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3rd Annual ICLEA Workshop 2014
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1 Markus J. Schwab, Martin Theuerkauf, Achim Brauer, Martin Wilmking, Reinhard Lampe (eds.) 3rd Annual ICLEA Workshop 2014 Dynamics of Climate and Landscape Evolution of Cultural Landscapes in the Northern Central European Lowlands since the Last Ice Age Abstract Volume & Excursion Guide Scientific Technical Report STR14/02
2 Recommended citation: Schwab, M. J., Theuerkauf, M., Brauer, A., Wilmking, M., Lampe, R. (2014), 3rd Annual ICLEA Workshop 2014: Abstract Volume & Excursion Guide. Scientific Technical Report 14/02, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. Citation example for individual chapters: Obremska, M. (2014) Late Glacial and Early Holocene vegetation development recorded in Lake Czechowskie sediments preliminary results. In: Schwab, M. J., Theuerkauf, M., Brauer, A., Wilmking, M., Lampe, R. (2014), 3rd Annual ICLEA Workshop 2014: Abstract Volume & Excursion Guide (p.31). Scientific Technical Report 14/02, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. Imprint Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Telegrafenberg D Potsdam Published in Potsdam, Germany March 2014 ISSN URN: urn:nbn:de:kobv:b This work is published in the GFZ series Scientific Technical Report (STR) and electronically available at GFZ website
3 Virtual Institute of Integrated Climate and Landscape Evolution Analyses ICLEA the Helmholtz z Association A Virtual Institute within 3 r rd Annual ICLEA Worksho op 2014 Dynamics of Climate and Landscape Evolution of Cultural Landscapes in i the Northern Central European Lowlands since the Last Ice Age Abstract Volume & Excursi on Guide Edited by Markus J. Schwab, Martin Theuerkauf, Achim Brauer, Martin Wilmking & Reinhard Lampe March 25 28, 2014 in Hansestadt Greifswald, Germany 1
4 Page 2 Contents Contents 6 Welcome note 7 Chapter I: Program overview 8 Chapter II: Poster abstracts 8 Schwab, Markus J.; Brauer, Achim; Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław; Raab, Thomas, Wilmking; Martin & the ICLEA Team: The Virtual Institute of Integrated Climate and Landscape Evolution Analyses ICLEA WP1: Hydrological and climate data (in alphabetical order) 9 Brykała, Dariusz; Gierszewski, Piotr & Kaszubski, Michał: The outflow conditions and circulation of the dissolved substances within the Czechowskie lake basin preliminary results 10 Dreibrodt, Janek; Germer, Sonja; Morgner, Markus; Güntner, Andreas & Blume, Theresa: Spatio temporal patterns of fall/winter throughfall under beech and oak forest (Müritz National Park) 11 Heidbüchel, Ingo: Measurement of soil moisture with cosmic ray neutrons in deciduous forests 12 Tecklenburg, Christina & Blume, Theresa: Lacustrine Groundwater Discharge at Lake Hinnensee Spatial Patterns and their Temporal Stability 13 Wilke, Henriette; Tecklenburg, Christina; Morgner, Markus; Güntner, Andreas & Blume, Theresa: The hydrogeological system of Lake Hinnensee WP2: Archive remote sensing data (in alphabetical order) 14 Motagh, Mahdi; Itzerott, Sibylle & Kleine, Iris: TerraSAR X assessment of ground surface deformation due to lake level changes in Neustrelitz region, Germany 14 Kleine, Iris & Itzerott, Sibylle: Reconstruction of former shorelines of Großer Fürstenseer See using remote sensing archive data WP3: Tree ring data (in alphabetical order) 15 Buras, Allan; Lorenz, Sebastian & Wilmking, Martin: Only the fittest will survive the case of Quercus robur after groundwater withdrawal 16 Buras, Allan; Thees, Barnim; Czymzik, Markus; Dräger, Nadine; Kienel, Ulrike; Neugebauer, Ina; Ott, Florian; Scharnweber, Tobias; Simard, Sonia; Słowiński, Michał; Słowiński, Sandra; Tecklenburg, Christina; Zawiska, Izabela & Wilmking, Martin: SINOMA a better tool for proxy based reconstructions? 17 Heinrich, Ingo; Knorr, Antje; Beck, Wolfgang; Wazny, Tomasz & Heußner, Karl Uwe: Dendroclimatology of Pinus sylvestris in N Poland 2
5 Page 18 Scharnweber, Tobias, van der Maaten, Ernst, Heinrich, Ingo, Buras, Allan, van der Maaten Theunissen, Marieke & Wilmking, Martin: Long term growth trends and time series of elemental wood composition from two old growth forests natural versus anthropogenic influences 19 Simard, Sonia, Heinrich, Ingo, Pohlman, Silvio, Buras, Allan, Scharnweber, Tobias, van der Maaten, Ernst, Wilmking, Martin & Helle, Gerd: Similarities and discrepancies of Quercus petraea along a topographic gradient 20 Tober, Anne; Scharnweber, Tobias; Heinrich, Ingo & Wilmking, Martin: Drowning trees influence of rising lake levels on wood characteristics of lakeshore beeches (Fagus sylvatica L.) 21 van der Maaten, Ernst; Buras, Allan; Scharnweber, Tobias; Simard, Sonia; Kaiser, Knut; Lorenz, Sebastian; van der Maaten Theunissen, Marieke & Wilmking, Martin: Dendrochronology and lakes: using tree rings of alder to reconstruct lake levels 22 Wilmking, Martin; Buras, Allan; Heinrich, Ingo; Scharnweber, Tobias; Simard, Sonia; Smiljanić, Marko; van der Maaten, Ernst & van der Maaten Theunissen, Marieke: From process to proxy: Ecological challenges and opportunities of tree ring based environmental reconstructions WP4: Lake sediment data (in alphabetical order) 23 Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław; Brauer, Achim; Gierszewski, Piotr; Kordowski, Jarosław; Kramkowski, Mateusz; Lamparski, Piotr; Lorenz, Sebastian; Noryśkiewicz, Agnieszka; Ott, Florian; Słowiński, Michał & Tyszkowski, Sebastian: Development of fluvio lacustrine systems within the Weichselian moraine belt as reconstructed on the middle section of the River Wda (N Poland) 24 Dietze, Elisabeth; Słowiński, Michał; Kienel, Ulrike; Zawiska, Izabela & Brauer, Achim: Studying lake level changes with a transect of lake sediment cores from Lake Fürstenseer See, northeastern Germany 25 Dräger, Nadine; Theuerkauf, Martin; Hübener, Thomas; Wulf, Sabine; Słowiński, Michał; Dulski, Peter; Kienel, Ulrike; Szeroczynska, Krystyna; Schedel, Robert; Ott, Florian; Lorenz, Sebastian & Brauer, Achim: Disentangling climate and human influences on varve preservation in a 1200 year lake record from Lake Tiefer See (NE Germany) A multi proxy approach 26 Kienel, Ulrike; Brauer, Achim; Buras, Allan; Dräger, Nadine; Dulski, Peter; Lampe, Reinhard; Lorenz, Sebastian & Plessen, Birgit: Linking diatom bloom development with the NAO index in March and the spring temperature gradient at Lake Tiefer See (NE Germany) 27 Kordowski, Jarosław; Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław; Kramkowski, Mateusz; Słowiński, Michał & Tyszkowski, Sebastian: Origin of the Chechowskie Lake in the light of sedimentological analyses in glacifluvial, glacilimnic, colluvial and limnic sediments in its vicinity 28 Lutyńska, Monika; Hübener, Thomas; Obremska, Milena; Ott, Florian; Kramkowski, Mateusz; Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław & Brauer, Achim: Environmental changes in Lake Czechowskie: a new insights from the diatom 29 Noryśkiewicz, Agnieszka Maria; Kramkowski, Mateusz; Słowiński, Michał; Zawiska, Izabela; Lutyńska, Monika; Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław & Brauer, Achim: The impact of climate and local environmental conditions on vegetation pattern in the Czechowskie Lake catchment (Northern Tuchola Pinewoods) during the Younger Dryas 3
