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Guide to the General Equal Treatment Act. Explanations and Examples. falt statt Einfalt!
- Dominick Boyd
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1 Guide to the General Equal Treatment Act Explanations and Examples falt statt Einfalt! ür Gleichbehandlung
2 Foreword Foreword Dear Readers, Every person is equally important and has the same rights regardless of their ethnic background, gender, disability, religion, belief, age or sexual orientation. It is our goal to convince our citizens of the fact that diversity means advancement for all of us. A society free of discrimination not only results in a higher quality of life, it is also more productive. Germany is to become a country shaped by a culture free of discrimination. The legal framework for what is nearly uniform protection against discrimination was created by the General Equal Treatment Act (Ger. abbr. AGG), which came into force in There have been quite a few changes in social consciousness since then but this is still not enough. The elimination of prejudice, and changing attitudes and points of view are part of a long process and require more than just a law. Our most important concern is filling the General Equal Treatment Act with life and enforcing it in everyday life. This brochure provides people who are affected by discrimination, or who are interested in learning more about their rights, a initial overview over the protection offered by the AGG. It applies both to jobs and professions as well everyday transactions and searching for a flat. Business owners can find information concerning which measures that should be taken to prevent discrimination and how they should react if they encounter discrimination in their companies.
3 Foreword We will gladly assess the legal implications of any matter that concerns you. You can reach us through our telephone hotline or by using the contact form on our homepage. I hope you find this informative reading. Christine Lüders Director of the Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency
4 Content Content I. The Legal Basis for Protection Against Discrimination in Germany Human Rights in the Basic Law: The Basic Right to Equal Treatment in Germany The Protection of Human Rights in the European Union Implementation in Germany: The General Equal Treatment Act (German abbreviation: AGG) II. The Concept of Discrimination in the AGG Justified Difference of Treatment Unjustified Difference of Treatment Direct Discrimination Indirect Discrimination Harassment Sexual Harassment Mobbing Instructing Others to Discriminate Burden of Proof III. Scope Personal Scope To whom does the law apply? Race/Ethnic Origin Sex Religion/Belief Disability Age Sexual Orientation Multiple Discrimination... 20
5 Content 3.2 Objective Scope In which situations does the AGG apply? Employment and Occupation Admissible Difference of Treatment and Exceptions in the Context of Employment and Occupation Access to and Supply of Goods and Services Acceptable Difference of Treatment and Exceptions under Civil Law IV. Courses of Action in the Event of Existing or Threatened Breaches of the AGG Preventing Discrimination Avoiding Discrimination Positive Measures V. Further Areas of Protection Social Protection Education VI. VII. The Relationship Between Citizens and the State Support in Cases of Discrimination: The Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency Annex Index... 58
6 Chapter I I. The Legal Basis for Protection Against Discrimination in Germany 1.1 Human Rights in the Basic Law: The Basic Right to Equal Treatment in Germany The precept of equality and the prohibition of discrimination play an important role in international and constitutional law. The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights as early as 10 December It acknowledges that every human being has the same rights. The most essential precepts of equality contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were adopted in the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany (German abbreviation: GG), which was ratified in In Article 1 of the Basic Law the state pledges to honour and protect the dignity of every human being and to acknowledge human rights as the basis of every community. The equality of all human beings before the law is anchored in Article 3 GG. The equality of women and men is regulated in a specific section, which was augmented in 1994 by a provision to promote equality. It stipulates that the state shall promote
7 Chapter I the implementation of equal rights between women and men and take steps to eliminate disadvantages that currently exist. The third paragraph addresses diverse characteristics and states that no person shall be favoured or disfavoured because of sex, parentage, race, language, homeland and origin, faith, or religious or political opinions. This prohibition of discrimination was augmented in 1994 by the prohibition of discrimination against disabled persons. The most important fundamental rights are enumerated in these articles of the Basic Law. They are accorded highest priority and they charge the German state with ensuring that these rights are not compromised. The laws to ensure equal rights and to prevent discrimination in Germany were developed on the basis of these rights of equality. 1.2 The Protection of Human Rights in the European Union In 1999 the Amsterdam Treaty unanimously empowered the Council of the European Union to undertake measures to combat discrimination on grounds of race, sex, ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. European legislators passed four guidelines on the basis of Articles 13 and 141 of the Treaty Establishing the European
8 Chapter I Community (equality in the workplace, including equal pay for women and men): 1. The Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment irrespective of race or ethnic origin (European Racial Equality Directive). 2. The Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. Through the Framework Directive on Employment, the EU pursues the objective of creating a general framework to combat discrimination on grounds of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation in employment and occupation. 3. The Council Directive 2004/113/EC of 13 December 2004 implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services (Gender Directive Civil Law). 4. Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 amending Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions (Gender Guideline Employment Law).
