text:
Scientific Style in English
- Amberly Evans
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Scientific Style in English Marcelo Sampaio de Alencar Institute for Advanced Studies in Communications (Iecom) Department of Electrical Engineering Federal University of Campina Grande 1 Introduction Style is a distinctive manner of expression, in writing or speech. The word evolved from Latin for stilus spike, stem, stylus. It is the way in which something is said or done, as distinguished from its substance. Style is also a convention with respect to spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and typographic arrangement and display followed in writing or printing. 2 Scientific Writing Good scientific writing Good scientific writing must be scientifically accurate, concise, useful, clear, illustrated with visuals, targeted to a specific audience, well organized, interesting, consistent, complete, correct in spelling, punctuation and grammar. Scientific precision Inaccurate statements destroy the author credibility. On the other hand, the readers make decisions, operate equipment, and draw scientific conclusions based on the information presented. Concision It is important to avoid wordiness caused by: modifiers: final outcome, completely finished; coordinated synonyms: each and every, basic and fundamental; excess qualification: perfectly clear, completely accurate; expletives, relative pronouns, and relative adjectives: there are... who... which; circumlocution: a long, indirect way to express the idea. The author must also avoid repetition, pompous language, jargon, and consider that reducing a document is hard work. Blaise Pascal once wrote, I have made this a long letter because I haven t the time to make it shorter. The document must be useful People read a paper, technical report, or thesis because they intend to use the information in some way. Therefore, each sentence must contain useful information. Clearness Keep the writing short and simple by breaking the text into short sections, and avoid jargon, because unknown terms is a cause of poor communication and also make the text obscure to the readers. Present the story in a logical, orderly fashion, one step at a time. The use of visuals is recommended, and may include: photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, tables, and flowcharts. Illustrate the manuscript with visuals Visuals make the document more interesting to the reader. You can use photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, tables, and flowcharts. 1
2 photographs (show actual physical images of subjects). drawings (depict real or imaginary objects, and internal parts). diagrams (show how the components interact and are interrelated). graphs (show trends and how one variable changes in relation to another). tables (organize information systematically). flowcharts (show the parts or steps in a process or system interact). You should target an audience Write to the level of technical proficiency and understanding of the audience. Organize the document Plan, before writing, creating a rough outline that spells out the contents and organization of your document. Interest Your paper competes with many other communications and, therefore, must be lively and lucid, to attract the reader, not dull and boring. Consistency Inconsistencies confuse readers and convince them that your scientific work is as sloppy as your prose. Avoid random and unnecessary capitalization, mixed sets of units of measurement and indiscriminate use of abbreviations. Completeness A complete document tells the readers all they need to know about the topic, but not a word more. Make sure the specification is complete and that no key data is omitted. Correction in spelling, punctuation and grammar This is a key characteristic of every good paper or book. 3 Writing process A successful writing involves several phases, which include preparation, research, organization, writing and revision. It is important to follow the steps and to adhere to the scope of the work. Preparation Establish the purpose of your document What should the readers know after they have finished reading the document? Assess the audience Who exactly is the reader or readers? Who needs to see the document? What they do know about the subject? Consider the context Context is the environment or circumstances in which writers produce documents and within which readers interpret their meanings. Determine the scope of the coverage The decisions on what to include and what not to include in the writing define the scope. Select the appropriate medium Decide in what journal or conference to publish your findings. Research Research involves the question: What do you know about the subject? Then, you must conduct the research (primary or secondary), create and use questionnaires, if appropriate, interview for information. In the next phase you summarize the information, take notes, document the sources and, of course, avoid plagiarism. 2
3 Organization Organization involves the choice of the best methods of development. Then you should outline your notes and ideas, develop and integrate visuals. It it important to carefully consider the layout and design. Writing During the writing phase, select an appropriate point of view, and adopt a style and tone. Use effective sentence construction. Construct effective paragraphs from the outline. Use quotations and paraphrasing, if appropriate for your document. After that, write an introduction for the document, then write an abstract, write a conclusion and choose a title. Principles of technical communication If possible, always use the active voice in your document and a plain rather than a complex language. Delete words, sentences and phrases that do not add to your meaning and use specific and concrete terms rather than vague generalities. Use terms your reader can picture. Use the past tense to describe your experimental work and results, but, in most other writing, use the present tense. Break your writing into short sections to facilitate the perusal of the document. Revision During the revision process, check for unity and coherence, verify sentence variety, emphasis, and subordination, check for ambiguity, awkwardness, and verify logic errors: lack of reason is when a statement is contrary to the reader s common sense. sweeping generalizations are statements too broad to be supportable. non sequitur is a statement that does not logically follow a previous one. false cause refers to the logic fallacy that because one event followed another one, the fist event caused the second. biased or suppressed evidence is both illogical and unethical. facts, which are verifiable, versus opinion. a loaded argument occurs when a conclusion is based on an opinion. Aim at positive writing, consider ethics, copyright, avoid biased language and plagiarism. Verify appropriate word choice, affectation and jargon, do not use vague words (real, nice, important, good, bad), and clichés (last but not least). Minimize the problems with grammar. Review punctuation, abbreviations, capitalization, contractions, dates, italics, number and measurement units, proofreading, and spelling. 4 Writing an Article Parts of the document Title, authors and affiliations Capitalize the initial letters of the words of the title, except articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions (and, but), or prepositions (to, at, into) unless they begin or end the title. Abstract Highlight and summarize, in 50 to 200 words, the major points of an article. This is the base for researchers to decide whether to read your article. It must be readable apart from the the original document. 3
4 Keywords Three to five words related to the main theme of the article. Introduction Point out the purpose of the paper, define the problem examined, and present the scope of the article. Methodology Discuss previous work in the field, the rationale of the approach to the problem and the reason to reject alternative approaches. Results This section contains the main results of the research. Discussion An optional section with a discussion of the main results, commonly used in Medicine and Biomedical articles. Conclusions This section interprets the results in relation to the purpose of the study and the methods used to conduct it. The conclusion must depend entirely on the evidence found in the research. References It is necessary to cite the references and list them at the end of the document. Appendix Appendices are optional. 5 Writing a Formal Report A formal report must include the front matter, the body and the back matter. Front matter Body Title, authors, organization, target institution, and date Capitalize the initial letters of the words of the title. Abstract Summarizes the major points of the report. Must be readable apart from the the original document. Table of contents List of main topics of the document. List of figures All the figures must be in this list. List of tables All the tables must be in this list. Foreword An optional introductory statement that is written by, usually, an authority in the field or executive of the organization sponsoring the project. Preface An explanation of the purpose of the document, and a description of its contents. List of abbreviations and symbols Mandatory for theses and books, and optional for papers. Executive summary Provides a more complete overview of the report, stating its purpose, scope, and gives background information. It also summarizes conclusions and recommendations. Introduction Points out the purpose and defines the scope of the report, and examines the problem. Text Contains the details of the investigation, the alternatives explored, and visuals and tables to clarify the explanation. Conclusions This section interprets the results and must depend entirely on the evidence found. 4
