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1 Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia r.olume 108 pagrne Maggio 2002 THE ''GERMANIC'' TRIASSIC OF SARDINIA (ITALY): A STRATIGRAPHIC, DEPOSITIONAL AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC REVIEV LUCA G. COSTAMAGNA & SEBASTIANO BARCA Recehed Awgust 3, 2AaA; dccepted December 12, 2A01 Key-Words: stratigraphl', sedimentologl., carbonate ramp, "Ge r- manic" Triassic, "Sephardic" Realm, Sardinia. Rìassunto. La raccolta di nuovi dati stratigrafico-sedimentoiogìcì ha portato ad una revisione delle conoscenze sul ciclo di sedimentazione trìassico in Sardegna. I più importanti affioramenti triassici sono stati rivisitati, reinterprerari e reinqurdr:ti in un contesto organico. Viene proposto un quadro stratigrafico dettagliato ed omogeneo! composto da unità formali ed informali, viene precisato il significato paleoambientale di tali unità e viene Iornito un piìr preciso inquadramento paleogeografico delle successioni interessate, evidenziando anche le analogie sia con il ripico Trìas germanico deil'europa centrale che con la biofacies sefardica mediotriassica dell'europa occidentale e dell'africa settentrionale. Le unità litostratigrafiche basaii, prevaientemente silicoclastiche e discordanti sul basamento Paleozoico, sono assimìlabili all'associazione di facies "Buntsandstein". La loro datazione indica un'età generalmente anisica. Il loro ambiente di sedimentazione è compreso fra il continentale-transizionale di elevata energia sino alla piana alluvionale gradualmente trasgredita da un mare epicontinentale. Al di sopra si passa ai complessi carbonatici deli'assocìazione di facies "Muschelkalk", da dolomitici alla base a generalmente calcarei alla sommità. La datazione di talì complessi è riferibile al Ladinico. Gli ambienti deposizionali rpottzzati sono riferibili ad una rampa carbonatica suddivisibile in r.ari subambienti ed inquadrabile nell'ambito di un ciclo rra\gre\\i\ o-regres\i\o. Le rare successioni triassiche superiori dell'ìsola indicano 1'esistenza durante questo periodo di condizioni deposizionalì differenzrate fra nord e sud. A sud gli ambienti deposizionali sono ancora di piattatorma carbonatica, con subambienti lagunarì o marini marginali, mentre a nord sono rappresentati da facies evaporitico-silicoclasticocarbonatiche di ambienti fra paralico-continentali e lagunrri risrretri, inferiormente molto simili al "Keuper" germanico. Le evidenze rinvenute rendono plausibile I'ipotesi dell'appartenenza delle successioni trìassìche superiorì della Sardegna meridionale ad un contesto ambientale di tipo transizionale, in posizione intermedia fra le successioni ad affinità aipino-tetidea ed il Trias germanico propriamente detto. In ultimo, è stato eseguito un tentativo di correlazione con i cìclì eu'tarìcì del Tri.r' medio-'uperrore. Abstract. The collection oi nes. lithostratigraphical and sedimentological data has allon-ed to re-examine the Triassic sedimentation cycle ìn Sardìnia. The most important outcrops have been revisited and their general setting reinterpreted. A detailed and homogeneous depositional, palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic picrure is proposed, pointing to the analogies v'ith both the typical Germanic Triassic of Central Europe, and the Middle Triassic Sephardic domain of -il/estern Europe and North Africa. The lower, essentially siliciclastic, lithostratigraphic units, resring discordantl,v on the Hercynian Palaeozoic basement, resemble the "Buntsandstein" facies association. They are generally of Anisian age. Theìr depositional environmenrs range lrom high-energy continental to transitional environments to the floodplain, where a shallow, epicontinental sea graduall,v transgressed. Overlaying these are the carbonate units of the "Muschelkalk" facies association. They are generally dolomitic at the bottorn passing to calcareous at the top. These deposits, generally of Ladinian age, formed in the r.arious subenvironments of a carbonate ramp. The few Upper Triassic successions in Sardinia point to the existence, during this period, of diverse depositional conditions in the North (Nurra) and South (Sulcìs) of the island. In southern Sardìnia, lagoon to shallow sea carbonate shelf deposition predominates, wìth minor amounts of evaporites and siliciclastics. By contrast, in Northern Sardinia mixed evaporitic-siliciclastic-carbonate facies of paraliccontinental (mudflat), locally restricted lagoonal environments, were deposited. The latter are very similar to the classic Germanic "Keuper" facies. These data suggest that the Upper Triassic successions in Southern Sardinìa can be set in a transitional environmental context betn-een the open Alpine-Tethyan domain and the Germanic Triassic Proper. An:rremnr h;s heen made to correlate these successions with the Miclclle to Late Triassic eustatic c\.cles. Introduction The Triassic successions in Sardinia have long been recognised (Bornemann 1881; Lovisato 1884, 1896; Oosterban 1,936; Yardabasso 1959, 1966; Damiani 8r Gandin 1973a,b,c; Gandin, 1977, 1978a,b). However, our research group has conducted studies aimed at completing the lithostratigraphic setting of the outcropping depo.irional sequences. Over the last few years we have devoted a major effort to the description and sedimentological interpre= tation of Triassic lithostratigraphic units, so as to gain a better knowledge of the depositional environments and their relationships (Barca et al. 1995b,c; Barca & Costamagna 1997a,1:: Barca et al Costamagna 1998, 2000; Costamagna et al. 2000). Dipartirnento di Scienze della Terra, Via Trentino 51., A91.27 Crgliari - Italx -
2 68 L,G Costdmagna G S. Barca In addition to new stratigraphical and sedimentological data, we have also attempted to apply to the Sardinian Triassic, the "Germanic" Triassic depositional model (Aigner 1984, 1985), based on a Middle Triassic carbonate homoclinal ramp. This sedimentary model has also been applied to the depositional context of the Triassic carbonates of Cataluia (Calvet & Tucker, 1e88) Geographic setting ARDIN - Location of main Triassic outcrops in Sardinia. Legend - 1: Scivu-ls Arenas; 2: Campumari; 3: Porto Pino; 4: Escalaplano; 5: Orroli; 6: Monte Maiore; /: Punta del Lavatoio; 8: Ghisciera Mala; 9: Cala Viola; 10: Monte Santa Giusta; 11: Monte Corredda; l2: Erula. Triassic outcrops are found throughout Sardinia (Fig. l), with the exception of the northeastern part of the island. Usually', the outcrops are limited in extension and thickness. The most complete succession, about 300 m thick, was found in the Cugiareddu borehoie (Pomesano Cherchi 1968), in the northwest (Nurra), and begins with "red beds", (probably of Permian age), unconformably overlaying the Hercynian basement (Gasperi & Gelmini 1979; Cassinis et al. 1996b). The "red beds" are in turn overlain by dolostones and limestones ("Muschelkalk") and then by claystones, gypsum and subordinate dolostones ("Keuper", attributed to the Carnian on the basis of the microflora, Pittau & Del Rio 1 e80). In other areas of the island, the Triassic outcrops are not so frequent and nowhere they are complete. They consist either of the lower part of the succession, ranging from the "Buntsandstein" facies group to the "Muschelkalk" facies group (Scivu-Is Arenas: Damiani & Gandin 1973c; Barca et al 1,995b; Barca & Costamagna 1997b; Costamagna Campumari: Cocozza &. Gandin, 7976;Barca & Costamagna 1997b; Costamagna Monte Maiore: Damiani 8r Gandin 1973a.b:Barca et ai. 1997; C.ostamagna 1998; Costamagna et al. 2O0O), or, of the upper part, ranging from the "Muschelkalk" to the "Keuper" facies group (Porto Pino: Barca Ec Costa- Fig.2 - Sephardic Realm outcrops and late Ladinian Sepharadic faunal distribution (modified from Parnes et al., 1985); 1) Protrachltceras bispanicum; 2) P arcbelaus ; 3 ) P. pseud.oarchelaus; 1) P ladinwm; 5) Iberites; 6) Daonella lommeli; 7) Sepharadic conodont-assemblage; 8) Sepharadic bivalveassemblage; 9) limits of the Sephardic realm; 10) boundary overthrusted. a { -- v o 500 tooo o 5 -{+lo scale
