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Demand Routing in Network Layer for Load Balancing in Content Delivery Networks
- Georgina Elfreda Cummings
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1 Demand Routing in Network Layer for Load Balancing in Content Delivery Networks # A SHRAVANI, 1 M.Tech, Computer Science Engineering E mail: # SYED ABDUL MOEED 2 Asst.Professor, Department of CSE, E mail: # FASI AHMED PARVEZ 3, Associate professor and HOD, Department of CSE, # BALAJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES, Warangal, Telangana, INDIA Abstract: Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) play key responsibility in content distribution over the Internet. As the internet becomes an increasingly popular alternative to traditional communications media, internet streaming will become a significant component of many content providers communications strategy. Internet streaming, however, poses significant challenges for content providers since it has significant distribution problems. Scalability, quality, reliability, and cost are all issues that have to be addressed in a successful streaming media offering. In traditional approach the load balancing is maintained by using time continuous algorithm derived from fluid flow model. By this model the content may take long time to reach the desired location. In current Internet environment, application servers in a remote site may produce a long latency and bad response time such that users do not tolerate the long waiting before being served. The reason for that may be due to the heavy loading of application servers. In order to keep the prospective customers, the content must be made available to the users as soon as possible. Depending on the network layers and mechanisms involved in the process, generally request routing techniques done by DNS request routing. It enables the delivery of content more intelligently and efficiently by redirecting user requests and load-balancing the application servers in Content Delivery Network (CDN). Index Terms- Content Delivery Network (CDN), heavy loading of application servers, streaming media. 1. Introduction CDNs classically deploy a large number of servers across the Internet. By doing this, CDNs offer their customers (i.e., content providers) large capacity on demand and better end-user experience. A Content Delivery Network (CDN) represents a popular and useful solution to effectively support emerging Web applications by adopting a distributed overlay of servers. By replicating content on several servers, a CDN is capable to partially solve congestion issues due to high client request rates, thus reducing latency while at the same time increasing content availability. Usually, a CDN consists of an original containing new data to be diffused, together with one or more distribution servers, called surrogate servers. Periodically, the surrogate servers are actively updated by the back-end server. Surrogate servers are typically used to store static data, while dynamic is just stored in a small number of back-end servers. In some typical scenarios, there is a server called redirector, which dynamically redirects client requests based on selected policies. Depending on the network layers and mechanisms involved in the process, generally request routing techniques can be classified in DNS request routing, transport-layer request routing, and application-layer request routing. With a DNS-based approach, a specialized DNS server is able to provide a request-balancing mechanism based on well-defined policies and metrics. For every address resolution request received, the DNS server selects the most
2 appropriate surrogate server in a cluster of available servers and replies to the client with both the selected IP address and a time-to-live (TTL). The latter allows defining a period of validity for the mapping process. Typical implementations of this approach can provide either a single surrogate address or a record of multiple surrogate addresses, in the last case leaving to the client the choice of the server to contact. This becomes possible by distributing the task of data delivery on multiple centers in order to offload origin servers by delivering data on their behalf. Recently, many CDN providers started migrating their networks into the cloud as the cloud provides numerous advantages for both CDN users and providers. The cloud helps reducing transmission latency as data is stored closest to the user. Operating costs are also reduced where resources could be rent from the cloud provider on demand. Cost reduction will also affect the users as they will no longer need to install physical storage devices to be part of the CDN, and will only pay for the content usage and content transfer. However, there are many challenges that face cloud based CDNs, such as load balancing and network latency. Load balancing need to be done in parallel with locality awareness to force users requests to be routed to the nearest data center. It is also required to balance the load on data centers while minimizing the operation cost and maximizing the overall performance. Latency should be reduced as possible by caching data at non-origin servers nearest to end users who request it the most and it is determined in network layer. 2.Related work In an intelligent CDN, content is routed intelligently to the users passing through the intermediate nodes (e.g. ISG). This scenario improves the network scalability and reliability. The bandwidth consumption on the network is significantly reduced by pushing the content distribution to the edge of the network. However, how can an end-user enter the CDN and know which node is the best for quality content delivery service according to his location and situation? 2.1 DNS lookup and HTTP redirect: The solution to the above questions is MediaDNS (MDNS) from SinoCDN. It intelligently assigns the best server node or cache engine to the end-users. MediaDNS performs the tasks in two different modes: DNS lookup: When a customer requests a streaming URL such as streaming.sinocdn.com, their media players queries their local Domain Name Server (DNS) to resolve the host name to an IP address. The local DNS performs queries iteratively, ultimately reaching the authoritative DNS for the given domain sinocdn.com. The authoritative DNS replies with one or more IP addresses for the given domain name. Once the local DNS has the IP address, it responds back to the customer's browser, which in turns opens a TCP connection with the given IP address and performs content delivery. The local DNS caches the authoritative DNS response and provides the same address for future requests to the domain until the time-to-live (TTL) parameter of the domain's IP address specified by the authoritative DNS expires. MediaDNS based on this DNS lookup scenario with additional application layer intelligent to direct the end- users to the node (e.g. ISGs) that can provide the best response and quality delivery/streaming services to them, with load-balancing functionality HTTP redirect: Other than DNS lookup, HTTP redirect is another method for redirecting end users to the closest and best server node. End users make http requests to the MediaDNS in this method. The MediaDNS can then obtain the IP addresses of the end users from the http requests. By