6 Page 31 Obremska, Milena: Late Glacial and Early Holocene vegetation development recorded in Lake Czechowskie sediments preliminary results 32 Obremska, Milena; Ott, Florian; Słowiński, Michał; Lutyńska, Monika; Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław & Brauer, Achim: The human activity during the last two millennia in Tuchola Pinewoods (northern Poland) 33 Ott, Florian; Brauer, Achim; Słowiński, Michał; Dulski, Peter; Wulf, Sabine; Hoelzmann, Philipp; Obremska, Milena; Lutyńska, Monika & Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław: Constructing a precise and robust chronology for the varved sediment record of Lake Czechowskie (Poland) An example for the last 1000 years 34 Schult, Manuela; Theuerkauf, Martin; Lorenz, Sebastian & Lampe, Reinhard: Littoral vegetation changes as indicators of Late Glacial and Holocene lake level changes in Lake Tiefer See 35 Słowiński, Michał; Zawiska, Izabela; Ott, Florian; Noryśkiewicz, Agnieszka Maria; Plessen, Birgit Apolinarska, Karina; Lutyńska, Monika; Michczyńska, Danuta Joanna; Wulf, Sabine; Skubała, Piotr; Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław & Brauer, Achim: Late Allerød climatic fluctuation reconstructed from Trzechowskie paleolake sediment 36 Theuerkauf, Martin; Lorenz, Sebastian; Schult, Manuela; Lampe, Reinhard; Dräger, Nadine; Wulf, Sabine & Brauer, Achim: Late Glacial to early Holocene basin development of annually laminated Lake Tiefer See 37 Theuerkauf, Martin; Kaiser, Knut; Küster, Matthias; & Schneider, T.: 50 years of lake level, shore and vegetation dynamics at Lake Briesensee (NE Germany) 38 Theuerkauf, Martin; Küster, Matthias & Kaiser, Knut: Holocene lake level changes in the Schorfheide region (Lake Warnitzsee and Lake Briesensee, NE Germany) 39 Wulf, Sabine; Dräger, Nadine; Theuerkauf, Martin; Ott, Florian; Serb, Johanna; Słowiński, Michał; Dietze, Elisabeth; Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław & Brauer Achim: Tephra dating and synchronisation of high resolution lake sequences from NE Germany and N Poland WP5: Soil and Geomorphological data (in alphabetical order) 40 Hirsch, Florian & Raab, Thomas: Extending and simplifying the standard Köhn pipette technique for grain size analysis 41 Hirsch, Florian; Nicolay, Alexander; Pötzsch, Bastian; Fritzsche, Marie; Raab, Alexandra & Raab, Thomas: Influence of charcoal burning induced pyrolysis on soils 42 Kaiser, Knut; Küster, Mathias; Fülling, Alexander; Theuerkauf, Martin; Dietze, Elisabeth; Graventein, Hagen; Koch, Paul J.; Bens, Oliver & Brauer, Achim: Littoral landforms and pedosedimentary sequences indicating late Holocene lake level changes in northern central Europe a case study from northeastern Germany 43 Kappler, Christoph; Kaiser, Knut; Ganzenmüller, Raphael; Küster, Mathias; Nicolay, Alexander; Fülling, Alexander; Bens, Oliver & Raab, Thomas: A review of geochronological data from northeastern Germany: evaluating late Quaternary soil formation and land surface dynamics 44 Kordowski, Jarosław; Kubiak Wójcicka, Katarzyna; Solarczyk, Adam; Tyszkowski, Sebastian: Surficial water properties of the lower Vistula fluvial lakes compared with Vistula and its tributaries (Grudziądz Basin, North Central Poland) 45 Lamparski, Piotr: Thickness of biogenic sediments in the vicinity of the Czechowskie Lake in the light of ground penetrating radar (GPR) study 4
7 Page 46 Lorenz, Sebastian; Börner, Andreas; Niessner, D.; Zawiska, Izabela; Słowiński, Michał;, Theuerkauf, Martin; Pieper, Hagen & Lampe, Reinhard: Late glacial to Early Holocene lake basin and river valley formation within Pomeranian moraine belt near Dobbertin (Mecklenburg Vorpommern, NE Germany) 47 Nicolay, Alexander; Raab, Alexandra & Raab, Thomas: Evidence of (pre ) historic to modern landscape development and land use history in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg, Germany) 48 Raab, Alexandra; Frantiuc, Alexandru; Brademann, Brian; Ott, Florian; Hirsch, Florian; Brauer, Achim & Raab, Thomas: Proxies of pre industrial charcoal production and land use in lake sediments from South Brandenburg, Germany 49 Schneider, Anna; Takla, Melanie; Nicolay, Alexander; Raab, Alexandra & Raab, Thomas: Automated detection of small scale anthropogenic relief features from high resolution ALS data 50 Słowiński, Michał; Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław; Brauer, Achim; Noryśkiewicz, Bożena; Ott, Florian & Tyszkowski, Sebastian: The role of dead ice melting on landscape transformation in the Lateglacial and early Holocene in Tuchola Pinewoods, North Poland 51 Takla, Melanie; Müller, Frank; Rösler, Horst; Raab, Alexandra & Raab, Thomas: Forestry and charcoal burning in the vicinity of the ironwork Peitz (South Brandenburg, Germany) What do we know from historical and archaeological data? 52 Chapter III: Excursion and fieldtrip Excursion to forest reserve Eldena 56 Field trip to Rügen Island (Summary) 60 Acknowledgements 60 List of participants 3 rd Annual ICLEA Workshop
8 Welcome note We cordially welcome all members of the ICLEA community and of the scientific advisory board as well as our guests and external partners to our third annual assembly held in the attractive vicinity of Greifswald Wieck. After the first two workshops held in Templin (Germany) in 2012 and in Stara Kiszewa (Poland) in 2013 we now extend our terrestrial view by getting a glimpse of the nearby Baltic Sea, especially during the field excursion, which will lead us to the beautiful Island of Rügen to discover its glacial and postglacial history. Thereby, we follow our well established tradition to discuss new results not only in lecture rooms but also in front of those objects which we are investigating. This has been made possible by the Helmholtz Association through funding of the Virtual Institute for Integrated Climate and Landscape Evolution Analyses (ICLEA) within the Initiative and Networking Fund for which we are especially grateful. All partner institutes, the GFZ German Research Centre for GeoSciences in Potsdam, the Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald (UG), the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Senftenberg (BTU) and the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) have gained substantial benefits not only in terms of scientific perspectives but also in terms of new and stimulating personal contacts and sometimes even friendships. We are active since a bit more than two years and impressive advances have been made in our five Work Packages and now the right moment has come to synchronise and integrate these results, which is a major goal and the particular strength of ICLEA. Therefore, we adjusted the workshop concept compared to the previous ones by adding a special session on first integrating talks from different Work Packages. These talks are intended as nuclei for further linking data and information from the different disciplines involved in ICLEA. This will be the main task for the second phase of our virtual institute in after a hopefully successful intermediate evaluation by the Helmholtz Society in June Obviously, we will intensively use this workshop also for preparing ourselves for this important upcoming event. In the first two years we made extremely good progress not least through the dedicated work of our early stage scientists and their enthusiasm and curiosity. We are on a very good way and if we continue like this we will be able to fulfil our long term mission formulated in the original proposal, which is providing a substantiated data basis for sustained environmental maintenance based on a profound process understanding at all relevant time scales. We thank all the participants for their contributions and enthusiasm, the members of the scientific advisory board for their support and wish all of us fruitful discussions, new ideas and collaborations, good weather for the field day and an enjoyable time in Greifswald. Achim Brauer (ICLEA Spokesman) Markus Schwab (ICLEA Coordinator) Sebastian Lorenz and Martin Theuerkauf (Greifswald Organization Committee) 6
