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Two years ago, almost every kindergarten child at Tregear Public School in Sydney's west was behind in their learning before they even stepped into a classroom. Some could not count to 10 or even identify numbers.
Now, only a handful of students are struggling to keep up, with more than 90 per cent of kindergarten students meeting the required standard in reading and numeracy.
A high-level advisory group headed by former NSW education director-general Ken Boston has implemented a five-year literacy and numeracy action plan in more than 300 of the state's most challenging government, Catholic and independent schools which have been battling for years, if not decades, to raise their levels of literacy and numeracy.
Dr Boston describes them as "the most valiantly struggling schools in the state".
The plan involves specialist teachers, known as instructional leaders, helping classroom teachers to carefully track the progress of each student from kindergarten to year 2 once every five weeks and tailoring specific programs to individual children based on their diagnosed level of learning. They also run intensive intervention programs for children who are at risk of failing to meet benchmarks.
After just two years, the advisory group has reported to NSW Education Minister Adrian Piccoli that the action plan is on track to finally lift the educational levels of the most disadvantaged students.
Dr Boston remembers Tregear as a poor-performing school when he was the director-general more than 20 years ago and says it has continued to struggle. Before it started the action plan, Tregear's year 3 NAPLAN results placed it in the bottom 20 per cent of schools in the state.
"All the signs are that, for the first time in a long period of time, something's happening," Dr Boston said.
"The turnaround has been incredible and it's happening not only here but in the other schools we've targeted too. We are incredibly optimistic that we're onto something here and that the rest of the schools in the system can learn something from it."
Tregear principal Richard Ford said almost all the students have had a tough start to life and some children arrived at the school with the development of a three-year-old.
"We identify them very early and we know exactly where they are at and what interventions they need," Mr Ford said.
Since the school joined the action plan in 2012, Mr Ford said he noticed a significant drop in behavioural problems, which were previously a hindrance to learning.
"The amount of suspensions we have at the school has dropped and I would put that solely down to the kids not being bored because they don't understand what's in their work," he said.
The school's instructional leader, Kerry Weston, said early intervention was crucial because it was "extremely difficult" for students to catch up if they were neglected until the older years.
"The road starts to get steep after kindergarten," she said.
"It's like you're running a race and the road becomes steeper. Year 1 is even harder and the difference between year 2 and year 3 is quite significant."
Mr Piccoli said there would be 400 schools in the action plan next year and more schools could use Gonski funding to employ instructional leaders in their classrooms.
"This is not about one great teacher in one school teaching one class, this is about having a great teacher imparting their knowledge on the whole school," he said.
"It is very data driven so teachers can track every five weeks how those students are doing, not relying on a test every year or every couple of years, and they can scientifically identify where each student is lacking and it can also do the same for professional development, so they can see where teachers can improve."
How it works
- Schools employ instructional leaders to help teachers in the classroom
- Teachers use data to constantly monitor students' achievements
- Tailor-made programs for each child
- Intensive intervention programs for children who are falling behind


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Red Wines From Around the World 6-Pk
Wine is global so when trying new wines, it is only fitting that you sample wines from different wine growing regions from across the globe. It is educational but most importantly fun to try the different styles and flavors from award winning regions from Italy, Spain, South America, and the United States. Add the Red Wines from Around the World 6-Pack to your cart today and explore the variety of tasty wines that the world wide winemakers have to offer.
Your selection includes an assortment of the following wines:
Vina Albali Tempranillo
With flavors of cherry, spice, vanilla, and oak, it is no wonder why Tempranillo has been on such a hot streak over the last decade. More and more, wine lovers are seeking out this grape variety because it has full flavors but can be found at an amazing value that the masses can enjoy. We are always on the hunt for great wines from Spain and our latest find, Vina Albali is a great discovery. When it pours a vibrant cherry red color with violet highlights and bursting with ripe fruit flavors of cherry and strawberry combined with a perfumed nose. It drinks well with a fine structure and a smooth finish. We recommend opening the bottle and walking away for a half hour allowing the wine to breath.
AltaMax Malbec
Who doesn't love Malbec from Mendoza, the heart of winemaking in Argentina. Malbec provides an alternative to California wines, providing a beautiful bouquet and palate profile for not a lot of money. Alta Max is the latest example of this trend of value Malbec that drinks absolutely beautifully. Flavors of plums and red ripe fruit with snappy raspberry and a bright vibrant finish makes this wine an enjoyable addition to any dinner. So much so this vintage was rated 86 points by Wine Enthusiast Magazine. It's not hard to see why a wine of this quality and value is coveted. With Vina Maipu's mission to hand harvest grapes and Winemaker Didier De Bono's attention to detail, we welcome Alta Max to our cellars with joy.
Val Di Botte Toscano Rosso Sangiovese
Sangiovese is a very versatile grape that provides an array of flavors and levels of depth in which a wine based from this grape can be made. Thin and lean with bright fruit of cherry and strawberry mingled with earthy tones, leather, and vibrant acidity. With aging, these wines developed unfolding layers that become more and more cabernet like. Val Di Botte Toscano Rosso is dry, pleasant, has light tannins, and a medium body. Its ruby red color is pleasing to the eye and its flavors of bright red fruit and earthy undertones rounds out an enjoyable experience overall. We enjoy this wine with an array of spicy pork dishes and fresh pasta like Bolognese.
