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Edible Garden FAQ with Ready-to-Grow Gardens
Question: It looks like ants ate a hole in my tomato! And something's
chewing up the leaves of my zucchini. Help!
Answer: Hi there. I really doubt that ants at a hole in your tomato. Most likely another creature (probably a hornworm) ate a hole in the tomato and now the ants are enjoying eating from the hole that other creature made. Since the first creature that made the hole damaged or removed the protective skin, smaller creatures like ants now have easier access to the sugars of the tomato.
It is important to keep a lookout for signs of worm damage on leaves, flowers and fruit. If you notice something eating your tomato plants there are a couple steps you can take.
- If you notice big worms remove them by hand.
- If you notice small worms (usually under leaves or within curled leaves) cut of leaves or parts of the plant that are affected.
- Spray with organic pesticide BT (bacillus thuringiensis)
As for the zucchini, it is probably also worms and repeat the same steps for worms on the tomatoes.
Also when watering both tomatoes and zucchini it is best to use a drip irrigation system without overhead watering or if using a hose, to water the soil and avoid getting water on the leaves. This will reduce unwanted diseases, pests, mold, bacteria and fungi.
As a general rule for dealing with any pests creating problems in your garden, I recommend starting with manual methods of control such as rubbing off pests by hand, removing affected leaves (or parts of plants), or spraying off with a hose sprayer. Most garden pests never really become a problem if they're noticed early and dealt with before they get beyond control.
In our experience, the most noxious veggie garden pests in South Florida are caterpillars, aphids, whitefly, snails and leafminers.
We use an organic pesticide call Bt (bacillus thuringiensis) for caterpillars and other foliage-feeding worms. The agent is a bacterium that infects the pests and kills them. This pesticide can be sprayed weekly on plants such as tomatoes, eggplant, mustards. Spraying early morning or late evening is best as it evaporates quickly. It is also helpful to regularly examine tomato plants closely to see if there is damage being done by caterpillars. Look for folded over, eaten, or missing leaves. As your gardening experience increases, these observations will come easier. Always remove a caterpillar by hand and destroy or relocate it when discovered.
For aphids and whitefly we use an organic pesticide called M-Pede. It is especially designed to kill soft-bodied insects, but you must spray it directly on the pest. It will not work preventatively like the Bt. Usually whitefly and aphids reside on the undersides of leaves and in the center of the growing tips so that is the where one should focus the spraying. For white fly, which will be on peppers and tomatoes, it is best to spray in the early evening or early morning when they are less active and hanging to the leaves.
For snails we use and easily obtained bait called Sluggo. We have already sprinkled it around the garden, but should a snail or slug problem arise, organic snail baits are usually easy to find at the amazon.com, Home Depot or gardening stores, as well as BT.
Question: I'm getting a late start on my backyard garden. What can I plant
now that it's cooler? And what can I plant in the springtime that can grow
when it gets warmer?
It isn't too late to get a good season of cool weather veggies and herbs now. Sometimes planting cool-weather crops in September or October can be too early as there is still a significant threat of extreme heat and hard rain. Often planting for cool weather in November, December or January is a safer time with less risk of failure. It is a good time to plant almost all crops planted in the cool season here, including most herbs, leafy greens, fruiting veggies (like tomatoes, peppers, beans and eggplant) and root veggies (like carrots, radish and turnips).
In the springtime when it gets warmer you can still plant a lot but the options are more limited. It is good to try cucumbers, melons, sweet potato and other tropical/heat tolerant veggies and herbs. Many off the cool weather plants can grow through spring and sometimes through summer if established and healthy.
In the warm season it is a good idea to plant cover crops to enrich the soil and suppress weeds in the veggie gardens and to focus on tropical fruit trees and heat tolerant perrenial greens (katuk, cranberry hibiscus, Okinawa spinach, calaloo etc) outside of the main veggie garden area.
What are the specifics of how to start a food forest?
Like with all edible gardens, usually the starting point of installation lies in choosing the location. Ideally the food forest will be planted in a space with full sun, rich-well draining soil, and ideally away from large trees with aggressive root systems (banyan trees as an example). If the soil isn't rich it can later be improved with the addition of compost, organic fertilizer, and mulch, however, it is important that the site receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight throughout the whole year. Trimming trees that make shade is one way to create more light for a site. Also bear in mind that once fruit trees become taller they will receive more light.
Once the site is chosen, one should decide on the overall size and shape of the food forest, particularly the outer edge. It is often a good idea to mark the edge on the ground using a shovel, hoe, or a hose (particularly helpful for planning large curved edges). At this point, it's good to decide the placement of the fruit trees and larger growing plants. As a general rule, the tallest plants should be positioned on the north side of the food forest. Often the size and shape of the food forest will be determined by the amount and type of fruit trees planted, and the amount of space one would like for growing the other edible plants by the fruit trees.
The next step is preparing the soil for planting. There are multiple approaches to doing this. Often the sunny areas of sites will be lawns or have non-edible, ornamental plants planted on them.
When it comes to the existing lawn on a food forest site, one has the option to physically remove the grass (using heavy duty shovels or hoes) or sheet-mulching, a process of killing the grass by covering it with cardboard or paper (non-glossy). It can also be a combination of these, manually removing the grass in areas where fruit trees are to be planted and sheet-mulching the areas in between.
When in comes to existing non-edible plants on an existing food forest site, one needs to decide whether to remove all of them or to leave some to be integrated with the edible plants of the food forest. Non-edible ornamental plants can enhance the overall aesthetics of a food forest but they also take up space that otherwise could be used for edible plants. Also consider integrating plants that may not be edible for humans but are edible for wildlife (many of which are "native" plants).
The next choice one has is whether to till the soil or not. Either choice has its advantages and disadvantages. Tilling is particularly useful in areas where the soil has a lot of roots, is rocky, and/or compacted. Manual tools used for this are pick axes, shovels and heavy-duty hoes. Roots from nearby trees can compete for nutrients with the food forest's edible plants, so it is often nice to reduce this competition by removing roots in a food forest site. Another option for those that would rather not till the entire food forest site would be to till the perimeter and the areas where the fruit trees are planted. Tilling too much can also disturb the existing biology of the soil.
The next step is to bring in additional compost/organic fertilizer, particularly for sites that lack fertility which have usually sandy or rocky soil. When planting fruit trees, a good idea to make a hole a bit larger than the existing root ball of the tree. This is usually done with a shovel and a pick axe, and sometimes a digging bar (when particularly rocky). If adding compost to the hole for the tree, it is a good idea not to add too much, generally 50% or more of the mix in the hole should be existing soil, and 50% or less should be compost. Additional compost can also be added in a ring surrounding the fruit tree, typically at a distance reflective of the fruit trees dripline.
Now its time to plant, usually a food forest consists of a selection of fruit trees, perennials, annuals and cover crops. I recommend starting with the largest plants first, then the medium plants. After the large and medium plants are in the ground, it is a good time to mulch the site. After the site is mulched, it is easy to plant small plants, seeds, and cuttings moving the mulch out of the way when necessary. Watering both before and after planting is recommended. Now the installation is complete!
In terms of caring for the food forest in the time immediately following the installation, the main task will be to make sure the food forest receives enough water. In our rainy summers, many days one may not have to water their food forest. However at least for the first month after planting the food forest will still need to be watered on days when it doesn't rain or doesn't rain much.
Besides watering, the main care that the food forest will require will be pest management, harvesting, pruning and periodically adding mulch/organic fertilizer.
Sources for food forest plants:
Ready-to-Grow Gardens (delivery or pick up at South Miami location available by appointment) – www.miamiediblegardens.com, firstname.lastname@example.com, 786-436-7703
Pine Island Nursery (large selection of fruit trees in Homestead) – www.tropicalfruitnursery.com, email@example.com, 305-233-5501
Plant Matter – (sold at Upper East Side Farmers market, Sat., 9-2 at Legion's Park) – plantmatter.net, firstname.lastname@example.com, 305-336-0722
I've been reading about food forests. What does that mean for us in South Florida?
In South Florida we are blessed with the ability to grow food all year long. Gardeners are able to shift their focus from planting cool weather veggies and herbs in fall, winter, and early spring to planting tropical edible plants in our late spring and summer.
Our late spring and summer is very rainy, hot and humid. It is a time when most cool weather greens and herbs don't grow very well, if at all, but gardening can still go on. South Florida is one of the few places in the U.S. where tropical plants thrive. Food forests are a way of gardening which allow tropical plants (mostly edible ones) to coexist in a garden design that is closer to nature than traditional edible gardens.
In nature there are many ecosystems, and many are found in forests. Forests have plants of many shapes and sizes. There are also microclimates within forests which can favor or disfavor species through variations, of sun, wind, temperature, and moisture.
Food forests have plants of many shapes and sizes too. Big trees, small trees, bushes, climbing vines, sprawling ground covers, exist in food forests but mostly as edible fruit, vegetable and herb plants. There are also plants that are edible to insects and other wildlife as well as plants that feed the web of life in the soil.
Food forests are food-producing systems that generally require less maintenance, mostly due to the fact that most of the plants are perennial and don't need to be replanted every year as you find in annual veggie/herb gardens. Also as food forests mature, they shade the ground more so there is little weeding and less of a need for irrigation.
