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Brian D Strahl
PhD, Biochemistry & Biophysics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Cancer Cell Biology
Brian D Strahl
Biochemistry & Biophysics
UNC-Chapel Hill
Cancer Cell Biology
Brian Strahl - UNC Departmental website
CV or Biosketch
Area of interest
DNA is faithfully packaged within the nuclei of our cells through the actions of histone proteins. These proteins create individual histone-DNA complexes referred to as nucleosomes, which are further folded into higher-order chromatin structures that are still poorly defined. To a large extent, chromatin structure and function is dictated by histone post-translational modifications, which include acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation and phosphorylation. Studies indicate that these modifications work together in the form of a 'histone code' to regulate the recruitment of effector proteins that then alter the structure and function of chromatin.
Although chromatin has been studied intensely, we still know very little regarding how distinct chromosomal domains such as "euchromatin" and "heterochromatin" become established and maintained, and how the underlying DNA within this highly compact and repressive environment is made accessible to the protein machineries that need to utilize it. The Strahl lab is addressing these issues by examining the process of RNA polymerase II transcription. We aim to understand how gene transcription occurs at the "right place" and at the "right time" in the genome, and the mechanisms by which histones, histone variants, and histone post-translational modifications contribute to this event. Recently, the Strahl lab and others have identified roles for several histone-modifying enzymes during the transcription process. These enzymes associate with the polymerase during transcript elongation and alter the chromatin environment to make it more or less permissive for transcriptional initiation and elongation events. As an example, co-transcriptional methylation of histone H3 at lysine 36 by Set2 results in the recruitment of a histone deacetylase complex that keeps the coding region of genes in a more repressed state that is resistant to inappropriate transcriptional initiation and histone exchange. Current efforts are aimed at understanding how this and other histone-modifying enzymes contribute to chromatin organization, nucleosome stability and gene regulation.
Finally, Brian Strahl's group is also engaged in a high-throughput proteomics project involving histone peptide arrays to decipher how histone modifications, and the histone codes they generate, regulate the recruitment of chromatin-associated proteins that govern the diverse functions associated with DNA. These exciting projects are helping to bring new insight into how histones, and the modifications they contain, drive fundamentally important biological processes such as gene transcription and DNA repair in cells, and how their mis-regulation leads to human diseases such as cancer.
Awards and Honors
2009 Recipient of the UNC Chapel Hill Ruth and Phillip Hettleman Prize for Artistic and Scholarly Achievement
2008 Recipient of an Exceptional, Unconventional Research Enabling Knowledge Acceleration (EUREKA) award
2006 Named as a Jefferson-Pilot Fellow in Academic Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill
2005 Recipient of the ASBMB Schering-Plough Research Institute Award for outstanding research contributions to biochemistry and molecular biology
2004 Pew Scholar in the Biomedical Sciences
2003 Recipient of a Presidential Early Career Award (PECASE)
Recent Publications (2015 & 2016)
- Dumesic, P. A., Homer, C. M., Moresco, J. J., Pack, L. R., Shanle, E. K., Coyle, S. M., Strahl, B. D., Fujimori, D. G., Yates, J. R. & Madhani, H. D. (2015) Product binding enforces the genomic specificity of a yeast polycomb repressive complex. Cell. 160:204-218.
- Tong, Q., Cui, G., Botuyan, M. V., Rothbart, S. B., Hayashi, R., Musselman, C. A., Appella, E., Strahl, B. D., Mer, G. & Kutateladze, T. G. (2015) Structural plasticity of methyllysine recognition by the tandem Tudor domain of 53BP1. Structure. 23:312-21.
- Tong, Q., Mazur, S., J., Rincon-Arona, H., Rothbart, S. B., Kuznetsov, D. M., Cui, G., Liu, W. H., Gete, Y., Klein, B. J., Jenkins, L., Mer, G., Kutatelasze, A., G., Strahl, B. D., Groudine, M., G., Appella, E. & Kutateladze, T., G. An acetyl-methyl switch drives a conformational change in p53. Structure. 23:322-31.
- McKay, D. J., Klusza, S., Penke, T. J., R., Meers, M. P., Curry, K. P., McDaniel, S. L., Malek, P. Y., Cooper, S. W., Tatomer, D., C., Lieb, J. D., Strahl, B. D., Duronio, R. J. & Matera, A. G. (2015) Interrogating the function of metazoan histones using engineered gene clusters. Developmental Cell. 32:373-86.
- Perfetti, M. T., Baughman, B. M., Dickson, B. D. Mu, Y., Cui, G., Mader, P., Dong, A., Norris, J. L., Rothbart, S. B., Strahl, B. D., Brown, P. J., Janzen, W. P., Arrowsmith, C. H., Mer, G., McBride, K., James, L., & Frye, S. V. (2015) Identification of a Fragment-like Small Molecule Ligand for the Methyl-lysine Binding Protein, 53BP1. ACS Chemical Biology. 10:1072-1081.
- Rothbart, S. B., Dickson, B. M. & Strahl, B. D. (2015) From Histones to Ribosomes: A Chromatin Regulator Tangoes with Translation. Cancer Discovery. 5:228-30.
- Wang, L., Xie, L., Ramachandran, S., Lee, Y., Yan, Z., Zhou, L., Krajewski, K., Liu, F., Zhu, C., Chen, D., Strahl, B. D., Jin, J., Dokholyan, N. V. & Chen, X. (2015) Non-canonical bromodomain within DNA-PKcs promotes DNA damage response and radioresistance through recognizing an IR-induced acetyl-lysine on H2AX. Chemistry & Biology. 22:1-13.
- Rothbart, S. B., Dickson, B. M., Raab, J. R., Grzybowski, A. T., Krajewski, K., Guo, A. H., Shanle, E. K., Josefowicz, S. Z., Fuchs, S. M., Allis, C. D., Magnuson, T. R., Ruthenburg, A. J. & Strahl, B. D. (2015) An interactive database for the assessment of histone antibody specificity. Molecular Cell. 59:502-511.
- Ali, F. A., Daze, K. D., Rothbart, S. B., Strongin, D. E., Rincon-Arano, H., Allen, H. F., Li, J., Groudine, M., Strahl, B. D., Hof, F. & Kutateladze, T. G. (2015) Molecular Insights into Inhibition of the Methylated Histone-Plant Homeodomain Complexes by Calixarenes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290:22919-22930.
- Zhang, Z.-M., Rothbart, S. B., Allison, D., Cai, Q., Harrison, J. S., Li, L., Wang, Y., Strahl B. D., Wang, G. G., Song, J. (2015) An allosteric interaction links USP7 to deubiquitination and chromatin targeting of UHRF1. Cell Reports. 12:1400-1406.
- Simon, J. M., Parker, J. S., Liu, F., Rothbart, S. B., Ait-Si-Ali, S., Strahl, B. D., Jin, j., Davis, I. J., Mosley, A. L. & Pattenden, P. G. (2015) A role for Widely Interspaced Zinc finger (WIZ) in retention of the G9a methyltransferase on chromatin. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290:26088-26102.
- Shanle, E. K, Andrews, F. H., Meriesh, H., McDaniel, S. L., Dronamraiu, R., DiFiore J., Jha, D., Wozniak, G. G., Bridgers, J., Kerschner, J. L., Martín, G. M., Morrison A. J., Krajewski, K., Kutateladze, T.* & Strahl, B. D.* (2015) Association of Taf14 with acetylated histone H3 directs gene transcription and the DNA damage response. Genes & Development. 29:1789-1794.
- Chen, S., Ze, Y., Wilkinson, A., Deshpande, A. J., Krajewski, K., Strahl, B. D., Armstrong, S. A., Patel, D., J. & Gozani, O. (2105) The PZP domain of AF10 senses unmodified H3K27 to regulate DOT1L-mediated methylation of H3K79. Molecular Cell. 60:319-327.
- Cliffe, A. R., Vogel, J. L., Arbuckle, J. H., Geden, M. J., Rothbart, S. B., Cusack, C. L., Strahl, B. D., Kristie, T. M., Deshmukh, M. A (2015) Neuronal stress pathway mediating a histone Methyl/Phospho switch is required for Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation. Cell Host and Microbe. 18:649-658.
- Shanle, E. K., Tsun, I. K. & Strahl, B. D. (2016) A course-based undergraduate research experience investigating p300 bromodomain mutations. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 44:68-74.
- Andrews, F. H., Gatchalian, J., Krajewski, K., Strahl, B. D. & Kutateladze, T. G. (2016) Regulation of methyllysine readers through phosphorylation. ACS Chemical Biology. 7:14-20.
- Andrews, F. H.*, Shanle, E. K.*, Strahl, B. D.* & Kutateladze, T. G.* (2016) The essential role of acetyllysine binding by the YEATS domain in transcriptional regulation. Transcription. 7:14-20.
- Hattori, T., Lai, D., Dementieva, I. S., Montano, S. P., Zheng, Y., Akin, L., Swift, K., M., Grzybowski, A. T., Koide, A., Krajewski, K., Strahl, B. D., Kelleher, N. L., Ruthenburg, A. J. & Koide, S. (2016) Antigen clasping by two antigen-binding sites of an exceptionally specific antibody for histone methylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113:2092-2097.
- Sorenson, M. R., Jha, D. K., Ucles, S., Flood, D., Strahl, B. D., Stevens, S. W. & Kress, T. L. (2016) Histone H3K36 methylation regulates pre-mRNA splicing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RNA Biology. 13:412-426.
- Gatchalian, J., Mora, C., Shinsky, S. A., Ospina, R. R., Mansilla, A. L., Klein, B. J., Andrews, F. H., Strahl, B. D., van Wely, K. H. M. & Kutateladze, T. G. (2016) Chromatin condensation and recruitment of PHD fingers to histone H3K4me3 are mutually exclusive. Nucleic Acids Research. Mar 25. pii: gkw193.
- Yumerefendi, H., Lerner, A. M., Zimmerman, S. P., Hahn, K., Bear, J. E., Strahl, B. D. & Kuhlman, B. (2016) Light-induced nuclear export reveals rapid dynamics of epigenetic marks. Nature Chemical Biology. 12:399-401.
- Andrews, F. H.*, Shinsky, A. S.*, Shanle, E. K., Bridgers, J. B., Gest, A., Tsun, I. K., Krajewski, K., Shi, X., Strahl, B. D.* & Kutateladze, T. G.* (2016) The Taf14 YEATS domain is a reader of histone crotonylation. Nature Chemical Biology. 12:396-398.
- Bedard, L. G., Dronamraju, R., Kerschner, J.L., Hunter, G.O., Axley, E.D., Boyd, A.K., Strahl, B.D. & Mosley, A.L. (2016) Quantitative analysis of dynamic protein interactions during transcription reveals a role for casein kinase II in PAF complex phosphorylation and regulation of H2B monoubiquitylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291:13410-13420.
- McDaniel, S. L., Fligor, J. E., Chun, R., Cui, H., Bridgers, J. B., DiFiore, J. V., Guo, A. H., Li, B. & Strahl, B. D. (2016) Combinatorial Histone Readout by the Dual Plant Homeodomain (PHD) Fingers of Rco1 Mediates Rpd3S Chromatin Recruitment and the Maintenance of Transcriptional Fidelity. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291:14796-14802.
- Cornett, E. M., Dickson, B. M., Vaughan, R. M., Trievel, R. C., Strahl, B. D. & Rothbart, S. B. (2016) Substrate specificity profiling of histone-modifying enzymes by peptide microarray. Methods in Enzymology. 574:3-29.
- Andrews, F. H., Strahl, B. D. & Kutateladze, T. G. (2016) Insights into newly discovered marks and readers of epigenetic information. Nature Chemical Biology. 12:662-668.
- Penke, T. J. R., McKay, D. J., Strahl, B. D., Matera, A. G & Duronio, R. J. (2016) Direct interrogation of the role of H3K9 in metazoan heterochromatin function. Genes & Development. 30:1866-1880.
- Harrison, J. S., Cornett, E. M., Goldfarb, D., DaRosa, P. A., Li, Z. M., Yan, F., Dickson, B. M., Guo, A. H., Cantu, D. V., Kaustov, L., Brown, P. J., Arrowsmith, C. H., Klevit, R. E., Erie, D. A., Major, M. B., Krajewski, K., Kuhlman, B., Strahl, B. D. & Rothbart, S. B. (2016) Hemi-methylated DNA regulates DNA methylation inheritance through allosteric control of H3 ubiquitylation by UHRF1. ELife. pii: e17101. doi: 10.7554/eLife.17101.
- Chen, H., Workman, J. J., Strahl, B. D. & Laribee, R. N. (2016) Histone H3 and TORC1 Prevent Organelle Dysfunction and Cell Death by Promoting Nuclear Retention of HMGB Proteins. Epigenetics & Chromatin. 9:34.
- Hacker, K. E.*, Fahey, C. C.*, Shinsky, S. A.*, Chiang, Y.-C. J.*, DiFiore, J. V.*, Jha, D. K., Vo, A. H., Shavit, J. A. Davis, I, J., Strahl, B. D.* & Rathmell, W. K.* (2016) Structure/Function Analysis of Recurrent Mutations in SETD2 Reveals a Critical and Conserved Role for a SET Domain Residue in Maintaining Protein Stability and H3K36 Trimethylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 291: 21283-21295.
- Andrews, F. H., Tong, Q., Sullivan, K. D., Cornett, E., Zhang, Y., Muzaffar, A., Ahn, J., Strahl, B. D., Costello, J. C., Espinosa, J. M., Rothbart, S., B. & Kutateladze, T. G. (2016) Multivalent chromatin engagement and inter-domain crosstalk regulate MORC3 ATPase. Cell Reports. 16:3195-31207.
- Strikoudis, A., Lazaris, C., Trimarchi, T., Galvao Neto, A. L., Yang, Y., Ntziachristos, P., Rothbart, S. D., Buckley, S., Dolgalev, I., Stadtfeld, M., Strahl, B. D., Dynlacht, B. D., Tsirigos, A & Aifantis, I. Regulation of transcriptional elongation in pluripotency and cell differentiation by the PHD-finger protein Phf5a. Nature Cell Biology. 18:1127-1138.
- Charpentier, T. H., Waldo, G. L., Lowery-Gionta, E. G., Krajewski, K., Strahl, B. D., Kash, T. L., Harden, K. & Sondek, J. (2016) Potent and selective peptide-based inhibition of Gαq. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 18:1127-1138.
- Savitsky, P., Krojer, T., Fujisawa, T., Lambert, J.P., Picaud, S., Wang, C.Y., Shnale, E. K., Krajewski, K., Friedrichsen, H., Kanapin, A., Goding, C., Schapira, M., Samsonova, A., Strahl, B. D., Gingras, A.C. & Filippakopoulos, P. (2016) Multivalent histone and DNA engagement by a PHD/BRD/PWWP triple reader cassette recruits ZMYND8 to K14ac-rich chromatin. Cell Reports. 17:2724-2737.
Link to Publications and grants on Reach NC site