5 Recommendations If necessary, recommendations are included in the document. Explanatory notes If necessary, notes that explain details of the work are included in the document. Back matter References A list of works cited. Appendices Contains additional material that can be useful to the reader to clarify or supplement the body. Bibliography An alphabetical list of all sources that were consulted in researching the report. Glossary An alphabetical list of specialized terms used in the report and their definitions. Index An alphabetical list of specialized major topics discussed in the report, along with page numbers. The index is always the final section of the report. 6 Submitting a Book Proposal Preparation of an outline of a book to be submitted to an editor A proposal is a document written to persuade someone to follow a plan of course to fulfill a need. A book proposal is addressed to the publishing editor or director and includes a title, the author name and affiliation, background information, a brief description of the book, the reasons for writing the book, the book market and readership, the competition, a table of contents, manuscript information, author information, a sample writing and the assessment process. Title A clear and accurate title is important in marketing your book. As a general rule, the main title should have no more than seven words. If the title looks like it will be longer than that, then consider using a subtitle. Author name and affiliation You should include your mailing address, , and phone and fax numbers. Background This should outline the general field, how it has evolved, where it is going, and its commercial importance (if any). Brief description of the book You should define, in a few paragraphs, what specifically the book will be about. You should discuss the approach you intend to take, for example, the balance between theory and practice, and any particular pedagogical or presentational features that will characterize the book. Reasons for writing the book State the reasons you think this book should be published and how it will benefit the readers. Market and readership Describe exactly who the book is aimed at, for example, graduate students, researchers, practitioners in industry, and in what subjects they work or study, for instance, electrical engineering, computer science, applied physics, mathematics. If the book can be used as a textbook then you should describe the type of course for which it could be adopted. In this section you should also describe the prerequisite knowledge that you expect of your readers. Competition Give details of the main competing books (author, title, publisher) and discuss how your book will differ from them. Present the aspects that give your book an edge. This analysis is particularly important if the book you are proposing is a textbook. 5
6 Table of contents This should give the chapter headings along with a sentence or two explaining what each chapter will cover. You should also include the first level of subheadings. If you have a more detailed table of contents then provide it. Manuscript information This should include estimates for: how long you think the book will be in printed pages, a delivery date for the finished manuscript the number of figures the book will have. Author, contributor information Provide a brief resume or curriculum vitae for each author. If the book you are proposing is an edited volume then give names and affiliations of each of the intended contributors. Sample writing A detailed proposal of five pages is the minimum needed to get the assessment procedure under way. If you have any sample sections or chapters then you should send those as well. The assessment process Once you have submitted the proposal it will be read by the appropriate editor. If the editor feels that the proposal is adequate then it will be sent out to a number of experts in the field. The feedback from these reviewers will be discussed with you. Their constructive feedback results in a better final book. 7 Writing a Book Initial information The initial information includes the title, authors, organization, editor, and date. Always capitalize the initial letters of the words of the title. The initial pages of a book also present information for librarians, copyright information, dedication, acknowledgments, information about the author, a list of figures, a list of tables, and a table of contents. The foreword is an optional introductory statement that is written by an authority in the field. The preface announces the book purpose, scope and context. It usually specifies the audience, contains acknowledgments of those who helped in its preparation and cite permission obtained for the use of copyrighted material. The section on organization of the text contains information on the contents of the chapters and indicates the best way to read or present them to the students. Body of the book The manuscript contains the chapters, which may be divided in sections and subsections. It usually includes visuals: photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, tables, and flowcharts, to explain the subject to the intended audience. Supplementary reading presents information about other books on related subjects, usually including comments from the author. The references form an optional list of works cited in the book. Additional information The appendices usually contains additional material that can be useful to the reader and clarifies or supplements the body. The list of abbreviations and symbols is essential in monographs, dissertations and theses. The bibliography is an alphabetical list of all sources that were consulted in writing the book. The glossary has an alphabetical list of specialized terms used in the book and their definitions. 6
7 The index presents an alphabetical list of specialized major topics discussed in the book, along with page numbers. The index is the final section of the book. 8 Elements of Scientific Writing In scientific writing some elements must be carefully considered. Most of the usual errors are related to the usage of articles, punctuation and word division. Articles Articles are used to introduce nouns, and English often requires the use of articles The indefinite article (a, an) is used when there is no need to be specific about a person or thing An is used if the noun following begins with a vowel or sounds as a vowel (e.g., An analysis will follow. Let me show you an SMS) The is a definite article, used to identify a particular thing Punctuation The period (.) The period is used to close sentences that make statements It is also used to form abbreviations (Ph.D., Inc., Mr.) The comma (,) The comma is used to indicate pauses and to separate entries in lists It is also used to set off a word, phrase, or clause that is in apposition to a noun and that is nonrestrictive The semi-colon (;) The semi-colon separates closely-related ideas In most cases a period should be used instead When a list includes items that have commas within them, use a semi-colon to separate the items The colon (:) The colon is used in headings, to announce that more is to follow It is used to introduce a list of things (words, equations) It introduces a quotation When used between two clauses, it indicates that the second one provides an explanation of what was said in the first Never use the colon after the main verb in a sentence The hyphen (-) This mark may be used to separate two parts of a compound noun (e.g., light-year) It is also used to break up words at the end of a line, and should always be placed between syllables. Proper nouns should not be broken up by hyphens Parentheses ( ) 7
