text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Mar 26, 1991
|Filing date
|May 11, 1989
|Priority date
|May 18, 1988
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Christoph G. Leussler
|Original Assignee
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (4), Referenced by (30), Classifications (12), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus, comprising an RF coil system connectable to an RF transmitter and/or an RF receiver.
2. Prior Art
It is known that upon reception of spin resonance signals the signal-to-noise ratio deteriorates as the magnetic flux density of the steady, uniform magnetic field to which the examination zone is exposed during magnetic resonance imaging decreases. In order to achieve an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio in magnetic resonance imaging apparatus with a low magnetic flux density, it is important that the RF coil system detecting the spin resonance signals has a high Q and a high sensitivity. It is known that a so-called solenoid coil comprising an adequate number of turns has such properties. However, the number of turns may only be chosen to be so large that the length of the conductor used to wind the coil amounts to less than one quarter wavelength of the operating frequency, and is preferably small in comparison therewith.
To this end, Murton and Neale disclose a coil system in which two coils, comprising three turns each are connected in parallel. Because of inevitable coil capacitances, however, the self-resonant frequency thereof is still comparatively low; this may give rise to wave propagation effects, causing increased dielectric losses and hence a decreased Q.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an RF coil system for a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus which has an improved signal-to-noise ratio and a relatively high Q factor, even in the case of comparatively low resonance frequencies. This object is achieved in accordance with the invention in that the RF coil system comprises a plurality of resonators which are tuned to the same frequency, each resonator comprising a conductor loop which consists of one or more parts and whose ends are capacitively coupled to one another, resonators which are not conductively connected to one another being inductively coupled to one another, one of the resonators being connectable to the RF transmitter or the RF receiver.
The invention thus utilizes a number of resonators, each of which is formed by a conductor loop, said resonators generally being tuned to the same frequency by means of an additional capacitor. The individual resonators are not conductively connected to one another, but are inductively coupled to one another. Only one of the resonators is connected to the RF transmitter or the RF receiver during operation. Consequently, as regards wave propagation effects and the associated dielectric losses such an RF coil system behaves as an RF coil comprising only a single turn; however, in as far as sensitivity is concerned it acts as a solenoid coil whose number of turns corresponds to the number of resonators.
An RF coil system in acordance with the invention has as many modes of oscillation as there are resonators. In one mode of oscillation the currents flow in the same direction in all resonators. This mode of oscillation relates to the lowest resonance frequency which is lower than the frequency to which the individual resonators are tuned. In another mode of oscillation, the currents in spatially neighbouring resonators always flow in opposite directions. In this mode of oscillation the highest resonance frequency is obtained, which frequency exceeds the frequency whereto the resonators are tuned. This mode of oscillation can be activated only by applying a current having the relevant frequency to one of the resonators; however, it cannot be initiated by an external uniform RF field. Therefore, when an RF coil system in accordance with the invention is used for receiving spin resonance signals it can be completely uncoupled from a transmitter coil operating at the same resonance frequency.
In one embodiment in accordance with the invention a uniform, steady magnetic field acts perpendicularly on the examination zone enclosed by the RF coil system in the operating condition. A patient is usually examined in the recumbent position in a magnetic resonance imaging tomography apparatus. The RF coil system then has a horizontally extending longitudinal axis and generates an RF magnetic field which extends in this direction, the vertical, uniform and steady magnetic field extending perpendicularly thereto in the prescribed manner.
The invention will be described in detail hereinafter with reference to the drawing. Therein:
FIG. 1 shows a magnetic resonance imaging tomography apparatus in which the invention can be used.
FIG. 2 shows an electrical circuit diagram,
FIG. 3 shows the geometry of an RF coil in accordance with the invention, and
FIG. 4 shows a modified version of this coil.
The magnetic resonance imaging tomography apparatus shown in FIG. 1 comprises an RF coil system 1 which has a hollow-cylindrical cross-section and which generates an internal RF magnetic field which extends perpendicularly with respect to the plane of drawing and which passes through the examination zone in which the object 2 to be examined is situated, for example a patient whose longitudinal axis extends perpendicularly to the plane of drawing. The magnetic resonance imaging tomography apparatus comprises a main field magnet which is not shown and which generates a steady, uniform magnetic field which extends in the vertical direction with a magnetic flux density of a few tenths of T or less. The steady magnetic field and the RF field thus extend perpendicularly with respect to one another. There are also provided gradient coils (not shown) which generate magnetic fields which also extend in the vertical direction, be it with a respective gradient in each time one of three mutually perpendicular directions.
A control unit 3 controls the generating of the above fields and processes the spin resonance signals received from the examination zone. It controls notably an electronic switch 4 which is used for switching the RF coil system 1 from the transmission mode, in which it is connected to an oscillator 5, to the receiving mode in which it is connected to an RF receiver 6 which amplifies, demodulates and converts the spin resonance signals into a series of digital data words which are processed in the unit 3.
As appears from the FIGS. 2 and 3, the RF coil system 1 consists of a number of resonators 11 . . . 15. The resonators are arranged on a cylindrical supporting body 10 whose central axis 16 extends perpendicularly with respect to the uniform, steady magnetic field B0. Each resonator comprises a conductor loop which annularly encloses the supporting body and which is interrupted in only one location which is capacitively bridged. The conductor loops are situated in parallel planes which preferably extend perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis 16 of the supporting body 10. The capacitance of the capacitors 110 . . . 150 bridging open ends of the conductor loops 11 . . . 15 is chosen so that all resonators are individually tuned to the same resonance frequency. For the central conductor loop 13 tuning is realized by means of two equally large, series connected capacitors 131 and 132 whose junction is grounded. The terminal of one of the two capacitors (132) which is remote from this junction is connected to the switch 4 (FIG. 1) via a matching and tuning network 8.
Instead of being interrupted in each time one location, the conductor loops can alternatively be interrupted in a number of locations which are uniformly distributed over the circumference and which are bridged by a capacitor having a suitable capacitance. The complexity is thus increased, but the dielectric losses occuring during operation are even further reduced or the Q is further enhanced.
The resonators formed by a conductor loop and one or two capacitors are not conductively connected to one another. However, they are inductively coupled to one another because the conductor loops are situated in parallel planes. Because of the absence of a conductive connection between the individual conductor loops, the propagation effects are determined only by the dimensions of the conductor loop 13 to be coupled to the RF transmitter 5 or the RF receiver 6. For a diameter of the tube 10 amounting to 600 mm, the length of such a conductor loop is 2 m or slightly less, but still very small in comparison with one quarter of the wavelength (35 m) occurring for a magnetic flux density of the steady, uniform magnetic field BO of 0.2 T and the associated spin resonance frequency of approximately 8.5 MHz. On the other hand, the inductive coupling between the various resonators results in a concentration of the magnetic field generated which extends in the direction of the central axis 16 or perpendicularly to the plane of the resonators, as shown in FIG. 2, essentially in the space enclosed by the resonators, like in a solenoid coil comprising a corresponding number of turns. The Q and notably the coil sensitivity, therefore, are better as more resonators are present. Therefore, in practice more than the five resonators shown in the Figures will be used.
In addition to the high field concentration, notably at the centre (at the area of the resonator 13), a further advantage is obtained in that the uniformity of the RF field in the space enclosed by the coil is excellent.
In an RF coil system consisting of a plurality of resonators the number of resonance frequencies corresponds to the number of resonators; the resonance frequency is the frequency for which the ratio of the energy in the resonator to the energy applied to the resonator is maximum. The resonance frequencies, therefore, are spaced further apart as the inductive coupling between the individual resonators is stronger, i.e. as the conductor loops are situated nearer one another. Each resonance frequency is linked to another mode of oscillation. The lowest resonance frequency occurs when a current flows in the same direction in all resonators. This resonance frequency is lower than the frequency whereto the individual resonators are tuned. The highest resonance frequency occurs when the direction in which the current flows is reversed from one resonator to another; this frequency is substantially higher than the frequency whereto the resonators are tuned. The advantage of this mode of oscillation consists in that it cannot be activated by a uniform external magnetic field. When such a coil system operates as a receiver coil in the field of an (additional) transmitter coil, a high degree of uncoupling is obtained between the coils, notably when the receiver coil consists of an even number of resonators. It is advantageous that customary transmitter coils are usually also situated on a cylindrical surface, but generate a field perpendicular to the cylinder axis. Thus, the receiver coils can be arranged inside the transmission coil, so as to be concentric therewith.
In a practical embodiment of an RF coil for magnetic resonance imaging of the head seven resonators were arranged on a supporting body having a diameter of 320 mm. Each resonator consisted of a copper tube having a wall thickness of 12 mm; this copper tube was tuned to a frequency of approximately 11 MHz by means of a capacitor of 320 pF. The spacing of the conductor loops amounted to 20 mm. This system operated at the lowest resonance frequency which amounted to 6.8 MHz. This resulted in a Q-unloaded of 120 and in a Q-loaded of approximately 280. At such resonator frequencies saddle coils have similarly high unloaded and loaded Q factors, so that their performance is not inferior in the transmission mode. However, the sensitivity of a saddle coil is approximately 40% lower, so that the RF coil system in accordance with the invention offers substantial advantages in the receiving mode. In the direction of lower frequencies the Q of an RF coil system in accordance with the invention decreases far less than that of a saddle coil, so that for even lower frequencies advantages are obtained also as regards the transmission mode.
An RF coil having a circular cross-section was described. The RF coil, however, may also have a different cross-section above, for example an elliptical or a square cross-section. The centres or the centroids of the surfaces enclosed by the individual conductor loops should then be situated on a common straight line, and the mutually parallel planes in which the conductor loops are situated should intersect this line as perpendicularly as possible.
Not all conductor loops need be equally large. As is denoted by broken lines in FIG. 2, there may be provided a further conductor loop 17 which is concentrically arranged with respect to the central axis 16 and which has a smaller diameter. This conductor loop must be tuned to the same frequency as the other resonators; however, because of the lower inductance of this loop a capacitor 170 having a higher capacitance will then be required. The effect of this smaller resonator, being situated at one end of the RF coil system, consists in that the magnetic flux density in the axial direction decreases even stronger in the outward direction, so that the magnetic field is concentrated even more in the space enclosed by the coil. When the generator or the receiver is not connected to the central resonator 13 but to the resonator 15 adjoining the coil 17, a stronger decrease of the magnetic field is obtained also towards the other side of the coil. When such an RF coil is used as a head coil, advantages are obtained in that less RF energy is applied to the head and shoulder region then situated to the left of the resonator 11, so that the Q of the coil is influenced less by this area.
In FIG. 4 a conductive shield 18 which is made of a copper foil having a thickness of 30 μm and which extends perpendicularly to the coil axis is arranged at the side of the coil which is remote from the patient entrance side. This shield increases the field in the centre of the coil, thus providing an additional field concentration and hence a better signal-to-noise ratio.
In the case of use as a head coil, on the side of the coil where the head of the patient is introduced there may be provided a further shield 19 in which an opening (denoted by the broken line 20 in FIG. 4) for the head of the patient is provided. This shield shields the shoulder area of the patient against stray fields which otherwise represent an additional load for the patient.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Aug 16, 1984
|Oct 28, 1986
|General Electric Company
|Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging antenna subsystem having a plurality of non-orthogonal surface coils
|Mar 31, 1988
|Mar 14, 1989
|Varian Associates, Inc.
|Calibrated decoupling of tightly coupled concentric surface coils
|Dec 7, 1987
|Apr 25, 1989
|General Electric Company
|Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging with multiple surface coils
|Feb 17, 1988
|Apr 25, 1989
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Surface resonator for nuclear magnetic resonance equipment
|D. Murton et al., "Design of a High Homogeneity Transmit Coil for a Vertical Field Imager".
|D. Murton et al., Design of a High Homogeneity Transmit Coil for a Vertical Field Imager .
|J. S. Hyde et al.; "Surface Coil for MR Imaging of the Skin"; Jun. 15, 1987; pp. 456-460.
|J. S. Hyde et al.; Surface Coil for MR Imaging of the Skin ; Jun. 15, 1987; pp. 456 460.
|Citing Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Nov 6, 1991
|Jun 1, 1993
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Quadrature coil system
|May 25, 1993
|May 24, 1994
|Toshiba America Mri, Inc.
|NMR radio-frequency coil
|Feb 18, 1993
|Nov 15, 1994
|Picker International, Inc.
|Technique for driving quadrature dual frequency RF resonators for magnetic resonance spectroscopy/imaging by four-inductive loop over coupling
|Jul 14, 1993
|May 16, 1995
|U. S. Philips Corporation
|Magnetic resonance examination apparatus comprising a coil system for MR mammography
|Aug 12, 1993
|Jan 9, 1996
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services
|MRI coil using inductively coupled individually tuned elements arranged as free-pivoting components
|Jun 1, 1994
|Feb 6, 1996
|Hitachi, Ltd.
|RF probe for MRI
|Sep 30, 1992
|Mar 19, 1996
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|Rf quadrature coil system
|May 23, 1994
|Oct 15, 1996
|Toshiba America Mri, Inc.
|NMR radio-frequency coil
|Jan 25, 1993
|Nov 19, 1996
|Fonar Corporation
|Inductively coupled RF coils for magnetic resonance studies
|Jul 11, 1991
|Dec 10, 1996
|Fonar Corporation
|Inductively coupled dedicated RF coils for MRI
|Jun 24, 1991
|Dec 17, 1996
|Fonar Corporation
|Inductively coupled dedicated RF coils for MRI
|Mar 23, 1995
|Dec 17, 1996
|Conductus, Inc.
|Inductively coupled superconducting coil assembly
|Aug 20, 1997
|May 11, 1999
|Roznitsky; Samuel
|Antenna system for NMR and MRI apparatus
|Apr 23, 1997
|Jun 29, 1999
|U.S. Philips Corporation
|MR apparatus provided with a cylindrical coil system and a surface coil system
|Nov 19, 1997
|Feb 8, 2000
|Fonar Corporation
|MRI antenna
|Mar 8, 2002
|Sep 7, 2004
|General Electric Company
|Asymmetric ring dome radio frequency coil
|Mar 21, 2003
|Jan 11, 2005
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Radio-frequency antenna for a magnetic resonance system
|Mar 29, 2006
|Oct 2, 2007
|Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc
|RF transmission method, MRI apparatus, and auxiliary coil
|Sep 30, 2008
|Jan 5, 2010
|Bruker Biospin Ag
|NMR probehead with a plurality of resonator systems for simultaneous measurement of a plurality of samples in a coupled mode
|Mar 21, 2003
|Oct 2, 2003
|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
|Radio-frequency antenna for a magnetic resonance system
|Nov 10, 2004
|Jul 7, 2005
|Flexman John H.
|Transmit-receive coil system for nuclear quadrupole resonance signal detection in substances and components thereof
|Mar 29, 2006
|Oct 5, 2006
|Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc
|RF transmission method, MRI apparatus, and auxiliary coil
|Sep 30, 2008
|Apr 23, 2009
|Nicolas Freytag
|NMR probehead with a plurality of resonator systems for simultaneous measurement of a plurality of samples in a coupled mode
|Oct 17, 2007
|Apr 30, 2009
|Bruker Biospin Ag
|NMR-Messkopf mit mehreren Resonatorsystemen zur simultanen Vermessung mehrerer Messproben in einem gekoppelten Mode
|Oct 17, 2007
|Sep 23, 2010
|Bruker Biospin Ag
|NMR-Messkopf mit mehreren Resonatorsystemen zur simultanen Vermessung mehrerer Messproben in einem gekoppelten Mode
|Mar 28, 2006
|Oct 4, 2006
|GE Medical Systems Global Technology Company, LLC
|RF transmission coil assembly with coils coupled through mutual inductance
|Apr 14, 2006
|Jan 16, 2008
|Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
|High-pass two-dimensional ladder network resonator
|Oct 14, 2008
|Apr 22, 2009
|Bruker BioSpin AG
|NMR probe with several resonators for the simultaneous measurement of several test samples in a coupled mode
|Jan 30, 2008
|Jul 24, 2013
|Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
|Sinusoidally resonant radio frequency volume coils for high field magnetic resonance applications
|Mar 17, 2004
|Sep 30, 2004
|Isis Innovation Limited
|Magnetoinductive waveguide
|U.S. Classification
|324/318, 333/219
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Nov 6, 1989
Owner name: BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:LEUSSLER, CHRISTOPH G.;AGAR, DAVID;REEL/FRAME:005048/0658;SIGNING DATES FROM 19890804 TO 19891010
Owner name: U.S. PHILIPS CORPORATION, NEW YORK
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:LEUSSLER, CHRISTOPH G.;AGAR, DAVID;REEL/FRAME:005048/0658;SIGNING DATES FROM 19890804 TO 19891010
|Sep 1, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Aug 26, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Oct 9, 2002
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Mar 26, 2003
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 20, 2003
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20030326