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Situated on a private peninsula surrounded by a marine park in the unspoilt south-eastern region of the island, this hotel is the first choice when it comes to deluxe all inclusive in Mauritius. Blessed with three white sandy beaches and a wealth of land and water activities, this resort is a natural playground for adults and children of all ages.The rooms are chic and spacious with neutral colours and plenty of natural light. Many are beachfront and additional suites and two bedroom Family Apartments are perfect for larger families and friends travelling together.The wonderful host of activities here include water sports galore, from windsurfing and scuba diving to Hobie cats and Laser sailing. Land sports include mountain bikes, a 9-hole pitch and putt golf course and nature walks, as well as classes in everything from tennis to cardio training. Children are kept busy too at the friendly Bob Marlin Mini-Club.With five restaurants and two bars, there is an abundance of dining choice, and quality is never compromised. Guests are also spoilt for choice with two spas affiliated to the prestigious Clarins brand.
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We are happy to give you a call back to discuss your holiday at a convenient time for you or we welcome you to come to our office in central London to discuss your holiday in detail.
Our destination experts provide a personalised service to tailormake your dream holiday. Within our experienced team we have visited most of the properties we feature and will be able to give you expertise and specialist knowledge from our first hand experience. You will be offered a direct telephone number, so you are able to speak to the same specialist from the time you pick up the phone until your documents are sent out.
No, we tailormake all our holidays and subject to availability you will be able to travel on any date. The itineraries and holidays on our website are for inspiration and are suggestions only, you can change any aspect according to your personal requirements and available spend.
Many customers are under the illusion that booking late secures the best prices. This is often not the case and it is advisable to book early especially if travelling in peak seasons such as Christmas, Easter or school holidays. Many hotels and airlines actually offer special "Early Booking Offers" so you are able to secure the best price early on.
It's always a difficult decision to make before you travel. Call one of our destination experts, who will be happy to advise you on local restaurants and prices you can expect to pay in resort.
There are many excursions, activities and highlights that are not to be missed out on, whilst in the country. Please contact our experts for advise on whether to prebook these before travel.
When booking through Western and Oriental, if your flight is delayed or cancelled due to bad weather or you have a problem in resort it is our responsibility you are taken care of. We offer a 24 hour emergency number to assist with any issues you may have in resort and all of our flight inclusive holidays are financially protected through ATOL bonding for your protection.
Dress Code in the day is casual and in the evening elegant (shirt and trousers). The hotel reserves the right to close up to two restaurants throughout the year. Bookings are required for dinner except Le Grand Port.
Le Grand Port is the main restaurant overlooking the pool and bay and serves international cuisine and is open for breakfast, lunch and dinnerLe Sirius faces the marine park and serves international cuisine, a la carte for lunch and dinner (3 courses). The bar is open till 10pmPorto Vecchio over looks the main pool and serves Italian and Mediterranean specialities for lunch and dinnerLe Boucanier is a gastronomic restaurant set in a quiet location at the heart of the hotel and serves seafood and fish specialities, open for dinner for over 12yrs old onlyTeak Elephant Thai restaurant adjacent to Le Sirius, open for dinner for over 12yrs old onlyBlue Bay Bar over looks the main pool and is open till 11.30pm
With its classic tropical climate, Mauritius is generally blessed with warm, sunny weather throughout the year; however, you may prefer to visit the island during the cooler, drier months of May to October, when it is not quite as humid.
The South-East trade winds mean that generally twice as much rain falls in this area of the island at this time, so we recommend staying on the North West coast as they are protected by the mountains. Cyclones are possible between Novemeber and April.

