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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 26, 1995
|Filing date
|Sep 29, 1994
|Priority date
|Jan 9, 1990
|Fee status
|Publication number
|Ival O. Salyer
|Original Assignee
|The University Of Dayton
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (50), Referenced by (57), Classifications (52), Legal Events (3)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The Government has rights in this invention pursuant to Contract No. DE-FG03-86SF16308 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/044,819, filed Apr. 8, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,370,814, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 870,487, filed Apr. 16, 1992 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,994, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 462,365, filed Jan. 9, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,520. The disclosures of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 870,487 and 462,365 are hereby incorporated by reference. Reference is also made to related application Ser. No. 835,854, filed Feb. 18, 1992 as a divisional of Ser. No. 462,365.
The present invention relates to a dry, freely flowing powder mix comprising a phase change material.
Phase change materials may be repeatedly converted between solid and liquid phases and utilize their latent heats of fusion to absorb, store and release energy to heat or cool during such phase conversions. Phase change materials may also be converted from a liquid to a gas and utilize their latent heats of vaporization and condensation to absorb and release energy in the form of heat for purposes of temperature control.
In phase change materials, the amount of energy absorbed upon melting or vaporizing, or released upon freezing and condensation is much greater than the amount of energy absorbed or released upon increasing or decreasing the temperature of the material over an increment of 1� C.
Upon melting, freezing, vaporizing and condensing, per unit weight, a phase change material (PCM) absorbs or releases substantially more energy than a sensible heat storage material that is heated or cooled in generally the same temperature range. In contrast to a sensible heat storage material that absorbs and releases energy essentially uniformly over a broad temperature range, a phase change material absorbs and releases a large quantity of energy in the vicinity of its melting/freezing point, and an even greater quantity of energy in the vicinity of its boiling and condensation point.
Typical phase change materials of the solid-to-liquid type can store and release 40 to 80 calories per gram of phase change material. The liquid-to-gas change of state for phase change materials is generally six times as energetic as the solid-to-liquid transition (e.g., ice to water, 80 cal/g; water to steam, >500 cal/g). However, the much more energetic liquid-to-gas transition has been little used for conventional temperature control purposes because of the large volume and pressure changes that normally accompany it, which changes can be especially problematic in closed environments.
Phase change materials capable of storing and releasing thermal energy have found many applications in building structures, road base materials, beverage and food containers, medical wraps, and textile applications such as garments. One of the basic problems, however, in the use of solid-to-liquid PCM's for control of temperature, is containment. That is, for heat transfer efficiency as well as safety purposes, it is undesirable to have a thick block or agglomeration of solid phase PCM below the PCM melting point. Similarly, when above the melting point, PCM in liquid phase can be problematic. For instance, building panels containing liquid phase PCM have proven deficient. In one such PCM-containing panel, carpenters reported that a liquid phase PCM leaked out of the panel when nails were driven through it. Additionally, the volume changes that accompany melting and freezing can cause problems in breaking the containing vessel unless adequate provisions are made to accommodate the volume changes. Most phase change materials expand ˜10% in melting. Water however expands ˜10% in freezing.
In those situations in which medical hot or cold packs containing PCMs are used, a solid phase agglomerate of PCM below its melting point renders the structure unwieldy and incapable of conforming about the required body part to achieve the desired heating or cooling function.
Accordingly applicant has developed a series of PCM containment systems. These are represented by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,617,332, 4,711,813, 4,797,160, 4,908,166, and 5,053,446, all assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. However, none of the containment means disclosed in those patents involve silica. Still, the broad idea of using silica as a suspension medium for PCMs in building blocks is not new. For instance, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,401 (Charoudi et al) wherein this concept is disclosed at column 21, line 60 et seq. Also, Johnson et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,023 discloses incorporating fumed silicon dioxide with inorganic phase-change salts which are capable of forming salt hydrates in the presence of water and Chang in U.S. Pat. No. 4,292,189 discloses a phase change energy storage system based on a combination of two inorganic salts together with nucleating and thickening agents including silicas. Finally, Allen, U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,170 describes a powdered product prepared by the vapor phase hydrolysis of a silicon compound reacted with liquid water. However, the dry water in Allen is not used as a phase change material for the storing and releasing of thermal energy.
The prior art does not suggest utilization of the combination of the preferred silica having the recited particle size and the PCM/silica weight ratios herein required in order to result in a dry, conformable, powder-like, PCM containing composition that may be useful in widespread environments.
The present invention provides a novel phase change material/silica dry powder composite. When solid-to-liquid transitions are contemplated, the phase change material (PCM) may consist of one or more of the following compositions: water, salt hydrates, quaternary ammonium halide clathrates, linear alkyl hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols and esters, glycerine, pentaerythritol, pentaglycerine, neopentylglycol, polyethylene glycol and like materials characterized by having thermal energy storage of 30 calories/gram or higher, and a narrow temperature range of melting and freezing. When liquid-to-gas transitions are contemplated, the preferred phase change materials are water, ethylene glycol, combinations of water and ethylene glycol, glycerol, combinations of water/glycerol, water/ethylene glycol/glycerin, methanol, dimethylformamide, and like materials.
The silicas that are suitable include those made by the fumed or precipitated process, and having surface areas ranging from 50 to 500 square meters per gram, and primary particle sizes from 0.005 to 0.046 microns. Preferred silicas are those having a surface area of 100 m2 per gram or more, and primary particle size of 0.025 microns or less. Further, the silicas prepared by either the fumed or precipitated process can be modified to make them less hydrophilic, or even hydrophobic by surface treating them with effective concentrations of silane coupling agents (e.g., dimethyldichlorosilane) or silicone resins. The silicone resin surface treatment can and usually is followed by heat treating at elevated temperature wherein the silicone resin is chemically reacted with hydroxyl groups on the surface of the silica particles. Importantly, controlled degrees of hydrophobic character can be obtained by varying the amount of waterproofing agent. This precisely tailored balance of hydrophobic/hydrophilic character is very important in the preparation of PCM/silica dry powders using quaternary ammonium halides, and salt hydrates in order to diminish the attraction of the hydroxyl and other polar groups on the silica for the water molecules in these types of PCMs. Further, as set out in parent application Ser. No. 870,487, use of hydrophobic silica in combination with a non-polar PCM, e.g., an alkyl hydrocarbon, provides a solution to a phase separation problem otherwise encountered in a high humidity environment or on exposure of the dry powder to liquid water.
When water is used as the PCM, it has been found that while normal hydrophilic fumed silica can be used to form a dry powder with a PCM at the water/silica (65/35) concentration by weight, the preferred silica is a precipitated silica. The precipitated silicas are preferred over the fumed silicas for making the PCM/silica dry powders for several reasons. For example, the precipitated silicas sell for about 1/5 the price of the corresponding fumed silica, and the precipitated silicas have less tendency to tie up water molecules, thus providing higher thermal energy storage in water/silica dry powder. This dry powder remains soft and conformable above and below the melting temperature of water/ice. A water/silica dry powder is also low in cost and is non-burning. There are many applications for a water/silica dry powder in food servingware (to keep food cold) and in medical wraps (cold therapy). However, a preferred application is for heat protection for heat sensitive items, such as aircraft flight data recorders, and for preventing "brake fade" in automotive vehicles, aircraft and other vehicles.
As mentioned, it has been found that a very small size silica filler should be used as a matrix for the PCM. This silica filler has particle sizes on the order of about 0.005 to 0.025 microns in diameter and is capable of absorbing two to ten times its weight of liquid PCM. The silica filler is literally stirred into the liquid PCM-at a temperature that is above the melting point of the PCM. At combinations of PCM/silica filler of 90/10-85/15 (weight) a gel composition is obtained. However, when mixed at 70/30 PCM/silica filler and at lower PCM content, a free-flowing powder is obtained that remains free flowing above and below the melting temperature of the PCM. This type of structure is especially desirable for hot and cold medical wrap applications, but is of interest in other applications such as for citrus tree wraps, tableware, building structures, soil admixtures, garments, blankets, quilts, flight data recorders, preventing brake fade, etc. In this instance, the preferred structure is an initially enclosed one for heat protection of flight data recorders, and for thermal protection of metal structures in buildings, ships and aircraft.
The addition range for the PCM is from about 75%-50% (by weight based upon total weight of the composite, i.e., silica-PCM mixture). For convenience in mixing, the dry silica is usually added to liquid PCM (i.e., PCM maintained at a temperature higher than its melting point). However, the reverse addition of PCM to silica can also be accomplished with suitable equipment to prevent aerosolization of the finely divided silica.
While a variety of different PCM materials may be used in the silica-PCM mixture when the solid-to-liquid transition is contemplated, the preferred PCM material of the present invention is a liquid-to-gas transition one. Because a liquid-to-gas transition is contemplated, the preferred phase change material is water because of its high thermal energy storage capacity. However, liquids other than water may be considered if a vaporization temperature higher or lower than that provided in the silica-water dry powders is necessary.