text: The battle for Tripoli was an amazingly complex operation involving coordinated uprisings, an amphibious assault from the sea, as well as conventional attacks, supported by NATO airpower. The complexity has astonished miltary analysts, including Shashank Joshi of the Royal United Services Institute in London. Marco Werman reviews the fighting with him.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Zenith from DMM is a cracking little multi pitch climbing pack.
DMM Zenith from DMM Climbing on Vimeo.
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Perfect for carrying your bits and bobs on longer mountain route, you can fit everything you need into the 18l Zenith, including food, water, extra clothing, the guidebook and your approach shoes. On the walk in, or the walk out, extra gear such as your helmet can be attached to tabs on the top of the sack, or clipped to the external daisy chains if need be.
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text:
ED Magedson – Founder
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TextbookXpres (Houston, TX, U.S.A.)14781 Memorial Dr. Suite # 1341 Houston, TX 77079 14781 Memorial Dr. Suite # 1341, Texas USA
TextbookXpres (Houston, TX, U.S.A.) Through Abebooks.com Refused to allow Return Huston Texas
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I orderd a Text book for a Probability Class in which I was sure I was going to take. Withing 7 days of ordering the book I found out I was unable to take the course due to pre-requisits and had to drop it. When I was honest and told them why I needed to return the book the sent me an email stating:
"You're eligible for a refund within 30 days if you're dissatisfied with your purchase due to an error on the bookseller's part or if the book doesn't arrive. However, in the case of "Buyer changed mind," our booksellers may cancel the return in accordance with their store policies."
I was willing to take a hit by paying for the return and even a stocking fee but they just flat out refused to take it back. Now I am stuck with a $75 book that I dont even need! It is still sealed in the wrap and I cant do a thing about it!
NEVER buy from this seller!
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text:
Dad Reflexes Saves Kid From Skatedboard To Face [VIDEO]
When you're a parent, sometimes your instincts just kick in. At this crowded skate park, this dad used some cat-like reflexes to save a little kid. While standing on top of the ramp watching another skater, the little kid was suddenly in the line of fire of a runaway skateboard. He was saved in a split second by superdad.


