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Visual Topography of Area TEO in the Macaque
- Cassandra Hunter
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1 THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 306~ (1991) Visual Topography of Area TEO in the Macaque DRISS BOUSSAOUD, ROBERT DESIMONE, AND LESLIE G. UNGERLEIDER Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland ABSTRACT Previous studies have mapped the visuotopic organization of visual areas from V1 through V4 in the occipital cortex and of area TE in the temporal cortex, but the cortex in between, at the occipito-temporal junction, has remained relatively unexplored. To determine the visuotopic organization of this region, receptive fields were mapped at 1,200 visually responsive sites on 370 penetrations in the ventral occipital and temporal cortex of five macaques. We identified a new visual area, roughly corresponding to cytoarchitectonic area TEO, located between the ventral portion of V4 and area TE. Receptive fields in TEO are intermediate in size between those in V4 and TE and have a coarse visuotopic organization. Collectively, receptive fields in TEO appear to cover nearly the entire contralateral visual field. The foveal and parafoveal representation of TEO is located laterally on the convexity of the inferior temporal gyrus, and the peripheral field is represented medially on the ventral surface of the hemisphere, within and medial to the occipitotemporal sulcus. Beyond the medial border of TEO, within cyteoarchitectonic area TF, is another visually responsive region, which we have termed VTF; this region may also have some crude visual topography. Bands of constant eccentricity in TEO appear to be continuous with those in V2, V~V, and V4. The upper field representation in TEO is located adjacent to that in ventral V4, with a representation of the horizontal meridian forming the boundary between the two areas. The lower field representation in TEO is located just anterior to the upper field but is smaller. In contrast to the orderly representation of eccentricity in TEO, we found little consistent representation of polar angle, other than the separation of upper and lower fields. The results of injecting anatomical tracers in two animals suggest that TEO is an important link in the pathway that relays visual information from V1 to the inferior temporal cortex. TEO is thus likely to play an important role in pattern perception. Key words: temporal lobe, visual cortex, extrastriate cortex, pattern vision, monkey Cytoarchitectonic area TE (Bonin and Bailey, '47), located within the inferior temporal cortex, is known to play a crucial role in the ability to recognize and remember visual objects (for reviews, see Dean, '82; Gross, '73; Desimone and Ungerleider, '89). Neurophysiological studies have found that TE neurons have complex stimulus selectivities and large, nontopographically organized receptive fields, which almost always include the center of gaze and frequently extend into both visual hemifields (Gross et al., '72; Desimone and Gross, '79). One of the major inputs to TE is from area V4 in prestriate cortex (Kuypers et al., '65; Desimone et al., '80; Fenstemaker et al., '84; Weller and Kaas, '85; Felleman et al., '86; Ungerleider et al., '86), an area that has also been mapped physiologically and anatomically (Van Essen and Zeki, '78; Ungerleider et al., '83; Maguire and Baizer, '84; Gattass et al., '88). V4 neurons show less complex stimulus selectivities than do TE neurons (Desimone and Schein, '87) and have relatively re- stricted receptive fields that topographically represent the contralateral visual field. Another region that provides a major input to TE is the cortex that lies between the ventral portion of V4 and area TE, at the occipito-temporal junction (Kuypers et al., '65; Desimone et al., '80; Weller and Kaas, '87). In terms of sulcal landmarks in macaques, this intermediate cortex typically lies between the ascending portion of the inferior occipital sulcus and the posterior middle temporal sulcus. In their study of the cytoarchitecture of macaque cortex, Bonin and Bailey ('47) labeled this region with a question mark on their section drawings but showed a photomicro- Accepted December 12,1990. Adress reprint requests to Dr. Leslie Ungerleider Lab. Neuropsychology, NIMH, Building 9, Room 1N107, Bethesda MD D. Boussaoud is now at the Laboratory of Neurophysiology, NIMH, P.O. Box 289, Poolesville, MD b 1991 WILEY-LISS, INC.
2 VISUAL AREA TEO 555 graph through the region that they labeled TEO. Iwai and Mishkin ( 68, 69) later reconstructed on a lateral view of the macaque brain the zone labeled with question marks on the Bonin and Bailey section drawings. They discovered that the questionable zone corresponded well with a region that they had found plays an important role in pattern discrimination, based on lesion data, and termed the region TEO. This region has also been variously termed posterior inferior temporal cortex and foveal prestriate cortex. Terminology aside, subsequent studies have confirmed that lesions involving TEO cause a devastating impairment in the ability of monkeys to learn visual pattern discriminations, which may be even larger than the impairment caused by lesions of TE (Cowey and Gross, 70; Kikuchi and Iwai, 80). To help understand the visuotopic organization of this cortex located between areas V4 and TE, we mapped it with microelectrode recordings. A brief report of the results has appeared previously (Boussaoud et al., 88). METHODS Physiological recording Five Macaca mulatta weighing kg were used. Most had previously served as normal controls in behavioral studies. Recordings of unit and/or multiunit activity were carried out over 6-10 sessions in each monkey. The physiological, anatomical, and histological procedures have been described in detail previously (Desimone and Gross, 79; Desimone and Ungerleider, 86; Boussaoud et al., 90). Briefly, at least 4 days prior to the first recording session, the monkey was anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, and a stainless steel recording chamber and a post for holding the animal in the stereotaxic machine were implanted under aseptic conditions. For the recording session, the animal was tranquilized with ketamine, anesthetized with halothane (2.5%) in a mixture of 70% nitrous oxide and 30% oxygen, intubated with an endotracheal cannula coated with xylocaine gel (2%), and placed on a soft cushion and heating pad. The head was held with the previously implanted post, and the dura was exposed by removing the lid to the recording chamber. The animal was then paralyzed with pancuronium bromide and maintained under 70% nitrous oxide and 30% oxygen anesthesia. No surgical or other potentially painful procedures were conducted during the recording session. End-tidal CO, and body temperature were continuously monitored and maintained within the normal physiological ranges. During the sessions, the heart rate remained within the normal range and did not change in response to somatic stimulation. The pupil of the eye contralateral to the hemisphere of recording was dilated with cyclopentolate hydrochloride, and the cornea was covered with a contact lens selected to focus the eye on a 85-cm diameter translucent hemisphere located 43 cm in front of the animal. At the end of each recording session, the paralyzing agent was terminated, the cylinder washed out, and the animal allowed to recover. Usually within 2 hours the animal was alert, active, and eating fruit within its home cage. Two to 4 days separated successive recording sessions. Recording sessions generally lasted 8-12 hours. Unit andor multiunit activity was recorded by conventional means (Desimone and Gross, 79; Desimone and Ungerleider, 86). Rows of vertical microelectrode penetrations were made in the frontal plane (in one case) or in the parasagittal plane (in 4 cases). Rows were spaced mm apart, and penetrations within a row were spaced mm apart. Recording sites along each penetration were separated by a minimum of 500 pm. Recording sessions were limited to a 4-week period, since, in our experience, penetration tracks begin to fade after this amount of time. Visual stimuli Receptive fields were plotted with a hand-held projector on the translucent hemisphere located in front of the animal. Occasionally, three-dimensional objects, such as brushes, were also used as visual stimuli. The length, width, orientation, and eccentricity of the receptive fields were recorded and were subsequently entered into a computer, which graphically displayed the sequence of receptive fields along each row of penetrations. Receptive fields are shown with best-fitting rectangles in the figures. Visual Areas FEF, frontal eye field FST, fundus of superior temporal area MT, middle temporal area V1, visual area 1 V2, visual area 2 V3A, visual area 3, part A V3d, visual area 3, dorsal portion Cortical Sulci amt, anterior middle temporal sulcus ar, arcuate sulcus ca, calcarine fissure ce, central sulcus ci, cingulate sulcus co, collateral sulcus ec, external calcarine sulcus io, inferior occipital sulcus ip, intraparietal