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Paul Kenney longs for the day when he can get behind the wheel of Volkswagen's sporty Scirocco R. He may have a long wait.
The two-door hatchback is on a lengthy list of models that aren't available in Canada – some because of economics, but others because of mismatched standards between the United States, Canada and Europe. Frustrated manufacturers say this patchwork quilt of regulations is causing delays in the introduction of new models, driving up sticker prices and blocking some of most technologically advanced cars from coming to Canada from European and Asian manufacturers.
Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen and Audi all say it's time regulatory standards were harmonized, allowing more choice, faster access and lower prices on European models
The global auto standards issue recently resurfaced in the wake of the tentative free trade agreement between Canada and the European Union's 28 countries. If ratified in about two years' time, the Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement (CETA) will allow for the free flow of goods for everything from Italian wine to French bread to pork bellies and Porsches.
CETA would also gradually eliminate the 6.1-per-cent tariff on European cars imported to Canada, over seven years.
In December, Tim Reuss, president of Mercedes-Benz Canada, questioned the notion that Canada's standards are better: "Are you really going to say that a car that has been deemed safe enough and environmentally okay for Europe is not environmentally okay and safe to be driven in Canada or vice versa?"
Veteran auto analyst Dennis DesRosiers says Reuss's comment is dead on. "He's got it summarized in the most cogent way I've ever read."
The gap is not just with Europe; standards even differ between Canada and the United States – on the height of a seatbelt or bumper and daytime running lights, says DesRosiers.
"We don't need Canadian-specific regulations," says Global Automakers of Canada president David Adams.
But Transport Canada insists we do. The government department that is responsible for and oversees policies and regulations for the vehicles we drive, also points to "Canadian-specific factors" such as geography, road and weather conditions and driver training as reasons we do need our own standards.
Meanwhile, DesRosiers warns eliminating these standards is no easy task. "Canada has to get the U.S. on side before it meets the EU standard. It becomes politically complex; there are egos and science and economics in the way."
But Transport Canada defends its differences by saying it has "several significant vehicle safety requirements which are more stringent in Canada than in Europe." The strength of the anchoring system for child seats and rear crash test speed are two examples (See sidebar).
It's tough to pinpoint exactly how much Canada's own auto testing adds to the MSRP, but everyone agrees it is a significant cost. "It's much higher than the tariff imposed," says DesRosiers. "You can easily get into a $1,000-to-$5,000 increase because of the standard differential of a cost or higher … but we don't know for sure."
Don Mertens, spokesperson for Volkswagen and Audi, agrees Canada-only standards are unnecessary, and hopes CETA will bring new flexibility.
"We don't have all the fine details about the free-trade agreement, but we hope there will be more acceptance of UNEC (United Economic Commission for Europe) standards."
There has been a worldwide move in the industry to try to forge a global standard, DesRosiers says. But the long evolution of North American standards makes them difficult to negotiate or eliminate. Standards were ramped up after consumer advocate Ralph Nader's 1965 book, Unsafe At Any Speed, accused the auto industry of disregarding safety standards.
"The need for regulatory standards became more intense with that book," says DesRosiers. In those days, there wasn't a global auto industry as we know it today.
The United States created its Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards while the United Nations Economic Commission crafted another set for Europe and those are also followed by Japan and China. Canada follows many of the rules set by the United States, but layers on its unique standards.
DesRosiers fears free-trade agreements, like CETA, will slow the shift to one set of standards because they are used as "negotiating chips." But Adams insists auto makers would prefer one set of global regulations. And, through CETA, Canada has the chance to take the lead by eliminating overlaps in regulatory testing.
"Canada's tradition has been to follow the U.S. in its regulatory environment," says Adams. "Now we have an opportunity. Do we want to sit back and wait for the U.S.?"
Transport Canada says it is open to developing or reviewing existing standards "as long as they fulfill national objectives." The agency continues to "actively participate in the development of global technical regulations under the auspices of the World Forum for the harmonization of Vehicle Regulations"
Reuss points to two models that could come to Canada right away if European standards were accepted: the Mercedes A-Class subcompact with new technology, featuring brake lights that flash if a car is approaching too quickly from behind, and the all-wheel-drive version of the Sprinter commercial van.
Mertens would like to see "harmonization-plus." He says we should be able to expand, at minimum, some European advanced technology and add some European standards to Canada's regime, citing advanced lighting and the latest in clean diesel.
"For us, it's technology that helps the consumer, whether it's safety technologies, but certainly engine choices," he says. "We need to accept European standards that benefit the consumer."
Thomas Tetzlaf, also of Volkswagen and Audi, is convinced the enhanced choice would be a win with car enthusiasts.
"Many of them call us immediately upon return from summer vacation in Europe … and ask us why we can't the get the 'blank' … or this engine in North America."
Adams and DesRosiers both argue that Canadian consumers are more open to Euro-style diesels, subcompacts and hatchbacks – people like Kenney, who pines for the sporty Scirocco.
"I've always been a big VW fan," he says. "When I get in, I always know what it's going to feel like. The fit, the finish and interior design; they take it much more seriously."
A comparison of Canadian and U.S. Prices:
|Canadian Price
|U.S. Price
2014 Ford F-150
|2014 Chevrolet Corvette
2014 Toyota Prius
|2014 Toyota Camry
|2014 Honda Civic
|2014 Porsche Boxster S
|Porsche 911 Turbo S Cabriolet
|Audi R8
|2014 BMW M6 Cabriolet
If you have questions about driving or car maintenance, please contact our experts at email@example.com.
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Add us to your circles.
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subset: commoncrawl


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As many of you may know im a fan of Priscilla and the Spider morph concept in fact i have been working on a personal Priscilla rework: http://leagueoflegends.wikia.com/wiki/User_blog:Kait-zero/Champion_Concept_-_Priscilla_Spinne_the_Cursed_Queen check it if interrested (still in progress).
Anyways my contacts (friends who knows me well) told me that Teek is probably a placeholder name for Priscilla and her glorius come back to the League of Legends. If you add the fact that Feralpony said that tons of Female champs are coming is more than probable that Priscilla will be here soon.
I think she would be more that welcome to join (i got my arms open waiting) as a fresh face in the League, not another bulky armored dude.