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Does anyone have any experience of moving DC at the end of year 7?(23 Posts)
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This study investigated the effect of milk yield on blood flow variables in the milk vein and musculophrenic vein in dairy cows.
Five healthy dry cows, five cows with a daily milk yield of 10 kg and five others with a daily milk yield of 20 kg underwent B-mode and colour Doppler sonographic examination. The diameter of the veins, blood flow velocities and blood flow volumes were measured on both sides in standing, non-sedated cows using a 7.5 MHz linear transducer.
Lactating cows had significantly higher blood flow velocities in the milk vein than dry cows; the maximum blood flow velocity of dry cows and those with a daily milk yield of 10 and 20 kg were 14.04, 38.77 and 39.49 cm/s, respectively, the minimum velocities were 0.63, 3.02 and 2.64 cm/s, respectively, and the mean maximum velocities were 8.21, 26.67 und 28.22 cm/s, respectively. Cows producing 20 kg of milk a day had a blood flow volume of 3.09 l/min, which was significantly higher than 0.79 l/min recorded in dry cows. Lactating cows had significantly higher mean maximum blood flow velocities in the musculophrenic vein than dry cows. Blood flow variables of both veins did not differ significantly between the left and right side.
This study showed that milk yield has a profound effect on blood flow variables in the milk vein and to a lesser extent the musculophrenic vein. This must be taken into consideration in future Doppler sonographic studies of these veins and possibly other vessels. Furthermore, measurements on one side are representative of both sides.
The ultrasonographic characteristics of various arteries and veins in cattle have recently been described using colour Doppler [1-3]. The milk vein and musculophrenic vein are particularly amenable to Doppler ultrasonographic examination because of their superficial location, and cows tolerate examination of these veins better than the jugular vein [4]. The milk vein drains blood from the udder. However, it is not known whether Doppler sonographic characteristics of blood flow vary with the amount of milk produced or whether the stage of lactation needs to be considered when interpreting results. The present study tested the hypothesis that milk yield has an effect on Doppler sonographic findings of the milk vein but not of the musculophrenic vein because the latter drains blood from the costal parts of the diaphragm and from the wall of the thorax and abdomen [5]. To achieve this, five dry cows, five cows that produced 10 kg of milk per day and five others that produced 20 kg of milk per day underwent Doppler sonographic examination of the milk vein and musculophrenic vein. A secondary goal was to determine whether blood flow variables in these two veins differed between the left and right sides, as has been reported in goats [6]. The findings of this study would be useful for the interpretation of previously established normal ranges of blood flow variables of the milk vein and musculophrenic vein [1-3] in relation to milk yield.
The study protocol was approved by the Animal Care Committe of the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland.
Fifteen healthy Swiss Braunvieh cows between 2.5 and 17 years of age (median, 8 years) were used. Group 1 included five cows that had been dry for at least 4 weeks and were at least two weeks from the due date. Group 2 included five cows with a daily milk yield of 10 kg (9.4 to 12.0 kg; mean ± sd, 11.0 ± 1.4 kg) and group 3 included five cows with a daily milk yield of 20 kg (18.4 to 22.0 kg; 20.5 ± 1.7 kg).
Clinical examination included assessment of demeanour and general condition, appetite, defaecation and urination, rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates, ruminal motility and intestinal sounds. The cows were weighed and examined on both sides by simultaneous percussion and auscultation. A urine sample was examined for glucose, protein, ph, ketones, nitrite, leukocytes, bilirubin, blood, urobilin using a test strip (Combur9-Test®, Roche, Basel). The udder was examined visually and palpated, and a California mastitis test was carried out in the lactating cows. All cows were clinically healthy and weighed between 500 and 795 kg (677.9 ± 84.8 kg, mean ± sd). There was no significant differences among the three groups.
The examinations took place between 8:00 and 10:00 in the morning and 0.5 to 2.5 h after milking in lactating cows. B-mode and colour Doppler ultrasonographic examination of the milk vein (subcutaneous abdominal vein) and musculophrenic vein were carried out in all cows on the left and right sides. The procedure for B-mode and colour-Doppler ultrasonography has been previously described in detail [2,3,7]. The hair over the caudal part of the left and right milk veins was clipped to yield a 20-cm length for assessment, which took place in area immediately cranial to the udder or up to 15 cm cranial to the udder. For the examination of the musculophrenic vein, a 50 cm × 50 cm area in the sternal region was clipped. The examination took place near the sternum from the 5th and 6th intercostal spaces and slightly ventral to the point of the elbow.
A 7.5 MHz real-time linear transducer (Hitachi Ultrasound scanner EUB 8500) was used to examine the veins. A stand-off with an additional angular correction was used to maintain an angle of no more than 60° between the transducer and the vein. During ultrasonographic examination, pressure exerted by the transducer on the milk vein was kept to the absolute minimum that was required for sufficient contact between transducer and skin. The veins were first examined in longitudinal and cross section using B-mode. After freezing the ultrasonographic image, the diameter of the veins was measured electronically in cross section from intima to intima of the vessel using the electronic cursors. Then the distance between the vein and the skin surface was measured. The colour-Doppler gate was directed parallel to the wall of the vein to visualise the blood flow and then positioned at a 60° angle in the centre of the milk vein. By turning on the pulsed-wave colour-Doppler ultrasound instrument, a sound could be heard and the spectral display was visible on the screen. Optimal colour flow and spectral curve images were frozen on the screen to determine the maximum, minimum and mean blood flow velocities and the blood flow volume during a measurement period of 2 min.
The program StatView 5.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used for statistical calculations. Frequencies, means and standard deviations were calculated and differences were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an unpaired two-sided t-test for normally distributed variables. Pairwise analysis of factorial ANOVA was performed according to the post hoc test by Bonferroni-Dunn. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant.
In B-mode, the milk vein appeared as a vessel immediately beneath the skin as described previously [2]. The spectral display in Doppler mode was a broad band structure with varying band width and a wave-like course also as described previously [2]. The distance between the vein and the skin surface and the diameter of the vein did not differ among the three groups and ranged from 0.44 to 0.53 cm and from 1.88 to 1.99 cm, respectively (Table (Table1).1). The blood flow velocities in groups 2 (10 kg) and 3 (20 kg) were significantly greater than in group 1 (dry cows) (P < 0.05). Maximum velocities in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 14.04, 38.77 and 39.49 cm/s, respectively, the minimum velocities were 0.63, 3.02 and 2.64 cm/s, and the mean maximum velocities (mean of the maxima recorded during individual measuring periods of 2 min) were 8.21, 26.67 and 28.22 cm/s. In group 3 the blood flow volume was significantly larger than in group 1 (3.09 l/min versus 0.79 l/min, P < 0.05).
The musculophrenic vein could be visualised in all the cows and appeared as a vessel running parallel to the longitudinal axis of the animal within the diaphragmatic musculature as described previously [3]. The spectral display appeared also as described [3] as a broad band with a wave-like course. The distance between the vein and the skin surface and the diameter of the vein did not differ among the three groups and varied from 0.97 cm to 1.18 cm and from 0.63 to 0.87 cm, respectively (Table (Table2).2). The blood flow velocities of groups 2 and 3 were greater than the velocity of group 1, but only the differences between the mean maximum velocities were significant. The values of the mean maximum velocity for groups 1, 2 and 3 were 30.59 cm/s, 81.90 cm/s and 85.15 cm/s, respectively. The blood flow volume increased numerically from group 1 (0.52 l/min) to group 2 (0.70 l/min) to group 3 (1.57 l/min) but the differences were not significant.
The blood flow variables calculated for the milk vein and musculophrenic vein did not differ significantly between the two sides of the body (Table (Table33).
Lactating cows had significantly higher blood flow velocities in the milk vein than dry cows. The maximum velocity measured in group 2 (10 kg) was 38 cm/s, which was 2.7 times the velocity in dry cows. Interestingly, there was no further increase in velocity with increasing milk yield in group 3. In contrast, the blood flow volume increased linearly with increasing milk yield from 0.79 l/min in dry cows to 1.80 l/min in group 2 (10 kg; 2.3 fold) and to 3.09 l/min in group 3 (20 kg; 3.9 fold). In another study, a cow with a daily milk production of 40 kg had a blood flow volume of 4.98 l/min in the right milk vein [7], supporting the linear relationship between milk yield and blood flow volume in that vein. Milk yield also affected the blood flow velocity in the musculophrenic vein, but variations were large and the only significant differences were seen in the mean maximum blood flow velocity. This increased 2.7-fold from 30.59 cm/s in the dry cows to 81.90 cm/s in group 2, which was similar to the value in group 3 (85.15 cm/s). The blood flow volume also increased in the musculophrenic vein with increasing milk yield but the differences were not significant. It is surprising that milk yield had an effect on blood flow variables of a vessel not directly associated with the udder; however, lactation has shown to have an effect on the entire circulatory system [8]. Lactating cows had a two- to three-fold higher cardiac output than dry cows, and because 20 to 30% of the cardiac output in a lactating cow is directed toward the udder, the changes are more pronounced in the milk vein than in the musculophrenic vein [8]. The three-fold increase in the blood flow volume of the milk vein in group 3 compared with the dry cows highlights the importance of this vessel for venous drainage of the udder. A blood flow volume of 3.09 l/min translates into almost 9000 l of blood that circulate through the udder via the two milk veins per day compared with 2275 l in dry cows. Three veins are involved in drainage of the udder [5]: the milk vein carries blood to the cranial vena cava; some blood drains toward the caudal vena cava via the external pudendal vein in the inguinal canal; and some blood drains to the caudal vena cava via the ventral perineal vein in a caudodorsal direction through the ischiadic arch and the internal pudendal vein. Which of these three routes drains the most blood has been controversial, and the exact relative contributions of the veins remain to be determined. The external pudendal vein was considered the most important in one study [9], whereas the milk vein was thought to be the major contributor in another [10]. In a third study, the veins were not ranked [11]. Estimates of the amount of blood required for the production of one litre of milk vary and have included 300 to 500 l [9,11], 400 l [5], 500 l [8] and even up to 600 l [12]. Assuming that approximately 500 l of blood are required for 1 l of milk, approximately 10'000 l of blood are required for 20 l of milk. Our results showed that in a cow producing 20 kg of milk, approximately 8900 l of blood flow through both milk veins in one day, which means that the milk vein is the predominant route of venous drainage of the udder, supporting findings by Kjaersgaard [10]. Based on these calculations, approximately 90% of the venous drainage from the udder occurs via the milk veins. This confirms the well-known adage that large milk veins indicate high milk production [5]. This should also serve as a reminder that the integrity of the milk veins must be preserved and complications such as iatrogenic thrombophlebitis must be avoided.
There were no differences between blood flow variables recorded on the left and right sides of the body. Thus, it appears that venous drainage of the udder occurs in a symmetric fashion and that in healthy cattle measurements on one side are representative of both sides. Bilateral measurements are required to objectively assess the degree of blood flow impairment in cows with a unilateral lesion. For instance, the blood flow volume in the thrombosed left milk vein of a cow was reduced to approximately one third of the blood flow volume on the right (0.79 l/min versus 2.54 l/min) [7].
This study showed that milk production has a profound effect on blood flow variables of the milk vein and to a lesser extent the musculophrenic vein. This must be taken into consideration in future Doppler sonographic studies of these veins and possibly other vessels. Furthermore, measurements on one side are representative of both sides. In cows with unilateral thrombophlebitis of the milk vein, bilateral measurements serve to estimate the degree of impairment on the affected side.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
UB initiated and planned the study and he prepared the manuscript. EF carried out the ultrasonographic examinations under supervision of UB. Both authors have read and approved the manuscript.
Department of Farm Animals, University of Zurich.
The authors thank Dr. Colin Schwarzwald, Dr. Constanze Führer and N. Aellig for their assistance with the ultrasonographic examinations, Professor Michael Hässig and Prof. Ulrich Bleul for assistance with the statistic examinations, and the animal assistants for looking after the cows.
This study was financed by the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
PubMed Central Canada is a service of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) working in partnership with the National Research Council's national science library in cooperation with the National Center for Biotechnology Information at the U.S. National Library of Medicine(NCBI/NLM). It includes content provided to the PubMed Central International archive by participating publishers.