sulcus la, lateral sulcus Abbreviations V~V, visual area 3, ventral portion V4, visual area 4 V4t, V4 transitional zone VIP, ventral intraparietal area VP, ventral posterior area VTF, visually responsive zone in TF cortex lu, lunate sulcus Lorb, lateral orbital sulcus m.orb, medial orbital sulcus at, occipitotemporal sulcus p, principal sulcus pmt, posterior middle temporal sulcus PO, parieto-occipital sulcus pom, medial parieto-occipital sulcus rh, rhinal sulcus st, superior temporal sulcus Injections of anatomical tracers Following the final recording session in one animal (case 31, we injected the retrograde tracer bisbenzimide (Bis) into the splenium of the corpus callosum to help determine the location of the vertical meridian representations (Zeki, 70; Newsome and Allman, 80; Van Essen et al., 82; Kennedy et al., 86). These injections were made by directely visualizing the splenium. The animal was anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and prepared for aseptic surgery. The scalp was incised, and a large bone flap was removed over the midline. The hemispheres were gently retracted, and, under an operating microscope, 25 injections of 0.2 p1 each of Bis (10%) were made into the splenium. After the injections, the splenium was covered with gel-foam, the bone flap was replaced, and the muscle, subcutaneous tissues, and scalp were closed in anatomical layers. Following the last recording session in two other animals (cases 1 and 21, we injected anatomical tracers into cortical areas. In case 1, the retrograde tracer nuclear yellow (NY) was injected into area V4 on the prelunate gyrus. Under an operating microscope, six injections of 0.25 pl each of NY
3 556 (10%) were made into the ventral two-thirds of the gyrus. In case 2, we injected tritiated amino acids (AA) into the physiologically identified upper field representation in TEO. In this case, at the end of the recording session, we advanced the guide tube to the injection site and lowered the injection needle through the tube. We injected 0.15 pl of AA (100 pci/pl of an equal parts mixture of tritiated proline [New England Nuclear L-(2,3,4,5-H), specific activity Ciimmol] and tritiated leucine [New England Nuclear L-(3,4,5-H[N]), specific activity Ci/mmoll) at a rate of 0.02 pli2 minutes. After the injection, the syringe was left in place for 20 minutes, before it was withdrawn into the guide tube, to help prevent leakage of tracer up the needle track. Histology During the recording sessions, small electrolytic lesions were made periodically along the penetrations by passing a low current (4 microamps for 20 seconds) through the electrode. After either the last recording session or after the survival period following the anatomical injections (6 days for case 2, and 2 days for cases 1 and 3), the animals were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital and perfused transcardially with 0.9% saline (500 ml) followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (1,000 ml). Frozen sections, 50-pm thick, were cut in either the coronal or parasagittal plane. For cases 1 and 3, every fifth section was mounted for fluorescent label analysis. The remaining sections were stained for either cell bodies, with thionin, or for myelin, with the method of Gallyas ( 79). For case 2, a series of sections for autoradiography were mounted, dipped in Kodak NTB2 emulsion, and exposed at 4 C for 20 weeks. After this period, the autoradiographs were developed in Kodak D19, fixed, and counterstained with thionin. For purposes of analysis, the locations of retrogradely labeied cells, anterogradely labeled terminals, and architectural borders were charted onto enlarged photographs of thionin-stained sections. The locations of the recording sites were placed onto drawings of these sections. All of the data were then transferred onto two-dimensional flattened reconstructions of the cortex. The method of these reconstructions has been described previously (Desimone and Ungerleider, 86; Boussaoud et al., 90). RESULTS Atotal of 1,200 visually responsive sites were recorded on 370 penetrations. The recording sites extended from ventral V2, posteriorly, to area TE, anteriorly, and from the calcarine fissure, ventrally, to the middle temporal visual area (MT) and fundus of the superior temporal visual area (FST), dorsally within the superior temporal sulcus. As might be expected, we found the visual topography of the region between ventral V4 and TE to be coarser than that in V4 but not completely absent as in TE. Likewise, receptive fields were intermediate in size between those in V4 and those in TE. Because of both the coarseness and the variability in topography between animals, it was not possible to draw boundaries between visual areas that were either sharp or certain. Yet, there was convincing evidence for a new visual area lying immediately in front of the upper field representation ofv4 and adjacent to TE, with a coarse representation of the upper and lower contralateral visual field. We term this area TEO because Iwai and Mishkin D. BOUSSAOUD ET AL. ( 69) had previously defined a visual area named TEO in this location, based on both the cytoarchitectonic descriptions of Bonin and Bailey ( 47) and lesion data. Although TEO is the focus of the present report, we also found evidence for another visually responsive region medial to TEO, on the parahippocampal gyrus anterior to the upper peripheral field representations of V2 and V3v. This region also appears to have some visual topography. Although we do not yet know if this region contains more than one visual area, we have tentatively named it VTF because it lies within cytoarchitectonic area TF (Bonin and Bailey, 47) and is visually responsive, unlike more anterior portions of TF. Finally, we have distinguished area TEO from the visually responsive cortex adjacent to it within the superior temporal sulcus. In the remainder of the Results, we first summarize the location of area TEO in the five cases, then illustrate how we determined the borders between TEO and the surrounding areas, and finally present representative sequences of receptive fields. In a later section, we also present evidence for anatomical links between TEO and V4. Location of TEO Figure 1 shows the location of area TEO in the five cases on lateral and ventral views of the hemisphere, reconstructed from serial sections. Figure 3 shows the overall recording area on a two-dimensional flattened reconstruction of the cortex, and Figures 4-6 show the location of TEO and surrounding areas on flattened reconstructions in each of the five cases. In some of the cases, the recording sites did not reach all of the boundaries of TEO, and, consequently, its boundaries are incomplete in some of the illustrations. Area TEO is found in a band of cortex that runs ventrally from the lip of the superior temporal sulcus to about 2-8 mm medial to the occipitotemporal sulcus. It ranges from mm wide (average 11 mm) at its most lateral position on the hemisphere, and from about 5-7 mm wide (average 6 mm) medially. The posterior border of TEO is roughly at the anterior lip of the ascending portion of the inferior occipital sulcus, but the exact location varied among the cases. In cases 1, 2, and 4, the posterior border was found just anterior to the lip, whereas in cases 3 and 5, it was within the anterior bank of the sulcus, close to the lip. Rostrally, TEO ended approximately at the anterior tip of the posterior middle temporal sulcus in cases 1, 2, and 4, whereas it extended to about 3.5 mm in front of this sulcus in case 3. In case 5, the recordings did not extend rostrally enough to allow the determination of the anterior border of TEO. In area TEO, the foveal and parafoveal visual field is represented laterally on the convexity of the inferior temporal gyrus, and the peripheral field is represented medially on the ventral surface of the hemisphere. We found an asymmetry in the size of the upper and lower field representations, in that the representation of the upper quadrant was much larger than that of the lower quadrant (see Figs. 1,5). The upper field representation is adjacent to the upper field representation of area V4, whereas the lower field representation is farther anterior, adjacent to TE. The lower peripheral field representation was located in the cortex below the anterior tip of the posterior middle temporal sulcus in each of the four cases in which we had lower field data. Although the lower field representation
4 VISUAL AREA TEO 557 Fig. 1. Location of area TEO and surrounding cortical areas shown on lateral and ventral views of the right hemisphere. The borders between cortical areas are represented by dashed lines, and the limit between upper and lower visual field representations within TEO is indicated by a dotted line. The plus (+) and minus (-) signs indicate upper and lower field representations, respectively, of TEO. The question marks (?) indicate indeterminate zones. The sulci are labeled on lateral and ventral views of a typical rhesus monkey brain (bottom right). For areal and sulcal abbreviations in this and subsequent figures, see list in text.