Cascada Peak Cabernet Sauvignon
Mendoza rests at the foothills of the largest continental mountain range in the world. The Andes Mountain Range peaks average 13,000 feet and provide a majestic backdrop to Mendoza with its' snow capped peaks and rugged form that tower as high of 22,481 feet. That's the perfect inspiration for this wine. Cascada Peak is a Cabernet and it's bold. It has a rustic charm to it that makes it absolutely a delight to drink. From first sip the wine has lots of fruit, a slightly chewy mouth feel (which is a complement) and a dry but not to tannic finish. Dark fruit and earthy undertones round out a wonderful drinking experience. This is a wine that is perfect for a well-marbled steak and a spiced rubbed pork loin. It drinks great by itself but will really shine with a food pairing.
Viña San Juan Red Blend
La Mancha in the heart of Spain's wine growing country is the world's largest growing region, comprising of 300,000 hectares of vineyards growing highly specialized concentrations of Merlot, Syrah, Tempranillo, and some white grapes as well. That's the technical aspect of the region. But for us wine drinkers, that equates to a region that produces a lot of a great thing. Case in point is Viña San Juan Red Blend. This wine was designed to appeal to the masses that can be enjoyed with a high range of dishes. Bright garnet in color with notes of berry fruit, this wine is smooth and well-balanced with vibrant strawberry flavors. We recommend opening 1 hour before drinking and enjoying slightly chilled.
Albarrada Red Blend
Certainly, when you think of Portuguese wine, the first thing that comes to mind is the signature port. Port is delicious but the layers of Portuguese winemaking are so much deeper than that. Albarrada is a new and exclusive winery that makes amazing wine that showcases local grapes. This red wine (or vinho tinto, in Portuguese) features a local grape, called Castelão. Native to the soils of Portugal, Castelão. It is unusual, finding a better home in the drier and harsher climate of Portugal than the normally more grape friendly soils of temperate climates. When well cared for, the wine that results is aromatic and fruit-forward with notes of red berries and slight hints of floral notes. This profile has made Castelão one of the most beloved grapes of Portugal and this Albarrada is a brilliant representation of the native grape.


text: Our family of five enjoyed a a very pleasant and relaxing week at The Grove. With great views of the valley below, the accommodation is well presented and spacious. The local area is very beautiful and is just a short drive away from the lovely cities of Bath, Wells and Bristol.


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Given the number of breaches that happen on a daily occurrence, I often feel sorry for the big named corporations that find their names in the headlines -- not only having had a breach but also as being held up as a constant example of the implications of a breach.
Unfortunately, there is much for security professionals to learn from those companies that have been attacked, which is the reason for OPSWAT's recent blog post on the eight largest breaches of all time. To explain to my readers how they can better avoid being the victim of an attack, Benny Czarny, CEO, OPSWAT spoke from his 20 years of expertise in the computer and network security industry about creating solutions within encryption, network operations, and security vulnerabilities detection fields.
Czarny's breadth of experience spans roles as a programmer, team leader, and engineering manager in several companies before founding OPSWAT, a San Francisco based software company that provides solutions to secure and manage IT infrastructure, in 2002.
"The criminals are out there and they understand that data can get them financial or other gains," said Czarny. Part of the problem in building a strong defense is that security teams don't always know what the criminals are after. "There are several things that criminals are want—credit cards, pictures, movies, sensitive documents, private records," said Czarny.
The prominence of criminal acts has been broader and more sophisticated. Some bad guys are stealing and publishing data because they want to cause shame to their victims. Others are after different targets. Czarny said, "What we try to do is to raise concern and quantify what is the potential risk. What are the potential damages caused by the attacks?"
The reality is that despite these eight major breaches, "Many other breaches that have been happening didn't make it to the news because security teams caught it before it became disastrous."
Benny Czarny, CEO, OPSWAT
The goal with most retail breaches is stealing credit card numbers so that the criminals can use them to buy anything online or transfer money or steal directly from the banks. The gain is obvious, and the way that many have been accomplished was through malware. Czarny said that security professionals need to ask, "What is the target? What are the weaker points? Because criminals are leveraging the weaker points to implement the malware."
The goal with breaches to major entertainment corporations is quite different. "The goal with Sony was to steal the videos and leak them to create financial damage to Sony as either political gain or for other reasons (revenge). The intent was to create damage specifically to Sony for publishing a specific video," Czarny said.
Malware is often the culprit, and many times the attack is so sophisticated because the attacker knows the security system. They spend so much time studying and collecting intelligence on a target organization. "They designed the malware to send traffic through the security system that seems to be legitimate," Czarny said.
Examining the network and deep inspection on the network is critical to being able to detect infections. Czarny said, "Look deeper into the network requires much more detailed work which involves investigation."
For many enterprises though, there is conflict in not recognizing that security is a philosophical concept. Czarny said, "I am doing two things—I'm the alarm system and the police. I'm the alarm system in the house and I'm the local police."
In trying to create a good alarm system for the business, Czarny said, "Stop thinking how to protect the business from a cyber-attack and from the cyber security threat. Instead, think about the business assets. Prioritize what needs to be protected, then think about the threat vectors."
From global architecture to the more specific fields such as just firewall or firewall administration or IPS, antimalware, malware research, the entire security team needs to be thinking about protecting the business assets.
For SMBs, though, an entire security team might not exist. Czarny said, "Cloud solutions might be a way to mitigate some of the risk. That's something that is helping. There are lots of security companies targeting those SMBs, understanding that they might not have a team or may not be able to come up with solutions."