8 Parentheses are used to set off an interruption in the middle of a sentence, including references to pages, diagrams, illustrations, chapters They are also used to make a point which is not part of the main flow of the sentence Use them to enclose acronyms: Institute for Advanced Studies in Communications (Iecom). The apostrophe ( ) The apostrophe shows possession (e.g., Marcelo s book on scientific style in English) It shortens certain word combinations (e.g., can t, he s) Contractions should be avoided in formal written work. (e.g., cannot, he is) Brackets [ ] Brackets are used for citations or to enclose a word inserted into a quotation The diagonal or dash ( ) A dash may be used in place of a colon, to set off a word or phrase at the end of a sentence, or an appositive to be emphasized A dash is used to summarize a thought added to the end of a sentence Quotation marks ( ) The main use of quotation marks is to show that the exact words written are being repeated They are also used to enclose titles of articles, chapter names, and short stories Single quotation marks ( ) can be used within a quotation A comma should precede a quotation and other punctuation should be placed inside the quotation marks Word division A word should be divided only between syllables (com pu ter). Dictionaries indicate how to divide words at syllable breaks If a vowel stands alone as a single syllable, it must remain on the same line as the first part of the word (experi ment) A word is generally divided between double consonants (neces sary), unless it means breaking up the root of the word (process ing) If a word contains a natural hyphen, divide only at that point (sixty-five) If a word contains a prefix or suffix, it is best to divide at that point (auto correlation) Do not divide one-syllable words (length), no matter how long the word may be Do not divide a word in the first or last line on a page Do not divide a word in the first line of a paragraph Do not divide words on two consecutive lines Do not divide a proper name or number (Kolmogorov, 1931) Do not separate two letters from the rest of the word 8
9 Do not separate contractions or abbreviations (wouldn t, ATSC) Do not use a hyphen to break a URL or an address Do not use excessive word division Do not separate the unit of measurement from the number (550 khz) 9 Numbers, Units of Measurement and Symbols There are strict rules for writing numbers, units of measurement and symbols. A technical manuscript is certainly refused if those rules are not followed. Rules for writing numbers Write out all numbers below ten: zero deviations from the expected value nine devices to count for The exception to this rule are numbers used with: units of measurement (3 meters) age (15 years old) dates (October 11, 1957) time (2 seconds) page numbers (page 4) percentages (5 percent) money ($8) proportions (30:1 or 30 to 1) Write the numbers as numerals if two or more are in the same section: the transmitter has 5 audio amplifiers, 2 pass-band filters and a net gain of 60 db Large numbers must be written in the form most familiar to the audience: 15,300,000 15, fifteen million and three hundred thousand Place a hyphen between a number and a unit of measurement when they modify a noun: 3-month-old experiment Use the singular for fractions and decimals that are used as adjectives: 0.5 kilogram 0.1 centimeter Write decimals and fractions as numerals: zero point two five 0.25 Do not begin a sentence with numerals 9
10 Keep all units consistent Chose one standard and stick with it Use the correct units There are two different versions of the metric system, cgs (centimeter, gram, second) and SI (meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela) When writing the units of measurement in word form they should never be capitalized: hertz (Hz), ampere (A), tesla (T), ohm Ω, henry (H) Indicate multiplication by a raised dot ( ) and division by a slash (/): 10 W/Hz 150 V s 10 Complementary Material It is common to misuse words and phrases in spoken English, but the scientific language is precise and the usage of words must be correct, and redundancies must be avoided. Commonly misused words and phrases a large number of many a lot of many as a general rule like as shown in Table 10 Table 10 shows at this point in time at this time, now be considered as as by means of by despite the fact that although, even though during the course of during exhibits the ability can has been widely acknowledged is has proved itself to be has proved, is have discussion of discuss in many cases often in order to to in some cases, in other cases sometimes in the course of during in the event that if 10
11 in the form of as in the near future soon, or exact date in the vicinity of near is equipped with has, contains it is clear that clearly know-how skill, ability kind of, sort of rather, somehow, somewhat on an annual basis yearly on the occasion of when prior to that time before start off start subsequent to after take action act the reason why is that because until such time as until with reference to about with the result that so that deemed it necessary to eliminate it has been shown that eliminate it is found that eliminate it is recognized that eliminate it is worthy of note that eliminate it may be mentioned that eliminate it may me seen that eliminate it must be remembered that eliminate thanking you in advance for your cooperation eliminate in fact that eliminate what is known as eliminate such (of this kind) it 11
12 Redundancies that should be avoided absolutely essential essential actual experience experience adding together adding advance plan plan an honor and a privilege an honor any and all any balance against one another balance by means of by cancel out cancel consecutive in a row consecutive continue on - continue current status status different varieties varieties equally as well equally final outcome outcome first and foremost first first introduction introduction first priority priority goals and objectives goals in close proximity close joined together joined mixed together mixed mutual cooperation cooperation necessary requisite requisite one and the same the same overall plan plan past history history personal opinion opinion physical size size point in time time reason why reason 12
13 refer back to refer to repeat again repeat small in size small take action act this particular instance this instance this particular time now triangular in shape triangular true facts facts uniformly consistent consistent whether or not whether you may or may not know you may know where (after an equation) in which Latin terms and abbreviations ca. circa (about, approximately) cf. confer (compare) e.g. exempli gratia (for example) et al. et alii, et aliae, et alia (and others) etc. et cetera (and other things, and so on) et seq. et sequientes (and the following) f.v. folio verso (on the back of the page) ibid. ibidem (in the same place) id. idem (the same) i.e. id est (that is) inf. infra (below) loc. cit. loco citato (in the place cited) n.b. nota bene (note well) op. cit. opere citato (in the work cited) Q.E.D. quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) q.v. quod vide (which see, a reference to another part of a published work) [sic] sic (so, thus, inserted in brackets) sup. supra (above) s.v. sub verbo, sub voce (under the word) 13
14 ut sup. ut supra (as above) v. or vs. versus viz. videlicet (namely) vs. versus (inverted, against) 11 Reference Material Periodicals and handbooks IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication Published since 1958 to improve professional communication among the IEEE members The Elements of Style, by Strunk and White (Macmillan, 1979) A good reference for a quick tutorial. Everybody should read this book, which tells about English prose writing in general A Handbook for Scholars by Mary-Claire van Leunen (Knopf, 1978). This well-written book is a real pleasure to read, in spite of its unexciting title. It explains the use of footnotes, references and quotations, instead of the old-fashioned op. cit. way Writing Mathematics Well by Leonard Gillman. Mathematical Association of America Gillman s book refers to the three previous classics in the field: An article by Harley Flanders, Amer. Math. Monthly, 1971, pp Another by R. P. Boas in the same journal, 1981, pp There s also a nice booklet called How to Write Mathematics, published by the American Mathematical Society in 1973, especially the essay by Paul R. Halmos on pp Mathematical Writing, by Donald E. Knuth, Tracy Larrabee, Paul M. Roberts. Mathematical Association of America, 1989 This book is based on a course given by Donald Knuth at Stanford University. It discusses technical writing and presentation of mathematics and computer science, including preparation of theses, papers, and books Reference books Handbook of Technical Writing, Gerald J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, Walter. E. Oliu. St. Martin s Press, New York, 2006 Highly recommended; complete handbook on technical writing; entries arranged in alphabetical order; excellent index; English as a second language guidance; includes succinct guide to the writing process. Supporting material at bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/alredtech An Outline of Scientific Writing: For Researchers With English as a Foreign Language, J. T. Yang. World Scientific, 1995 May be especially useful to English as a second language writers MIT Guide to Science and Engineering Communication, J. G. Paradis and M. L. Zimmerman. MIT, Cambridge,