5 558 A Case 2 D. BOUSSAOUD ET AL. B Case 3 Fig. 2. Brightfield photomicrographs of two parasagittal sections stained for myelin (Gallyas, '79) showing area TEO and neighboring cortical areas. Arrows indicate myeloarchitectural borders. appears to end medially at the occipitotemporal sulcus (forming a wedge between the occipitotemporal and posterior middle temporal sulci), the upper field representation continues medially across the occipitotemporal sulcus, "hugging" the upper field representation of V4 in most cases. Architecture of TEO and surrounding areas Myloarchitecture and, to a lesser extent, cytoarchitecture was an aid in identifying the boundaries of TEO and other visual areas within the recording region, especially in conjunction with physiological data in the same animals. Within the dorsal portion of the recording region, we were able to identify MT and FST in the superior temporal sulcus, using criteria defined in other studies (Allman and Kaas, '71; Spatz and Tigges, '72; Zeki, '74; Ungerleider and Mishkin, '79; Baker et al., '81; Gattass and Gross, '81; Van Essen et al., '81; Albright, '84; Felleman and Kaas, '84; Maunsell and Van Essen, '83a-c; Desimone and Ungerleider, '86; Ungerleider and Desimone, '86a). Ventrally, in the occipital and temporal cortex, we were able to make the following distinctions, which are illustrated in Figure 2. V2. On sections stained for myelin with the Gallyas method, ventral V2 is usually distinguishable by its two dark bands of Baillarger, separated by a thin light band (see also Ungerleider and Desimone, '86b; Gattass et al., '81,'88). V3u. The ventral portion of V3 (V3v) can often be distinguished from V2 but is not easily identifiable from more anterior areas on the basis of myeloarchitecture alone, as was noted previously (Burkhalter et al., '86; Ungerleider and Desimone, '86b; Gattass et al., '88). V4. Although we could not reliably see the boundary between V3v and V4 in myelin sections, the inner and outer bands of Baillarger become more prominent as one moves anteriorly out of V3v and through V4 (see Gattass et al., '88). Anterior to V4 it is possible to see in most sections a transition to more lightly myelinated cortex, which corresponded to either TEO or TF, depending on location. TEO. We could not always identify TEO on the basis of myeloarchitecture alone, but we typically found that it differed from V4 by its broader and paler bands of Baillarger. We used this myeloarchitectural difference whenever possible to confirm the physiological transition from V4 to TEO. TF. Cytoarchitectonic area TF is easily distinguishable from surrounding regions not only on the basis of cytoarchitecture (Bonin and Bailey, '47), but also by its much paler myelin stain, with the inner band of Baillarger being almost absent. Within TF, we could not see subdivisions on the basis of myeloarchitecture. However, our physiological data showed a visually responsive zone (VTF), located in posterior TF, and a visually unresponsive zone in anterior TF. TE. Although the cytoarchitecture of TE differs from posterior visual areas, the transition is too gradual to mark a boundary reliably, as has been noted previously (Desimone and Gross, '79). Likewise, the myeloarchitecture in TE is variable, and there does not seem to be one pattern whose description could apply to the whole of area TE. This
6 VISUAL AREA TEO 559 Fig. 3. Region from which physiological recordings were made, shown on a two-dimensional reconstruction of the cortex. The cortex included in the reconstruction (right) is indicated by the shaded zone on the lateral and ventral views of the hemisphere (left). The shaded regions on the reconstruction represent sulci, and the bold outline indicates the region that is shown on flattened maps in Figures 4-6. heterogeneous myeloarchitecture may reflect functional subdivisions within TE (see Seltzer and Pandya, '78; Weller and Kaas, '87). At a minimum, there are at least two different zones, one adjacent to TEO with myeloarchitecture that is even paler than this latter area's, and an anterior zone with darker myelination. Visual topography in TEO and surrounding regions We distinguished TEO from surrounding areas on the basis of visual topography, receptive field size, and myeloarchitecture. Although one could not be very confident of the boundaries of TEO based on any of these three properties taken alone, the boundaries could be estimated fairly reliably from their combination. The overall distribution of receptive field data from the five cases is shown on flattened reconstructions, or maps, of the cortex in Figures 4-6. Eccentricity. Figure 4 shows the eccentricities of the receptive field centers recorded in TEO and surrounding areas in each of the five animals. The dashed lines on the maps represent the estimated boundaries of the areas. In some cases the boundaries are incomplete because of insufficient data. For clarity, each number on the map represents the average eccentricity for 2-3 nearby receptive fields. The shading on the maps represents isoeccentricity bands, ranging from central (0-7", light shading) to far peripheral ( > 30", dark shading). The representation of eccentricity in ventral V2, V3, andv4 is consistent with the results of previous studies (Ungerleider et al., '83; Newsome et al., '86; Gattass et al., '81, '88). In TEO and TE there are few receptive fields whose centers have very small eccentricities because the average receptive field size in these areas is so large. The most striking aspect of the maps is that whereas the ventral visual areas are organized as a series of strips running dorsal-to-ventral, the isoeccentricity bands appear to form rough arcs that cut across the areas nearly orthogonally, including area TEO. The most central visual fields are lateral, extending forward from the foveal representation of V2 into lateral TEO, and the most peripheral fields are medial, within or near the occipitotemporal sulcus and parahippocampal gyrus. We found a similar arrangement of "strips and arcs" in the maps of visual areas surrounding MT in the superior temporal sulcus (Desimone and Ungerleider, '86). Indeed, the isoeccentricity arcs in the temporal cortex may even be continuous with those in the caudal superior temporal sulcus. A possible exception to this scheme is the portion of the sulcus just above TEO, where we found considerable variability in eccentricity both within and between the five cases. Within TE, we did not find distinguishable eccentricity bands, in that receptive field centers recorded at adjacent recording sites sometimes had very different eccentricities (reflecting differences in receptive field size and laterality). Upper and lower visual fields. Figure 5 shows the distribution of receptive fields centered in either the upper visual field (open circles) or lower visual field (filled circles), or centered on the horizontal meridian (squares) in each of the five cases. Consistent with previous findings (Gattass et al., '81, '88; Newsome et al., '861, the ventral portions ofv2, V3, and V4 contained representations of the upper visual field. The few scattered receptive fields with centers in the lower visual field in the ventral portions of these areas were all in the foveal or parafoveal representations and had centers located very close to the horizontal meridian. Likewise, the few fields located dorsally in the hemisphere