For those of you that are interested in starting your own food forest in South Florida, I recommend learning about different tropical fruits if you don't already know. My favorites are banana, papaya, passion fruit, mango, avocado, lychees, star fruit, star apple, custard apple, white sapote, black sapote, guava and mulberry. Citrus are prone to getting problems with citrus greening, so I recommend not planting citrus, or at least not a lot. Once you know which tropical fruit trees you want to plant, it is time to lay them out.
The tallest-growing fruit trees should be positioned to the north of the space, and the lower plants toward the south end. Vines should be planted along fences, arbors, or trees that can be used as a trellis. Next, there should be thought into what gets planted in the spaces in between. I really like sweet potato as ground cover in the sunnier parts of the food forest, tropical spinaches/greens in the shadier areas, and nitrogen-fixing cover crops in areas that are marginal or with soil that need improvement.
Food forests are often larger in area than annual gardens. Mulching becomes very important as a way to control weeds and build the fertility of the soil. Pruning, harvesting and mulching is the main work required in maintaining food forests. Limestone rocks and logs can be used to define paths and planting beds. If you want an automatic watering system for your food forest, sprinklers on tall risers are the way to go, as they don't get in the way as much and can cover large distances.
Once established, food forests become very productive and are a wonderful addition to the landscape.
This fall, I'm planning to do my first edible garden. I have a sunny space in my backyard. Is there anything I can do now to prepare my garden?
First of all, you write that you are "planning" on doing your first edible garden, but have you "planned" your garden? It is one thing to say that you are going to do an edible garden, and another to say HOW you are going to do your edible garden. Many gardeners jump right into gardening without a clear plan for their garden. This can be ok for some, and beginner's luck is a phenomenon that exists in certain gardening situations, but by and large it is helpful to generate some sort of plan, even if it isn't a plan executed at once. Developing the right plan for your edible garden depends on the amount of space (soil, sun exposure, proximity to kitchen, etc) and the amount of work that you want to invest into its installation and maintenance.
As I mentioned earlier, summer is an excellent time to improve your soil and have it ready for fall planting. I recommend doing this by adding compost, mulch and planting cover crops like buckwheat, sunn hemp and pigeon pea. Remember, NOW is the best time to plant fruit trees, so if you want to include fruit trees in your edible landscape consider planting them while we have the rain and warmth of our summer weather.
Consider having your bed(s) for annual vegetables and herbs in an area close to your kitchen door, or for those of you with shady backyards but sun up front, consider having a garden close to your front door. Placing your veggie/herb bed(s) in areas that you'll see on a daily basis will result in you using your garden more, as well as taking better care of it. Also, having your garden in front makes your garden into more of a social experience, and can lead to other neighbors gardening more and having great produce trades.
For everyone who goes out of town on a regular basis, or just doesn't have the time to water their garden sufficiently, it can be wise to consider having an irrigation system, particularly for your annual bed. Systems of drip lines and micro-sprayers are particularly water-wise for annual garden beds. Setting up rainwater collection systems are also well worth considering. Having an irrigation system ready for the dry part of the year in late fall-early spring will generally make your garden more productive, especially in planted areas that receive full sun for most of the day. Both under-watering and over-watering gardens can lead to unhappy plants. Irrigation systems can help provide regularity to your watering schedule.
I live in a condo that has a terrace with plenty of eastern exposure. What would grow best in containers?
In condos, the main limiting factors are the amount of light, the amount of wind, irrigation, and the amount of soil that your containers can hold. If your patio only receives eastern exposure (morning light) I would only recommend leafy greens and herbs. Fruiting plants are much more productive when receiving sun for the majority of the day. For people with balconies with longer sun exposure, consider also trying fruiting crops like tomatoes, peppers, and eggplant. Citrus and figs are fruit trees that can do pretty well in appropriately sized containers, whereas most fruit trees really need to be planted in the ground to be productive. If you are not having luck growing certain edible plants on your balcony, you likely have inadequate light, too much wind, inadequate irrigation and/or containers that are too small. I would start with Mediterranean herbs (rosemary, oregano, sage, etc.) and add on from there.
Whenever I plant grocery-store herb plants, they last a week or two before withering and dying. What am I doing wrong?
You might be doing one or more of the following:
– Not planting is soon enough.
– Not watering correctly (too little or too much)
– Not giving them enough light.
– Not buying plants that are in season (many grocery stores and places like home depot have plants for sale during times of the year that are improper for planting them.
My backyard just doesn't get enough sun for a garden. Are there any low-light edible plants I can grow?
Yes, generally plants that are grown for the leaf can tolerate more shade than plants that are grown for the fruit. Remember, if your backyard isn't an ideal spot for your garden, maybe your front yard would be better! Also, if trees are creating the majority of the shade, consider trimming them to increase sun exposure.
Q: What are the benefits of edible gardening?
A: Through edible gardening, one becomes connected to where food comes from. This fights against a trend that has dominated the globe. By-and-large, people don't think about where food comes from, or they see food as coming from a factory away out of sight rather than from their everyday surroundings. Being connected to where food comes from gives people a sense of trust and a newfound appreciation in what they eat. It is no secret that homegrown food typically tastes better.
I feel comfortable assuming that most people that garden end up eating more fresh produce in their diets than non-gardeners. The nutritional benefits of high vegetable and fruit diets are well known. The more varied the selection of food, the wider the range of nutrients consumed. Gardeners also tend to eat a wider variety of fruits and vegetables than non-gardeners.
Most of all, growing food is fun. In addition to connecting people to nature, it creates community and celebration. There is the rejuvenation of being outdoors and getting your hands dirty. There is the anticipation of harvests, or the triumph over a garden pest; or the pride of growing your own. For many it is the bountiful beauty of a healthy organic garden.
Since most food we buy travels an average 1500 miles to get to our table, an edible garden in our backyard can save a lot of fossil fuels. Edible gardening is often the best and simplest way to reduce your impact on the environment.
Q:If I want to create a landscape reduces my impact on the environment, shouldn't I just plant natives?
A: Native plants are planted to primarily create habitat for wildlife and reduce the need to water. However, most yards are so small that there is often little benefit by planting only natives. The real environmental damage is not by the native habitat displaced by cities and suburbs themselves, but by the habitat displaced by the support network of cities such as monoculture farms, industrialized forests, grazing land, mines, factories, and military bases. Reducing our dependence on these supports of modern society can benefit natural habitats far greater than planting a yard made up entirely of natives.
Growing a large amount of one's produce is one of the best ways of doing this. Its even better if one can grow the majority of their produce while providing habitat for wildlife simultaneously. Also, remember that plant species are constantly migrating to an extent, and that almost every species that we consider to be "native", wasn't "native" at one point in time. Also, remember that "exotic" plants aren't necessarily invasive.
Q: What is the best way to protect gardens from the cold?
A: When the weather forecast is predicting temperatures in the low forties or thirties (deg F) you'll want to provide cold protection for certain types of edible plants. One might not expect this, but watering well the night of cold temperatures is one of the most effective ways to protect plants from cold. Watering thoroughly allows the soil to hold its heat for longer than dry soil.
Also, if your crops are together in a raised bed it is easy to lay a cloth or blanket over a frame. Frames can be simple, using slender pipes or branches to create a domed frame over your garden is often the easiest way to protect your plants from the cold. You want to avoid crushing or bending the plants with the fabric, but the closer it is to the soil and plants, the better the insulation effect. Fruiting vegetables, such as tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, and cucumber are the most frost susceptible. Of herbs I find that cilantro and basil like the cold least.
You might also want to protect tropical fruit trees from the cold. These can similarly be watered thouroughly the nights of cold temperatures, and covered in fabric. If the tree is too large to cover, it can be helped by wrapping fabric around the trunk.
Q: Why do people grow gardens in raised beds?
A: Raised bed gardens are ideal for growing vegetables and herbs because they help to contain the soil (prevent erosion), are easier to keep free of weeds and being raised, they make it easier on the back. Since you don't usually walk inside of them, not only will you not compact the soil, but you can use every square foot for planting plants instead of having paths. The sides also help to keep pets out of the garden. In addition, raised beds allow soil to drain better, which promotes healthy root growth in many edible plants.
Q: I want an edible landscape that requires little work from me but provides a lot of food, what approach would you recommend? Is this possible?
A: Yes, this is definitely possible, but it requires an approach that contradicts almost everything done in conventional landscaping. The key for this is to strive to have a garden that mimics natural ecosystems… Our planet's pristine natural habitats, though changing some over time, generally don't require maintenance from people to thrive. The soil stays replenished and full of life, predators control pests naturally, and there are a plethora of microclimates that offer near perfect conditions for a wide variety of plants.
Now how can this apply to a garden in an urban or suburban area? No matter how hard we can strive for this, one isn't going to create true wilderness in their backyard. Nor is a true backyard wilderness able to produce much in the way of food, though there are quite a few edible wild plants. What is important are the principles learned from observing natural ecosystems. These principles can be applied and adjusted to reduce the amount of work needed for an abundant edible garden.
First of all, try to reduce the amount of organic matter leaving your landscape. In nature, mulch occurs naturally from falling leaves, twigs and branches. In your yard, one can do the same thing. Also, try to not have your entire edible landscape in full sun. There are plenty of edible plants that will prefer to grow in shadier conditions. For instance, one can plant many fruit trees in sunny parts of their yard and grow a wide variety of vegetables and herbs underneath them. Fruit trees also don't have to be replanted every year like many vegetables and herbs, so it is wise to consider making them a part of your landscape in a more permanent way.