15 Discusses all types of technical communication and includes a list of 27 guidelines for style and usage How to Read a Book, Mortimer Adler and Charles van Doren. MJF Books, New York, USA, ISBN A classic book describing the four stages of reading, includes a list of relevant books. English for Electrical Engineers, by James MacAllister and Giorgio Madama. Longman, The book presents and analyzes interesting texts, in increasing order of difficulty, along with language tips and grammar Scientific Style in English, Marcelo S. Alencar. To be published in Discusses scientific, mathematical and technical reading and writing, and includes essential information on preparation of books and oral presentation. The book also explains the use of L A TEX. Popular words and spelling The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Instead of the historical words found in the previously mentioned dictionaries, this one has the popular words explained in very simple English Webster s New Word Speller Divider. People who do not spell well find this book to be quite useful Roget s Thesaurus. This book is a synonym dictionary. Use it if you know that a word exists but you have forgotten it or when you want to avoid repetition, to define a new technical term or a new name for a paper The Secretary s Quick Reference Handbook, by Sheryl L. Lindsell. Arco, 1989, New York This is a simplified and easy-to-use manual to correct writing. The TEX and L A TEX reference books The TEXbook (Computers & Typesetting), by Donald E. Knuth. Addison-Wesley Professional. 1984, New York, United States. This is the reference book on TEX LATEX A Document Preparation System (2nd Edition), by Leslie Lamport Addison-Wesley Series on Tools and Techniques for Computer T, 1994, New York, United States. This is the reference book on L A TEX 15
16 Dictionaries Webster s Dictionary of English Usage, 1989 A dictionary is always a wonderful resource. This edition goes well beyond the American Heritage usage notes. It is filled with choice examples Webster s Standard American Style Manual. Merrian-Webster Inc. 1985, Springfield, United States A practical guide to the conventions of the English language, which offers concise and comprehensive descriptions of the rules to prepare documentation that is clear and consistent. The Oxford English Dictionary (usually called the OED). This is a useful reference book The OED Supplement. The supplement brings the OED up to date. The supplement comes in four volumes The American Heritage Dictionary This dictionary contains usage notes and an appendix with Indo-European root words Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus, can be found at Useful, gives etymology and pronunciation of words Wordsmyth Dictionary and Thesaurus, can be found at Very useful, although definitions are brief, it identifies parts of speech Dictionaries and grammars The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Style and Usage, by Mary A. DeVries. Berkley Books, 1999, New York, United States A compact dictionary, with cross-references in place of a traditional subject index. The Oxford English Dictionary of English Grammar, by Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner. Oxford University Press. 1994, London, United Kingdom This is a very useful reference book Modern Grammar, by Paul Roberts. Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. 1968, New York, United States This book presents the sentence-producing mechanism and examines the skeleton of the English sentence Recommended guides to writing The Elements of Technical Writing. Gary Blake and Robert W. Bly. Macmillan United States A concise reference text with useful information on clear writing and punctuation The Canadian Style A Guide to Writing and Editing, by Dundurn Press Limited in cooperation with Public Works and Government Services Canada. 1997, Toronto, Canada 16
17 A reference text with useful information for public servants on standards, recommendations and information to ensure quality in their writing The Broadview Pocket Guide to Writing. Doug Babington and Don LePan. Broadview Press, Canada This book addresses the specialized writing problems of professionals, including information on units of measurement, equations and symbols, principles of technical communication, and how to write proposals, articles, reports and manuals Recommended online writing guides Mayfield Handbook of Technical and Scientific Writing. L. C. Perelman, J. Paradis, and E. Barrett; mit.imoat.net/handbook/home.htm Recommended as a complete guide to technical writing from MIT; concise explanation of most aspects of technical writing. It gives English as a Second Language (ESL) pointers Online Writing Lab (OWL). owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts Guide to effective writing at college level. Includes grammar and punctuation with exercises and ESL Supporting material for Handbook of Technical Writing. Alred et al.; bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/ alredtech Grammar, Punctuation, and Capitalization: A Handbook for Technical Writers and Editors. stipo.larc.nasa.gov/sp7084 NASA Report. Hypertext or PDF. Includes rules for technical writing AIP Style Manual. public.lanl.gov/kmh/aip Style 4thed.html American Institute of Physics gives stylistic guidance, especially relevant to physics articles LATEX Style Guide for the Journal of Integer Sequences Version 1.10 Writing references Bartleby Classic Online Books A good collection of writers aids, that includes the American Heritage Dictionary, Roget s Thesaurus, quotations, and more: American Heritage Dictionary. Elements of Style. classic handbook, written by William Strunk in 1918 King s English. by H. W. Fowler (1908), another classic Writing Research Papers A Complete Guide, by James D. Lester. Scott, Foresman and Company, 1984, Glenview, United States A guide for college and university students inexperienced in research paper writing How to Edit a Scientific Journal, by Claude T. Bishop. ISI Press, 1984, Philadelphia, United States 17
Index. 344 Grammar and Language Workbook, Grade 8
Index Index 343 Index A A, an (usage), 8, 123 A, an, the (articles), 8, 123 diagraming, 205 Abbreviations, correct use of, 18 19, 273 Abstract nouns, defined, 4, 63 Accept, except, 12, 227 Action verbs,More information
10th Grade Language. Goal ISAT% Objective Description (with content limits) Vocabulary Words
Standard 3: Writing Process 3.1: Prewrite 58-69% 10.LA.3.1.2 Generate a main idea or thesis appropriate to a type of writing. (753.02.b) Items may include a specified purpose, audience, and writing outline.More information
Minnesota K-12 Academic Standards in Language Arts Curriculum and Assessment Alignment Form Rewards Intermediate Grades 4-6
Minnesota K-12 Academic Standards in Language Arts Curriculum and Assessment Alignment Form Rewards Intermediate Grades 4-6 4 I. READING AND LITERATURE A. Word Recognition, Analysis, and Fluency The studentMore information
St Patrick s College Maynooth. Faculty of Theology. Essay Writing Guidelines for Students in BD, BATh, BTh, and Higher Diploma in Theological Studies
St Patrick s College Maynooth Faculty of Theology Essay Writing Guidelines for Students in BD, BATh, BTh, and Higher Diploma in Theological Studies Academic Year 2014-15 Introduction This brief essay isMore information
A + dvancer College Readiness Online Alignment to Florida PERT
A + dvancer College Readiness Online Alignment to Florida PERT Area Objective ID Topic Subject Activity Mathematics Math MPRC1 Equations: Solve linear in one variable College Readiness-Arithmetic SolvingMore information
Coffeyville Community College PREP-009 COURSE SYLLABUS FOR WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS Ryan Butcher Instructor COURSE NUMBER: PREP-009 COURSE TITLE: Written Communications CREDIT HOURS: 3 INSTRUCTOR: OFFICEMore information
Livingston Public Schools Scope and Sequence K 6 Grammar and Mechanics
Grade and Unit Timeframe Grammar Mechanics K Unit 1 6 weeks Oral grammar naming words K Unit 2 6 weeks Oral grammar Capitalization of a Name action words K Unit 3 6 weeks Oral grammar sentences SentenceMore information
VA English Standards of Learning Related to Spelling. Kindergarten
VA English Standards of Learning Related to Spelling Kindergarten K.4 The student will identify, say, segment, and blend various units of speech sounds. a) Begin to discriminate between spoken sentences,More information
FUNCTIONAL SKILLS ENGLISH - WRITING LEVEL 2 MARK SCHEME Instructions to marker There are 30 marks available for each of the three tasks, which should be marked separately, resulting in a total of 90 marks.More information
English Appendix 2: Vocabulary, grammar and punctuation
English Appendix 2: Vocabulary, grammar and punctuation The grammar of our first language is learnt naturally and implicitly through interactions with other speakers and from reading. Explicit knowledgeMore information
Albert Pye and Ravensmere Schools Grammar Curriculum
Albert Pye and Ravensmere Schools Grammar Curriculum Introduction The aim of our schools own grammar curriculum is to ensure that all relevant grammar content is introduced within the primary years inMore information
LANGUAGE! 4 th Edition, Levels A C, correlated to the South Carolina College and Career Readiness Standards, Grades 3 5
Page 1 of 57 Grade 3 Reading Literary Text Principles of Reading (P) Standard 1: Demonstrate understanding of the organization and basic features of print. Standard 2: Demonstrate understanding of spokenMore information
Ask your teacher about any which you aren t sure of, especially any differences.