In accordance with the invention, a dry powder-like PCM-silica mix is provided that is particularly useful for thermal protection of heat sensitive items, such as aircraft flight data recorders, for thermal protection of metal structures in buildings, ships and aircraft, and for preventing "brake fade" in automobiles, trucks, buses and aircraft.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view, partially in section, of an aircraft flight data recorder with a side portion of its outer shell removed;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along line 2--2 in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a water/silica dry powder system associated with a brake pad for preventing "brake fade."
In accordance with the above, it is apparent that the ultrafine particle size silica provides a convenient carrier for the PCM. The fact that the PCM-silica powder mix readily conforms to different shapes is of benefit when the mix is used as an enclosed structure into which it is to be filled. The dry blend minimizes PCM leakage problems that may otherwise occur. Use of hydrophobic silica in combination with non-polar PCM provides solution to a phase separation problem otherwise encountered in high humidity environments or on exposure of the dry powder to liquid water.
As mentioned, the particle size of the silica is critical. Sub-micron, ultra fine particle size silicas on the order of about 0.005 to about 0.025 microns (in diameter) can be manually mixed in a solution of phase change material within a critical addition range. That is, the ultra-fine silica should be added to the phase change material to produce a mixture having about 70% PCM (weight PCM based on total weight of PCM and silica in mix) or less. If more than about 70% of the PCM is added, a gel-like mixture is provided. However, at about 70/30PCM:silica, a free-flowing powder is obtained that remains free-flowing both above and below the melting temperature of the PCM. For optimum cold conformability, a composition of PCM/silica of 65/35 is preferred.
As set forth in related application Ser. No. 462,365, sub-micron particle size silicas made by either of two different processes (i.e. either fumed silica made by hydrolysis of silicon tetrachloride vapor in a hydrogen/oxygen flame or precipitated silica made from an alkaline silicate such as sodium silicate that is precipitated with a mineral acid or metal salt) may be used in the powder mix. However, as set forth in parent application Ser. No. 870,487, either a precipitated silica or a surface treated precipitated silica is preferred depending on the PCM used and the use to which the dry powder is put.
Thus a preferred silica is a precipitated hydrophilic silica having a particle size of 0.005 to 0.025 microns and a surface area of 100 m2 per gram or more. An example is ABS silica from PPG Industries of Pittsburgh, Pa., which is a normal, hydrophilic silica with a surface area of 150 m2 /gram and a particle size of about 0.022 microns.
Alternatively, the preferred silica is a precipitated hydrophilic silica of the same type that has been further surface treated to render it less hydrophilic, partially hydrophobic, or hydrophobic. Preferably the silica is treated with 1-15 pph (parts per hundred by weight) of a silane coupling agent such as dimethyldichlorosilane or silicone resin. The preferred degree of hydrophobic character depends on the type of PCM being used. For example, with water as the phase change material, the silica should be completely hydrophilic or only slightly (i.e. around 1 pph) waterproofed by surface treatment. When the phase change material is a quaternary ammonium halide or a salt hydrate or when a non-water PC/M/silica dry powder is to be used in a moist environment (i.e. where phase separation can occur quickly as the silica preferentially absorbs water and absorbs the non-water PCM), then a less hydrophilic, partially hydrophobic, or hydrophobic silica is preferred.
Other than the above-mentioned preferences on the types of silica used with certain PCM's and depending on certain uses to which the dry powder is put, all of the silicas mentioned in related application Ser. No. 462,365 may be used. Likewise, all of the PCM's mentioned in related application Ser. No. 462,365 may be used.
In the '365 application, crystalline alkyl hydrocarbons having a chain length of C14 and greater where indicated to be the preferred PCM for many situations. While such alkyl hydrocarbons remain preferred for a number of situations, recently water/silica dry powders have gained emphasis for a number of uses including ice packs (in place of cold gel packs), food servingware (to keep cold food cold) and in medical wraps (cold therapy), as disclosed in parent application Ser. No. 870,487. A water/silica dry powder of the type disclosed therein has an excellent capability of storing and releasing thermal energy within the temperature range preferred for ice packs, food servingware and medical wraps, is the lowest cost dry powder, and remains soft and conformable above and below the melting temperature of water/ice. The water/silica dry powder also has a high heat of vaporization enabling it to provide significant thermal protection for heat sensitive items, such as aircraft flight data recorders, safes, files and similar enclosures for valuables, as is preferred in this instance. The water/silica dry powder may also be used to prevent "brake fade" in auto and aircraft brake systems.
As to the other PCM's that may be used, preferred are those polar organic compounds that undergo a liquid-to-gas transition with high heat of vaporization and condensation such as ethylene glycol, combinations of water and ethylene glycol, glycerol, glycerol-water, glycerol-glycol, glycerol-glycol-water, methanol, dimethylformamide, and like materials.
In some instances, however, a solid-to-liquid transition material may be used such as water, salt hydrates, quaternary ammonium halide clathrates, linear alkyl hydrocarbons, fatty acids, alcohols and esters, glycerine, pentaerythritol, pentaglycerine, neopentylglycol, and polyethylene glycol, which are described in parent application Ser. No. 870,487.
The silica-PCM mix may also be enhanced by the use of an antioxidant in the formulation. Typically, the antioxidant will be needed only when the crystalline alkyl hydrocarbon PCM or a polar organic PCM such as ethylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol or glycerine is employed. The antioxidants should be added, when used, in an amount of from 0-5% (weight) and preferably in an amount of from 0.1-1% (weight) based on the weight of the PCM. Exemplary antioxidants include the well-known hindered phenol materials and aromatic amines. Preferred antioxidants include BHA (butylated hydroxy anisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) Santowhite crystals (i.e., 4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) and Santowhite powder (i.e., 4,4'-isopropylidene bis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol). The Santowhite products are available from Monsanto.
It is to be understood that thermal insulation materials such as polyurethane or polystyrene foam are desirably used to surround the shrouded PCM/silica composites in order to minimize undesirable heat loss or gain from the environment. In that case, a layer of such thermal insulation would be provided so as to minimize heat loss or gain.
A particular application involving use of the silica/PCM mixture to thermally protect a heat sensitive item will now be described. In FIGS. 1 and 2, a flight data recorder 10 is shown having an internal memory unit 20 surrounded by a silica/PCM dry powder mixture 30. The memory unit 20 comprises a housing 22 having an inner cavity (not shown) in which one or more memory devices (not shown) are contained. As is known in the art, the memory devices store and preserve flight data. In the event that the aircraft in which the recorder 10 is employed is involved in a crash or other mishap, the flight data is retrieved from the memory devices and reviewed to aid in the determination of the cause of the mishap. The flight data recorder 10 may alternatively comprise a cockpit voice recorder having storage means for recording voice communications originating in the aircraft cockpit.
The memory unit 20 is secured within a protective casing 14 which, in turn, is secured within an outer shell 16 of the recorder 10. The silica/PCM dry powder 30 is housed with a chamber 18, defined by the inner surface 14a of the protective casing 14 and the outer surface 22a of the housing 22. A plurality of blow-out vents or plugs 15 are provided in the protective casing 14. The vents 15 release at a predetermined chamber pressure level to provide passages for the vaporized phase change material to exit the chamber 18.
Preferably, the phase change material used in the silica/PCM dry powder 30 is distilled or deionized water which is filtered to remove any particulate impurities. The water should be present in an amount from about 63% to about 65% by weight of the dry powder 30. The silica may be the previously discussed precipitated hydrophilic silica (e.g., ABS silica from PPG Industries of Pittsburgh, Pa.), and is preferably present in an amount from about 37% to about 35% by weight of the dry powder 30.
A dye, such as a royal blue dye sold by Bunge Foods, Bradley, Illinois, may be added to the silica/PCM dry powder 30 (˜0.1% by weight of the dry powder mixture 30). In the case of an aircraft mishap, after the PCM has vaporized and left the chamber 18 via the vents 15, the silica remains and provides an effective layer of insulation through establishing a still air environment that reduces the rate of heat transfer across the chamber 18. With little or no PCM left in the chamber 18, the temperature of the silica will begin to increase from the outer portion of the chamber 18 (adjacent inner wall 14a), to the inner portion thereof. This will cause the dye-to degrade and fade to a white color. Thus, the faded silica provides an indication as to how far inward the high temperature boundary has progressed through the silica.
It is further contemplated by the present invention that a lining of insulation material (not shown), such as glass wool, may be provided between the inner surface 14a of the protective casing 14 and the silica/PCM dry powder mix 30.
Advantages resulting from use of the silica/PCM dry powder mix 30 in the recorder 10 include: significant thermal protection for the memory unit 20 due to the high heat of vaporization of the water PCM; no free water is present that could leak from the chamber 18; the mix 30 experiences little or no volume change when it is subjected to low temperatures; the silica/PCM mix 30 can be easily poured into the chamber 18; and, after the water has vaporized, the silica remains and serves as an effective layer of insulation that reduces the rate of heat transfer across the chamber 18. Additionally, the water/silica dry powder acts as an effective impact absorber resulting from its soft, conformable structure.
If a particular application requires a vaporization temperature higher than that provided by the silica/water dry powder, ethylene glycol, combinations of water and ethylene glycol, or dimethylformamide may be used as the PCM. If a vaporization temperature lower than that provided by the silica/water powder is desired, methanol, ethanol, etc., may be used as the PCM.