Generally speaking, the more perennials rather than annuals planted in your edible landscape, the less replanting one will need to do. Also, the better the soil is protected from the sun, wind and rain, the better it will keep moist. Planting plants that improve soil fertility can lessen the need for fertilization. These practices among others can reduce the amount of work considerably.
Q: How should I arrange my edible landscape?
A: It makes most sense to have the most labor intensive plants, such as annual vegetables and herbs as close as possible to your home, followed by the more low maintenance perennials and trees further from the home. Also, remember that one can make better use of sunlight by having taller trees on the north end and smaller plants on the south end of the property. Also remember that the understory of trees is the perfect environment for planting more shade tolerant plants, especially in the middle of summer when many plants are stressed or killed by full sun exposure.
Also, although we don't have too much change in elevation in South Florida, there definitely is some, and changes in elevation allow for water to flow from the higher points to the lower points. If a yard has a continuous slope to it water will tend to flow from it to the next yard, or into the street, wherever the elevation is lower. What is very exciting is that the land can be shaped in certain ways that will collect water, which generally results in more nutrients and a healthier soil. One can do this by digging swales (lower trenches to collect water) and berms (higher ridges to stop the water from flowing and allow it to percolate in the soil. These are generally created linearly and perpendicular to the slope of the land. In these mini water reservoirs in one's yard, one can plant a wide variety of water loving edible plants. Another good idea is to create a pond for aquatic plants and fish. One can naturally replenish the water for the pond from a rain barrel connected to a gutter with a hose running from it to the pond.
Q: Should I till my soil?
A: Tilling soil improves soil fertility in the short term, but over the long term it reduces fertility. It is also very labor intensive. I recommend tilling areas that haven't been cultivated for a while primarily for removing tree roots and for breaking up larger rocks. Once this has been done I recommend to not till, or to till as minimally as possible mainly for the purpose of removing weeds. If a large tree's roots are encroaching into your garden, one option is to do a deep till in a narrow straight line to break the roots, while allowing the majority of the gardens soil to remain untilled. If one incorporates plenty of organic matter (compost and manure) into the soil, and mulches well, worms and other beneficial microbes will do a great job of improving soil fertility and the garden will require very little additional fertilization. Also planting cover crops helps create organic matter for the soil, returns nutrients lost and can help to aerate soil with their often-deep root systems.
Q: What is the best way to get organic matter for my garden?
A: Rich compost can be bought from various companies in Miami, and can be obtained for free from the City of Miami Composting Facility on Virginia Key. Horse manure can be loaded directly into your truck at various horse farms around Miami (check horse country). Also, mulch can be obtained for free or cheaply from different tree trimming services that'd gladly deliver it right to your home. In many neighborhoods it is easy to find large bags of leaves in trash piles. These are very easy to pick up and make great mulch. What are all those people thinking raking up those leaves when they can have it as mulch for free!
Q: If I want to create a landscape that mimics nature, shouldn't I just plant natives?
A: Native plants are planted to primarily create habitat for wildlife and reduce the need to water. However, most yards are so small that there is often little benefit by planting only natives. The real environmental damage is not by the native habitat displaced by cities and suburbs themselves, but by the habitat displaced by the support network of cities such as monoculture farms, industrialized forests, grazing land, mines, factories, and military bases. Reducing our dependence on these supports of modern society can benefit natural habitats far greater than planting a yard made up entirely of natives. Growing a large amount of one's produce is one of the best ways of doing this. Its even better if one can grow the majority of their produce while providing habitat for wildlife simultaneously. Also, remember that plant species are constantly migrating to an extent, and that almost every species that we consider to be "native", wasn't "native" at one point in time. Also, remember that "exotic" plants aren't necessarily invasive.
Q: What are your favorite edible plants that can be harvested in the summer?
A: Fruits: mango, papaya, lychee, banana, carambola (starfruit) and passionfruit. However, there are many others that I know I like but haven't been able to plant much of yet to eat with regularity.
Vegetables (annuals and perennials): Cranberry hibiscus, chaya, ginger, Haitian basket vine, katuk, hot peppers, sweet potato, Malabar spinach, Okinawa spinach, calalu, and yard long bean.
Herbs: Basil, chives, epazote, oregano, Cuban oregano, rosemary, sage, and stevia.
Cover Crops: Comfrey, Sunn Hemp, buckwheat, cowpea, and pigeon pea.
Q: What are the main considerations when starting an edible garden?
A: There are many things that should be well thought over prior to starting an edible garden. Here are some:
- The amount of time one can dedicate to the garden – It is a waste of time, energy and resources if one chooses to plant high maintenance edible plants and cannot properly maintain them. If you are one of those people that cannot commit to regular watering, weeding, mulching and fertilizing consider crops that require very little care. You can also hire Ready-to-Grow Gardens for maintenance help and install an irrigation system to limit the need for manual watering. There are many edible perennials, herbs and fruit trees that are low maintenance. As a whole, traditional vegetable production is high maintenance.
- Sun exposure in one's garden site – Most edible plants grow best with as much sunlight as possible. Many will tolerate part sun or filtered light, but won't grow as successfully. Only a few prefer less sun. For a late fall to early spring garden, it is particularly important to have sun exposure from the south. If you don't know how to find this, get a compass or map, find where south is in relation to your property, and look for a site where you can see a lot of open sky in that direction.
- Growing what one wants to eat – Through the edible garden experience one often discovers an affinity to many tastes not appreciated or never tried before, such as sorrel, collards, kale, lemon balm, lemongrass, boniato, calalu, tropical spinach, okra, and nasturtium. For someone just starting out with gardening, I recommend growing crops that are definitely going to be appreciated at the table like basil, cilantro, dill, parsley, celery, eggplant, lettuce, and tomato. Eventually one can increase the variety in their garden but it is almost always recommended that one try a plant before deciding to grow it, unless of course one is like myself and enjoys eating nearly everything.
- Soil Fertility/existing competitors – There are some edible plants that thrive in infertile soil, but by far most prefer to grow in soil rich in organic matter, with a balance of good drainage and water holding ability. Most soil in south Florida is sandy and largely infertile, and greatly benefits from incorporating compost and mulch. If one is planning a garden close to large trees, I advise checking for the presence of large roots, and if found, removing them. Roots from large trees can be very aggressive and make the health of your garden suffer through competing for nutrients and water in the soil.
Q: How does one control garden pests?
A: In the cool part of the year, pests are a relatively minor issue. But with the onset of warmer weather, they can wreak havoc on gardens. As a proponent of organic gardening, I strongly advise others to resist the temptation to use chemical sprays. Organic sprays can be used, many of which are made up of natural soaps, onion, garlic, and/or hot pepper. Some insects can be effectively removed by hand, or by spraying with a hose forcefully.
However, more so than medicating your plants once they have problems, I strongly recommend on focusing on growing as healthy plants as possible through providing excellent growing conditions and choosing plants well adapted to our climate. Healthy plants tend to be much more resilient to insect attack than ones that weren't growing well to begin with.
Planting polycultures, or a variety of plants planted together can also help to keep insects at bay. Many fragrant herbs help to deter pests, as do marigolds. But most importantly, having healthy soil full of microbial activity is the key to preventing pest problems. This also goes for nematodes, microorganisms than eat the roots of plants. There are actually good types of fungus that trap nematodes before they can get to feast on innocent plant roots. Another way to prevent nematode attacks is to grow in containers.
Q: Lately its been getting really hot. Is it possible for my South Florida garden to be productive into Summer?
A: Both yes and no. Yes if you are open to growing heat tolerant plants but no if all you want to grow are cool weather crops. The use of shade cloth draped over your garden can help to extend the season for some of the heat-sensitive cool weather crops. There are plenty of tasty heat tolerant plants, its just a matter of being open to learning what they are, trying them, and planting the ones you like most.
Some gardeners opt for the low maintenance approaches of planting cover crops and solarizing their gardens in the warmer part of year.
Cover crops are plants that are planted to increase the fertility (nutrient/beneficial microbes content) and tilth (physical structure) of the soil, and to suppress the growth of unwanted weeds (see below for more info). Solarization is basically covering gardens with plastic to trap heat, and essentially "cook" the soil. Although this is effective for controlling the growth of weeds, it also disturbs or kills beneficial microbes, which can be very helpful for plant growth and fighting diseases and certain pests.
Q: What can't I grow in the heat?
A: Definitely not any of the "cool season crops" and the less heat tolerant "warm season crops". These included arugula, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, cilantro, cucumbers, dill, kale, lettuce, nasturtium, parsley, snow peas, most sweet peppers, most types of tomato (large varieties are less heat tolerant than small varieties), etc. As mentioned earlier, some of these could be grown for longer than usual if planted in a location with more shade. The use of "shade cloth" can be effective for this.
Q: What can I grow in the heat?
Vegetables/Herbs: Surprising to some, a wide variety of vegetables and herbs thrive in South Florida's very warm part of the year. These include basil, chayote, chives, cranberry hibiscus, eggplant, epazote (reduced gas from eating beans), Everglades tomato (small heat-tolerant native cherry tomato), ginger, hot peppers (many kinds), jicama, melons, okra, oregano, rosemary, sage, Seminole pumpkin, sorrel, stevia (natural sugar subsitute), sweet potato, tropical spinaches (Malabar, Okinawa, and New Zealand), vegetable amaranth (calalu is my favorite), vitamin greens, and yard long bean just to name a few.