3 The Germanic Triassíc of Sardinia 69 2 F:ig. 3-1)- Scivu-Is Arenas, Arburese, Southwestern Sardinia: Punta Su Nuraxi hill. Here is located the Punta Su Nuraxi Fm. tvpe section: at the base, oyerl,ving the Palaeozoic basement (PZ) the first ledge (A) consists of the Bruncu Pilloni Mb. of the Punta S'Arridellì Fm.; at the top, rhe l.r.t ledge 'C ì' composed of the blue limestones of the Bruncu Zippìri Mb. of the Punta Su Nuraxi Fn.. In between (B), the whitish limestones of the Case Pìsano Mb. of the Punta Su Nuraxi Fm.. 2) - Campumari, Iglesiente, Souths-estern Sardinia: a vien' of the Campumari highlands. In the background, the Palaeozoic reliefs. 3) - Monre Sanra Cru'ra ridge. Nurra, Northr.estern Sardinia: overviesr magna 1.997a; Costamagna 1998; 2000). Average thickness is around m; only in the southwesternmost area (Porto Pino) is the Triassic succession more than 120 m thick. "Germanic" nature of the Sardinian Triassic i::u:t,: The affinity of the Triassic succession of Sardinia with those of the "Germanic" basin has long been well-established (Bornemann J 88 l; TornquisL 1902; Oosterban 1936). The typrcal tripartition of the sequence ("Buntsandstein", "Muschelkalk" and "Keuper" facies), the resemblance with the classic outcrop zones of the "Germanic" Triassic, together with evidence of a restricted environment and of the presence of evaporites enhance the possibility of correlation. Nevertheless, the attri-
4 7A L.G. Costamagna, S. Barca bution of the Sardinian Triassic to the "Germanic" Sephardic biofacies domain rather than to the German domain claimed by Hirsch ( ;1977) warranted further investigation. Based on faunistic features (Fig. 2), Hirsch (1971, 1972, 1977) established a precise distinction between various "Germanic" Triassic domains hypothesizing that the Corsica-Sardinia block belonged to the "Sephardic" biofacies domain, more precisely to the Sardo-Provengal subdomain. This hypothesis was substantiated by palaeontological and palaeogeographical data, such as the close affinities between the conodont assemblages of Provence/Sardinia and Iberian and Is raeli as s e mbla ge s containing Tar d o go n d o le lla ( Ep igo n - dolella) mwngoensis (Hirsch 1972). Ir{irsch (pers.com.) still maintains that the faunal taxa of the Middle Triassic Sardinian carbonate platform (especially bivaives, ammonoids and, as stated before, conodonts) exhibit at a specific level close affinity with the Sephardic taxa. The separation and drifting of the Corsica-Sardinia block from the European craton took place after the Aquitanian (Orsini et a1. ilso). According to Hirsch, the Sardo- ProvenEal subfacies could be a transitional palaeontological domain between a true "Sephardic" and a possibly "Tethyan" domain. In this paper new data on the lithological, sedimentological and palaeogeographic evolution have been produced to corroborate the hypothesis of a gradual transition, in the depositional environment of Sardinian between the "Germanic" and "Tethvan" Triassic domains. Sardinian Triassic successions The most important Sardinian Triassic successions are analysed in detail. They will be considered on the basis of their geographic location: SW Sardinia (Arburese, Iglesiente and Sulcis), SE Sardinia (Sarcidano, Gerrei) and NV Sardinia (Nurra). Southwest Sardinia (Arburese, lglesiente and Sulcis areas) Arburese : ScivuJs Arenas successlon The tiassic rocks in the Scivu-Is Arenas area (loc.1 in Fig 1; Fig. 3.1) had already been described by other workers (Bornemann 1881; Damiani & Gandin 1.973c; Chabrier & Mascle 1975) who merely distinguished among the various outcropping lithologies. \le have measured several sections of the Triassic succession in this area (Fig. 4). At Punta Su Nuraxi and Punta S'Arridelli detailed observations allowed to establish two new formations (Barca et al. 1995b): the Punta S'Arridelli Fm. and the Punta Su Nuraxi Fm. Punta S'Arridelli Formatì on The Punta S'Arridelli Fm., a transgressive (sensu Busson 1982) lithostratigraphic unit, rests disconformablv on the Palaeozoic basement. This unit consists tl E 'É iq g,'è à fi {to z;i =s :E (r.ì: = -o = 5i.È o-!, o- so =* e) 5E ) 9= t9 Ef O'= Eà r$e qà.9 FEfl it It il[--l 6)m s)v r/ 1 4)F ^l 3)[=l 2)m 1)ffi 'r\7^'/\"\, Fig. 4 - Scivu-Is Arenas (Arburese) (1oc.1 in Fig.1), Middle Triassic succession. Legend - 1: Palaeozoic red-purple sìates; 2: Conglomerates and conglomeratic sandstones; 3: Massive, cavernous dedolostones; 4: Collapse breccias; 5:'$fhitish, cavernous limestones; 6: Grey limestones; 7: Marly, bioturbated limestones. l.^^ v/ n rr /- u/u ^l.l n /n AAA /n J/ LJ -/ N- r r\--r--:- l'e rr r?l =- lal-: r r r r\f f ) f,à t.'.2aî II rl '10 m -t _[ 0m of a lower Su Ripostiggiu Mb. and an upper Bruncu Pilloni Mb. The Su Ripostiggiu Mb. is formed of a finingupward mixed sequence comprising reddish continental para- and orthoconglomerates and coarse sandstones, with few thin intercalations of calcitized carbonate layers gradually increasing upwards. Clasts consist of subrounded to subangular qtràrfz grains, basement fragments and volcanic detritus, the latter probably originating from the outcropping Permian volcanic complex of Punta Acqua Durci (Barca et al. 1995c). Small outcrops of Permian-?Carboniferous sedimentary deposits are located about 2 km northwards (Tuppa Niedda siliciclastic sequence; Barca et al. 1995b), but they never come into direct contact with the Triassic successions. This member, where present, has varying thickness of up to 20 m. Maximum thickness has been measured at Punta S'Arrideili. The Bruncu Pilloni Mb., a massive dedolomitized, locally cavernous, limestone, calcitized in its upper part, contains siliceous pseudomorphs after evaporites (producing a "chickenwire" structure locally) and scattered levels of dissolution-collapse breccias. The former
5 The Germanic Ti'iassic c,f Sardtnia 71 Fìg. 5 - A) - Punta Su Nuraxi (Scir.u-Is Arenas, Arburese), Punta Su Nur;rxi Fm.: close-up of :r collapse breccia I'ith clasts containing evaporitic molds (arron,s) in the Case Pisano Mb.: coin size 1.8 cm; B) - Punta Su Nuraxi (Scilu-Is Arenas, Arburese), Punta Su Nuraxì Fm.: folded carbonate layers due ro evaporìtes earl1- diegenesis in the C:rse Pisano I,{b.. C) - Punta de Su Fenu (Scivu-Is Arenrs, Arburese), Punta Su Nuraxj Fm.: mud-cracks in the Case Pisano lvfb.. D) Funtanamare (Can-rpumari, Iglesiente), Riu Is Corras Formrtion: bioturbation (Palaeophycus Sp.) in a reddish arenaceous siltite horizon semple. E) - Grifoneddu de S'Acqua stratigraphic section (Cempumari, Iglesiente): Campumari Fm.: sudden passage betu,een the Su Passu Malu ìr{b. larnjnated marlv dolostones and the Grrfoneddu de S'Acqua Mb. collapse breccia horizon. F) Rio Is Corras, Rio is Corras Form:rtion conglomerate ìerels. dolomitized nature of this carbonate rock is documented b,v calcitic pseudomorphosis on dolomitic cry-strls texture. It overlies the Su Ripostiggiu Mb., and is the lateral equivalent of its upper part. Locally angular clasts of quartz and lydite also occur. Occasionallv the Bruncu Pilloni Mb. rests directly on the deformed Palaeozoic basement. The thickness of this member ranges from 1 to 7 m. Maximum thickness has been measured at Punta Su Nuraxi. The age of the Punta S'Arridelli Fm. is partlv controversial: the top is confined to an earlier age rhan hre Anisian (Pelsonian/Illyrian) by a slightly unconformable mudstone well-dated through a rich palynological association (Barca et al. 1995b); however the base could not be dated. Based on facies considerations, an (early? to late) Anisian age could be tentative ly sugge sted for the entire succession. The total thickness of the Punta S'Arridelli Fm. varies up to 20 m. Punta Su lyuraxi Formalir.tn: The