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8 VISUAL AREA TEO E Case 5 eccentricity: 561 extended forward from the V3F4 border through much of V4. At the anterior border of V4, receptive fields in cases 1-3 tended to include the horizontal but not the vertical meridian, except in the most central field representation, where receptive fields were large enough to commonly include both meridians. However, even in the central field representation, TEO could be distinguished from V4 on the basis of larger average receptive field size in TEO. In case 4, there were very few fields that included the horizontal meridian, but the recording sites in this case were not closely spaced and there were only a few fields directly on the presumed V4/TEO border. In case 5, the multiunit receptive fields recorded in V4 were, in general, somewhat larger than in the other cases and thus often included (except in the far periphery) both meridians even when located near the V4/TEO border. Anterior to the representation of the horizontal meridian at the V4/TEO border, we found little orderly representation of polar angle in TEO beyond that of the separation of upper and lower visual fields described earlier in the Results. This contrasts with the reasonably orderly representation of eccentricity in TEO. Although receptive fields did not bounce chaotically between the horizontal and vertical meridians on any given row of penetrations, neither did they present a consistent pattern across rows (see next section). In particular, there was no consistent tendency for OO receptive fields at the anterior border of TEO to represent the vertical merdian. Rather, in passing from TEO into TE, >30 receptive fields increased substantially in size, typically Figure 4 continued appeared to be mixed, with substantial variability among the animals. This variability in the location of field centers parallels the variability we found in field eccentricity. Anterior to TEO, in TE, the receptive fields were generally so large as to include much of both the upper and lower visual fields. Horizontal and vertical meridians. Figure 6 shows the distribution of those receptive fields that included, within or on their borders, either the vertical meridian (filled circles), the horizontal meridian (open squares), both meridians (i.e., typically the center of gaze; crosses), or neither meridian (open triangles), in the five cases. For case 3, in addition to the map showing the recording sites, a second map shows the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells after injections of bisbenzimide into the splenium of the corpus callosum. At the posterior extent of the recording area, there were not enough data at the v2/v3 border to localize the horizontal meridian. Instead, we estimated the border on the basis of both myeloarchitecture and the difference in receptive field size between V2 and V3. More anteriorly, at the V3/V4 border, receptive fields were generally found near the vertical meridian, as expected (Newsome et al., 86; Gattass et al., 88), especially in the peripheral field where the representations of the meridians are clearer. In case 3, in which we labeled the cells projecting across the callosum, such cells filled the central field representation of V3 but tended to congregate along the vertical meridian representation at the V3N4 border in the periphery (Fig. 6D). Interestingly, fingers of callosally projecting neurons included the fovea, and typically included portions of the ipsilateral as well as the contralateral visual field, consistent with previous studies (Gross et al., 72; Desimone and Gross, 79). In part, the poor representation of polar angle in TEO may be due to the TEO neurons large receptive field size, which are so large that many fields touch both meridians. Consistent with this, callosally projecting neurons were found throughout nearly the entire extent of TEO. Another possible reason for a problem in representing polar angle is that, on the one hand, the representation of the horizontal forms one of the outer borders of TEO, which should force TEO to have a SeCOnd-Order transformation ofthe visual field (dlrnan and K ~ 7741, ~ such ~ as, occurs in v2 and ~3. on the other hand, the upper and lower peripheral visual fields are represented adjacent to each other in TEO, which should force TEO to have a firstorder>? transformation of the visual field, such as in v1 and MT. There may be no graceful way to resolve these conflicting demands. We consider this issue and also other possible interpretations of TEO topography in the Discussion. Representative sequences of receptive fields Figures show representative sequences of receptive fields r ~ ~ don e rows d of penetrations through TEO and surrounding areas. Because of the coarse topography, we frequently found it difficult to assign the borders of TEO based Solely on vhal topography in a Single row of penetrations. Likewise, differences in receptive field size alone were not always sufficient to confidently localize the borders of TEO on a single row of penetrations because of
9 562 A Case 1 B Case 2 D. BOUSSAOUD ET AL. C Case 3 D Case 4 Fig. 5. Visuotopic organization of TEO and surrounding areas shown on two-dimensional reconstructions of the cortex: Distribution of cells with receptive fields centered in the upper visual field, the lower visual field, or on the horizontal meridian. A-E. Cases 1-5, respectively. For other conventions, see Figure 4. overlap in the distributions of TEO and V4 receptive field size and, to a lesser extent, of TEO and TE field size, even though the average size field in TEO clearly differed from that in both V4 and TE (see below). Thus whenever possible we tried to assign borders based on a conjuction of topography, field size, and myeloarchitecture, preferably across more than one row of penetrations. Figure 7 shows a typical row of penetrations made in the parasagittal plane through a lateral portion of TEO. The most posterior recording sites (1-3) were in the anterior bank of the inferior occipital sulcus from which small receptive fields were recorded in the upper foveal and parafoveal representation of V4. Farther anterior and medial in V4 (sites 4-8, triangles), receptive fields were located at an eccentricity of 10-15" in the upper visual field and progressed to the horizontal merdian at the V4/'l'EO border, between sites 8 and 9. Moving into TEO, receptive fields increased in size and remained within the upper field
10 VISUAL AREA TEO 563 E Case 5 RFs centered: in Lower Field 0 on Horizontal Meridian 0 in Upper Field Figure 5 continued for approximately 2 mm (sites 9-12, open circles) before abruptly shifting across the horizontal meridian into the lower visual field (sites 13-18, filled circles). The most anterior receptive field recorded in TEO (site 18) had an eccentricity of about 60" within the middle of the lower visual field. At more anterior sites (19-21, asterisks), in TE, receptive fields jumped abruptly to the fovea and were extremely large, crossing over 15" into the ipsilateral visual field. Figure 8 shows a row of penetrations at a similar lateral level in another case, along with corresponding anatomical data from an injection of tritiated amino acids into the upper field representation of TEO. The most posterior recording sites (1-4, triangles) were in the upper field representation of V4, and, consistent with the upper field location of the injection site, labeled terminals were also found in this region. The terminals were concentrated in the supragranular and infragranular layers, avoiding layer IV. Moving anterior and medial through V4 to the V4/TEO border, the receptive fields moved from the vertical meridian in the upper visual field to the horizontal meridian, at an eccentricity of about 15". Moving through TEO, receptive fields were located first in the upper visual field (sites 5-9, open circles) and then in the lower visual field (sites 10-13, filled circles), just as in the previous case. Receptive field size was so large that nearly the entire central 20" of both the upper and lower visual field was encompassed by the fields recorded over just a few millimeters. Again, consistent with the upper field location of the injection site, intrinsic label in TEO appeared largely to avoid the lower field representation of TEO in this and other sections. Passing into TE, receptive fields jumped abruptly from the lower periphery to the fovea. The TE fields (sites 14-18, asterisks) were large, bilateral, and included the fovea, as in the corresponding row of the previous case. Labeled terminals resulting from the TEO injection were found in TE, concentrated in layer IV, in a zone in which large receptive fields encompassed much of the upper visual field. Figure 9 shows a typical row of penetrations made at a more medial portion of TEO in case 1, at the level of the occipitotemporal sulcus. Because the row was more medial, receptive fields were found at a greater eccentricity than in the row illustrated in Figure 7. The most posterior sites (1-4, triangles) were in V4, at an eccentricity of between 30-50" in the upper visual field. Moving anteriorly through V4, the fields progressed towards the horizontal meridian at the V4ITEO border, between sites 4 and 5. Moving through TEO (sites 5-10, open circles), receptive fields in this row progressed smoothly from the horizontal to the vertical meridian, at an eccentricity of about 50-60". Because this row was medial to the representation of the lower visual field in TEO, receptive fields in TEO remained within the upper visual field. Finally, crossing into TE (sites 11-13, asterisks), receptive fields jumped abruptly to the fovea, and, as described for the previous two rows through TE (Figs. 7,8), were large and bilateral. Figure 