9 Chapter I The EU equality directives designate certain groups of people as requiring special protection. The objective is to improve their integration into the labour market and to prevent or eliminate discrimination in the access to and supply of goods and services. 1.3 Implementation in Germany: The General Equal Treatment Act (German abbreviation: AGG) The General Equal Treatment Act implements these four European directives in German law. In terms of civil law, i.e. with regard to access to goods and services, the prohibition of discrimination in the AGG goes beyond the provisions in the EU directives by also applying to the discrimination characteristics of race/ethnic background and sex as well as to religion/ belief, age, disability and sexual orientation. In its rationale for the AGG, the German Bundestag pointed out that not everyone has the same chances in Germany. Hence, the objective of the General Equal Treatment Act is to prevent and to eliminate discrimination. The protection offered by the AGG also includes difference of treatment on grounds of a number of characteristics, so-called multiple discrimination.
10 Chapter II II. The Concept of Discrimination in the AGG Unless there is a justification for it, discrimination is inadmissible. Grounds that provide justification, i.e. exceptional conditions under which differences of treatment in relation to working life or access to goods and services are admissible, are also cited in the AGG. 2.1 Justified Difference of Treatment Difference of treatment in working life is admissible within very narrow limits, provided that the characteristics required are genuine and a nearly determining prerequisite for performing the task. Migrant women are to be interviewed within the framework of a research survey. In this case, it may be admissible to hire women with a certain ethnic background to perform the task, since sex and ethnic origin constitute genuine and determining occupational requirements.
11 Chapter II In cases where there is an objective reason, it is also conceivable that different treatment with regard to access to and supply of goods and services might also be admissible. A pregnant woman or a person with a disability fails to submit a medical certificate confirming that it is safe for her or him to fly. An airline may be justified in refusing to honour the booking for a flight in order to protect the person in question from harm or injury that can result from air travel. 2.2 Unjustified Difference of Treatment The General Equal Treatment Act cites five forms of discrimination: Direct discrimination shall be taken to occur when a person is treated less favourably than another person would be. A woman earns markedly less than a male colleague for the same work. This constitutes a case of direct discrimination on grounds of sex. The AGG also offers protection against indirect discrimination. This pertains to regulations that appear to be neutral, but which put people at a disadvantage due to one of the AGG characteristics.
12 Chapter II A wage agreement fails to provide certain benefits to part-time employees for reasons not related to the work at hand. If most of the part-time employees of the company are women, this constitutes a form of indirect gender-related discrimination. Harassment on grounds of any of the characteristics cited in the General Equal Treatment Act is also not admissible. The following conditions must be met for actions to be classified as harassment: 1. Unwanted conduct with the effect or purpose of violating the dignity of the person involved. 2. An intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating, or offensive environment is created in the wake of harassment. Sexual Harassment is defined as unwanted conduct of a sexual nature that has the effect or purpose of violating the dignity of the person involved. Unlike harassment, sexual harassment does not necessarily involve the creation of an environment of humiliation. Male employees make suggestive remarks in the presence of a female colleague. They also send her s with pornographic content.