Anyone whats to talk about this? any info would be welcome.


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* TheCastShowoff: Katy Mixon has a beautiful singing voice and puts it to good use often.
* FakeNationality: The character Samuel, a Senegalese immigrant, is played by Nyambi Nyambi, who is a Nigerian-American.
* NamesTheSame: Mike's partner has the first name of [[Series/FamilyMatters another Chicago-area cop]].
** Made all the more humorous when you see that the very same actor has made a string of guest appearances on the show and was the one who marries Mike and Molly.
* ScrewedByTheNetwork: Despite being a moderate success in the ratings (not as big as Creator/ChuckLorre's''Series/TheBigBangTheory'' or ''Series/TwoAndAHalfMen'', but still steady), CBS pulled the plug with a shortened sixth season and never even told the cast. Creator/MelissaMcCarthy found out about it through a statement co-star Rondi Reed made to the press.
* StarMakingRole: Was this along with ''Film/{{Bridesmaids}}'' for Creator/MelissaMcCarthy.
* TooSoon: The 3rd season finale was going to air on Monday 5/20/13 but was pulled rather quickly due to how it was going to be about how Chicago was hit by a Tornado. However due to the fact Oklahoma was substantially damaged by a Tornado recently CBS decided to pull the 3rd Season finale out and replaced it with a rerun. The finale eventually aired Thursday 5/29/13.


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Funky design of pumpkinhead from L.Frank Baum's Wizard Of Oz, take this with you on your own personal Ipad case.
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What was the most consecutive times has the Wheel of Fortune Wheel landed on Bankrupt?
I think the most times has been 5 times in a row, but I am not sure of that.
What is the difference between front-wheel drive& rear-wheel drive?
Historically, most cars were rear-wheel drive. Then in the 1970s, in an effort to save weight and fuel, manufacturers began switching to front-wheel drive. A side benefit was added traction in wet ...
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How to Replace the Front Wheel Bearing Wheel on a 2005 Dodge Grand Caravan?
If your brakes have recently been serviced but you hear a grinding noise coming from the front end of your 2005 Dodge Grand Caravan it might be time to change the front wheel bearings. The wheel be...
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Tips on Getting the Steering Wheel Straight When Doing a Wheel Alignment?
One common automotive maintenance procedure is a steering and wheel alignment. This is not a do-it-yourself venture, as there are a number of expensive tools, such as an alignment rack, that must ...
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How Do I Repair Front Wheel Bearings on a 2003 Ford F350 4-Wheel Drive?
Front wheel bearings are part of the hub bearing assembly, which controls the vehicle's movement. Wheel bearings rotate in the hub and allow the wheel to turn when the vehicle is in motion. Wheel b...
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Big news for bighorns- Thumbs Up
A Watertown resident, although unknown at this point, recently won an auction for the right to hunt a bighorn sheep in the Black Hills. The winning bid of $102,000 may seem extravagant, but let's not lose sight of the fact that all of this money will go to help South Dakota's sheep herd, through the addition of more animals, the eradication of disease that's wreaking havoc on the animals or whatever else state wildlife officials decide the herd needs. This person's generous donation to South Dakota wildlife deserves a big thumbs up.
It was a month to forget- Thumbs Down
March is over, and we say "good riddance." The month is supposed to usher in the spring season and all of the good things that come along with it: warmer weather, melting snow, lawns getting green and trees coming back to life. But this March, with its cold and snow, gets a thumbs down. The average temperature was almost 10 degrees below normal.
County employess show lots of heart- Thumbs Up
Codington County employees got the OK from the Board of Commissioners to help a fellow employee who is seriously ill and unable to work. The board approved a request from county Facilities Manager Milo Ford and a number of other department heads to allow employees to donate sick leave time to co-workers in cases where the ailing employee has used up all his own options. The employees deserve a thumbs up for their selfless actions, and so does the board for approving the request, even though there was no policy in place to handle such situations.
A child's feet of kindness- Thumbs Up
Preslie Hendricks may be just 8 years old, but she is wise beyond her years. The daughter of Lee and Kasie Hendricks of Watertown, Preslie saw on television some Jamaican and Haitian children who had no shoes and whose feet were covered in blisters. She decided to do something about it. Since her birthday was coming up, she told her party guests that, instead of presents, they should bring pairs of shoes, which she would then donate to kids like those she saw on TV. Her plan grew, and when she was finished, she had collected 165 pairs of shoes which were delivered to Jamaica last month. The world could use more kids like her. Good job, Preslie!
Secret deals not allowed- Thumbs Up
The Huron school District has been paying former Superintendent Ross Opsal nearly $11,000 a month since his resignation in March 2011. When a newspaper asked why, officials wouldn't say. They wanted to keep the deal with Opsal secret, even though it was taxpayers' money being used. A state examiner has ruled the school district must make the agreement with Opsal public. That's a big win for openness in government. Of course, the district has yet to comply with the ruling, so our thumbs up could still get turned upside down. Stay tuned...


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(1) First compilation of the Holy Quran was completed during the period of Hazrat:
(a) Abu Bakr
(b) Umar
(c) Uthman
(d) None of these
(2) In 14 Hijri / 635 AD ________ laid the foundation of Basrah.
(a) Hazrat Umar
(b) Khalid bin Walid
(c) Utbah bin Ghazwan
(d) None of these
(3) Hazrat Uthman assassinated in the month of:
(a) Ramazan
(b) Rajab
(c) Zilhaj
(d) None of these
(4) Hazrat Ali shifted the capital from Madina to:
(a) Basra
(b) Fustat
(c) Damascus
(d) None of these
(5) Hazrat Khalid bin Walid belonged the tribe of:
(a) Hashim
(b) Umayyah
(c) Makhzum
(d) None of these
(6) ________ is known "First year of Unification in the history of Islam".
(a) 40 Hijri
(b) 41 Hijri
(c) 70 Hijri
(d) None of these
(7) _________ was the conqueror of Spain.
(a) Mohammad bin Qasim
(b) Qutaibah bin Muslim
(c) Tariq bin Ziyad
(d) None of these
(8) The last Caliph of Ummayads was:
(a) Hisham bin Abdul Malik
(b) Marwan II
(c) Yazid II
(d) None of these
(9) Umayyad Caliphate lasted for __________ years.