It is additionally contemplated by the present invention that, by increasing or decreasing the pressure within the sealed chamber housing the silica/PCM powder, the vaporization temperature for the phase change material can be altered, thereby allowing temperature control at higher or lower temperatures.
The thermal protection provided by the water/silica dry powder may also be advantageously utilized in protecting safes, files, and similar enclosures for valuables from destruction in a fire. In such an application, the water/silica dry powder is contained in an annular space located either inside or outside of the container. The container is preferably formed from a fire resistant material, e.g., a high melting point metal. The annular space is sealed prior to "use" to prevent gradual loss of water vapor over a long period of time. The container is provided with pressure release valves to allow escape of steam (to remove heat) when the container is exposed to fire. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, other types of enclosures or structures that could benefit from the thermal protection of the water/silica system of the present invention may be used without departing from the scope of the invention.
It is also contemplated that the silica/PCM powder may be used for thermal protection of metal structures in buildings, ships and aircraft.
An additional application involving use of the PCM/silica mixture to prevent vehicle "brake fade" will now be described. "Brake fade" occurs in a brake system when heat is generated faster than it can be dissipated. For example, in a caliper disc brake system, if an excessive amount of heat is generated and the temperature of a brake pad in that system increases sufficiently, the resin binder in the pad will degrade resulting in an oily material appearing at the interface between the brake pad and the disk. This oily material acts as a lubricant and hence prevents proper functioning of the brake system.
In FIG. 3, a heat dissipation system 50 is illustrated which functions to absorb heat from a brake pad 52. The system 50 includes a housing 54 having an inner evaporating chamber 56 containing silica dry powder (e.g., ABS silica from PPG Industries). In the illustrated embodiment, the chamber 56 communicates with a fluid resupply source 58 through a fluid line 60 and an electric solenoid control valve 62. In motor vehicles, the fluid source 58 can conveniently comprise a windshield washer fluid reservoir. An advantage to using this resupply source is that windshield washer fluid normally contains a freezing point depressant that ensures that it will be a liquid at below 0� C. temperatures.
The brake pad 52 is provided with a temperature sensor 52a, such as a thermocouple (e.g., iron-constant an, copper-constant an, and chromel-p-alumel), which is attached securely to a metal portion 52b of the brake pad 52. When the thermocouple 52a is heated, an electric signal is generated that varies linearly with temperature. The electric signal is passed to a temperature controller 64 which, in turn, amplifies and compares the signal to a threshold value to control the opening and closing of the electric solenoid control valve 62.
As heat is generated upon the pad 52 engaging a metal disk (not shown) during braking, the water or other fluid within the chamber 56 absorbs heat and is converted to water or other vapor (545,000 calories of energy are absorbed for every one liter of water evaporated). The vaporized fluid is emitted to atmosphere through vent line 66. Accordingly, by evaporating the PCM in the chamber 54, a substantial amount of heat is absorbed from the pad 52, thereby preventing brake fade. This system 50 may be used in vehicles including automobiles, trucks, buses, trains and aircraft.
In an alternative embodiment, the thermocouple is replaced by a bimetallic spring attached to the metal portion 52b of the brake pad 52. When the temperature rises above some predefined value, e.g., 100� C., the bimetallic spring closes a set of electric contact points to supply current to open the solenoid valve 62. When the temperature falls below the predefined value, the contact points open in response to movement of the spring causing the valve 62 to close and shut off the supply of PCM to the cheer 56.
It is further contemplated, that the housing 54 may be used without a resupply source. Such a system, however, would provide cooling for only a limited number of occasions where brake fade would otherwise be encountered.
In order that the invention may be more readily understood, reference is made to the following examples, which are intended to be illustrative of the invention, but are not intended to be limiting in scope.
This example illustrates the general laboratory procedure for preparing a water/silica dry powder thermal energy storage composition. One thousand grams of distilled water was placed into a mixing tray having the dimensions of about 14"�18"�5". The tray preferably comprises stainless steel, although porcelain or plastic trays may also be suitable. Since water is in the liquid state at room temperature it was not necessary to apply any heat to the mixing tray.
From a preweighed lot, a commercially available precipitated hydrophilic silica from PPG Industries of Pittsburgh, Pa. (ABS silica) having a surface area of 150 m2 /gram and an ultimate particle size of about 0.022 microns was incrementally added to the distilled water with a putty knife while mixing and stirring. The ABS silica was readily wetted by the water PCM, and an increase in the viscosity of the water was noted after a water/silica 90/10 composition was achieved. Further addition of silica resulted in a loose gel at about water/silica 85/15 composition, and a stiff gel at about water/silica 80/20. The conversion of the stiff gel to the dry powder was achieved by adding more ABS silica and mixing the silica into the gel particles with a putty knife. Care must be taken to break up the gel particles as completely as possible by intensive manual mixing. A dry powder was obtained when sufficient ABS silica has been added to bring the composition to water/silica 70/30 or 60/40 range. Thus for a water/silica dry powder the preferred weight % of water is 60- 70%. Optionally, after the dry powder has been formed, it may be screened through a 20 mesh screen to remove any large gel particles. These can be broken up manually and remixed into the balance of the dry powder.
Tests that are then run on the dry powder are apparent density, thermal energy storage, and cold conformability (the ability to retain the loose powder structure at a temperature below the freezing temperature of the PCM). The apparent density of the dry powder should be about 0.5 gm/cc. The thermal energy storage should be near that calculated from the thermal energy storage of the neat (100%) PCM, and multiplied by percent PCM in the dry powder. The conformable property is determined by placing the material in a freezer overnight and determining if the sample retains the free flowing characteristics that it has at ambient temperature.
An analysis of the thermal energy storage properties of water/ABS silica dry powder was conducted using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). In this test, a small sample was heated at a controlled rate (e.g., 2� C./minute) and the energy required to maintain the constant rate of temperature was monitored in comparison with a control blank. The extra electrical energy required to maintain the constant rate of heating and cooling becomes a direct measure of the energy of melting and freezing and is usually expressed in calories/grams. The exact location of the melting and freezing temperature is simultaneously located in this test, and the extent of supercooling (if present) is also measured. A differential scanning calorimeter analysis was run on a sample of distilled water/ABS silica dry powder PCM at a heating and cooling rate of 2� C./minute. The DSC data is shown in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Material Tm �C. Tc �C. Tm - Tc �C. AHf Cal/gm AHc Cal/gm__________________________________________________________________________H2 O/ABS (63/37) 0.91 -3.47 4.38 40.81 38.26H2 O/ABS (63/37) 0.88 -3.47 4.35 37.75 34.65__________________________________________________________________________
An application test of the water/ABS silica dry powder was also performed wherein the time versus temperature of 300 grams samples of water/ABS silica dry powder, and a 15 carbon alkyl hydrocarbon from EXXON of Houston, Texas (NP-15)/ABS silica dry powder, and a commercial water gel cold pack were measured. Samples of the three cold packs were placed on a counter top, thermocouples placed underneath each, and the time versus temperature recorded. It was readily apparent that the water/ABS silica dry powder, and the NP-15 /ABS silica dry powder both provide a plateau of stable temperature near the respective temperatures of the Tc for more than 2 hours. On the other hand, the water gel had no temperature plateau and only showed a continuing thermocline from 32� F. toward room temperature.
Five types of precipitated silicas (all of which are commercially available from PPG Industries of Pittsburgh, Pa.) were selected that differed in particle size, surface area, size and amount of agglomerates, and surface treatment (to reduce hygroscopicity). The basic properties and characteristics of each of these silicas are summarized below in Table 2.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Type ofSilica ABS BXS-318 LXR-075 T-690 532EP__________________________________________________________________________ 1. D.B.P. 300 295 345 220 185 Oil Absorption (cc/100 9m) 2. Surface Area 150 126 145 170 60 (m2 /gram) 3. Ultimate Particle 22 22 ˜22 19 46 Size (nm) 4. Colter Counter 22 25 22 1.3 7 Agglomerate Size (um) 5. pH 7 NA 7 7 8 (5% H2 O Slurry) 6. Bulk Density 8 7 8 4 10 (lbs/ft3) 7. Free Water 4 ˜3 4 6 5 (%) 8. NaCl .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 (%) 9. Na2 SO4 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.60 1.25 (%)10. Water Proofing No Yes No No No Surface Treatment (Treated with silicone resin to confer some degree of hydrophobicity)__________________________________________________________________________
Five water/silica dry powders were prepared using the five silicas set out in Table 2. Each of the powders, except for the water/532EP powder, included silica particles in an amount of about 35% by weight of the powder mix. The water/532EP powder included silica particles in an amount of 39.4% by weight of the powder mix.
Each of the five water/silica dry powders was analyzed for heat of vaporization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC analysis is discussed above in Example 1. The amount of water released as steam for each of the powders was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This test determines evaporative weight loss and should be run over the temperature range of about 25� C. to about 250� C. at a heating rate of about 10� C./minute. The apparent density, cold conformability and the amount of silica required to initially convert each of the samples to the dry powder stage were also determined. The results are summarized below in Table 3.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ H2 O/ABS H2 O/BXS-318 H2 O/LXR-075 H2 O/T-690 H2 O/532EP__________________________________________________________________________1. DSCT Max �C. 85.39 91. 64 78.75 85.88 85.39T Start �C. 28.02 22.36 23.36 26.55 28.12T Stop �C. 108.29 110.94 99.33 103.68 108.29ΔHl cal/gram 322.10 335.01 322.34 321.39 322.12. TGAT Max �C. 81.44 79.42 80.00 70.67 83.46T Start �C. 28.45 30.64 29.86 30.64 28.87T Stop �C. 140.00 140.00 140.00 140.00 140.00Wt. Loss % 61.47 61.50 57.40 63.72 56.76Residue % 38.33 38.24 42.35 36.20 43.003. APPARENT 547 .565 .510 .586 .640DENSITYgrams/cc4.Weight % 26.3 30.0 26.5 34.8 39.4SILICA TODRY POWDER5. COLD CONFORMITY 3 4 3 6 7__________________________________________________________________________