9 Chapter I: Program Overview Venue: Hotel majuwi in Greifswald Wieck, Pomerania, Germany Address: Yachtweg 3, Greifswald/Wieck, Germany Tuesday, Wednesday, :30 10:00 Overview Talk & Poster Presentation WP2 & WP4 10:00 10:30 Coffee Break 10:30 11:30 Continuous WP2 & WP4 Poster Presentations & Discussion 13:00 14:00 Arrival, Check majuwi and 11:30 12:30 Poster Session WP2 & WP4 Poster Installation all WP 14:00 Picnic 12:30 13:30 Lunch 14:30 Opening and Welcome 13:30 14:50 Overview Talk & Poster Presentation WP5 15:00 15:45 Overview Talk & Poster 14:50 15:30 Poster with Coffee Presentation WP1 Session WP5 15:45 17:00 Overview Talk & Poster Presentation WP3 15:30 18:30 Excursion Field Sites Eldena Forest 16:50 17:15 Coffee Break 17:15 18:30 Poster Session WP1 & WP3 18:30 Dinner 18:30 Dinner 20:00 Public ICLEA Pommersches Landesmuseum Greifswald Thomas Terberger Settlement and land use history in the Baltics 19:30 WP Internal Meetings Discussion of Plans for the 3 rd Year of the 1 st ICLEA Phase & Ideas for the Future Thursday, Friday, :30 10:10 Synthesis Talks 7:30 Bus Excursion to Rügen Island 4 invited ICLEA talks 10:10 10:40 Coffee Break 10:40 11:40 Presentation Results WP Internal Meetings & General Discussion 11:40 12:30 Poster Session all WP Individual Discussions 12:30 13:30 Lunch 13:30 15:30 Meetings: For all others: Scientific Advisory Board Wieck Excursion SAB / Steering Committee 15:30 16:00 Coffee Break 16:00 17:30 Remarks by the SAB and Discussion Future Plans 16:30 Ends in Stralsund Plans 2 nd ICLEA Phase & :15 17:30 Coffee Break 17:00 Arrival in Greifswald 17:30 18:30 Closing Session Plans & Perspectives 19:00 ICLEA Dinner 21:00 Come Students Club Geokeller 7
10 Chapter II: Poster Abstracts The Virtual Institute of Integrated Climate and Landscape Evolution Analyses ICLEA Schwab, Markus J. 1, Brauer, Achim 1, Błaszkiewicz, Mirosław 2, Raab, Thomas 3, Wilmking, Martin 4 & the ICLEA Team 5 1 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.2 Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Potsdam, Germany 2 Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Department of Lowland Hydrology and Geomorphology, Toruń, Poland 3 Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus Senftenberg, Chair of Geopedology and Landscape Development, Cottbus, Germany 4 1 Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Chair of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Institute of Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Dynamics, Greifswald, Germany 5 The complete list of scientists and partners involved in ICLEA can be found at * Corresponding author: potsdam.de The GFZ, Greifswald University and the Brandenburg University of Technology together with their partner the Polish Academy of Sciences strive for focusing their research capacities and expertise in a Helmholtz Virtual Institute for Integrated Climate and Landscape Evolution Analyses (ICLEA). The Coordination Team is based at the GFZ in Potsdam and consists of a permanent scientific manager and administrative personnel. ICLEA offers young researchers an interdisciplinary and structured education and promote their early independence through coaching and mentoring. Postdoctoral rotation positions at the ICLEA partner institutions ensure mobility of young researchers and promote dissemination of information and expertise between disciplines. Training, Research and Analytical workshops between research partners of the ICLEA virtual institute are another important measure to qualify young researchers. The long term mission of the Virtual Institute is to provide a substantiated data basis for sustained environmental maintenance based on a profound process understanding at all relevant time scales. Aim is to explore processes of climate and landscape evolution in an historical cultural landscape extending from northeastern Germany into northwestern Poland. The northern central European lowlands will be facilitated as a natural laboratory providing an ideal case for utilizing a systematic and holistic approach. In ICLEA five complementary work packages (WP) are established according to the key research aspects. WP 1 focus on monitoring mainly hydrology and soil moisture as well as meteorological parameters. WP 2 is linking present day and future monitoring data with the most recent past through analysing satellite images. This WP will further provide larger spatial scales. WP 3 5 focus on different natural archives to obtain a broad variety of high quality proxy data. Tree rings provide sub seasonal data for the last centuries up to few millennia, varved lake sediments cover the entire research time interval at seasonal to decadal resolution and palaeosoils and geomorphological features also cover the entire period but not continuously and with lower resolution. Complementary information, like climate, tree ecophysiological and limnological data etc., are provided by cooperation with associated partners. 8
11 WP1: Hydrological and climate data The outflow conditions and circulation of the dissolved substances within the Czechowskie lake basin preliminary results Brykała, Dariusz 1,*, Gierszewski, Piotr 1, Kaszubski, Michał 1 1 Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Department of Environmental Resources and Geohazards, Toruń, Poland * Corresponding author: The main objective of the hydrological studies realised in the framework of the ICLEA project conducted in the fluvial lacustrine drainage basin of the Czechowskie lake (Tuchola Pinewood Forest) is to determine the structure of the lake water recharge and the characteristics of the circulation of water and dissolved matter in this catchment area. In the hydrological and hydrochemical monitoring of surface water and groundwater was conducted on the basis of a network of piezometers and gauging stations. A small variation in the position of the first groundwater level was recorded. Between May 2012 and January 2014 it ranged from 0.17 to 0.92 m. The smallest variation of the groundwater levels were found in the deepest piezometers located in the watershed area, while the greatest in the shallow waters within the lake terrace used for farming. The insignificant dynamics of the groundwater table corresponds to a small variation of water level in the Czechowskie lake, which was 0.33 m. Hydrometric measurements showed that the mean value of the discharge at the outflow from the Czechowskie lake was 30 dm 3 s 1, and was similar to the total volume of the surface inflow to the lake. The average specific runoff from the whole basin was 3 dm 3 s 1km 2. Hydrochemical studies have shown that the conductivity of water ranges from approximately 80 to 800 µs cm 1. The most mineralised ( µs cm 1 ) is the shallow groundwater in the mineral organiccarbonate deposits of paleolakes and in the watercourses draining them. The lowest mineralisation was recorded in shallow groundwater of the sandy outwash plains. Both surface water and groundwater represent a bicarbonate calcium sulphate type characteristic of the young glacial environment. The zones of water enrichment in salts are associated with fossil lake basins filled with the organic carbonate sediment, while the salt precipitation zones with the modern lakes. This situation creates a specific, cascade model of the transformation of chemical properties of the water circulating in the catchment. 9