Punta Su Nuraxi Fm., separated from the Punta S'Arridelli Fm. bv a slight angular unconformity, is clearl,v distinguished from the latter by its lithological and sedimentological features and its overall lighter coiour. The Punta su Nuraxi Fm. is divided into the lower Case Pisano Mb. and the upper Bruncu Zippiri Mb'. The base of the Case Pisano Mb. begins with dark marly mudstones, passing 1atera1ly to a calichified palaeosoil which, together with a slight angular unconformifi', indicates a brief hiatus in sedimentation and the subsequent progressive rise of the relative sea level. The succession continues with one metre-thick whitish. massive, cavernous calcareous mudstones, with frequent siliceous pseudomorphs of evtrporitic minerals, "molds" of sulphates and halite (Fig. 5A), alternated with rvhitish, well-lavered calcarenites-calcilutites, containing parallel orr more rarel,v, cross laminations. Commonl,v, collapse-dissolution breccias composed of variouslv sized fragments (Fig. SA) and metre-size folds occur (Fig. 58) probably resulting from salt tectonics. Localized calcrete development phenomena are also present. Mud-cracks (Fig. 5C), low-angle cross laminations and scour marks related to rare storm deposits, have been also found. This member is between 1 and 2a m thick. Maximum thickness has been measured at the Punta Su
6 72 L.G. Costamagna & S. Barca Nuraxi section. Overlaying the Case Pisano Mb. is the Bruncu Zippiri Mb. The boundary is often marked by a thick (2 to 4 m) horizon of dissolution-collapse breccias. The first facies of this formation is represented by a bluegrey limestone with rare reddish intercalations (bioclastic grainstones-packstones), locally showing cross, waq/ and planar laminations, and containing bivalves, ostracodes, echinoderms, foraminifers and possibly algae. This facies passes rapidly first to massive calcarenite-calcilutite (packstones to w'ackestones), and finally b grey to grey-reddish marly, locally nodular, limestones (wackestones to mudstones). In its lower part the BruncuZippiri Mb. shows rare evidence of storm beds eroding the substrarum, while strongly bioturbated beds are contained in the upper part with trail prints previously defined as Rbizocorallium jenense Zenker (Bornemann 1881) and now classified as Planolites and Palaeophycus twbwlaris (Moore 1962; IJchman A., pers. com.). The member is around 15 m thick. At the base of the Case Pisano Mb., a rich microflora assemblage was detected in the dark mudstone layer (Barca et al. nesb). Here, the occurrence of a palynological association conraining Cristianisporites triangwlatws Antonescu, marker of the Pelsonian substage (Antonescu er ai. 1,976), correlatable with the "Mu 1" palynological phase of Brugman (1986), suggesrs a Pelsonian/Illyrian age (late Anisian) (Barca et al. t llsb). The presenc e of Costatoria goldfussi Alberti in Zíeten (sensu Marquez-Aliaga 1985) at the base of the Bruncu Zippiri Mb., close to the boundary with the Case Pisano Mb., in agreement with the biostratigraphic setting of the Sephardic Realm of rhe "Germanic" Province (Hirsch 1972, 1977; Marquez-Aliaga 1985; Marquez- Aliaga et al. 1986; Hirsch 1982; Hirsch et al. 1997; Hirsch 1991) to which the Corsica-Sardinia block belonged during the Triassic (Hirsch 1972, i.977,1987), probably indicates that the topmost part of the Punta Su Nuraxi Fm. belongs to the lower to middle part of the Longobardian (late Ladinian), before salinity crisis took place in the latest Ladinian (Kozur 1974;Haqet al. 1988; Hirsch 1991; Aigner & Bachmann 1992;Hirsch 1994). Total thickness of the Punta Su Nuraxi Fm. attains about m. Some remarks about the Scivu-is Arenas Triassic successton The Scivu-Is Arenas Triassic succession clearly represents the transgressive evolution (sensw Busson 1.982, relatlely to Punta S'Arridelli Fm.) of the tiassic sedimentation in this area. It also exhibits significant thickness and facies variations locally, corresponding to interfingerin g and partraliy diachronous environments. In fact, the Triassic marine transgression probabiy extended over an area rhat was nor totally peneplaned or was contemporaneously affected by synsedimenrary rectonics. Note also the presence of a slight angular unconformity, marked by calcretes and dark mudstone levels, between the Punta S'Arridelli and Punta Su Nuraxi Fms. These data, associated with the presence of faults curring the Punta S'Arridelli Fm. but nor rhe overlying Punta Su Nuraxi Fm., seem to corroborate the hypothesis of an ephemeral emersion, possibly associated with an exrensional tectonic phase during the late Anisian (PelsonianlIllyrian). Total thickness of the Scivu-Is Arenas Triassic succession attains about m. lglesiente: Campumari succession Riu is Corras Formation The Campumari succession (Cocozza 1966; Cocozza & Gandin 1976;Barca & Costamagna 1,997b; Costamagna 1998) (loc.2 in Fig. 1; Fig. 3.2), resting in angular unconformity on the Hercynian basement, is represented at the base by the Riu Is Corras Fm. (Barca & Costamagnal99Tb). This consists of alternating bed.s of coarse, polygenic conglomerates (Fig. 5F) from grain- to matrix-supported (ortho- and paraconglomerates after Tircker 1996), with rare, thin and discontinuous horizons of reddish, locally bioturbated (Palaeopbycus sp., Fig. 5D) siltites and fine sandsrones and variousiy calichified dolostones and limestones, frequently showing nodular structures, with very rare íntercalations of calichified sandstones (Fig. 6). The matrix is usually carbonate. The clasts, subangular to subrounded in shape, have a maximum diameter of 15 cm and their mean size does not change upwards. On the other hand, the kind of clasts varies gradually towards the top and laterally: as a representative example, at the base carbonate clasts are frequent (Cambrian and locally Siluro- Devonian clasts), gradually petering our upwards, where only qiartz and siliciclastic meramorphic rocks clasts are observed. Conglomeratic layers, again rarely calichified, usually exhibit chaoric srructures, although a rough graded bedding is not infrequent, while welldeveioped graded bedding and imbricarions are very rare. When the conglomerate layers overlay carbonates, the boundary surfaces are eroded, whereas they remain undisturbed when the conglomerate layers are underlain by carbonates. In some cases in the carbonate layers it is possible ro observe complete soil profiles with calcretes development phenomena gradually increasing towards the top of the sequences (Cocozza &. Gandin 1976; CoIacícchi Er Gandin 1,978a).In some calichified reddish layers specimens of characeae algae have been found. The formation is transgressive (sedimentary transgression sensu Busson 1982) over the Hercynian basement irregularly crossed by erosion channels. The lateral relationships between the described rock types (conglomerates and carbonates) change rapidly. Never-