3 knowing this information, the MediaDNS knows the exact location (IP) of the end user. This helps the MediaDNS to locate the closest server node relative to the end user and thus enabling a more accurate decision. After the MediaDNS made the decision, it returns the URL of the best and closest node to the end user. The end user then joins in the CDN through this server node. 2.2 Operation of MediaDNS DNS Lookup mode: A client requests content by specifying the URL. The URL always includes a hostname. The URL is sent to the client local DNS server to resolve the hostname to an IP address. This is what happens next: 1. The client local DNS server sends a DNS request to the authoritative DNS server for the domain portion of the hostname streaming.yourcompany.com (in this case, yourcompany.com). 2. The DNS server at your site examines the hostname. If it is properly configured to work with MediaDNS, it will identify the computer where the MediaDNS is running as the authoritative DNS server for the subdomain streaming.yourcompany.com. 3. The DNS server returns the IP address of where the MediaDNS is running to the client local DNS server. 4. The client DNS server sends an address resolution request to the MediaDNS. The MediaDNS checks whether the name streaming.yourcompany.com is listed in its configuration file as a virtual host. 5. If the name is not listed, the MediaDNS returns an error message to the client DNS server. 6. If the hostname is listed, the MediaDNS checks the list of server nodes or ISGs that are qualified to respond to that name. It also eliminates from the list any node or ISG that is currently unavailable. 7. The MediaDNS selects a node or ISG using the criteria of loading, available bandwidth and network latency. It then returns the IP address of the best one to the Local DNS. 2.3 HTTP redirect mode: HTTP redirect mode in MediaDNS provides the request redirection service and global load-balancing functions for streaming delivery on ISG-based CDN. In HTTP redirect mode, end users request for a meta file by http request. The MediaDNS, acts like a web server, receives the request and returns the streaming media address back to end- user. The steps for directing the end-user to the closest ISG in HTTP redirect mode is described as follows: 1. An end user makes an HTTP request by typing a HTTP UR. 2. The MediaDNS which acts as a web server of video.yourcompany.com receives the above request and thus it can obtain the IP address of the end user. 3. MediaDNS controls the ISGs to measure the round-trip-time (RTT) between them and the end user. 4. The MediaDNS selects an ISG using the criteria of ISG loading, available bandwidth and network latency. This IP address and the corresponding content path of the media is sent to the end user. 5. End user gets the full stream URL for streaming request. It then makes the request to the best ISG. 3.0 Quick server node Selection The selection of a server node or ISG for a client by the MediaDNS is based on the following metrics: 1. Available bandwidth: it ensures that the server node or ISG have enough
4 bandwidth to provide a good quality stream or service to the end user. 2. Loading: it ensures that the server node or ISG will not be overloaded or down after serving the client. 3. Network latency between server node/isg and the client local DNS (DNS lookup mode) or end user (HTTP redirect mode): it ensures that the enduser can be served with fast response by a nearby node/isg. 4. Administrator pre-defined network topology such that users come from a specific region are served by a specific (or a cluster of) server or ISG. 3.1 Enable Global/Local Server Load Balancing MediaDNS enables the network to perform Global Server Load Balancing (GSLB) and Local Server Load Balancing (LSLB). GSLB and LSLB have emerged as the new way of reducing the risk of losing your customers to the competition. GSLB improves content response time by transparently steering the customer to the nearest server. GSLB improves content availability by automatically redirecting the customer away from failed or heavy loading servers or ISGs. LSLB reduces the chance of service failure by load-balancing local network services and redirect users away from failure nodes. Through these techniques, GSLB and LSLB protect an ebusiness from natural calamities, catastrophes, or power outages and ensures that the customer gets to the nearest functional server node. 3.2 Geography Based Selection The MediaDNS resolves a domain name into the IP address of a server or ISG. When a client DNS makes an address resolution request for a stream, the MediaDNS returns the IP address of a server node/isg based on the preset selection criteria. Other than comparing the latency and loading information, user requests can be redirected according to the geographical location. Users in a specific region can be configured to be served by a specific (or a cluster of) server node. Scalability: We would like to have a system where capacity constraints can be resolved simply with additional hardware deployment. This implies that the design cannot have any inherent bottlenecks either on the number of streams that it can carry, or the popularity (i.e. number of end users) for any of the streams. Quality: The network should deliver quality that is equal to or better than any streaming solution based on centralized client-server architectures. The basic idea behind our approach is to reflect a stream across multiple intermediate locations and reassemble it on the edge of the network before transmitting it to end users. Reliability: Our network should have no single points of failure. Software, machine, and even wide area network failures should be dealt with transparently when possible and should result in graceful degradation of service. (Obviously delivering a stream to an end user inside a failed network is not possible.) Cost: The network should minimize the cost of streaming delivery for customers. While this is a well understood priority in business environments it is often at odds with the preceding goals. It is only through detailed analysis of the system and careful engineering that all of the mentioned goals can be reconciled. 4.0 Packet loss recovery When an end user requests a live stream from an edge server, that server has to in turn get the stream from the encoder that is producing it. Chaining the subscription requests is described in section III-A, but after a request has been propagated to the stream s entry point and data is flowing to the edge server we need to make sure that the data flows with as little packet loss as possible. One possibility would be to use TCP
5 as the transport layer between the entry points, set reflectors, and edge reflectors but TCP s recovery mechanism from packet loss has undesirable properties like back off and bandwidth throttling than can harm an end user s experience. We therefore decided to explore recovery schemes on top of a UDP transport layer. 4.1 Adaptive multipath transmission: Even with retransmits it is possible for a particular link in our transport layer to remain loss, or even worse to be down. In order to address this failure case we took advantage of the fact that our system can easily support multipath transmission. Packets originating from a particular entry point can be replicated and sent across multiple set reflectors to a single edge region. The packets are then recombined at the edge region, duplicates are removed, and the clean, lossless stream is handed to the streaming server that can then send it to end users. While multipath transmission can provide extremely high quality and virtually loss-free transmission of live streams, it has one great disadvantage. It is exceedingly costly, especially for unpopular streams. Imagine a case here a single user requests a live stream from an edge server. That stream has to leave the entry point, arrive at a number of set reflectors equal to the number of paths that we want to use, and then be forwarded to the edge region so it can be recombined before being streamed to the end user. If we assume three transmission paths to ensure lossless delivery, then 6 copies of the stream have to travel through the reflector network for the single copy served to the end user. Unfortunately the economics of such a scheme are unacceptable, especially since the additional paths are needed only rarely. 