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My 3 year old is obsessed with hot cocoa, in any form! I love finding new recipes around the holidays and these are sure to make yours a little more special!
Hot Chocolate Santa Hat Brownies
Peppermint Malted Hot Chocolate
Our new cookbook, Dinner Made Easy, is now available for SALE!
With over 100 easy main dishes to help you get dinner on the table, meal time will be a breeze!
Get your copy HERE.
Looking for more copycat recipes?


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TINTON FALLS, N.J. (AP) The International Race of Champions series will liquidate all tools, equipment, race cars and memorabilia in a two-day public auction March 7 and 8 at its headquarters.
The all-star series has been dormant since the conclusion of the 2006 season due to lack of sponsorship.
"We're all very sad to see IROC come to an end, but the competition for major corporate sponsorship is very tough and the car manufacturers have not shown any interest," IROC president Jay Signore said. "We kept hope alive as long as we could, but now it's time to look forward and move on."
Spanning four decades, IROC ran 120 events at 16 different racetracks across the United States, fielding cars for more than 100 of the biggest names in stock car, open-wheel and road racing from throughout the world.
The concept of having top drivers from different major series compete in identically prepared cars was conceived in 1973 by Roger Penske and Les Richter. Signore ran the series from the first day, with considerable help from his wife, Barbara.
The first IROC champion was Penske driver Mark Donohue in 1974. Since then, championships have been won by Bobby Unser, A.J. Foyt, Al Unser, Mario Andretti, Bobby Allison, Cale Yarborough, Harry Gant, Al Unser Jr., Geoff Bodine, Terry Labonte, Dale Earnhardt, Rusty Wallace, Ricky Rudd, Davey Allison, Mark Martin, Bobby Labonte, Kevin Harvick, Kurt Busch, Matt Kenseth and Tony Stewart, the last champion in 2006.
Copyright 2008 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Shia Labeouf Public Meltdown
August 29, 2011 by Post Team
Shia Labeouf Public Meltdown, Actor Shia LaBeouf publicist is downplaying reports suggesting that the actor became unruly at a party in Los Angeles on Friday night (26Aug11), insisting on the departure of the star of Transformers since the coup has been "misinterpreted ".
Customers told Life & Style magazine that the actor In spitting water over your date and rocker Marilyn Manson, who also attended the event at the nightclub The Box, and that seemed to have "a public crisis."
But Melissa Kates LaBeouf representative insists there was no incident and everything has been blown out of proportion.
She tells WENN, "Shiites actually left early … went to see one of the bands performing in the window and went after it ended.
"Exit through a crowded room was apparently misunderstood. No altercation."
Viewers had told Life & Style that LaBeouf "was released through the crowd sitting very thick, and the crowd begged him and encouraged him to sit."
One audience member told the publication, "Shiites had to climb on people and the wear of the clutches of various strangers who were trying to avoid going crazy. Your date of panic and ran after him.
"It was crazy. He just had the right to total collapse in sight. It was completely out of control. I was so angry and physics. He was determined to get out."
Please feel free to send if you have any questions regarding this post , you can contact on
Disclaimer: The views expressed on this site are that of the authors and not necessarily that of U.S.S.POST.


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MKS Fit-A Sprint NJS single straps
MKS Fit-Alpha Sprint straps (not to be confused with the lower-cost Fit Alpha Spirit) are handmade in Japan from two layers of glove-soft leather with a tough layer of anti-stretch nylon in between.
Most of you wimps don't need the twin rivets on the buckles - which ensure that the straps don't self-destruct under the explosive power of Japanese Keirin riders - but it's nice to know these straps have your back (or at least your feet).
• sold in pairs
• for use with toe clips
• NJS approved
• color: natural w/ gold logo


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This timeless and elegant silhouette will make you look and feel photo ready. Not only does it frame any shape face beautifully, but the combination of champagne gold crystals with clear crystal accents looks so glamorous!
2 ½" x 1"
Surgical Steel Pierced posts
Lt. Colorado Topaz Gold (Champagne) Crystals
Clear Crystals
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"Thanks to all involved in the care of me and my..."
About: Darlington Memorial Hospital Darlington Memorial Hospital Darlington DL3 6HX
Posted by Mr and Mrs H
Thank you to all the amazing staff that supported myself and husband throughout the induction and ultimately emergency section to ensure the safe delivery of our twins earlier this month. The midwives, HCA's, Dr's, anesthetist, domestic staff etc were all attentive and friendly throughout my 6 day stay.. I felt that particularly the night staff were fantastic, helping me to breastfeed my twins and hand express when necessary and regularly checking up on my pain. I would definitely recommend the delivery and labour ward aswel as the maternity ward to any soon-to-be mums. Thanks again.
Response from Darlington Memorial Hospital 2 years ago
Thank you for providing feedback on your recent visit to the Labour Ward at Darlington Memorial Hospital and congratulations on the birth of your twins. I am very pleased to hear that you had a positive experience and that you are happy with the care you received. The Trust is grateful for all feedback, positive or negative, as it means we can better understand what is important to our patients, and your kind comments will be shared with the staff. Thank you for leaving your comments on NHS Choices. Patient Experience Team County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust Tel: 0800 7835774
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Nursery Production Growing Staff | Lincolnshire
- Recruiter
- MorePeople
- Location
- Lincolnshire
- Salary
- £15000.00 - £20000.00 per annum
- Posted
- 07 Oct 2016
- Closes
- 06 Nov 2016
- Ref
- Contact
- Dianne Saunders
- Sector
- Growing
- Function
- Grower Jobs
- Hours
- Full Time
- Contract Type
- Permanent
Our client is an award winning Houseplant grower who supplies the major multiples with a good range of plants that they produce in volume to the individual customers needs. Currently they are looking for a Horticultural Graduate with some experience if possible in protected cropping who has the desire to take on further training and can progress within the commercial horticultural sector.
Candidates must have some pre or post college experience within commercial production if possible and have PA1 & PA6 spray certificates, good plant knowledge, a desire to work in plant production and the capability and aspirations to rise to management within a nursery.