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Professor Braj Kachru (b. 1932) has pioneered, shaped and defined the scholarly field of world Englishes. He is the founder and co-editor of World Englishes, the associate editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language and contributor to the Cambridge History of the English Language. His research on world Englishes, the Kashmiri language and literature, and theoretical and applied studies on language and society has resulted in more than 25 authored and edited volumes and more than 100 research papers, review articles, and reviews.The second volume of these Collected Works contains selections of some of Kachru's most important work in the field of World Englishes from the years between the 1992 and 2001.
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10 June 2008,
Price realised GBP 7,500
Each circular and on a spreading part-lobed foot, the lower-body part- fluted and with an egg-and-dart rim, with two reeded and foliage scroll handles, the detachable cover with a reeded loop handle, engraved on each side with a crest, marked on foot and on cover bezel
9 in. (22.8 cm.) wide over handles
74 oz. (2,298 gr.)
The crest is that of Salomons, for David Salomons, later 1st Bt. (1797-1873) (2)
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Sir David Salomons was one of the most influential bankers of the 19th century. he was born into a stockbroking family of Dutch Ashkenazi Jewish descent. He was one of the campaigners who successfully petitioned the government to allow joint-stock bond banks to operate in the City of London and was one of the fouding directors of the London and Westmister Bank. His family were well connected within the Anglo-Jewish community and he position was assured by his marriage in 1823 to Jeanette Cohen, niece of the great Jewish financier and philanthropist Sir Moses Montefiori and the banker Nathan de Rothschild. He was a proponent of religious reform and emancipation in opposition to the beliefs of Montefiori. He was one of the first Jewish magistrates and was High Sheriff of Kent. Following the passing of ther Jewish Emancipation Bill in 1845 he was admitted as an Alderman of the City of London and became the first Jewish Lord Mayor in 1855. He stood unsuccessfully for parliament in 1837, 1841 and 1847 but was returned as member for Greenwich in 1851. He took the oath of allegiance but omitted those sections which he felt he was unable to read. Although this led to a hefty fine and him having to withdraw, focus was brought to bear on the issue and finally in 1858 the requirement to swear allegience of the New Testament was withdrawn. In 1859 he was elected as member for Greenwich once more, holding the seat until his death fifteen years later. After his first wife's death in 1867 he married Celia, daughter of Samuel Moses Samuel, in 1872. Unfortunately both marriages were childless and his baronetcy passed by special remainder to his nephew David Lionel Salomons (1851-1925). He had brought up his nephew and his siblings after early death of their parents and it was to David that he left his Kent estate Broomhill. David Lionel Salomon greatly added to the estate in his liftime, building workshops and photographic studios to enable him to persue his scientific studies for which he is most remembered. On his death it was left to Kent County Council and it now forms part of Canterbury Christchurch University.
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Sir David Salomons 1st Bt. (1797-1873), and then by descent.
Expert tips on caring for treasured pieces — from avoiding tarnish to going easy on the Brussels sprouts
Harry Williams-Bulkeley on everything from cutlery to candelabras and sourcing that show-stopping centrepiece
Overall sales hit £2.35 billion ($3 billion) in the first half of the year, with auction sales up by 29 per cent on the e..
Interior designer and heritage colour expert Edward Bulmer on the modello by Jean-Baptiste van Loo he acquired 27 yea..