10 shows a typical row of penetrations made at an even more medial level, beyond the medial edge of TEO in the parahippocampal gyrus (case 2). The first site was in V3v and the next was just beyond it at the V3v/V4 border, with a receptive field on the vertical meridian in the upper field. Moving anteriorly through V4 to its anterior border (sites 2-7, filled triangles), receptive fields progressed from the vertical to the horizontal meridian. Moving out of V4 into the visually responsive region we have termed VTF, receptive fields (sites 8-9, squares) jumped abruptly back to the fovea. Further anteriorly in TF, we were unable to obtain any visual responses (sites marked "U" on the section and the flattened map). The VTF sites were clearly in Bonin and Bailey's ('47) area TF, based on both cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture (see Fig. 2). The fields at these sites were foveal and thus could not be considered to be within TEO because the foveal representation of TEO was located far lateral on the inferior convexity of the hemisphere. Figure 11 shows a typical row of penetrations through TEO made in the coronal plane (case 5). The most lateral penetrations passed through the upper parafoveal field representation in TEO (sites 1-3, open circles). Moving medially through TEO, across the occipitotemporal sulcus, receptive fields moved out into the upper periphery along the vertical meridian (sites 4-6). Further medially on the parahippocampal gyrus, in VTF, receptive fields jumped abruptly back to the central field (sites 7-8, squares). Finally, the last recording sites in this row of penetrations were visually unresponsive (marked as "U" on the section and the flattened map). As was the case in the sequence shown in Figure 10, both VTF and the adjacent unresponsive cortex were within the limits of cytoarchitectonic area TF. Extent of visual field represented in area TEO Figure 12 shows the extent of the visual field representation found in TEO across the five cases. The outer boundary on the visual field map shows the envelope of all recorded
11 564 A Case 1 B Case 2 D. BOUSSAOUD ET AL. C Case 3 D Case 3 Fig. 6. Visuotopic organization and callosal connections of TEO and surrounding areas shown on two-dimensional reconstructions of the cortex. A-C, E, F. Distribution of cells with receptive fields that include the vertical meridian within or on their borders, the horizontal meridian, both, or neither. D. Distribution of retrogradely labeled cells after injections of bisbenzimide into the splenium of the corpus callosum. For other conventions, see Figure 4. receptive fields, and the dots indicate the field centers. TEO appears to contain a representation of nearly the entire contralateral visual field. Receptive field size As noted by Gattass et al. ('88), multiunit receptive field size varies with electrode impedance; consequently, we found considerable variation in field size across the five cases. Figure 13 shows the relationship between multiunit receptive field size (square root of length times width) and eccentricity in ventral V4, TEO, and TE in one case (case 1) in which nearly all receptive fields were mapped with a single electrode. Receptive fields in TEO were intermediate in size between those in V4 and TE, on the average, but there was clearly overlap in the size of individual receptive fields in V4 and TEO, especially at small eccentricities. In this case, the regression equation relating receptive field size (s) and eccentricity (e) in TEO was s = 0.76e + 4.8"
12 VISUAL AREA TEO E Case 4 F Case RFs include: Vertical Meridian 0 Horizontal Meridian X Both A Neither Figure 6 continued (r =.95). There was no significant difference in either the slope (t =.42; p >.5; df = 120) or intercept (t = 1.23; p > 0.2; df = 120) for the regression equations computed separately for the upper and lower visual fields in TEO. For comparison, in ventral V4 the regression equation for receptive field size was s = 0.46e + 3.4" (r =.94), and in TE the equation was s = 0.29e " (r =.18). The slope of the equation in TE was not significantly different from zero (p >.4), which is due to the fact that the TE fields generally were very large in size but had relatively small eccentricities as they were bilateral. Across all cases, the regression equation in TEO was s =.70e + 7.0" (r =.84), in V4 was s =.47e + 6.5" (r =.77), and in TE was s =.64e + 22" (r =.45). Anatomical connections with dorsal V4 As described above, TEO appears to have connections with ventral (i.e., upper field) V4 (see Fig. 8, case 2). However, our own previous anatomical study (Ungerleider et al., '86) reported connections with the TEO region following tracer injections in dorsal (i.e., lower field) V4. That study was carried out before we had obtained a physiological map of TEO. Therefore, in one of the cases of the present study, we asked whether our physiologically defined TEO had connections with dorsal V4. In case 1, we made large injections of the fluorescent dye nuclear yellow into the middle and dorsal portions of the prelunate gyrus. The injection sites were entirely confined to the surface of the gyrus (avoiding area V3A in the adjacent lunate sulcus). This portion of the gyrus contains the representation of V4's parafoveal and peripheral lower visual field (Maguire and Baizer, '84; Gattass et al., '88). Figure 14 shows the distribution of labeled cells following the injection. We will focus only on the data in the ventral occipital and temporal cortex. In spite of the fact that the injections were within the lower field representation of V4, labeled cells filled much of ventral V4, which represents the upper visual field. Thus V4 appears to have extensive intrinsic connections. There was also a heavy concentration of labeled cells within the boundaries of physiologically defined TEO. Interestingly, the cells were most extensive in the lower field representation of TEO (compare to Fig. 5A), although there were also patches of cells in the upper field representation, mainly in the periphery. Thus together with the anatomical data in case 2, the results indicate that TEO has connections with both upper and lower field representations of V4. In addition to TEO in the temporal cortex, dorsal V4 also appears to have connections with the cortex within the superior temporal sulcus just above TEO, with area TE, and with TF, which is consistent with previous anatomical findings (Kuypers et al., '65; Fenstemaker et al., '84; Weller and Kaas, '85; Felleman et al., '86; Ungerleider et al., '86). DISCUSSION Relationship to other studies There appears to be an overall, or "supra-areal," visual topography to the entire ventral occipito-temporal cortex, such that the central visual field is represented laterally and
13 566 D. BOUSSAOUD ET AL. Case 1 VM H M -100 v4 HM -1; ' TEO / It VM 5mm 200 HM // I, I J j s o o -, ' Fig, 7. Case 1: Receptive fields of cells recorded on a row of electrode penetrations through the lateral portion of TEO and surrounding areas. The receptive fields, which are drawn as best fitting rectangles, are representative of a larger number of fields of cells recorded on the penetrations. The locations of the recording sites are shown on both a parasagittal section and a flattened reconstruction of the cortex; the ventral view of the hemisphere indicates the level of the parasagittal section (heavy line). Areal boundaries are indicated by arrows on the parasagittal section and by dashed lines on both the flattened reconstruction and the ventral view of the hemisphere. HM, horizontal meridian; VM, vertical meridian.
14 VISUAL AREA TEO Case VM *0 T v4 HM T TEO VM 30 T U 5mrn i 50 L Fig. 8. Case 2: Receptive fields of cells recorded on a row of electrode penetrations through the lateral portion of TEO and surrounding areas. Drawings of two adjacent parasagittal sections (top right) show the location of the recording sites and the destribution of labeled terminals (fine dots) following an injection of tritiated amino acids into TEO (in black). Note that the injection site was restricted to the upper visual field representation, and that the label avoided the adjacent lower visual fields. For other conventions, see Figure 7.
15 568 D. BOUSSAOUD ET AL. Case 1 VM /2 v4 HM 1 ' ' r '3 40' 60 VM HM " I I 1 I ' 60' 800 t 20' Fig. 9. Case 1: Receptive fields of cells recorded on a row of electrode penetrations through the medial portion of TEO and surrounding areas. Note that at this medial level, the row of penetrations did not pass through the lower visual field of TEO. Same conventions as in Figure 7.