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Author has written 5 stories for Harry Potter.
I've come to the realization that I suck at writing fan fiction. Heh.
Sorry for wasting your time ;)
I also LOVE LOVE LOVE Arashi. LOVE THEM SO MUCH.
I will review every story I read, and although I don't review every chapter, I do review. You should do the same.
Nao K


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Kuramathi Island Vacation Packages
Many of Maldives's highlights can be found within easy reach of Kuramathi Island, making it a convenient place to base yourself. Two sights that should be at the top of every visitor's to-do list is the fabulous Holi Faru Dive Site and the much-loved Adivaru Thila Dive Site. Two more worthwhile attractions you'll find nearby Kuramathi Island are the Madivaru Corner Dive Site and the Big Blue Dive Site.
If the weather is good, get back to nature at the Miyaru Faru Dive Site in Veligandu Island, the Beyru Kandu Dive Site and the North Channel Dive Site. Stare out over the water and go for a long walk at one of the local beaches, for example Ukulhas Beach in Ukulhas.
To make sure you get the most out of this fascinating part of the world, consider making a reservation at one of the area's many accommodation options. Make reservations for the Veligandu Island Resort, the Kuramathi Island Resort, or the Rasdhoo Inn.


text: UK Home Office revises purchasing strategy for Emergency Services Network devices19 Aug 2016 11:51 AM Second Prior Information Notice reveals HO is now opting for a 'dynamic purchasing system' for the £30-£150m procurement of devices, accessories and services for the UK emergency servicesThe Home Office has revised the way it intends to procure devices, accessories and services for use by fire, police and ambulance personnel on the new Emergency Services Network (ESN). The HO published a second Prior Information Notice (PIN) on 17 August 2016 announcing that it is changing its approach by moving to a 'Dynamic Purchasing System' (DPS).The contract, worth anything from £30m to £150m, was due to take the form of a 'supplier framework agreement' outlined in the original PIN published in March 2016.However, the HO stated in the new PIN that: 'Market engagement and evolution of the ESN programme since the publication of the notice to the market in March 2016 has led to a re-assessment of the potential procurement options for ESN devices. We now wish to share our findings with the market by way of this revised Prior Information Notice, including related material such as draft user requirements that reflect our latest thinking in respect of the potential procurement approaches for ESN devices.'The contract covers the supply of a range of devices to be procured for use on the 4G ESN network provided by UK mobile operator EE, with user services provided by Motorola Solutions. ESN will replace the existing TETRA two-way radio network operated by Airwave (now owned by Motorola Solutions).Motorola is responsible for approving devices under the User Device Type Approval Specification (UDTAS), while EE is responsible for the Network Approval Testing Service (NATS) certification.More information will be available to suppliers at the next ESN Devices and Applications Forum (EDAF) on 13 September 2016. The HO and its ESMCP (Emergency Services Mobile Communications Programme) team, which runs the ESN procurement, are also looking to take market sounding meetings with suppliers which have not yet engaged with the ESN programme.The Dynamic Purchasing System is designed to allow suppliers to bid for and supply ESN 'Approved' (meaning they have been tested to ensure they are capable of carrying out the public safety communication services and do not adversely affect the ESN and/or the Airwave network) devices, accessories and services. Categories include:• Handheld devices – standard, ruggedised, single and dual mode LTE/TETRA devices• Specialist – direct device to device communications• Active accessories – cases and device carriage on clothing• Potentially vehicles devices – vehicle (4+wheels) ESN modems, devices and gateway vehicles; vehicles (2 wheels) ESN devices and waterborne ESN devices• Vehicle accessories• Potentially vehicle installation design and implementation• Potentially managed services• Unified – any combination of the other categories.There is a requirement for 1,500 production standard trials devices of various types for operational trials and pilots starting in mid-2017. These trial devices will be procured incrementally, using the DPS.The HO expects the three emergency services will require circa. 300,000 'production standard devices' with the first procurement starting in the second quarter of 2017, prior to the start of the first regional transition, the North West region, in September 2017.12 regions will transition in a staggered manner with each taking up to 12 months to complete. The transition period is expected to last up to 27 months in total and should be completed by 31 December 2019.What is a Dynamic Purchasing System?The Government describes a DPS as a procurement tool similar to a framework agreement run as a completely electronic process with the key difference that new suppliers can join at any time during the lifetime of the DPS, so long as they meet the selection criteria. If they do, they cannot be excluded from the DPS and contracting authorities are not allowed to impose any limit on the number of suppliers on the DPS.The authority then invites qualifying suppliers to bid for specific contracts on the DPS (or relevant category within the DPS). The benefit of this procurement approach is that suppliers can join it at any time and are not locked out for the duration unlike traditional frameworks.The DPS has also undergone a number of rule changes to make it more useable and useful, the Government believes. Firstly, suppliers no longer have to submit an 'indicative tender' with their request to join the DPS.Secondly, the old obligation for authorities to publish a further simplified advertisement in the OJEU (Official Journal of the European Union) each time they wish to award a contract under a DPS no longer applies. Finally, the default four-year limit on the duration of a DPS has been removed.Employing a DPS clearly has great advantages for ESN, especially as the form factor for hand portable devices has still not been decided. Devices and form factors may also evolve and change considerably during the life of the contract, so having a DPS arrangement means new suppliers with new ideas are not locked out of ESN contracts.James Atkinson EditorLinkedIn |Google + |Email Leave a Comment


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Here's an issue we hear about a lot. Does your Windows 8.1 screen keep going dark after you've only been away for a few minutes? Does your PC keep going to sleep? Here's how to fix it. Search Power and sleep settings in the Charms bar or just start typing it from the Metro Screen and click on the result.
Now you can set how long until the screen goes dark on both battery power and while plugged in. You can also choose how long before your PC goes to sleep.
~ Cynthia
Tags: power settings, screen settings, Sleep Settings, Windows 8.1


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RV Lots for Rent in Kansas (KS)
Already have a RV and just need a lot to rent? Search below to find the perfect lot for your RV in KS (Kansas). There are land owners and RV parks with empty lots for your recreational vehicle. Choose your city to search.
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Our Iris fold over crossbody features a delicate faux snake front embossing,åÊgold tone details, plus its so chic!
- Premium Vegan Leather
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If your order and payment information are provided before 11am PST it will be shipped the same day, if your order and and payment information are provided after 11am PST it will be shipped the following business day.


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Its fairly impossible to provide hard evidence that low carb high fat is inherently better because anyone who looks at the studies will instantly point out one of a couple confounders: 1. the LCHF diet eliminates wheat or other allergens 2. the LCHF has a higher protein content 3. the LCHF has a more nutrient dense profile. There is some interesting stuff that I have read regarding carbohydrate full oxidation requiring more complex I activity which would ultimately lead to more ROS production by the mitochondria. Oxidative stress is basically the factor in aging and metabolic disease. Does this pan out beyond biochem though? Dunno. Have to wait for more studies or till someone points them out I suppose.
"Therefore shifting away from glucose utilization toward lipid and amino acid utilization would be expected to substantially reduce the production of reactive oxygen species, without necessarily reducing ATP production. As described below, other beneficial effects also occur as a result of this altered pattern of glucose fuel use, including a shift toward producing antioxidizing NADPH and increased protein and lipid turnover, which reduces the accumulation of oxidized protein and lipids.
Jeff Volek recently did allude to some unpublished research about the antioxidative properties of a VLC diet and its implications in better recovery from exercise. Hopefully it hits the wire soon to have a look at.


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ATAGO TRAINING, May 2017 (May 22, 2017)
The regular training course "ATAGO TRAINING, May 2016" was held from May 22 to 24. Technicians of service centers from France participated for technological advancement.
ATAGO Earns 6th Consecutive "aaa" Rating from Standard & Poor's (Mar 28 , 2017 )
|In March 2017, for the fifth consecutive time, ATAGO has received the highest "aaa" rating from Japan SME Rating (SME= Small & Medium Sized Enterprise), presented by Standard & Poor's, the world's foremost provider of independent credit ratings.
> Detail
"Fukaya Second Factory" Jichinsai (Ground Breaking Ceremony) (Feb 27, 2017)
ATAGO is building a new factory, "Fukaya Second Factory" adjacent to the Fukaya Factory for enhancement and expansion of the production capacity. On February 22nd (Wednesday), Jichinsai (Ground Breaking Ceremony) was held. The completion is planned for October of this year.
"Asahi Shimbun" Interview (Feb 1, 2017)
Our President Amamiya was interviewed for Asahi Shimbun column, "Relay Opinion, Sweetness and Japanese." Different people spoke about "Sweetness" and "Japanese" from various angles, passing the topic from one person to another in a form of relay which will be published in Tuesday and Wednesday morning paper. Amamiya's interview article is planned for after February.