7 Tbe Germanic Triassic of Sardinia a1 3)- 2) E{ql 1)W Fig.6 - Riu Is Corras (Campumari, Iglesiente) (loc.2 in Fìg.1;, Rìu Is Corras Fm. type secrion (22 m). Legend - 1: Purple to greenish slates; 2: Polygenic conglomerates with rare sandstone layers; 3: Calcretes. 10 m T theless, comparison of several stratigraphic logs clearly indicates that the percentage of carbonate sediments in the succession increases what is now southwards. The Riu Is Corras Fm. has a maximum thickness of 24 m on the west side of Riu Is Corras valley. The age of tàis formation is conrroversial; the top of the formation, marked by a slight disconformity, is in fact overlain by the carbonates of the Campumari Fm. (Barca & Costamagna 1997b) characterized at the base by a discontinuous level of dark mudstones containing a late Anisian microflora (Stellapollenites mwelleri; Pittau Demelia Er Del Rio 1980). It is not possible ro accurately date the base of the formation because of the absence of biostratigraphic markers. The presence, in the lower part, of a barite and chalcopyrite vein eroded by subsequent conglomeratic events of the upper part, suggests a correlation of the lower levels with the post- Hercynian Permian hydrothermalism (Fontana et al. 1,982). The conglomeratic facies of the Riu Is Corras Fm. could be considered as a molassic Hercynian facies, aged between Permian and Middle Triassic, although several periods of erosion cannot be excluded. In addition, several similarities have been observed berween the congiomerates in the lower part of this formation and the matrix-supported conglomerates ar rhe rop ("red beds" facies) of the Guardia Pisano Permian succession (Barca et al l99z). In fact ar least the lower part of the Guardia Pisano succession is Autunian in age (recent radiometric dating of zircons with U-Pb methods gave an age of Ma; Pittau et al.20a2, tn press), while the upper part ("red beds" facies) could be more recent (Late Permian?). So, the Riu Is Corras Fm. can only partially (upper part) and dubiously be attributed to the "Buntsandstein" facies group. I I0m Campumari Formation. The Riu Is Corras Fm. is overiain, through a disconformity surface, by a dolomitic unit, named Campumari Fm. (Barca & Costamag na 1997b), consisting of the Su Passu Malu Mb. and the Grifoneddu de S'Acqua Mb. (Barca & Costamagna 1997b). At Grifoneddu de S'Acqua the Campumari Fm. (Fig. Z) has a maximum thickness of 27.2 m, the Su Passu Malu Mb m and the Grifoneddu de S'Acqua ivld. lj.,/ m. The Su Passu Malu Mb. consists initially of a thin marly-clayey greenish-blackish horizon, locally rich in piant debris. A level of dark, locally stromatolitic dolostones, some decimetres thick and containing numerous former sulphatic, now calcitic nodules with "chickenwire structure" follows abruptly. These layers are overlain by yellowish, thinly stratified, laminated marly dolostones, rich in sulphate pseudomorphs and chert nodules. Locally, stromatolitic (rarely with fenestral fabric) facies also occur. The main feature of this rock type (and of all the Su Passu Malu Mb.) is the gradual increase of disturbance (folding) upwards, probably caused by gypsum tectonics (Coiacicchi tr Gandin 1978b). Near the upper boundary of the laminated dolostones the folds pass to chaotic structures, some similar to the better known "tepee". Rare mud-cracks and ripple marks structures have been also recognized. The Grifoneddu de S'Acqua Mb. consists at its base of a 1 to 2 m thick collapse breccia horizon (Fig. 5E). The breccia is composed of angular clasts of bluegrey limestone and rarer prismatic yellowish marlydoiostone clasts embedded in a blue-grey carbonate matrix. Numerous chert nodules, up to a few decimetres in size, are present. Locally the breccia matrix contains pseudomorphs after sulphates. Finally grey, first massive and then well-stratified, dolostones follow. Some horizons, mainly those in the lower part of the member, are characterized by pseudomorphs after either gypsum or anhydrite and display planar and cross laminations while others (grainstones), higher up the succession, contain bioclasts (bivalves? echinoderms?). Grain size decreases upwards (wackestones) and close to the top of the succession (Riu Is Cor'ias area) some layers show clear evidence of bioturbation (Rbizocoralliwm jenense Zenker; Cocozza Er Gandin 1976). This bioturbated facies closes the dolomitic succession. At the base of the Su Passu Malu Mb. the marlyclayey horizon, rich in plant debris, contains a palynomorph association of late Anisian age (Stellapollenites muelleri; Pittau Demelia & Del Rio 1980). Based on the palynological association, the bottom of the Campumari Fm. is attributed to the late Anisian, while the top is thought to be at least of early Ladinian age on account of the analogies with facies of other Triassic outcrops (Scivu-Is Arenas).
8 L.G. Costamagna f: S. Barca : v-j-7 10) a--7-l '=_--l 10m t- I0m e) 8) 7) a-71 l^/^l -l-t l;r-1 E--z-;-= 6) tr = t1 5) t--l tr-- 4) 3) 2) 1) ffi r; r, l/ / l t! -.tr:ql ti',,'ll-m f.,/\u\/^.1 l'\ \/\,N 'a a 6.(s (l)j X.e =, va xa o(ú o;= fiar :P!2(Ú.9J od' ffe 2Om T I I0m 5)m 4)F qw:l -l 2\=a=l =l 't:-:j I=TI ' l7-l Fig.7 - Grifoneddu de S'Acqua (Campumari, Iglesìente) (loc.2 in fig.i), Campumari Fm. type section (26 m). Legend - 1: Purple to greenish slates; 2: Pol,r'genic conglomerates n'ith rare sandstone layers; 3: Calcretes; 'l: Sandstones; 5: Green marly clays passing to black clayey dolostones; 6: Laminated clayel' dolostones; 7: C ayey dolostones with folded carbonate layers due to evaporìtes early diagenesis, coliapse dissolution breccias and tepee structures; 8: Collapse breccias;9: Dolostones; 1O: Dolostones with evaporitìc pseudomorphs horizon'. Fig.S - Porto Pìno (Sulcis) (loc.3 in Fig.1), Cala su Trigu Unit succession. Legend - 1: Fenestral bindstones, cross-laminated dolostones, intraclastìc dolostones and cavernous dolostones; 2: Alternating beds of coarse to thin bìoclastic dolostones with storm-layers; 3: Oolitic dolostones; 4: Caicareous dolostones; 5: Dolomitic limestones and dolo- ' slone\i 6: Varll ìime'tones. Sulcis: Porto Pino Succession 'In the Porto Pino area (Marrini et al Barca & Costamagna 1997a:' Costamagna 1998, 2000) (loc. 3 in Fig. 1) stratigraphical and sedimentological studies produced evidence of two distinct Mesozoic sequences, forming different structural units (Barca & Costamagna 1997a,2AA0), affected by the "Alpine" Eocene tectonlcs (Pyrenean phase). This phase was the result of the transpressive to compressive movement of the Iberia plate against the European plate along the senestral North- Pyrenean fault. These tectonic units consist of Triassic to Jurassic sediments. These successions show well-distinct Triassic deposits, and contain different lithofacies that formed in distinct depositional environments. Cala su Trigu Unit sequence The westernmost Mesozoic sequence, corresponding to the "Cala Su Trigu Unit" (Barca & Costamagna 1997a) (Fig. 8), extends from the Middle?-Late Triassic to the Early Dogger; the Triassic to Liassic portion is composed at the base of the Scollieddu Dolostones Fm. (Barca & Costamagna 1.997a; Costamagna 2000) concordantly overlain by the Midcile Jurassic (Dogger) Medau Mereu Fm (Barca 8e Costamagna 1997a; Costamagna 2000). Scollieddu Dolostones Formation The Scollieddu Dolostones Fm. consists of grey, locally pinkish, frequently coarse dolostones passing gradually in the upper part to grey calcareous dolostones and dolomitic limestones. Rare red marly layers also occur. A variety of depositional textures and structures have been observed throughout the sequence; ooids, peloids, bioclasts, calcitic pseudomorphs after sulphates, cross and planar laminations and fenestral fabric are clearly visible. In the lower and, subordinately, middle part of the formation storm deposits are frequent and well-represented. Fossils (brachiopods, bivalves, corals,
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We continue the idea (from last time) of playing a best response to what we believe others will do. More particularly, we develop the idea that you should not play a strategy that is not a best response for any belief about others' choices. We use this idea to analyze taking a penalty kick in soccer. Then we use it to analyze a profit-sharing partnership. Toward the end, we introduce a new notion: Nash Equilibrium. Polak, Ben. ECON 159, Game Theory, Fall 2007. Yale OpenCourseWare: Economics, Accessed 30/9/14 http://oyc.yale.edu/economics/econ-159/lecture-4 License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA
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Parker's big night helps Spurs top HawksMar 26, 2009 - 3:10 AM ATLANTA (AP) -- Tony Parker spent the past month scoring big to compensate for the absence of Manu Ginobili. With Ginobili back, Parker picked up his scoring even more to help the San Antonio Spurs win without Tim Duncan.