As indicated in Table 3, the water/BXS-318 powder had the highest heat of vaporization (335 cal/gram), while the remaining four dry powders each had about the same total heat of vaporization (322 cal/gram). The lowest temperature for the maximum rate of evaporation was obtained in the water/T-690 dry powder (70.65� C.). The other four dry powders had maximums in rate of evaporation at temperatures near 80� C. The highest weight loss % (63.72%) was observed in the water/T-690 dry powder. The lowest weight loss % (56.76%) was found in the water/532EP dry powder, which powder also contained less water initially.
The water/532EP powder required the greatest amount of silica (39.4%) before a dry powder was initially obtained. The water/ABS and water/LXR-075 powders required the least amount of silica (26.3% and 26.5%, respectively) before a dry powder was initially obtained.
The cold conformity of the dry powders was rated after overnight storage in a deep freeze. Conformability was rated on a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being a free flowing powder, and 10 being a hard ice. The water/ABS and water/LXR-075 powders performed best in this regard.
Because the water/ABS mix had the highest water absorbing capacity (as shown by having the lowest weight % silica to dry powder), had acceptable heat storage capacity (322 cal/gram), and had the lowest cost, it is believed to be the best water/silica mix for use in a flight data recorder to thermally protect the recorder's internal memory unit.
Glycol/ABS silica and glycol-water/ABS dry powder composites were prepared (65/35 PCM/ABS). Each was analyzed for heat of vaporization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Each was further analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the amount of PCM released. The amount of silica required to convert each sample initially to the dry powder stage was also determined. The results are summarized below in Table 4.
TABLE 4______________________________________ Ethylene Ethylene Glycol-water Glycol/ABS (75/25)/ABS______________________________________1. DSCT Max �C. 165.00 164.18T Start �C. 13.97 19.63T Stop �C. 174.40 172.10ΔHl cal/gram 220.78 210.92. TGAT Max �C. 140.0 130.72T Start �C. 42.05 32.19T Stop �C. 165.0 160.0Wt. Loss % 74.83 73.55Residue % 25.02 26.133. SILICA TO 26.02 25.89DRY POWDER______________________________________
As indicated in Table 4, the glycol/ABS silica powder had a heat of evaporation of 220.78 cal/g, while the glycol-water/ABS silica powder had a heat of evaporation of 210.9 cal/g. Thus, the heat of evaporation values for both powders were well below the heat of evaporation values for the water/silica powders set out in Example 2.
The glycol/ABS silica powder had a maximum in rate of evaporation at a temperature of 140� C., while the glycol-water/ABS silica powder had a maximum in rate of evaporation at a temperature of 130.72� C. Also, both powders had similar weight loss percentages (about 74%).
While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for purposes of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in the methods and apparatus disclosed herein may be made without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims.
|Cited Patent
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|Heat storage composition
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|Heat or thermal energy storage structure
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|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army
|Dry water
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|Crosslinked crystalline polymer and methods for cooling and heating
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|Blanie Marie J M P
|Paraffin compositions having improved heat reservoir
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|Jun 16, 1981
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|Thermal energy storage material comprising hydrated compound and water-swollen cross-linked polymer
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|Thermal energy storage composition comprising sodium sulfate decahydrate; sodium carbonate decahydrate; and sodium tetraborate decahydrate
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|Method and system for the compact storage of heat and coolness by phase change materials
|Sep 8, 1980
|Jan 11, 1983
|Cordon William A
|Method and apparatus for storing energy
|Oct 28, 1981
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|Agency Of Industrial Science Technology, Ministry Of International Trade & Industry
|Heat storage medium for latent heat thermal energy storage unit
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|Allied Colloids Limited
|Thermal energy storage compositions
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|Pennwalt Corporation
|Encapsulated phase change thermal energy _storage materials
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|Method for preparing encapsulated phase change materials
|May 14, 1984
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|Encapsulated phase change thermal energy storage materials and process
|Jul 12, 1983
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|Ic Gas International Limited
|Heat storage materials
|Jul 30, 1984
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|Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
|Heat storage material
|Jul 30, 1984
|Feb 4, 1986
|Bahman Sepahpur
|Heat storage food container
|Sep 7, 1982
|Jul 29, 1986
|The Rockefeller University
|Lipoprotein lipase suppression by endotoxin-induced mediator (shock assay)
|Aug 31, 1984
|Oct 14, 1986
|University Of Dayton
|Phase change compositions
|Jan 31, 1986
|May 26, 1987
|Spenco Medical Corporation
|Hydrogel materials for hot and cold therapy and method for forming same
|Aug 1, 1986
|Jun 9, 1987
|Edward I. Stout
|Gel-based therapy member and method
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|Aerosol dispensing system
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|Heat shielded memory unit for an aircraft flight data recorder
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|Dec 8, 1987
|University Of Dayton
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|Micropore International Limited
|Fire-resistant container
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|May 31, 1988
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|Encapsulated PCM aggregate
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|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture
|Temperature adaptable textile fibers and method of preparing same
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|Crash survivable enclosure for flight recorder
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|Orthopedic device having gel pad with phase change material
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|Siemens Ag
|Solar collector based on Glauber's salt contg. borax - thickened with amorphous silica, preventing storage capacity loss through sedimentation
|Dec 5, 1980
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|Storing heat as latent heat of fusion - of e.g. paraffin wax
|Jul 10, 1980
|Jan 21, 1981
|COMPAGNIE FRANCAISE DE RAFFINAGE Soci�t� anonyme dite:
|Process for storing thermal energy by compositions containing at least one saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon and use of this process
|Title not available
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|Jun 6, 1995
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|Building products incorporating phase change materials and method of making same
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|Thermally protective camera case
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|Multi-component fibers having enhanced reversible thermal properties and methods of manufacturing thereof
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|Cut resistant paper and paper articles and method for making same
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|Self-contained flight data recorder with wireless data retrieval
|Aug 15, 2003
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|Coated articles having enhanced reversible thermal properties and exhibiting improved flexibility, softness, air permeability, or water vapor transport properties
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|Multi-component fibers having enhanced reversible thermal properties and methods of manufacturing thereof
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|Multi-component fibers having enhanced reversible thermal properties and methods of manufacturing thereof
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|Cellulosic fibers having enhanced reversible thermal properties and methods of forming thereof
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|Jfe Engineering Corporation
|Thermal storage medium using a hydrate and apparatus thereof, and method for producing the thermal storage medium
|Sep 19, 2003
|Feb 26, 2008
|International Paper Company
|Low density paperboard articles
|May 5, 2007
|Nov 11, 2008
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|Phase-separated evaporator, blade-thru condenser and heat dissipation system thereof
|Oct 15, 2004
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|International Paper Company
|Cut resistant paper and paper articles and method for making same
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|Apparatus for producing hydrate slurry
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|Sep 6, 2016
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|Williams Richard C
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|Jul 10, 2008
|Kosaraju Krishna Mohan
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|International Paper Company
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|Andrew Cooper
|Clathrates for Gas Storage
|Apr 3, 2015
|Oct 6, 2016
|The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York
|Thermal mass for heat pre-load and time-controlled dispersion in building heating systsems
|U.S. Classification
|165/104.26, 252/73, 977/788, 977/833, 977/775, 252/77, 220/560.01, 220/592.2, 977/737
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Jun 25, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Jun 26, 2003
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Jun 26, 2007
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This star rating is the opinion of the property owner only. A Self-Rated hotel has not been assessed by the AA or Visit Britain, whose official star ratings we use across LateRooms.com.
Mövenpick Hotel Izmir5 Self rated
Cumhuriyet Blv No 138, Pasaport, Izmir, 35210
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The Moevenpick Hotel Izmir is ideally located in the city centre and is within walking distance to the business and shopping areas the International Fair Complex of Izmir and is merely 18 km from the International Adnan Menderes Airport. The Moevenpick Hotel Izmir will offer 185 supremely comfortable and modern guest rooms including 17 Junior Suites and 38 Executive Rooms some with fascinating views. **Check-in after 2 PM ** Check-out before 12 AM **
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text:
When a teen is consistently bombarded by negative criticism by his parent he will begin to internalize the words and believe them, whether they are true or not. This will affect a teen in these five ways:

He will have a negative view of himself.

He will have poor self-respect and respect for others.

He will feel insecure about his abilities.

He will feel powerless – unable to help himself and others.

He will have a lower his sense of self-worth.

These feelings of self-doubt and insecurity will cause a teen to do these things:

He will withdrawal, be less likely to communicate with the parent.

He will use lying and not listen as a defense against the negative criticism.

He will become argumentative.

He will manipulate others and events so that he does not have to take the blame.

Reading that list, you can see why avoiding negative criticism is important if parents want to effectively communicate with their teen.

Disapproving Remarks Vs Criticism in Discipline

It is worth noting that disapproval is not negative criticism. Parents can check to see if their disapproving remarks are constructive and responsible by asking themselves these questions:

Did I disapprove of my teen's "self," or just the action my teen took?
Teens need to know that you love them unconditionally, even when their actions make you upset. If you use disapproving remarks against the actions, then you are not using negative criticism.

Did I give constructive feedback, explaining why the action was wrong and what could be done the next time?
When you explain why you are correcting your teen, using examples of the action, you are not using negative criticism.

Did I ask my teen what he or she could do differently the next time?
When you problem solve with your teen, you are not using negative criticism. You are looking for the answer together so that next time your teen can do so independently.

Did I use hurtful words?
Hurtful words and insults have no place in the discipline.

See how this advice can help you improve your communication skills in this parenting class: Learn to Communicate Effectively with Your Teen in 5 Days.

Source: The Disease Called Criticism, Laurence C. Smith, Jr., Ph.D.


text:
The Toark River was the farthest western river in Alagaësia. It was actually two rivers: one that flowed south out of Woadark Lake into The Spine to Leona Lake and another that forked around Teirm on the coast to the Sea. Brom and Eragon traveled along it on their way to and from Teirm.
After the Rider War the Urgals were granted a territory between the South Toark River and Fläm Lake.


text:
|Program Fee
|Each additional student
| A program up to 1 hour
| $135 (up to 25 students)
|$6 per person
| A program up to 1.5 hours
| $185 (up to 25 students)
|$8 per person
| A program up to 2 hours
| $235 (up to 25 students)
|$10 per person
A mileage charge of the current IRS rate per mile round trip is added to the program fee if the location is outside of Tenafly.
An additional fee of $115 is included to the First program fee for all visits scheduled in New York City boroughs (covers all NYC permit requirements).
One parking space must be provided near the entrance of your location (if no parking is available at your site then a fee will be added to cover any associated garage fees).
| Class Numbers
| First Program
(NJ & Southern NY)
| First Program
(NYC Burroughs)
| Consecutive Programs
(NJ, Southern NY & NYC Burroughs)
| Individual Class (up to 30 students)
| Assembly (more than 30 students)