12 Spatio temporal patterns of fall/winter throughfall under beech and oak forest (Müritz National Park) Dreibrodt, Janek 1,*, Germer, Sonja 2, Morgner, Markus 1, Güntner, Andreas 1 & Blume, Theresa 1 1 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.4 Hydrology, Potsdam, Germany 2 Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam Bornim (ATB), Department Bioengineering, Potsdam, Germany * Corresponding author: potsdam.de Rain falling on a forest is redistributed in the canopy: it is intercepted by the canopy and later evaporated, it falls through canopy gaps or drips from leaves and branches once the interception storage is filled (throughfall (TF)), or it is channeled to the tree stems and delivered to the soil as stemflow. Throughfall is usually the largest fraction, followed by evaporation. The amounts and spatial patterns of rainfall redistribution by forest canopies vary for different tree species and can play an important role for soil moisture distribution and subsequently for groundwater recharge. Therefore we quantified the fractions of throughfall on gross rainfall for different forest types and for different meteorological parameters and rainfall characteristics. This will improve our ability for predicting future impacts of climate and forest structural changes on the water balance of forest stands. Two TF monitoring sites, one in a beech and one in a mixed beech oak stand were installed in September The investigated 2000m² plots are situated in the center of the TERENO/ICLEA monitoring site at Lake Hinnensee in the Müritz Nationalpark / Germany. TF on each plot was collected with 5 trough systems, each consisting of 3 troughs connected to one tipping bucket. The total collecting area per plot was 6.6m². Gross precipitation, i.e. rainfall above or outside of the forest, was measured in a nearby forest clearing with an identical setup of 3 troughs. Differences in TF between events under leaf on and leaf off conditions in autumn 2013 and winter 2013/2014 were investigated. Canopy structure is likely to have a major influence on TF distribution. Therefore ground based leaf area index (LAI) measurements were conducted to assess the seasonal variation of leaf coverage. In addition, the LAI data was examined with respect to spatial patterns within a plot and possible relations to TF distribution. The forest structure was characterized by mapping of tree species, stem positions and stem diameters. Knowledge about the time lags between rainfall outside of the forest and TF can provide information about water storage properties of the forest canopy. An important factor influencing the time of TF initiation should be the amount of water that is already stored in the canopy at the onset of rainfall. Since this is hard to assess directly, the events are divided into groups based on their time lag to the previous event. Lag times are likely to decline with increasing early rainfall intensities. Therefore correlations between the intensity of the initial phase of the event to the lag time between the start of the rainfall event and TF are investigated. These ICLEA studies are supported by TERENO infrastructure of the Helmholtz Association. 10
13 Measurement of soil moisture with cosmic ray neutrons in deciduous forests Heidbüchel, Ingo Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.4 Hydrology, Potsdam, Germany Corresponding author: potsdam.de In deciduous forests the calibration of cosmic ray soil moisture sensors is difficult since the amount of water stored inside and on vegetation (leaves, branches, stems) varies seasonally. A one time calibration conducted during summer can therefore introduce errors to the method that are especially pronounced in the winter season. We performed calibration in a deciduous forest at the TERENO observatory in northeastern Germany at different times throughout the year to capture the changing influence of water in the vegetation on the calibration results. Additionally, we calibrated the cosmic ray neutron sensor with soil samples from different soil depths (0 10 cm, 0 20 cm, 0 30 cm). We compared the resulting soil moisture time series with time series of FDR based soil moisture point measurements at different depths. This allows us to estimate the error introduced by the influence of organic layers at the soil surface (litter, decomposed organic material) which can vary temporally. The same sensor setup was also used to look at time lags between the cosmic ray soil moisture signal and measurements of precipitation, intercepted water and soil moisture point measurements at different depths. Recorded time lags between point measurements and cosmic ray soil moisture results can potentially help in tracking precipitation on its way through the canopy, the organic layer and into the soils. These ICLEA studies are supported by TERENO infrastructure of the Helmholtz Association. 11
14 Lacustrine Groundwater Discharge at Lake Hinnensee Spatial Patterns and their Temporal Stability Tecklenburg, Christina 1,*, Blume, Theresa 1 1 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.4 Hydrology, Potsdam, Germany * Corresponding author: potsdam.de Lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) can play an important role for the lake water balance and lake water quality of enclosed lakes. Measuring groundwater lake interactions is generally challenging and spatial exchange patterns are seldom explored in detail. This study aims at a) identifying spatial patterns of lacustrine groundwater discharge along the shoreline of Lake Hinnensee, b) identifying spatial patterns of LGD along several cross sections through the lake and c) investigating the temporal dynamics of these flow patterns for both the seasonal and event time scales. The lake under investigation is located in the lowlands of northeast Germany. The lake has a surface area of 49 ha and the length of the shore line is about 4 km. To monitor LGD at Lake Hinnensee short piezometer transects (2 4 piezometers) were installed every 250 m around the lake. Additional piezometers were installed where major inflow was expected. Vertical hydraulic gradients indicating strength and direction of exchange are measured continuously with pressure sensors. To identify small scale spatial variability vertical temperature profiles were measured every 10 m along 2.35 km of the total shoreline. LGD rates can be determined by fitting the heat transport equation to these profiles. Measurements were repeated (summer 2011, 2012, 2013 and winter 2013) to investigate the temporal stability of the observed patterns. It is generally assumed that the majority of groundwater inflow occurs in the immediate vicinity of the shore line (the focus area of the temperature surveys and piezometer transects). Strength of hydraulic gradients measured in the piezometers decrease considerably within the first few meters from shore und thus support the general assumption, but no information on groundwater discharge is available within the lake basin itself. To test the hypothesis of minimal off shore groundwater inflows we installed a 500 m long distributed temperature sensing cable on the lake sediment resulting in several transects across the northern part of the lake. Measurements will be carried out in February when temperature differences between lake and groundwater are expected to be strongest. These ICLEA studies are supported by TERENO infrastructure of the Helmholtz Association. 12