16 VISUAL AREA TEO 569 Case 2 n v3v A v4 0 VTF u TF (unresponsive) U 5mm VM 40-1-I v3v/v4 n I VM 200 -w- VTF 8 / 9 I ~100 I Fig. 10. Case 2: Receptive fields of cells recorded on a row of electrode penetrations through cortex medial to area TEO. Note that anterior to V4, within cytoarchitectonic area TF, there was a region of visually responsive cells (termed VTF ) and a more rostral region of unresponsive cells. Same conventions as in Figure the peripheral field medially, with bands of constant eccentricity spanning the region (see Fig. 15). Superimposed on this overall topography are separate visual areas that appear to be organized as strips that intersect the isoeccentricity bands. As described previously by others (Gattass et al., 81, 88; Newsome et al., 86), posterior to TEO these strips all contain representations of the upper visual field exclusively. Closest to the V1 border is area V2 (Gattass et al., 81), followed by areav3v (Gattass et al., 88; Newsome et al., 861, and area V4 (Gattass et al., 88). Each of these
17 570 D. BOUSSAOUD ET AL. U 5mm TEO VM 40' T VM 200 HM LOO Fig. 11. Case 5: Receptive fields of cells recorded on a row of electrode penetrations that passed from lateral to medial through TEO. The locations of the recording sites are shown on both a coronal section and a flattened reconstruction of the cortex; the vertical line on the ventral view of the hemisphere indicates the level of the coronal section. Note that a progression from lateral to medial through TEO corresponds to a progression from central to peripheral field representations. For other conventions, see Figure 7. areas has corresponding representations of the lower visual field located dorsally in the hemisphere (Zeki and Sandeman, '76; Van Essen and Zeki, '78; Maguire and Baizer, '84; Gattass et al., '881, with the possible exception of area V3v. Van Essen and his colleagues (Burkhalter and Van Essen, '86; Burkhalter et al., '86; Newsome et al., '86; Van Essen et al., '86) prefer to consider the dorsal and ventral portions of "V3" as two different visual areas, which they term V3 dorsally and VP ventrally, whereas we (Ungerleider et al., '83; Ungerleider and Desimone, '86b) and others (Gattass et al., '88) prefer to consider V3 a single area, whose upper and lower field representations (termed V3v and V3d, respectively) have somewhat different anatomical and physiological properties. Irrespective of any minor differences in
18 VISUAL AREA TEO VM Fig. 12. Extent of the visual field covered by receptive fields and receptive field centers (dots) of cells in area TEO across the five cases. Same conventions as in Figure 7. n 0) Q, 73 W terminology, it is gratifying to note that there is no disagreement between any of the studies, including the present one, on the topographic organization of these areas. Anterior to ventral V4, there have been conflicting reports on visual topography, which we believe can be resolved by the present study. Felleman et al. ('85) reported a representation of the upper visual field, which they termed PT, lying between ventral V4 and TE, whereas Fenstemaker et al. ('85) reoorted a reoresentation of the central.i v) LL U apparent that Felleman et al. ('85) were recording from the upper field representation of TEO, whereas Fenstemaker et al. ('85) were recording from the lower field representation. Furthermore, our findings are consistent with a subsequent report of Felleman et al. ('86) that described spatially segregated anatomical projections from the upper and lower field representations of V4 to a region just anterior to ventral V4. Although Felleman et al. ('86) included this region receiving upper and lower field projections as part of posterior inferior temporal cortex, it almost certainly corresponds to our TEO, and, indeed, our own limited anatomical data in the present study indicate that TEO receives input from both the upper and lower field representations of V4. The only remaining discrepancy is the preliminary O 30 *s LL 20 U 10 L ' '.. TE Fig. 13. Receptive field (RF) size (square root of RF area) as a 0 1. b. a
19 572 D. BOUSSAOUD ET AL. Fig. 14. Distribution of retrogradely labeled cells following injections of nuclear yellow on the prelunate gyms into dorsal V4, shown on lateral and ventral views of the hemisphere and on a two-dimensional reconstruction of the cortex. The injection sites are shown in black, and the dots indicate the relative density of labeled cells. report by Felleman et al. ('85) that the anterior boundary of the upper field representation in TEO is formed by the representation of the vertical meridian. Although we found a vertical meridian representation at the boundary of the upper field representation of TEO on some rows of penetrations (e.g., the row shown in Fig. 9), this was not a consistent finding throughout TEO or across animals (e.g., the rows shown in Figs. 7, 8). In fact, given the large receptive field size and scatter, it may not be possible to establish whether the meridians of the visual field are discretely represented at all in TEO, except at the V4/TEO border. Anterior to TEO, in TE, we found that receptive fields were extremely large, usually extending into both visual hemifields and including the center of gaze within or on their boundaries, consistent with previous studies (Gross et al., '72; Desimone and Gross, '79). Likewise, Desimone and Gross ('79) reported that the posterior boundary of TE, defined on the basis of receptive field size and laterality, was commonly located at the posterior middle temporal sulcus, which is just where we found the TEO/TE boundary in the present study. Medial to TEO, in VTF, we found visually responsive cells with some evidence of visual topography. These cells were clearly located in the posterior portion of cytoarchitectonic area TF. Foveal fields were found close to the TEO border and more peripheral fields were found medially. Gattass et al. ('88) also reported preliminary physiological evidence for one or more visual areas in this vicinity, and we and others have found projections from V4 into posterior TF (Weller and Kaas, '85; Felleman et al., '86; Ungerleider et al., '86). Anterior to the visually responsive zone in TF, we were not able to activate cells. The border between responsive and unresponsive zones appears to correspond to the visualnonvisual border described in TF by Macko and Mishkin ('85) based on metabolic mapping with 2-deoxyglucose. Dorsal to TEO, in the superior temporal sulcus, we found receptive fields located in both the upper and lower visual fields, but we were not able to discern a clear visuotopic organization. Felleman et al. ('86) have described segregated projections to this region from the upper and lower field representations of V4, but did not report a consistent visuotopic organization. Finer mapping studies may reveal more than one visual area in this cortex. Relative representations of the upper and lower visual fields in TEO The representation of the upper visual field in TEO appears to be considerably larger than that of the lower field. Whereas this asymmetry is surprising, it appears to affect primarily the representation of the peripheral visual field. Within the foveal and parafoveal visual field, average receptive fields in TEO are 5-10" in linear dimension (see Fig. 13), and frequently extend across the horizontal meridian into both upper and lower visual fields. Furthermore, it is not the case that information from the lower visual field is not well represented in the temporal cortex. The center of receptive fields in TE are located, on the average, below the horizontal meridian (Desimone, unpublished data) and the
20 VISUAL AREA TEO 573 Fig. 15. Summary of location and visuotopic organization of TEO, based on the present study, and of surrounding cortical areas, based on previous studies (Desimone and Gross, 79; Gattass et al., 81, 88; Newsome et al., 86). Progressing from caudal to rostra1 through the cortex are the upper field representations of areasv2, V3, V4, and TEO, which are separated by alternating representations of the horizontal and vertical meridians. More rostrally lies the lower field representation of TEO. The isoeccentricity hands run roughly perpendicularly across these areas, with central vision being represented laterally and peripheral vision medially. Rostral to the lower field representation of TEO lies area TE, in which the receptive fields of cells almost always include the center of gaze. Same conventions as in Figure 7. lower field representation of V4 projects extensively to TE (Ungerleider et al., 86 and in preparation). Thus it is possible that the lower peripheral field is not as well represented as the upper peripheral field in TEO because the converse is true in TE, which redresses the imbalance. Alternatively, it is possible that our interpretation of the visual topography of TEO is not entirely correct. For example, we considered the possibility that a portion of the cortex we have included within TEO actually belongs to a different visual area. One candidate for an alternate visual area that would mate with a portion of TEO is area V4t. V4t is located in the caudal superior temporal sulcus and forms a narrow (approximately 2 mm wide) transition region between the representation of the horizontal meridian at the anterior boundary of dorsal V4, on the one side, and vertical meridian of MT on the other side (Maguire and Baizer, 84; Desimone and Ungerleider, 86; Gattass et al., 88; Fiorani et al., 89). Within this narrow strip, V4t contains a coarse representation of nearly the entire lower visual field but has no representation of the upper field. Is it possible that a similarly narrow strip of cortex adjacent to ventral V4 (i.e., the most posterior portion of our TEO) is the missing upper field representation of V4t? Although it seems very unlikely that the entire upper field representa- tion of TEO actually belongs to V4t (leaving TEO without an upper field representation), it is possible that just a portion of it does. Given the coarse topography and large receptive field size in TEO, it is theoretically possible that the upper field is represented twice, once posteriorly in TEO in a narrow strip adjacent to V4 and again in the remainder of TEO. If so, then excluding the narrow strip from TEO might leave the remaining upper and lower field representations in TEO more comparable in size. If this strip were only 2 mm wide, like V4t, it would be difficult to rule out this alternative scheme based on our data, considering that our penetrations were normally spaced 1.5 mm apart. However, we examined all TEO receptive fields mapped within 2 mm of the V4/TEO border and found that in four of our five cases the fields were confined to the vicinity of the horizontal meridian, which is not consistent with the idea that this strip contains a complete representation of the upper visual field. Furthermore, the myeloarchitecture of V4t is distinctive, yet we did not see reliable myeloarchitectural divisions within TEO. Likewise, we did not find a reliable visuotopic boundary or transition inside of TEO. Much finer mapping studies, possibly coupled with studies of physiological properties and anatomical connections, will be needed to resolve this difficult question.