Never to be underestimated or exhausted is the need for educating end users on using a computer. "There are lessons on driving a car but not on using a computer. People should have education that gives them a basic understanding of cybersecurity that protects anybody," Czarny said.


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Description: Meet Ed Kennedy--underage cabdriver, pathetic cardplayer, and useless at romance. He lives in a shack with his coffee-addicted dog, the Doorman, and he's hopelessly in love with his best friend, Audrey. His life is one of peaceful routine and incompetence, until he inadvertently stops a bank robbery. That's when the first Ace arrives. That's when Ed becomes the messenger. . . . Chosen to care, he makes his way through town helping and hurting (when necessary), until only one question remains: Who's behind Ed's mission? Winner of the 2003 Children's Book Council Book of the Year Award in Australia, I Am the Messenger is a cryptic journey filled with laughter, fists, and love. "From the Hardcover edition."
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Australian author Markus Zusak was born in Sydney on June 23, 1975. He began writing at the age of 16, and seven years later his first book, The Underdog, was published. Zusak is best known for his award-winning young adult novels The Book Thief and I Am the Messenger, both of which have been successful internationally and are Michael L. Printz Honor books. The Book Thief is scheduled to be released as a major motion picture on November 15, 2013.
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Albertsons Joins Seattle Competition by Offering Loyalty Card Program
SEATTLE - Albertsons introduced its Preferred Savings Card at stores in Seattle last week, making it the last of the three dominant grocery chains in the area to roll out customer-loyalty cards, The Seattle Times reports.
SEATTLE - Albertsons introduced its Preferred Savings Card at stores in Seattle last week, making it the last of the three dominant grocery chains in the area to roll out customer-loyalty cards, The Seattle Times reports. Safeway and Kroger-owned QFC already have the programs in place.
Some customers have said were shopping at Albertsons just to bypass the loyalty cards. Now they must decide if they will remain loyal to the Boise, Idaho-based chain.
Mike Clawson, president of Albertsons' Northwest division, said that by adding the cards, the company "can focus on our customers and spend our money more carefully to offer the products and services our customers want."
However, at Safeway and QFC, the loyalty card programs spurred a backlash from customers who raised concerns about privacy and two-tiered pricing. Albertsons is hearing similar complaints. But Clawson said focus groups with Seattle-area shoppers left little doubt that most customers will sign up for the cards if they include perks.
"What we found out is, they like them if there's some substance to them," Clawson said. "What we heard was, 'You've got to give us some benefits. We will be loyal shoppers if there's enough benefits tied to these cards.' "
Albertsons' cards offer automatic sweepstakes entries, modest savings on future purchases, and the option of applying a percentage of purchases to college savings accounts.
One analyst noted that independent grocery stores and smaller chains may be able to capitalize on some of the controversy surrounding loyalty cards by touting the fact that they don't have them.
Paul Kapioski, owner of the West Seattle Thriftway, said his store has gained shoppers who have shunned loyalty-card programs at competing stores.
"Once everybody has it, it's no longer a novelty or a competitive advantage," Kapioski said. "We won't be going in that direction."
Ronna Kowal, a retired Renton school employee who lives in Port Orchard, told the newspaper she was livid when she returned from a recent vacation and discovered that Albertsons had added loyalty cards.
"I'm not a nutcase, a political activist or a privacy freak," Kowal said. "I just feel that for something as basic as buying groceries, you shouldn't have to be a card-carrying member of an organization. You have to buy into their monitoring system in order to get those prices."
Kowal said she's now shopping for groceries at Fred Meyer, which doesn't have a card -- yet. Spokesman Rob Boley said the company, also owned by Kroger, is developing a card that will be used to reward frequent customers but won't be required for the lowest prices.


text: Udall visits CSU's new infectious disease center By on May 8, 2009 By Jason Kosena THE COLORADO STATESMAN FORT COLLINS — After the H1N1 virus, or Swine Flu, pandemic scare hit, it became nearly impossible to avoid the latest news about the virus — which, many believe, could spread worldwide within weeks. Although the most dire predictions are looking less and less likely to come true, the […]This content is only available to subscribers. Login or Subscribe Share this:EmailTwitterFacebook Current News, Default


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Kitsuki Emishi was a traveling magistrate of the Dragon Clan. In 1123 he was sent by the Dragon Clan Champion Togashi Yokuni to Otosan Uchi, to command the immediate withdrawal of Kitsuki Yaruma, the Dragon liaison to the Imperial Court. Before they were able to meet, Yaruma was found dead by seppuku and Emishi swore to solve the mystery before he left the Imperial City. The next day the Scorpion Coup was unleashed. [1]
- ↑ Otosan Uchi: The Scorpion's Sting, p. 35
|This Dragon Clan related article is a stub. That means that it has been started, but is incomplete. You can help by adding to the information here.


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Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels, a potential GOP presidential candidate, talks about his past drug use and arrest for possession of marijuana in an interview with his college newspaper.
In 1970, Daniels and two roommates at Princeton University were charged with possession of marijuana, LSD and prescription drugs without a prescription. After some plea bargaining, Daniels was fined $350.
"I don't make excuses for anything. Justice was served," Daniels told the Daily Princetonian, in the piece published today. "I had used marijuana and I was fined for that, and that was appropriate."
There was a time when admission of drug use was a big deal for a presidential candidate. In 1992, Democrat Bill Clinton was skewered for admitting he used marijuana but "didn't inhale" and didn't like it.
