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The Zenotech founder alleged that FIPB granted permission to Daiichi Sankyo to acquire 20% stake in his company without board approval
Hyderabad: Zenotech Laboratories founder and managing director Jayaram Chigurupati has challenged the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) approval to Daiichi Sankyo for buying 20% stake in his company, reports PTI.
As on January 2008, Ranbaxy held around 45% stake in Zenotech. In June 2008, Ranbaxy was acquired by Daiichi Sankyo, giving the Japanese pharma giant automatic control over the city-based biotech company.
Following FIPB's approval, Daiichi Sankyo in September 2010 said it had completed the acquisition of the 68.86 lakh shares (20%) in Zenotech through the open offer route.
Ranbaxy and Daichi together hold 66.84% share in Zenotech, including 20% stake that was acquired through open offer. Chigurupati holds 26% while the rest is held by public.
Chigurupati, in his petition, alleged that FIPB granted permission to Daiichi to acquire 20% stake in Zenotech without the company's board approval which is mandatory for any foreign company interested to acquire stake in any Indian company.
"Thus, the Respondent No2 (FIPB) was required to comply with the guidelines and ensure that there was resolution from the Board of Directors of the Indian company supporting the foreign investment before issuing approval to the foreign company.
"In the present case, Respondent No2 has issued the impugned approval to Respondent No3 (Daiichi Sankyo) despite there being no such resolution passed by the Board of Directors of Respondent No4 (Zenotech) supporting the induction of foreign equity from Respondent No3 into its share capital," Chigurupati said in his petition.
Seeking relief, the petition requested the court "to set aside the approval dated 6.10.2008 granted by the Respondent No2 to Respondent No3 to acquire 20% of the equity shareholding of Respondent No4."
Ranbaxy did not respond to emails seeking comment on the issue.
Chigurupati also said the FIPB also failed to ensure whether Daiichi's application for approval of foreign investment is supported by a shareholder's agreement or not.
Chigurupati requested the court to stay the approval order given to Daiichi to acquire stake in Zenotech and direct the Japanese pharma major not to exercise its voting rights in Zenotech during the pendency of the Writ Petition. He also requested the court to direct that no steps should be taken to change the ownership structure of Zenotech.
Last year, Chigurupati had contested Ranbaxy's decision to appoint BK Raizada as the managing director of Zenotech.
While Chigurupati claimed that there was an agreement with Ranbaxy for his continuance as MD of the company, the CLB passed orders in favour of Ranbaxy on 20th April last year upholding the appointment of Raizada as MD, saying the law doesn't prevent a company from having two MDs.
The State Commission for Women asked Mumbai Police to conduct an inquiry into allegations that the rights of women were violated during the raid on a rave party at Juhu
Mumbai: Maharashtra State Commission for Women (MSCW) has asked Mumbai Police Commissioner to conduct an inquiry into allegations that the rights of women were violated after police busted a rave party in the city on 20th May, reports PTI.
The commission gave the direction recently after taking cognisance of a complaint filed with it by social activist Santosh Daundkar through his lawyer YP Singh.
Daundkar has alleged that the police had drawn urine and blood samples of women (for drug tests) illegally "as there was no such provision under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS Act)".
He said women were searched without following the mandatory procedure provided under the Act. "There is no provision under NDPS Act to detain a person for urine and blood samples once search in person has been done."
The social activist said 'dignified' women were paraded before the media, undermining their esteem. Prescribed procedure for arrest, as laid down by the Supreme Court, not followed," Daundkar maintained.
Late last month, Police Commissioner Arup Patnaik said that 44 out of 92 people, who were rounded up from the rave party held at a plush hotel in suburban Juhu, had tested positive for drugs. These 44 were from a group of 46 men whose test results had been made public.
Among these, 27 had consumed cannabis, one had MDMA (better known as ecstasy, a drug usually taken in pill form) while 16 had consumed both the drugs, he had said.
The test results of 46 others, including two IPL cricketers Wayne Parnell and Rahul Sharma and 38 women, were awaited. Police had raided the hotel following inputs about the presence of drugs at the party. The participants were let off after their urine and blood samples were taken.
A rave party is essentially an event held without permission, usually outdoors or in basements, and is known for use of trance music, drugs and psychedelic lights.
While some zones will be operating separate counters for Tatkal tickets, others will be issuing tickets from the same counters but will provide only Tatkal tickets through these counters between 10am and 10.30am
New Delhi: Amidst rising complaints about misuse of the railway's Tatkal scheme of booking tickets, a revised scheme with additional measures to check the lacunae has come into effect from Tuesday under which passengers can book Tatkal tickets from 10am instead of 8am, reports PTI.
The revised scheme comes in the backdrop of increased number of complaints from train passengers about the misuse of the scheme and involvement of touts in cornering bulk of tickets to sell them at a premium.
No authorised agents, including agents of IRCTC and others, will be allowed to book Tatkal tickets from 10am to 12am from counters as well as from Internet.
While some zones will be operating separate counters for Tatkal tickets, others will be issuing tickets from the same counters but will provide only Tatkal tickets through these counters between 10 am and 10.30 am.
The booking of Tatkal tickets under the revamped scheme will begin on 10th July and zonal railways have been instructed to make adequate arrangement at reservation counters accordingly, said a senior Railway Ministry official.
Under the new arrangement, the booking of Tatkal tickets will start at 10 am on the previous day of journey from the train's originating station instead of 8 am at present.
Measures such as installation of CCTVs in major booking centres, barring booking clerks to carry mobile phones inside counters, display of helpline numbers for complaints, raids by the vigilance squads to prevent misuse of Tatkal facility have been taken, he said.
Earlier, advance reservation period of Tatkal scheme was reduced from two days, excluding the day of journey, to one day.
Refunds are not granted on cancellation of confirmed Tatkal tickets except in case of special circumstances like late running of train by more than three hours and cancellation of trains.
Duplicate Tatkal tickets are not issued under normal circumstances. "In exceptional cases, duplicate Tatkal tickets can be issued on payment of full fare including Tatkal charges," the official said.
Railways have also initiated steps to augment e-ticket handling capacity of its website through short-term and long- term measures.
The present e-ticket capacity is being increased from existing about 3.5 lakh bookings to around 5 lakh bookings per day in about four months, which will further be increased to about 8 lakh bookings per day in the long term.


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
It was my fault and I accidently side swiped a car. The only damages were black scratches to the vehicle due to my side view mirror. I don't have insurance and we waited for the police but they never arrived. We ended up going to the police station but I never gave a statement.
I did talk to the lady afterwards and she said she would get an estimate on how much the damages are. I did just update my insurance now but it's after the fact. Please help. Thank you in advance.
It is possible, but unlikely. In property damage cases, most police avoid giving tickets as it is just more hassle for them. Obviously, since you didn't have coverage at the time, your best bet is to have the lady get 2 estimates and if they look fair, offer to pay the lower of them. If she won't accept, try to work out some deal in between the 2. Otherwise, there are not many options except waiting to get sued by her or her carrier and cutting a deal then, which could risk your driver's license under the Safety and Financial Responsibility Law.
Best option is to contact her asking for estimates.
Stephen L. Hoffman
Law Office of Stephen L. Hoffman LLC
Chicago, IL
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Website: www.hofflawyer.com
Blog: www.hofflawyer.com/blog/
This answer posted on Avvo is for informational and educational purposes only. There is no attorney-client relationship created or formed and you should not rely on this as legal advice. The suggestion is made that if you wish to protect your rights, you consult with an attorney immediately.Ask a similar question
Thank you so much for you response.. I spoke to her yesterday and she has given me one estimate. She said she was going to give me another one later on this week. Thank you very much again.
You are welcome--good luck!
Thank you Mr. Younes.
I agree with Mr. Hoffman, getting a ticket is unlikely. Depending on the cost of the repairs, you may consider hiring a lawyer to document the settlement. If the cost of repairs are very minor, you may be willing to bear the risk of not having a lawyer draft the settlement agreement and release.
Though we strive to provide accurate legal information in our answers on AVVO, our answer should not be construed as legal advice and it does not create an attorney-client relationship. Our firm only forms attorney-client relationships by written agreement signed by both our firm and the client. Please seek an in-person consultation with an attorney immediately as almost all legal matters are time sensitive and failing to meet deadlines can result in adverse consequences.Ask a similar question
Thank you Mr. Brabender. I really appreciate your response.
Unlikely, but if you get one, you can retain a local traffic court lawyer to fight itAsk a similar question
Thank you Mr. Lassen for your response. It is much appreciated.
Technically in Texas you can still get a ticket after the accident but probably not likely to happen. However, I have had two different clients who had tickets mailed to them from different jurisdictions for accidents that occurred months earlier.Ask a similar question
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subset: commoncrawl


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Whirlpool's 6th Sense technology utilises the built-in sensors to sense the level of humidity and adapts the time and energy required to ensure perfect cooking results.
Whirlpool's intelligent 6TH Sense® technology constantly manages the cooking process and automatically adjusts cooking time and power for perfect tasty results
3 heat sources - a ferrite Crisp™ plate, the grill, and the microwaves - all combine to provide a perfectly finished top and bottom for pies, quiches and pizzas.
At the touch of a button, automatically steams vegetables and fish to perfection, for healthy meals. Comes with Steamer.
This revolutionary system ensures that microwave energy distribution is completely even, so food is always cooked evenly and thoroughly.