text:
Pam Yoma, mother of Robin and Aurora "Christine" Cabrera, was likely the first among four families to learn of their childrens' fate. It was after she followed her daughter's cellphone via a map on her own phone. She watched as the dot sat still on Jamboree Road. Then it moved to a spot on the map that hovered over a hospital. She called, was told her daughters weren't there, so she drove there with her husband to see for herself. That's when the dot moved again, this time stopping at what she thought was a Santa Ana police office. It was the coroner's office.
A retelling of how she followed her daughters and their belongings the night of May 27, 2013, inspired another mother, in Thousand Oaks, to add the feature to her daughter's phone.
Stephanie Moreno's daughter Ashlee was going to start driving between home and Cal State Northridge last August, so Moreno went to the AT&T store and had the "Family Map" feature added to her daughter's Samsung phone.
It's free for the first 30 days, then $9.99 a month to sign up through the carrier. Verizon has something similar for the same price called "Family Locator."
Apple and Google both offer free options for their iPhones and Android phones called Find My iPhone and Android Device Manager, respectively.
Two weeks into the free trial for "Family Map," during Labor Day weekend, Moreno checked to see if it was working, knowing her daughter was on her way to a bowling alley in Simi Valley with friends.
Ashlee had left the house at 7:30 p.m., but about an hour later, her phone was sitting in a spot 10 minutes away.
Moreno said she figured she had met up with friends before going to the bowling alley. An hour later, Ashlee hadn't moved. She checked and refreshed her phone, then it started moving toward the bowling alley. Nothing to worry about.
But on the way to the bowling alley, the dot (mostly) rested at a local hospital.
"This hospital is surrounded by neighborhoods," Moreno said in an email.
"I hoped maybe she was picking up or dropping off a friend or maybe the plan for the night changed. I continued to refresh the screen hoping to see it move. The icon did bounce to a neighborhood a few miles away and back a few times, obviously a glitch to the service. I texted her 'Are you bowling?' No reply. Of course the story Pam shared ran through my head. But, no, that was not possible because my daughter, if she was injured, had her drivers license with her, she was driving a car registered to our family. If she were in that hospital someone would and could let me know."
They didn't. Ashlee was older than 18, and it wasn't a fatality, so there wasn't a rush to alert next of kin, Moreno said.
"I was horrified that no one had called me; not the police or hospital. I did not know how grave her condition may be because no one would tell me over the phone. She was in bad shape; she was broadsided by a speeding drunken driver just as she was leaving the spot where I first saw her following a friend to the bowling alley."
More than two hours passed from when Moreno saw Ashlee's location near their home to when she called the hospital to see if her daughter was there. Moreno and her husband rushed to Ashlee's bedside.
"Months later, after stays at three hospitals and rehabilitation, Ashlee is doing much better. It was Thanksgiving and I was thinking of Pam Yoma and how painful this day would be for her. I only got to Ashlee's side when I did because of that locator, and I only had that locator because of Pam sharing her story."
Contact the writer: 949-864-6371 or firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Although some families believe the the heart, liver, gizzards, and neck of a turkey should be tossed to the dogs, many reserve the turkey's internal organs to add depth of flavor to gravy, stocks, soups, and stuffing. Do you find giblets to be gross or delicious?
Join The Conversation
Only the heart!
It's not gravy without the giblets! :)
I love them in my gravy.
Gross. We feed the giblets to the dogs...they seem to love them. We save the neck for stock, but the rest is strictly for the dogs.
It grosses me out, but unfortunately is in our stuffing--blahhhhh
Yummy, especially in stuffing.
Giblets in gravy is what I grew up with, so love it!
That's how my momma makes her gravy. Sooo yummy!
Giblets in rice dressing is heaven. Favorite part of the holidays. :drool:
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text:
2 total
We had a house fire and hired a general to oversee reconstruction, after 30,000.00 and failed county inspection we terminated the contract, the contractor states we owe 15,000.00 additional. All we have is 1/2 framed house, doors,windows and roof....
Most legal issues surrounding your situation will be governed by the contract itself and the laws of contract in Georgia. Without studying the contract, it is not possible to answer you questions unconditionally. However, as a practical matter, you should demand, in writing, a copy of proof for the damages that the general contractor is claiming. Some questions that come to mind are: Is the GC seeking the full value to him under the contract (as if it was fully completed)? Does the contract have a liquidated damages clause? Why did you terminate the contract? What does the contract say in regards to what amounts of monies are owed if the contract is terminated prior to the completion of the house? Was there a builders' draw in the contact? Was it followed?
Finally, if you fired the General Contractor and terminated the contract for good cause, it is not likely that you would owe any more money than what you paid under the draw schedule. In order to properly protect your legal rights, you should retain an experienced Georgia lawyer to review the contract, and determine who owes whom what. If the General Contractor was negligent, it is not likely that you would owe any more money and you would possible be entitled to recoup some of the money you already paid him. But, once again, so much depends on the terms of the contract and the specific facts of your case. Good luck.See question
I was at work last night. When I left the building, my car had been broken into. I called the police, they took the report, I called my auto insurance and repairs to my car will be paid, minus the deductible but the items that were stolen out of...
There really are two components to the answer to your question. The first one is: is there available insurance coverage that will pay you for your loss. The second component is: who is legally responsible for your loss.
As a practical matter, if you have homeowner's insurance, you should check your policy to determine if the loss is covered under that policy. You may also want to check with your employer and ask if they have an insurance policy that may cover this loss.
We do not practice in TN, so the laws there may be slightly different, but as a general rule, property owners have a duty to make sure that their premises are safe and that there are no latent defects. If this duty was not met, the property owner may be liable to you for the value of your loss.See question


text:
An excellent topping for BBQ pork, chicken & fish. Use in couscous, rice or on cheese. Jerk Chicken Wing recipe just posted, "view recipes".
Test kitchen approved "Niagara" peaches - for the peachiest peach - in Ontario's fruit belt combine with the earthy flavour of Ontario garlic for an outstanding zesty salsa.
Peaches, onions, red peppers, garlic, cider vinegar, jalapenos, honey, cilantro, cumin, cayenne.


text:
General enquiries
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HCA Healthcare UK
HCA Press Releases
HCA's innovative techniques that personalise cancer care and help improve quality of life for patients were recognised in a double win at the LaingBuisson awards last night (11 November).The Christie Clinic -a collaboration between HCA and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust in Manchester -was recognised for work it has done to personalise cancer care and redesign the patient pathway to better support patients receiving radiotherapy.The other award went to London's The Harley Street Clinic for the development of a study to spare hair follicles of patients undergoing radiotherapy to the brain to reduce hair loss and improve speed of regrowth following treatment.It is hoped that this ground breaking study will bring significant benefits to future patients; reducing the worry of hair loss, improving quality of life and potentially becoming best practice.Mike Neeb, CEO and President of HCA said;
"I'm immensely proud of the work that all of HCA's employees do day in, day out to deliver excellent clinical outcomes in a compassionate environment and I'm delighted to see these teams recognised for their hard work and dedication to improving patients' lives."
Driving innovations and quality to ensure patients get the best possible care has always been at the heart of what HCA hospitals do.
HCA was, for example, the first to introduce CyberKnife technology to the UK, which offers an non-invasive treatment option for previously inoperable tumours. HCA's The Princess Grace Hospital also launched a pioneering cancer treatment in the form of the NanoKnife, for tumours of the lungs, kidney, liver, breast, prostate and pancreas.
Through the Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, HCA launched the first trials unit outside of the NHS with the ability to offer new anti-cancer drugs in clinical trials. The fast study set-up times gives patients rapid access to new investigational drug therapies –open for both private and NHS patients. For more information about HCA please contact; email@example.com
Back to Press Releases
© copyright 2008 - 2017 HCA Healthcare UK.
Registered Name: HCA International Limited; The part of the UK in which it is registered: England and Wales;
Registered Number: 03020522; Registered Office Address: 242 Marylebone Road London NW1 6JL.
£500m has been invested by HCA International in the latest medical technologies and facilities over the last 10 years.
Your hospital will be one of our world-class private hospitals: HCA's world-class hospitals are accredited by The CHKS Accreditation Unit, a leading provider of healthcare intelligence and quality improvement services. The accreditation is a measure of the overall quality of a hospital and hospitals with CHKS accreditation have been shown to provide a better quality of service.
Your safety will be protected because we have more critical care beds than any other private hospital group: HCA hospitals achieved 100% compliance with all Care Quality Commission inspected outcomes of care in 2011.
Your treatment will be undertaken using the most advanced diagnostic and treatment facilities: Oliver Wyman, Corporate Accounts: Driving quality and value, January 2012.