Daniels, who graduated from Princeton in 1971, said he and his friends "were sort of swept up in the net. ... I was fined for the accurate offense and I've learned from it."
The Indiana governor also discussed with the newspaper that he had "an uncertain mooring" while in college. He was active at the time in both the College Republicans and the anti-war movement.
Daniels said his political beliefs started to come into focus after working for then-Indianapolis Mayor Richard Lugar (now a U.S. senator) and the Senate campaign of William Ruckelshaus, who went on to become the first administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Catalina Camia leads the OnPolitics online community and has been at USA TODAY since 2005. She has been a reporter or editor covering politics and Congress for two decades, including stints at The Dallas Morning News and Congressional Quarterly. Follow her at @USATOnPolitics.
USA TODAY's Jackie Kucinich (@jfkucinich) and Fredreka Schouten (@fschouten) also contribute to the OnPolitics blog.


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THE ROLE OF WELL-BEING. Joseph Raz 1 University of Oxford and Columbia University
- Peter Hutchinson
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1 Philosophical Perspectives, 18, Ethics, 2004 THE ROLE OF WELL-BEING Joseph Raz 1 University of Oxford and Columbia University Well-being signifies the good life, the life which is good for the person whose life it is. Much of the discussion of well-being, including a fair proportion of my own 2, aims to explain what kind of life is good for the people whose life it is, what constitutes well-being. I have argued that well-being consists in a wholehearted and successful pursuit of valuable relationships and goals. This view, a little modified, is part of the background to the discussion to follow. However, my purpose here is to consider the role of well-being in practical thought. In particular I will examine a suggestion, which I will call the radical suggestion, which says that when we care about people, and when we ought to care about people, what we do, or ought to, care about is their well-being. The suggestion is indifferent to who cares and who is cared for. People may care, perhaps ought to care, about themselves, and they may care, perhaps ought to care, about people with whom they have, or ought to have special bonds, and finally they may care, perhaps ought to care, about other people generally (I will refer to this as caring about strangers). In all cases what they care, or ought to care, about is the wellbeing of the relevant people, themselves or others. The radical suggestion is not as radical as some. It allows that the reasons or duties of care, and their stringency, may vary depending on the relationship between the carers and the cared for. Besides, it does not include the claim that moral reasons or duties, or self-regarding reasons, or reasons or duties of friendship, or of other relationships, are reasons, duties of well-being, and nothing else. The view that this is so will be neither assumed nor examined here. My impression is that discussions of the concept acquired their current prominence over the last years, in the hope that it would help with pressing philosophical problems, primarily ones encountered by people sympathetic to the ethos of utilitarianism. First, it became clear to many that the claim that what matters to people in their life is either pleasure and the avoidance of pain, or preference-satisfaction, is unsustainable. Other things matter too. Second, Rawls gave expression to a vague concern that utilitarianism while intending to be concerned with people manages to miss out on the importance of people. In its classical versions, for example, it virtually regards
2 270 / Joseph Raz people as repositories of pleasure. We should (according to some versions) maximize the total or the average (per person) amount of pleasure, never mind where it resides. It is pleasure which matters, not people. The concept emerged or re-emerged in recent times with the claim that it is helpful in both an explanatory (designating what people care about when they care about themselves or others) and a normative role (what they should care about when they care about themselves or others). The phrase well-being is used in philosophical writing in a meaning different from its meaning in English 3. Hence an examination of the concept cannot be entirely separated from examination of its intended role. It emerged in philosophical discussions to play this role. We cannot understand it otherwise. It is meant to play this role through having two basic features. First, it is a property of a life. Second, it is a property a life possesses in virtue of its character, taken as a whole. Of course, we can apply it also to periods in a life. However, the concept plays its pivotal theoretical role, as expressed in the radical suggestion, when applied to life taken as a whole. In Part One I will defend the concept against some criticisms of its coherence or significance. In Part Two I will reject the radical suggestion and propose an alternative understanding of the role of well-being. My purpose is primarily to sketch a position, whose defence requires more extensive and far-ranging arguments than can be offered here. All I can hope to do is to indicate the direction of some of them. Part One: The Concept 1. The objective value component The radical suggestion is that caring for people is (a) caring about the quality of their life, (b) in its entirety, and (c) that that means caring that they should have a life which is good for them. A person enjoys a high degree of well-being if his life is good in a way which is good for him, as against just good (perhaps morally good) or good in ways which are good for his dependents, or for his country, or for his employer, etc., but not for him. One possible objection to the radical suggestion says that we should distinguish between a happy life and a good life. A good life is one of rectitude, propriety, moral good deeds, of integrity and adherence to standards of personal morality, or devotion to one s family or to one s friends, or of contribution to the arts, sciences, or other admirable branches of culture, or whatever always provided that it did not include lapses which negate the significance of the good activities or events. A happy life is one of contentment, of ambitions and aspirations realized, etc, always provided that it did not include frustrations and sufferings which negate those satisfactions. The concept of well-being is a hybrid, an attempt to find a concept which is half one and half the other. A good life may be a happy one, but such coincidence is contingent, and should not