Fruit Trees/Plants: For many South Florida gardeners, fruit trees become a strong focus in the late spring and summer as it becomes more difficult to grow many of the more popular vegetables. Most fruit trees love the heat, ample water, and grow considerably faster in warm weather. Some recommended fruits to plant are avocado, banana, Barbados cherry, black sapote (chocolate pudding fruit), canistel (eggfruit), carambola, dragonfruit, grumichama, guava, jackfruit, key lime, lychee, mango, mulberry, muscadine grape, monstera deliciosa, mysore raspberry, papaya, passionfruit, pineapple, sugar apple and white sapote.
Other Edible Perrenials: The warm season is also a good time to be planting other edible perennials, such as cassava (yuca), chaya (must be boiled), comfrey, ginger, Hatian basket vine, hoja santa (root beer plant), Jamaican Dandelion, lemongrass, malanga, moringa, katuk, nopales cactus, pigeon pea and taro.
As many fruiting plants and other edible perennials live for many years, it is strongly advised that you consider their placement in your landscape before planting and have a clear understanding of the growth habit. As a general rule, it is best to plant the tallest growing plants and trees on the north end of a property and the short growing ones on the South end. If done correctly, this rule should maximize sun exposure and allow for a more abundant edible landscape.
Cover Crops: Some that have proved successful in South Florida gardens are Sunn Hemp (not related to other hemp), Cow Pea (commonly known as "black-eye pea"), buckwheat, and velvet bean. Pigeon pea and comfrey are perennials (living multiple years) and can be treated like a cover crop in a more localized and permanent way (around base of fruit trees works well). Instead of tilling the entire plant into the soil, more often a "chop and drop" approach is used in which portions of the plant are cut down or "chopped" and then "dropped" to the soil to decompose to increase fertility, while also behaving as a mulch.
Q: Besides shade cloth and making wise choices of plants, are there any other tips for improving my garden in the warmest part of the year?
A: Yes, you should have plenty of organic matter in the soil. Mixing nutrient-rich organic matter (compost, manure, etc.) into soil is helpful for improving fertility in a number of ways. The two main things it does (besides adding nutrients) is that it minimizes the leaching of nutrients into the aquifer and improves the soil's ability to hold water. Yes, the physical structure of soil high in organic matter holds both water and nutrients better than soil low in organic matter, such as the sandy soil commonly found in our area.
Also, adding plenty of mulch helps in a variety of ways. It help protect the soil from hard rain, which can cause both erosion and compaction. It promotes the growth of beneficial fungi called mycorrhiza in the soil, helps to maintain moisture and eventually breaks down into compost and fertilizes soil.
The easiest way to acquire mulch it to collect bags of leaves from neighborhood trashpiles (easy to transport) or having a tree service dump the mulch they make from chipping branches and leaves. Though I still haven't tried it, seaweed can be used as a mulch, though I think its best to rinse it well beforehand to get saltwater off. Hay can also be used, and is found at horse farms and feed stores. Though pretty and smelling nice, I advise against buying cypress mulch for environmental problems it causes, and red mulch as it has a dye that I wouldn't want in my garden.
Occasionally, adding mulch can have the effect of "locking up" nitrogen from the soil, as the carbon-rich mulch matter naturally absorbs nitrogen from the soil below to aid in its decomposition. This problem can be fixed by adding extra nitrogen to the soil. Nitrogen can be added in a number of ways organically. I recommend fish emulsion fertilizer for this.
Composting is a great activity for all year, but especially summertime, as organic matter decomposes at a faster rate and there is often more organic matter to be composted. Remember that all plant waste and most of our food waste can be composted over time and be returned to soil thus completing the web of life. Any yard waste and food waste that you send to the dump are essentially wasted energy and nutrients that could otherwise be put to use for improving the well-being of our planet.
Q: How does one protect their gardens from the cold?
A: Cold damage is a relatively minor issue in South Florida, especially for those that live close to the coast. Most vegetables and herbs grown in the cool season here fair well in our occasional cold snaps, but still precautions should be taken to ensure the vitality of our edible gardens.
Firstly I'd recommend finding out which plants that you are growing are cold sensitive. To name a few, tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, basil and many tropical fruit trees are cold sensitive.
The main precaution I prefer is to water heavily the night before, and the morning after a cold snap. Moist soil retains heat more effectively, and most likely the water from the hose will be much warmer than the air temperature. Putting extra mulch or hay around the base of plants can also help retain heat and protect roots and stems from the cold.
The next precaution one can take is to move potted plants indoors, or into protected areas. Plants that cannot be moved inside can be covered by sheets, blankets, tarps, paper bags or cardboard boxes. Remember though that covered plants will likely need to be uncovered later the following morning to prevent overheating.
Q: Why raised beds?
A: Planting in raised beds is helpful as a way to prevent erosion and build a thick soil ideal for growing edible plants. Our ground in South Florida is typically very rocky, sandy and low in organic matter, making it hard to cultivate.
Raised beds are also helpful in controlling invasive weeds and nematode attacks.
Q: What goes on the bottom?
A: Usually nothing. Gardens are usually planted on a porous surface like a lawn, decking or mulched area. Gardens can also be planted on non porous surfaces like concrete, but a layer of gravel must be added to give the garden adequate drainage. Most plants thrive in moist soil, but very few like sitting water.
In cases when weeds are a problem the bottoms of gardens can be lined with a weed-cloth, cardboard, or thick newspaper barrier.
Q: Why do you use mulch?
A: Mulch is extremely important, especially considering South Florida's extremes in temperatures and hard rains.
Mulch has multiple purposes, including:
- Controlling weeds.
- Controlling soil temperature.
- Maintaining moisture in soil.
- Preventing soil compaction/erosion from hard rain.
- Preventing soil from being splashed onto leaves (which causes rotting).
- Supporting weak plants by propping them up.
Q: Can you help to maintain my garden?
A: Yes, if you would like help maintaining your garden we can schedule maintenance visits. We typically come every 4 weeks. Visits include weeding, pruning,mulching, harvesting, adding organic fertilizer and adding new plants.
Q: Will you give me a quote and visit my site?
A: In-person consultations are usually $50-$75 (depending on location). We also provide free consultations over the phone using photos and google maps.
Q: Can I buy just plants or materials like soil, organic fertilizer and mulch from you?
A: Yes, with an appointment items can be purchased from us in South Miami ($50 minimum). We can also deliver for free for orders $100 or more (20 miles or less from the Grove)
Q: How often should I water?
A: For newly planted plants I would recommend twice a day, morning and evening. However, this can change if it is cloudy or rains. Most plants can typically do well watered once a day once established.
Q: How much water?
A: I recommend a gentle shower, not a jet stream or uncovered hose on full blast. If you water too much you will drown plants, wash away soil, compact soil, get dirt on plants and damage leaves. This is particularly important with young plants. Soil should be moist, but not muddy with puddles.
Q: What are those brown spots on the basil leaves?
A: Bacterial leaf spot, which occurs when infected soil is splashed onto the leaves of the basil plant.
While there is no fix for bacterial leaf spot, but you can minimize the damage by making sure that your basil plants have plenty of air circulation and that they are watered in a way so that the bacteria is not splashed onto the leaves.
Q: What do I do about the snails?
A: Go out to your garden in the night after a late afternoon or evening rain. Bring a flashlight, look for snails and remove them. They will eat your seedlings as well as many other important plants. If you think they deserve to eat your seedlings, basil and calalu, by all means coexist…
Q: What about aphids?
A: Remove aphids by hand, with a sharp stream of water or by removing infected plant matter.
You can also make a nontoxic pesticide by mixing 1 c. vegetable oil with 1 tbsp. liquid dish-washing soap. Add 1 1/2 tsp. solution per cup of warm water to a hand-held spray bottle. Hit the aphids directly with above mixture and spray entire plant thoroughly.
Diomataceous earth, neem oil and fish emulsion are all helpful too.
Q: What about nematodes?
A: Garden can be solarized or planted with nematode resistance plants like marigolds, but the best practice for preventing nematode attacks are high levels of organic matter in soil and mulch. Gardening in raised beds and containers also helps.


text:
Sirens blare, the vessel starts to drift towards the rig and the captain knows that all is not well. It's a good thing that the captain in question is sitting at the center of GE Marine's latest class A training simulator, in the heart of its newly renovated Houston Marine Technical Training Center, so that when something happens on the ocean he or she is prepared thanks to extensive training to navigate the ship efficiently and safely.
In early 2015, the Nautical Institute (NI) implemented new standards for Dynamic Positioning (DP) training to ensure it continues to meet current industry needs. GE took advantage of this opportunity to fully revamp its training capacities, going above and beyond the latest NI requirements. Today, GE Marine opens its improved Dynamic Positioning Operator (DPO) Training, fully approved by the NI, in it's GE Marine Technical Training Center in Houston, Texas.