Parker scored 42 points and the Spurs ended the Atlanta Hawk's eight-game home winning streak with a 102-92 victory on Wednesday night.
"In San Antonio there are high expectations," Parker said. "Nobody cares if Manu is out for 30 games and Timmy is in and out. They want to see us in the top and that's what we're trying to do."
Despite the loss, the Hawks clinched their second straight playoff spot, thanks to losses by Milwaukee, Charlotte and New Jersey.
Parker, who has held or shared the team lead in scoring in 16 of the Spurs' past 17 games, enjoyed his second-best scoring total of the season. He set a career high with 55 points at Minnesota on November 5.
Spurs coach Gregg Popovich rested Duncan the day after a home win over Golden State. Duncan already sat out back-to-back games earlier this month to rest his knees.
Parker made 18 of 25 shots and each of his six free throws.
"My shot was feeling good tonight and it opened up stuff for me in the second half," said Parker, who had 10 assists.
"I'm just going to try to keep it going and not be satisfied with myself because you know Pop is going to be on me the next game."
Hawks coach Mike Woodson said he tried different defensive schemes but none were effective.
"Parker was the difference tonight," Woodson said. "We were a step behind him from the very beginning."
The Hawks remained a step behind Parker to the end, when the guard scored six straight points after the Hawks cut San Antonio's lead to 96-90.
"It got to the point we didn't know what to do with him," Atlanta's Al Horford said. "He had a great night tonight."
Joe Johnson had 30 points, including Atlanta's first 11 points of the fourth quarter, but he had too little help as the Hawks suffered their first loss at Philips Arena since March 1.
No other Atlanta player scored in the final period until Mike Bibby's 3-pointer with 1:54 remaining and Josh Smith added a jam 30 seconds later to cut the Spurs' lead to 96-90.
"Joe was Joe, but we needed more than just Joe," Woodson said.
The Hawks have lost two of three, including a loss at Cleveland.
"It's disappointing because we are right there and we have lost to two elite teams in Cleveland and San Antonio," Maurice Evans said. "That's the true test, how you stack up against the best in the league."
Ginobili had two points in 13 minutes as he returned in a limited role after missing 19 games with a right ankle injury.
Roger Mason had 18 points and Michael Finley added 13 for the Spurs.
Flip Murray, who had a season-high 30 points against Minnesota on Monday, stayed hot by scoring 13 points in his first 8 minutes off the bench in the first half. Murray, who finished with 15 points, helped the Hawks stay close early despite Parker's 20 first-half points.
With Parker making 10 of 13 shots, the Spurs led 53-48 at halftime and stretched the lead to double figures at 72-61. Mason had back-to-back 3-pointers in a 12-3 run in the third period.
The Hawks answered with a 13-2 run to pull even at 74 entering the final period.
Ginobili was playing in his first game since February 11.
"I felt a little rusty and slow tonight," he said. "I wasn't expecting to have a great game. I just wanted to get back into game action."
Ginobili said Parker "managed the game from the opening tip to the last whistle."
"This is one of the best games I've seen Tony play," Ginobili said.
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Currency trading and the euro. The price of euro rose against the weakening US dollar, due to the publication of weak statistics on the manufacturing PMI in the US in August. Thus, the index unexpectedly fell to 49.4, against the forecast of 52.0. It should be noted that the figure below 50.0 points to the reduction in the sector. The comparable figure in the euro area fell by 0.1 to 51.7. Today, the focus will be on the publication of a report on the labor market in the US (12:30 GMT). In case of positive statistics, we expect a sharp decline in the euro against the background of the probability of the Fed raising interest rates this year. On Monday, in the US is a bank holiday. Our medium-term outlook remains negative.
Currency trading and the British pound. The price of the British pound showed confident growth against the US dollar on strong statistics on the manufacturing PMI in the UK, which unexpectedly rose to 53.3 vs. predicted 49.1. On the other hand, the same indicator in the USA showed a decrease, which weakened the dollar. A slight effect on the dynamics of trading will have statistics in the UK on construction PMI (08:30 GMT), but the main event of this week will be the release of the labor market data in the US that have a major impact on the dynamics of the British currency. Our medium-term outlook remains negative.
Currency trading and the Japanese yen. The price of the yen corrected after the recent decline caused by the appreciation of the US dollar and the increase in probability of increased divergence between the interest rate of the Federal Reserve and the Bank of Japan. A slight positive impact on the trading had the news on consumer confidence in Japan, which rose to 42.0 in August, against the forecast of 41.6. On Monday, the central event will be the speech of the Bank of Japan's chief Haruhiko Kuroda. Our medium-term outlook remains negative for the yen, but if the stock markets fall, we will see growing demand for defensive assets like the yen.
Currency trading and the Australian dollar. The price of the Australian dollar is corrected upwards within the downtrend. Support for prices was the decline of the US dollar, but the pressure was a negative dynamics of oil prices, which puts pressure on the commodity markets. a strong increase in volatility is expected today in connection with the important news from the United States, but the main event next week will be a statement by the Reserve Bank of Australia on monetary policy. We do not expect a decrease in interest rates of the Reserve Bank of Australia next Tuesday. Our medium-term outlook remains negative.
Currency trading and the New Zealand dollar. The price of the New Zealand dollar today shows a slight increase due to the negative dynamics of the US dollar. Investors expect a higher level of volatility today. The dynamics of prices in the near future will depend on the news from the US and Australia. Considering the possible reduction of the RBNZ interest rates and the strengthening of the US dollar, we keep a medium-term negative outlook.


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Look of the Day: Easy and Breezy
bearlylegal decided to go easy and breezy at the office. Her color combination is unique and the polka dot scarf adds a nice Parisian touch to her outfit.