3 The Role of Well-Being / 271 encourage the emergence of, or assigning any theoretical role to, the hybrid concept of a life which is good (borrowed from a good life) for the person whose life it is (borrowed from happiness). There is a thorough subjectivist understanding of the objection, according to which one necessary condition of the happy life is that it is one the person whose life it is is happy with. Happiness on this view is transparent to those who are happy. We need not accept that view. We may believe that people may be unreflective about their own life, be neither happy nor unhappy with their life, and yet be happy or unhappy. We may also believe that sometimes people think they are unhappy or that they are happy when they are not. We may understand people correcting their view of past periods of their life, saying I then thought that I was so happy. Now I realize that it was merely an illusion, or that I was deceiving myself. The point remains that the objective element in happiness, the element which makes it possible for people to be mistaken or self-deceived about their happiness, is not a value element. The happy life remains, even on this more objective understanding of happiness, distinct from the good life, and requires no goodness at all. The problem with this view is that a happy life cannot be devoid of valuable activities. First, a happy life, as well as one that is good for the agent whose life it is, is marked not only by satisfaction with occasional specific events or activities. It is marked by a general attitude to oneself, and specifically by whole-hearted acceptance by the person of himself, of who he is. Second, both the general attitude to oneself, and the specific satisfaction with events and activities, depend on the agent s belief that these actions and events are worthwhile. One cannot be completely and unreservedly satisfied with an activity or an event which one believes to be meaningless, demeaning, worthless, etc. One cannot whole-heartedly accept being what one is if one believes oneself to be evil, depraved, lacking in integrity, etc. Several questions arise. First, can one accept unreservedly and contentedly what one takes to be worthless or base? Second, if not, is this an empirical generalization or a necessary truth? Third, assuming that the answer is that there is a necessary connection between whole-hearted (undiluted, unambivalent) acceptance and belief in that attitude or its object being well-deserved 4, the question remains whether one needs to have any view of the value of what gives one pleasure. Do I need to believe that a song is a good song to enjoy it? Or that an ice cream is a good one in order to take pleasure in it? These questions cannot be explored here. But as the last one is crucial to my argument let me say something about it. Logical and conceptual truths which can be known a priori (e.g., that if P and If P then Q then Q, or that Yellow is a color) are rightly attributed to people who may never have consciously entertained them provided that (a) these truths can be expressed in concepts which are understood by these people, and (b) the people use these concepts in ways which conform to the truths we attribute to them. The second of these conditions is part of the grounds for attributing possession of the concepts.
4 272 / Joseph Raz Possession of a concept requires some, though not complete, understanding of it, a degree, though not the highest degree, of knowledge of the rules which govern its correct use. We can attribute a belief in a conceptual truth to people who mastered the concept, however imperfectly, provided the imperfections in their understanding do not consist in contradicting the belief attributed. So, if there is a necessary connection between accepting or taking pleasure in something and beliefs about one s attitude or its object having an appropriate value, then it would be right to attribute knowledge of that fact to people who have the concepts and use them without contradicting it. Is there such a necessary connection? It is based on the Socratic-Aristotelian view that actions, desires and other aspirations are rational only to the extent that they are believed to be worthwhile, which often means that they have worthwhile objects. None of this can be established here. 5 Two comments about its basis are, however, helpful in clarifying the view: First, desires, aspirations and actions are open to criticism. Criticism which if justified would require abandoning them. That is a conceptual truth. But then does it not follow that in acting, intending or desiring one assumes that the criticism does not apply, i.e. that they are worthwhile? Second, the very attribution of intentions, intentional actions, desires, etc. depends on criteria such as that the fact that one does not take an action when one could take it at no cost or sacrifice, would indicate, other things being equal, that one did not intend to take it, and that one did not want to take it. But the criteria cannot be one-dimensional: we can criticize people for being irrational in not doing what they intended when they could, etc. The criteria are multifaceted, so that attribution is warranted even when agents fail in some criteria, a failure which will often show that they are irrational. For criticism of this kind to be possible, and for the multifaceted criteria to relate to rationality, desires, intentions, etc. must relate to rational factors, namely beliefs in their worthwhileness. This is as much as I can do here to defend the view that normally people can be happy only if they believe that their life, activities, etc. were worthwhile. It does not show that happiness requires that they actually were worthwhile. This may indeed not be so. The question we face is whether happiness which is based on a mistake about the quality of the life concerned is an ideal to any degree at all? This does not seem plausible. It is not relevant that under some circumstances it is good to have an experience based on false belief: to experiment, to learn how to tell it from its twin true belief, to save one s life, or that of others and so on. What we are asking is whether it can be intrinsically, not instrumentally, valuable, and whether it can be valuable as the rule, rather than as an exception. That is improbable. Not because there is value in having true beliefs or true experiences. Rather that whatever value is in an experience depends on its character. The false experiences, i.e. the experiences based on false beliefs, which one is supposed to assume make for happiness, are not the experiences the people who have them think they have, nor the ones they want to have. They want to experience being loved and admired and they experience being flattered