5.0 Conclusion This cram introduced an approach to load balancing in cloud based content delivery networks. The approach takes advantage of the delay table provided by applying the multiple parallel hysteresis model on each data center in network layer, which allows users requests to be routed to the nearest data center while guaranteeing limited delays even if the data center is loaded up to its near capacity limit. Also shifting of any extra load from overloaded servers to under loaded ones could be done without affecting performance or users service level agreements in terms of delay. It would also be interesting to have edge regions choose their parent set reflectors in a completely dynamic fashion and not have to rely on bucketing techniques for load balancing. The multipath transmission system can potentially benefit from modifications that would allow it to pick the best path amongst its choices, rather than the number of paths necessary to provide good quality. 6.0 References [1]. Akamai Technologies, /html/technology/index.html. [2]. Akamai Technologies, /html/perspectives/index.html. [3] L. Breslau, P. Cao, L. Fan, G. Phillips, and S. Shenker. Web caching and zipf-like distributions: Evidence and implications. In Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM 1999, March [4] R. Caceres, F. Douglis, A. Feldmann, G. Glass, and M. Rabinovich. Web proxy caching: The devil is in the details. In Workshop on Internet Server Performance, June [5] P. Cao, J. Zhang, and K. Beach. Active cache: Caching dynamic contents on the web. In Proc. of IFIP Int. Conf. on Distributed Systems Platforms and Open Distributed Processing, Sep [6] S. Chakrabarti, B.E. Dom, S. R. Kumar, P. Raghavan, S. Rajagopalan, A. Tomkins, D. Gibson, and J. Kleinberg. Mining the Web s link structure. Computer, 32(8), [7] D. D. Sorte,M. Femminella, A. Parisi, andg. Reali, Network delivery of live events in a
6 digital cinema scenario, in Proc. ONDM,Mar. 2008, pp. [8] Akamai, Akamai, 2011 [Online]. Available: com/index.html [9] Limelight Networks, Limelight Networks, 2011 [Online]. Available: [10] CDNetworks, CDNetworks, 2011 [Online]. Available: [11] Coral, The Coral Content Distribution Network, 2004 [Online]. Available: [12] Network Systems Group, Projects, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 2008 [Online]. Available: [13] A. Barbir, B. Cain, and R. Nair, Known content network (CN) request- routing mechanisms, IETF, RFC 3568 Internet Draft, Jul [Online]. Available: His research areas include Databases, Programming Languages and Information Security, Cryptography, Network Security. Fasi Ahmed Parvez working as Associate professor and HOD BALAJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES- NARSAMPET, with 12+ years of Experience. Completed M.Tech from JNTU Hyderabad in2010. SUBJECT INTERESTED are programming languages, database management system and data ware house & data mining. A SHRAVANI studying M.Tech (COMPUTER SCEINCE AND ENGINEERING) in BALAJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES, NARSAMPET. Area of interest is DATAMINING, NETWORKING. SYED ABDUL MOEED completed M.Tech Computer Science and Engineering from JNTU,Hyderabad. Currently working as Asst. Prof, at Balaji Institute of Engineering & Sciences, Narsampet, Warangal.,
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Load balancing as a strategy learning task
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Broiled Apples and Pears with Rosemary
Recipe by Gay Gilmore
This is so simple and so delicious. It is wonderful to serve fruit as a side dish too.
Top Review by Thorsten
What a deeelish treat. Doesn't matter if you serve it hot or cold, it is fantastic and yet so easy and fast. The dish was prepared in seconds and the apples and pears only need 5 minutes in the oven. The taste of the broiled fruits was outstanding. The flavour of the rosemary goes so well together with the fruit. You have the herbal and resinous flavours of the rosemary and the sweet notes of apples and pears, which have some malty flavours too. The pepper and salt add just the right amount of pepperiness and salty taste to balance the flavours of the fruit and rosemary. The olive oil will blend all the different flavours so well. And it is a fantastic side dish or even a dessert for guests. There are so many possible ways to present it. Serve it for example with some vanilla ice cream and you have a wonderful treat for guests. This is a great recipe, easy and fast to make and absolute deelish. Try it.
See Discussion:1 Review
Ingredients Nutrition
- 4 fuji apples, unpeeled halved cored and thinly sliced (can use other non-tart green apples too)
- 4 bosc pears, unpeeled halved cored and thinly sliced (try to get firm not quite ripe pears)
- 1⁄4 cup extra virgin olive oil
- 1 tablespoon minced fresh rosemary
- fresh rosemary, to garnish
Directions See How It's Made
- Preheat broiler.
- Brush 2 baking sheets with olive oil.
- Gently toss apples and pears in oil and rosemary.
- Arrange fruit in single layer on the 2 sheets.
- Broil until fruit is tender, about 5 minutes.
- Watch closely or it will burn-- you may need to turn the sheets to avoid burning.
- Transfer fruit to platter, sprinkle with pepper and a pinch of salt if you wish.
- Garnish with rosemary sprigs.
- Can be made ahead and served at room temperature.


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Johannes C De Moor Items9 textbooks were found
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A Bilingual Concordance to the Targum of the Prophets: Kings (Ii) (Bilingual Concordance to the Targum of the Prophets)List Price:$253.00
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Intertextuality in Ugarit and Israel: Papers Read at the Tenth Joint Meeting of the Society for Old Testament Study and Het Oudtestamentisch ... En Belgie (Oudtestamentische Studien)List Price:$165.00
The Old Testament In Its World: Papers Read At The Winter Meeting, January 2003, The Society For Old Testament Study And At The Join Meeting, July ... For Old Testament (Oudtestamentische Studien)List Price:$160.00
The Elusive Prophet: The Prophet as a Historical Person, Literary Character, and Anonymous Artist (Oudtestamentische Studien,)RentList Price:$27.95
Synchronic or Diachronic: A Debate on Method in Old Testament Exegesis (Oudtestamentische Studien, D 34)List Price:$213.00
Bilingual Concordance to the Targum of the Prophets, 21: Introduction, Additions and Corrections. Indices.List Price:$253.00
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Sarcoptic Mange in Pet Cat
Sarcoptic mange is also called as scabies. The causative agent is sarcoptic scabies. Sarcoptic scabies is microscopic mite that affects both the humans and animals [cats, dogs etc]. These mites gain entry in to the skin of the lovely pet cat and results in various types of skin problems.
The human beings who are living close by to the affected pet cat are likely to get infected. Scabies is more commonly noticed in young cats, but one needs to be informed that all age groups are equally susceptible. For the survival the mite has to be attached with the host.
The affected cats will have very severe pruritis which will not show any response to the symptomatic treatment. You can notice the constant scratching of the cat. At the beginning one will notice, papules [small bumps that are red in color] at the elbow, ankles, abdomen, chest and margins of the ear. Soon there will be generalized lesion. One can notice crusty scores and hair loss in patches.
In general the symptoms are due to allergic response of the body of the cat to the mite. The incubation period is 2 to 3 weeks. Incubation period is nothing but the time taken for the symptoms to develop from the entry of the organisms.
In case the infection is not treated immediately, there can be thickening of the skin, increased pigmentation, draining tracts and ulceration of the skin. The secondary bacterial infection is very common due to the constant scratching [self trauma].