Here's what she has on:
- Dress: Anne Taylor Loft
- Cardigan: Gap
- Shoes: Gen.R.ation
- Scarf: Target
Congrats to /bearlylegal!
Everyone else, submit your looks and I might feature you on FabSugar! If you live overseas and have a Fab outfit to share, join the Overseas Fashionistas Group, to submit a Look in this group learn how to post a blog.


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Admire the most beautiful places of Grottammare and add them to your basket. YAMGU will create your trip considering distances, opening hours and weather.
The Museum of Comic Illustration of Grottammare, housed in a historic dancing (Kursaal), over sixties to accommodate temporary exhibitions, preserves and exhibits a rich collection of about 300 works: drawings, movie posters and comic-satirical illustrations, made for free, inspired by the characters in the show and signed by some of the most important Italian artists and designers.
The Museum is housed in the parish church of San Giovanni Battista, located in the quaint old village, with beautiful view on the coast below. The medieval building, rebuilt by architect Pietro Maggi between 1792 and 1809, was decorated in 1911 by the painter Giuseppe sambenedettese Pauri. Single object of beauty and history is, finally, the chalice to the liturgical celebrations that Sixtus V he bequeathed to his country of origin. This is the most important work of the collection, housed in a shrine located in the bottom of the aisle.
The Museum houses a permanent exhibition devoted to works about 230, made by sculptor Pericle Fazzini and acquired by the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Ascoli Piceno.
Already in 1997 was formed within the municipal library of Grottammare a small collection of works, mostly drawings and lithographs, dedicated to the sculptor Pericle Fazzini. The purpose of this permanent exhibition was to create in the hometown of this esteemed and appreciated sculptor a place that they can endure and keep memory and art divulgasse, among those who had not had the good fortune and honor to know him. In 2004 t


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Was 'Gilmore Girls' always as racist, homophobic, and fat-shaming as the revival is?
Did anyone else cringe all the way through the Gilmore Girls revival? Not just because Rory has her head wedged up her ass for the duration of Gilmore Girls: A Year In The Life, or because the writers lazily rely on tired jokes about hipsters to show us how times have changed, or because of the awkward scene that references David Foster Wallace as David Wallace more than once. No, the deepest cringes are for the blatant racist, homophobic and fat shaming attitudes throughout the show's four installments.These are truly the things that make this year's most buzzed about reboot painful to watch.
Much like the Full House second series, Fuller House, Netflix's Gilmore Girls redux makes it excruciatingly obvious that what is in the past should stay in the past. Writer and creator Amy Sherman-Palladino has worked hard to stay faithful to the world she crafted for her characters, and while those characters were perhaps tolerable during the original 2000-2007 run, not having updated the show for today's slightly more inclusive TV landscape brings the casual racism, homophobia and body shaming of the former show into sharp focus.
In the early 2000s, when Gilmore Girls premiered, I was slightly younger than Rory and while her uber rich family and small-town New England life were not exactly relatable, her teen angst was. The people of Stars Hollow, whom she preferred to those who resided in stuffy Hartford, were lovable weirdos. Excepting the whole Logan storyline, it was fun to watch Rory reject high-society life in favor of her simple roots. (Admittedly, that's a huge thing to overlook; Rory definitely leaned the fuck in on high-society life eventually. At least the parts of it that advantaged her, while still hanging out in Stars Hollow enough to think she wasn't totally a part of the one-percenter world that she was actively benefitting from. Anyway, Rory sucks but that isn't even the point right now.)
In those early aughts, minority representation on TV was pitiful (to say the least), so the fact that multiple actors of color were featured in the main cast was progressive, at least on the surface. Casting Rory's best friend as Korean-American appeared groundbreaking…until you took into account that her mother, Mrs. Kim, was a grating Tiger Mother stereotype and that all of the other Koreans in Stars Hollow besides Lane were treated as a monolith. Lorelai's coworker Michel is a closeted gay black Frenchman, which again, was novel. Except that he's reduced to an accent joke every time he's on screen. Time and again, in the Gilmore world, an accent means you're not worthy of being understood. By the far the most condescending storyline is a recurring gag wherein Emily Gilmore's help—always foreign, almost always women of color—are interchangeable and disposable.
The thing about nostalgia, which is all the more clear in a Trump's America™, is that it romanticizes good, even mediocre, even horrible, and washes out all unpleasantries, even if the unpleasantries are definitive to the thing being romanticized. Problematic as the show was, the elements that endure are the close relationship between Lorelai and Rory that all mothers and daughters sort-of-kind-of wish they had, the fast-talking, the unexpected cameos (Norman Mailer?), and the inhuman coffee consumption.
For those wondering if the Netflix version is anything like the original, it is, especially in the way that it continues to fetishize skinny white women and caricature anyone who doesn't fit that mold. I didn't grow up in a small town, so forgive me — maybe people truly are that incapable of noticing how offensive they're being, but it's too easy to write the show's problematic comments off simply because it's set in a small town.
With Gilmore Girls, it's always been difficult to discern when the writers are winking at the audience. Are we supposed to be laughing at the characters — like when Emily says she has no idea what language her maids are speaking because she's ignorant and doesn't take the time to get to know them, or are we supposed to laugh along with her because hey, isn't it crazy that they speak broken English and isn't it hilarious that Emily is somehow fundamentally incapable of figuring out which language the people who share her home are speaking?
At a cursory glance, it appears that the show has taken notes on lack of diversity seriously, as there are a few more extras in town with melanin in their skin, and even some with speaking roles (although not many, and it does feel like very obvious and superficial placement of brown and black bodies as props intentionally placed to absolve the show of its more systemic and unrefined crimes) And as you keep watching, you realize that maybe somehow, the show's characters have gotten even worse.
Mrs. Kim, Lane's mom, is up to her crazy old tricks in the "Spring" episode, leading a group of lost-puppy Korean teens around the International Spring Food Festival. They're her choir, "fresh off the boat." Why does she need these kids off the boat? Why does it sound like they're products, items, that she acquired? Why don't any of the Koreans get to have personalities? Lane's mom was always chiefly characterized by her harshness and a litany of other qualities unquestionably derived from your standard Asian mom stereotype, but it seemed in the revival like time and distance from the original run of the series had impressed upon the showrunner's a compulsion to push through heavy-handed character exposition by putting the characters into an even more extreme level of the clichés they were already dripping in. So, like, we'd remember who they are. The problem is, when who the characters always were was prettttty offensive and kinda racist, trying to reintroduce them in just a few moments on screen meant going even deeper (and doing so very quickly) into the parts of them that were always problematic.
Later in the same episode, there's a bizarre gay witch hunt. Now that Michel's finally out, I suppose Amy Sherman-Palladino is patting herself on the back for her progressiveness. But in the scene where the town discusses its Pride parade, things get weird. Tight-ass Taylor, the town selectman, announces that there aren't enough gays in Stars Hollow for a parade, because people haven't "volunteered" to out themselves. He's contacted nearby towns to ask if they could "lends their gays," you know, because gays—like Koreans—are interchangeable items, not individuals. The joke here is supposed to be that everyone suspects that Taylor is gay, and that he's not owning it. But why should he? Luke can't even wrap his simple brain around the news that there are three gay people in town. Good stuff all around.
And then there's Lorelai's mom, Emily Gilmore. True to form, Emily Gilmore has a new maid, Berta, at the start of the series. Shockingly, she actually holds on to this one throughout all four episodes. Berta is more humanized than her previous maids, but once again, a running joke is that Emily is clueless as to what language Berta is speaking. Berta's entire extended family moves into the Gilmore mansion (and all end up working for her, and none of the other members of the family get speaking roles, or names), and later, Emily's Nantucket home. The eldest Gilmore girl is painted as a generous benefactor. Commenters online have noted that it's sweet that Emily "adopted" the family.