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Hotel Heera International, Kolkata
Hotel Heera International, 115, Muzaffar Ahmed Street (Ripon Street), Adjacent to Park Street, Kolkata – 700016, West Bengal, India
Hotel Heera International Details
Located in the midst of the hustle and bustle of the vibrant city of Kolkata, Hotel Heera International is an ideal accommodation option for leisure tourists and corporate travellers. The hotel has all the necessary amenities and facilities that are required for a standard hotel in Kolkata.
The rooms are spacious, well-appointed and suitably priced. The hotel also offers many other facilities such as a state-of-the-art conference hall, a multi-cuisine restaurant and an art gallery. Hotel Heera International is located close to many traditional markets, modern-day malls and other tourist attractions.
Close to Park Street, which is rightly called the heart of the 'City of Joy', you can't miss out on the fun and adventure while staying at Hotel Heera International.


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A new report from KLAS Enterprises, which researches user satisfaction with health information vendors' products, finds that 20 percent of hospitals now use patient flow systems and 90 percent of users would make the same choice again.
Such systems help coordinate bed management, environmental services and transport resources. The report, "Patient Flow 2011: Relieving Hospital Pressure," covers 14 vendors but focuses on the three most largest for patient flow: Allscripts (Eclipsys), McKesson and TeleTracking.
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Question: What is the advantage to transferring proteins bands form a
What is the advantage to transferring proteins bands form a gel to nitrocellulose during the western blot?
View Solution:
View Solution:
Answer to relevant QuestionsWhat is the point to labeling a secondary an-tibody with a marker that can be visualized instead of just labeling the primary antibody? You are purifying a protein for the first time. You have solubilized it with homogenization in a blender followed by differential centrifugation. You wish to try ammonium sulfate pre-cipitation as the next step. Knowing ...What is the main difference between reverse phase HPLC and standard ion-exchange or gel filtration chromatography? Distinguish between the lock-and-key and induced-fit models for binding of a substrate to an enzyme. If we describe an enzyme like aspartate transcarbamoylase and say that it exhibits cooperativity, what do we mean?
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World Cinema and the European Film Festival
Berlin, Germany; Locarno, Switzerland
Arrive Date: July 18, 2017 End Date: August 15, 2017
Program Overview
Based in Berlin, one of Europe's most exciting cities, this program examines contemporary cinema by considering the role of film festivals in producing and distributing films globally. Key highlight is the Locarno Film Festival, an A-level festival in the lovely lake region of southern Switzerland/northern Italy (near Lake Como). Perched between Cannes (in spring) and Venice (in fall), Locarno's is the most important festival of the summer. Beginning in Berlin, home to one of Europe's most important studios, and then moving to Locarno, the class considers national film making in relation to transnational festivals. Includes many contemporary directors with reputations established at festivals, including Almodovar (Talk to Her), Haneke (Hidden), Wong Kar Wai (Chungking Express), Maren Ade (Everybody Else), and von Trier (Dogville). After the festival we tour Milan, Italy.
Instructor: Jaimey Fisher
Taught in: English
Max Enrollment: 30
Program Coordinator: Greg Gundersen
Student Spotlight Video
Film Studies 125. Topics in Film Genres (4 units)
Film Studies 198. Directed Group Study (4 units, P/NP)
German 119. From German Fiction to German Film (4 units)
German 198. Directed Group Study (4 units, P/NP)
Program Highlights
- Attend, as a full participant, an entire A-level film festival in the Italian-Swiss Lake region (near lake Como/Bellagio/Milan).
- Stay and study in one of the most exciting cities in the world (and, in many ways, now the de facto capital of Europe) Berlin, Germany.
- Tour sites associated with the world's most famous film festival—the Berlin film festival.
- Accommodations in Locarno—easy walking distance from film-festival venues.
- Visit Swiss mountain peaks, take a ferry on Swiss mountain lake, visit Switzerland's third largest banking city, Lugano, and Milan, one of Italy's biggest and most dynamic cities.
Similar Programs
- Buenos Aires—Music, Film and Culture in the Global City (Argentina)
- Literature and Film (Taiwan)
- Performing Arts—Live! (France)
Other Programs in Cinema and Technocultural Studies


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Thanks for helping us sort this video!
Thanks for helping us associate the correct Pornstars to this video!
Помогите нам: эти порнозвезды присутствуют в этом видео?
Pornstar Name:
She really sucked him good! Would like to see her climb on and fuck that cock!
Wish her tits had come out.
omg her tongue work is magnificent
i wish she was my neighbor!
Hot blow job but we need a cum shot
das ist gekonnt!
Damn! Granny knows how to suck some cock! Wouldn't mind blowing a load in her mouth. And returning the favor! (Sue me, I love women of all ages.)
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|Home > Harmander
♀ Harmander
What does Harmander mean?
Harmander [har-man-der] as a girls' name is a Sikh name, and Harmander means "house of God". Harmander is a version of Harminder (Sikh).
VARIANT HarmindirCREATIVE FORMS
(male) MIDDLE NAME PAIRINGS
Harmander Rosalie (H.R.), ..
How popular is Harmander?
Harmander is an uncommon given name for females. Harmander is an equally rare surname for both adults and children. (2000 U.S. CENSUS)
Harmander has not been listed in the list thus far. (TOP BABY NAMES, 2015)
Similar NamesRecommended names are Alexander, Armande, Gardener, Gardiner, Gardner, Garlande, Hadriane, Haldane, Hamania, Hamideh, Haralda, Harlene, Harmonee, Harmoney, Harmoni▲, Harmonia, Harmonie, Harmony▲, Harper▲, Hermine, Herminie, Normandee (see Normandie) and Normandey (see Normandie). These names tend to be more commonly used than Harmander.See names in meaning and etymology.


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About MentoringNavigation hint: Roll your mouse back over About Mentoring in the menu bar to see more selections and find more information.
Download a Mentor ApplicationSend completed application and signed background check form to: Lincoln TeamMates, LPS District Office, 5905 O Street, Lincoln, NE 68510 or call 402-436-1990 with questions.
Why Mentor?It can change the life of a young person. Youth who are mentored receive support and guidance from a caring adult and show measurable improvement in academic achievement, attendance and discipline referrals. Mentored youth are more likely to stay in school and graduate and show improvement in interpersonal relationships. It is a rewarding life experience. Ninety-six percent of volunteer mentors would recommend mentoring to others.
It is creating nationwide change. Nearly 3 million adult volunteers are involved in formal one-on-one mentoring relationships with young people, an increase of 19% (500,000 mentors) since 2002. While a growing number of youth have mentors, an additional 14.6 million young people could benefit from having a mentoring relationship. This unmet need constitutes the "mentoring gap" that currently exists. This shows that while more people are mentoring, many more are needed.
To learn about the far-reaching impact of mentoring, visit the
National Mentoring Partnership Website.