(a) 90
(b) 92
(c) 132
(d) None of these
(10) Baghdad was founded by:
(a) Harun
(b) Mamun
(c) Mansur
(d) None of these
(11) Kitab Al-Khair was written by:
(a) Imam Malik
(b) Imam Abu Hanifa
(c) Imam Yousuf
(d) None of these
(12) 'Jizya' is a:
(a) Poll tax
(b) Land tax
(c) Property tax
(d) None of these
(13) Abbasid Caliphate came into being in:
(a) 122 Hijri
(b) 132 Hijri
(c) 142 Hijri
(d) None of these
(14) Ishaque Musli was a famous:
(a) Musician
(b) Historian
(c) Jurist
(d) None of these
(15) The first Wazir to Abbasids was:
(a) Abu Salama Khalal
(b) Abu Muslim
(c) Yahha Barmaki
(d) None of these
(16) The first capital of Abbasid Caliphate was:
(a) Baghdad
(b) Samara
(c) Al-Hashimiyah
(d) None of these
(17) Abu Bakr ibn Zakaria al-Razi (RHAZES) was a great:
(a) Historian
(b) Jurist
(c) Physician
(d) None of these
(18) 'Siyasatnama' was written by:
(a) Al Kindi
(b) Nizamul Mulk Tusi
(c) Al-Farabi
(d) None of these
(19) Sultan Salim-I became first Osmani Caliph in:
(a) 1517
(b) 1520
(c) 1525
(d) None of these
(20) Institution of 'Khilafat' abolished by:
(a) Anwer Pasha
(b) Mustafa Kamal Pasha
(c) Ismet Inono
(d) None of these
Tuesday, July 30, 2013
PPSC Islamyat MCQs Test
(1) First compilation of the Holy Quran was completed during the period of Hazrat:
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RANDOLPH TWP. Area students at the Kumon Math and Reading Center have been recognized for outstanding performance in math and reading. Students attend on a year-round basis, and the extra study that Kumon provides has resulted in students named to the North American Advanced Student Honor Roll. Advanced math honor roll students from Randolph are Arjun Natarajan, Michael Meriwether, Nolan Smith, Kathryn Ragan, Michael Lupo, Stan Li, Matthew Piccarillo, Chris Klobus, Dean Pierce, Amanda Wegner, Chinmay Aladangady, Michelle Lupo, Vijay Natarajan, Katie Meriwether, Sumedha Niranjan, Richard Lem, Paul Lem, Aditya Aladangady, and Tejas Niranjan; from Succasunna are Christina Sterlingwerf, Christine Gerber, Kyle Kramer, Kaitlyn Kramer, Christopher Schmidt and Angelo Digiacinto; from Ledgewood are Ariel Chen and Helen Chen; from Flanders are Amruthasree Krishnaraj and Chetna Johri; from Budd Lake is Kristyne Gambino; and from Mt. Arlington is Abeshhek Dave.
Students listed on the advanced reading honor roll from Randolph are Katie Meriwether and Micheal Meriwether; from Succasunna are Christina Stellingwerf, Christine Gerber, Kaitlyn Kramer and Angelo DiGiacinto; from Budd Lake is Kristyne Gambino; and from Mt. Arlington is Abeshek Dave;


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When you're interested in building muscle mass while also losing body fat, you'll want to master a lean protein diet. A lean protein diet will focus on providing as much protein as possible while also cutting down on calories as much as possible. Achieving the two opposing goals of muscle gaining and fat loss can be difficult, but a lean protein diet can lead you to success.
Overall Dietary Guidelines
Building muscle and losing fat are opposing goals. This is because, generally speaking, when you want to build muscle, you need to eat more calories than normal, and when you want to lose fat, you have to eat fewer calories than you normally would. However, careful manipulation of your diet and overall nutritional intake will allow you to succeed in both of these realms.
On days that you are working out, you should keep your caloric intake even with your normal diet. Conversely, on days that you don't work out, you should cut down your calorie load by between 10 percent and 20 percent. The combined effects will be that you'll maintain your energy level when you need it while also working toward shedding excess pounds when you can.
Because you won't be decreasing your total caloric intake that greatly--and on some days you'll be keeping it even--you'll need to maximize what you eat. One way to do this is by breaking your meals down into smaller portions. The multiple smaller portions will keep your metabolism churning at a high pace while also preventing you from overeating because of hunger. Another way to do this is to replace all of your grains--rice, bread and cereals--with whole grains, which provide more nutrients, including protein and vitamins, as opposed to the empty caloric loads of white grains.
Sources of Lean Protein
As a general guideline, you should be eating at least one gram of protein for every pound of your ideal body weight. This is where all of the various sources of lean protein come into play. The best sources of lean protein include chicken, turkey and fish. In addition, eggs, beans and soy are all lean sources of protein.
To help meet your protein requirements while keeping your caloric intake in check, you might want to supplement your diet with protein drinks, bars or supplements. Don't be afraid to work in other protein sources, such as dairy products and red meat. Just limit your portions and make smart decisions. For example, opt for skim or 1 percent milk, and buy your ground meat with a high 80 percent to 90 percent lean ratio.
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Treatment outcomes among HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected children initiating antiretroviral therapy in a concentrated low prevalence setting in West Africa
There is little data on responses to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) among HIV-infected children in the West African region. We describe treatment outcomes among HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected children initiating cART in a research clinic in The Gambia, West Africa.
All treatment naive HIV-infected children who initiated cART according to the WHO ART guidelines for children between October 2004 and December 2009 were included in the analysis. Kaplan-Meir estimates and sign-rank test were used to investigate the responses to treatment.
65 HIV-1 and five HIV-2 infected children aged < 15 years were initiated on cART over this time period. HIV-1 infected children were treated with a combination of Zidovudine or Stavudine + Lamivudine + Nevirapine or Efavirenz while children with HIV-2 were treated with Zidovudine + Lamivudine + ritonavir-boosted Lopinavir. HIV-1 infected children were followed-up for a median (IQR) duration of 20.1 months (6.9 – 34.3), with their median (IQR) age at treatment initiation, CD4% and plasma viral load at baseline found to be 4.9 years (2.1 – 9.1), 13.0% (7.0 – 16.0) and 5.4 log10 copies/ml (4.4 – 6.0) respectively. The median age at treatment initiation of the five HIV-2 infected children was 12 years (range: 4.6 – 14.0) while their median baseline CD4+ T cell count and HIV-2 viral load were 140 cells/mm3 (Range: 40 – 570 cells/mm3) and 4.5 log10copies/mL (Range: 3.1 - 4.9 log10copies/mL) respectively.