Clinical sign- the onset and spread pattern that is suggestive of scabies infection. Skin scrapping examination- the scrapping collected at the point of lesion will be subjected to microscopically examination to find out the mite presence. Treatment response- if the response to the scabies treatment is good, then that itself is one good indication that the diagnosis is correct.
The key in treating the scabies mite is the duration of the treatment. The cats must be treated for 3 weeks as the life cycle of the mite is 3 weeks. The other house holds also needs to be treated simultaneously as a preventive measure to avoid re infection.
Anti parasitic lime sulfur dip- the cats must be subjected to anti parasitic lime sulfur dip every week without fail.
Iver mectin is a very effective anti parasitic drug, which can be administered to the affected cat. The dosage is as per the vet's advice. This drug needs to be given 3 times at the interval of 2 weeks. But one should wary of using this treatment option as some breeds likely to have adverse reactions to this drug.
Revolution is a product which can be applied topically. This is very effective for flea control and heart worm eradication, and for the sarcoptic mite treatment. Antibiotic treatment is inevitable in case secondary bacterial infection was noticed
Care at home
Regular vacuuming, cleaning, washing etc of the cat house and its surrounding will help to minimize the parasitic infection such as scabies.
The cats must be washed at least once in a week time. better to use anti parasitic [lime sulfur ] agents at that time for dipping. One has to very careful while using lime sulfur combination as it will damage the porcelain dishes and jewelry. The hair coat may get yellow tinge due to the action of sulfur. One must use gloves while dipping the cat. The other disadvantage is the offensive odor of the sulfur, which resembles rotten egg smell.
The dip has to be performed out doors, not indoors. The cat must be allowed inside the house only after complete drying. This way the furniture and other items are protected from sulfur.
Tags: mange, sarcoptic mange, scabies
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You purchased your R100 because its fuel efficiency and long-lasting quality struck a chord inside you; so why would you be okay with second best when it comes to the highest quality auto parts? Anyone who owns a Mazda knows that when it comes to repairing their car, truck, or SUV only the most superior replacement parts will do. While it may not be difficult to locate replacement parts for Mazda vehicles, these days the necessity for nothing but the highest quality are required to fix your automobile. Mazda vehicle enthusiasts have grown accustomed to a certain level of fuel efficiency when driving their R100 around town.
Your Mazda R100 has a liquid-cooled engine, and at the heart of that engine is the water pump. It turns along with the crankshaft via a belt that connects pulleys on each part. Along with the radiator, thermostat, and a system of hoses and cooling pipes, your Mazda R100 water pump reliably injects and spreads the water and ethylene glycol mixture through the engine; keeping it operating at a manageable, pre-determined temperature. If it fails, then coolant will boil and your engine will be ruined.
At Car Parts Discount, we have live customer service members here with enough expertise to help you buy the correct Mazda R100 part for your needs. Bring your R100 back to life with the highest quality new or rebuilt parts from the experts at Car Parts Discount. Given all the trouble that can be involved with fixing broken parts on your car or truck, let www.carpartsdiscount.com be the first place you go to make buying it easy. Mazda R100 Water Pump parts for 1972, 1971 vehicles are available here... just click your year to find them.


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- Completing the volunteer application
- Completing criminal background check - If you do not see a "thank you" screen after submitting your background check, it DID NOT go through. Please try another computer or go up to the school and use one of their computers.
VERY IMPORTANT: Both steps must be completed before you may volunteer.


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Online Banking
Online banking offers a secure and convenient way to manage your Community Bank accounts anywhere you have an internet connection.
Our online banking system offers the following features to customers for free:
- View account balances
- View images of checks
- Request stop payments
- Transfer funds between accounts
- Set up recurring loan payments
- Online Bill Pay (first 15 per month are free, after that, cost is $.50 per bill
- Download transaction history in .xls, .csv or .ofx formats
Consumer Online Services
Online banking is a free service for all Community Bank consumer banking customers. It offers a secure and convenient way to manage all your accounts anywhere you have an internet connection.
Easily & Conveniently
Business Online Services
Online banking is a free service for all Community Bank business banking customers. It offers a secure and convenient way to manage all your accounts anywhere you have an internet connection.
Our Business Online Banking Service includes all the features that our Consumer Online Banking Service offers with the addition of:
Other Online Services
Our Online Banking system utilizes the latest encryption technology, which allows you to safely view account balances and complete bank transactions online.
Bill Pay
Save Time and Money with Community Bank Bill Pay!
Bill payments using checks, stamps and envelopes are a thing of the past when you sign up for our Online Bill Payment Service! You schedule the date to make payments and gain greater control over your bill management process. You are able to view, pay and track your bills right through our web site. Our Bill Payment Service also allows you to receive some of your bill statements online, instead of through the mail. Some billers will also deliver monthly bill information directly to your e-mail inbox.
At Community Bank we offer all of these features at a very competitive price…..the first 15 bills you pay each month are free. For each bill paid beyond the free 15 each month your cost is just $.50!
For example, if you pay 20 bills this month your total monthly charge for the Community Bank Bill Pay service will be just $2.50! Currently 20 stamps would cost $8.80 (at $.44 each). If you pay 15 or fewer bills each month your cost will be $0.00! Contact one of our Personal Bankers today and ask about the Community Bank Bill Pay Service. We're sure you'll be glad you did!
Community Bank offers an easy and convenient way to receive your bank account statements with eStatements. An eStatement is an electronic version of your statement with images available online via our secure website. Community Bank will send you an email alerting you when your eStatement is ready to view. You can view and print your statement right from your computer, avoiding the wait for traditional mail and ending paper clutter. Your statement is available for viewing two business days after your statement cycle ends and will be available for viewing for up to two years. Sign up for eStatements today!
Frequently Asked Questions
Online Banking Questions
How do I sign up for online banking?
Will Online Banking Change?
Will my User ID and password change?
Will my account history still be available on the new Online Banking?
Will the automatic transfers that you have been set up and scheduled in Online Banking convert to the new system?
What are some of the new enhancement that will be available?
Will Mobile Banking and Mobile Deposit be available?
Bill Pay Questions
What is Online Bill Payment?
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Can I use more than one account to pay my bills?
Does Online Bill Payment send you reminders when a bill is due?
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Can I change a payment?
How secure is my Bill Payment and personal information?