"First opened in 2005, GE has proved its extensive expertise in DP technology and training capability. We are dedicated to helping customers obtain necessary maritime qualifications and GE's training school ensures that marine operators carry out operations allowing vessels to perform efficiently and safely," said Tim Schweikert, VP, GE Marine. "With complete equipment modernization and a team of highly experienced engineers on board, the Houston facility demonstrates a step forward in technology advancement and GE Marine's firm commitment to a more energy efficient marine industry."
GE Oil & Gas
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Copyright 1973-2016. Scandinavian Oil-Gas Online. ISSN 1500-709X.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Episode 20 Watch Online Free. You Can Watch Pretty Little Liars Here on Firstshow.me. Til DeAth Do Us PArt is The Episode 20 Of Pretty Little Liars. Watch Pretty Little Liars s7e20 at Here. Furthermore, You Can Found Other Episodes Of Pretty Little Liars at Here. Pretty Little Liars s07e20 Online Stream Free. Hence Enjoy Pretty Little Liars 7×20 Online Streaming. In Addition, Watch and Stream Pretty Little Liars Episode 20 Online With Us Here at Firstshow.me Without Any Restrictions Or Limitations. Don't Forget To Bookmark firstshow.me For Other Episodes and Series. Check More Information About Pretty Little Liars Wikipedia, IMDB and Rottentomatoes. You can also Find More Information Official Site of Pretty Little Liars. Another Way to follow Pretty Little Liars Updates is on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and Youtube.
Entirely Little Liars revolves around a gathering of 5 secondary school young ladies drove by the obnoxious Queen Bee, Alison DiLaurentis. Subsequent to going through a night with her companions in an animal dwellingplace,
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text:
OFP used an optional turret class for some, few, models.
ARMA uses a Turrets (plural) class.
Generally, there is only a single "MainTurret" in the turrets class of any model that wants to have one. Or put another way, any model that has any turrets at all, will have a MainTurret class plus additionals if any.
This (often empty) Turrets class is embedded in the class heirarchy of many generic base models. A generic base model == Tank eg. Ie, a generic class that all real tanks inherit. For the given tank (a T80 eg), it is expected, that values will be filled into the (often empty) Turrets class already provided. Some model families (HMMV_Base eg) flesh out this turrets class for all their children, others don't. The principle being, that many child models will inherit a Turrets class whether they want it or not.
As a consequence, many models that don't have turrets require
class Turrets{};
Ie, their parent (or parents) have inherited a Turret class that needs to be ignored (for this model and it's children). It is good practice to put the above statement in your model (if you dont use turrets). A later change by you to a 'better' (tm) parent might introduce unexpected errors if that parent has a turrets class and you didn't want one anyway.
Creating 编辑
Creating any turret (singular) class for your model involves the use of
class cfgVehicles { class SomeModel //AllVehicles eg { class NewTurret; // derive from your base base base class }; class MyGreatModel:SomeModel // AllVehicles eg { class Turrets { class MainTurret : NewTurret // build (or overwrite) a completely new turret { ... }; class MoreTurrets :NewTurret // if any }; };
AllVehicles is the lowest possible base class where you can obtain a pristine NewTurret class. It would be an unusual model to inherit directly from AllVehicles (you might derive NewTurret from there, again, unusual), but you are unlikely to INHERIT AllVehicles directly. More likely, you've got some other generic class that fills in much of the donkey work. For the purposes of obtaining a NewTurret, it matters diddly squat where it comes from. ALL models have one. Used, or not.
Inheriting 编辑
There are of course, derivations on the theme, aka
class cfgVehicles { class Ship; class Boat: Ship { class Turrets
{ // your model has to inerit from somewhere!!!
class NewTurret; // create an entirely new animal OR class MainTurret; // twiddle what's aleady there IF THERE !!!
}; class MyGreatModel:Boat { class Turrets:Turrets { class MainTurret : NewTurret //create an entirely new one OR class MainTurret : MainTurret // just twiddle a few things from the generic class { .... }; }; };
The bottom line is that, ultimately, your turret will attach a NewTurret class (whether inherited, or, created right then)
ALL models, ultimately, derive their turret(s), from this one, singular, NewTurret class.
The NewTurret class is embedded in ALL Vehicle classes (via the bin/config.bin). It can be used, or ignored, but it's unconditially there.
The following alphabetical sort describes all values that can be set in YOUR derived NewTurret (eg your MainTurret)
- In the following list, the default value is declared. Ie the value that comes from the (sometimes inherited) NewTurret class. There should be no requirement to restate a default value unless the class you inherit from has done so.
- Some values cannot be known by the NewTurret class and are defaulted to empty. They need you, to fill them in. They are of course string values pertaining to YOUR model.
Very fortunately, these values (memory points eg), are almost universal. It is a strange and wonderful model indeed that strays from the standard Czech names for these points.
In General, an inherited model will have already had these standard Czech names supplied by the parent. So at best, they are *generally* not required to be stated, and at worst, using the 'example' name supplied in the alpabetic list below is a fairly sage bet. (if you haven't got an OctoVez in your model,it's your problem, isn't it)
Alpahbetic 编辑
animationSourceBody= "mainTurret" 编辑
String: controller source name for use with this turret's body in the cfgModels class.
class CfgModels {
class YourModel: InheritedFromSomeWhere { class Animations:Animations { class MainTurret { type="rotationY"; source="mainTurret";//The controller that provides input above selection="OtocVez";//The name of the skeleton bone used. axis="OsaVeze";//name of the axis in the model.
animationSourceGun= "mainGun" 编辑
String: Creates a new animation source for use with this turret's gun in the cfgModels class.
animationSourceHatch= "hatchGunner" 编辑
String :Creates a new animation source for use with this turret's gunner hatch in the cfgModels class.
animationSourceElevation = "" 编辑
String : Creates a new animation source to be used for raising/lowering the turret. (new in A3)
animationSourceCamElevation = "" 编辑
String : unknown as of yet (new in A3)
body= "mainTurret" 编辑
String: This defines the animation to be used for the horizontally moving selection of the turret and must be a model.cfg's animation classname. The name of the source for the animation is defined via animationSourceBody.
canHideGunner= true 编辑
castGunnerShadow= false 编辑
class GunFire: WeaponFireGun{} 编辑
class GunClouds: WeaponCloudsGun{} 编辑
class MGunClouds: WeaponCloudsMGun{} 编辑
These all inherit the default external class
class HitPoints 编辑
class HitPoints { class HitTurret { armor = 0.8; material = 51; name = "turret"; visual = "turret"; passThrough = 1; }; class HitGun { armor = 0.6; material = 52; name = "gun"; visual = "gun"; passThrough = 1; }; };
class Turrets{} 编辑
no embedded turret(s)
class ViewGunner 编辑
class ViewGunner { initAngleX = 5; minAngleX = -85; maxAngleX = 85; initAngleY = 0; minAngleY = -150; maxAngleY = 150; initFov = 0.7; minFov = 0.42; maxFov = 0.85; };
class ViewOptics 编辑
class ViewOptics { initAngleX = 0; minAngleX = -30; maxAngleX = 30; initAngleY = 0; minAngleY = -100; maxAngleY = 100; initFov = 0.3; minFov = 0.07; maxFov = 0.35; };
commanding= 1 编辑
Integer The commanding number defines who is in command of the vehicle. The turret with the highest number will be the vehicles commander. If he dies, the crew of the turret with the nearest smaller number will take over command, etc.
ejectDeadGunner= false 编辑
Boolean If true, the gunner's body will be ejected when killed.
forceHideGunner= false 编辑
Boolean If true, the gunner will not be able to turn out.
gun= "mainGun" 编辑
String: This defines the animation to be used for the verticaly moving selection of the turret and must be a model.cfg's animation classname. The name of the source for the animation is defined via animationSourceGun.
gunAxis 编辑
Description: Axis selectionname in MemoryLOD (for the gun axis, ie mouse up and down input).
gunBeg= "" 编辑
String The name of the barrel's front point in the model.
example: gunBeg="usti hlavne";
gunEnd= "" 编辑
String The name of the barrel's rear point in the model.
example: gunEnd="konec hlavne";
gunnerAction= "" 编辑
String The name of the animation the gunner is using while turned out.
gunnerCompartments= "Compartment1" 编辑
String Only units sharing a compartment can switch seats.
gunnerFireAlsoInInternalCamera= true 编辑
gunnerForceOptics= true 编辑
Boolean Forces the gunner to use optics while turned in.
gunnerGetInAction= "" 编辑
String ???
gunnerGetOutAction= "" 编辑
String ???
gunnerInAction= "" 编辑
String The name of the animation the gunner is using while turned in.
gunnerName= "Gunner" 编辑
String Allows to use a custom string for the name of the turret.
example gunnerName="Rear Gunner";
gunnerOpticsColor[]= {0,0,0,1} 编辑
gunnerOpticsEffect[]= {} 编辑
gunnerOpticsModel= "" 编辑
String The optics model used when gunner is not turned out.
example: gunnerOpticsModel="\ca\Tracked\optika_tank_gunner";
gunnerOutFireAlsoInInternalCamera= true 编辑
gunnerOutForceOptics= false 编辑
Boolean Forces the gunner to use optics while turned out.
gunnerOutOpticsColor[]= {0,0,0,1} 编辑
gunnerOutOpticsEffect[]= {} 编辑
gunnerOutOpticsModel= "" 编辑
Description: The optics model used when gunner is turned out.
gunnerOutOpticsShowCursor= false 编辑
gunnerType= "" 编辑
Description: New in A3. The soldier class that is the default crew for this turret. Overwrites the class defined in the CfgVehicle crew=""; token
gunnerUsesPilotView= false 编辑
Boolean The gunner will use the View LOD - Pilot if true.
hasGunner= true 编辑
Boolean If true, the turret will be manned when the vehicle is placed in the editor.
hideWeaponsGunner= true 编辑
Boolean If true, the gunners weapons (his rifle) will not be displayed.