Among HIV-1 infected children <5 years of age at ART initiation, the median (IQR) increases in CD4% from baseline to 12, 24 and 36 months were 14% (8 – 19;
The beneficial effects of cART among HIV-1 infected children in our setting are sustained in the first 24 months of treatment with a significant improvement in survival experience up to 36 months; however the outcome was poor in the few HIV-2 infected children initiated on cART.
Initiatives to increase access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for paediatric populations in resource-limited settings, particularly the integration of HIV treatment and care for children into existing adult ART centres as well as maternal newborn and child health services, have resulted in a significant increase in the numbers of children starting treatment over the last couple of years
Gambia has a concentrated but low-level mixed epidemic with estimated prevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection of 1.6% and 0.4% respectively from the 2008 national sentinel surveillance data
Data on treatment outcomes from paediatric ART programmes in the West African sub-region is limited to countries with a high burden of paediatric HIV, and describe only HIV-1 infected children
We report the experiences of ART-naïve HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected Gambian children starting ART at a major paediatric HIV referral clinic at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit in Fajara, The Gambia – West Africa.
Study setting and participants
The MRC Fajara HIV clinical cohort was established in 1986 with approval from the Joint Gambia Government/ MRC Ethics Committee and enrolment of children into the cohort started in 1993, based on written informed consent by the parent or legal guardian. The cohort initially consisted of children whose HIV-infected parents were enrolled in a natural history cohort, and later children identified as HIV-infected and clinically in need of treatment referred from other health-care facilities. The Fajara clinic has been the only centre in the country performing virological tests for the diagnosis of HIV infection in children <18 months of age and became the major paediatric HIV referral clinic in The Gambia. Provision of ART in The Gambia began in October 2004 through the support of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Recruitment of children into the programme ended in January 2010 as part of the transition process transfer patient care from the MRC to the Gambian national health care system.
Between June 2004 (when sensitization of patients in preparation for the introduction of ART commenced) and December 2009, a total of 332 ART-naïve HIV-infected children were enrolled in the paediatric cohort of whom 316 (95.2%) were HIV-1 and 16 (4.8%) HIV-2 positive (Figure
Figure 1
Flowchart of ART-naïve HIV-infected children < 15 years of age enrolled in the MRC Fajara paediatric HIV programme from June 2004 - September 2009.
Flowchart of ART-naïve HIV-infected children < 15 years of age enrolled in the MRC Fajara paediatric HIV programme from June 2004 - September 2009.
Study procedures
Eligibility for initiating ART was based on the standard WHO guidelines that were in place at the time of enrolment
Antiretroviral therapy
ART was initiated in accordance with The Gambian Department of State for Health guidelines
Following ART initiation children were followed up at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and then at monthly intervals for the first 3 months and quarterly thereafter. At each visit, patients were seen by a physician. Haematologic tests and biochemical tests for liver function were performed at the week 4 and quarterly follow-up visits. CD4+ T cell profile, HIV RNA plasma viral load were measured at 3- and 6-months and thereafter every 6 months or as clinically indicated. Data on drug dispensing was collected in the pharmacy registry database. Adherence was assessed at each visit by pill counts (for children receiving tablets) and/or self report of the care-giver or child. Patients with observed adherence problems were offered further counselling. Immunologic and virologic responses to ART were assessed by changes in the CD4+ T cell parameters and plasma viral load levels respectively from the pre-therapy levels. An undetectable viral load was defined as being <100 copies/mL. Patients who did not come to the clinic for at least 90 days beyond their last drug-refill visit were considered lost to follow up and where prior consent obtained, were visited at home by trained field workers to ascertain survival status or change of address.
Laboratory methods
HIV diagnosis
Sequential assays were carried out for serological diagnosis of HIV in children ≥18 months of age. Murex HIV antibody test (ELISA) were carried out first on all serum samples; a positive sample was presumed to contain antibodies to HIV 1 or HIV-2. This was followed by Hexagon HIV test for qualitative detection of IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2, which differentiates between HIV-1 and HIV-2 seropositivity. A coloured band at line 2 and a coloured band at the control line indicate HIV-2 seropositivity. In children <18 months of age, HIV infection was diagnosed by two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. The MRC Fajara HIV clinic is the only centre in The Gambia performing virological tests for the diagnosis of HIV infection in children <18 months of age.
HIV RNA viral load
Viral load testing was done using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method with 100 – 1,000,000 copies/ml as the limit of detection. This method of viral load evaluation was developed in-house for use in the MRC Laboratories, The Gambia
CD4 count measurement
Percentages and absolute counts of CD4 T lymphocytes were determined on a FACS Calibur (Becton Dickinson, US) using BD MultiTest reagents and MultiSet software (BD Immunocytometry Systems).
Statistical analysis
All treatment-naive children who initiated ART at the MRC HIV clinic between 1 October 2004 and 31 December 2009 were included in this analysis; children transferred into the cohort having been on ART elsewhere were excluded. For the purpose of this analysis, children who initiated treatment before 2006 were retrospectively re-staged at the time of starting ART according to the 4-stage WHO paediatric HIV clinical classification. Observation time for each child started at the date of commencement of ART and ended either on the 31st of December 2009 or at the date of death or the date the child was last known to be alive, whichever came first.