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Comments about Spirit Halloween Spider Necklace With Black Jewel:
I bought this to wear with the Black Widow costume and it works great. The ribbon it hangs on is a bit too long for my costume so I put the spider pendant on a shorter necklace and I like it better. You can use the black ribbon it comes with on other pendants too. The spider has some sparkly stuff on it and it's a good size, not too big or too small. Quality is good for the price. I'm glad I bought it.


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Added on 12-Dec-2006
Documentary "30 years Bohemian Rhapsody" aired on Dutch TV channel Veronica Tuesday December 12.A documentary with rare Queen material and interviews with Brian and Roger aired Tuesday on Dutch TV-channel Veronica. Amongst others, videos of songs "Spaceman" and "Seaside Rendezvous" were shown and Brian and Roger talk about the groups members, recording songs in the studio and much more.
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Running Time: 99 minutes
Released: 11/2006
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WASHINGTON, D.C. – Congressman Frank Guinta today called on the Obama Administration to halt the flow of Syrian refugees to the United States, until national security agencies have properly vetted them for ties to radical Islamic groups."We can't take the risk of even one potential threat entering our country, not after the carnage of Paris," said Rep. Guinta (NH01).
According to reports, a member of the terrorist group ISIS claimed refugee status to enter France and helped to stage a bloody attack that killed over 100 civilians and wounded over 300. Rep. Guinta said the information underscores the need for greater scrutiny of refugees attempting to enter the U.S.
"We're the most generous people in the world, giving billions in support of freedom and democracy and aid to refugees," said the House Financial Services Committee member, "but President Obama has demonstrated a dangerous lack of understanding about the true nature and aims of ISIS. The terrorist army occupies large parts of the Middle East and has stated the intention to kill Americans where we live."
"A president who cannot define radical Islam cannot possibly vet thousands of refugees for radical Islamists," said Rep. Guinta, pointing out the Administration's refusal to employ the term or to speculate about perpetrators of the Paris attacks, despite available evidence.
"Hours before ISIS conducted one of its biggest operations, the President claimed to have contained the threat. He's admitted to having no strategy. So it's up to Congress to fill the leadership void and protect our homeland, while we also maintain humanitarian efforts."
The Congressman has signed a bipartisan letter to President Obama calling for an immediate stop to admissions of Syrian refugees. He supports legislation requiring Congressional approval of refugee levels and thorough FBI and Department of Homeland Security background checks.