5 and used. What is there about the experiences which they have which makes them good and valuable? Possibly, nothing; possibly they are not valuable at all. But if they are, this will depend on some understanding of the value of experiences which makes it independent of what the people who have them think they have or want to have. The emerging conclusion is that the criticism of well-being as a hybrid concept cannot be sustained. The notion of happiness even when understood as involving nothing more than a state of the person whose happiness is in question involves reference to values, if only in the form of believed valuables. If happiness matters, if we should care about our or other people s happiness then it must consist in the satisfaction of worth-while desires, or, more generally, whatever mental states happiness consists in must have value, usually through their objects being worthwhile. 2. Good for The Role of Well-Being / 273 Another, almost exactly opposite, objection denies that there is a coherent concept able to play the role that the concept of well-being is supposed to play, because the reference to a life good for the person whose life it is makes no sense. To be sure a life could be good or bad to various degrees. But that, the objection goes, is so in virtue of the life including good or bad, valuable or worthless episodes or actions. Saying that they are good for the person in whose life they occur adds nothing, and misleads us into believing that there is something added. There is no sense in which episodes in a life, or the life as a whole, can be good for the person whose life it is beyond just being good. If this objection is right we are back with the sort of value theory exemplified by versions of utilitarianism, which fails to find value in human beings as such. They are locations of valuable episodes. What matters, what we should strive to pursue or promote are valuable events or episodes such as pleasure, or discriminating or refined aesthetic appreciation, physical accomplishment, or making scientific discoveries. 6 The people who manifest them have no distinctive claim on our attention, or, indeed, on their own attention. The same is true if value inheres not only in episodes in the life of people, but also in a person s life itself. Even then the value is not the personal value of the people themselves: their existence is simply impersonally good. It is so, for example, if the existence (¼life) of people or of anything which is not a copy of another thing, but distinctive, is important because it adds variety to the world. But are intrinsic values, or some of them, personal in the required way? Is non-instrumentally 7 good for X different from is good and resides (or can, will, etc. reside) in X? An initial, partial, answer is readily available. There is a difference between different ways in which a person may be involved in a valuable event or state. Contrast the following two pairs of examples:
6 274 / Joseph Raz (1.1) Mary is photographed without her knowledge, and the photograph is used to become a vital element in a great work of art. (2.1) Rather drunk, Mary falls asleep with her body blocking shut the (fire) door, thus saving many people from the fire which erupted accidentally on the other side. (1.2) Mary takes a photographic self-portrait and incorporates it in a great work of art she was creating at the time. (2.2) Aware of the danger the fire poses, Mary stays by the fire door pressing it shut, thus saving may lives. In all examples a good or valuable episode involving Mary occurs. The material difference is that the first list is of things which happen to Mary. She is active in the episodes of the second list, while passive in those of the first. That difference explains why neither episode in the first list can be good for her 8, whereas those in the second list can be. 9 Episodes in which we are passive, as well as ones in which we do not feature at all, can be good for us only indirectly, through their contribution to another valuable aspect of our activities. Only active episodes can be directly good for us. 10 What explains the connection between activity and being (directly) good for a person? The answer requires sketching, in the briefest and crudest of outlines, a couple of fundamental distinctions in the basic modes 11 in which things, events or states can be good or have value. The first distinction is fairly familiar, and is best illustrated by the way one thinks of the value of natural features, like the Grand Canyon. Some people think that the value (aesthetic or other) of the Grand Canyon is totally independent of its appreciation or the possibility of its appreciation by anyone. Others think of its value as fulfilled only if it is appreciated by valuers, and wasted or pointless otherwise. Some values, e.g. friendship, cannot be instantiated without being appreciated. One cannot have a friendship without the friends being aware of the fact, and valuing it. 12 For our purposes, however, they can be treated together with, e.g., good novels which must be written, but need not be read, and either way their value may remain unappreciated. What is common to friendships and novels, and much else which is of intrinsic value, is that they are fully realized only when appreciated and engaged in in the right spirit, in the right way (in this case: read with understanding). To facilitate expression I will call such values personal values. On some views the value of the Grand Canyon is personal, on others it is impersonal. Similarly, on some views the value of valuers, e.g. of persons, is impersonal. But arguably their value is purely personal 13, that is it is not fully realized unless they bond with others who, one way or another, appreciate their value. For present purposes I will proceed on the assumption that all values are personal. I will take it to entail that anything which is of value can be good for someone. Some take anything which has (personal) value to be good because it is good for someone. According to them, good is short for good for someone. I believe that this is neither true nor an implication of values being personal.