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The Samurai Squad was an elite unit of the Thunder Guards of Ryoko Owari, but less than the most powerful Lightning Squad. It was formed with cynics, younger sons and ambitious samurai who did not want to put up with the work of the Lightning Squad. They were one of the most corrupt components of the Thunder Guard. [1]
Creation Edit
The squad was formed in the 12th century, upon patronage of Shosuro Jocho, the Guard's leader and son of the city's governor. Acceptance was a matter of political influence and application of hand gifts. [2]
Duty Edit
The purpose of the Samurai Squad was to deal with rebellious, unruly or drunk samurai, so they were assigned to the Noble and Licensed Quarters. [2]
Elite unit Edit
The squad was composed by twenty five officers, known as Koshiki, and about eighty men. They trained archery and kusari-gama, a weapon designed specifically to disarm sword fighters. [2]
See also Edit
|This Scorpion Clan related article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by adding to the information here.


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English Language with a Modern Language BA(Hons) 2017-18This course also available for 2018-19 entry
Want to join us in September? You can now apply via Clearing
About the course
Language matters. It is fundamental to our perception, and our place in the world. It is at the heart of how communities are built and it underpins human relationships. Principles of humour, power and cross-cultural relations are all dependent upon the formation and interpretation of language. The ability to speak a foreign language is an increasingly valuable ability in the current era of mass globalisation. It also provides a different and intriguing perspective on the study of language and linguistics.
You'll be supported to develop knowledge of a range of language styles and the tools used to describe them and to acquire a practical understanding of what language is and how it works. You'll explore the concepts, modes of analysis and theoretical approaches of different branches of linguistics and will study the role of language in society. Your studies will help you to develop your language skills and understanding of the societies and cultures of the countries in which it is spoken. You'll also get the opportunity to integrate your studies in English Language and your chosen modern language.
In the National Student Satisfaction Survey 2016, English scored 92% for overall student satisfaction, ranking us the best in Yorkshire.
By studying this course, you'll have the opportunity to develop skills for a variety of careers in fields including publishing, broadcasting, teaching, writing, advertising, management and politics (amongst others).
Why study English Language with a Modern Language at Huddersfield? Your studies will be led by lecturers who are all accredited by the Higher Education Academy, with expertise across a range of language related fields (86.9% of research submitted for the most recent national research audit was rated as either 'world leading' or 'internationally excellent').
Here's what current English Language and Linguistics student Elliott has to say about his course.
Course scholarships available – up to £3000. More details.
UCAS code:
Start date:
18 / 09 / 2017
3 years full-time
4 years inc. placement year
5 years part-time
Course type:
Full Time inc. placement year / Part Time
0300 555 4444
Course content
Year 1
Core modules:
Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics
This module introduces you to the structure of language as a system. You'll be able to explore the basics of linguistic description, using mostly, but not only, the English language to illustrate. The module focuses on the fundamental linguistic concept of 'levels' of language, starting from the smallest (sounds) and building up to sentence structure. Emphasis is on the development of practical skills in analysing language structure. This module will be assessed by a mixture of coursework assessments and formal examinations.
Approaches to Language Study
This module introduces you to a number of theoretical, analytical and methodological advances that have had a significant impact on the development of linguistics as a discipline. You will be introduced to principal ideas in linguistics and practical issues in carrying out research into language. The module thus acts as a precursor to many of the issues that will be explored in greater detail in years 2 and 3 of the course, and is designed to enthuse you about the value of studying language.
Introduction to Stylistics
This module introduces you to the linguistic analysis of literary and other texts. The focus is on describing and explaining the relationship between linguistic choices and poetic effects in the three major literary genres of poetry, drama and prose fiction. In the lectures you are introduced to a range of analytical tools for describing and explaining meaning and effect, and in seminars you are given the opportunity to test out your understanding by applying these tools to the analysis of a number of extracts from literary texts. The emphasis throughout the course is on you developing practical analytical skills.
Option modules:
Choose one from a list which may include-
Introduction to Intercultural Communication
Introduction to Intercultural Communication provides an overview of the main concepts, methodologies and data types of the field of intercultural communication and interpersonal pragmatics in a broader sense. By analysing real-life interactions, you'll study key topics such as relationality, culturally situated language use, misunderstandings, rituals, ideologies and politeness.
Introduction to Contrastive Linguistics
This module will give you an introduction to contrasting English with another language of your choice, for the purpose of learning more about language structure in general. You'll be asked to compare the given languages at the pragmatic, lexical, semantic, morpho-syntactic and phonological levels. The close examination of difference and universality aims to give you a foundation in key aspects of cross-linguistic study, and skills which are transferrable to language learning, teaching and translation.
History of English
This module introduces you to the history of the English language from the Anglo-Saxon period to the present day. You'll have the opportunity to focus on how English has developed historically, from its earliest origins in the Old English period, through its development into Middle English and then Early Modern English, to its present-day status as a global language. The key theme of the module is how English varies over time, and you'll be encouraged to examine how intra- and extra-linguistic factors have caused this.
Two options from a variety of modern language modules
Modern Foreign Language modules can be chosen from the available range and entry levels appropriate to the student's prior experience and knowledge.
Year 2
Core modules:
This module focuses on how the kind of language we use can vary according to such factors as our geographical or social background, the formality or informality of the speech situation and the purpose of the speech event. You'll have the opportunity to consider how the identity of speakers is represented by the way in which they use language. In addition, you'll have the chance to examine the roles that different languages play in different societies, with an emphasis on English in the 21st Century.
Language in the Workplace
This module provides you with the opportunity to undertake a work placement or a work-related activity within a language and/or intercultural context. You'll be asked to present work for assessment in the form of documentation associated with the placement or activity, a written log evaluation of the process, experience and outcomes, and an oral presentation on related issues and career planning.
Option modules:
Choose two from a list which may include-
Communication across Cultures
Communication across Cultures provides introduction to culture-specific interactional norms, by comparing linguistic behaviour in a range of target cultures. This module puts strong emphasis on cross-cultural rather than intercultural issues, giving you a wide comparative overview of interactional norms across cultures, with the aim of boosting your practical competence in interpreting cross-cultural differences in terms of language behaviour.
Conversation Analysis
This module focuses on informal conversation. Fundamental features of this variety will be explored, including the turn-taking system, turn construction units, storytelling, overlap, repair and preference. Discussion will include consideration of approaches to the study of language, and the relationship between language and society as a result of studying conversation analytic findings.
This module focuses on the linguistic analysis of style in language. It aims to improve your skills in text analysis through the introduction of a range of cutting-edge theories, frameworks and methods for literary and non-literary stylistic analysis. You'll have the opportunity to explore the relationship between form and function in language by analysing a wide range of texts and investigating such issues as text style, genre style and authorial style.
Corpus Linguistics
Corpus linguistics focuses on the techniques of computational corpus-based language study. The module concentrates on the analysis of electronic linguistic corpora using corpus linguistics software packages such as AntConc and WMatrix. Corpus linguistics methodologies are used to illuminate such areas of linguistics as grammar, lexicography and stylistics. Additionally, you'll have the chance to examine how to build, store and exploit your own corpora for linguistic analysis.
After considering the scope of pragmatics (language use) and its place in the study of language and communication, this module covers its major conceptual foundations (speech act theory, deixis, presupposition, implicature, relevance theory, context) and then proceeds to introduce its major developments and applications (the pragmatic perspective on conversational structure; interpersonal pragmatics, intercultural pragmatics; discursive pragmatics; metapragmatics.)
Field Linguistics
This module introduces you to the history and practice of field linguistics and helps you to acquire the skills needed for successful description of unfamiliar languages. Imagine you are the first literate person to contact an isolated village of speakers of a previously undiscovered language. Your group will have the opportunity to work with one speaker of a language unknown to you, to discover some of the regularities of sounds and structures that make up this language.
Phonetics and Phonology
This module develops your skills in the phonetic and phonological approach to language analysis. It will build upon your knowledge from Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics, while introducing new levels of phonetic and phonological analysis. This module will cover the basics of acoustic analysis of speech, commonly used phonological notation, and the position of phonology within linguistics. You will be introduced to a new piece of software to conduct acoustic analysis of speech and also be provided the tools to analyse and describe sound alternations in different languages.
The aim of this module is to develop the tools of syntactic analysis and description that you began to acquire in 'Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics'. You will be introduced to a more formal syntactic framework, specifically Minimalist Generative Syntax, which will be contrasted with other generative and non-generative approaches. You will be introduced to the theoretical motivations behind Minimalism and apply the theoretical apparatus to solve syntactic problems. This will provide a more nuanced understanding of the grammatical features of language, how languages differ and how grammatical relationships are realised.
Two options from a variety of modern language modules
Modern Foreign Language modules can be chosen from the available range and entry levels appropriate to the student's prior experience and knowledge.
Year 3
Core module:
Dissertation In English Language and Linguistics
You'll be asked to produce an extended piece of work supervised individually by a member of staff. There will be a regular schedule of supervisions and you'll be asked to submit evidence of your progress (outlines, drafts, etc.) at regular intervals. The skills workshops will focus on raising your awareness of research practices, and developing your organisational and self-management skills.
Option modules:
Choose two from a list which may include-
Relations Across Cultures
The module studies a wide range of interpersonal pragmatic practices, focusing on how relationships are co-constructed in interaction. Instead of approaching interpersonal relations as stand-alone phenomena, the module provides an analytic view to encourage you to capture these practices in a single framework, by approaching them as social actions situated in time and space.
Translation in Practice
This module introduces you to the translation theory and provides the instruction and setting for translation practice. You'll have the opportunity to explore translation history and the emergence of translation studies, the current problems and issues in the field. You'll be supported to apply these theoretical concepts to texts, evaluating the difficulties and problems faced in the translation process. You'll be encouraged to examine the tools to overcome difficulties and the vocabulary to describe and criticise translations. You'll also have the chance to explore the practicalities of the translation business, from seeking work to using technologies available.
Audiovisual Translation