The main outcomes for this study were changes in immunologic and virologic parameters measured after initiating ART. Baseline parameters were taken as the nearest measurement within 3 months prior to initiation of ART; whereas the subsequent 6-monthly monitoring tests parameters were the nearest measurement within a ± 3-month window of the respective time point after initiation of ART. Differences between baseline and each 6-monthly follow-up CD4 measurement were determined using the Wilcoxon signed test. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to determine the time to achievement of an immunological response to ART and probability of survival. The time to achieve an immunological response was defined as the interval between the baseline CD4% and an increase in the CD4% of 5-, 10-, and 15-percentage points. An undetectable viral load was defined as a viral load of < 100 copies/ml. The proportion of children achieving undetectable viral load after 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, 24-, 30- and 36 months of treatment respectively was estimated for all children with available measurements at each specified time-point. Virological failure was defined as having HIV RNA viral load >5000 copies/mL after 24 weeks (6 months) of therapy. Differences in baseline viral load and CD4+ T cell profiles between children who died and those who survived were assessed using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. All statistical analyses were performed with STATA Version11 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA) and statistical significance defined as p<0.05 (two-sided).
Between October 1, 2004 and December 31, 2009, 70 treatment-naïve HIV- infected children less than 15 years of age were initiated on ART in the MRC paediatric HIV cohort. Sixty-five (92.9%) children were HIV-1 infected and 5 (7.1%) HIV-2 infected. The children were followed up for a median duration of 18.2 months (IQR: 5.7 – 34.3 months) during which time a total of eight children (11.4%) died and 12 (17.1%) were lost to follow-up.
Baseline characteristics of HIV-infected children on ART
Characteristics of HIV-1-infected children
The 65 HIV-1 infected children had a median duration of follow-up of 20.1 months (IQR: 6.9 – 34.3 months) with 50 (76.9%) of the children having at least 6 months follow-up after the start of ART. Thirty-one children (47.7%) were female. The median age at start of treatment was 4.9 years (IQR: 2.1 - 9.1 years); 15 children (23.1%) were less than 2 years of age. Twenty-seven (41.5%) children had advanced (stage 3) or severe (stage 4) clinical disease, 18 of whom were also severely immunosuppressed (baseline CD4% <15%) and 9 of whom had pulmonary tuberculosis. Baseline characteristics of the HIV-1 infected children are presented in Table
Both parents of seven (10.8%) children were known to be HIV-positive; 41 (63.1%) children had at least one parent known to be HIV-positive; and the HIV status of both parents were negative or unknown in 3 (4.6%) and 14 (21.5%) of the children respectively. Five (7.7%) children had lost both parents, 34 (52.3%) had both parents alive while 22 had lost at least one parent.
Fifty-four (83.1%) children were commenced on AZT + 3TC + NVP; six (9.2%) on AZT + 3TC + EFV and five (7.7%) on d4T + 3TC + NVP. Twelve (18.5%) of the children had a substitution of at least one antiretroviral drug while 4 (6.2%) among the 12 subsequently had a second drug substitution during follow-up. The main reasons for drug substitution were severe anaemia and/or treatment for tuberculosis.
Characteristics of HIV-2-infected children
The median duration of follow-up among the HIV-2-infected children was 3.8 months (Range: 1.8 – 37.5 months). Three of the children were male and 2 were female. The baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics of the five HIV-2 infected children are presented in Table
Response to treatment among HIV-1-infected children
Immunologic response to treatment
Overall, the median (IQR) CD4% increased significantly from 13% (7 – 16) at baseline to 23.3% (18.0 – 28.5; p < 0.001), 27% (20 – 34; p < 0.001), and 27.5% (16 – 36; p < 0.001) at 6-, 12- and 18 months respectively (Table
Among those aged less than 5 years at initiation of ART, the median (IQR) CD4% increase from baseline to 6-, 12 and 18 months of therapy was 12.3% (8 – 14; P < 0.001), 14% (8 – 19; P = 0.0004) and 18% (13 – 22; p = 0.0048) respectively. (Figure
Figure 2
CD4% changes of HIV-1 infected children in the MRC Fajara cohort in response to ART.
CD4% changes of HIV-1 infected children in the MRC Fajara cohort in response to ART. Median CD4% and median increase in CD4% from baseline among HIV-1 infected children <5 years of age at ART start.
CD4+ T cell count were used to assess rate of immunological recovery in children ≥ 5 years of age at the start of ART. The median (IQR) increase in absolute CD4+ T cell count from baseline to 6-, 12- and 18 months of therapy was 210 cells/mm3 (67.5 – 380; P = 0.0009), 470 cells/mm3 (270 – 650; p = 0.0005) and 375 cells/mm3 (−62.5 – 835; p = 0.0085). (Figure
Figure 3
Absolute CD4 T-cell count changes of HIV-1 infected children in the MRC Fajara cohort in response to ART.
Absolute CD4 T-cell count changes of HIV-1 infected children in the MRC Fajara cohort in response to ART. Median absolute CD4 T-cell count and median changes in CD4 T-cell from baseline among HIV-1 infected children ≥5 years of age at ART start.
The Kaplan-Meir curves in figures
Figure 4
Kaplan Meier plots for increase in CD4% from baseline among HIV-1 infected children.
Kaplan Meier plots for increase in CD4% from baseline among HIV-1 infected children. Kaplan Meier survival curves of increase in CD4% from baseline with time with plots A, B and C showing time to (A) 5%, (B) 10% and (C) 15% increase in CD4% from baseline.
Virologic response to treatment
At Six months of treatment, 24 (63.6%) of the 38 children with available viral load measurements had achieved complete virologic suppression (i.e. a viral load <100 copies/mL); 7 (18.4%) children had virologic failure (i.e. a viral load > 5000 copies/mL), while 7 (18.4%) children had incomplete virologic suppression (i.e. 5000 > viral load >100 copies/mL). The suppression of detectable viral load was achieved in 55.6%, 36.4% and 58.3% of children at 12, 24 and 36 months of follow-up respectively (Table
During the period of follow-up, only eight children were switched to second-line therapy as a result of treatment (virologic) failure); four (50%) of these children were less than 5 years of age when they started first-line therapy. The median time to initiation of second-line therapy was 23.5 months (IQR: 15.8 – 30.7). Six of these children eventually achieved complete virologic suppression whilst the remaining two achieved viral loads <5000 copies/mL.