In truth, Berta has offered to move her family in to take care of a woman who is so clueless, she doesn't know how to boil soup. Sure, Emily is grieving and in a numb state, but the whole storyline reads like a weaksauce commentary on immigrants moving in and taking over. Every time Berta is on screen, Emily has to comment about how she has no idea what Berta is saying or what Berta is cooking, or who the other people are in her house because they "keep appearing." Perhaps Rory could have schooled her grandmother on Google translate? Isn't the grating backbone of these scripts all about pounding into our heads that it's 2016 now?
In the final episode, "Fall," Berta and her family are nestled asleep in chairs in Emily's Nantucket abode—do they not have a room to sleep in? No, seriously: Eventually Emily sells the huge house that could've comfortably fit all these new people, opting to chuck it (it makes her sad because dead husband) in favor of living at a much smaller beach house, where Berta's kids end up sleeping in chairs. (OK, admittedly, they could've just been napping there, but it sure as fuck looked like Emily was tucking them in for the night in arm chairs while their mother slept on a couch behind them.) But hey, again, these people of color are not treated as people so much as objects; you can just put those anywhere.
And then there's the fat shaming (because of course there is). The most surprising of all. Gilmore Girls was once a show that celebrated fuller ladies, like Sookie, Babette, and Ms. Patty. Hell, they even let Ms. Patty be defined in part by an effusive sexuality; Babette was always presumed to be boning the shit out of her guy, and Sookie got a fairly well-developed romantic storyline. True, these characters were ultimately aesthetic foils meant to cast Lorelai and Rory's dewy, bony asses into exalted relief, but hey, let's just decide to call body-size representation in the original series something slightly less than a total nightmare.
But in the revival, plus-size bodies became just another topic for Rory and Lorelai's shtick. In the "Summer" episode, whiny jobless Rory and smug fake Southern belle Lorelai spend their days judging overweight men at the Stars Hollow Municipal Pool. They have a code word for them, Pat. Or Butterbutt. So original. The pool is a "minefield" for these men, Lorelai notes in repugnance. Who are Lorelai and Rory to judge? They worship junk food and abhor exercise. I am convinced they suffer from hyperthyroidism, or some other metabolic disorder, which allows them to maintain their slim figures while stuffing their faces at every possible opportunity, but that's neither here nor there because it's rude and gross to assume things about how people's bodies work and why they look the way they do.Like, doesn't it seem like two people who inhale shitty food and never exercise, and yet retain slender bodies, should be more aware than most that a person's outward appearance is a piss-poor measure of their lifestyle (not that it really matters anyway)?
And speaking of that pool scene, let's pay no mind to the young Asian boy who, for completely unexplained reasons, spends the whole time standing behind Rory, shading her from the sun with a parasol, later running after her carrying her things while she engages in drama with other white people, calling her fucking "Khaleesi." Let's just skip over that batshit moment.
For a show that obviously embraces white-girl feminism, Gilmore Girls is perennially, insufferably tone deaf to issues of race, class, homosexuality, and body acceptance. It's got a shiny, liberal façade, but at the core of the show is an unhealthy obsession with blah basic bitches. Here's hoping there's no season two for the Netflix show. (And no, we truly do not care about what becomes of those final four words.)


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Stephen: The First Christian Martyr (13 of 18) by Ken Trivette
This content is part of a series.Stephen: The First Christian Martyr (13 of 18)
Series: Getting Acquainted With People of the New Testament
Ken Trivette
Acts 7:54-60
1. The Ministry of Stephen
a) A Chosen Servant
b) A Committed Servant
2. The Message of Stephen
a) A God Approved Message
b) A God Anointed Message
3. The Martyrdom of Stephen
a) The Grace He Expressed in Death
b) The Glory He Experienced in Death
Tertullian, an early church father, made the enduring statement that "the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church." The foundational years of the Church were stained with the blood of countless faithful souls who paid the ultimate price to be a Christian. Then when we add the unknown number that has given their life for the cause of Christ throughout history the blood of the martyrs is not only the seed of the Church, but also its story.
I have had the opportunity of visiting several sites where believers laid down their life for the cause of Christ. There is no place as moving to the soul as standing on the very ground where Christians were martyred for their faith. It is like standing on holy ground. It is a very humbling experience.
I once visited the town of St. Andrews in Scotland. It is famous for "The Old Course," the oldest golf course in the world. In my opinion, it is not the golf course that makes St. Andrews a special place. It is special because it is the place where faithful saints and servants of God gave their life for their Savior. There are two markers in the town that mark the spot of where two famous Scottish saints were martyred, Patrick Hamilton and George Wishart.
In 1527, the archbishop of St. Andrews, a rigid papist, had Patrick Hamilton arrested. The next day he was put on trial for heresy and sentenced to be put to death that very afternoon. He was carried out and tied to the stake. He burned from noon till 6:00 P.M. His last words were, "Lord Jesus, receive my spirit." There is a monogram of the letters PH in the cobbleston ...
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Off long term and knowing when to go back(11 Posts)
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The South Florida defense had its best showing of the season in their game against the Connecticut Huskies. Luckily for the Bulls', their stout defensive effort was able to keep the team in the game, as the Huskies own defense managed to take the ball away four times. Two of the turnovers were on the first two drive Bulls' drives in the second half. The team fumbled a total of four times on the night with the Huskies recovering two. Whatever the reason for the abundance of turnovers, the Bulls managed pick up their sixth win of the season, going 3-0 in the AAC.
Auggie Sanchez led his defense to one of their best displays of the season, giving up only 72 total rushing yards and sacking the Connecticut quarterback five times. Sanchez tallied 11 total tackles, three of which were sacks, bringing his season totals to 65 tackles and six sacks.
"Defensively, I thought our guys played outstanding," said Bulls' head coach Willie Taggart after the game. "Holding them under a hundred yards rushing and I thought our guys were really aggressive on the defense side of the ball. Coach Woodie did a great job dialing up the blitzes and our guys getting to the quarterback. It was something that we wanted to do and they did a good job of that."
The Bulls' secondary did a good job keeping yet another top 10 receiver in check for the most part, allowing UConn wide receiver Noel Thomas to pull in 12 receptions for 127 yards. While the Bulls' defensive unit was able to keep the pressure on the opposing quarterback and keep Thomas out of the end zone, they fell short of their weekly goal of turning the ball over at least three times. In fact, the Bulls were not able to turn the ball over once in their favor.
Quinton Flowers is undoubtedly the Bulls' player of the game after totaling 370 yards and five touchdowns on the night. The game's first touchdown of the night is what will show up on highlight reels this week, as Flowers sliced through the UConn defense for 54 yards and a touchdown on just the Bulls' second play of the game. Flowers still rushed for two more touchdowns and 103 more yards after that.
"You know I've been doing this since high school. When I get to running, I just let my instincts take over. I feel certain things…it was like I was in a box and I had to find my way out," said Flowers as he explained how he felt in the moment of that 54-yard touchdown run.
It took Flowers some time before he was able to get into a groove with any of his receivers, throwing two interceptions earlier in the game. He finally found Marquez Valdes-Scantling as he broke away for his first touchdown catch since week one of the season. Flowers also targeted Mitchell Wilcox in the end zone, throwing a risky pass that was almost intercepted, but Wilcox wrestled the ball away from the Husky defender for his second touchdown of the season.
Marlon Mack once again broke a Bulls' record when he busted loose for a 34-yard touchdown run. That touchdown put Mack at the top of USF's career rushing touchdowns list with 26. Not only did Mack break another record this game, but he became the first South Florida player to ever rush for 3,000 yards in his career as a Bull.