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On April 23, 2007, the Fair Employment and Housing Commission Adopted its March 27, 2007 Sexual Harassment Training and Education Regulations With No Further Changes. I previously posted about the enactment of the statue: Sexual Harassment Training in California.
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text: MIXREGLS: A Program for Mixed-Effects Location Scale Analysis.Donald Hedeker, Rachel NordgrenJournal of statistical software2013MIXREGLS is a program which provides estimates for a mixed-effects location scale model assuming a (conditionally) normally-distributed dependent variable. This model can be used for analysis of data in which subjects may be measured at many observations and interest is in modeling the mean and variance structure. In terms of the variance structure,… (More)


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This is kind of fun, fairly ridiculous and definitely promotional. But here it goes: The makers of Prestone antifreeze made a video showing how they were able to melt down an aluminum 3.6-liter General Motors V-6 engine block in 20 minutes. Why? Because they knew the resulting pool of molten metal would draw a crowd and allow them to make a pitch for engine coolant that you would otherwise ignore.
Honeywell Consumer Products, which has the Prestone, Fram and Autolite brands, is careful to point out that you are in no danger of having your engine block melt unless you plan to go for a spin on the surface of the sun, in which case your car's air conditioning and you will have melted down long before your engine block. Looks like the melting point of aluminum is about 1,200 degrees.
The video runs about 3 minutes. Get out your marshmallows!
Chris Woodyard is an auto writer for USA TODAY who covers all aspects of motoring. He revels in the exhaust note of a Maserati and the sharp creases of a Cadillac CTS. Chris strives to live a Porsche life on a Scion budget. More about Chris