InGunnerMayFire= true 编辑
Boolean If true, the gunner will be able to fire the turrets weapons while inside the vehicle.
initElev= 0 编辑
Degrees The initial elevation of the gun.
initTurn= 0 编辑
Degrees The initial turn of the turret.
isPersonTurret = 2 编辑
Value 1 gives a working turret but only accessible from the inside while 2 enables a person to get into the turret from outside.
lockWhenDriverOut= false 编辑
Boolean If true, the turret can not be moved while the driver is turned out.
lockWhenVehicleSpeed= -1 编辑
LODTurnedIn= -1 编辑
LODTurnedOut= -1 编辑
magazines[]= {} 编辑
Array An array made of all magazines this turret is equipped with.
example magazines[]={"BigGunMagazine","SmallGunMagazine"};
maxElev= 20 编辑
Degrees The maximum elevation of the gun.
maxHorizontalRotSpeed= 1.2 编辑
Float The maximum horizontal speed of the turret, unit unknown.
maxTurn= 360 编辑
[[TokenNameValueTypes#Degrees|Degrees] The maximum turn of the turret, unit is deegres.
maxVerticalRotSpeed= 1.2 编辑
Float The maximum vertical speed of the turret, unit unknown. Bigger value - bigger rotation speed
memoryPointsGetInGunner= "" 编辑
String The name of the get in-point selection for this turret, located in the Memory-LOD of the model.
example: memoryPointsGetInGunner="pos gunner";
memoryPointsGetInGunnerDir= "" 编辑
String The name of the dir-point selection for this turret, located in the Memory-LOD of the model. It is used to make the gunner face a special direction while entering the vehicle.
memoryPointsGetInGunnerDir="pos gunner dir";
memoryPointGun= "" 编辑
String The point in the model where the MG fire of this turret will come from.
memoryPointGunnerOptics= "" 编辑
String The point in the model that defines gunner view point.
example: memoryPointGunnerOptics="gunnerview";
memoryPointGunnerOutOptics= "" 编辑
minElev= -4 编辑
Degrees The minimal elevation of the gun.
minTurn= -360 编辑
Degrees The minimal turn of the turret, unit is deegres.
missileBeg= "spice rakety" 编辑
missileEnd= "konec rakety" 编辑
outGunnerMayFire =false 编辑
Boolean If true, the gunner will be able to fire and move(!) the turret while turned out.
primary= 1 编辑
Unknown: ??
primaryGunner= true 编辑
Boolean True if this turret is used by the primary gunner, false else. (!ATT! There can be only ONE primary gunner on a vehicle, else you might get CTD often! If you want to addMagazine smth then it will be ALWAYS on the primaryGunner weapons ONLY!).
primaryObserver= false 编辑
Boolean True if this turret is used by the primary observer (e.g. tank commander), false else.
proxyType= "CPGunner" 编辑
String: The proxy type of the turrets gunner, this may be CPGunner or CPCommander. The proxies have to be named according to this setting, so either "proxy:Gunner.XX" or "proxy:Commander.XX".
proxyIndex= 1 编辑
Integer: The proxy index of the turrets gunner. If your proxyType is "CPGunner" and proxyIndex=1, the proxyname must be "proxy:Gunner.01", etc.
selectionFireAnim= "" 编辑
showgunneroptics 编辑
Description: ???
soundServo[]= {"",0.003162,1.0} 编辑
Array Sound of the turrets servo, this is played whenever the turret is moving.
stabilizedInAxes= "StabilizedInAxesBoth" 编辑
#define StabilizedInAxesNone 0 #define StabilizedInAxisX 1 #define StabilizedInAxisY 2 #define StabilizedInAxesBoth 3
startEngine= true 编辑
Boolean If true, moving the turret will start the vehicles engine. The engine will stop automatically once the turret stops moving.
turretAxis 编辑
Description: Axis selectionname in MemoryLOD (for the turret axis, ie mouse left and right input).
viewGunnerInExternal= false 编辑
Boolean View gunner in external.
viewGunnerShadow= true 编辑
viewGunnerShadowDiff= 1.0 编辑
viewGunnerShadowAmb= 1.0 编辑
weapons[]= {} 编辑
Array An array made of all weapons this turret is armed with.
example: weapons[]={"BWMod_L55","BWMod_MG3_veh"};


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 24, 2012
|Filing date
|Jun 2, 2009
|Priority date
|Jun 3, 2008
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Francois Joguet, Guy Jaffret
|Original Assignee
|Alcatel Lucent
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (16), Non-Patent Citations (8), Classifications (7), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims priority of the European Patent Application serial No. 08305224.1 filed Jun. 3, 2008 which is incorporated by reference herein.
The technical domain of the invention is the domain of database. Databases are known to collect and organize data in a practical way in order to store, modify, retrieve and analyse them.
Several paradigms of database organisation are known. Data are provided in the form of objects, each object being a piece of data, and gathering a plurality of attributes relative to said object, each attribute containing a name or type and a value.
One of the most used paradigms is relational database, RDB. In relational database, data are stored in tables, also named relations. The names of the columns being the names of the attributes, each object corresponds to a row in a table, said row containing the values of the corresponding attributes.
Relational database are well known for a long time. They have proven to be a powerful way of storing data. They are very used all over the world, and a lot of tools and systems are available to manage such databases. Also a lot of practitioners are educated to create, manage or use such databases and associated tools. For example, the SQL query language is well known and used.
However, the relational paradigm appears to be somewhat limited when dealing with complex organizations of data, and new paradigms have been developed to provide tools with more elaborated semantic to express said complexity. X500 is one of these alternative paradigms that tend to meet the favour of database owners and users. X500 allows a richer syntax when describing the organization of a database. X500 is standardized. X500 provides a more user friendly approach that allows the manager of a database to easily describe the structure of its data. It is also possible to design an X500 specification using the know language UML.
Both RDB and X500 worlds have their own advantages, and it would be advantageous to take benefit from the two worlds. It is then of interest to be able to provide a mapping of an X500 data model to a relational database model.
Other constraints, coming from the fact that the solution, bound to be used by telecom applications that need time performances and that work on big amount of data, are the ability to provide performances equivalent to the direct RDB use, and the optimization, as most as possible, of the whole database size.
WO96/07147 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,052,681) describes a solution to this problem. However, X500 information is integrated into the RDB tables. This causes a big overhead on database size. Furthermore one X500 access triggers many database access and thus degrades performances.
In US 2006/0173873 a hierarchical/relational translation system is described which uses virtual directory services.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,823,338 a method for mapping X500 access control data to a relational data base is described.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,333,317 a method of searching in an X500 database is described.
However none of these methods satisfies all of the given constraints.
The present invention addresses and solves this problem by providing an X500 model view of a RDB. Based on an underlying RDB that manages the data objects, is provided a mapping interface that shows the objects to a user, as if they were organized according to an X500 model. The user accesses the objects and manages them as if they were X500 objects. The mapping system then provides all the necessary actions to interface with the RDB management system in a transparent way.
The main and original idea of the invention is to use or create a standard relational database to store the data and to have, stored apart, information relative to the X500 model's structure. So doing, the database is not amended or affected by the mapping method and the size of the database depends only on useful data size. Moreover information related to mapping X500 model with relational database model is provided that describes relations between X500 entities and relation database schema and data.
The object of the invention is a method, in a computer system, for mapping an X500 data model comprising at least one entry, at least one object class, and a directory information tree, DIT, an entry comprising at least one attribute, an attribute comprising a type and a value, said entry gathering information about one object, an object class being a model defining the types of said attributes present in the entry that describes said object, the vertices in said DIT, being entries, each entry comprising a distinguished name, DN, comprising the DN of said parent's entry in said DIT together with a relative distinguished name, RDN, comprising one specially nominated attribute proper to said entry, onto a relational database, RDB, comprising relational tables, each table comprising several named columns, some of these columns being primary key, that is containing value that uniquely identify object data, where object data is stored in row, comprising the steps of:
According to another feature of the invention, the steps of building object classes, building attributes, and building a static directory information tree, are made by respectively extracting said elements from an X500 specification.
According to another feature of the invention, the steps of building object classes, building attributes, and building a static directory information tree, are made by creating these elements out of an analysis of a RDB.
According to another feature of the invention, an access/request to an entry, respectively an attribute of an entry, of the X500 mapped RDB, defined by the DN of said entry, respectively by the DN of the entry of said attribute together with said attribute, comprises the steps of:
Others features, details and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the detailed illustrating description given hereafter with respect to the drawings on which:
First, the features of an X500 model will be described. An X500 model is based on a directory information base, DIB. The DIB and its structure are defined in ITU-T Rec. X501-ISO/IEC 9594-2. In order to make the invention understandable, the main features of X500 are explained here after.