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The Best Prank Websites For Ideas To Fool Friends and Family
One of the things that you are going to have fun with online is simple, pranking people. You can watch people pulling pranks in real time, but that's not going to be the same. What if you could get in on the fun? Well, there are a few things that you can do today to ensure that you are having fun with a prank. What can you do? Well, you could share a prank website that will fool your friends and family. You'll find that they will either panic, or they will have a good laugh with you.
There are a lot of websites out there that can accomplish this, but if you want to find the best ones, you will want to look at the following solutions. There's something that you need to consider before you get moving forward with prank websites. First and foremost, you cannot search for prank websites and trust all of the sites, because you could get pranked too!
There's a difference between shock sites and prank websites too. It's important that you realise that you don't want to get into shock websites. Shock websites are not the same as prank ones. Those are some of the hardest sites to stomach. Shock websites will have gore and nasty things that aren't fun to watch. Prank websites are going to help you gain the upper hand and get a good laugh all at the same time.
The Best Funny Prank Websites to Trick Your Friends and Family
With that in mind, you will find that the following are just some of the prank websites that you will want to share with your friends and family.
The first one that you want to look at is simple, Peteranswers.com. This is a website that is going to answer your questions fast. Seems simple enough, right? Well, the trick is that you are not going to get the best answers in the world. Ok, the trick here is that it's you that are going to be putting in the questions and answers correctly. Otherwise, you'll have an answer about the psychic powers that Peter has. You have to enter information and answers and have your party within the room so that you can type several elements so that this trick works. You'll need to set it up properly, essentially.
What about an old fashioned love calculator? Here's the thing. When someone goes to this site, the name goes to a list of emails go to the special affiliate link. So if you want to know who someone likes, you can figure it out by registering and send them the link. You'll be informed fast. Of course, you don't have to set up the link, but then the prank won't work.
This simple site is going to blow up the screen for the person viewing it. This breaks up the browser and blows things up so that the computer seems as though it's going to break down and cause panic. Of course, this isn't crazy. It's a simple thing that is going to help you gain the upper hand with pranking someone. The pranking is going to be funny because they'll most likely not know what is going on. Don't worry; the code wasn't going to cause a lot of issues, it's just a visual solution, so nothing is going to cause serious issues.
You will want to get your friends and family to find Waldo. They'll be searching and searching, and guess what? You won't be able to do so. There's a lot of great solutions that have a legitimate Waldo site, but not this one. This is going to prove to be the biggest waste of time. The waste of time is going to be amazing, and fascinating overall. Just keep egging them on, and see what happens when nothing happens at all.
Maze Game (maniacworld.com)
Maze Game is an interesting game because it's delayed. The prank is not going to hit up first. It takes some time to work through. You will have a lot of fun going forward within the elements of a game. There are three games. The three levels are easy to go through, but it's level 3 that gives you a shock. This shock is going to be incredible, so make sure that you tell your friends to focus close onto the monitor. The Maze Game is a premier prank site, which is quite interesting at first glance, and quite scary within the level 3 position, simple as that.
This is a huge site that will let you have all sorts of pranks. Don't want just to do one prank? Then go to this site, pick a prank and show it to your friends. You can have a video prank, an audio prank, and so much more. There's just so much going on through this amazing site, with lots of fun and games. What makes your friends scared? What makes them laugh? Well, here you go a lot of different ideas to get you going, or rather them going.
What's Wrong With This Room (reece.eu.net/room)
This is an odd prank site. Seriously, this is an odd website that is going to stun you. What's wrong with this room is a blank site, but there's more than meets the eye, or is there? The prank is a waste of time site, and once something gets triggered, the person gets a bit of a shock. It's subtle at first, but it takes a little time to build through, like all prank websites on this list.
Here you go, a variety of websites that are quite interesting. If you want to prank people, the above sites are going to do the trick. It's a quick way to let them pass a little time. It's a lot of fun to consider and will help you get moving forward with a few pranks without getting too destructive overall.
1 comment
There is also a website that does awesome ransomware pranks


text: Curvature is the world's leading provider of pre-owned and new-in-box networking and data center solutions. Headquartered in Santa Barbara, Calif., the Company is an independent reseller of pre-owned equipment from Cisco, Juniper, HP, IBM and other manufacturers, and we are a Premier member of Dell's PartnerDirect Program. Curvature also offers NetSure® Maintenance Program, a complete and customizable network maintenance solution and affordable alternative to traditional OEM maintenance. The Company offers IT asset recovery, Network Monitoring and technical support services as well as a complete line of OEM and branded optical transceivers, memory, cables and accessories. Founded in 1986, Curvature provides global organizations quality and reliable networking and data center equipment, solutions, and services with access to personalized technical and sales support from its Santa Barbara, Dallas, New York City, Amsterdam, London, Tokyo, and Singapore locations.