Punctuation in Academic Writing Academic punctuation presentation/ Defining your terms practice Choose one of the things below and work together to describe its form and uses in as much detail as possible,More information
National Curriculum 2014 Literacy Objectives Spoken language Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6
Spoken language -structured descriptions, explanations and narratives for different purposes, including for expressing feelings ng, hypothesising, imagining and exploring ideas to comments the interestMore information
FORMAT GUIDELINES FOR DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS. Northwestern University The Graduate School Last revised 1/23/2015
FORMAT GUIDELINES FOR DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS Northwestern University The Graduate School Last revised 1/23/2015 Formatting questions not addressed in this document should be directed to Student Services,More information
Meeting the Standard in North Carolina
KINDERGARTEN 1.02 Demonstrate understanding of the sounds of letters and understanding that words begin and end alike (onsets and rhymes). 1.03 Recognize and name upper and lower case letters of the alphabet.More information
A Brief Introduction to Mathematical Writing
A Brief Introduction to Mathematical Writing William J. Turner August 26, 2009 1 Introduction Mathematics is not just about computation. It is about ideas, knowledge, learning, understanding, and perception.More information
Pupil SPAG Card 1. Terminology for pupils. I Can Date Word
Pupil SPAG Card 1 1 I know about regular plural noun endings s or es and what they mean (for example, dog, dogs; wish, wishes) 2 I know the regular endings that can be added to verbs (e.g. helping, helped,More information
Office of Research and Graduate Studies
Office of Research and Graduate Studies Duncan Hayse, MA, MFA Coordinator Theses, Doctoral Projects, and Dissertations CONTACT: http://www.uiw.edu/orgs/writing/index.html email@example.com APA review forMore information
Quick Introduction to APA Style For Use in Speech-Language Pathology
Quick Introduction to APA Style For Use in Speech-Language Pathology NOTE: All text is taken from: American Psychological Association (1997). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.More information
A Writer s Reference, Seventh Edition Diana Hacker Nancy Sommers
A Writer s Reference, Seventh Edition Diana Hacker Nancy Sommers What s new on the companion Web site? hackerhandbooks.com/writersref The companion Web site for A Writer s Reference, Seventh Edition, nowMore information
EDITING YOUR THESIS Some useful pointers. Editing is all about making it easy for the reader to read your work.
EDITING YOUR THESIS Some useful pointers What is involved? Editing is all about making it easy for the reader to read your work. The editing process involves looking at the work in three distinct ways:More information
MyReadinessTest for English & Mathematics
MyReadinessTest for English & Mathematics Writing Content Library Topics & Objectives Module 1) Basic Grammar Topic: 1.1: Parts of Speech, Phrases, Clauses 1. Identify how different parts of speech functionMore information
PTE Academic Preparation Course Outline
PTE Academic Preparation Course Outline August 2011 V2 Pearson Education Ltd 2011. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of Pearson Education Ltd. Introduction TheMore information
APA-Style Guidelines. Content
APA-Style Guidelines Content 1. Capitalization... 2 2. Decimal Fractions... 3 3. Statistical Symbols... 3 4. In-Text Citations... 3 5. Reference List... 5 Author Names... 5 Titles... 6 Reference Format...More information
Online Resources to Help Students Review for the VPT-English
This document is intended to help students review for the VPT-English Test. It should prove useful whether students use these resources before or after taking the VPT-English Practice Test. The documentMore information
No Evidence. 8.9 f X
Section I. Correlation with the 2010 English Standards of Learning and Curriculum Framework- Grade 8 Writing Summary Adequate Rating Limited No Evidence Section I. Correlation with the 2010 English StandardsMore information
Guidelines for Ethical Editing of Theses / Dissertations
Editors Association of Canada / Association canadienne des réviseurs Guidelines for Ethical Editing of Theses / Dissertations Introduction Academia uses theses as one way of testing the ability of students,More information
Common Core Progress English Language Arts
[ SADLIER Common Core Progress English Language Arts Aligned to the [ Florida Next Generation GRADE 6 Sunshine State (Common Core) Standards for English Language Arts Contents 2 Strand: Reading StandardsMore information
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. Standards Writing Manual for ASCE Standards Committees. Prepared by ASCE Codes and Standards Committee
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS Standards Writing Manual for ASCE Standards Committees Prepared by ASCE Codes and Standards Committee Revised August 20, 2010 Contents Section Page 1.0 Scope, purpose,More information
Little Gaddesden School Grammar, spelling and punctuation workshop
Little Gaddesden School Grammar, spelling and punctuation workshop Grammar, spelling and punctuation (SPAG) are key areas in the teaching of English. We aim to improve writing through improving sentenceMore information
Student Guide for Usage of Criterion
Student Guide for Usage of Criterion Criterion is an Online Writing Evaluation service offered by ETS. It is a computer-based scoring program designed to help you think about your writing process and communicateMore information
Pennsylvania Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening Grades 6-10 Standards Mapping Boardworks 2010