The DIB is made up of information about objects. It is composed of (Directory) entries, each of which consists of a collection of information on one object. Each entry is made up of attributes. Each attribute has a type and one value. The entries of the DIB are arranged in the form of a tree, the Directory Information Tree, DIT, where the vertices represent the entries. Entries higher in the tree (nearer the root) will often represent objects such as countries or organizations, while entries lower in the tree will represent people or application processes.
For example the entry {C=GB, L=Winslow, O=Graphic Services, CN=Laser Printer} identifies the application entity, "Laser Printer", which has the geographical attribute of Locality. Said entry is composed of four attributes. The first attribute C=GB indicating a type C with a value of GB with an '=' sign in between, informing on the C (for country) of the object.
Every entry 7 has a distinguished name, DN, which uniquely and unambiguously identifies the entry 7. These properties of the distinguished name, DN, are derived from the tree structure of the information. The distinguished name, DN, of an entry 7 is made up of the distinguished name, DN, of its superior entry, together with specially nominated attribute values (the distinguished values) from the entry 7 also called the relative DN or RDN. The Distinguished Name, DN, also called address of an entry 7, provides the capability to instantiate (build) or analyse (extract) a DN starting from a given DN Description.
The Directory enforces a set of rules to ensure that the DIB remains well-formed in the face of modifications over time. These rules, known as the Directory schema, prevent entries having the wrong types of attributes for its object class, attribute values being of the wrong form for the attribute type, and even entries having subordinate entries of the wrong class.
The DIT 6 comprises all the structural and hierarchical information about the objects in the database. The DIT 6 is the addressing scheme of the database, that is the syntax of the DN or the DN description used to address an instance of an entry 7. In that addressing scheme lies the hierarchical organisation between entries 7.
An X500 model also comprises information about the types 9 of the attributes 8 that are present in a particular entry 7. These attribute's types are dependent on the class of object which the entry 7 describes. Object classes are models defining the types of said attributes present in a given entry 7. Object classes are defined to represent a logical grouping of attributes 8 that are functionally linked together, and to represent the logical constraints inside this group of attributes 8. The specification of object classes, given in addition to the DN defining the DIT, allows the building of entry 7. An entry 7 is an instantiation of one or more object classes, that is, a set of attributes 8 compliant with the application schema give by object classes.
As an example the lines below:
ObjectClass="AuthorIdentity" Attributes="name,country"
ObjectClass="BookDescription" Attributes="title,publisherId"
define two illustrative object classes. The first object class AuthorIdentity comprises two attributes: name and country. An instantiation of an author entry may advantageously use the object class AuthorIdentity. When dealing with the bibliography of said author, the object class BookDescription may be used to instantiate each of the books written by said author.
For example the name: {C=GB, L=Winslow, O=Graphic Services, CN=Laser Printer} identifies the application entity, "Laser Printer", which has in its distinguished name the geographical attribute of Locality. The residential person, John Jones, whose name is {C=GB, L=Winslow, CN=John Jones}, has the same geographical attribute in his distinguished name. The geographical attribute may then advantageously be a object class.
The entities that can be addressed in X500 models are entries 7 and attributes 8 in the entries. Object classes are not addressable as such. They only represent a logical grouping of attributes that are functionally linked together, and the logical constraints (mandatory, optional,) inside this group of attributes 8.
Second, the features of a relational database, RDB, will be described.
The sample of
Keys in relational data base have two purposes: quickly retrieve information from a database by choosing one or more column to act as keys, and eventually sort them by the key value. The database management system, DBMS, creates an index containing just the key field contents and the location of the corresponding rows 15, and maintain the structural integrity of the tables 11, helping to avoid problems such as duplicate records/objects and conflicting values in columns 13.
Among keys, a primary key uniquely identifies an object, or row 15 in a table 11. In a students table, for instance, a key built from last name+first name might not gives a unique identifier (two or more Jane Does in the school, for example). To uniquely identify each student, a special Student ID field may be added to be used as the primary key.
This is done is in the relational database example given at
A foreign key is a key used in one table 11 to represent the value of a primary key in a related table. While primary keys must contain unique values, foreign keys may have duplicates. For instance, if we use student ID as the primary key in a Students table (each student has a unique ID), we could use student ID as a foreign key in a Courses table: as each student may do more than one course, the student ID field in the Courses table (often shortened to Courses.student ID) will hold duplicate values. Foreign keys are integrity constraints enforcing that the value of the attribute set is drawn from a candidate key in another relation. For example, in the Title relation 11 of the example of
It derives from the previous descriptions of the features of X500 and relational models, that RDB only offers relations/tables to structure the data, and thus provides a poorer syntax than a X500 model. When mapping an X500 model to a RDB database, one has to first, provides structural information about data, and second, mapping information of where objects are stored in the RDB, in what tables, with reference to X500 model addressing entities.
The DIT 6 is the static representation of the hierarchical organisation of X500 entries 7. It defines how the entries 7 must be organised in a hierarchical way. This hierarchical organisation is provided by the naming of each entry 7.
All the entries of an X500 data model are named by a Distinguish Name, DN. As an X500 data model is organised as a hierarchical tree of entries, the DIT 6, each entry 7 is named in the context of its parent entry. This name is called the Relative Distinguish Name, RDN, as it is relative to the parent of the entry 7. The DIT 6 is the static representation of the hierarchical organisation of X500 entries. It defines how the entries must be organised in a hierarchical way. The hierarchical Tree of an X500 data model has a common root.
The Distinguish Name, DN, of an entry 7 is composed of the sequence of RDN of the Entry 7 and all its successive parents up to the root of the hierarchical tree. The DNs uniquely identify each entry 7 of the X500 tree. From a DN of an entry 7, one can derive the DN of its containing entry, if any, and so on. This containment relation is the only relation carried by the DN. No other relation can be carried or implied by the DN. The DN may for instance be encoded using a string representation.
The most important restriction concerning the DN string representation is that a RDN cannot be a multi-valued Data.
Otherwise, the output consists of the string encoding of each RDN in the RDNSequence, starting with the first element of the sequence and moving forward toward the last element.
The RDN string representation consists of the string encoding of the singleton AttributeTypeAndValue as follows:
the AttributeTypeAndValue is encoded as the string representation of the AttributeType, followed by an equal character ('=', ASCII 61), followed by the string representation of the AttributeValue. The "," may be used as separator between RDNs. Spaces and period may be used as part of the legal character syntax for RDNs, as in the following example CN=John T. Mills, O=Cyber System Consulting, L=G�teborg, C=SE.
This allows to describe the tree structure of the DIT, by a list of DN, comprising a unique DN for each entry 7. This is a convenient representation for treatment.
A software application is in charge of the mapping between the X500 view and the Relational view. Said application extracts, and manage all the necessary information to map the X500 model onto the RDB.
This mapping encompasses the static mapping between the X500 view, and the relational schema, where:
an X500 object class is mapped onto a RDB table,
an X500 attribute is mapped onto a table column.
With respect to dynamic mapping, the loading of a data object, indicated by an entry or a DN, corresponds to the retrieval of the corresponding row/records in the corresponding table columns. When dealing with creating or updating or deleting entries or attributes, it correspond to respectively create or update or delete the corresponding rows/records in the corresponding tables.
For each entry in the X500 data model, we must know the list of relational database tables the entry is mapped to, as well as the corresponding object class mapping. We must know what columns the data of each object classes are mapped to.
We must also be able to deduce from the DN of the entry, the value of the key attributes to access all the tables this entry is mapped to.
All these mapping description are necessary to be able to map a request concerning a given entry onto the proper set of requests on the relational database tables.
In an X500 data model, each attribute defined in any object class must be mapped to the column name of a Relational Table in the relational data model.
Each object class defined in any entry must be mapped to a relational table in the relational data model.
A DN syntax, DNS, defines the structure of the DN used to address a given entry. The DN syntax is used by the software application, to find the corresponding tables on which the entry is mapped, and map the attribute in the received DN to the corresponding key attributes of these tables.
The DN syntax, DNS, is composed of a sequence of RDN descriptions (Relative Distinguished Name description), where each attribute of the RDN is mapped to a key attribute of a relational table when appropriate, i.e. when the RDN has a variable value/is variable.
One DN syntax, DNS, is associated to one and only one entry, and one entry uses one and only one DN Syntax to be addressed.
Each RDN description of the sequence should indicate: the name of the corresponding RDN attribute, if the RDN has a constant value, for example an organisation unit such as OU=CAMEL, the value of the constant.
Otherwise, and when appropriate, the description of the mapping to the different key attributes: the name of the column corresponding to the key attribute and if necessary according to the syntax or language used, the name of the table.
A RDN can be either:
<RDN attributeName="Name of a constant attribute: for
example "OU"">
<VAL> value of the constant </VAL>
<RDN attributeName="Name of the RDN attribute"
columnName="Name of the corresponding key
attribute of the table"/>
An example of DNDescription is provided below, based on the X500 and relational data model already defined as example:
<DNSyntax name=″Author_DN″>
<RDN attributeName=″authorId″ columnName="au_id"/>
<RDN attributeName=″OU″>
<DNSyntax name=″Title_DN″>
<RDN attributeName=″isbn″ columnName="title_id"/>
<RDN attributeName=″OU″>
<DNSyntax name=″Publisher_DN″>
<RDN attributeName=″publisherId″ columnName="pub_id"/>
<RDN attributeName=″OU″>
It then appears important to distinguish between constant RDN and variable RDN.