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TY - JOUR T1 - Bottom-Up Energy Analysis System (BUENAS) – An International Appliance Efficiency Policy Tool JF - Energy Efficiency Y1 - 2013 A1 - Michael A. McNeil A1 - Virginie E. Letschert A1 - Stephane de la Rue du Can A1 - Jing Ke KW - Appliance diffusion KW - appliances KW - developing countries KW - Energy demand forecast KW - Policy best practices KW - Standards and labeling AB -
The Bottom–Up Energy Analysis System (BUENAS) calculates potential energy and greenhouse gas emission impacts of efficiency policies for lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, appliances, and industrial equipment through 2030. The model includes 16 end use categories and covers 11 individual countries plus the European Union. BUENAS is a bottom–up stock accounting model that predicts energy consumption for each type of equipment in each country according to engineering-based estimates of annual unit energy consumption, scaled by projections of equipment stock. Energy demand in each scenario is determined by equipment stock, usage, intensity, and efficiency. When available, BUENAS uses sales forecasts taken from country studies to project equipment stock. Otherwise, BUENAS uses an econometric model of household appliance uptake developed by the authors. Once the business as usual scenario is established, a high-efficiency policy scenario is constructed that includes an improvement in the efficiency of equipment installed in 2015 or later. Policy case efficiency targets represent current "best practice" and include standards already established in a major economy or well-defined levels known to enjoy a significant market share in a major economy. BUENAS calculates energy savings according to the difference in energy demand in the two scenarios. Greenhouse gas emission mitigation is then calculated using a forecast of electricity carbon factor. We find that mitigation of 1075 mt annual CO2 emissions is possible by 2030 from adopting current best practices of appliance efficiency policies. This represents a 17 % reduction in emissions in the business as usual case in that year.PB - Springer Netherlands VL - 6 IS - 2 N1 -
An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-013-9213-yER -


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Salmon Fillet Baked in Fig Leaves with Garlicky Potatoes
If, like Fanny Singer, you had a fig tree in your backyard when you were a child, and your mother used the leaves to wrap salmon, this recipe would make perfect sense: Fig leaves lend the fish a smoky, fruity flavor. But Swiss chard leaves are okay in a pinch. Either way, the baked leaves taste like the best vegetable chips ever.
- Active:
- Total Time:
- Servings: 6
- 2 1/2 pounds medium Yukon Gold potatoes
- 3 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil, plus more for brushing
- 15 fig leaves or 6 large Swiss chard leaves, ribs removed
- Salt and freshly ground pepper
- One 2 1/2-pound center-cut piece of salmon fillet, skinned
- 1/4 cup chopped parsley
- 1 large garlic clove, minced
How to make this recipe
Preheat the oven to 400°. In a large saucepan, cover the potatoes with water and bring to a boil. Cook over moderately high heat until barely tender, about 12 minutes. Drain and cool, then cut the potatoes into 1-inch dice.
Brush a large rimmed baking sheet with olive oil. Overlap the leaves on the baking sheet to form an oval 4 inches larger than the salmon fillet. Season with salt and pepper. Set the salmon on the leaves, brush with olive oil and season with salt and pepper. Fold the leaves over the top of the salmon and cover with more leaves if needed. Brush the leaves with more olive oil and season with salt and pepper. Bake the salmon for about 20 minutes, until the fish is just cooked through and the leaves are crisp.
Meanwhile, in a large skillet, heat the remaining 3 tablespoons of olive oil. Add the potatoes and cook over moderately high heat until browned on the bottom, about 4 minutes. Stir and cook until browned all over, about 6 minutes longer. Season with salt and pepper and toss with the parsley and garlic. Cut the wrapped salmon into 6 portions and serve with the potatoes.


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How to Wash clothes without power or a washing machine
This short video tutorial series on washing clothes without power. In an extended emergency, it might be difficult to wash clothes without electricity or out in nature. All you'll need is a little bit of soap, water, and some buckets. Watch this survival training video and learn how to wash clothes in an emergency or disaster situation.


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Studio Art for Teens
Length: Ongoing
Includes: Printable Lessons
Age/Grade: Middle – High school
How to Use This Course
Studio Art for Teens on SchoolhouseTeachers.com presents middle school and high school students with art lessons based on the masters. The first fifteen lessons in the Studio Art for Teens class should be followed consecutively, if your student is new to the study of art, as they cover the basics of line, shape, texture, space, color, form, balance, etc. If your student has studied art previously, they can begin at any lesson, either reviewing the basics in the first fifteen lessons and then moving on to other lessons, or starting with lessons that follow the topic "Owls in Art and Literature." Beginning here, each lesson is self-contained and can be studied in any order, as they incorporate the skills that were studied in lessons one through fifteen. A minimum of sixteen lessons are required to earn one credit hour of high school art. If your student has studied art previously, the fifteen lessons can include a combination of any of the first fifteen lessons and the lessons that combine literature and art. If your student is new to the study of art, they will need to study the first fifteen lessons before moving on to any of the lessons combining literature and art.
Course Introduction
Welcome to Studio Art for Teens. My goal is to have lessons that teach the elements and principles of art step by step, look at master works of art that show technique in media, and present projects that reinforce how to perform the different techniques and styles of the masters. We will study the different time periods in art by looking at different artists who painted in that period. For example, in the first element of art, which is line, we have master artists Gustave Dore and Vincent Van Gogh. We then do projects that reinforce the power of line in art. If you haven't yet, you'll want to review some of my past lessons, which can be accessed below. We learned about space, form, value, value in color, Expressionism, visual rhythm, overlapping, and much more, like balance in art. We will continue building on the elements and principles of art and techniques and learn from the masters. In my course, we also showcase student artists each month and incorporate student art into some of the lessons. Go to the Student Art Gallery to see the previously posted work of Rachel Fetting, Alyssa Engel, Hannah Marsh, Shannon Fultz, Juliet Dunteman, and Kathryn Scott.
We think you'll enjoy seeing the works of these talented young people. Visual Manna Media mentors young artists to use their art in practical and uplifting ways. We teach students to do murals, graphic art, and fine art. I teach and mentor students online and have camps and internships available. Other ways to reach me: go to vmmclasses.com or email me at email@example.com.
— Sharon Jeffus
Engaging lessons that encourage step-by-step recognition of how to build art by imitating the masters.
The goal of this series of lessons is for students to understand media, techniques, and the processes in art. Students will understand how to initiate and solve visual art problems using the elements and principles of art. Students will study master artists throughout history and see how visually, spatially, and functionally art is related to culture and history. Students will learn how to analyze a work. They will understand how to assess the merits of their own work. Students will look at the connection between the visual arts and other disciplines, primarily literature. A minimum of sixteen lessons completed, including the lessons that combine literature and art, would constitute one credit hour of high school art. — Sharon Jeffus