Pennsylvania Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening Grades 610 Standards Mapping Boardworks 2010 1.5 Quality of Writing Grade 6 (2009) 1.5. Quality of Writing Students write clear and focused text toMore information
Accounting Review (The)
Accounting Review (The) 1 ADDRESS FOR SUBMISSION: Terry Shevlin, Editor Accounting Review (The) University of Washington Business School Department of Accounting Box 353200 Seattle, WA 98195-3200 USA Phone:More information
BURSTED WOOD PRIMARY SCHOOL Year 6 English Medium Term Plans Reading Word Objectives apply their growing knowledge of root words prefixes and suffixes (morphology and etymology), as listed under the spellingMore information
Guide to Prospectus Writing
Guide to Prospectus Writing Dean Wheeler 2009 This brief guide is provided to aid my graduate students in writing the M.S. or Ph.D. prospectus required by the BYU Chemical Engineering Department. It supplementsMore information
Guidelines for the master s thesis
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING Guidelines for the master s thesis 1. Introduction Every master s degree requires the fulfillment of a master s thesis. The master s thesis consists of a personal and original manuscriptMore information
EDITING STYLES FOR THESES/DISSERTATIONS SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY AND A&M COLLEGE OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES EDITING YOUR THESIS/DISSERTATION What is Involved? Editing is all about making it easy for the readerMore information
Year 1 reading expectations (New Curriculum) Year 1 writing expectations (New Curriculum)
Year 1 reading expectations Year 1 writing expectations Responds speedily with the correct sound to graphemes (letters or groups of letters) for all 40+ phonemes, including, where applicable, alternativeMore information
Grade 5 Reading and Literature Objectives
Grade 5 Reading and Literature Objectives STATE GOAL 1: Reading with understanding and fluency. 1A. Apply word analysis and vocabulary skills to comprehend selections. 1.A.2a Read and comprehend unfamiliarMore information
IB Business & Management. Internal Assessment. HL Guide Book
IB Business & Management Internal Assessment HL Guide Book And Summer Assignment 2012-2013 1 Summer 2012 Summer Reading Assignment-You must read and complete the following assignments: 1. Select one ofMore information
Bauer College of Business Writing Style Guide
Bauer College of Business Writing Style Guide This guide is intended to help you adopt a style of written communication that is appropriate for the real world of business. It is not intended to replaceMore information
TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING GUIDELINES Prepared by LEAH M. AKINS and JEFFERSON H. AKINS for TECHNICAL/ENGINEERING STUDENTS ABSTRACT This document specifies the recommended format to be used when submittingMore information
3. The agreed limits should be the basis of the editor s contract with the author.
Editors Association of Canada Guidelines for Editing Theses APPROVED June 2006 The Editors Association of Canada/Association canadienne des réviseurs has developed these guidelines to aid its members andMore information
What the National Curriculum requires in reading at Y5 and Y6
What the National Curriculum requires in reading at Y5 and Y6 Word reading apply their growing knowledge of root words, prefixes and suffixes (morphology and etymology), as listed in Appendix 1 of theMore information
Writing Academic Essays at University. Philip Seaton, Hokkaido University
Writing Academic Essays at University Philip Seaton, Hokkaido University Writing Academic Essays at University Page 2/ What is Research? Video 1 In this video series, I will be introducing you to the basicsMore information
Listening Speaking Reading Writing
Advanced CB 21 A One level Assess descriptions and narrations of factual and technical materials. Discriminate for accurate information while taking notes of a complex discourse. Assess the essential messageMore information
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE. Written and oral reporting Guidelines for engineering students
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE Written and oral reporting Guidelines for engineering students Contents 1 Written communication... 4 1.1 Basic steps in the writing process... 5 1.2 Report writing: structureMore information
DRAFT. Style Guide of the. Legal Writing: The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute. Prepared by Brooke Bowman Assistant Editor in Chief
DRAFT Style Guide of the Legal Writing: The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute Prepared by Brooke Bowman Assistant Editor in Chief Legal Writing: The Journal of the Legal Writing Institute DRAFT TABLEMore information
ENG 110 English Composition I. Instructor: Mrs. Emily Brady, Salisbury-Elk Lick High School, room 105
ENG 110 English Composition I Instructor: Mrs. Emily Brady, Salisbury-Elk Lick High School, room 105 Credits: 3 Pre-requisite(s): Placement Testing Co-requisite(s): None Course Description: English CompositionMore information
Prof. Dr. Dr. Fabian Jintae Froese Guidelines for seminar / bachelor / master theses Chair of Human Resource Management and Asian Business
Prof. Dr. Dr. Fabian Jintae Froese Guidelines for seminar / bachelor / master theses Chair of Human Resource Management and Asian Business (last update: 10/2012) Contents 1 General information about seminarMore information
Grade 3 Reading and Literature Objectives
Grade 3 Reading and Literature Objectives STATE GOAL 1: Reading with understanding and fluency. 1A. Apply word analysis and vocabulary skills to comprehend selections. 1.A.2a Read and comprehend unfamiliarMore information
EDITING AND PROOFREADING. Read the following statements and identify if they are true (T) or false (F).