Who can I pay using Online Bill Payment?
Do I need to contact the companies or people that I pay if I choose to pay my bills online?
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Will there be a change in the fee for Bill Pay?
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Statement Questions
Will statements be changing?
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I'm signed up for eStatements. Will these be changing?
Please note - If you are unsure whether you are signed up for eStatements, you can verify your delivery preference by logging into Online Banking and clicking of "Delivery" in the menu on the left side of your screen. After we convert to the new Online Banking system, eStatements will not be available unless you have registered for them.
Will I still receive my paper statements once I enroll in eStatements?
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In addition to the above information, please see below for additional information regarding Cash Management Services and Remote Deposit.
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Is there a fee for tokens?


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Dinocyst microlaminations and freshwater "red tides" recorded in Lake Xiaolongwan, northeastern China
- First Online:
- Received:
- Accepted:
- Citations
- 237 Downloads
We reported a special type of lamination formed in the sediments of Lake Xiaolongwan, northeastern China. The lamination consists of light- and brown-colored laminate couplets in the thin sections. The brown-colored layer is composed mainly of dinoflagellate cysts. The grey-colored layer consists of other organic and siliceous matter (plant detritus, diatoms, chrysophyte cysts) and clastics. Preliminary sediment trap results show that a distinct peak of dinocyst flux occurred in November. The dinocyst flux maximum also corresponds to the peaks of diatom flux and chrysophyte stomatocyst flux. These suggest that "red tide blooms" occur in this freshwater lake. We speculate that the dinocyst flux maximum could be related to autumn overturn due to increased nutrients, and the availability of cysts for germination from the lake bottom. Additionally, it may also reflect increasing dissolved organic matter after leaf fall. An independent chronology derived from 137Cs and 210Pb shows a good agreement with counted laminations. From the sediment trap data and the independent chronology data, the dinocyst microlaminae appear to be annually laminated, and probably could be called dinocyst varves. Although vegetative (thecate stage) cells of Peridinium volzii and Ceratium furcoides are found in the water samples, it is not possible to relate the dinocysts to these two dinoflagellate species. Based on morphological and ecological analyses, we suggested that they have affinities with species of Peridinium (sensu lato), most probably to P. inconspicuum. Detailed investigations should be carried out to understand the red tide history in this freshwater lake. Annually laminated dinocyst microlayers in freshwater and marine sediments not only provide an uncommon archive for understanding the history of red tides and harmful algal blooms, and why and how certain species periodically bloom over several thousands years, but also provide important records of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes at seasonal to annual resolution.


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This is a new series we have started running on Thursdays. Examining some of the questions involving long held Quiverfull theology and life.Yesterday when I was reading through The Daily Mail's interview with Advanced Training Institute/Institute of Basic Life Principles founder Bill Gothard and preparing to post it here I was struck anew by the complete denial of scientific thought in Quiverfull. Example: In last night's posting Gothard claimed that the wrong kind of lust can damage the immune system and the endocrine system. There's no science to back this up any more than his claims that the semen of a man who is not your husband will cause cancer. No science behind it. … [Read more...]
NLQ Question of the Week: Why is Established Science Ignored?
Quoting Quiverfull: AIDS Free By December 25th – The Duggars Lose Their Homophobe Crown?
from Raw Story by Steven Anderson, Pastor of Faithful Word Baptist Church - Arizona Pastor Predicts "AIDS-Free Christmas" If All Gays Are Killed, As God CommandsAnd here we thought Jim Bob and Michelle were the hatingest haters of the homosexuals in the world of the Christian Patriarch Movement. Looks like Zsuzsanna Anderson's hubby is trying to snatch that crown from their heads.This extreme hatred of gays to the point where he is advocating killing gay people makes me wonder if Steven is so far into the closet that he's seeing the next century's worth of Christmas presents. Many of these guys in the Quiverfull movement are so obsessed with proving their masculinity by keeping the … [Read more...]
Quoting Quiverfull: Monster Energy Drinks Tool of SATAN?
This has been going around Facebook for the past few weeks and it makes me wonder how many of us had to deal with people like this woman finding Satan under every bush or in every energy drink. Are some of these people seeing 'evil' where there is nothing remotely like organized 'evil'? Discuss. … [Read more...]
Quoting Quiverfull: Fashion Leads to Lust?
by Stephanus Blignaut from Go Tell My People - Modesty: Discouraging Lust and Encouraging Godliness Women are so easily caught up in "what everyone is doing" or what is available in the shops and what is promoted in magazines and TV. They don't think about how their body is portrayed and what it causes in men – the stumbling block it becomes for men. Women condemn lust in a man when they see it but somehow they don't make the connection between the condemnable lust and their own clothes that they are wearing. Not realizing this makes them stand guilty before God as a stumbling stone because of the lust they caused. … [Read more...]
Mary Pride denies founding the Quiverfull movement?
by Vyckie Garrison (Editor's Note: This was originally published on NLQ back around three or four years ago. Sharing again as it seems appropriate in light of our recent discussions about Mary Pride)A couple months back, I received an email from Mary Pride -- apparently, she's feeling the pressure since Frank Schaeffer mentioned her in his latest book, Sex, Mom & God, and has been talking in various interviews about her role in founding the Quiverfull and Christian Patriarchy movements with her book, The Way Home: Beyond Feminism and Back to Reality.If you Google "Mary Pride" -- NLQ comes up 4th on the results page -- I'm guessing that's how she ended up emailing me: … [Read more...]
News: Jack Schaap Trying To Squirm Out Of Sentence
Now Jack Schaap is claiming that he was improperly represented by his legal staff at his trial for violation of the Mann Act and sex with an underaged girl. Schaap is claiming his attorneys promised him a sentence of no more than ten years, yet the judge gave him twelve years. It was fully within the rights of the judge to decide the length of the sentence regardless of what prosecutors or defense team members asked for as a sentence. … [Read more...]
Quoting Quiverfull: Outbreeding 'Others' to Have a Wholely White Christian Nation
by Mary Pride from her book The Way Home page 80 - Evangelism Through Reproduction We Christians can sometimes be inconsistent. We'd fight and scream if someone tried to stamp out our evangelistic efforts....Let's say that Christians are 20 percent of the US population. If each Christian family had six children, and the humanists, feminists, and others kept on having an average of one.....then in twenty years there would be sixty of us for every forty of them. In forty years, 90 percent of America would be Christian! That is without outside evangelism. All we'd have to do would be to have children and raise them for Christ... [T]hen in two generations...we would be over 40 percent of the … [Read more...]