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The first member of the Leading Hotels of the World in Ho Chi Minh City, The Reverie Saigon can be found in the historic heart of the central business district. Situated on the 27th to 39th floors, it is the highest hotel in Ho Chi Minh and features spectacular views of the city skyline.
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Sunday, March 13, 2011
The Whitney's "Edward Hopper And His Time": Less Context And More Hopper, Please
Is it possible for an art exhibition to offer too much context? Yes, judging by "Modern Life: Edward Hopper and His Time" at New York's Whitney Museum. The exhibit lives up to its title in presenting Hopper's times, with commentary on early twentieth century American art movements: the Ashcan School, social realism, precisionism. In particular, it explores how this country's artists tossed aside the high society themes favored by a conservative art establishment in favor of realistic subject matter from modern urban life. The exhibit shows contemporaries Reginald Marsh, Paul Cadmus, George Bellows and more, to the point that slightly more than half of the works are not by Hopper.
It's fine to place Hopper in the context of his influences–but fewer paintings by others still could have made these influences clear. Just as we start to immerse ourselves in Hopper's urban and rural scenes, his remarkable interplay of light and shadow, his focus on the isolated individual in a setting pervaded by silence (as in Gas, 1940, above), we're interrupted by a row of paintings by Hopper's peers. The Whitney, which has 2,500 Hoppers in its collection–the most in the world–could have been more generous with his work.
"Modern Life: Edward Hopper and His Time" runs through April 10 at the Whitney Museum of American Art, 945 Madison Avenue, at 75th Street, NYC; (212) 570-3600; whitney.org.
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Butlers Marc de Champagne truffles
£1.75 (87.5p per 100g)
This item is currently unavailable for ordering.
Product Summary
Luxurious champagne truffles, presented in a vibrant red ribboned gift box.
Sugar, Whole Milk Powder, Cocoa Butter, Cocoa Mass, Glucose Syrup, Invert Sugar Syrup, Marc de Champagne (2%), Alcohol, Emulsifier: Soya Lecithin, Natural Flavourings, Milk Chocolate contains: 32% Cocoa Solids minimum, 20% Milk Solids minimum, White Chocolate contains: 26% Cocoa Solids minimum, 20% Milk Solids minimum
Please note that while we take every care to make sure the product information displayed on our website is correct, product recipes are regularly changed. This may affect nutrition and allergen information therefore you should always check product labels and not rely solely on the information presented here.If you require specific advice on any Waitrose branded product, please contact our Customer Care Team. For all other products, please contact the manufacturer.This information is supplied for personal use only. It may not be reproduced in any way whatsoever without the prior consent of Waitrose Limited nor without due acknowledgement.


text:
There's Still Time to Donate to The Movember Foundation
BY COLE McNANNA // Nov. 28, 2016 // After all the turkey, all the desserts, all the awkward conversations with family or high school classmates you didn't want to run into, it's finally time to shift our focus to the end of the semester. But not so fast! Swiper no swiping! There's still three whole days left in the monthRead more


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Former Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski remains free on corruption and grand larceny charges at least for now, but he faces a legal battle this week over the $10 million bail bond his ex-wife posted on his behalf as security for $100 million bail.
Manhattan prosecutors are expected to argue at a scheduled Friday hearing that the cash put up by Angeles Kozlowski, part of the couple's divorce settlement in 2000, could represent money improperly taken from Tyco.
Manhattan Assistant District Attorney John Moscow told a judge during a hearing last week that prosecutors would "seek to ascertain the source of that $10 million to see if it's the fruits of a crime."
Kozlowski's attorney, Stephen Kaufman, predicted during the hearing that prosecutors would be unable to document any taint to the cash.
The defense camp noted that Kozlowski legitimately earned an estimated $25 million as CEO of the Bermuda-headquartered conglomerate during 2000.
Prosecutors are also expected to challenge the $50 million bail scheduled to be posted today by former Tyco CFO Mark Swartz.
He plans to put up shares of Tyco stock his lawyer said the executive received in 1995.
His attorneys said the posting would survive a prosecution challenge because Swartz got the stock before the period during which the indictment alleges criminal conduct.
Kozlowski and Swartz are accused of illegally reaping more than $600 million from Tyco through theft and improper sales of company stock.
Mark Belnick, Tyco's former chief corporate counsel, is charged separately with falsifying business records to hide millions in unauthorized loans from the company.
Prosecutors have not challenged the bail Belnick posted last week. All three have pleaded not guilty.
At a separate hearing set for Tuesday, defense attorneys are expected to challenge the freeze that prosecutors obtained on $600 million in assets held by Kozlowski and Swartz.
It was that freeze, secretly approved by a judge two days before the Sept. 12 indictments, which forced the two defendants to scramble to raise bail.
Among other arguments, the lawyers are expected to contend that the New York court lacked legal authority to approve a freeze of assets held in several other states.


text:
Type The Hype is a network for bloggers and brands. Our purpose is to build relationships between brands and people who love talking about brands. Our objective is to ensure bloggers and content creators are paid for their efforts.
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From April 22nd to May 2nd there will be dozens of events bringing together neighbors from across the state to speak up on climate justice, workers' rights, and protection for immigrants.
Comprehensive bill addresses carbon pollution while creating jobs, investing in clean energy and positioning Washington State to be leader on climate change.
There is an urgent need to take action on climate change, and to do it right. The only way to
Thanks for connecting with the Alliance for Jobs and Clean Energy and committing to fight climate change. The Alliance for
We are excited to announce a policy proposal that reflects the diverse values of the many constituencies of the Alliance and makes major progress on carbon pollution and clean energy.
Dr. Gammon has contributed critical climate research and has taught thousands of undergraduates the nuts and bolts of climate science. But, today his passion is bringing an understanding of climate issues to the public. Read More.
September 21st, 2015
Today the Washington State Department of Ecology initiated a process to begin enforcing statewide carbon limits and demand accountability for carbon pollution under the state's Clean Air Act.
As a mom and as a nurse it scares Amelia Kaune to think about what the world could look like in 50 years if global warming continues at its current pace. Read More.
Sept. 9, 2015 — INVESTIGATEWEST with Seattle Weekly
"Hey — the sun is coming out. Bad news!" Naess exclaimed. Turning to visitors, he explained: "We would much prefer a dousing rain for a month."
Aug. 27, 2015 — The Seattle Times
It's time to acknowledge that people impacted by global warming include the poor and disenfranchised, and they need a stake in policy decisions.