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PathCase-SB: integrating data sources and providing tools for systems biology research
Integration of metabolic pathways resources and metabolic network models, and deploying new tools on the integrated platform can help perform more effective and more efficient systems biology research on understanding the regulation of metabolic networks. Therefore, the tasks of (a) integrating under a single database environment regulatory metabolic networks and existing models, and (b) building tools to help with modeling and analysis are desirable and intellectually challenging computational tasks.
PathCase Systems Biology (PathCase-SB) is built and released. This paper describes PathCase-SB user interfaces developed to date. The current PathCase-SB system provides a database-enabled framework and web-based computational tools towards facilitating the development of kinetic models for biological systems. PathCase-SB aims to integrate systems biology models data and metabolic network data of selected biological data sources on the web (currently, BioModels Database and KEGG, respectively), and to provide more powerful and/or new capabilities via the new web-based integrative framework.
Each of the current four PathCase-SB interfaces, namely, Browser, Visualization, Querying, and Simulation interfaces, have expanded and new capabilities as compared with the original data sources. PathCase-SB is already available on the web and being used by researchers across the globe.
Integrating selected data from multiple data sources with the goals of expanding the capabilities of original data sources, and allowing new tool-building opportunities is a common theme in many fields of computer science. PathCase Systems Biology (
PathCase-SB is web-based and has multiple interfaces:
· Visualization Interface to visualize the networks of models and/or pathways in multiple ways,
· Browser Interface to browse models and pathways in multiple ways,
· Querying Interface to query models and pathways in different ways,
· Simulation Interface to comparatively simulate models, and
· Model Composition Interface to compose new models from existing models
PathCase-SB has an API for others to tap into, and to perhaps build additional applications, such as a mobile-tablet access to PathCase-SB database (see multiple PathCase iPad applications iPathCase-KEGG, iPathCase—RCMN, and iPathCase-SMDA
PathCase-SB is not a model/pathways-data source. It does not provide systems biology model curation, which is already provided in an excellent manner by other data sources—namely, BioModels Database for SBML-based models
1. Explore (browse) and query both models, their networks, and pathways--perhaps with the goal of, say, selecting some systems biology models or their modeled reactions (e.g., ad hoc exploratory search capabilities)
2. Visualize, possibly comparatively, both pathways and/or networks of models--perhaps with the goal of, say, visually inspecting the modeled species, reactions, and their occurrences in their corresponding KEGG pathways (e.g., ad hoc exploratory visualization capabilities)
3. Comparatively simulate, possibly with users' own experimental data, few selected models and/or users' own models uploaded into PathCase-SB (e.g., comparative simulation capabilities with users' own experimental data), and
4. Compose new models by using the existing models in the PathCase-SB database
A key characteristic of PathCase-SB is, via multiple interfaces, to enable systems biology researchers to synergistically use bioinformatics tools such as model and pathway database repositories, pathway visualization, SBML simulators, provenance data, and metabolic system queries in the study of complex biological systems.
PathCase-SB is continually being developed and improved. The current version of PathCase-SB integrates BioModels Database and KEGG data, and has the first-release functionalities for items 1–4. For the next release, planned additions include (i) incorporating models in CellML model repository and Reactome
It should be noted that some of the above-listed capabilities (more specifically, browsing and visualization) are provided in some manner by original data sources, e.g., BioModels Database and KEGG. However, because of integration, PathCase-SB has the opportunity to add new features to these capabilities; e.g., see Figure
Figure 1
Example 1.1.
Example 1.1.
Figure 2
Example 2.1.
Example 2.1.
Next we illustrate one possible use of PathCase-SB with an example.
Example 1.1. PathCase-SB user Audrey Elif has the KEGG pathway
Step 1. Audrey Elif locates two options: (a) Access PathCase-SB Browser interface and obtain a list of models using the functionality of "browsing models by KEGG pathways", as shown in Figure
Step 2. Audrey Elif chooses one model from the results of step 1, and checks the visualization of the chosen model, as shown in Figure
Step 3. Using the visualization of the mapping, Audrey Elif chooses two (or, perhaps up to four) models which have similar mappings. Then, she uses the PathCase-SB SimCom tool to inspect simulation results for the chosen models, as shown in Figure
In summary, the premise of PathCase-SB is that performing systems biology research can be made more effective and easier by the use of an integrated environment for regulatory metabolic network models and metabolic pathways resources, and by new computational tools.
Next, we summarize the implemented capabilities of PathCase-SB in more detail.
Model+metabolic network visualization capabilities
Model + metabolic network browsing capabilities
· An embedded in-place keyword search facility with paged result listings,
· Relationships between BioModels Database models and ontologies (e.g., the Gene Ontology and the EC (Enzyme Commission) number ontology
· Biological compartment-based relationships between different models. The idea is to allow modelers to see the listings of models that capture biological networks.
Model + metabolic network querying capabilities
PathCase-SB currently allows
· Model queries (e.g., such as "
· Pathway queries (e.g., "
· Reaction queries (e.g., "
· Species/molecule queries (e.g., "
All built-in queries are made available through web services so that third-party applications can directly send their query execution requests to the web services, execute the requested PathCase-SB built-in query, and receive the execution results as an SBML (for a model-based output) or as a BioPAX
SBML-based and comparative model simulation capabilities
In general, multiple models exist for the same pathway. Therefore, side by side comparisons of model simulations for the same pathway can lead researchers to observe similarities and differences between models. The
Capabilities to upload user models specified in SBML and to simulate them
Capabilities to compose new models from existing models
PathCase-SB Model Composition Interface allows semi-automatic merging of two existing systems biology models specified in SBML format, allowing users to (i) select and upload two models (either from PathCse-SB or from the user's own computer), and view them via two friendly interfaces, namely, Tree View and text View interfaces, (ii) iteratively modify and view the uploaded SBML models to be merged, (iii) execute an
Capturing and maintaining provenance data
Provenance, also called lineage or pedigree, is defined as metadata that tracks the steps of data derivation, which adds value to the data itself
Results and discussion
In the next subsections of this paper, we present (a) the user interfaces of PathCase-SB, namely, the Visualization Interface, the Browser Interface, the Querying Interface, the Simulation Interface, and the Provenance Tool, (b) the issues and problems we have encountered in building the interfaces, and how we have solved them, and (c) evaluation studies of the interfaces, whenever applicable. Finally, we briefly compare the user interfaces of existing systems biology and metabolic pathway data sources with PathCase-SB user interfaces.
Visualization interface
All visualization functionalities are provided on client machines, and with no server-side intervention or communication, allowing for a highly scalable PathCase-SB. The Visualization Interface (i) comes embedded into the corresponding model/pathway pages, and does not require any separate installation effort (a manageability convenience for users), and (ii) provides a platform-independent access regardless of the underlying operating system or browser differences on user machines (presently optimized for Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, and Chrome browsers).
Graph viewer
The Visualization Interface employs a Graph Viewer that runs on the client side. The Graph Viewer, accessed from different places within PathCase-SB, has many different legends, basic controls, and toolbar capabilities. The Graph Viewer is employed by (a) the
The interactive model graph shows species, reactions, compartments and the relations between them in the model. In a model with multiple hierarchically-arranged compartments, the hierarchy is explicitly visualized. Species and reactions are shown in compartments that they belong to; and roles of species in reactions are visualized with directed/undirected edges between nodes representing the species and the reactions they are involved in.
Example 2.1. Figure
Visualization simplifications
Some models include a large number of species and reactions, and the names of species and reactions are extremely long. To keep visualizations uncluttered, the Graph Viewer (i) uses truncation of those names (Full names and related information are also available: to see detailed information in a node, i.e., kinetic law of a reaction, the user simply moves the cursor over the node's visualization), and (ii) species that participate in many reactions (e.g., H2O, ATP, ADP, etc.) and their connectivity information within the network can be elected not to be visualized. We name such species as
Mapping models to pathways
For those models that are related to a pathway, the Graph Viewer provides the mapping between the model network and the pathway by displaying both side by side, and highlighting species in the model and the molecular entity in the pathway together with corresponding qualifiers (such as
Layout manipulations
Model network or pathway layout is important for helping users locate species and reactions. The Graph Viewer allows the user to manually"touch" and adjust the layout, and then to save the revised layout into the PathCase-SB database. When a user reopens the layout later, the saved layout is displayed by default. To keep the layout consistent and meaningful, currently, this functionality is only open to those who request it, and not available to public.
Browser interface
PathCase-SB Browser Interface works with popular internet browsers, and is specifically tested for Internet Explorer, Firefox, and Chrome. The browser interface is built primarily for viewing the information related to
· Systems biology models from multiple sources (currently, only BioModels Database, and, in the future, CellML model repository), in conjunction with metabolic pathway fragments from KEGG that these models employ, and
· KEGG Metabolic pathways, in conjunction with models of BioModels Database, with a focus on presenting the relationships that exist between the various entities of the two types, i.e., models and pathways. A more detailed description of how these relationships are imported and captured in PathCase-SB database is presented elsewhere
The browser Interface also presents to users
· Relationships between models of BioModels Database and ontologies such as the Gene Ontology, and the EC (Enzyme Commission) number ontology, and
· Biological compartment-based relationship between different models. The idea is to allow modelers see the listings of models that capture biological networks within the same compartment (e.g., say, liver cytosol) to help them with model composition operations, as summarized in the Model Composition Interface section.
Currently, PathCase-SB only allows browsing systems biology models from BioModels Database. In the near future, we will add browsing features for other systems biology sites, such as CellML model repository. The browser interface allows users to browse the database based on different "views" of data. Each view is a tree starting with the root as the chosen node, and t can be expanded to arbitrarily many levels. Each node represents an entity that can be expanded, which brings up other nodes under it, if any exist. Clicking to the text on the entity brings up a display on the right hand side that gives more detailed information about that entity. The left hand nodes are called Browser items, and the right hand page, called the Details page, presents the details of the browser item.
The browser interface currently provides the following browsing capabilities:
· BioModels Database data browsing starting with Models (covered as a separate section below), Reactions (covered as a separate section below), Compartments (covered as a separate section below), or Species (covered as a separate section below), and
· KEGG data browsing, namely, Pathways, processes, and molecular entities. We do not cover this part since it is borrowed directly from original PathCase
· Gene Ontology (GO) terms browsing, and locating models that model enzymes/genes with the listed GO term (covered as a separate section below),
· EC (Enzyme Commission) number taxonomy browsing (covered as a separate section below), and locating models that model enzymes/genes with the listed EC number,
· Browsing the organism hierarchy provided by BioModels Database models (covered as a separate section below), and locating models of the selected organism.
PathCase-SB database can also be searched without browsing through the database. Different types of entities in the PathCase-SB database can be searched by name. There are four options that allow searching for a specific entity given its whole name or parts of the name.
Querying interface: built-in queries
PathCase-SB is designed for users to pose built-in (i.e., predefined) queries involving models and other database objects. We define built-in queries as a small set of queries that are the most popular ones. Clearly, this is a subjective definition. So, as we have done with PathCase
The fully implemented PathCase-SB queries are grouped into (1) Model queries (six queries); (2) Pathway queries (two queries); (3) Reaction queries (eight queries); (4) Species/molecule queries (four queries).
Model queries
Query 1. Find models corresponding to a given reaction in a given pathway. This query involves information about both models and the pathways, referring to reactions modeled by a model and the corresponding KEGG reaction in specific pathways. Two alternative mappings can be used during the query processing: (i) model-to-pathway, and (ii) reaction(BioModels Database)-to-reaction(KEGG). For now, we assume reaction-to-reaction mapping is used, and the user specifies a process of a particular pathway as query input.
Example 4.1. Figure
Figure 3
An example input and output of built-in query
An example input and output of built-in query
Query 2. Find models having molecular species in a given domain (compartment, organism). Assuming the user chooses to specify compartment C, this query returns both textual and graphical information: (i) a four column table < graph-view, model-name, {set of species in compartment C}, compartment C>, and (b) the graphical view of the first model returned. The species of the model are red-colored in the graphical view.
Query 3. Find models and their compartments containing a given species in a given organism.
Query 4. Find models that contain reactions of a given pathway.
Query 5. Find models that contain metabolites of a given pathway.
Query 6. Find models containing different expressions of metabolic flux associated to the same reaction.
Pathway queries
Query 1. Find pathways within a given number of steps from a pathway.
Query 2. Visualize a set of pathways.
Reaction queries
Query 1. Find reactions (and their kinetic equations if exist) that are n-step downstream or upstream from the reaction of a given model.
This query requires mappings between species of different models. This query is evaluated by assuming that species that are mapped to the same KEGG molecular entity are the same entities. Then, shared species between models can be used to construct a model network, on which the query is executed.
Example 4.2. Figure
Figure 4
An example of built-in query
An example of built-in query
In addition, the other seven reaction queries of PathCase-SB are: (1) Find reactions within a given number of steps from a reaction in a pathway; (2) Find reactions within a given number of steps from a molecule in a pathway; (3) Find reactions within a given number of steps from a reaction in the metabolic network; (4) Find reactions sharing activators and inhibitors with a reaction in a pathway; (5) Find reactions with the given number of molecules in a specific use; (6) Find reactions involving exactly one substrate and one product; (7) Find reactions involving a molecular entity in a pathway.
Species/molecule queries
Query 1. Find molecular species that are n-step downstream/upstream from the molecular species of a given model.
Note that this query can only be answered within a specific systems biology model. Performing the same query on a network of models requires mappings between species of different models. This query can be accomplished, if species that are mapped to the same KEGG molecular entity are considered as the same "entities". Then, shared species between models can be used to construct a model network, on which this query can be executed with possible results from multiple models.
In addition, the other three PathCase-SB species/molecule queries are listed as: (1) Find pathways/reactions involving a molecular entity with a specific use; (2) Find molecules within a given number of steps from another molecule in the metabolic network; (3) Find paths between two molecules in a pathway.
Simulation interface
Our simulation interface efforts have focused around
· Directly using SBML files as input to the simulation process, as the models are exchanged and made available in SBML and
· Integrating existing stand-alone simulation software, namely, RoadRunner
· Simulation software available to the research community.
In our initial simulation efforts, we employed systems biology models with different level of complexity to describe metabolic and physiological processes. All models were represented in different format using Matlab and SBML implementations. One of these models was previously developed by PathCase-SB team researchers as part of their research on bioenergetic function in skeletal muscle
Existing simulators and simulator used by PathCase-SB
There exist a large number of available simulation tools that can potentially be utilized by PathCase-SB Simulation Interface. For the selection of tools to work with many alternatives, we specify two requirements that are critical to accomplish our goals within this project:
· A simulation tool should be easily portable to our PathCase environment, which is coded mainly in C# and ASP.NET, and
· The simulation tool should support events in SBML, as our in-house models frequently make use of events as part of their specification.
After working with RoadRunner, CellDesigner
Figure 5
Simulation tools.
Simulation tools.
Simulation interface test results
The simulation interface was tested with four models with different levels of complexity in describing metabolic reaction and transport processes in physiological systems. Each system is described by a set of ODEs that represents the mathematical model. To simulate the kinetic processes of the system, the mathematical model is solved using RoadRunner. In general, the accuracy of the model simulations obtained with the simulation interface is the same of that obtained with other SBML simulators.
Simulation interfaces for biological models
There are about tens of different simulation software for SBML documents
For PathCase-SB, the web based simulation interface is built and integrated to the PathCase Systems Biology web site. Model simulation is integrated into many places on the PathCase Systems Biology web site, and Figure
Figure 6
Integrated biological model simulation interface in PathCase-SB.
Integrated biological model simulation interface in PathCase-SB.A) PathCase Systems Biology 4.0 Header for PathCase-SB. B) Model list by name. C) Simulation results for the model.
In PathCase-SB simulation interface, users can re-simulate the model via:
· changing values for parameters,
· selecting and changing initial concentrations or amounts of species and boundary species,
