-beam signals are then passed to transmit antenna system 15 for transmission.
FIGS. 7A and 7B show two ways to create multiple antenna beams from a single antenna, where each beam may be oriented to service a distinct geographic sector. FIG. 7A shows a standard multiple feed curved reflector design, commonly called a "Gregorian" fed multiple beam antenna. In that antenna, a series of actual RF feeds 21 are located at the focal plane of a curved reflector 22 so as to create a series of beams 23 that would cover a large area (e.g., continental U.S.). FIG. 7B shows an RF Lnneburg lens, a technique that utilizes a dielectric sphere 24 that has a variable dielectric constant as a function of radius, so as to focus any parallel rays to a point on the far side of the sphere. If M feeds were located on the appropriate locations 25, M beams 23 covering the desired area would be created.
The above two multiple antenna beam techniques are well known to ordinarily skilled artisans in this technological field, and so need not be detailed any further here.
FIG. 7C describes a third approach to providing multiple antenna beams, each of which services a distinct geographic sector. This third approach is particularly well suited for the second preferred embodiment of the invention, ground-based elevated platforms, such as a communications tower, including towers used for another purpose such as an active TV or radio broadcast tower. A ring of reflective antennas 27, between 3 and 500, preferably 20, are mounted on a tower 26 such as to cover sequential angular sectors 28. Each antenna is directional and has a main beam 29 that is oriented toward a distinct geographic sector. It would be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that a plurality of more expensive multiple beam antennas may be used in place of any subset of the reflective antennas. The adjacent angular sectors 28 are isolated spatially, but can be further isolated from each other by employing alternate polarization 30 or by using separate and distinct frequency bands 31. Linear (vertical and horizontal), or preferably alternating circular polarization 30 may be used to isolate each beam from its nearest neighbor. For example, using an arbitrary numbering scheme, odd numbered antennas would employ RHC (right hand circular polarization), while even numbered antennas would use LHC (left hand circular polarization). Frequency separation between adjacent sectors may be used in combination with polarization isolation or an independent isolation technique. For instance, it would be preferable that sector 1 receive on band f1 and transmit on f2 while sector 2 could receive on band f2, and transmit on f1 31.
An alternative frequency separation approach would be for sector 1 to receive and transmit in band f1 and the nearest neighbor sectors would receive and transmit in f2, where f1 and f2 are non overlapping. This, of course, is an inefficient use of bandwidth.
A further alterative to promote isolation between beams or sectors would be to assign codes to individual users. Adjacent beam/sector interference will then be suppressed in the receiver detection circuitry, as is the case with various systems using signals with large time-bandwidth products. The likelihood of exhausting the number of available codes is a limitation with this approach.
A further alternative for improving the isolation between sectors is described in reference to FIG. 8. This approach for improving isolation requires the use of multiple elevated platforms and directional customer terminal antennas. Elevated platform 700 transmits and receives within a plurality of sectors/beams, one of which is shown as Sector/Beam #1 715. A second elevated platform 705 transmits and receives within a plurality of sectors/beams covering the same general geographic area as the first elevated platform 700, one of which is shown as Sector/Beam #2 720. Sector/Beam #1 715, and Sector Beam #2 720 may cover the same frequency bands, yet do not interfere. The reason they do not interfere is because a customer terminal (e.g., 710) uses a directional antenna that captures only one of the elevated platforms 700 within its main lobe 725. Sector/Beam #1 715 and Sector/Beam #2 720 will be substantially overlapping provided they are appropriately spaced (e.g., about 4� for geostationary satellites, and about 5 miles for towers). This isolation approach can further be enhanced with the use of frequency separation and/or polarization isolation.
FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 illustrate another embodiment of the invention in which an electrical equivalent to the optically coupled communications switch is utilized. Electrical outputs from the antenna system (e.g., a set of N antennas), correspond to individual outputs from individual antennas, and corresponding beams. Signals contained within each beam are from the M user covered by the beam, each signal distinguished by frequency band f1 through fM. The electrical outputs are appropriately amplified by a low noise amplifier 205 (which is part of the antenna system) and then passed through a bank of M frequency selective (bandpass) filters 210. Other suitable channelizing techniques may be used such as a channelizing receiver. The bank of M frequency selective filters 210 electrically isolate the M signals, based on their frequency content. Each signal is then routed by electrically conductive wires 212 or other means used for transporting electrical communications signals (e.g., optical fibers, optical channels, RF repeaters, etc.) to one of a set of N summation devices 215, which are well known in the art. Each signal is routed according to the wiring matrix shown in FIG. 8, and will be explained by an example below. According to FIG. 8, each summation device 215 contains one frequency, f1 to fM, from each of the antenna's beams; any source terminal in any beam may pass its signal to any out-going beam as long as that user selects the appropriate up-link frequency. Moreover, since the output of each summation device is electrically connected to one of the antenna inputs, via components of the transmit antenna system including a mixing circuit 220 driven by a local oscillator (L.O.) 225 and an amplifier 230, the user may transmit a signal to any other user in any sector by originally selecting the appropriate transmit frequency. As an example, referring to FIG. 8, if a user in the sector covered by antenna 1 wished to communicate with a user located in the sector covered by antenna 3, the user would transmit a signal in frequency band corresponding to f3,1, as indicated by the circled channel element in FIG. 8.
The "double hop" random switching capability can be added to this embodiment of the invention in the same manner that it was described for addition to the earlier described embodiments of the invention. Once again, the "double hop" capability requires the use of an additional remote terminal that can re-route signals through a different sector.
Similarly, intra-beam signaling may be achieved in the same way that was described for the optical communication switched system. In particular, K frequency selective filters may be added to the filter bank 210 for extracting all intra-beam signals. These "local signals" may then be transmitted directly by the transmit antenna dedicated to service that particular sector.
While the invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, various changes and modifications within the scope and spirit of the invention will be apparent to those of working skill in this technological field. Thus, the invention is to be considered as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 19, 1996
Owner name: GEO LICENSING COMPANY, LLP, MARYLAND
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GLYNN, THOMAS WILLIAM;REEL/FRAME:008133/0786
Effective date: 19960910
|Mar 1, 2000
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Mar 24, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Sep 3, 2004
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Nov 2, 2004
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20040903


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