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2011 Chevrolet Camaro SS Questions
Get answers to questions about your 2011 Chevrolet Camaro SS at RepairPal. Find solutions, diagnose problems and get back on the road.Refine by vehicle
I was told that I must replace rotors with break pad.., on my 2011 camaro ss
Driver's side power/heated seat doesn't work. Replaced circuit breaker in dash box & checked fuse in engine box (seems ok). Drained original battery, so just bought new one. Chckd for block on track-none. No sound from seat motor. Please help/share if you have had/fixed this issue. Thanks!
Brake rotors are cast iron and rust in the non-brake pad areas. Factory Camaro wheels allow a clear view of the rust and it looks horrible. How do the experts deal with this problem? I've looked at after-market rotors with ceramic paint but they cost a fortune. I've also seen a website for a rust removing chemical. Could the rotor be removed and soaked in this chemical to remove rust - and then paint ? Any recommendations on approving the appearance??
I ran the code n it came back to my trottle body so I replaced it along with my accelerator pedal but it continues to come on

subset: commoncrawl


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Sarasota, Fla. -- The ABC 7 Event calendar is just the ticket for planning a Sunday of fun and excitement on the Suncoast. We list events from across Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte, Hardee and DeSoto counties.
Some of the best events on the Suncoast this Sunday include:
* Cinco de Mayo Taste of Latin America Festival
* Too Darn Hot A Cole Porter Revue
* The Casey Key / Nokomis Beach Drum Circle
* Drum Circle, Siesta Key Beach
See even more events by checking out our calendar. We have the most complete listing of community and entertainment events here on the Suncoast: http://www.mysuncoast.com/calendar
Also, when you take a photos or short videos around town, please share them with us via Twitter @mysuncoast or email at firstname.lastname@example.com and view them on our website, www.mysuncoast.com
Have a great weekend!


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CRN Cloud News
The tech giant rejects the Labor Department's allegations of pay and hiring discrimination.
Oracle Illuminates Plan To Compete In Public Cloud With New Data Centers, Bare Metal ServersAt its Oracle CloudWorld event in New York, co-CEO Mark Hurd discussed the tech giant's cloud investments and partners weigh in.
CRN Exclusive: Informatica Ready To Embrace A Channel StrategyThe data integration software vendor was a reluctant channel player for much of its history, but on Monday it introduces a completely overhauled program and distributor alliances to scale its partner ecosystem.
Channel M&A Kingpin Martinwolf Celebrates 20th Anniversary: After $5 Billion and 150 Deals, Market For IT Services Businesses Is Hotter Than EverMarty Wolf says it his and his team's knowledge of the nuts and bolts of the IT services business that has made Martinwolf M&A Advisors one of the pre-eminent channel deal-makers.
Partners See Major Azure Windfall As Microsoft Scraps Pay-As-You-Go PolicyMicrosoft solution providers say a major licensing shift that goes into effect Feb. 1 could open the door to increased Azure cloud sales momentum.
Salesforce Superstar Bluewolf Launches Digital Framework For Accelerating CRM DeploymentBluewolf Go, a set of templates and automation tools developed in consultation with IBM, takes care of the half the implementation work at the project's start.
Former Accenture Partner Tappen Takes Helm At Strategic Services Highflier NWN, Aims To Accelerate 'High Touch' Cloud ModelNWN President and Chief Operating Officer Skip Tappen, a driving force behind the teamwork and putting-customers-first culture at the SP 500 powerhouse, has been promoted to CEO.
Rackspace's Incoming President Sets Sights On Bigger Deals And International ExpansionNew Rackspace President Jeff Cotten formerly led the company's Fanatical Support for AWS division, highlighting the provider's evolution toward a multi-cloud managed services practice.
Citrix CEO: Unidesk Acquisition Closes 'Gaping Hole' In Tech PortfolioThe virtualization vendor revealed the acquisition of the leading application layering developer on Monday at its partner conference in Anaheim.
SADA Systems, Google's Largest Maps Reseller, Takes The Plunge Into ISV Territory With New AppThe pioneering solution provider has partnered with Collins Engineers to introduce a solution for transit agencies managing billions in public infrastructure.
New FinancialForce CEO Sees His Company's ERP Suite Scaling Beyond The Salesforce EcosystemTod Nielsen, who headed platform efforts for Salesforce and was CEO of the CRM vendor's Heroku platform, says FinancialForce's channel will be essential to drive global expansion.
Cloud Services Is Now The Leading Sector Of The $148B Overall Cloud MarketIaaS and PaaS revenues grew rapidly over the last four quarters, eclipsing SaaS and infrastructure sales to cloud operators, according to the latest figures from Synergy Research.
The 10 Biggest Cloud Outages of 2016The number of cloud outages might be decreasing, but the devastating potential of an outage was realized numerous times in 2016. Here are the 10 biggest cloud outages of 2016.
Happy Leap Smear: Partners Focused On A Second In The CloudGlobal cloud providers are preparing to "smear time" as 2016 closes on a leap second that can cause headaches for customers
The 10 Coolest Cloud Development Startups Of 2016CRN looks at 10 startups that give enterprises the ability to build and deploy applications across increasingly complex cloud environments.
The 10 Coolest Cloud Application Startups Of 2016These 10 startups are capitalizing on the full potential of the cloud to deliver business applications that solve new challenges and create novel solutions.
Relayware Reseller: There's A Huge, Untapped VAR Market For Partner Relationship Management SolutionsMarket interest in PRM software, which enables channel-building, is catching up to that of its customer relationship management counterpart.
The 10 Coolest Cloud Startups Of 2016A wave of innovative young companies is giving enterprises the ability to rapidly develop, test, and deploy applications at cloud scale. Here are the 10 coolest cloud startups of 2016.
How IBM's Weather Company Investment Pays Off For PartnersIBM's Christopher Rimer explains the critical insights the company has gained from a year of owning the Weather Company, and how partners benefit.
5 Companies That Came To Win This WeekFor the week ending Dec. 16, CRN takes a look at the companies that brought their 'A' game to the channel.


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2004 Nissan Sentra Questions
Get answers to questions about your 2004 Nissan Sentra at RepairPal. Find solutions, diagnose problems and get back on the road.Refine by vehicle
The boot and shifter are fine but the small clips that snug the boot into the console snapped off and the boot falls down into a gapping hole
Just buy it is Runn and and load it to trailer to off load is not start I buy use computer it runn for 3 minutes,and short down again
when start up, must keep playing with accelerator petal. need to warm up 15 - 20 minutes to drive. when left overnight, wont start. cam and crank sensors replaced ... did not fix. what now.