text:
Plaything 2Favorites [+]
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Running Time: 88 minutes
Released: 05/1999
Studio Name: Vivid Entertainment
Series: Plaything
Director: Ernest Greene
Description: The continuing tale of a kinky sexual pioneer named Nikki who takes her girlfriends on a wild, erotic mind trip through all the fantasies you could ever imagine... and a few you couldn't. It's Part 2 of Ernest Greene's acclaimed debut with Nikki... the feature that launched her super-stardom. And in this episode, Ernest ties up all the loose ends, leaving no stone, or star unturned. Plaything 2. Playing, too?
5 Scenes from Plaything 2
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Sex Acts: Vaginal Sex, Oral Sex
Positions: Crouching/Squatting, Standing, Side Saddle, Missionary, Reverse Cowgirl
Settings: Bedroom
Plaything 2: Scene 2 Free Preview
Sex Acts: Anal Sex, Oral Sex, Vaginal Sex
Positions: Sitting, Missionary, Doggy Style
Plaything 2: Scene 3 Free Preview
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- 83 years old
- Date of birth: Dec 23, 1932
- Place of birth:
Jefferson, Oregon, United States
- Date of passing: Mar 4, 2016
- Place of passing:
Jefferson, Oregon, United States
|Let the memory of Mildred be with us forever
This memorial website was created in memory of our beloved mother, Mildred Woodward, 83, born on December 23, 1932 and passed away on March 4, 2016. We will remember and miss her forever.
"Mom, I miss you more than words can express. You will live on in all of the many lives that you have touched over the years. You were giving beyond imagine, always thinking of others. I may not have always understood you when I was growing up......the older I got the more I understood the ups and the downs. You were an amazing woman and I am so blessed to have had you as my mom. Thank you for teaching us what love is all about and how to care for others. I cherish the memories that I have....you will be forever in my heart."
"Your contribution to our family history research is greatly appreciated. Personally, I will always cherish my correspondence with you. You were so kind in your sharing of information. There are so many of us who were inspired and encouraged to continue with the research, and I, for one, will continue to "pay it forward" in sharing that research with other cousins I meet along the way. Rest in peace, dear Mildred."
"Mildred, you were a beautiful person, a selfless giver and nurturer. You shared everything without hesitation and gave yourself away readily to whoever might need you. You blessed me and our extended family forever. I love knowing you're with our loved ones; we're headed there soon, all of us. What a reunion that will be!! Love always, your cousin Gwen"
"Death is rarely welcomed even when one has lived beyond "three score and ten" (Psalm 90: 10). As you reflect on your mom's passing, may you find comfort and peace in God's assurance of the resurrection hope.....
"When he had said these things, he cried out with a loud voice: 'Lazʹa·rus, come out!' The man who had been dead came out…Jesus said to them: 'Free him and let him go''".....John 11: 43, 44.
May cherished memories of her life, love and laughter keep her alive in your hearts, until God's promises are fulfilled, and may the words from the holy scriptures comfort you.
I am deeply sorry for your loss. "
"I miss you mom. All the things you taught us and all the sacrifices made. You are loved and remembered."
"Mom you will truly be missed.
I pick up the phone to call you a hundred times a day just to remember you are no longer here with us you were such a major part of so many lives and always so eager to share family history and teach canning techniques, and help out at church gatherings and pot lucks. although I wasn't appreciative of it when I was younger I look at all the old pictures of Rhonda and I in our matching outfits and realize the love and care you put in to making them. you had such a generous spirit"
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New York City is the perfect place for romantic date ideas NYC. With so many things that you can do around the clock, this city is indeed does not sleep. The vibrant and moody is always pulsating with romantic energy. Form the hotels and restaurants to world-class museums, there are romantic opportunities around every corner in the city. There are a few options available for those planning a romantic date in the Big Apple.
Romantic Date Ideas NYC: Carriage Ride in Central Park
One great way to enjoy Central Park with your date is with a carriage ride. The scenic ride is even more romantic during the holidays when the Christmas lights come on at night and carollers perform in the park. The stately horse-drawn carriages can be located on Fifth Avenue at Central Park South and costs about $50. During the summertime, the carriages do not run when temperature is over 89 degrees.
Romantic Date Ideas NYC: New York Harbor Cruise
A harbour cruise with the city skyline as the backdrop is another idea for a romantic date. Dinner cruises with live music are available on large yachts, or smaller day trips can be taken around Manhattan Island. The Governor's Island Ferry operates from May to October, and bikes can be rented on the island for a romantic bike ride with your date. Historical buildings are free to tour all summer. Ferries offer daily tours of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island all year.
Romantic Date Ideas NYC: Dinner and Broadway Show
New York offers the latest Broadway shows and some of the best restaurants in the world. Along 44th Street are a number of upscale restaurants that cater to people going to the nearby Broadway shows. After the show, you can slip into one of the area clubs or cocktail lounges for a nightcap. Several luxury hotels are nearby, and the city's famous cabs are on every street for convenient transportation. There are tour companies offer tickets that include show tickets and romantic candlelight dinners.
Romantic Date Ideas NYC: Ice Skating at Rockefeller
Rockefeller Center opens the ice skating rink every October. During the holiday season, a big and colourful Christmas tress adds to the romantic mood as music plays in the background. People-watching and skating hand-in-hand can be a romantic way to get to know your date. Other activities nearby include Radio City Music Hall, NBC studios, and Top of the Rock Observation Deck.