EDITING AND PROOFREADING Use this sheet to help you: recognise what is involved in editing and proofreading develop effective editing and proofreading techniques 5 minute self test Read the following statementsMore information
Report Writing Guidelines and Checklist for Revising
Writing Support Services, Student Success Centre ucalgary.ca/ssc/writing-support Report Writing Guidelines and Checklist for Revising The guidelines presented here should give you an idea of general conventionsMore information
THESIS AND DISSERTATION FORMATTING GUIDE GRADUATE SCHOOL A Guide to the Preparation and Submission of Thesis and Dissertation Manuscripts in Electronic Form August 2015 Revised Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1005More information
Presenting survey results Report writing
Presenting survey results Report writing Introduction Report writing is one of the most important components in the survey research cycle. Survey findings need to be presented in a way that is readableMore information
50 Writing Tips For Commercial Lawyers
50 Writing Tips For Commercial Lawyers Robert E. Crotty Good legal writing is clear, concise, candid, and cogent. Robert E. Crotty is a partner with the New York office of Kelley Drye & Warren. He focusesMore information
Grade 4 Reading and Literature Objectives
Grade 4 Reading and Literature Objectives STATE GOAL 1: Reading with understanding and fluency. 1A. Apply word analysis and vocabulary skills to comprehend selections. 1.A.2a Read and comprehend unfamiliarMore information
AUTHOR GUIDELINES Handbook Articles
Handbook Articles Table of Contents I. Manuscript Submission 2 II. Article Structure 2 III. Figures, Tables, Audio Files, and Videos 3 IV. Style Preferences 4 V. Formatting 5 VI. Reference Style 5 I. ManuscriptMore information
Appalachian State University Master of Public Administration Program Writing Guide
Appalachian State University Master of Public Administration Program Writing Guide Introduction Students should use the following guidelines to complete written assignments in the Appalachian State UniversityMore information
Review Your Thesis or Dissertation
Review Your Thesis or Dissertation This document shows the formatting requirements for UBC theses. Theses must follow these guidelines in order to be accepted at the Faculty of Graduate and PostdoctoralMore information
Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology Dissertation Format Requirements Manual. APA 6 th edition format
Pepperdine University Graduate School of Education and Psychology Dissertation Format Requirements Manual APA 6 th edition format Version 10/29/2010 Table of Contents A. PEPPERDINE UNIVERSITY FORMAT...More information
SIXTH GRADE UNIT 1. Reading: Literature
Reading: Literature Writing: Narrative RL.6.1 RL.6.2 RL.6.3 RL.6.4 RL.6.5 RL.6.6 RL.6.7 W.6.3 SIXTH GRADE UNIT 1 Key Ideas and Details Cite textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitlyMore information
The College Standard
The College Standard Writing College Papers: Identifying Standards and Critical Thinking Challenges Building Blocks Grammar Vocabulary Questions The Goals of Academic Writing Thesis Argument Research PlagiarismMore information
CST and CAHSEE Academic Vocabulary
CST and CAHSEE Academic Vocabulary Grades K 12 Math and ELA This document references Academic Language used in the Released Test Questions from the 2008 posted CAHSEE Released Test Questions (RTQs) andMore information
Technical Writing Course
Abelard Consulting Technical Writing Course get brochure book online home page Abelard Consulting is of the view that giving participants in a training course just the presentation slides to take awayMore information
Technical Writing Guidelines. September 1, 2004
Technical Writing Guidelines September 1, 2004 Copyright 2004 by The Natchez Group Inc., dba TechProse. All rights reserved. The information disclosed herein is proprietary information owned by The NatchezMore information
Differences Between Editing and Proofreading. AMWA s 73rd Annual Conference Columbus, Ohio Friday, November 8, 2013
Differences Between Editing and Proofreading Melissa L. Bogen, ELS AMWA s 73rd Annual Conference Columbus, Ohio Friday, November 8, 2013 My Background Launched Bogen Editorial Services, 1997 Joined EFA,More information
Adoption Date: July 22, 2013
Grade 4 Language Standards : Conventions of Standard English Essential Questions: 1. Why is it important to have command of Standard English conventions? 2. How do I determine the meaning of an unfamiliarMore information
Please see current textbook prices at www.rcgc.bncollege.com
ENG235: AMERICAN FILM CLASSICS SYLLABUS LECTURE HOURS/CREDITS: 3/3 CATALOG DESCRIPTION Prerequisite: ENG101 English Composition I This survey of the American film industry emphasizes its development asMore information
Communication Arts: Informative, persuasive, entertaining, formal, informal
Communication Arts: Grade Level: 5 Content Standards Communication Arts Content Standard 1 Speaking and Listening Students know and understand the role of the communication process and demonstrate effectiveMore information
Writing Standard Articulated by Grade Level Grade 3. Strand 1: Writing Process
Strand 1: Writing Process Research has established the major steps of the writing process. These steps are identified in the five concepts of this strand, each supported with specific performance objectives.More information
Virginia English Standards of Learning Grade 8
A Correlation of Prentice Hall Writing Coach 2012 To the Virginia English Standards of Learning A Correlation of, 2012, Introduction This document demonstrates how, 2012, meets the objectives of the. CorrelationMore information
Secure Computer Systems
Secure Computer Systems Syllabus MCIS - 0683 Fall 2007 Glenn Allan Stout, Ph.D. Graduate School of Computer and Information Sciences Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale, FL Course Syllabus MCISMore information
Guide for writing assignment reports
l TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE University of Twente Department of Electrical Engineering Chair for Telecommunication Engineering Guide for writing assignment reports by A.B.C. SurnameMore information
Writing Common Core KEY WORDS
Writing Common Core KEY WORDS An educator's guide to words frequently used in the Common Core State Standards, organized by grade level in order to show the progression of writing Common Core vocabularyMore information
Wine Business Case Research Journal Format Guidelines. Submission Checklist
1 Submission Checklist Spell Check Omit Author Information Optional Media File Run a final spell check with proofing language set to English (US) before submitting! Delete author identification from theMore information
DEPARTMENT OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES DISSERTATION FORMATTING. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, sixth edition
DEPARTMENT OF LEADERSHIP STUDIES DISSERTATION FORMATTING The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, sixth edition (American Psychological Association, 2010, ISBN # 1-4338-0561-8),More information
Library, Teaching and Learning. Writing Essays. and other assignments. 2013 Lincoln University
Library, Teaching and Learning Writing Essays and other assignments 2013 Lincoln University Writing at University During your degree at Lincoln University you will complete essays, reports, and other kindsMore information
ONLINE ENGLISH LANGUAGE RESOURCES Developed and updated by C. Samuel for students taking courses at the English and French Language Centre, Faculty of Arts (Links live as at November 2, 2009) DictionariesMore information
Written Language Curriculum Planning Manual 3LIT3390
Written Language Curriculum Planning Manual 3LIT3390 TABLE OF CONTENTS Language Usage Curriculum... 1 Language Usage I... 2 Language Usage II... 4 Language Usage III... 6 Language Usage IV... 8 LanguageMore information
COM207: CREATIVE WRITING: FICTION SYLLABUS LECTURE HOURS/CREDITS: 3/3 CATALOG DESCRIPTION Prerequisite: ENG101 English Composition I Students study a variety of short fiction for story structure and writeMore information
the treasure of lemon brown by walter dean myers
the treasure of lemon brown by walter dean myers item analysis for all grade 7 standards: vocabulary, reading, writing, conventions item analysis for all grade 8 standards: vocabulary, reading, writing,More information
GUIDELINES FOR ACADEMIC ESSAYS. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, LATIN AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, LANGARA COLLEGE January, 2012
GUIDELINES FOR ACADEMIC ESSAYS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY, LATIN AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, LANGARA COLLEGE January, 2012 Introduction As a student in the History/Latin/Political Science department, you will invariablyMore information
Focus: Reading Unit of Study: Research & Media Literary; Informational Text; Biographies and Autobiographies
3 rd Grade Reading and Writing TEKS 3 rd Nine Weeks Focus: Reading Unit of Study: Research & Media Literary; Informational Text; Biographies and Autobiographies Figure 19: Reading/Comprehension Skills.More information
Communication Situations
Communication Situations Communication Situations This section uses common writing situations to recommend specific modules that are most relevant to that job task. Course Titles Avoiding Errors in UsageMore information
Action verb: A verb that describes an action. The action can be a physical action or a mind action.