· selecting metabolic fluxes to plot,
· changing start and end values of time period,
· changing tolerance values for both absolute tolerance and relative tolerance,
· changing the number of data points to plot on to the graph,
· adding experimental values, and
· observing the results of the new simulation.
Input for experimental results are also manually editable on the field specified for users. Users can find model details (such as the version of the model, notes by the author, and units) at the top of the simulation.
Next, we explain each of the above-listed features in detail.
Details of SBML model used
Each and every SBML model has an SBML level and version number which specifies the structure and capabilities of the SBML file. Some parsers cannot parse, or parse specific levels and versions incorrectly; therefore, this information is crucial for the researcher to make sure that a compatible (or newest) SBML version and level are used. At the time of this writing, the simulation engine used within the simulation interface is compatible with versions 1, 2, 3 and 4 of Level 2 SBML models. Since units for time scale are usually defined in unit definitions in SBML files, we automatically parse the time information and write to the plot. Nonetheless, substance scale can be more complex to parse automatically; therefore we give all other units in the units section of details. In addition, SBML models contain a "notes" section for modelers to add detailed notes which generally contain personal explanations for the model, details of their model, and the citation information. If the modeler specifies the information via hyperlinks to other pages, these URLs will be active for redirection in the notes section. All of this information is available to the user in the simulation interface once s/he clicks the "Show Details" link at the top of the simulation graph.
Basic settings for simulation
From the simulation interface, the user can define custom values for basic simulation settings which reside underneath the plotted graph.
Parameters and initial concentration or amount of species
Once the user expands "Change parameters and initial concentration or amount of species" link, a list of options for available species, boundary species, parameters, and metabolic fluxes appears. The user can modify the parameter values from the left column parameters list, and also the units for these values (shown next to each field in parenthesis).
Metabolic fluxes
In addition to species, boundary species and parameters, users can see the metabolic fluxes on the simulation graph. Users can select and deselect to show or hide the metabolic fluxes on the simulation graph. In the beginning, by default, none of metabolic fluxes are checked, and this means none of them are plotted in the simulation graph.
Experimental values
Researchers may want to compare their data (possibly prepared after conducting many experiments) with a currently curated and accepted model. This way, the overlaps between experiment data and the original model simulation data can be compared easily. In the PathCase-SB simulation interface, the user can enter the experimental values into a large text field by clicking to the "Add/Change Experimental Values" link. Simulation can be rerun via clicking the "Simulate with new parameters" button. To differentiate easily, only experimental data is plotted in red in the simulation graph by default.
Technical details
Implementation of the simulation interface is done with ASP.NET Framework using the C# language. User interface itself uses the asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) technology in order to achieve better performance and more friendly user experience. For the simulation in the backend, the RoadRunner application programming interface (API) is used. A third party library called ZedGraph is used to plot the results onto a graph. The modular implementation (built as a user control) of the simulation interface provides easy integration to other parts of the PathCase Systems Biology web site such as SimCom and iModel tools which are discussed next.
PathCase-SB simulation tools
Simulate and compare biological models side by side (SimCom)
In general, for the same pathway, there are multiple models. Therefore, side-by-side comparison of these biological models for the same pathway can allow researchers to identify the main similarities/differences between similar models. The SimCom tool provides the functionality to simulate up to four models in the same pathway side-by-side (in new pop-up windows) from PathCase-SB web site.
From the main web page of PathCase Systems Biology web site, users can click on the "SimCom" tool link from the left bottom corner to start using the SimCom tool. Once the user selects a pathway from the dropdown list, a model list for the selected pathway is loaded under it. In square brackets, organism information for each model (whenever available) is displayed next to each model. After selecting models to compare, the user can simulate all selected models side by side; see Figure
Simulate user uploaded biological models (iModel)
SBML format is used to share and examine a biological model. In general, even for a quick look at simulation results of an SBML file, users need to install software to their client machines. Only after installing and setting up the compatible software, users can upload their model and see the simulation results. There may be few problems here: finding the correct/compatible client software is not always an easy task; and, keeping the client software up-to-date is another task.
By using the iModel tool, users can upload their own SBML models into the PathCase-SB site to simulate. Uploaded models are parsed with the PathCase SBML Parser which uses libSBMLlibrary in backend. After being parsed, the uploaded model is stored in a separate temporary database which is emptied after use. Therefore, the uploaded models are not maintained or kept in our original PathCase-SB database for privacy issues. Currently, the iModel tool accepts only XML file types of up to 500KB in size to upload. If the uploaded model has errors and cannot be parsed correctly, iModel will indicate to the user that the model is incorrect.
From the main web page of PathCase-SB web site, users can click on the "iModel" tool link to start using iModel tool. By using the "Choose File" button, users browse their machine, choose the SBML model file to be uploaded, and then click on the "Upload My Model" button. If the model is uploaded and parsed successfully, the "See Uploaded Model" button appears, and the upload panel is hidden. Once the user clicks on the "See Uploaded Model" button, an independent pop-up window opens up with the fully functional model simulation interface that is described in previous section. In order to upload another model without closing the currently uploaded model, users can use the "Upload New Model" button to be able to bring the upload file panel back.
In summary, currently, the PathCase-SB simulation interface uses RoadRunner as its simulation engine. RoadRunner simulator is in active development (with issues and bugs being solved) and one of the reliable simulators, as of January 2010. Nonetheless, since PathCase-SB simulation interface is like an overlay on top of RoadRunner, we do have the ability to move to another simulator (e.g. Jarnac, Oscill8, etc.) in the future, if it provides better simulation results as compared to RoadRunner. The PathCase-SB simulation interface is tested with the recent versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome and Apple Safari web browsers.
Model composition interface
There are already few thousands of verified and curated small sized systems biology models, available mostly at BioModels Database, and CellML model repository, and there is an emerging need to combine existing models, and to capture larger biological networks. In addition, researchers would like to test their own private computational models by composing them with verified computational models in model repositories. There are three major bottlenecks for creating a large systems biology models.
· As of now, there is no standardized approach accepted by the community to merge multiple SBML models into a larger one, even though there is an effort to standardize model composition
· Designing larger computational models is usually more difficult than building models for sub-networks of specific biological networks. And
· Developing large and highly complex biological models is not well-aided by integrated free biological modeling software.
The PathCase-SB Model Composition Interface
Step 1: The user selects the models to be combined. PathCase-SB Composition Interface provides an upload functionality through which the user can upload his/her own SBML model from their computers. In addition, users can choose models to merge from the already parsed SBML models on PathCase-SB. To help researchers with model selection, PathCase-SB model composition interface provides "similarity indices" between two pre-parsed models
Step 2: In a simple and user-friendly manner, the interface allows users to manually match model element names before the semi-automated merge takes place. After completing the manual matching step, the user clicks on the button "Done with Manual Matching. Start Composition Interface", and the
Step 3: Users employ the tools of the interface, and edit the merged model via the "tree list view" or "textbox view" interfaces, and update the resulting model.
Provenance tool
In this section, we summarize the concept of provenance, and then describe the current state of the PathCase-SB Provenance Tool. In the first section below, we provide the classification of PathCase-SB provenance tool in the provenance taxonomy. Then, we present details about the model and implementation of the tool.
Provenance is defined as metadata that tracks the steps of data derivation, which can add value to the data itself
In the context of PathCase-SB, it is very important for a user to assess the trustworthiness of a provided systems biology model. The creators of a given model, the publications that have led to the model and the references of the model are crucial metadata about the model. Hence, providing provenance data about systems biology models is an important task.
PathCase-SB provenance classification
We make use of the provenance taxonomy given by
Figure 7
Provenance System Design.
Provenance System Design.A) The place of PathCase-SB Provenance Tool in Provenance Taxonomy. B) Database tables for provenance data. C) Provenance data model. D) Collapsed Provenance Panel in the model page. E) Provenance Data for the model
PathCase-SB provenance: data storage, data model, and implementation
SBML documents obtained from BioModels Database
Comparison of PathCase-SB with BioModels database
Below, we briefly compare (tested as of February 2012), the BioModels database and PathCase-SB in terms of the model repository, simulation, visualization, model search and composition, and other features.
Model repository
BioModels Database has 409 curated and 420 non-curated models(as of April,2012). The curated models have been thoroughly curated, and model elements have been annotated with terms from controlled vocabularies as well as links to relevant data resources. For non-curated models, the syntax has been verified, but the semantics remains unchecked. Curated models can be downloaded in SBML L2 V4, or SBML L2 V1 (auto-generated), or SBML L2 V3 (auto-generated). Other formats (auto-generated) are also provided, i.e., BioPAX (Level 2), BioPAX (Level 3), Octave (m-file), PDF, SciLab, VCML(VCell), XPP.
PathCase-SB has 409 curated models(as of April, 2012), and user can export models in SBML L2 V4
Both BioModels Database and PathCase-SB have "browse models by name" and "browse models using GO" features. BioModels Database allows user to "browse models by BioModels ID","by Publication ID", "by Last Modified". PathCase-SB allows user to "browse models by KEGG pathways", "by Author Names" or "by Organisms". PathCase-SB also provides an interface to browse all reactions, species and compartments of all the models.
Model simulation
Both BioModels Database and PathCase-SB allow user to select species and fluxes to display in the simulation. Also, user can change values of parameters, fluxes and species for re-simulation. Both systems export the results of the simulation (comma separated values) and have documentation on how to use the simulation interface.
BioModels Database uses two simulation tools. JWS online simulation
PathCase-SB works on all major browsers without installing any additional software. PathCase-SB provides visual help on how to use the simulation interface. Some other features available in PathCase-SB include: users can (i) add experimental data to the simulation results, (ii) change number of time points and absolute/relative tolerance values, (iii) upload users' own SBML model and use the same simulation interface on it on the fly without converting the model to any other format, (iv) compare the related models side by side within separate windows easily, and (v) display SBML notes.
Model visualization
BioModels Database provides "View Bitmap Reaction Graph","View SVG Reaction Graph" and "View Dynamic Reaction Graph" functions; however, these visualizations do not include compartment hierarchy or species with multiple roles in the reactions.
PathCase-SB visualization produces interactive pathway graphs, model graphs or both with various mappings from one to the other. The visualized model/pathway can be manually or automatically rearranged, zoomed in/out, panned, expanded/collapsed, exported locally as jpeg file, and studied in detail such as displaying kinetic law of reactions. Also, PathCase-SB allows users to change and save the layout of the visualization. Users can upload his/her own SBML model and see the visualization on the fly.
BioModels Database searches all information related with the model, and produces a large number of output results. The modifiers includes "and" "or" "match the exact phrase". The identifiers include "BioModels", "Person", "SBML elements", "Annotation (full text)", "Annotation(identifier)".
PathCase-SB searches name only, but allows users to choose categories like "Models", "Reactions", "Species", "Compartments", "KEGG Pathways", "KEGG Processes", "Molecular", "Organism". The modifiers include "Contains", "Starts with", "Ends with", "Exact match". PathCase-SB highlights keywords in the search results, and counts the results according to the categories. PathCase-SB also provides built-in queries.
PathCase-SB provenance capabilities are a strict subset of the extensive provenance capabilities of CiteXplore
Composing models
BioModels Database does not have a model composition tool. PathCase-SB model composition tool helps users compose standard SBML-formatted models in a semi-automatically way.
Other features
PathCase-SB provides browsing of KEGG pathways, processes, molecular entities, gene ontology, EC numbers and organisms.
Comparison of PathCase-SB with other systems biology sources
The systems below have been tested in December 2011, and February 2012. Metannogen
WebCell simulation tool allows user to (i) modify time period start value, (ii) modify absolute and relative tolerance values, (iii) modify parameter values, (iv) modify species initial concentrations, (v) add experimental values, and (vi) download simulation results.
The BMOND (Online Database) data is collected from SBML model repository
BioUML Workbench
PathCase-SB version 1 is currently available, and being accessed by a small number of users around the world (only for the purposes of statistics gathering, we are monitoring the use of PathCase-SB). We expect that, once we (a) add hierarchical model composition into the Model Composition Interface, and (b) integrate CellML-based models into PathCase-SB, the usefulness and the use of PathCase-SB will increase.
We have many plans to improve and add capabilities to each of the interfaces. The most significant extension is with respect to the Model Composition Interface: we are following the SBML Level 3 hierarchical model composition proposal
Next we list additional queries that rely on model hierarchies, to be implemented after model hierarchies are incorporated into PathCase-SB: (i) List molecular species modeled in a given hierarchy of models (where the hierarchy here may be due to a component hierarchy or complexity-based hierarchies of the same process, etc.), (ii) List model hierarchies of a multi-component model, or of a given set of models, (iii) List models containing a reaction that is n-step downstream/upstream from the molecular species in a model, (iv) List models that contain reactions of a given pathway in a given biological system (cell, tissue/organ), (v) List models that contain a reaction mechanism (e.g. inhibition and/or activation) for an enzymatic reaction of a given pathway, (vi) List models that contain mechanisms (reactant, product, modifier, inhibition and activation) for a reaction, and (vii) List model by category (e.g. gene expression, metabolism, cell cycle, enzymology).
Extensions to the PathCase-SB provenance data include: (a) displaying the provenance data for user-uploaded models, (b) displaying detailed timestamp and RoadRunner simulation service information for uploaded model simulation results (as a process lineage), and (c) querying provenance data on PathCase-SB System as a help for users to search for targeted provenance information.
Finally, creating an iPad application for iPathCase-SB (replacing the current web interface with much more natural touch screen-based tools of iPad) is yet another planned extension. Three such applications are already created
Availability and requirements
PathCase-SB is freely available for use at
Browsers: PathCase-SB is extensively tested with browsers Internet Explorer and FireFox. It is also tested to a lesser degree with Google Chrome and with Safari browsers.
Any restrictions to use: PathCase-SB is free to use by academics and nonacademics; there are no restrictions.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
PathCase-SB design was a collaborative task, led by ZMO, GO, NL, RD, and (late) Marco Cabrera. PathCase-SB implementation was done by SAC (Simulation Interface and Provenance Tool), XQ (Graph Viewer and Browser Interface), AC (all interfaces), EC (Querying Interface), RJ (Browser Interface), AEC (Provenance Tool), and LY (KEGG parser). All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Authors acknowledge the contributions of (late) Marco Cabrera for his early contributions to PathCase-SB, and Herbert Sauro for his critical comments, which forced us to reevaluate the contributions of Pathcase-SB. We acknowledge PathCase-SB design and coding contributions of many graduate and undergraduate students. PathCase-SB derives from PathCase, and the authors acknowledge the PathCase design and development contributions of many (more than 30) graduate students, including Mustafa Kirac (original designer and coder of Graph Viewer), Brendan Elliott (all parts of PathCase, from which PathCase-SB has evolved) and many others. This research has been supported by the National Science Foundation grants DBI 0743705, DBI 0849956, CRI 0551603 and by the National Institute of Health grant GM088823.
PathCase-SB architecture and database design
BioModels Database: a free, centralized database of curated, published, quantitative kinetic models of biochemical and cellular systems
BioModels Database: an enhanced, curated and annotated resource for published quantitative kinetic models
KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes
From genomics to chemical genomics: new developments in KEGG
KEGG for representation and analysis of molecular networks involving diseases and drugs
Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations
PathCase: pathways database system
Querying metabolism under different physiological conditions
Systems biology markup language (SBML) level 2: structures and facilities for model definitions
The Physiome Model Repository 2
The CellML Model Repository
Advanced querying interface for biochemical network databases
Comparing simulation results of SBML capable simulators
Next generation simulation tools: the Systems Biology Workbench and BioSPICE integration
LibSBML: an API Library for SBML
Linking pulmonary oxygen uptake, muscle oxygen utilization and cellular metabolism during exercise
Cell designer 3.5: a versatile modeling tool for biochemical networks
MathSBML: a package for manipulating SBML-based biological models
The Edinburgh human metabolic network reconstruction
Global reconstruction of the human metabolic network based on genomic and bibliomic data