So I've Been Spiritually Abused, What Next?: The Narcissistic Pastor – How to Recognize a Spiritual Abuser
from the website An Irenicon - The Narcissistic PastorSo what does the narcissistic pastor look like? I'm a humble person, so I'll merely recount the characteristics of narcissism as identified by Sam Vaknin (himself diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder). His thoughts are in bold. Like I said I'm too humble to know any of this firsthand. Having worked, lived, confided for, and studied with many pastors, however, I know that it touches our profession intimately. Comments following the boldface reflect my actual experiences working in the church. … [Read more...]
Quoting Quiverfull: When Patriarchals Misunderstand What 'Taliban' Means?
by Adam Gregorin from his blog Minthegap - Fundamentalist Atheists - America's Taliban However, there is a vocal minority of Atheists (I term them Fundamentalist Atheists) that seek to eradicate all religion, and these are the focus of this article.It doesn't take long reading Fundamentalist Atheist's thoughts to find that they believe that Christians are the American version of the Taliban. They trot out the ideas that Christians are behind unequal rights for gays and telling women what to do with their bodies, and compare that to the Taliban telling women that they are of no worth and that they must veil themselves from head to toe. … [Read more...]
by Free Northerner from his blog Free Northerner- Marital Consent Marriage is a a contract between two people, in which love, of which sex is an implied and fundamental component, is promised to the other. This contract is vowed for life and is binding for life.With sex being so vowed to the other, sexual consent is given for life by contract. … [Read more...]


text: The book of Acts written by a doctor named Luke - begins where the Gospels leave off. Luke, a traveling companion on the apostle Paul, writes in great detail of the actions of the apostles and the work of the Holy Spirit. It covers the 30 year span of Christianity from the resurrection of Jesus to the time when Paul was in Rome.


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Things to do in York this August
Book cheap train tickets to York this month and experience a world of incredible festivals and events! Here are 3 of our favourite things to do in York in August and great value train tickets to get you there.
Yorkshire Ebor Festival
York Racecourse (17th-20th August)
Four thrilling and fabulous days of racing descend upon York Racecourse later this month as part of the Yorkshire Ebor Festival.
This is the racecourse's oldest event and plays host to a range of wonderful days out, including ladies' day (hats at the ready!) and the prestigious Group One Juddmonte International. Book your train tickets to York and hop on the free shuttle bus to the racecourse.
Fancy a flutter? Find out more at York Racecourse
Chocolate Masterclass
York Cocoa House (Throughout August)
If you're a fan of the sweet, cocoa stuff then don't miss the wide range of activities taking place at York Cocoa House all August long.
Take your pick of chocolate model making, where you'll learn to paint and decorate with edible chocolate paint, and baking master classes – all a short walk from York train station.
Try a taste of all chocolate activities on offer at Visit York
Fossgate Festival
Fossagte (Throughout August)
Fossgate is one of York's oldest streets and is hosting special Sunday Festivals throughout the summer.
Lined with independent shops, cafes and bars, and home to the beautiful Merchant Adventurers' Hall, the street has bags of character and is the perfect spot to explore on your next day trip to York. Relax in one of the street's cafes or bars, have fun with the kids, listen to some live music or get up and dance!
Join the fun at Visit York


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Hello lovelies.
Yesterday I was doing a normal comb through the emails, this shop has a sale, this shop has a sale, oh look another sale, spam, spam, spam, and then one email stood out, a very very exciting email! It was informing me that I had won a £100 shopping voucher from my local shopping center from a competition run through Facebook!
Needless to say I was far too excited, but that excited doubled, if not tripled, when I read that I could choose the shop! I thought for a good while about what shop I wanted to go for, a few old favourites came to mind, and I finally settled on Harvey Nichols.
I went for that one in the end as I cannot even remember the last time I had £100 I could just spend, guilt free, and I don't know when I will again so I decided to get a few of my "Oh I wish!!!" items that have sat on my mental wishlist! So I thought I'd show you lovely lot what I picked up.
I have to say, it was a lot harder than I thought it would be! I thought it would take me about 10 minutes, as I had a vague idea of what I wanted, but in reality it took me about and hour and half of wandering around, picking things up, putting them down, going back to them, walking away, and so on!
First stop was Jo Malone, and half the reason I ended up picking Harvey Nichols! I'd been in a few days before and fallen in with a perfume I could neither afford or justify!
The scent I picked was Earl Grey & Cucumber, earl grey has to be one of my favourite scents of all time & this perfume nails it. Jo Malone perfumes are crazy expensive, at £39 for 30mls, a voucher was the only way I would ever of owned this but I'm so glad I do! I'm going to review everything I bought soon so I'll go more in to it then!
I decided to take a quick toilet break, which is unfortunately right next to the food hall & that almost always ends in a purchase! I picked up these Charbonnel & Walker Sea Salt & Caramel Truffles, I've eyed these up before but again, they aren't cheap so I've never tried them. They are around £10 for 120g, and I'm saving these for a rainy day (I say that now, who bets by the time I finish this blog post I'll be scoffing them?!)
Last two things! These are the two things that took me the longest time to pick! I think after a while I ended up feeling pretty overwhelmed with choices!
I've wanted these Shu Uemura eyelash curlers for the longest time, I've read 1001 rave reviews, people saying they just don't compare anything else so I've always wanted to splash out of them, but what really sold it to me was that they had them in gold, literally how over the top, ridiculous, and down right silly are these?! I'm really excited to try these & hope they are worth £20!
Finally, I picked up the smallest "refill" version of Molecule 01. This is another "blogger cult" item, I've seen so many reviews of this & testimonies of people coming up to you in the street to ask you what perfume your wearing, and when I spotted it finally I had to give it a smell, and again I will review it soon but I'll say for now it's the most mind bending perfume I've ever come across! I'm already trying to work out how to describe it for my post! If you after something really unusual, give this one a sniff!
So ladies, that's it! This has to be the best thing I've ever won and I feel incredibly lucky! How about you? Any good wins out there recently?