Action verb: A verb that describes an action. The action can be a physical action or a mind action. Adjective: An adjective modifi es (describes) a noun or pronoun. It tells what kind, how many, or whichMore information
Grades 9-10 Learning Targets and I Can Statements. Quarter 1. Provide an objective summary of the text.
Grades 9-10 Learning Targets and I Can Statements Quarter 1 Provide an objective summary of the text. I can identify first person point of view. I can identify third person-limited point of view. I canMore information
Guidelines for Authors
Guidelines for Authors The South African Journal of Science accepts articles from any source on the understanding that they are the original work of the authors named and that they are being offered onlyMore information
Ongoing Student Learning Expectations to be Addressed Each Nine Weeks
W.4.2.1 Contribute to a writer s notebook (i.e., interesting words or phrases, books or experiences that spark an interest, etc.) Northwest Arkansas Instructional Alignment English Language Arts GradeMore information
Meeting the Standard in Oregon
KINDERGARTEN Concepts of Print Decoding and Word Recognition Listen to and Read Informational and Narrative Text Read to Perform a Task Speaking Distinguish letters from words. Recognize and name all uppercaseMore information
Learning Development Unit. A Little Guide to REPORT WRITING
Learning Development Unit A Little Guide to REPORT WRITING 2009 What is a report? Reports originate from the business environment. They are formal documents used to convey an idea, message or analysisMore information
Use the Academic Word List vocabulary to make tips on Academic Writing. Use some of the words below to give advice on good academic writing.
Use the Academic Word List vocabulary to make tips on Academic Writing Use some of the words below to give advice on good academic writing. abstract accompany accurate/ accuracy/ inaccurate/ inaccuracyMore information
GRADUATE DEGREE REQUIREMENTS INSTRUCTIONS FOR DOCTORAL DISSERTATION AND MASTER S THESIS PREPARATION March 2015 General Guidelines for Formatting Dissertation or Thesis In formatting your dissertation orMore information
Common Core State Standards Grades 9-10 ELA/History/Social Studies
Common Core State Standards Grades 9-10 ELA/History/Social Studies ELA 9-10 1 Responsibility Requires Action. Responsibility is the active side of morality: doing what I should do, what I said I wouldMore information
Salem Community College
Salem Community College Course Title: Business and Occupational Writing Course Code: ENG122 Lecture Hours: 3 Lab Hours: 0 Credits: 3 Course Description: ENG 122 is designed to help students improve theirMore information
Unit: Fever, Fire and Fashion Term: Spring 1 Year: 5
Unit: Fever, Fire and Fashion Term: Spring 1 Year: 5 English Fever, Fire and Fashion Unit Summary In this historical Unit pupils learn about everyday life in London during the 17 th Century. Frost fairs,More information
Running head: EXAMPLE APA STYLE PAPER 1. Example of an APA Style Paper. Justine Berry. Austin Peay State University
Running head: EXAMPLE APA STYLE PAPER 1 Example of an APA Style Paper Justine Berry Austin Peay State University EXAMPLE APA STYLE PAPER 2 Abstract APA format is the official style used by the AmericanMore information
FGSR Minimum Thesis Formatting Requirements
FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH FGSR Minimum Thesis Formatting Requirements As of April 3, 2014 Your thesis is your work. Matters of style are matters for you to decide, subject to certain minimumMore information
Determine two or more main ideas of a text and use details from the text to support the answer
Strand: Reading Nonfiction Topic (INCCR): Main Idea 5.RN.2.2 In addition to, in-depth inferences and applications that go beyond 3.5 In addition to score performance, in-depth inferences and applicationsMore information


text:
Hearn: I'm here to stop West Ham
Filed: Tuesday, 18th October 2011
By: Staff Writer
Leyton Orient chairman Barry Hearn has admitted that the driving force behind his Olympic Stadium campaign is to prevent West Ham United from taking occupancy.
Hearn, speaking with BBC FiveLive ahead of West Ham's Championship clash with Southampton tonight also revealed that he wouldn't consider moving Orient to Stratford should the current plans to make the stadium a 60,000 seater venue post next summer's games be adhered to.
"My whole driving force behind this is I totally believe that if West Ham take occupancy [of the Olympic Stadium], Leyton Orient will go out of business," he said. "I don't believe enough people have spent enough time thinking about us.
"Obviously we don't want West Ham on our doorstep so we'd like the opportunity to bid. But there is no way that Orient will move in as a football club and play with 50 yards of athletics track between the fans and the footballers.
"But if we do it and can restrict the capacity down to the original plan of 25,000, we're players."
Hearn also raised the possibility of reaching agreement with, "a consortium of people interested in a variety of sports", with whom to share use of the £500million stadium - echoing West Ham's previously accepted proposal which included Newham Council (whom he suggested had "thrown the towel in"), Essex Cricket Club plus a worldwide concert promoter.
Despite having been partly responsible for the breakdown in the previous process by continuing to proceed with legal action against the OPLC's decision to award use of the stadium to West Ham United - a stance that could hit the taxpayer with an unexpected £95million bill - Hearn claimed that forcing a new completely new application process would actually be for the benefit of the public purse.
"It gives us the chance to create a better funding vehicle so that the whole episode does not come at a huge cost to the public purse in these difficult times," the former accountant surmised, without a trace of irony.
"I'm more hopeful now the whole thing has blown up that people will exercise a little more common sense and a little more restraint when it comes to spending the Government's money. This is my primary concern.
"We've all got to pull in the same direction. We don't want anything to detract from the spirit of the Olympic Games."
Related NewsAnyone for Sakho? [28th Jul 2017]
Antonio to miss start of season [27th Jul 2017]
PL2 fixtures released [27th Jul 2017]
Cottee backs Wilshere bid [23rd Jul 2017]
Hart reflects on 'awesome' opportunity [18th Jul 2017]
Di Canio: West Ham til I die [18th Jul 2017]
Hart set for medical ahead of loan switch [16th Jul 2017]
Giroud deal dead (and other stories) [14th Jul 2017]
In brief - Friday's news round-up [14th Jul 2017]
Brady OS video goes viral [13th Jul 2017]
Your Comments
Please note that this section is for comments relating to the above news item only. Any off-topic or abusive posts will be removed. Posts including either links and/or foul language are automatically filtered and will not be published. To engage in further discussion on any of our news stories, visit the KUMB Forums.
Not a member of the KUMB Forums? You may register for free membership here.

subset: commoncrawl