13 Chapter II Mobbing is a form of harassment in the sense of the AGG when it is motivated by one of the discrimination characteristics cited in the Act. Incessant racist remarks or verbal abuse by colleagues or superiors in the workplace on grounds of a certain ethnic origin are considered mobbing. Instructing others to discriminate also constitutes a form of discrimination. The purpose of this stipulation is to provide more effective protection against discrimination. The potential victim must not necessarily wait until an act of discrimination has taken place, but can instead already take action against instructions to practice discrimination. An employer instructs the head of personnel not to hire anyone with disabilities. The person affected by discrimination is obliged to provide proof of the fact that an act of discrimination as defined by the General Equal Treatment Act has taken place. However, measures have been foreseen in this conjunction to make it easier to provide proof, since those affected will not always be in a position to produce conclusive evidence of discrimination. It is, therefore, initially sufficient to cite evidence indicating that discrimination has taken place. The other party is then obliged to prove that there was no difference of treatment or that there was a justifiable reason for it in this specific case.
14 Chapter III III. Scope Within the scope of the General Equal Treatment Act, a differentiation is made between personal and objective forms of discrimination. 3.1 Personal Scope To whom does the law apply? The AGG protects people who are discriminated against on grounds of race or ethnic background, gender, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. Everyone always has a gender and an age. However, not everyone is affected by discrimination in the same way. Legislators have expanded the prohibition of discrimination under civil law solely with regard to the characteristics of race/ ethnic origin to conform with the provisions of the European Racial Equality Directive. It applies to all agreements regulating the access to and supply of goods and services, including living space. In relation to the other characteristics, for which there are no, or not such extensive, European regulations, the prohibition of discrimination is limited to so-called bulk business, which will be discussed in detail in conjunction with the AGG s application to objective forms of discrimination.
15 Chapter III A person s nationality does not figure among the characteristics protected by the AGG. In cases of discrimination that seem to be outwardly related to nationality, it is often a matter of indirect discrimination on grounds of ethnic origin. If an employer explains that she or he has no intention of hiring Algerians, this is deemed to be a form of indirect discrimination on grounds of ethnic background. The General Equal Treatment Act provides protection against discrimination on grounds of the characteristic of sex not only for women and men, but, according to a ruling by the European Court, also for transsexuals and intersexuals. Transsexuals are persons who seek to change their bodies through the use of hormones and surgery in order to live their lives as a member of the sex opposite to the one with which they were identified at birth. Intersexuals are people whose bodies exhibit both male and female sexual characteristics. Special protection extended to employees during pregnancy and motherhood is specifically regulated in the General Equal Treatment Act. If a woman is treated unfavourably as a result of pregnancy or motherhood, this is deemed to be discrimination on the basis of sex. If a woman is treated less favourably as a result of her wish to become pregnant, this also represents a form of discrimination on grounds of sex. At the end of maternity leave, women have the right to return to their previous jobs or to a comparable job under conditions that are no less favourable than they would be for any other person. In addition, they are entitled to benefit from all
16 Chapter III improvements in working conditions from which they would have benefited during their absence. If an employee working on a limited-term contract is denied a contract extension because of a pregnancy, this represents a form of direct discrimination on grounds of sex. The text of the General Equal Treatment Act deals jointly with the discrimination characteristics of religion or belief. According to a definition by the Federal Constitutional Court, religion and belief are characterised by a sense of certainty with regard to assertions concerning heaven and earth, as well as to the origin and the purpose of human life. Religion is based here on a reality that extends beyond and transcends the sphere of human perception. Belief is limited to relationships within the material world. The General Equal Treatment Act protects against discrimination on grounds of belief only with regard to labour law, while the protection of the characteristic of religion is related to labour and civil law. With regard to discrimination on grounds of religion, it is not always possible to determine whether it is a case of discrimination on grounds of ethnic origin or religion. Many cases involve both, for example in the case of an African Moslem. In a legal dispute, however, a distinction is important, since the protection against discrimination on grounds of ethnic origin offered by the AGG is more extensive than the legal protection against discrimination on grounds of religion or belief.