With the 107 rushing yards that he picked up in this game, Mack now has a total of 3,014 rushing yards. This accomplishment puts his career rushing yard total over players like former Florida Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow. Former Florida greats Earnest Graham and Fred Taylor in his sights with 3,065 and 3,075 total rushing yards respectively.
Next week the Bulls will playing on short rest as they travel to Philadelphia to play against the Temple Owls on Friday night Oct. 21, at 7:00 p.m. (ET). The game will be broadcast on ESPN.


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Use your mind's natural rhythm to learn a language with Rhythms Easy Alsatian from EuroTalk.
It's naturally easier to learn something when it's set to rhythmic music, so that is exactly what we've done. Rhythms puts your mind painlessly to work: you don't even need to focus! Simple words and phrases are set to a varied pattern of rhythms and music designed to help you learn and to keep you engaged so that you won't just switch off after five minutes. It won't get you fluent, but it will give you an easy road into starting to learn a completely new language.
If you just want a few simple words and phrases before going abroad, Rhythms is all you need. It covers absolute essentials such as how to greet people, basic directions, getting around, food and drink. You'll hear Alsatian spoken by both a male and a female native speaker and there will be plenty of opportunity for you to test how well you're doing with the review stages built in at key points in each track.
Rhythms can be used anytime, anywhere; listen in the car or on the train, walking the dog, doing housework or exercising at the gym. Absorbing a language couldn't be easier and EuroTalk Rhythms has over 120 different languages to choose from.
From our customer reviews: "Finding out about EuroTalk has allowed me to try and learn the language… at my own pace and in my own time. I do not have to wait for a private tutor or for a college to open its doors." "I just can't believe I have progressed as far as I have in such a short space of time." "A great starting point for anyone of any age at all. It makes language fun instead of dull or intimidating." "Made learning a pleasure."
©2010 EuroTalk (P)2010 EuroTalk
"Only Audio there is for many languages"
This program feels like an effort to repackage the audio from the Instant Immersion software programs. Much of it is just lists of words with English equivalents to practice, and the music it's laid over is neither great nor well engineered. That said, where else are you going to hear a couple hundred words of Alsatian for drill practice? Serious Alsatian learners with some French will want to do the Assimil course, L'Alsatien sans peine. But for basic words and phrase practice, this is worth a few bucks. Call it Value for Money.
I have the EuroTalk Uzbek book, also narrated by Jamie Stuart. I'd say the same things about it as I have about this one. It's not great, but it's not expensive either and there is coverage here for languages that most outfits ignore. While they're cheesy, I prefer the Earworms programs narrated by Andrew Lodge and would recommend them over this for the languages that Earworms covers. But if I were learning a language that Earworms didn't cover, I'd buy this program just to have something to listen to when I want some background noise to review with.
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Just got some insight on a juicy new scandal that has rocked the TNA world by storm.
I'm not going to post the XXX rated ones but TNA wrestler Kaz AKA Suicide has nudes that have surfaced online.
Rumor has it that these pics were taken by a mistress. Kaz is in a long term relationship with TNA Knockout Traci Brooks.
The rest of the pics are not allowed on this website. If it's OK with mods I can send the link to people via pm. He has a great ass.
there is already a thread about this...http://forums.prowrestling.com/showthread.php?t=95713
Last edited by Raven Zombie; 02-05-2010 at 06:29 PM.
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The judgment, (2007), was for something that they made up. it never took place. I file for bankruptcy and my debts were discharged Aug. 25, 2008. Now it's April 2015 and I am trying to buy a house. A new judgment from the same guy and the same law...
First, you should contact your bankruptcy attorney. If the debt is listed on the Petition, then you may have recourse via the bankruptcy court. Second, assuming it is the same debt, you could petition the state court judge to set-aside the judgment due to discharge in bankruptcy.See question
What is the likelihood of getting a conviction for Negligent Driving First Degree expunged. It was reduced from a 0.08 DUI. Are there forms to complete and file? Do I need to personally appear in court (I live in California)? Thank you.
It depends on whether you meet the requirements and if so, it is then at the Court's discretion. If you are able to afford an attorney - which should not cost too much - then I suggest you hire one. Otherwise spend time and research at a local law library -- king County Court Library might be helpful. Good Luck!See question
I doubt our dysfunctional government will pass any serious legislation during a heated election year. There is a much better likelihood in 2013 - after the American voters change the current Congress. I suggest doing whatever you can to vote out those who are in the way of a much needed immigration reform - if we have a GOP president - who knows!See question
okay I was pulled over for tinted windows and got a ticket for driving on a suspended licenses. Well I pled not guilty and took it to trial and than I it was dissmissed. Now I am wondering since they impounded my boyfriend's sister's car I am wond...
The vehicle will be impounded for 30 calendar days. The registered owner will have to pay the towing and the 30-day storage fee to get the vehicle back at the end of this period.
"I did not know his license was suspended"
. . . or . . .
Under Section 14604 CVC, the owner has a duty to assure the person driving their vehicle possesses a valid license; however, if you allow or permit anyone, including: your wife, son or daughter, or friend or relative, to drive your vehicle and that person does not have a valid driver's license, you will be responsible for towing and storage fees. You will not have access to the vehicle for 30 days.See question


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Situated just 3 miles from Aberdeen city centre the non smoking Summerhill Hotel provides an ideal venue for the business traveller and tourist alike.
This brand new development with 45 non smoking spacious bedrooms and suites offers guests a quiet and peaceful atmosphere in comfortable surroundings.
The hotel Restaurant and Bar are furnished and decorated in a modern style and offer imaginative menus with local produce from the countryside around the city used in many dishes.
With a versatile conference and banqueting room the Summerhill Hotel is the ideal venue to accommodate your requirements.


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Ohio State will also keep its recent tradition of traveling to Penn State for nighttime games alive as well when it takes on the Nittany Lions under the lights in Happy Valley on Oct. 25. All games will have 8 p.m. starts.
The game against Illinois will also be history in some ways as it will be the first November night game under a new conference rule that allows league schools to play under the lights in the final month of the season. Perhaps the only surprise is the Nov. 8 road contest at Michigan State, a rematch of last year's league title game, was not included in the list of night games.
The Buckeyes have excelled under the lights at home in recent years, winning five consecutive prime-time games including victories vs. Wisconsin and Penn State a season ago. The Buckeyes are 11-3 overall in night games in Ohio Stadium.
The games have become recruiting showcases over the past few years, much to the delight of head coach Urban Meyer. In addition, athletics director Gene Smith pushed for more home night games last offseason, obviously with Meyer's blessing.
"In 2005, we learned a lot," he said. "We weren't ready to have more night games that fast, but now we are. We can handle them, the parking and traffic and all that and how people handle themselves throughout the day. We're ready.
"I was tired of how we were always getting two night games on the road and one at home. I was like, if we're going to have three night games, let's at least do two at home so we're not traveling all the time."
As for Penn State, OSU was upset by the Nittany Lions under the lights in Beaver Stadium in 2005 and nearly met the same fate in 2003 but posted wins in that circumstance in 2007 and 2012.
There could be more prime-time games coming up as the Big Ten Network will unveil its slate of nighttime matchups next Tuesday.
Navy, Noon (8/30, Baltimore, Md.)
Virginia Tech, 8 p.m., ESPN (9/6)
Kent State (9/13)
Cincinnati (9/27)
at Maryland (10/4)
Rutgers (10/18)
at Penn State, 8 p.m., ABC/ESPN/ESPN2 (10/25)
Illinois, 8 p.m., ABC/ESPN/ESPN2 (11/1)
at Michigan State (11/8)
at Minnesota (11/15)
Indiana (11/22)
Michigan (11/29)