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Clause 102 - Bill - DIRECT TAXES - Bill - Clause 102 - Insertion of new section 271GB. 102. After section 271GA of the Income-tax Act, the following section shall be inserted with effect from the 1st day of April, 2017,- Penalty for failure to furnish report or for furnishing inaccurate report under section 286. 271GB. (1) If any reporting entity referred to in section 286, which is required to furnish the report referred to in sub-section (2) of the said section, in respect of a reporting accou .....
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formation and documents within the period allowed under sub-section (6) of the said section, the prescribed authority may direct that such entity shall pay, by way of penalty, a sum of five thousand rupees for every day during which the failure continues, beginning from the day immediately following the day on which the period for furnishing the information and document expires. (3) If the failure referred to in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) continues after an order has been served on the e .....
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Create a mixture using 1oz of water or vinegar (or even half/half using both) and 6 drops of tea tree or lavender essential oil. Massage into infested hair and scalp, let set for 10 mins. Rinse thoroughly. Use a comb to brush through hair to remove any head lice and eggs. You can also add the essential oils to your regular shampoo and repeat entire process as necessary.
Head lice can be a major frustration, especially when kids get it. Even if one child gets it, that spreads quickly. Head lice are parasitic insects, that's quite hard to spot, on heads, and sometimes bodies, causing skin irritation and itching.
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It's been found that many essential oils are quite effective due to their insecticidal properties. These two seem to be the best and most popular.
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- Mix an ounce of water or vinegar (or even half) with 6 drops of essential oil. You can also add the essential oil to your shampoo.
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Note that the information contained in this article is for educational purposes only. It is not intended to treat, cure, diagnose, or prevent any diseases. Consult your doctor before making any lifestyle changes.