17 Chapter III Under certain conditions, differences of treatment by religious communities and by facilities established by them are admissible under labour law. The extent to which such differentiations in treatment are legally admissible has not yet been conclusively determined by the courts. For example, an Evangelical school is allowed to stipulate membership in the Evangelical church as a prerequisite for being hired as a religion teacher. The AGG uses the definition of the term disability found in the Social Code. A person is considered disabled when there is a high probability of the person s physical ability to function, intellectual abilities, or mental health diverging from a state considered typical for the person s age for a period of longer than six months, thereby limiting the person s ability to participate in society (Section 2, para. 1, Ninth Book of the Social Code). The AGG makes no differentiation in this context with regard to the degree of disability; hence the legal protection does not only apply to people with severe disabilities. Since the differentiation between an illness and a disability can be difficult, each individual case must be assessed. Classifications regarding cases of addiction are also subject to dispute and also often require individual assessment.
18 Chapter III Providing support for people with disabilities does not represent a form of discrimination against people without disabilities. On the contrary: employers are expressly obliged to provide support measures, since disabled people are subject to unemployment at a rate far above average. According to the most recent ruling by the European Court of Justice, treating an employee with a disabled child less favourably than other employees have been treated in similar situations is already seen to constitute a case of discrimination on grounds of disability. Discrimination on grounds of age is also inadmissible according to the AGG. This prohibition is related to biological age, thus it is prohibited to treat both older and younger people differently. For example, regulations concerning pay, which are exclusively related to age, and regulations concerning promotion, which take effect automatically with age, discriminate against younger employees. Clearly distinguishing between old and young is, however, much more difficult than distinguishing between woman and man, or between Catholic and Muslim. Accordingly, the implementation of the provisions of the AGG in relation to the discrimination characteristic of age is often more difficult. The AGG foresees extensive options for justification in cases in which a difference of treatment is a result of age.
19 Chapter III Specifically promoting young people may be admissible in order to ensure their integration into a profession. Determining a minimum age for the benefit of older employees may also be justified. The term sexual orientation is broadly defined in the General Equal Treatment Act and is linked to the way a person relates sexually to others. Lesbians, homosexuals, heterosexuals and bisexuals are protected against discrimination by the AGG. The term multiple discrimination was coined in 2001 during the United Nations World Conference against racism in South Africa; it is related to difference of treatment on grounds of a number of discrimination characteristics. The AGG foresees the protection of people who have been affected by multiple discrimination. One example of multiple discrimination is when a woman looking for a job or a flat is turned away because she comes from a migrant background and is disabled. The causes that lead to discrimination cannot always be clearly differentiated. However, even in cases where discrimination is admissible in relation to one characteristic, it is not possible to automatically justify the discrimination on grounds of another characteristic. Every form of discrimination must be examined in order to determine whether it is justified.
20 Chapter III The General Equal Treatment Act does not, however, designate any consequences resulting from multiple discrimination. However, the official rationale for regulations concerning the provision of indemnification for damages and compensation under labour law does point out that an increased level of compensation is appropriate if an employee is discriminated against in an inadmissible manner on a number grounds. 3.2 Objective Scope In which situations does the AGG apply? Employment and Occupation The protection offered by the General Equal Treatment Act in the field of employment and occupation pertains to employment and self-employment. Employment includes every activity performed with the long-term objective of creating and maintaining an income. Part-time employment, secondary employment, and sidelines are considered forms of employment. The AGG protects against discrimination with regard to access to employment, self-employment, and promotion. The access to employment also encompasses aspects such as selection criteria and recruitment conditions. All forms of discrimination related to access to employment are prohibited by the AGG.
21 Chapter III An advertisement of a vacancy stating that a friendly young waitress is being sought represents two forms of discrimination: the term young is a form of discrimination on grounds of age, while the female form waitress can be equated with discrimination on grounds of sex. For example, in a job interview it would be unfair to ask a female applicant questions about her family planning. Most of the people who are self-employed are professionals. A person is also considered self-employed when they join an organisation in order to work within one of its bodies. The protection against discrimination applies here to access to activity as a member of such a body and to professional advancement in this activity. That is, for example, the case when a lawyer enters a law firm organised as a company under civil law. Members of the board of directors and the director of a company are also seen as self-employed. The protection offered by the AGG does not apply to activities that are related to a higher purpose, for example within churches, parties, or labour organisations. Voluntary activities in a self-employed capacity are also not covered. In addition to access to employment and self-employment, the prohibition of discrimination stipulated by The General Equal Treatment Act also covers professional advancement. This is understood as a change in a person s area of activity or responsibility. This is generally the result of a promotion, after which the employee takes a higher-level position. The remuneration is of particular importance in this context. Problems related to promotions often arise in conjunction with two characteristics protected under the AGG, age and sex.