15 The hydrogeological system of Lake Hinnensee Wilke, Henriette 1, Tecklenburg, Christina 1, Morgner, Markus 1, Güntner, Andreas 1, Blume, Theresa 1 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.4 Hydrology, Potsdam, Germany * Corresponding author: potsdam.de Groundwater and lake levels have been decreasing at many locations in northeastern Germany for the last 30 years. However, the reasons for this decline are still unclear. Our investigation aims at a better understanding of this hydrogeological system: its structures, dynamics and control mechanisms. Focus area is the domain of Lake Hinnensee, which is located in a young moraine area in Mecklenburg Vorpommern. The investigation area consists of the Pommeranian main terminal moraine in the north and the outwash plain in the south. First field campaigns were carried out in The establishment of twelve observation wells and a groundwater level monitoring system, electric resistivity tomography measurements as well as the investigation of subsurface characteristics such as hydraulic conductivity supplied important first insights into the hydrogeological system. But still, only little knowledge about groundwater flow directions and dynamics is available for the Lake Hinnensee region. However, as we are looking at a purely groundwater controlled lake system (no surface inflows or outflows), this information is essential for a better understanding of the ongoing processes. From recharge to discharge, groundwater is subject to many different chemical reactions and physical changes. Therefore, chemical data is an adequate tool to analyze groundwater residence times, flow paths and origin. The stable isotopes oxygen 18 and deuterium and the radioactive radon are used as tracer. In addition, the physico chemical parameters temperature, electrical conductivity, ph, oxygen content and redox potential are measured. For this purpose the observation wells were pumped every six weeks between May 2013 and November 2013 and every eight weeks from November 2013 to March Even if an aquifer seems to be geologically homogeneous hydrochemical groundwater composition can vary significantly in time and space. The unconfined aquifer in the Lake Hinnensee area consists mainly of glacial medium sands and shows a relatively high homogeneity. From analyses of isotope and radon contents as well as of physico chemical parameters spatial patterns of different groundwater regions can be determined. These regions may indicate areas of different groundwater origin and residence time. Furthermore, groundwater levels in the surroundings of Lake Hinnensee are measured in the observation wells using pressure loggers. The highest water levels are monitored in April and May, the lowest in October and November. In 2012/13 the maximum water level difference between autumn and spring was 18 cm observed in the area between Lake Hinnensee and Güsterpohl. In general the hydrographs of the twelve observation wells are relatively similar in their seasonal dynamics. However, examined in more detail they show slightly different trends pointing at different groundwater origins. The water level developments, first results of the isotope and radon measurements as well as an overview of the spatiotemporal distribution of the physico chemical parameters in the area are presented. These ICLEA studies are supported by TERENO infrastructure of the Helmholtz Association. 13
16 WP2: Archive remote sensing data TerraSAR X assessment of ground surface deformation due to lake level changes in Neustrelitz region, Germany Motagh, Mahdi 1,*, Itzerott, Sibylle 1, Kleine, Iris 1 1 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ, Section 1.4, Potsdam, Germany * Corresponding author: potsdam.de Monitoring of surface deformation and landscape changes associated with water level fluctuations in lakes could provide important constraints on rheological properties of the crust and lithosphere. The extent and complexity of surface motion in unstable areas is also important for designing preventive and remedial measures in regions subject to surface loading and unloading. In this paper, we assess ground surface deformation in response to lake level changes in Neustrelitz in Germany using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. We use an archive of TerraSAR X SAR images covering time interval, and process them using the time series technique of Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) to map areas of ground deformation. The processing chain, analysis and preliminary results are discussed in this poster. Reconstruction of former shorelines of Großer Fürstenseer See using remote sensing archive data Kleine, Iris 1 ; Itzerott, Sibylle 1 1 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 1.4 Remote Sensing, Potsdam, Germany * Corresponding author: potsdam.de Groundwater influenced lakes in Northeast Germany revealed massive fluctuations in their water levels during the last decades. However, precise water level measurements were only recorded for few lakes. In this study we evaluate the use of remote sensing archive data to determine former water surface areas and the estimation of former water levels. The main test area for the evaluation is Großer Fürstenseer See near Neustrelitz. The evaluation of the data used and the methodology are based on water level data that were recorded since We are using multi spectral imagery (RapidEye) and SAR imagery (TerraSAR X) for the time period from 2009 to After the pre processing of the images, water surface areas are extracted from the images. These former water surface areas can be used to analyze the seasonal and annual variations of water levels. The decrease and increase of water levels and surface areas is especially visible at shallow shorelines, whereas vegetation at the shorelines hinders accurate extraction of water surface areas. Additional tests concerning the accuracy of the water level estimation are based on aerial photography of Krummer See and Redernswalder See. Former water levels can be estimated by the combination of former water surface areas with high resolution digital elevation and bathymetric data. 14