7 The Role of Well-Being / 275 If something is intrinsically good for me it is so because it is good it would be good for you to read this novel. It is really excellent and it is that very quality which makes it good for others too. It would be good for you to read the book for the same reason it is good for me, i.e. because it is an excellent book. Of course, not everything good is good for me. I need to be able to appreciate it and engage in it. (I may be tone deaf. Music is not for me.) It has to fit in my life (I may be set on becoming a weight-lifter, which is inconsistent with being a good long distance runner), and there may be other conditions. But whatever is good (unconditionally and non-instrumentally) for one person can be good for others, and will be good for them for the same reason because it is good. This primacy of good over good for is consistent with values being personal, for it is consistent with it being a condition on anything being good that it is capable of being good for some valuer. It cannot be good if its value cannot be appreciated and engaged in by some valuer. There are three kinds of personal values. Things having personal value can be intrinsically good in the way in which good paintings, good novels, or beautiful landscapes are. Or they can be good in themselves (according to one use of this phrase) in the way in which persons are, i.e. beings who can appreciate value and respond to it, be guided in their actions by it. They can also be intrinsically good in the way in which my listening to the Emersons playing the Second Razumovsky Quartet can be good. This last category is of valuers responding to value (intrinsic or instrumental) in appropriate ways. The value of things provides us with reasons for appropriate responses, in action, emotion, or thought. As mentioned, metaphorically speaking what is of intrinsic value is wasted if not responded to in the appropriate way. Correspondingly, valuers are diminished if when it would be appropriate to do so they are unable to respond to what is of value. I do not know in what way the instantiation of an impersonal value can be good for anyone. Personal values, on the other hand, are there to be appreciated and engaged in. The ability to be good for people or other valuers is central to their nature as personal values. In general, any appropriate response to value out of appreciation of its value, is good for one. The common exception is when it conflicts with stronger reasons one has. Broadly speaking two kinds of responses are appropriate. I will refer to them as engaging with the value and respecting it. Appreciating or enjoying a good painting, a good drink, participating in an appropriate way in a good party, dance, or discussion are examples of engagement with value. Protecting or restoring a good painting, protecting the party from hooligans or other interferences, are examples of respecting value. Beyond the fact that engaging with something of value involves appreciation of its value in some way (e.g. taking pleasure in it) and to some degree, not much can be said in the abstract about what constitutes engagement with a value. It depends on the value concerned. The actions required by reasons of respect for value too are diverse, but united in being aimed at protecting that which has the value. In one sense of the term we respect something if our actions
8 276 / Joseph Raz and attitudes conform to reasons of respect, whatever the reasons for which we act. In another, stronger sense, we respect something only if we do what respect requires out of respect. Of the two engaging with value is primary. Respect is due in recognition of the fact that the value is there to be engaged with. Its point is to keep open the opportunity to engage with what is of value. Because episodes which are good for us directly (i.e. among other things, non-instrumentally) consist in an appropriate response to value, they are episodes in which we are active. Needless to say, while only what is good for me can directly contribute to my well-being, not everything which is good for me does so. As will be explained in the next section, it may be good for me to watch some TV program tonight, even though it will have no bearing on my well-being. Establishing the distinctiveness of the concept of a life good for the person whose life it is does not yet meet the objection. Admitting that whatever is good for one is good, it remains a puzzle why my well-being should carry any normative weight, or have any normative force beyond the value of the actions and events in my life. What is good about well-being as such? Why should caring about people consist in caring about their well-being? This seems to require that their well-being has value which is distinct from the value of episodes in their life. If, for example, I am a great educator, or sportsperson, then many of my actions are valuable independently of whether I hate myself for engaging in them, or have other of the negative attitudes which affect well-being. Does it mean that my actions or my life have less value than those of someone whose life differs from mine just in that he accepts who he is and what he does? If not does it not follow that well-being is not valuable in itself, and that we have no reason to pursue it for its own sake? That way of putting the objection may make it sound like an objection to the thought that there is any reason to care about people, rather than about valuable episodes, which may or may not be good for them, or for the impersonal value of their life. It becomes an objection to the radical suggestion, and to the role of the concept of well-being, only if there is a way of caring about people which does not involve caring about their well-being. 3. Life as a whole Suppose we accept that caring about people is caring about their life, on the ground that people have nothing beyond their life. Suppose we further accept that caring about people s lives is caring about the quality of their life, about how good their life is. Even if that is so does it follow that what we then care about is the well-being of the people we care about? One doubt is raised by the fact that the judgements of well-being we are interested in are about how good people s lives are as a whole. There are various ways of understanding this condition. The atomistic view maintains that the contribution of every moment or episode to one s well-being is independent of the content of the rest of one s life.
9 The Role of Well-Being / 277 The objective balance view maintains that the contribution of moments in a life to one s well-being is not independent of that of other moments in one s life. It takes the well-being of people to depend in part on the relations between different parts of their life. Possibly for every person, given his talents and tastes, there is a range of experiences such that his life is good for him to the extent that it displays the right balance between them. Having too much of one kind or too little of another makes life worse. Hence if in the past I read lots of philosophy, but never played football, my well-being will get worse if I continue as before, and will improve if I abandon philosophy for football. Objective balance accounts can be total or partial, depending on whether they hold that every moment of one s life contributes to or detracts from the ideal balance. I know of people who adopted plans of life informed by a desire to have a life which is balanced in certain ways, and whose plans do not appear unreasonable. At the same time I know of no good argument that the absence of some such balance detracts from the well-being of the people whose life it is. So far as I can see, the life of a person whose life is governed by an all-consuming dedication to mathematics, or some other single pursuit, need not be less good for him than the life of those who have a much better balanced life. In ways which need