This module allows you to explore current issues and practices in a number of aspects of audiovisual translation (AVT), including subtitling, audio description and dubbing for TV and film drama. The module aims to develop your understanding of the effects of decisions made in the process of audiovisual translation, and to use linguistic insights to improve professional practice in this area. You'll have the opportunity to explore both the theoretical and practical aspects of audiovisual translation and gain knowledge of the industry.
Language of Humour
This module focuses on how the kind of language we use can vary according to such factors as the geographical or social background of the speaker, the formality or informality of the speech situation and the purpose of the speech event. In addition, you'll have the opportunity to consider how the identity of speakers is represented by the way in which they use language, and how speakers interact with others in order to achieve particular conversational goals.
This module explores bilingualism and multilingualism, describing the phenomena and learning how they are acquired, practised and lost in speakers. You'll have the chance to explore the social contexts surrounding multilingualism, such as education and community, as well as social attitudes towards multilingualism.
Language and Power
You'll have the opportunity to explore issues relating to language and power and how to apply the techniques of critical linguistics to example texts ranging from casual conversation to political speechmaking. Techniques you'll have the chance to study include the analysis of naming, transitivity, modality, speech and thought representation, presupposition, opposition, negation and deixis. You'll also be encouraged to read and discuss extracts of the seminal work in this field.
Child Language Acquisition
This module provides an introduction into the way in which children acquire language. Along with overviewing some general issues such as the acquisition of vocabulary and grammar, the module explores the procedure of acquiring social skills through language learning. This 'socialisation' process spans expression of one's emotions via language, through the proper use of conventional language, to distinguishing between the norm of language use in group and individual settings. The module aims to train you to collect and critically analyse language data produced by children.
Face and Politeness
This module is about how people get on – or don't get on – with each other. It explores why people say the things they say and do the things they do, the effects of these actions on their feelings and sense of self, and how they evaluate what people say and do as polite or rude, friendly or unfriendly, acceptable or unacceptable.
Forensic Phonetics and Forensic Linguistics
This module provides an introduction to forensics as it is applied to both speech (Forensic Phonetics) and text (Forensic Linguistics). On this module you will learn about the roles speech and text play as evidence in the courtroom as well as for criminal investigations. You will be introduced to a range of topics from both forensic phonetics and forensic linguistics that will enable you to situate the use of language in the real world and to analyse speech and written language from a forensic perspective. The topics introduced through this module will be supported by lectures and hands-on lab work.
Two options from a variety of modern language modules
Modern Foreign Language modules can be chosen from the available range and entry levels appropriate to the student's prior experience and knowledge.
Important information
We will always try to deliver your course as described on this web page. However, sometimes we may have to make changes as set out below.
We review all optional modules each year and change them to reflect the expertise of our staff, current trends in research and as a result of student feedback. We will always ensure that you have a range of options to choose from and we will let students know in good time the options available for them to choose for the following year.
We will only change core modules for a course if it is necessary for us to do so, for example to maintain course accreditation. We will let you know about any such changes as soon as possible, usually before you begin the relevant academic year.
Sometimes we have to make changes to other aspects of a course or how it is delivered. We only make these changes if they are for reasons outside of our control, or where they are for our students' benefit. Again, we will let you know about any such changes as soon as possible, usually before the relevant academic year. Our regulations set out our procedure which we will follow when we need to make any such changes.
When you enrol as a student of the University, your study and time with us will be governed by a framework of regulations, policies and procedures, which form the basis of your agreement with us. These include regulations regarding the assessment of your course, academic integrity, your conduct (including attendance) and disciplinary procedure, fees and finance and compliance with visa requirements (where relevant). It is important that you familiarise yourself with these as you will be asked to agree to abide by them when you join us as a student. You will find a guide to the key terms here, where you will also find links to the full text of each of the regulations, policies and procedures referred to.
The Higher Education Funding Council for England is the principal regulator for the University.
As part of the compulsory second year 'Language in the Workplace' module you will have the chance to gain valuable experience spending 6 weeks in a work placement or work related activity. This will help you to understand how the language skills you aim to develop through your course can be applied to communication in the workplace. Some of our previous students have gained real-world experience in various teaching environments, in publishing houses and in marketing roles. Previous placement providers have included Pen and Sword Books, Oldham Evening Chronicle, Lotherton Hall, Rochdale Law Centre and a range of primary and secondary schools.
The ERASMUS+ exchange provides an optional short term (12 or 24 weeks) opportunity to study abroad at one of our partner universities where you join in classes and receive credits towards your degree at the same time. We have partnerships with universities in Athens, Ghent, Granada, Hanover, Paris and the USA.
Career opportunities
95% of graduates from courses in this subject area go on to work and/or further study within six months of graduating. In a competitive global marketplace, by combining your major subject choice with a modern language you could add extra value to your skills and knowledge. Many potential employers have overseas offices and do business around the world. Developing the ability to speak a foreign language is likely to help to improve your employability prospects.
The course also aims to help you develop skills in communication, self-motivation, teamwork, analysis, creative problem solving and persuasiveness. These are skills generally widely valued by potential employers.
Our English Language graduates have gone on to a variety of careers within publishing, broadcasting, teaching, writing, advertising, management, politics and local government. A selection of companies that have employed Huddersfield graduates in recent years include BBC, Zurich Financial Services, Brighouse Echo, Ernst and Young*. Others have opted for PGCE study and have become teachers, or continued their studies at postgraduate level. *Source: Linked In.
Teaching and assessment
15% of the study time on this course is spent in lectures and seminars etc. This is supported by opportunities for individual consultation with staff. You are encouraged to participate in group and pair work and in presentations.
Assessment includes essays, textual analyses, formal examinations and group presentation. Your module specification/course handbook will provide full details of the assessment criteria applying to your course.
Feedback (either written and/or verbal) is normally provided on all coursework submissions within three term time weeks – unless the submission was made towards the end of the session in which case feedback would be available on request after the formal publication of results.Feedback on exam performance/final coursework is available on request after the publication of results.
Huddersfield is the only University where 100% of the teaching staff are Fellows of the Higher Education Academy.*
*permanent staff, after probation: some recently appointed colleagues will only obtain recognition in the months after their arrival in Huddersfield, once they have started teaching.
Our language and linguistics facilities include flexible learning rooms equipped with video conferencing equipment, language laboratories with specialist software, interactive smart boards with all-round ceiling projection and audio-visual cabinets with the usual CD/DVD playback and PC and laptop connections.
In the University Library and Computing Centre (LCC) you will find language and linguistics subject specialists to help you find and use source materials. The LCC contains modern IT facilities with 24-hour access and comfortable spaces for you to work alone or in small groups. It also contains our rapidly-expanding collection of linguistics materials, including journal and newspaper articles, books, audio recordings, and a range of electronic databases (such as Early English Books Online) and several linguistic corpora (e.g. the 100-million-word British National Corpus), together with the software for their analysis.
You'll also have access to The Modern Language Centre computers, equipped with specialist language-learning software, and digital satellite television. The labs contain magazines, newspapers, reference books, audio and audio-visual materials.
How much will it cost me?
In 2017/18, the tuition fee for UK and EU students at the University of Huddersfield will be £9,250.
Tuition fees will cover the cost of your study at the University as well as charges for registration, tuition, supervision and examinations. For more information about funding, fees and finance for UK/EU students, including what your tuition fee covers, please see Fees and Finance. Please note that tuition fees for subsequent years of study may rise in line with inflation (RPI-X).
If you are an international student coming to study at the University of Huddersfield, please visit the International Fees and Finance pages for full details of tuition fees and support available.
Please email the Student Finance Office or call 01484 472210 for more information about fees and finance.
Course scholarships available – up to £3000. More details.
If you decide to apply for a course that includes a work placement, a Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) check may be required to enable you to undertake that placement in settings with children (e.g. within a School). Should the organisation you are going to be working in require one to be undertaken, the School will support you to apply for a check. Please note that there is a charge for the DBS check which is approximately £44.
Further study
Progression to a postgraduate course is dependent on successful completion of your undergraduate studies, there may also be minimum qualification requirements such as a first class or higher second (2.1) degree. Please check the course details to confirm this.
You may be interested in studying: Business English and Intercultural Communication MA English Language and Applied Linguistics MA English Language and Applied Linguistics MA(Distance Learning) Intercultural Communication MA Communication Cultural and Media Studies (MA by Research) English Language and Literature (MA by Research)
If you're an international student (including EU) you can check if you meet our entry requirements (both academic and English language) by visiting our country pages.
If you do not meet the entry requirements you can consider completing a degree preparation programme (if you are from a country outside of the EU) at the University's International Study Centre (ISC). You can call the ISC on +44 (0) 1273 339333 to discuss your options. You can also complete the online application form or to ask a question please fill in the enquiry form and talk to one of our multi-lingual Student Enrolment Advisers.
If your English language is not at the required level (IELTS 6.5 overall), we have a range of Pre-Sessional English programmes that you can enrol on before starting your degree course. You will not need to take an IELTS test after completing one of our Pre-Sessional English programmes.
How to apply
We hope you are interested in what you have seen and want to apply to join us.
If you are a student from the UK or from a country in the European Union (EU), you can find application information here.
If you are an international student from outside the European Union (EU), you can find application information here.
Research community
Research plays an important role in informing all our teaching and learning activities. Through research our staff remain up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, which means you develop knowledge and skills that are current and highly relevant to industry. English is a thriving subject area with a strong research culture in language, linguistics, literature and creative writing that is internationally recognised and of a high collaborative standard. There are currently two research groups in English: the Centre for Intercultural Politeness Research and the Stylistics Research Centre. Current individual staff research projects also include: Grist: The Anthology of New Writing and The Anne Clifford Project.
For more information, see the Research section of our website.
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English Language BA(Hons) English Language and Literature BA(Hons) English Language with Creative Writing BA(Hons) English Language and Linguistics BA(Hons) English Literature BA(Hons) English Literature with Creative Writing BA(Hons)