17 WP3: Tree ring data Only the fittest will survive the case of Quercus robur after groundwater withdrawal Buras, Allan 1,*, Lorenz, Sebastian 2 & Wilmking, Martin 1 1 Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald, Germany 2 Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Institute of Geography and Geology, Greifswald, Germany * Corresponding author: In 1970 a dike establishment close to the village of Ahrenshoop (Darß, NE Germany) lead to a successive groundwater withdrawal, finally resulting in a pronounced dieback of trees (mainly Quercus robur) within an adjacent forest. However, a part of the former Q. robur population has survived until today causing a rather patchy structure of the forest today, as live trees and remnants of dead trees stand in close proximity to each other. Such a differing behavior of neighboring trees belonging to the same species raises the question which factor has determined their contrasting fate. To help answer this question, we dendrochronologically investigated 30 Q. robur specimen of differing vitality classes (12 dead or almost dead, 18 alive but with different vitality). Our results show, that all investigated trees were affected by the groundwater withdrawal. Successive metadata analyses including age, tree height, diameter at breast height, as well as spatial analyses were not able to identify clear differences between the different vitality classes. However, the specific reactions were mainly explained by the growth performance of the trees before the dike establishment. I.e. trees that have survived also expressed a better growth performance (i.e. larger ring widths) before 1970, compared to trees of recent low vitality or trees that already died. This suggests that the determining factor is either internal (e.g. genotype) or related to possibly heterogeneous soil properties. Therefore, we intend to further investigate soil conditions, and if they are not able to explain the observed discrepancies possibly also genetics of the examined trees. Our findings contribute to dendroclimatological reconstructions undertaken within ICLEA, as they show that tree reactions to groundwater fluctuations (in our case withdrawal) very much depends on the performance of the individual tree (which we assume to be related to either genotype or soil features). Therefore the selection of trees for such reconstructions has to be chosen carefully, even if the trees originate from a common, apparently homogeneous site as in our study. By further dendrochronological analyses focusing on e.g. cell components, wood density, and element concentrations (as measured by XRF) we hope to be able to identify specific markers, that could help to estimate the suitability of archeological wood originating from Q. robur for dendroclimatological reconstructions of groundwater (and thus also lake level) fluctuations. 15
18 SINOMA a better tool for proxy based reconstructions? Buras, Allan 1, *, Thees, Barnim 1, Czymzik, Markus 2, Dräger, Nadine 2, Kienel, Ulrike 2, Neugebauer, Ina 2, Ott, Florian 2, Scharnweber, Tobias 1, Simard, Sonia 2, Słowiński, Michał 2,3, Słowiński, Sandra 2, Tecklenburg, Christina 2, Zawiska, Izabela 2,4 & Wilmking, Martin 1 1 Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald, Germany 2 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.2 Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Potsdam, Germany 3 Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Environmental Resources and Geohazards, Institute of Geography, Toruń, Poland 4 Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Geoecology and Climatology, Institute of Geography, Warsaw, Poland * Corresponding author: Our knowledge on past environmental conditions largely relies on reconstructions that are based on linear regressions between proxy variables (e.g. tree rings, lake sediments, ice cores) covering a comparably long period (centuries to millennia) and environmental parameters (e.g. climate data) of which only rather short measurement series exist (mostly decades). In general, the corresponding measurements are prone to errors. For instance, air temperature records that are to be prolonged by reconstruction from tree rings are normally not measured in situ, i.e. where the trees used for reconstructions are growing. In contrast, the variation of tree ring properties which are used as proxies does not only depend on temperature variations but also on other environmental variables and biological effects. However, if regressions are based on noisy data, knowledge on the noise intensity of both predictor and predictand is needed and model parameter estimates (slope and intercept) will be erroneous if information on the noise is not included in their estimation (Kutzbach et al., 2011). Here, we investigate the performance of the new Sequential Iterative Noise Matching Algorithm (SINOMA; Thees et al., 2009; and Thees et al., submitted) on a variety of typical proxy data of differing temporal resolution (hourly (dendrometers, piezometers), seasonally (tree rings), and annually (tree rings and varved lake sediments)). For each of the investigated proxies a number of pseudo proxy datasets is generated. I.e. to each proxy variable two different noises are added, resulting in two noisy variables that originate from a common signal (the proxy) and of which the respective error noises and the true model parameters (slope and intercept) between both are known. SINOMA is applied to each of these pseudo proxy datasets and its performance is evaluated against traditional regression techniques. The recent contribution thus focuses on the applicability of SINOMA rather than on its mathematical background which has been presented at the ICLEA workshop On average, SINOMA performs better than or, under specific error noise conditions, equal to the traditional modeling techniques. However, some of the investigated data reveal constraints of SINOMA, which have to be considered in real world applications. Nevertheless, our results indicate that SINOMA likely is a more reliable tool for estimating regression parameters if compared to traditional techniques. Based on the generally noisy characteristics of proxies used typically, applications of SINOMA to already existing reconstructions will probably result in different model parameter estimates, most likely leading to differing amplitudes of reconstructed past environmental conditions. Therefore, SINOMA has the potential to reframe our picture of the past. References: Kutzbach L, Thees B, and Wilmking M (2011): Identification of linear relationships from noisy data using errors invariables models relevance for reconstruction of past climate from tree ring and other proxy information, Climatic Change, 105, Thees B, Kutzbach L, Wilmking M, and Zorita E (2009): Ein Bewertungsmaß für die amplitudentreue regressive Abbildung von verrauschten Daten im Rahmen einer iterativen Errors in Variables Modellierung (EVM), GKSSreport 2009/8. Thees B, Buras A, Jetschke G, Zorita E, Wilmking M, and Kutzbach L: The Sequential Iterative Noise Matching Algorithm: A new statistical approach for the unbiased estimation of linear relationships between noisy serial data streams and their respective error variances. Submitted. 16