explaining, well-being does not necessarily depend on balanced patterns, though it may be served by them in the life of people who pursue such goals. I will therefore ignore the balance view from now on. Instead I will contrast the atomistic view with another, which seems to me correct: The variable pattern view denies that all moments in one s life count equally, or even count at all. One s well-being, according to this view, depends in the main on the degree to which one succeeds in pursuing valuable relationships and projects which one adopted as one s own. Subject to an important qualification to follow, episodes in one s life which do not bear on them do not affect one s well-being, and those which do bear on them vary in importance according to their contribution to those relationships and goals, and to the importance of these relationships and goals to one s life. The atomistic view consists of two claims: The independence claim: The contribution of moments in one s life to one s well-being depends on their intrinsic value only, and is independent of their relations to other aspects of one s life. The positive correlation claim: The better the quality of any moment the greater its contribution to the well-being of the person whose life it is. Both are mistaken. There are various possible reasons for rejecting them. Possibly different stages in people s life contribute differently to their wellbeing. A traditional view distinguishes between a preparatory stage in childhood and early youth, a stage of mature activity, and a stage of relative retirement. Possibly people s years of mature activity count more (minute for minute, as it were) towards their well-being than the early or later stages. We discount a
10 278 / Joseph Raz relatively unhappy childhood, or undistinguished decline late in life, if they flank years of successful mature activity. The claim that all events in childhood, or some other period, must be completely discounted is not credible. Imagine a severe illness which causes great suffering and disables one from pursuing any rewarding activity, other than fighting that illness. There can be no reason to deny that the period of that illness, whenever in life it occurs, matters a lot to the well-being of that person. But one can reject atomism, and maintain that some episodes, periods, or aspects of people s lives do not matter to their well-being, even though they would have mattered had they followed a different course. The variable pattern view, for example, could accommodate this possibility by taking well-being to be, in part, a function of the degree to which the life of the people concerned successfully realizes a pattern, which in turn determines the relative value of different periods or aspects of their life, while in part being pattern-independent. Certain modes of conduct or pursuit are on this view appropriate for people of a certain age, but not for others, or appropriate for people in certain occupations but not for others, appropriate towards people with whom we have certain relations, but not towards others, and so on. Their contribution to well-being depends on their appropriateness. Other states, events or their aspects affect well-being in a pattern-independent way. Arguably they include one s basic attitudes to oneself (e.g., unjustified low self-esteem, unjustified lack of self-respect, self-hate, shame about one s looks), occurrence of severe and enduring pain and suffering, and commission of serious wrong-doing. The pattern dependent elements relate to projects and relationships regarding which people that have them are active 14, whereas pattern independent factors may include events in which the people concerned are passive. Arguably, some, perhaps even many actions, states or events in a life do not manifest any pattern-independent features. Similarly, many of them do not manifest pattern-dependent ones. If so then numerous decisions, actions or other aspects of one s life have no bearing on one s well-being, and others have variable impact. That is, their impact is not due to their intrinsic character, but depends on how they are situated in one s life relative to certain patterns. If well-being is pattern-dependent, and the determination of the relevant pattern is contingent then the relevance, if any, of different episodes, or aspects of episodes, to people s well-being cannot be determined independently of their relations to other episodes. The significance of each episode, if any, depends, contrary to the independence claim, on its relations to others, in light of the direction the person whose life it is gave to his or her life. The relevance and meaning of other episodes is determined by reference to that pattern. What reasons are there to endorse the variable pattern view? I will use examples to illustrate its plausibility. 15 Here is one: In order to participate effectively in a public debate I read about the other participants, and spend a good deal of time considering the questions under
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19041 Red Pine Drive, Hillman 49746
See more homes for sale in Hillman, MI
Enjoy all Northern Michigan has to offer with 81' of gorgeous Ess Lake when you buy this 3 bed, 1 1/2 bath home with a 2 car finished, attached & heated garage. Solid cherry kitchen w/under cabinet lighting & lazy susans. New steel roof. Property is nicely treed & landscaped. Dock included. Ess Lake is a 114 acre all-sports lake with bluegill, pike, bass, walleye & perch with a max depth of 51'. No wake after 7:30 p.m. Also enjoy hiking and hunting with state land within walking distance.
Property Information
- Status
- Active
- Address
- 19041 Red Pine Drive
- City
- Hillman
- Zip
- 49746
- County
- Montmorency
- Township
- Hillman
- Possession
- Negotiable
- Zoning
- Residential
- Subdivision
- Total Finished SqFt
- 1,460
- Above Grade SqFt
- 1,460
- Garage
- 2.0
- Garage Desc.
- Attached/HTD
- Waterfront Desc
- Yes
- Waterfrontage
- 81.0
- Body of Water
- Ess Lake
- Water
- Well
- Sewer
- Septic
- Home Style
- Ranch
- Taxes
- $1,229
- Association Fee
- $$30 year
Rooms and Land
- MasterBedroom
- 12'1''x13'8'' 1st Floor
- Bedroom2
- 10x10 1st Floor
- Bedroom3
- 10x10 1st Floor
- Bath1
- 10'6''x6'3'' 1st Floor
- Bath2
- 4x5 1st Floor
- Dining
- 7x14 1st Floor
- Family
- 16'11''x17 1st Floor
- Kitchen
- 6'8''x14 1st Floor
- Laundry
- 11'10''x5'3'' 1st Floor
- Living
- 17'8''x13'8'' 1st Floor
- Cooling
- Forced Air, Natural Gas
- Heating
- Forced Air, Natural Gas
- Lot Dimensions
- 80x226.9x121.35x258.88
- Appliances
- Ceiling Fan, Curtain Rods, Dishwasher, Drapes, Dryer, Garage Door Opener, Microwave, Range/Oven, Refrigerator, Washer
- Interior Features
- Fireplace
- Exterior Materials
- Vinyl
- Exterior Features
- Deck, Landscaped, Shed
Listing Video for 19041 Red Pine Drive, Hillman MI 49746
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Office Address 259 S Ripley Blvd
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Our Michigan real estate agents can answer all of your questions about 19041 Red Pine Drive, Hillman MI 49746. Real Estate One, Max Broock Realtors, and J&J Realtors are part of the Real Estate One Family of Companies and dominate the Hillman, Michigan real estate market. To sell or buy a home in Hillman, Michigan, contact our real estate agents as we know the Hillman, Michigan real estate market better than anyone with over 100 years of experience in Hillman, Michigan real estate for sale.
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IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.
The data relating to real estate one this web site comes in part from the Internet Data Exchange Program of the Water Wonderland MLS (WWLX). Real Estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Real Estate One are marked with the WWLX logo and the detailed information about said listing includes the listing office. Water Wonderland MLS, Inc. © All rights reserved.