My car needs 3 new doors and 2 Windows and some little inter fixing, new tall lights and a front finder and front and back bummer and I have a old 1999 Nissan Sentra that don't run so I was wondering if I could use parts off that car to put on my 2004
I have a 2004 Nissan Sentra, my car makes a noise when I take my foot off the gas pedal. It is only when I am going over 50mph, trying to accelerate to a higher speed. Once I take my foot of the gas, I hear a sound almost like grinding, or humming sound.
The cars stops running try to turn it on again and it won't
When the car is runnings sometime turn off and the check light is on
when i drive my car for 5 hours or more and turn it off, and crank it back up i am unable to drive more than 10 miles an hour. It has only did it once when i was backing up. It seem when the car cools off it drives normal.
i was told the cat converter was going outit was losing power while driving and barely putting along/i added cataclean which didnt help really/my friend drilled a small hole in it and it drove better but was loud/he insisted on putting another can in and now it wont hardly drive at all
it loses power after its been warmed up and almost stops completly<putts>at a very low speed.but when i let up on the accelerator a little sometimes it will regain power and take off on me.the mecanic here in my town said two codes were showing.cat code and evap/i was pricing cats online and looks like they are labled eithier front or back/will i need both?
What's wrong with it?
I have tried to slam the hood, knock the steering wheel, the dash board, the fuse box, etc. Sometimes it works sometimes it not. Probably tomorrow or next day, if I find the car in a good mood, it will start at the first turn of the key. I can't depend on the car's mood...My mechanic check it out and didn't find anything. He tried to start it so may times and it started. When I turned off it didn't star x a few days


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iPad LOGO
Q&A with Oorutaichi
I discovered Oorutaichi when he released MISEN Gymnastics from Bearfunk in 2007. It was this crazy sound that was different from anything else and on another level entirely. His sound is so unique that I have this image of him holed up somewhere, creating his own world. His music is not influenced by what people are playing in other scenes or what is big now. His music makes me wonder: how did he come up with it? How did he get to that point? What is he thinking? By Tim Sweeney


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Much needed good ratings news for drama series at FX following the so-so numbers for Terriers and Lights Out: the second season premiere of network's series Justified last night drew 3.5 million viewers, 1.7 million of them in the 18-49 demographic. That is down from the highly-rated series premiere last year, which drew 4.1 million viewers, 1.4 million of them in 18-49, but 43% higher than the series' first-season average. Justified got help from its strong lead-in, the broadcast premiere of the feature Wanted, which averaged 1.5 million 18-49 viewers, Justified's biggest lead-in to date, up 49% from Justified's year-ago series premiere lead-in, Live Free or Die Hard (1.0 million).
FX's 'Justified' Returns To Solid Numbers
12 Comments
As a big fan of this show, I feel these numbers are "Justified."
THANK you.
Love Elmore Leonard. This series is a breath of fresh air on tv, especially post-Deadwood. Glad to see good numbers & hope they hold.
Go WANTED!
Last night's show was the best piece of television I've seen since the Sopranos went off the air. It was like Winter's Bone had a bizarre love child with In the Heat of the Night.
Get a hold of yourself. It wasn't that good.
The mountain accents are inconsistent, to put it politely, and the characters we've seen in a thousand other contexts. Like the execrable Memphis Beat – I am from Memphis, by the way – Justified milks hillbilly cliches for all their worth.
They are clearly stretching to keep Walton Goggins in the story line.
The show is bearable to watch while multi-tasking and is occasionally amusing.
love this show so much – great acting, writing and music
Great news. This is a brilliantly written show with an underrated cast. I'm glad audiences are responding.
How is 1.7 million 18-49s down from 1.4?
Kick ass show. Can't wait for the next episode.
In my humble opinion the best show on television at the moment. Love it!
I have great story line for the show….coming to Deadwood SD to pick up a prisoner…the current sheriff and old (sorry Timothy) sheriff standing on a veranda discussing the changes in Deadwood.
Love the show. Happy for the great ratings. Networks should pay attention. It all begins with great writing.


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Chop Balance Bike
The Chop balanceBIKE teach children balance and coordination crucial skills necessary before transitioning to a two-wheeled pedal bicycle. With it's cool, vintage motorcycle design and classic spoke wheels, the Chop is a favorite amongst little boys. Your child's sense of independence and self-confidence will become evident as they learn to balance and steer at their own pace.


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Foxboro introduces touchscreen LCDs for process control
Foxboro, MA—Foxboro Automation Systems, a unit of Invensys, reports that it has further enhanced the human machine interface (HMI) capabilities of its I/A Series automation system with new flat-screen liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor options.
Foxboro, MA— Foxboro Automation Systems , a unit of Invensys, reports that it has further enhanced the human machine interface (HMI) capabilities of its I/A Series automation system with new flat-screen liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor options. This includes a new touchscreen option for Foxboro's 20-inch LCD monitor that combines the benefits of LCD technology with the superior intuitiveness of touchscreen operator interaction.
"The latest LCD display technology offers many clear and compelling advantages over conventional CRT display technology for process control applications," says Steve Young, Foxboro's VP at Invensys. "LCD displays improve visual work performance, eliminate distortion and flicker, and reduce glare and associated eyestrain to help increase operator productivity and well-being. Compared to conventional CRT technology, LCD displays also take up a much smaller footprint in control rooms, and use as much as 60% less power. What's more, unlike CRTs, LCD monitors do not emit electromagnetic interference, a feature that is particularly important in many industrial applications. For these reasons and more, Foxboro is moving toward an'all-LCD' monitor for the I/A Series system. This includes what, to the best of our knowledge, is the process control industry's only touchscreen option for LCD monitors.'
In addition to being used in all new I/A Series systems moving forward, cost-effective upgrade options are available to allow most current I/A Series system users to upgrade their outdated or aging CRT monitors to the latest LCD monitor technology.
"Foxboro is committed to leveraging appropriate commercial off the shelf technology (COTS), such as LCD monitors, to the greatest possible extent to reduce costs for our customers and help improve the performance of their plants," adds Young. "Our recently introduced, self-healing Mesh control network for the I/A Series system is another example. This incorporates commercial switches and fiber-optic components in robust and secure industrial configurations to dramatically boost both performance and availability. "At Invensys, we're convinced that the intelligent use of appropriate commercial technologies is one of main reasons why we've been able to maintain the technological leadership of the Foxboro I/A Series system over time."
Control Engineering Daily News Desk
Jim Montague, news editor
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text: Athletics To participate in sports for the 2017-2018 school year, you must have a physical dated after April 15th 2017. Click here for 2016-2017 Student Athlete Code of Conduct Sports Schedules Football- season is over Boys Basketball TICKET PRICES: $5.00 for adults and students Mr. Terry Evanish Athletic Director 810-600-5238 (Direct Line) Mr. Ed Kendall Assistant Athletic Director 810-600-5228 (Direct Line) High School Sports Fall Coaches Varsity Football -Coaches Shane Tallmadge and Deantio Shakir (email@example.com) (email@example.com) Winter Coaches Girls Varsity & JV Basketball - Coach Jeff Anderson (email@example.com) Boys Varsity Basketball - Coach Kendall (email@example.com) Boys JV Basketball - Coach Shakir (email@example.com) Spring Coaches Girls & Boys Varsity Track? Middle School Sports Fall Coaches Girls Basketball -Coach Jeff Anderson Boys Basketball - Coach Ed Kendall (Nov. 17 - Jan) Winter Coaches Girls Volleyball - Coach Maranda Griggs (Jan 27- March) Spring Coaches Girls & Boys Track ? Intramural Sports K-2 Flag Football 5-6 Flag Football 3-6 Girls and Boys Basketball