19 Dendroclimatology of Pinus sylvestris in N Poland Heinrich, Ingo 1, Knorr, Antje 1, Beck, Wolfgang 2, Wazny, Tomasz 3 & Heußner, Karl Uwe 4 1 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.2 Climate Dynamicss and Landscape Evolution, Potsdam, Germany 2 Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute,, Forest Ecology and Forest Inventory, Eberswalde, Germany 3 Institute for the Study, Restoration and Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland 4 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Berlin, Germany * Corresponding author: potsdam.de Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was sampled near Lake Czechowskie, northern Poland. Our new well replicated tree ring width chronology of 200 year length was combined with two sets of regional Scots pine samples, collected from nearby archaeological sites and from forests in the region of Masuria. The chronology now extends back to the year 1084AD. The climate sensitivity of Scots pine at this new site has been evaluated and late winter temperatures have been reconstructed back to 1165AD successfully for the first time at a lowland site in Poland. Various detrending techniques were applied to sustain high and low frequency climate signals. Figure: Reconstruction of maximum Feb Mar temperatures; yellow and blue indicate medieval warm period / modern warming period and little ice age, respectively; blackk bars represent coldest and warmest periods as reconstructed by pines from N Poland; grey zone around the black mean curve illustrate detrending errors due to different detrending techniques applied. The reconstruction correlates with winter NAO, however, this correlation is not stable in time, e.g. since the mid 1990s and during the LIA the correlations c disappear. During those periods other climate indices might have been more influential to the climate c in N Poland. Spatial analysis and comparison with documentary data also confirm our reconstruction results. The reconstruction suffered from relatively r short sample lengths, which resulted in the loss of some low such as tracheid lumen. In a preliminary pilot study, cell structures of the piness from N Poland were measured for the last 70 years. The new series showed strongg climate correlations as well and thus they will be the focus of our research, since cell structure data series do not need detrendingg and therefore can sustain in better fashion the low frequency climate signals s partlyy lost in the tree ring width frequency signals. As a solution to this dilemma we now focus on cell structure measurements data. 17
20 Long term growth trends and time series of elemental wood composition from two old growth forests natural versus anthropogenic influences Scharnweber, Tobias 1, van der Maaten, Ernst 1, Heinrich, Ingo 2, Buras, Allan 1, van der Maaten Theunissen, Marieke 1 & Wilmking, Martin 1 1 Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Greifswald, Germany 2 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 5.2 Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, Potsdam, Germany * Corresponding author: greifswald.de In contrast to extreme environments with low human impact, where often one specific (climatic) factor is limiting tree growth, dendrochronological research in the temperate zone has to cope with a wide variety of climatic and non climatic drivers. Sophisticated statistical tools, like various detrending and filtering techniques, allow for a rather precise analysis of high frequency (annual) climate growth rela onships. However, as almost all forests in the temperate zone are to some degree influenced by human activities, it is difficult to separate anthropogenic from climatic influence on the lower time frequencies of decades to centuries. Footprints of human activity in time series of tree ring parameters might be caused directly through forest utilization (logging) or indirectly through environmental changes such as eutrophication or atmospheric pollution. The former can be elucidated by traditional dendrochronological techniques based on ring parameters; evaluation of the latter requires additional proxies such as dendrochemical data. For the interpretation of long term trends and the calibration of tree ring based reconstructions it is therefore necessary to study tree growth in as undisturbed forest environments as possible. Comparison with dendrochronological time series from managed forest might then allow separation of climatic from anthropogenic signals. Here, we present long term growth trends for the broadleaved tree species common beech, pedunculate oak and sycamore maple, from two protected old growth forests in northern Germany (one with a documented last logging activity dating back to 1527), and compare those with well replicated regional chronologies from other, mostly managed forests. Our results indicate that several low frequency trends that can be found in many regional chronologies are likely caused by synchronous periods of heavy loggings as for example during the years following World War II, and do not relate to climatic drivers. In addition, elemental wood composition of trees growing on an island relatively isolated from agricultural depositions or direct atmospheric pollution is compared to elemental concentrations in the wood of trees from a forest surrounded by intensive agriculture in the vicinity of Greifswald, a medium sized town in Germany. The aim is to detect historical changes in soil chemistry attributable to either atmospheric depositions or groundwater input of nitrogen or sulphur. Therefore, high resolution (50 µm) X ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis is carried out and species specific annual chronologies of relative concentrations of the most abundant elements as well as of different indicative element ratios are built. We discuss our findings in the light of ongoing soil acidification that might be responsible for some of the detected trends (e.g. decrease in base cations like Ca or Mn), while considering possible radial translocation processes in the wood that might blur the obtained dendrochemical data. 18
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Sweet 16 birthday parties can range from a traditional themed party to a weekend trip with a few selected friends to an experience or activity the teenager has always wanted to try. Dance parties are a popular type of birthday party for a 16 year old.Continue Reading
Many birthday party ideas center around the place the party is held, such as a pool, tennis court, or roller skating or ice skating rink. An activity for the guests can also make a birthday party unique, such as an outdoor movie night or scavenger hunt. All of the locations on the scavenger hunt can be centered around the birthday person's favorite activities, with the final location being the site where the actual party is celebrated with cake, music and friends.
The party planning can also start with a theme, preferably one that relates to the birthday celebrant. Once the theme is chosen, decorations, invitations, party games and activities can be easily picked to support the theme. For example, a chocolate-themed Sweet 16 party can be a dessert-only party with an all-chocolate dessert buffet, including a chocolate fountain. A beach theme might feature flip flop's on the invitation and Beach Boys for the music. The tables can be easily decorated with sand pails and shells, with all the guests receiving a plastic lei when they arrive.