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Air Force Archives
GAO: Air Force plan to retire A-10 did not fully weigh impact, costs
The Pentagon's attempt to retire the A-10 fighter jet was based on insufficient information that did not fully consider vulnerabilities that could come from the loss of the "Warthog," the Government Accountability Office said. The GAO report, released Wednesday, also said that because of shortcomings in its evaluation process, the Air Force "cannot ensure that… Read More →
Timeline: Luke Air Force Base through its 75 years
Located west of Phoenix, Luke Air Force Base is celebrating its 75th anniversary and is home to the 56th Fighter Wing, the largest fighter wing in the world and the Air Force's only active-duty F-16 training wing. As part of Air Education and Training Command, and home to 23 squadrons with both F-35A Lightning II… Read More →
Air Force nurses complete inaugural trauma fellowship
Three Air Force nurses became the first graduating class of the Scottsdale Healthcare-U.S. Air Force Critical Care & Emergency Trauma Nursing Fellowship at Scottsdale Healthcare Osborn Medical Center on Aug. 7. The 12-month program includes five weeks of in-depth classroom education followed by hands-on learning with preceptors in the specialty care units and Level I… Read More →
First F-35 Bound for Luke in Final Phase of Production
The 100th Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, the first aircraft destined for Luke Air Force Base in Glendale, has entered the last stage of final assembly. This conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) aircraft, known as AF-41, is scheduled to arrive at the base next year. During final assembly, the aircraft structure is completed, and electrical… Read More →
New commander takes over at Davis-Monthan Air force Base
A new commander is set to take over Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. Col. Kevin Blanchard has officially assumed command of the Tucson base. Blanchard just completed a yearlong assignment as the vice commander of the 451st Air Expeditionary Wing at Kandahar Airfield in Afghanistan. He succeeds Col. John Cherrey who left for a Pentagon assignment… Read More →
Luke Air Force Base Gets F-35 Mission
Glendale officials say the Department of Defense has chosen Luke Air Force Base for the new training center for F-35 fighter jets. "The goal of our statewide initiative was to send a clear message to the decision makers in Washington D.C. that Arizona strongly supports Luke Air Force Base continuing to serve as our nation's… Read More →


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China,(41 Posts)
As we have narrowly avoided being hit by the shrapnel from Mitt Romney planned trade war with China, but I'm sure that little planned gem will reappear in four years time,
I thought that I would get to grips with China's future plans.
It appears(from above link) if I do manage to understand what's going on I could have that man's job, so who wants to try and figure out what is going on?
I doubt China will become a superpower in the same way as democratic cou tries such as USA. There is lots of unrest in the country as most of its population has yet to benefit from its economic success. Even the ones who have now want democracy and a say in how their government is run. I predict a "China Spring uprising" in the foreseeable future.
Re: Shale gas - yes I remember reading about it & then being surprised I'd not heard more.
Chinese ascendancy is not inevitable, no, but I think with continued economic growth (albeit at a slowed rate) it's likely it will emerge one of two major global powers and ultimately the main one in time.
Re: Japan - you can't really compare. Japan's growth came to a stop at the end of the 1980s & their situation was entirely different. Japan wasn't a developing country but an advanced economy, one of the most advanced in the world. A Goldman Sachs report in 2007 claimed that the Chinese economy will overtake that of the US by 2027. Whilst it's possible that China might not emerge as the most powerful country in the world in time it's also possible American hegemony declines far more rapidly than anyone really anticipates & a new world Chinese order emerges.
Shale gas has been in the news in recent years. There are large deposits of natural gas in the US that had remained untapped because of the prohibitive costs involved in drilling. New technology/methods has now made it possible to cheaply tap those deposits. This means that the US is guaranteed over 100 years of cheap natural gas. Already a number of corporations have announced that they will relocate from China, among others, back to the US because of availability of cheap gas.
So, Chinese ascendancy is not inevitable. For proof, look at what people were saying about Japan in the early 80s.
It will be interesting to see, though may be as has been said, our children who see the change.
Culturally there is a clash (of civilisations, to borrow a phrase!) between the individualistic ethos of the US and the collective obligation traditional in China. I think that, almost more than the economics will be hugely impactful.
Sorry mean America rather than 'American' above!
Erebus you are not wrong if you look at things as they are now.
That said, things are changing in China they're investing massively in R&D, they will in the not too distant future IMO have their own globally competitive car brands - especially re: electric/hybrid cars. They will have their own airbus equivalent and well respected space programme. They've even designed an amazing submersible which can do to ocean depths never before thought possible. Who would have thought we'd have heard of Toyota and buy it globally? This was once a little thought of S Korean and Japanese brand directed at poor East Asian countries. I think you speak too soon. Chinese brands in sports and pharmaceuticals are also pretty soon going to start making their mark globally as well as domestically. I could go on there are so many examples.
China are an ancient civilisation with well established & regarded traditions. The state and civilisation intertwine. They have a new Government. They are aware of the serious problems you point out but they plan to try to solve them. They have very smart people. They plan to invest a much greater percentage of GDP in R&D. I'd argue they'll solve the gender imbalance issue, the lack of innovation, issues with water supply etc. I'd argue they have a much greater chance of solving these problems than American will in terms of future problems which will come their way.
American and the West is in seemingly terminal decline. I'd argue that confidence in the dollar will continue to go down. America are the biggest debtor nation in the history of the world. The renminbi looks set to become the reserve currency. Steady & smart planning, industriousness and cleverness may well trump insular and arrogant American 'can do' in time. So many think the Western way is the only way and misunderstand the East. Just because America has been at the helm for a long time doesn't mean it will always be at the helm.
And it was my impression that China, in Africa, are using local labour but all the engineers are Chinese.
And decade after decade of 'building local schools' has hardly turned Africa around, either pro-West or anything else, has it?
What China has failed to do do is to bring the majority of its population along for the ride. This may not be a serious 'problem' in the short term- they can, after all, shoot, with impunity, those who do not toe the party line.
However, where in history does despotism ultimately lead to stability and ongoing financial security? Yes, China may 'dominate' the next half century, but their pre-eminence will fizzle out. It is built upon sand. Their massive population imbalance, (m/f) alone, will destabilise them.
To me, China's biggest problem lies with the fact its economy is entirely dependent on supply, not innovation. That need to supply is currently buoying up economies like Australia's (and much of Africa) but the Chinese need people with the wherewithal to buy what they're making. That won't be us, will it?