A RDN always corresponds to an attribute with a type, and a value. In a constant RDN, the value is a constant. In a variable RDN, the value is a variable. A constant RDN may, for instance, defines an OU or Organisation Unit. Such a constant RDN defines the hierarchical organisation of the entries and would appear in the DIT. A variable RDN instead, allows to instantiate entry and must be mapped to a table column in a RDB model.
The method according to the invention comprises the steps of:
The steps of building attributes and object class are important to capture the typology of the data. This is typically the features that are present in an X500 model and not in a RDB model.
Another point only present in an X500 model is the hierarchy of entry. This is comprised in the DIT 6 and disappears in the RDB view, where no equivalent can be found. One way to capture said hierarchy of entries is to keep the DIT 6. An important feature of the invention is that not the whole DIT is kept but only the part that is indicative of the hierarchy. Advantageously, all the variable parts of the DIT 6 may be torn apart in order to only keep a static directory information tree, SDIT. Such a SDIT only comprises static DN, SDN, that is DN comprising only static RDN, that is RDN with any variable value removed. After that removing, multiple identical static DN may appear, since different entries only differs by their values. Only one SDN of each is kept. This "statification" greatly reduces the size of the SDIT. The SDIT is also adapted to query the database as would be explained later. For instance the static DN corresponding to the DN of the previous example: {C=GB, L=Winslow, O=Graphic Services, CN=Laser Printer} would be {C=, L=, O=, CN=}, since the four RDN of this entry are variable ones.
Consequently the RDB that contains the data objects is "augmented" by typological information: object classes and attributes and by topological/hierarchical information: the static DIT. These information can be used to scan the database for a query.
Another information must be maintain by the mapping application that are the mapping addresses themselves. The X500 data are mapped to RDB by associating an X500 object class to a RDB table. This is important when it comes to implement the database itself as would be explained later. But the real link between the X500 data and the RDB data is maintained by mapping an X500 attribute to a RDB table column. This may be implemented by storing the name of said table column with said X500 attribute. Such a name may then be used as an address pointing to said attribute. Advantageously this may be store in the previously built attributes or even in the skeleton SDIT.
With all these elements defined, it is then possible to view and access the underlying RDB, via the mapping application, as an X500 database, and to link the elements of the two worlds by mean of mapping addresses.
To reach such a mapping application there may be two starting points depending of the history of the database.
The first starting point supposes an existing RDB already constructed and populated. To take advantage of the existent, the RDB is kept as is and an X500 model must be added to provide the X500 view to a user.
The second starting point, corresponding to claim 2, supposes no pre existing RDB, but an existing X500 organization of the data, and a will to use an RDB managing tool, but the RDB database is to be built and populated.
In the second point, the organization of the data is contained in an X500 model. Said model provides all the information: object classes, attributes, and a DIT or SDIT. These information need only to be extracted from said model. It is to be noticed that the DIT need not to be "populated" with the whole entry of the database, and a specification of the hierarchical organization may be given by the database creator directly in term of a static DIT. Either if the DIT is populated, that is it correspond to a populated X500 database, it can be first "statifyed".
Since the RDB does not pre exist, it is possible to tailor it to match the X500 organization and to ease the future mapping. Then a RDB table is created for each object class. The columns of this table being define by the list of its attributes. Then the mapping is done by creating table according to object classes and storing the table name and table column in the corresponding attributes.
The RDB can then be populated, either directly via a RDB direct access or via the mapping application with an X500 view. When starting from a populated DIT or X500 complete database, all data must be transferred in a known way.
In the first point, all starts from an existing RDB. The problem arises from the fact that the RDB contains quite no typological or hierarchical information. Two options are then offered to the manager.
The first option consists to automatically derive from the RDB the needed information, that is, object classes, attributes and SDIT. This can be done for instance by building an object class for each table, an attribute for each column of such a table, and a DIT. Since no hierarchical information can be found in RDB, it can not automatically be created. Then, no static RDB will be created and the SDIT will consist in a one level tree, comprising a root and with all the entry directly linked to said root.
The second option takes the opportunity of the mapping to augment the organization of the database. In that case the database manager may add some hierarchical level and create a SDIT with multiple added levels. Such an operation must be made manually by an operator that is aware of how organized the data should be. Since such information is not initially present it must be added and all the coherencies be checked.
Whatever the way they are obtained, we suppose from now that all the mapping information are available and that the mapping application is ready to operate. Such a mapping application is used the following way.
The aim is to access an object stored in the RDB while providing an X500 to the user. Said user willing to access a given entry provides, as parameter to his request, an entry or an attribute of an entry. To do that with an X500 view, he provides a DN. This DN is either the DN of said entry or the DN of the entry of said attribute, completed by the indication of said attribute. The request may then be a consulting (read) or modifying (create, modify or delete) request. All these requests are considered equally since the main purpose here is to explain the mapping, which remains the same. The request process, operated by said mapping application, comprises the following steps. A static DN, SDN, is built/extract from said given DN, by applying the same statification process as previously, that is by removing all variable value of said DN.
Said SDN is then compared to the SDN of the SDIT until it match one of the SDN of said SDIT. Given said matching SDN, the mapping application may refer to the object class corresponding to said SDN, and to the attribute(s) of said SDN, each variable RDN corresponding to one attribute. With each of said attribute is store the address (table and column) of said attribute in the RDB. In case of a request toward an attribute the single address is used. In case of an entry, the addresses of all the attribute of said entry are used.
Based on said addresses, the mapping application build a RDB request, using the RDB requesting language of the RDB managing tool. The request is submitted to said managing tool in order to get a result. Said result may then be presented to the user. A modify request would process quite the same way to get the data. Modification would then process using the same address mechanism to modify/update the RDB content.
In order to help understand the scope of the invention, and also to provide an applied use of the teaching of the invention, the several steps of the method are now applied to an example.
The example corresponds to a second starting point case. The RDB database does not pre exist. It concerns a books application. The database manager has designed a hierarchical tree in the form of the DIT of
A textual representation, in an XML syntax, equivalent to said DIT of
From this textual description that directly derives from the X500 model, the mapping method extracts:
Five static DN are extracted, corresponding to the five vertices/entry comprising at least one variable RDN. It can be noticed that purely constant DN, that is entries only containing constant RDNs does give rise to a SDN. These static DN constitutes the SDIT.
Six object classes are extracted, corresponding to the object classes present in the initial tree.
Finally thirteen attributes are extracted from the initial definition. Attribute are distinguished by the object class they pertain. For instance the attribute "name" for "AuthorIdentity" is distinguished from the attribute "name" for "ClientIdentity". They are respectively denoted "AuthorIdentity.name" and "ClientIdentity.name". Each attribute is completed in addition to its name, by a type.
Since the RDB database does not pre exist, tables can be created during the mapping process. This is illustrated at
For instance the "BookDescription" object class comprises attributes "title" and "publisherId". Two static DN, "AuthorId" and "ISBN" use the object class "BookDescription". The corresponding "BookDescription" table is then created with four columns: "AuthorId", "ISBN", "title" and "publisherId". "title" and "publisherId" are ordinary columns, while "AuthorId" and "ISBN" columns are special columns that are also declared as primary keys for that table.
After creating said tables, one last step is to capture and store the mapping address of the data. This is done during the mapping process by, for example, storing in each attribute the identifier of the table and the identifier of the column in which it appears. For instance the attribute "BookDescription.title" comprises two fields Table and Column respectively containing the name of the table "BookDescription" and the name of the column "title", respectively used in the RDB to store said attribute. These field values may be used to address the contents of said table in the RDB.
The structure of the RDB is then ready to welcome data. In other words database has to be populated. Some entry creations are applied as figured in the XML listing of
createEntry AuthorId=BALZAC,OU=Authors,OU=BookshopOnLine
setAttribute AuthorId=BALZAC,
setAttribute AuthorId=BALZAC,
After that the database may be used, for example interrogated.
>name="Honor� de Balzac"
The XML listing of
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|U.S. Classification
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|Aug 10, 2009
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Discussion in 'RAW' started by Crayo, Mar 13, 2012.
Beth face turn? Man this story-line is booked by I swear.
Meh why not. Allignments don't really matter in the division anyway, just have Kharma be the heel as Beth is the sympathetic champion when they're match happens.
Hate seeing Ryder used in a diva feud though.
Bra and panties match.
He's kind of limited in what he can do sadly, the broski gimmick is both good and bad. Why they had him lose the belt I'll never know, it makes sense to me to have Eve wanting to be with the US champion as he should hold some power in the company.
Had a feeling she was turning face from yesterday's RAW with the Ryder/Eve/Beth segment.
Beth is the oppisite of a diva shes ugly as shit
I think she's decent tbh, nothing to write home about but she doesn't need bagging. Plus she can wrestle which is more important than looking good on a wrestling show.
Nope I thiink divas need looks like karmah so smexy
An ass so big you could slap it once and it'd shake for days.
Don't forget about Santina Marella.
Ohh God lucky shes not here my wife would freak if i was in bed with her
Well, atleast Beth have something going on now.. haven't seen her for weeks.. so it's nice in a way
Agreed daud she's finnaly back in a saga
As long as Eve is heel IDC. Telling you, she looks hot every episode. Showing those tits.
i would rape a pig for 1 night with eve torres