Whatever theme or event is chosen, the night should be filled with special moments dedicated to the birthday celebrant, including a video tribute, photo boards, speeches and fun skits.Learn more about Birthday Parties

subset: commoncrawl


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MeatMyAss Tory Lane
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MeatMyAss Tory Lane
Tory Lane knows how to FUCK!!! She knows how to do EVERYTHING!! There's so many great things here!! Tory has mastered an incredible skill with her hips!! You've got to see this!! A woman who can fuck a man's brains out is hard to find... Unless you're looking here!!! I love a good ass pounding like slutty Tory Lane in this scene. Whenever my pussy is all hot and wet I'll put my ass up in the air and my asshole just aches and tightens... begging for a cock. Tory's perfect shapely asshole starts out this scene by staring you square in the eye and pleading to get stuffed by your schlong!! And OH Yes!! Her ass gets its wish! Tory takes it straight up her shooter for over half the scene!!! You could pound this nymphomaniac for hours and she'd never get tired!!! She's an ass fiend!! She's also a world class cock sucker!! Every time she rams that cock in her mouth it goes into her throat! I mean do we desire any more from this voluptuous vixen? She's a classic whore and we wouldn't have it any other way!!!--NeecieMeatMyAss Team Member
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Welcome to the CCHI Community
Congratulations on taking the first step toward becoming a certified healthcare interpreter. The Certification Commission for Healthcare Interpreters (CCHI) welcomes you to our healthcare interpreter certification program.
If you want to apply:
Click the orange button "Register As An Applicant" below to start the application process by creating a user profile. After that, you can access the application system at any time using the Login screen to the right. This is where you will track your progress, update your contact information, renew your certification, and interact with CCHI throughout your career. So it is important that you write down your login and password and keep it in a safe place.
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File:Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol (United States, prohibition era).jpg
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Prohibition_agents_destroying_barrels_of_alcohol_(United_States,_prohibition_era).jpg (472 × 372 pixels, file size: 48 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
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Wikipedia for Schools was collected by SOS Children. The world's largest orphan charity, SOS Children's Villages brings a better life to more than 2 million people in 133 countries around the globe. Try to find out how you can help children in other countries on our web site.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
I was sideswiped by another driver in a 2003 Chevy pickup truck in my 97 Plymouth breeze, first time wreck and not sure if I need a lawyer, my mother and 3 children was also in the car when it happened
If you, your wife or children were injured, hire an attorney. Otherwise, report the claim to your insurance carrier for repair of your truck. If they determine that the other driver was at fault, they will demand reimbursement from his insurance for what they pay out for the truck repairs and after they are reimbursed they should refund your deductible.
Consult an attorney in NC to know for sure.
Nothing in this communication should be construed as creating an attorney client relationship. This is for informational purposes only. Attorney will take no action on your behalf unless and until a written retainer agreement is signed. There are strict time deadlines on filing claims and, as such, you are advised to consult with and retain an attorney immediately to file such claims timely or you will lose any right to recovery.Ask a similar question
It was my mother and 3children, none of the children were hurt but my mother was, mine is just from muscle pain I guess, but the other driver was at fault
Wasa nyone hurt? If so, you retain personal injury attorney to protect your rights. If not, you see if you can settle the property damage aspect of things with the insurance company in a fair and rapid way.
In no way am I offering you legal advice, and in no way has my comment created an attorney-client relationship. You are not to rely upon my note above in any way, but insted need to sit down with counsel and share all relevant facts before receiving fully-informed legal advice. If you want to be completely sure of your rights, you must sit down with an experienced criminal defense attorney to be fully aware of your rights.Ask a similar question
Anytime you are in a car accident you should contact a lawyer. If you, your mother or your children potentially suffered any injury you need an experienced lawyer to make sure you get the proper medical examinations and treatment, that your medical bills are paid, and that your vehicle is repaired. Injuries may be less obvious for young children or older adults. You need to make sure that you have proper guidance on handling your claim for physical injuries, pain and suffering, and lost wages as a result of the accident. Good luck and I hope you find a good lawyer to help you navigate this claim.
Pedro Krompecher
Krompecher Law Firm, PLLC
(Phone) 919-229-9529
(Fax) 919-869-2933
(Email) firstname.lastname@example.com
It really depends on your injuries. In my opinion, if your injuries were minor and only included an Emergency Room visit and a followup visit or so, then there is a pretty good chance that you would be better off handling the claim on your own. Conversely, if your injuries were more substantial, or you are currently unsure what your injuries are, then it is always a good idea to talk with a lawyer to learn more. I have posted a number of videos on Avvo that discuss when you do and when you do not need a lawyer. You might want to check some of those out for a ore complete answer.Ask a similar question
If anyone was personally Injured:You should obtain needed medical care and treatment immediately and follow the doctor's advice. Do not give any statement to the adverse party or insurance company nor grant them access to any medical records. Photograph the injuries and the damage done to any property. Contact a personal injury attorney in your area as soon as possible so that you can protect your rights. You may also find it helpful to review the Legal Guides I have published on Avvo.com dealing with many of the issues you are now facing.
Legal Disclaimer:
If this information has been helpful, please indicate below.
Mr. Lundeen is licensed to practice law in Florida and Vermont. The response herein is not legal advice and does not create an attorney/client relationship. The response is in the form of legal education and is intended to provide general information about the matter within the question. Oftentimes the question does not include significant and important facts and timelines that, if known, could significantly change the reply and make it unsuitable. Mr. Lundeen strongly advises the questioner to confer with an attorney in your state in order to ensure proper advice is received.Ask a similar question
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Chevrolet Silverado 2007-2013 2 Door Window Tint Kits are specifically precut to fit your Vehicle. Using state of the art CAD software, these kits are precision machine cut to greatly reduce installation difficulty. Significantly reduce the time involved in DIY window tint projects and get warranty backed professional results.
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Apply Chevrolet window tint kits quickly and easily by using the right tools for the job. Whether you need a complete Gila® window tint application kit the features slip solution or just the Conqueror™ Rvinyl carries a full line of tinting tools. From the world class Lil Chizler™ to the big mamma of squeegees the Red Devil™ we have what it takes to get your tint installed...
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Remove old or damaged window tint on your 2007 Chevrolet Silverado using the Gila window tint remover kit with scraper blade. Whether you had your kit professionally installed or it was a DIY job, this kit aides in removing damaged film. Gila makes removing tint quicker and easier in this all-in-one removal kit.
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2007 Chevrolet Silverado Dash Kits
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Window tint is cut well and fits great goes on pretty easy anyone can do it with a little time and effort