Clinical outcomes
One child was transferred to another ART centre for continued care and 8 (12.3%) were lost to follow-up of whom one was withdrawn from the programme to seek alternative (herbal) treatment. Six (9.2%) HIV-1-infected children died after initiating ART; the median time to death was 31.5 days (range: 6 – 231 days). Five (83.3%) of the deaths occurred within 6 months of starting treatment; four of which took place in within the first 90 days. All the children but one were < 2 years of age at the time of death however, all had WHO clinical stage 3 or 4 disease. Children who died had significantly lower CD4% at baseline than those who survived (3.5% vs. 13% respectively; P = 0.004), while baseline viral loads did not differ (5.7 vs. 5.3 log10copies/mL respectively; P = 0.647). The probability of survival on ART among the HIV-1-infected children after 12 months was 89.9% (95% CI 78.8 – 95.3%) (Figure
Figure 5
Kaplan Meier plot showing survival probability among HIV-1 infected children on ART in the MRC Fajara Paediatric cohort, The Gambia.
Kaplan Meier plot showing survival probability among HIV-1 infected children on ART in the MRC Fajara Paediatric cohort, The Gambia.
Response to treatment among HIV-2-infected children
Two of the five HIV-2-infected children initiated on ART died and the remainder were lost to follow-up. One of the deaths occurred in a 12-year girl who started ART five months after diagnosis. She had difficulty tolerating the ART with persistent nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea which did not respond to therapy. Her weight dropped to 11.5 kg at 7th week of treatment and she developed sepsis with anaemia and thrombocytopaenia. She died after 2 months on ART. The second death occurred in a 6-year-old boy with unexplained severe anaemia which was refractory to treatment; he died of anaemic heart failure after 4 months on ART.
Among those lost to follow-up, CD4 T-cell recovery was sub-optimal and none achieved virologic suppression. Their clinic visitation was characterised by irregular attendance associated with poor social and treatment support resulting in sub-optimal adherence to therapy. Further details including socio-demographic characteristics of the five HIV-2-infected children are shown in Table
The objective of ART in the treatment of HIV disease is to inhibit viral replication and achieve and sustain viral suppression while promoting immune reconstitution and clinical improvement. There is increasing evidence from sub-Saharan Africa that under routine program conditions, HIV-infected children receiving ART can achieve improved immune function, sustained virological suppression and good clinical outcomes
Despite a median baseline CD4 T cell percent of 13%, which indicates that the HIV-1 infected children in this cohort were at an advanced stage of immunosuppression at entry, the overall median CD4 T cell percent increased to 23.3% and 27% at six and 12 months respectively, with a 'plateau' at 18 and 24 months. By this measure, the MRC paediatric cohort demonstrated an immediate and significant response to therapy. These observed early- and medium-term responses are comparable to reports from a review of 28 paediatric cohorts in Sub-Saharan Africa which showed that CD4% increased within the first year of treatment with a plateau after 12 to 18 months of treatment
The proportion of HIV-1-infected children who achieved an undetectable viral load, defined as HIV RNA <100 copies/mL, was 63.2% at six months. By 12- and 24- months of therapy, 55.6% and 36.4% of the children in the cohort respectively had undetectable viral loads. However, the proportion increased to 58% at 36 months. Possible explanations for this include the fact that some children who failed therapy were switched on to second-line regimens as stated in the results section, as well as the effect of reinforced adherence counselling. Second-line therapy was however frequently delayed as a result of shortages of appropriate medicines and formulations.
Overall, 62.5% of all deaths in our cohort occurred within the first 90 days, with these early mortality predominantly among those with HIV-1 infection and aged <2 years. This is similar to reports elsewhere in the sub-region where early mortality (i.e. in the first 90 days of ART) is substantially higher compared to later months
We found a very poor outcome among the six HIV-2 infected children after a median of 23 weeks on combination antiretroviral therapy, with three out of six being lost to follow-up and two dying. A review of the available laboratory parameters for treatment monitoring similarly showed poor immunologic and virologic responses in almost all of those children. A couple of factors could have contributed to the poor clinical and immuno-virologic outcomes we observed among the HIV-2 infected children in this report. First, all the children were at an advanced disease stage at diagnosis of their HIV-2 infection, and initiated antiretroviral therapy at a point when they were severely immunocompromised. Given the chronicity of HIV-2 infection, the long duration of infection before these children became eligible for ART at the same CD4 count threshold as HIV-1 infected children might have contributed to the poor immunological recovery. Secondly, despite the progress made in scaling-up ART in West Africa, treatment of HIV-2 infection still remains a challenge and the optimal treatment option for HIV-2 infection is still a subject of several ongoing research studies focussing only on adults. While available data from adult HIV-2 cohorts suggests a sub-optimal response to some of the protease inhibitors (PIs) commonly used in the West African sub-region
Baseline co-morbidities such as tuberculosis, malnutrition, helminthiasis, anaemia as well as ART toxicity or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) particularly in those with advanced immunosuppression at ART initiation are well recognized risk factors for poor outcomes on antiretroviral therapy including early mortality
Adherence to ART is another important determinant of viral suppression and treatment outcome
As with most other paediatric HIV treatment programmes in resource-limited settings
As more countries in the sub-region scale-up access to ART for HIV-infected children, paediatric treatment outcomes data can help guide programme implementation. The level of care provided at our HIV clinic is however not representative of paediatric HIV care in West Africa as patients had the advantage of frequent and regular care provided by highly qualified physicians and counsellors at essentially no cost to the patients, with routine viral load and CD4 cell counts and -percent monitoring. This, coupled with the small size of our paediatric cohort makes it difficult to generalize our findings to other settings in the sub-region. We however experienced similar programmatic challenges such as lack of appropriate paediatric formulations of almost all the antiretroviral drugs especially second-line drugs, and stock-out of at least one drug annually. Over 60% of the children on our cohort were severely immunocompromised at treatment initiation, and the need for multiple pre-ART counselling sessions and prior approval by the national Eligibility committee further contributed to delays in starting treatment which may have put these patients at increased risk of poor immunological recovery, treatment failure and mortality.