22 Chapter III Women are often paid less than men for the same work or for work of the same value. Older employees, on the other hand, are often not promoted when the period of employment remaining before they reach retirement age or before they go into retirement, is relatively short. Performance evaluations, which are often a prerequisite for a possible promotion, are also a part of advancement. Other working conditions, including dismissals, must also be free of discrimination. Such working conditions include instructions and orders given by employers such as reassignments or transfers. With regard to the termination of employment in Germany, the Act on the Protection against Unfair Dismissal (German abbreviation: KSchG), along with special regulations in the Maternity Protection Act, and the Federal Act on Parental Allowance and Parental Leave are of primary importance. Correspondingly, the AGG determines that with regard to dismissals only the stipulations providing general and specific protection against unfair dismissal apply. The relationship between the AGG and the KSchG is still not fully clarified. Thus, the courts must make decisions in individual cases. The protection provided by the General Equal Treatment Act also applies to the laws pertaining to vocational training. This includes access to all types and to all levels of vocational guidance, vocational training, advanced vocational training and retraining, including practical work experience. Unlike the extensive protection in the field of employment, the protection offered by the AGG in relation to vocational training
23 Chapter III only applies to access to such training. If a person is employed while receiving vocational training, the conditions of this employment are protected. Unjustified discrimination is also admissible in relation to membership of, and involvement in, an organisation of workers or employers, or any organisation whose members pursue a particular profession, as well as to the benefits provided by such organisations. The AGG consciously refrains from using the word trade union and gives preference to the term employees association in order to illustrate that the protection provided by the law not only applies to workers but rather to all employees. Works or staff councils are not considered employees associations and are not subject to the AGG. The protection against discrimination also applies to membership and work within employers associations, professional organisations and associations with an overwhelming position of power in the economic sector (e.g. the Federation of German Industries), or in a social context (e.g. the German Red Cross), as well as sport federations. If a person has been denied membership or participation in one of these organisations for reasons that represent a breach of the prohibition against discrimination, it is possible to legally enforce a claim to acceptance into the organisation.
24 Chapter III Admissible Difference of Treatment and Exceptions in the Context of Employment and Occupation Difference of treatment in the field of employment and occupation on grounds of ethnic origin, sex, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation are only admissible when one of these characteristics represents a genuine and determining professional requirement or represents grounds for the rejection of an applicant. In this conjunction, the purpose pursued by an employer in adopting such measures must be legitimate and appropriate to the demands placed upon the employee. The characteristic of ethnic background might be seen as a genuine and determining professional requirement when members of a certain ethnic group are being sought in order to provide counselling for people with a migrant background. In such cases, it is important to recruit employees from countries of origin that are not involved in a conflict with the homeland of those seeking advice. Ethnic background can also be an essential prerequisite for developing a relationship of trust between a counsellor and the person seeking advice.
25 Chapter III When sex represents a genuine and determining requirement for a job, women/men may be given preferential treatment in hiring. A counselling agency for men can be cited as one example, while a female teacher for a girls boarding school represents another. If the person in question is not suited to take on a job because of a disability, this will not be deemed a form of discrimination. However, social law requires that the employer take steps to ensure that the workplace is appropriately equipped. The installation of a ramp for an employee confined to a wheelchair is considered such an appropriate measure, to the extent that the installation does not place an excessive burden on the employer in terms of the costs or the necessary changes in the building. Employers cannot rationalise the rejection of an applicant by arguing that productivity generally sinks with age. If the employer intends to justify such an age limit, the drop in productivity must be documented by statistics. According to a decision by the Higher Labour Court in Frankfurt, the age limit of 60 for pilots is justified. Their employment is terminated at the end of their sixtieth year of life. In this case, the age limit established in a collective bargaining agreement serves air traffic safety and takes consideration of the fact that the risk of unexpected false reactions and lapses in concentration can increase with age.