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Discuss this help topic in BizCrypto Forum
ActionInfo.CommandVariable property
Specifies name of the variable that contains the command being sent to the server.
Command Variable
Use this property to specify the name of the variable containing the command to the FTP server. This property should be used when Is Variable is true, otherwise set the command directly via Command property.


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Matache Macelaru
This brand carries behind the story of a real character, the famous butcher Matache (Lolescu) Macelaru', who had a small but well-known business close to Bucharest North Railway Station, selling...
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The div is one of the most commonly used elements in all of HTML. Modern web pages make extensive use of the div, and learning how to use divs for organization and styling is a critical skill for all web developers.
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Take a look at the code in index.html. You're in a much better position now to understand the code and edit it.
Note that the HTML code is organized neatly with div sections. Note, also, that the stylesheet targets divs heavily in order to make styling more efficient.


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Dachshund Meets New Friend….HimselfThe Animal Rescue Site
This puppy is astonished to find that his new friend copies everything he does, and he even kind of looks similar…Get this puppy a playmate, quick!
Proper ARS animalrescuesite_belowcontent
The Animal Rescue Site is a place where people can help provide food and care to millions of animals in need, both in the U.S. and around the world. In addition to sharing personal rescue stories, shopping for the cause, and signing petitions, visitors can take just a moment each day to click on a purple button to help animals. Visit The Animal Rescue Site and click today - it's free!


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The quick and dirty:Interchangeable ben wa ballsUnbound O-Factor:These premium silicone balls can be worn separately or paired in a holder to help strengthen the pelvic floor muscle tone and may create more satisfying, longer-lasting orgasms. Use with a water-based lubricant for easier insertion.
Background Check:
The KinkLab team understands what kink is really about. We know it can be beautiful, erotic, creative, safe, fulfilling and fun. We enjoy designing, testing, packaging, and marketing products for our sexually-adventurous clientele. We believe in aesthetic design, fine materials, sound construction, and appealing packaging. Our mission is to deliver superior-quality products at affordable prices, working closely with an excellent network of distributors and retail outlets.


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Dinosaur is on his way to the library. He shares his playful roaring with a cow, a lonesome turtle, some baby chicks and a sad owl. He's rambunctious.
You know where you shouldn't share rambunctious roars?
The library!
Can Dinosaur sit still through an entire storytime with out roaring or fidgeting? Okay, lets start with not roaring.
At first I was going to make this a "dinosaur gets shushed by the librarian" book. Then I visited Julie Roach at the super-cool modern Cambridge Library. Julie is not a "shusher". Make all the noise you want in her library, books are fun. Just don't be a creepy adult lingering without a kid in there, because they will boot you right out! Right on, Julie.
Hey, like this post? Why not share it with a buddy?Tweet


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The future of Falck Renewables SpA will be built upon its values, ideas and expertise, so we recognise that our people are our most valuable resource. The highly competitive nature of our industry makes it necessary for us to recruit and retain bright, highly motivated individuals who will generate new ideas for the growth of the business and constantly rise to the challenges presented to them.For this reason we invest carefully in our employees by providing a competitive compensation package with a comprehensive training programme of targeted courses.
With a highly skilled and motivated workforce, Falck Renewables SpA will be able to meet the challenges of operating in an increasingly competitive marketplace, through the creation of a positive, stimulating and highly professional working environment.
Last update of the page on 03/11/2016 at 16:17 GMT
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Call. Click. Connect.
Chat with a triage consultant nowLive Chat
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Request online non-medical counseling or health and wellness coaching appointment.
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Confidential services, including non-medical counseling and specialty consultations, are available through Military OneSource. Eligible individuals may receive confidential services at no cost. Check eligibility. International calling options.
Other Resources
There's more to a military family than moving and deployments — take us along through each phase of your military life. And don't worry; we can help with the big stuff, too.
Military Youth and Teens Programs
Money matters can be tricky. We can help you make informed decisions on navigating legal and financial questions or point you to the resources that can help.
Thrift Savings
We've got your back. Protect yourself, and make health a priority with our support.
Farmers Markets Encourage Healthy Eating
Attention all members of a military family: Take a peek at our cheat sheet for all things career and education-related.
TA Decide
Let us help you make the most of your new assignment from planning each step of your move to confirming that your new commissary does — in fact — stock your favorite kind of cereal. What would a new place be without a little adventure.
Morale, Welfare and Recreation Digital Library
The one constant of military life is that it changes — quickly. Be ready for the next chapter.
Stay Fiscally Fit During Deployment
You can't turn on the television or open a magazine without being reminded of your physical health and fitness. But mental health is just as important.
An estimated one in five American adults and 13 to 20 percent of children experience a diagnosable mental health disorder each year. Learn more, spread the word and stamp out stigma. Start by learning to recognize signs that you or someone else may need help.
out how military crisis hotlines can help.
Adults who are dealing with mental health disorders may display any number of the following signs:
how to recognize the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Many symptoms in adolescents may be similar to those in adults, but you may notice other characteristics, including:
Young children and preadolescents may display some of the following characteristics:
your mental health. The process is confidential and anonymous.
There is no shame or weakness in acknowledging that you're having trouble coping. These resources can help:
You wouldn't hesitate to seek help for a physical ailment. So reach out for assistance with depression, anxiety and other mental health issues, and encourage others to do the same.
Find programs and services at your local installation.
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Sue Sport Dress game
Sue Sport Dress, play free Dress Up games, related games and updates online. Added on
Author: gamesaka 24
Here are some more related games in Dress Up category. Also you can jump to other category using box above.
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- Perfect Motorbike Beauty
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- Sue School Time
- Sue Historical Dress
- Sue party dressup
- Winx sport dress
- Sue Fashion Style
- Good morning Sue
- Sue superstar dressup
- Sue Cool Dressup
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- Sue Holiday Dressup
- Pirate Sue
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- Sue teen dressup
- Sue Beach Dressup
- Sue Summer Dresses
- Sue girl friend
- Sue fashion dressup
- Sue Rapgirl dressup


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A weathered face can help one project wisdom or blend in at Mount Rushmore but is otherwise considered undesirable. Stand out from monumental mugs with today's Groupon to Reflections Medical Spa. Choose from the following options:
- For $99, you get one Laser Genesis treatment (a $350 value).
- For $275, you get three Laser Genesis treatments (a $1,050 value).
- For $450, you get five Laser Genesis treatments (a $1,750 value).
The certified laser specialists at Reflections Medical Spa work to chase away fine lines, wrinkles, and redness under the skillful supervision of Drs. Mary Campbell-Fox, Amir Ghebranious, and Scott Hung. During each 45-minute Laser Genesis treatment, gentle 1,064-nanometer beams sweep over facial planes to stimulate collagen production and transform unrefined pores into tea-sipping debutantes. The treatment warms skin and requires no anesthesia. Since the procedure is nonsurgical and non-invasive, patients can return to their job sculpting 18th century poets out of margarine the same day. Reflections Medical Spa staff recommends a minimum of five treatments for best results.
Reflections Medical Spa
Under the watchful eye of medical director Dr. Mary Campbell-Fox, the physician's assistants, laser specialists, and aestheticians of Reflections Medical Spa revamp skin with advanced technologies and products. Using the Visia Complexion Analysis system, the staff performs a computerized evaluation of clients' spots, wrinkles, and other blemishes to help customize a treatment plan. These plans may include the Cutera laser, which reduces the appearance of veins, unwanted hair, and wrinkles, or Aurora Precision Diamond Peel microdermabrasion, which sloughs off dead skin cells and penned phone numbers. Products from Jan Marini Skin Research, glo therapeutics, and glo minerals makeup further aid in improving the skin.