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- Sykes26.Jan 2016
- Employee
Support from Management
Was on a fabulous program, this program you are just a number no one cares about you as an employee
You don't get to know your team very well, phones are always busy.
Suggestions for improvement
- To offer pay raises to employees that meet their quotas. Offer some paid vacation time.
What I like about the company
Some flexibility with hours, two weeks notice unlimited vacation time but no pay. Work from home.


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Charts and indicators are the go to tool for technical traders to analyse trends and identify trade opportunities.
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Gardai arrest a man and a woman in connection with organised crime
Gardaí have arrested a 20-year-old woman and a 21-year-old man in connection with organsied crime and serious assaults in the Cork area.
The arrests occurred this morning in the Blarney area and both persons are detained under Section 50 of the Criminal Justice Act, 2007 in Togher and Bridewell Garda Stations, Cork City.
More to follow...


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Political Cartoons
Political Cartoons proved the significance of Unity among the
American Colonies under a poorly structured British Legislature, with a meaning aimed to open the hearts and minds of all colonists.
^ Play this for dramatic background music as you read
Political cartoons are creations of imagery involving political and social opinions, with common themes, artistic complexity, but comprehendible simplicity, in order to allow the common people to access current issues in their world as if an everyday action. They can be found in most forms of reading, such as newspapers, or pamphlets, but got their start around time of the American Revolution. The goal of most political cartoons during this time was to unite the country under a single understanding and criticize Britain for its poorly structured government, lacking proper representation for the colonies. It is important to note that the colonists did not (yet) wish to break away from Britain and become the United States of America they are today; the Colonists were very proud to be considered British, and simply wanted the fair and equal treatment their own people got on the other side of the ocean. The colonists also wanted to be able to make their own laws, and trade with whom they see fit, for Parliament did not know the details of economic overview a whole world away from them. Political cartoons took the values of these extreme opinions and wove them into emotional imagery and secluded facts, with a mindset to aim for all to comprehend their meaning.
Join, or Die
This first political is considered the first of it's kind. First created by Benjamin Franklin, this image represented the colonies in an earlier day, and their need for unity if they were to survive the oncoming tyranny of British outlook in future years. Although the colonists did not see these sort of upcoming problems during their earlier trials, the ideals carried with this cartoon up until the start and end of the American Revolution.
The Colonies Reduced
This second political cartoon is a sort of play-off from "Join, or Die". Illustrated around the time of the Stamp Act by (once again) Benjamin Franklin; The woman represents Britain, and her missing limbs are labeled as the colonies. This is criticism against Britain stating that without the colonies, Britain would be useless. Laws put against the will and representation of the colonies would "sever" the relationships the colonies had with Britain, and all would suffer the same fate. If the colonies were to fall apart onto their own, Britain would fall in the same manner.
Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man
Lastly, John Malcom drew a political cartoon in reference to the historical timeframe near the Boston Tea Party describing absurd taxes Britain had put on goods and products the Colonies believed they should be making themselves. Not having a choice, or fair representation on the laws Parliament was making, the Colonists felts as if their rule was being "forced down their throats" as portrayed in the imagery of the political cartoon.
Political cartoons must be simple enough to comprehend, but impactful enough to make a difference in the ways of thought. These cartoons were considered as threats by some British members, but the cartoons were one of few ways that provided a glimpse into the lives, minds, and thought processes of the American Colonist during this period. Cartoons allowed the common people to access the true meaning of their current events by going about their daily business and seeing them. There would be no facts, but rather opinions hidden underneath the layer of complex art styles. A Political Cartoon's accessibility, interesting style, and simplicity in the common mind are perhaps why they still stand today; even in our of newspapers.


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The actress will join Nigel Lythgoe and Mary Murphy as a judge for the show's 14th season. Read More
Here are the performances, jokes and outfits that, for good or bad, were highlights from Sunday's BBMAs.Read More
The 28-year-old actress is back where she belongs!Read More
There's no short cut to eating right and exercising.Read More
Find out what parties and events are open to the public and where to expect stars to be hanging at this year's festival. Read More
Fashion, make-up and hair industry experts reveal what to pack if you're headed to Coachella this year.Read More
Spoiler alert: She's pumped!Read More
The 'High School Musical' star gives the Britney standard a sultry, acoustic twist!Read More
Hudgens wanted to pay tribute to the great shows that have come before her new series 'Powerless.'Read More
The 'Powerless' star shared an angel photo on Twitter as a way of remembering her dad, Greg.Read More
The actress also revealed to ET what she has planned for Valentine's Day with Austin Butler. Read More
The red carpet glam continued at the official post-awards show bash!Read More


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LG tonight announced that its first 720p Android smarpthone -- the LG Optimus LTE -- is coming to Japan on NTT Docomo. That follows launches in Korea and (surprise, surprise) the United States, with the latter enjoying phone on AT&T as the Nitro HD. (Read our full review)
NTT Docomo's also getting a uniqe version of the Optimus LTE. Along with an optional red paint job, it'll have 1seg digital TV and NFC.
We've got LG's full presser after the break.


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- Before and Afters
- How To Use
How to Use
Step 1 (PM) - Rinse face with warm water and gently massage a nickel-sized amount of cleanser into face. Rinse and pat dry. In AM, rinse face with warm water and gently buff skin with a washcloth. Step 2 (AM/PM) - For 2 weeks, use every other day in PM only. Beginning week 3, increase to every day in PM. Gradually increase frequency to twice daily AM & PM for best results. Gently massage pea-sized amount for full face. Step 3 (AM/PM) - Gently massage a dime-sized amount of product into skin covering entire face. For the first two weeks use in AM & PM every other day. Starting in the third week use AM & PM every day. Nourish (PM) - Follow directions on the box to activate each vial. Drink 1 vial every PM. Do not exceed the recommended daily dose.
Tips • Use daily for best results • Use in combination with a skincare regimen for maximum results. Suggested regimen includes Clarifying Cleanser, Breakout Treatment and Healthy Skin Accelerator.
- Key Ingredients
Key Ingredients
Key Ingredients • Benzoyl Peroxide helps eliminate the bacteria that can cause breakouts • Pure Retinol refines skin tone & texture for a healthy looking complexion • Vitamins C & E, rich in antioxidants, restore balance for calm skin • Fruit Seed Extracts nourish for a natural, healthy-looking radiance Dermatologist Tested Tested on Humans, not Animals Paraben-Free Not recommended for women who are breast-feeding
- Ingredients
Full Ingredients List
Clarifying Cleanser Water, Acrylates/Aminoacrylates/C10-30 Alkyl PEG-20, Itaconate Copol, Sodium C14-16 Olefin Sulfonate. Cocamidopropyl Betaine, Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate, Glycol Stearate, Sodium Citrate, Cocamidopropylamine Oxide, Linoleamidopropyl PG-Dimonium Chloride, Phosphate, Fragrance, Glycerin, Lactic Acid, Tetrasodium EDTA, Ascorbic Acid, Panthenol, Diazolidinyl Urea, Ammonium Hydroxide, Algae Extract, Panax Ginseng Root Extract, Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract, Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract, Bisabolol, Cola Acuminata Seed Extract, Lecithin, Propylene Glycol, Methylchloroisothiazolinone, Methylisothiazolinone, Tocopheryl Acetate, Sodium Hydroxide, Phenoxyethanol, Papain
Breakout Treatment Water, Pentylene Glycol, Dimethicone, Glycerin, Panthenol, Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, Phenoxyethanol, Dimethiconol, Butylene Glycol, Water, Purified, PEG-60 Almond Glycerides, Carbomer, Caprylyl Glycol, Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, Oleanolic Acid, Sodium Hydroxide, Allantoin, Bisabolol, Artemisia Vulgaris Extract, Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract, Algae Extract, ChamomillaRecutita (Matricaria) Flower Extract, Xanthan Gum, Symphytum Officinale Leaf Extract, Lens Esculenta (Lentil) Seed Extract, Sodium Benzoate, Potassium Sorbate, Ethylhexylglycerin,Tocopheryl Acetate, Disodium EDTA, Fragrance, Sodium Hyaluronate, Methylisothiazolinone
Healthy Skin Accelerator Water, Amyris Balsamifera Bark Oil, Niacinamide, Polymethylsilsesquioxane, Pentylene Glycol, Dimethicone, Glycerin, Hexylene Glycol, Polydatin, Camellia Oleifera Leaf Extract, Butylene Glycol, Betaine, Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, Capryloyl Glycine, PEG-40 Stearate, Panthenol, Allantoin, Ammonium Acryloyldimethyltaurate/VP Copolymer, Arginine, Ascorbyl Palmitate, Bisabolol, Caprylyl Glycol, Carbomer, Cardiospermum Halicacabum Flower/Leaf/Vine Extract, Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract, Citrus Bergamia (Bergamot) Fruit Oil, Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Peel Oil, Citrus Sinensis (Blood Orange) Oil, Dimethiconol, Disodium EDTA, Echium Plantagineum Seed Oil, Ethylhexylglycerin, Gardenia Florida (Gardenia) Oil, Glucose, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil Unsaponifiables, Hydrolyzed Sclerotium Gum, Hydroxyphenyl Propamidobenzoic Acid, Lactic Acid, Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, Octyldodecanol, Oleanolic Acid, PEG-60 Almond Glycerides, Phenoxyethanol, Polyglutamic Acid, Polysorbate 20, Potassium Lactate, Retinol, Sodium Benzoate, Sodium Hyaluronate, Sodium Hydroxide, Tocopherol, Urea, Xylitylglucoside.
Healthy Skin Probiotic Dosing Cap Contents: Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 (lactobacillus rhamnosus, cornstarch; may contain traces of milk casein), silicon dioxide (anti-caking agent). Bottle Contents: Water, fructose, lactoferrin (milk and milk derivatives), citric acid, sodium lactate solution, nicotinamide (Vitamin B3), potassium sorbate, and wild berries.
Customer Reviews
*Results may vary by individual
Love this product!
Before using this product my skin was not very good. I tried many products but none of them gave a good result. This product on the other hand, worked terrifically, was easy, and I love it! I have sensitive skin and these products didn't irritate me at all. I definitely recommend.
Lizzy Cismoski
- Date: June 16, 2017
- Age: *Age
- From: Laguna Beach
12 of 24
found this review helpful
Easy yet effective!!
I have struggled with acne the majority of my teenage years and I tried so many different cleansers to help with my acne and none of them helped. I then found MD Complete I have never had such an easy and effective treatment that worked so well! Not only did my breakouts stop but my scaring faded dramatically. My skin hasn't looked this good in a long time!
Sarah McCullagh
- Date: June 16, 2017
- Age: 18-25
- From: Kansas
12 of 22
found this review helpful
Best Acne treatment ever
I couldn't find one that worked for me. I had been battling acne since my pre teen's but this is my life changing product.
- Date: June 6, 2017
- Age: 25-30
- From: California
16 of 28
found this review helpful
Best skin care line!
I absolutely love MD Complete. It works better than any other product I've ever tried and that's saying a lot! It's gentle on my super sensitive skin and still gets the job done.
- Date: May 24, 2017
- Age: 25-30
- From: Cheyenne, Wyoming
15 of 26
found this review helpful