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I've always had an issue with how my breasts looked. Three only time they looked normal was after i had my daughter and my milk came in. Even then, the shape looked weird, they were just bigger. I decided i was tired of how i looked one day and decided to make a few consultations.. I set my date to april 21st. I can't wait to finally get this over with and move on!
Tuberous breasts correction. Very exciting- Houston, TX
I've always had an issue with how my breasts...
home from surgery
Surgery was this morning and im pretty sore. I can't take my bandage off until tomorrow and i can honestly say that's bothering me more than my chest is. It seems like its pulling me down and making me slouch ( could be the implants too i guess). Pretty excited to take this thing off tomorrow. Ended up doing 300 cc sillicone, moderate plus implants with crease inciscion. Im having a bit more pain than i expected but it's not completely unbearable
saturday! day 3
Hello little ladies! Well, my sleep has been horrible but luckily i haven't felt the need to sleep much. I can't sleep more than about 1 hr before waking up. On and off slept about 3 hrs this morning. I'm Feelin a bit better today and got to take off my bandage yesterday. Now wearin a pretty loose sports bra. Have not been having too much pain but im still swollen and my left boob is noticeably more sore/swollen than the right. Im going to give it another day or 2 before i ask the dr about it..I'm assuming its normal. Here are a few pics !!
sunday mornin
Feelin better today but my left side is still very sore. Im a bit dissapointed that i have such a wide space inbetween my breasts but Im hoping maybe it'll round out a bit once the swelling goes down. I know there's only so much that can be done depending on your anatomy. I also get a bit depressed abbot the fact Im still pointy. Since i had NO lower pole and pretty tight skin it seems like it might take a bit longer for the implant to fall into place. Im not discouraged! It's way too soon. Ill post pictures later since I've gotta get ready to go eat crawfish ..yumm
pretty good day So far
I have been waking up a bit less these days. About every3 hrs compared to ever1 hr. Feelin more rested. I felt my bra was super tight this morning And realized my swelling is going down a bit. Im looking more and more round with some dropping. Pretty happy about that!!
1 week!
Today marks one week since surgery. I've felt so much better since this morning. Still sore but only when i don't wear a bra, my movement is now easier with no pain. Of course i still hurt a bit here and there, but it's subsided for the most part. Swelling has gone down but im still lacking lower pole fullness. Im hoping this is due to my implants being high up still. I talked to my surgeon of a possible areola reduction in a few months to fix how much they stick out. That's about the only thing that's bothering me right now. As far as everything else, just being patient!
Today Im2 weeks post op. Im pretty happy and see changes every day. My left breast is moving a lot faster tha my right. It's dropping at a faster pace and seems to be more round than the right. I got 25 more ccs in that one shop im wondering if that has anything to do with it. Im still a bit sad because of my puffy nipples ( they make me boobs look really pointy) but once my breasts drop they will look a lot better. when i push my nipples in im able to notice my breasts being almost a perfectly round shape. Im giving it a few months and them i will decide if an areola reduction is what i want . I think I'm looking better than i expected.
3 weeks.
Tomorrow is 3 weeks since my surgery and Im doing terrific. My left breast is doing great and this morning i noticed my right has started catching up more. Now that they are rounding out a bit more and dropping a tiny bit into place they don't look as pointy. Right boobs still a bit pointy but will look better once the lower pole stretches out. Yayyy
4 weeks post op
I've been very good. Boobs are a lot softer and both sides seem to be moving smoothly. My stubborn right side isn't doing as good as the left, but im hoping the lower pole will stretch more. It looks a little more cone shaped than the right. I love the look from the front, but profile view Im still a bit sad ( right boob) unless my nipples are erect. Still way too early though. I can live with pointy nipples as long as the breast itself keeps rounding out. As far as size, i Wish i could have gone a little bit bigger. I have always had a large gap and i wonder if it wouldn't have been so big had i gone a bit larger. Don't know if they will look a bit fuller though so im hoping it changes in the next few weeks.Now for pictures!
5 wks out
I've been a lot happier with my breasts recently. Rounder and dropping into place a bit everyday. My inciscions, while still red are during pretty well. I'm using silicone on then and i think its helping. Everyday seems better so im happy
almost 2 months later
Doing much better. Both breasts have been rounding out and seem much much less pointy. Left boob is amazing! Less tuberous looking and bigger. Can't complain honestly
september update
Hey guys! Long time no update. Things have been great and im very happy. My boobs feel and look amazing. Here's a few pics
ALmost a year post p
Hey guys.. I realized I haven't been on here in a very long time. Just wanted to post an update. I have been doing absolutely amazing. Ive settled into my new body and have no complaints. I have gotten a few emails from other ladies that have tuberous breasts breasts and are on the fence about surgery. My honest opinion is to go for it! best thing I ever did , I will put some pics up tomorrow
Great Doctor - Breast augmentation in april 2016. Amazing doctor, amazing results! I received 300/325 cc implant and the look, feel is amazing. I had underdeveloped and oddly shaped breasts since I can remember, and I finally feel confident. Great doctor and would recommend.
5 out of 5 stars
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Cranberry Pie
Recipe by Mary the Disturbed
Most cranberry pie recipes mix cranberries and some other fruit, since cranberries are so tart. This recipe uses all cranberries, mixed with a small amount of sugar and topped with a butter-sugar-oat crumb topping that melts and drizzles down into the berries as the pie bakes. The resulting filling is tart but sweet enough, and the pie is just the thing if you don't want a super-sweet or very fatty dessert after a rich holiday dinner. About the butter: the original recipe in the Boston Globe called for 3/4 cup of butter. I found that excessive and cut it to 1/2 cup, which is still a bit much. You may want to experiment and cut it even more. There is a LOT of crumb topping, but use it -- you want lots of crumb. This makes a BIG pie!
Top Review by Misty G
There was so much crumb mixture, and since I wasn't supposed to press it into the berries, I ended up with a huge mound in the center (think coneheads). It was impossible to get all the crumb mixture on top - I would really like suggestions or tips from others. I had to cut into the pie right away, and it is definitely better after cooled like recipe says b/c it sets up a lot as it cools. I found it too sugary/sweet, but the other taster loved it (that is backwards for us).
See Discussion:2 Reviews
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 unbaked pie shell, 9 inch
- 6 cups fresh cranberries
- 1⁄2 cup flour
- 3⁄4 cup rolled oats
- 1⁄2 cup unsalted butter
- 1 1⁄4 cups sugar
- 1 1⁄4 cups brown sugar
- 1⁄2 teaspoon salt
Directions See How It's Made
- Wash the cranberries and drain. Remove any mushy or scary-looking ones (it's okay if some are a bit whitish, but the ideal is deep red and firm).
- In a large bowl, combine the flour, oats, brown sugar, and all but 1/4 cup of the white sugar. Cut in the butter until the mixture forms small clumps that crumble easily.
- In a medium bowl, combine the salt and 1/4 cup white sugar. Add the cranberries and toss to coat.
- Spoon the cranberries into the pie shell, mounding slightly in the center.
- Using your fingers, sprinkle the crumb topping over the berries. Do not press the topping into the berries.
- Bake at 375 until the topping is golden brown and the fruit is bubbling around the edges (about 40 minutes). Serve at room temperature.