text: Minkie Spiro has directed 5 episodes of Downton Abbey. Episodes Directed Edit Episode 5.04 Episode 5.05 2014 Christmas Special Episode 6.01 Episode 6.02 Retrieved from "http://downtonabbey.wikia.com/wiki/Minkie_Spiro?oldid=52329" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Directors Add category Cancel Save


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Product Features
- Bluetooth 3.0
- NFC Touch Pairing Capable
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- Built-In Rechargeable Battery
- Up to 14 Hours of Music Streaming Time
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Jabra Solemate Max
4 front-facing speakers
Hi-fi sound with 4 front-facing speakers (2 tweeters and 2 woofers) and a custom-designed proprietary bass radiator.
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Listen to your music in rich Dolby Sound. Jabra Solemate Max delivers sound you'd expect from a much larger speaker, packing two tweeters, two woofers and a custom-designed bass slave into a portable design. Wherever you go, it will deliver instant, awe-inspiring atmosphere.
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Solemate Max's built-in rechargeable battery can easily go for 14 hours, plus it charges your phone. Perfect in the home but portable and durable enough to venture outside, the Max is resistant to knocks, splashes and dust.
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It Ends Here
Ex-government operative Bryan Mills finds his life is shattered when he's falsely accused of a murder that hits close to home. As he's pursued by a savvy police inspector, Mills employs his particular set of skills to track the real killer and exact his unique brand of justice.
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The Worms franchise has been kicking around since games consoles were built out of tree bark and mobile phones were the size of pineapples. And since their birth, all these wriggling invertebrates have been trying to do is kill each other with guns, rockets and bombs. But now on iPhone and iPad, they've decided to chill their slaughterous boots and play some golf. And the result? One of the very finest games currently available on the Apple Store.
The iPhone version (£1.99) comes with three courses, each with 18 holes. Structurally it couldn't be simpler - you unlock the next hole simply by getting a par on the previous one until you've worked your way through all 54 holes. These holes have been designed with replay in mind, as each one is dotted with crates to smash, coins to collect and challenges to conquer. And being a Worms game, anyone looking for Tiger Woods levels of realism (and utter tediousness) should move along. This is pure Worms to the core, as little old ladies stagger around swinging their bag at your ball, gardeners blow themselves up creating bunkers and sheep prance the fairways, giving you opportunity to increase your score if you manage to "lamb chop" them with a hard, accurate pelt.
First up is Britannia, a course that comes dressed in a relatively normal countryside gown, but things start to kick off and go super mental when you reach the Pirate Cavern and Graveyard courses. There's also a fourth course on the slightly more expensive (£2.99) iPad version called Carnivale, which can be downloaded as an extra on the iPhone version for 69p. Trust us, you WILL download it.
We've been playing this for over a week now, and the only game that we've found more addictive was Plants vs Zombies (making this our "Second Best iPhone Game Ever"). The simple play controls, realistic ball physics and maddening but fun obstacles will keep you glued to the thing. And thanks to a fairly high difficulty setting (it's challenging but not frustrating), fantastic replay value, multiplayer games and considerable amount of holes and side-challenges, you'll be playing this long after you felt you got your money's worth.
Get it today, and make your life better.
Mobile Choice Verdict: 9/10
Dan Curley


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Rats are the Republicans to the Democrat "mice" of the rodent world.
Rats average length runs from 3 feet to well over 6 feet. Rats can live in sewers and subways. Rats have long tails and subsist on fast food and hospital mold.
See alsoEdit
External TubesEdit
|Rats is in Wikiality's Animal Perdition
This horrid beast will spend eternity wandering the vitriolous wastelands of Utah.


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Violet Winters – Violet's got an amazing mouth
Released: August 20, 2015
Violet looks very pretty in her pink and blue outfit. She removes her sandals and blouse right away, and you're already impressed. She slowly removes her bra to expose her large breasts. Her big ass looks so juicy, but your hands to go her tits first. Violet has an intenesely sexy look when she sucks your cock. Her tongue wiggles back 'n forth like a snake's. Her mouth is so talented that you can just blow your load right now, but you hold off until she gives you a nice footjob. Her plump tits come down for a titjob before she jerks you off. Right as you're cumming on her hand, it sounds like she's cumming too.


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Pay-Per-Minute Viewing
You can now enjoy this movie on your iPhone®, iPad®, or compatible Smart TV & Android devices.
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Running Time: 74 minutes
Released: 04/2009
Studio Name: Cine X Latino Putiklub
Series: Shemale Park
Director: Jean Luc Godet
Categories: Shemale Latin Spanish Speaking Transsexual International All Sex
Description: You enjoyed the many prostitutes on Shemale Park 1 and 2, now we bring you Shemale Park 3, which is much better. Since January 2005, a unique park in Buenos Aires known as "Zona Roja" became popular for the over 200 shemales taking turns to prostitute them selves from 6:00pm to 6:00am, many clients prefer a motel instead of the park but more than 1,000 condoms are found every morning.
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Starring: Eragon Angeles (o) ... More Details
Stars: Eragon, Angeles (o), Estrellita
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Starring: Axel Rey Britani (o) ... More Details
Stars: Axel Rey, Britani (o), Carla Ihara
Sex Acts: Toy Play - Vaginal, Breast Play, Anal Sex, Double Penetration, Vaginal Sex, Oral Sex, 3-Way, Fingercuffing - Vaginal
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|Reviews for Life
| Galadriadhar chapter 1 . 11/8/2011
Interesting. Being able to portray a Longing so well is a gift, a natural talent. One story of yours was so good, I requested permission to add it to my Leven Thumps community. This is the same. Will you allow me to add it?
| Terra Young chapter 1 . 2/25/2011
Great job!
| zoe alice chapter 1 . 1/25/2011
I found that just slightly bizarre, but I liked it. You described Geth's behavior just as I would have imagined it.
| Luindi chapter 1 . 1/24/2011
Oh my gosh. I like this. Dead Phoebe and Ezra getting cozy in the afterlife.


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Nuclear fusion was a human term describing the process by which multiple atomic nuclei joined together to form a heavier nucleus. This was accompanied by the release or absorption of energy. In the usual case, the energy released was such as to raise the temperature of the matrials invovled to very high levels, ionizing all of the atoms and producing a plasma state.
Fusion occurred naturally in stars. Controlled fusion for human purposes was also achieved, although it was initially rather difficult to control. Because hydrogen was widely available, and hydrogen fusion could produce sufficient energy to power starships and other power needs in an advanced civilization, fusion technology was widely used in both weapons and civilian devices, mainly power plants.
Royal Manticoran Navy starships, and most other navies used several fusion plants to power their systems. (HH1) The Isler Corporation was a large-scale producer of fusion reactors for the RMN. (JIR1)
However, on Grayson, fission plants were used (HH2) prior to its rediscovery by Galactic civilization, since fusion techniques had been lost. Following rediscovery Grayson adopted fusion technology widely including use in hyper-capable warships such as GNS Saul and Covington. But pre-alliance Grayson fusion plants were four times as massive as modern reactors of similar output and fissionable materials were plentiful, so Grayson did not abandon its fission technology. It was useful in developing some new classes of warships. When the Manticoran Alliance introduced the new LACs in the end of the First Havenite-Manticoran War they were powered by fission plants, too. (HH8)


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Locals find dog missing from crash
Tucker, the dog who went missing after a Monday afternoon rollover accident on Interstate 90, has been found.
The animal was in the vehicle at the time of the crash, but ran off. Gail Hahne, founder of Purr 'N Ruff Rescue, said she started receiving calls about the missing animal early Tuesday morning.
She and another volunteer went out looking for Tucker, who they found on a farm north of the accident on Highway 38.
She said they fi rst took Tucker to see the family at the hospital, then planned to visit a veterinarian to get the animal checked as a precaution.


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- English
- français
Journal article
Quasiconformal Embeddings of Y-Pieces
In this paper we construct quasiconformal embeddings from Y-pieces that contain a short boundary geodesic into degenerate ones. These results are used in a companion paper to study the Jacobian tori of Riemann surfaces that contain small simple closed geodesics.
- doi:10.1007/s40315-014-0062-2
- View record in Web of Science
Keywords: Quasiconformal maps ; Pair of pants decomposition ; Teichmuller space
Record created on 2014-11-13, modified on 2016-08-09