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This Blog Is Just Plain And Simple.... What Do You Wanna See In The New Upcoming Mini Series.... The Last AirBender Legend Of Korra????
So yea, I dont know about you but I really hope there are ALOT of flashbacks in the new show. Just because I LOVED the old characters that were in the first show Avatar The Last Airbender. I also hope Korra has a really cool creature, like what Appa and Momo, the creatures Aang had. And yea obviously Korra isn't gonna have the same creatures but yea, I just hope she has cute and AWESOME new creatures to travel with. I also hope in the beginning of the show Korra's parents, Aang and Katara are still alive. Because if not that would kinda suck. And if they are dead, Tenzin may be kinda old. Which im afraid of unless Aang and Katara were killed. I want Korra and Tenzin to be around the same age you know what I mean? But yea. Those are just some of the things I hope to see in the new upcoming mini series, The Last AirBender Legend Of Korra. Now its your turn to tell me. Comment below and tell me what you wish to see in the new upcoming mini series, The Last AirBender Legend Of Korra. Also tell me what kind of creatures you think Korra might be traveling with!! I just hope the creature is big and fluffy like Appa!! 19:38, March 11, 2011 (UTC)Air.Water.Earth.Fire (talk • contribs)


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Gram Panchayat
Raniganj Block is an administrative division in Asansol subdivision of Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Raniganj police station serves this block. Headquarters of this block is at Searsole Rajbari. Banshra, Chelad, Ratibati, Chapui, Jemari (J.K. Nagar Township), Amkula, Murgathaul, Raghunathchak, Ballavpur and Belebathan are urban areas in this block. Raniganj community development block has an area of 41.47 km2.
Photo Gallery


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Accommodations in KusatsuSee All
Find crucial information and trip planning details about Kusatsu, which is a city in Japan. A gripping city on its own right, Tokyo also deserves a visit. Tokyo, is a worth visiting city owing to its prime attractions like Meiji Jingu Shrine, Ueno Park, Roppongi. 1-2 days is an ideal duration of visit to Kusatsu.
Don't just take a trip, let the trip take you! Have a enjoyable time at Kusatsu.
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|Prev Close
|Day Low/High
|95.03 / 96.90
|52 Wk Low/High
|78.26 / 109.37
|Avg Volume
|Prev Close
|Day Low/High
|95.03 / 96.90
|52 Wk Low/High
|78.26 / 109.37
|Avg Volume
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|Market Cap
|P/E Ratio
|Div & Yield
|0.67 (0.70%)
Charts show why these two energy giants won't rally in July.
Relative strength bodes well for Anadarko Petroleum, which could produce black gold for investors.
Stocks rebound sharply with banks set to be in spotlight.
Watching things get worse while hoping they'll get better is very draining.
The Oklahoma City-based oil and services company confirmed Chief Operating Officer Tony Maranto's resignation via a one-sentence SEC regulatory filing.
West Texas Intermediate crude oil futures were surging Thursday after the U.S. Energy Information Administration reported a larger-than-expected draw in domestic crude oil inventories.
These big stocks are teetering on the edge of breakdown territory.
These big stocks are teetering on the edge of breakdown territory.
The most recent short interest data has been released for the 04/28/2017 settlement date, and we here at Dividend Channel like to sift through this fresh data and order the underlying components of the S&P 500 by "days to cover." There are a number of ways to look at short data, for example the total number of shares short; but one metric that we find particularly useful is the "days to cover" metric because it considers both the total shares short and the average daily volume of shares typically traded. The number of shares short is then compared to the average daily volume, in order to calculate the total number of trading days it would take to close out all of the open short positions if every share traded represented a short position being closed.
This trade is predicated on the energy sector improving over the short to intermediate term.
True driving force behind this market remains earnings, says Jim Cramer, but don't ignore the impact of tax reform -- if it happens.
What really bothered me today was the call buying in the index options.
There are several others who could also reap benefits.
No, people aren't suddenly deciding they want to go back to shopping at the mall, says Jim Cramer.
Chart watcher Carolyn Boroden says oil, and some big oil producers, may be about to rally.
In the short term, all that matters in the market is what someone is willing to pay, says Jim Cramer.
The EIA reported a 900,000-barrel build in crude inventories, but that was enough to send the commodity, and stocks, skyward Wednesday as analysts were expecting a 2 million-barrel build.
This bullishly biased vertical call spread is not for the faint of heart.
Now that cost cuts are over the oil and natural gas explorer is poised to climb.
The report may be a breath of fresh air for traders of the commodity after OPEC member nation Saudi Arabia said it increased production in February from the prior month.
The longer the market chops around the more concerned folks are getting.
Cramer shares his views on the cyclical nature of selling crude, and also discusses how worrisome and catastrophic are not the same.
Crude oil prices slipped this week, highlighting the inherent weaknesses of these two energy stocks. Here's why they're potential 'portfolio wreckers.'
To put it simply, Stanley Black & Decker and Thermo Fisher screwed up.