We have observed that the beneficial effects of antiretroviral therapy among Gambian children are sustained in the first 24 months of treatment with a significant improvement in survival experience of up to 36 months. Implementation of diagnostic PCR or an equivalent technology for earlier HIV diagnosis, especially at maternal and child-health clinics, and improved access to paediatric fixed dose formulations to facilitate adherence and appropriate dosing, are key to scaling up access to life-saving ART for HIV-infected children.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
UO coordinated the pediatric HIV clinical activities, performed the statistical analysis and drafted the manuscript. TT contributed to the study design, participated in the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. JT participated in the statistical analysis. IP contributed to the design of the study. TT, FO and KP participated in the clinical care of the patients. AJ conceived the idea and gave overall support. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank the field workers and nurses of the MRC HIV Clinic, particularly Mr. Saydiba Tamba. We acknowledge and appreciate the efforts of Gilleh Thomas and Mehedi Shams-Rony in acquisition of the data; Ramu Sarge-Njie, Samuel Nyamweya, Sheikh Jarju, Clayton Onyango and Mathew Cotten for their assistance with HIV diagnostics, CD4 and viral load measurements.
This work was supported by the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation [grant number: ILA # 01–15 to A.J]. Support for antiretroviral drugs and MRC HIV Clinic Staff was provided by the Global Fund for AIDS, TB and Malaria (GFATM)
Towards Universal Access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection associated with AIDS in West Africa
Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1
AIDS following mother-to-child transmission of HIV-2
Mortality of HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually infected patients in a clinic-based cohort in The Gambia
Maternal plasma viral RNA levels determine marked differences in mother-to-child transmission rates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in The Gambia MRC/Gambia Government/University College London Medical School working group on mother-child transmission of HIV
Prospective comparison of mother-to-child transmision of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast
A prospective study of vertical transmission of HIV-2 in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-2 infection from 1986 to 2007 in the ANRS French Perinatal Cohort EPF-CO1
Virologic and immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy and predictors of HIV type 1 drug resistance in children receiving treatment in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Epidemiological and clinical aspects of paediatric HIV infections in Albert-Royer Paediatric Hospital Dakar, Senegal
Assessment of Adherence to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in a Cohort of African HIV-Infected Children in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Highly active antiretroviral therapies among HIV-1-infected children in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Maternal HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection and child survival in The Gambia
Survival of HIV-1 and HIV-2 perinatally infected children in The Gambia
A call for randomized controlled trials of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-2 infection in West Africa
Quality control assessment of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) viral load quantification assays: results from an international collaboration on HIV-2 infection in 2006
Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected children in sub-Saharan Africa
Lymphocyte subsets in healthy children during the first 5 years of life
Impact of long-term viral suppression in CD4+ recovery of HIV-children on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Increase and plateau of CD4 T-cell counts in the 3(1/2) years after initiation of potent antiretroviral therapy
Clinical outcomes and CD4 cell response in children receiving antiretroviral therapy at primary health care facilities in Zambia
Early Response to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-1-Infected Kenyan Children
Preliminary outcomes of a paediatric highly active antiretroviral therapy cohort from KwaZulu-Natal
Early mortality and loss to follow-up in HIV-infected children starting antiretroviral therapy in Southern Africa
Susceptibility of HIV-2, SIV and SHIV to various anti-HIV-1 compounds: implications for treatment and postexposure prophylaxis
Antiretroviral therapy in HIV-2-infected patients: changes in plasma viral load, CD4+ cell counts, and drug resistance profiles of patients treated in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Trends in opportunistic infections in the pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy eras among HIV-infected children in the Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study, 1986–2004
Anaemia is an independent predictive marker for clinical prognosis in HIV-infected patients from across Europe
The consistency of adherence to antiretroviral therapy predicts biologic outcomes for human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons in clinical trials
In resource-limited settings good early outcomes can be achieved in children using adult fixed-dose combination antiretroviral therapy
Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-infected children receiving an adult fixed-dose combination of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine
Nevirapine concentrations in HIV-infected children treated with divided fixed-dose combination antiretroviral tablets in Malawi and Zambia
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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The new April 15, 2014 rules says within 60 days of an answer, the parties must confer...then within 14 days after that, submit the joint report. When does conferring end, thereby starting the timer on the 14 days? It seems that the items a Joint Report requires cant be established right away, making it seem like the Joint Report is a waste of time (overall) and in violation of rule 16(a) that says its purpose is discouraging wasteful pretrial activities.
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Description: Faced with recent state and national mandates, many veteran social studies teachers are now required to explore new content and achieve new goalsoften without any guidance. New teachers are at an even greater disadvantage, wondering what exactly they are supposed to teach and how to go about it. In Ways That Work, Tarry Lindquist provides some answers. Ways That Work is an idea book from start to finish, modeling several different ways social studies content can be organized in elementary and middle school classrooms. Each chapter: identifies a specific standard and a goal presents strategies to help you achieve the goal outlines how to put the strategies into place describes essential skills you can develop suggests ways you can incorporate other subject areas, especially language arts and literature presents proven assessment techniques concludes with a detailed bibliography of student books and references. Together, the chapters illustrate that there is no one way to teach social studiesthat the magic of teaching social studies lies in the richness of the available content, the variety of strategies to choose from, and the diversity of viewpoints to explore. The value of Ways That Work increases as you make the strategies your own. Both preservice and inservice teachers will find it a source of fresh ideas for their classrooms.
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List price: $31.88Copyright year: 1997Publisher: HeinemannPublication date: 11/3/1997Binding: PaperbackPages: 200Size: 7.40" wide x 9.30" long x 0.48" tall Weight: 0.836Language: English
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Python Interview Questions
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Eating Out in GardensManna Epicure
Cafés & Eateries Wheelchair Friendly City Bowl
Where? Manna Epicure, 151 Kloof Street, Gardens, Cape Town.
When? Tuesday to Saturday from 08h00 to 22h00
Sunday to Monday from 08h00 to 21h00
How? Call +27 (0)21 426-2413
Overnight? Stay at accommodation in Gardens, in Western Cape
The design darling of Cape Town, Manna Epicure's stark white interiors leave all the emphasis on the exquisite menu. Dining at this street café cum chic city lunch venue is a must for lovers of creative food and dazzling coffee.
The menu is divided into sections for different taste sensations: sweet, bitter, sour and savoury - with the most innovative list of cocktails and freshly squeezed juices perfectly complimenting the epicurean menu.