I have to say that much though I loathe the Mitt Romney-esque American (educated, at least 'middle-class', self-reliant, curious, right-wing, conservative), the fact remains, their 'can-do' (which most of the rest of us only experience during wartime) will 'inherit the Earth'.
It won't be soon, it will be ugly. But I think China's shooting star will be bright but short-lived.
Why do we have to come together in order to compete? Our current problem is because we are too close to countries like Greece as opposed to not close enough.
The Americans have it right (did I just say that out loud ) They have trade agreements with their neighbours Mexico and Canada and they are in a better shape than us.
Can you really be a superpower without the military superiority?
Another question we will have to start to tackle(time is ticking) is are we (Europeans) able to put differences aside, and come together and form a United States of Europe, in order that we will be able to compete, and stabilise.
Because it's very apparent that if we cannot manage USE, we will fall by the wayside.
off to read that thread, just popping in and out.
China recently launched its first aircraft carrier, something it bought 2nd hand of the military equivalent of eBay
That day will inevitably come but before I call China a superpower I want to see it close to being able to match the US's fleet of seven nuclear powered carrier groups.
China is no doubt an economic superpower but currently it lacks the ability to project military power beyond its own borders.
China already are a superpower. And you are right. Lots of people either are in denial or think that this can be changed.
The people in the US have been conditioned into thinking the American way is the best and a model for everyone else to aspire to. But China is kicking their arses economically and it's hard for them to understand that the world has changed and whilst they are still no1, their days in the top spot are numbered.
China are well on the way to becoming a superpower, APMF. What's surprising is so many seem in denial.
Not quite niceguy, China are not cutting and running they are developing infrastructure and building schools and hospitals.
Quoteunquote see 'Chinese thread' I linked to up thread - have a read and be interested in your thoughts.
Back in the 1980s there was a big thing about the Japanese buying up US companies and real estate. The fact that UK companies and individuals owned large chunks of the US wasn't an issue. However, it became an issue when the faces behind the money was non white.
I am not accusing any one here of racism. I'm just saying that China is behaving like a superpower, no different from the US who incidentally have a recent history of projecting military power in pursuit of economic interests.
China will build up it's military power and it is doing so already. They've just bought their first aircraft carrier and is starting to flex their muscles around their neck of the woods.
The thing the western world will struggle with is China's attitude to dealing with African governments. Us in the west will tend to go along to an African state and say "We will buy oil from you for $x but only if you also invest in education/human rights/medicine/road building/whatever" In short we try to promote healthy development and I can see that logic why it is desirable.
China's attitude is "We will buy oil from you for $x. Thanks very much!" What the country does with their own population and how they use the money. That's their issue.
Now if you are an African despot sitting on massive oil reserves, who would you sell to?
I do wonder why, Mandarin and Cantonese, has not been offered as a language options in more schools, given that the children in education today will have an advantage if they have these.
I have several friend have been through Lampeter who run Chinese Studies, and are now teaching, but only one in a state school.
Huh, I'd heard bad things about the lack of local training in Africa. Lots of shipping in chinese experts to do it all. Heard a couple of African governments had got wise to this but didn't realise things had got so much better.
Will stop with the questions now and read the book!
Their goal is not world domination. They will want to defend themselves. The biggest danger is that the USA sees China as an enemy and seeks to isolate it. Martin Jacques explores this in his book - which is an interesting read.
China lacks natural resources - apart from rare minerals - so has to look elsewhere. Africa has lots of raw materials and hasn't received lots of attention from the US (unlike Middle East). China now gets 30% of its oil from Africa. It seems a matter of time before China becomes Africa's biggest trading partner. There are now 900 large and medium sized Chinese companies trading in Africa. As for little regard for the locals China are currently training 15,000 African professionals & sending 100 agricultural experts to Africa. They are building schools and hospitals and $10 billion dollars has been pledged in low cost loans. As Jacques states in his book trade between Africa and China has increased ten fold between 2000 and 2008, from $10.6 billion to $106.84 billion. China has been very positive for Africa for lots of reasons - their aid has had far less strings attached than western aid in the past. Unlike the West China tends to concentrate on state led investments in infrastructure 'to end poverty build a road' (chinese expression) holds true. It has also tried to develop strong government rather than democracy. The west have in the past tended to focus on extracting minerals and leaving.
China has no history of colonialism - this isn't new colonialism. Not to say there are not these fears. At a conference in Bejing in 2005 an African spokesperson said: 'Africa sells raw materials to China & China sells manufactured products to Africa. This is a dangerous equation that reproduces Africa's old relationship with colonial powers'.
Interestingly there have been plans drawn up for a Chinese Marshall Plan with a fund of $500 billion which would lend money to Africa and other developing countries.
Does anyone else feel reassured that the chinese are chasing global domination in economic terms and not military? Or do you think they will 'inevitably' start building the might to back up and defend their interests?
Also, and sorry to bombard with the questions, but what about their grab of resources, especially in Africa? It feels a bit as though they are following the pattern of many emerging Empires and grabbing what they need with little regard to the locals. At least post Empire GB and (less so) the US are more conscious of their obligations / full of post colonial guilt.
The American dream is alive and well.
Economic inequality won't undoubtedly lead to unrest in the USA but sadly I think it's likely.
I disagree with the comment that economic inequality will inevitably lead to unrest in the US. There has always been inequality and in days gone by it was much worse. Think Mellon and Rockefeller.
Obama sought to attack Romney for being rich during the election. It had little impact among ordinary voters because your average poor American aspire to be rich. Everyone can rise up and become President OR rich is a firm belief. It was only when Obama painted Romney as a rich guy that is going to screw the ordinary guy that Obama got traction.
I see the wealth eventually trickling down in China - western multinationals are using the renminbi in trade deals - Nokia, Ikea, McDonalds, etc. Major banks such as HSBC, JP Morgan and Standard Chartered are building up infrastructure to deal with worldwide renminbi transactions. In Hong Kong residents think the future lies with the renminbi and not the dollar. China's power is quietly increasing in many different ways. China are thinking about the domestic economy too, they watch and wait and are mindful about it all. They don't want discontent.
I see more unrest in American in coming years re: wealth inequalities.
@niceguy - France was/is a rich and powerful country. At some point the peasants realised that the wealth wasn't trickling down to them and we all know what happened after that.
I am not saying that this will inevitably happen to China. I'm just saying that the economic wellbeing of the country is not synonymous with the wellbeing of its ordinary citizens.
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