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Welcome to Shine Gold Tours India
Shine Gold Tours is a Delhi based trusted tour operator, we strive to provide high quality travel services to our customers. We specialize in planning and executing tailor-made India Tours, especially for our overseas clients. Sightseeing tours to Agra, Delhi, Golden Triangle India and various cities of Rajasthan are our most popular packages. If you are a wildlife lover, amaze yourself with the beauty of wide range of flora and fauna north Indian wildlife sanctuaries offer. And if you are seeking spiritual bliss and peace of mind, take our spiritual and Buddhist tour packages to Varanasi, Kushinagar, Vaishali, Rajgir etc.
We arrange trips in small groups as well as large ones that include just you, your companions and a personal tour guide. All size of air-conditioned vehicles are available such as a 5 seats, an 8 seats and a 35 seats luxury coach (depends on the size of your group) to ensure your comfort and safety of the luggage. If you are foreign tourist, our representative will pick you up from the airport and transport you (in one of our AC vehicles) to the hotel.
We make every effort to make your trip comfortable and peaceful. Read more...
Golden Triangle Tour, Rajasthan Tour, Day Tour ,
Overnight tour from Delhi
Address :Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Address :Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Address :Mount Abu, Rajasthan, India
Address :Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Gemma Martin, (Spain)
We are very happy to meet you and we hope you continue making a lot of people smile as you have done with us. The best wishes for you and your family. We will miss you. Thank you very much for making our Agra trip wonderful. We are taking a great experience with us.
Amanda Reyes
Asif you were very amazing, excellent at making Shine Gold Tours India feel safe and welcomed. We can tell that you were very hospitable and exited by your job. Thank you for showing us India.
Asif Thank you for driving and driving safe.
Sofia Josefson with Friend, (holm. Sweden)
Thank you very much for a great stay on our trip. Thank you for taking such good care of me first day in India when I was alone. I felt very safe and learned a lot about Indian culture in just one day. And now I even know a few words in Hindi! Wonderful! Great to meet your son,Asif!
Giles & Duffy, (Cornwall England)
Thank you very much for our trip with you in India. We have had a fantastic time and done so many things that would have been impossible without you. We have had a great fun in India and it has been even better for meeting you both! All the sight seeing card games and cricket have been brilliant,..


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Icmeler is a resort that is perfectly suited to those couples and families looking for a really relaxing beach holiday. The resort has its lively side, however it also has a laid-back side. It is very popular with British tourists throughout the year. The transfer time for this resort is 2 to 2 and a half hours giving you more than enough time to look at the surrounding scenery and get an understanding for the location of the resort and your accommodation within the resort. The beach is covered with fine, pale sand and offers many amenities such as sunbeds and parasols. The beach however does get very busy during the peak of the summer period. The accommodation in Icmeler is very modern with 4-5-star hotels. You will also find plenty of B&Bs and self-catering apartments. You will find mostly half-board to all-inclusive in the hotels. Many of the hotels are also within a short walking distance to the beach.
Icmeler is home to many water sports. These include windsurfing, surfing, water-skiing, jet-skiing, scuba diving, snorkelling and taking out pedalloes. There are also many boat trips to go on that will take you along the coast of Turkey or onto other islands. You can also go and visit Marmaris for shopping and sightseeing. There are also plenty of excursions for you to enjoy. This includes sightseeing in many of the villages, coves and peninsulas along the coast, or seeing the historic sites in Marmaris. If you would prefer to do a full day excursion, then why not take a boat trip up to Rhodes for shopping and sightseeing, as well as trips to Bodrum, Dalyan and Caunus.
Many of the hotels in Icmeler offer some brilliant menu's. If you prefer to go out for a meal though, then visit one of the many restaurants that cater to British taste. You will obviously find British food, as well as Turkish, Italian, Chinese and Indian. There are also a lot of seafood, fast food and snack bars. There are lively sides to the resort, with discos and a casino coming alive at night. There are also plenty of bars for you to choose from with music and karaoke. Some of the hotels also have entertainment for your enjoyment in the evening. There are plenty of tourist shops for you to enjoy where you will find souvenirs, crafts, clothing, shoes, bags and watches. If you want to do more shopping then why not go to Marmaris. There are regular buses taking you in and around the resort. You can flag down the buses or grab a water taxi to Marmaris.
Icmeler is a hot resort with 320 days of pure sunshine a year. August is the hottest month in Icmeler with temperatures exceeding 35°C. There is a cooling sea breeze that sweeps through the resort keeping the humidity down and temperatures at a comfortable level. You will also be lucky enough to get 13 hours of pure sunshine a day in Icmeler. From July until the end of September, it is very unlikely that temperatures will drop below 30°C. From October onwards, temperatures are still above 25°C and you will still see over 10 hours of sunshine a day. The water temperatures are very warm making it all the more pleasant to try water sports. During the winter, temperatures are still around 15°C. There are still around 5 hours of sunshine a day for you to enjoy, however there will be the odd shower. The rainfall is very infrequent and does not last long so there is still plenty of time to go and enjoy the sunshine.


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Concord, N.H. – New figures show that thanks to Governor Maggie Hassan's fiscally responsible budget management and the hard work of state agencies, New Hampshire finished 2015 with a $73 million budget surplus.
Republican Senate President Chuck Morse said the new figures show the "state is living within its means."
Click here for the full Union Leader story or see excerpt below:
Union Leader: State Records a $73 Million Surplus for 2015
CONCORD — The state has an unaudited $73.2 million surplus for the recently-concluded 2015 fiscal year, which is greater than budget writers anticipated.
"By working closely with state agencies to responsibly manage their budgets and through the hard work of state agencies and employees to exceed their lapse estimates, we have asubstantial preliminary surplus for Fiscal Year 2015," said Gov. Maggie Hassan, who is required to release the final but unaudited 2015 fiscal year figures Sept. 30.
… With the surplus she suggested lawmakers may want to consider increasing state aid to public schools.
"With this surplus, we will be able to greatly strengthen our Rainy Day Fund, maintaining our commitment to fiscal responsibility and the state's long-term financial outlook," Hassan said. "Given this surplus, and as we continue to close the books on Fiscal Year 2015, we should closely monitor the coming months of state revenues and consider if there are ways to address concerns raised by communities about school funding levels."
Senate President Chuck Morse, R-Salem, said the figures show the state is living within its means.
Click here for the full Union Leader story.