26 Chapter III Fundamentally, sexual orientation shall not play a role in relation to professional requirements. It may apply in exceptional cases, as can be seen in the following example: An employer can decide not to send a lesbian or homosexual employee to a country in which homosexuality is prohibited in order to fulfil an obligation to take due consideration of the employee s safety Access to and Supply of Goods and Services Beyond the fields of employment and occupation, the AGG also applies to access to and supply of goods and services, for example when shopping, visiting a restaurant or a discotheque, searching for a flat, or conducting insurance and banking transactions. The procurement of goods and services is generally a form of bulk business, which is generally conducted without regard to the individual involved. Individual contracts between private persons are not included in this category. If, for example, a large hotel chain does not accept disabled persons, it stands in breach of the prohibition of discrimination under civil law. Letting residential space is a form of bulk business when a landlord lets more than 50 flats. Discrimination on grounds of the characteristic of race and ethnic origin is generally prohibited, regardless of whether it pertains to bulk business or not.
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text:
TransGlobe Energy Corporation is pleased to announce the ratification of four new Production Sharing Concessions in Egypt.
TransGlobe has received written notice from the Egyptian Government that the four Production Sharing Concessions ("PSCs") (100% working interest) which were won in the 2011/2012 EGPC bid round have been ratified into Law. It is expected that the new PSCs will be effective following the customary documentation associated with work program guarantees, settlement of signature bonuses and an official signing ceremony which is expected to occur in October.
Mr. Ross Clarkson, President and CEO states: "The approval of the four new PSCs represents a significant milestone in the Company's continued growth and commitment to Egypt and we are encouraged that the current Egyptian Government is demonstrating its commitment to follow through on its stated objective to facilitate increased investment in oil and gas exploration and development in Egypt. The four new PSCs will increase the Company's land position in Egypt by 160% to 1.3 million acres and will provide continued growth opportunities to the Company for many years to come."
TransGlobe Energy Corporation
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text: Sepura looks to manage down debt and capitalise on new markets28 Jul 2016 02:26 PM Sepura's cash flow problems have caught the headlines this year, but with four years of double digit organic growth, solid EBITDA and new market opportunities in North America appearing, underlying performance remains strong, Steve Barber, VP Group Strategy, tells James AtkinsonSepura has been on something of a financial rollercoaster of late after revealing the scale of its current debt in April this year. The UK-based professional mobile radio products and solutions provider's debt rocketed from €1.1m in 2015 to €119.4m as of 1 April 2016 – the end of its financial year.This, coupled with the news that its revenues would not meet market expectations after two major projects did not close in time to be included in the 2016 results, sent its share price plummeting in April to 39.50p - down from a 52-week high of £198.40. As of 15 July, it was trading at 48.50p.The debt has accrued mainly as a result of Sepura's acquisition of Spanish PMR manufacturer Teltronic in 2015, together with slower customer payments and the need for more working capital. This resulted in short term cash constraints.In its 2015-16 results, published on 28 June 2016, Sepura noted that its financial performance was also affected by: a softening in important markets; uncertainty over the transition to the Emergency Services Network in the UK; oil and gas markets in Russia and Australia remaining subdued; and weakness in the Brazilian economy impacting ongoing projects.The figures announced in the April profit warning were confirmed in July. Total revenue for the year was €189.7 (2015: €131.2m), while the Group posted a pre-tax loss of €19m (2015: profit €16.7m). However, the adjusted EBITDA figure showed a profit of €16.5m (2015: €15.0m). Teltronic made a revenue contribution of €44.7m.Speaking to Wireless at Critical Communications World in Amsterdam at the beginning of June, and ahead of the final 2016 results, Steve Barber, VP Group Strategy, Sepura (pictured below), argued that the Group's underlying performance was strong.'Our 2016 revenues show a 45% increase year-on-year and are really strong. There were a number of orders, two in particular, due to come in Q4 2016, but they slipped into the 2017 financial year and that affected our numbers. But our EBITDA is estimated to be about the same as the previous year (in fact it was slightly higher – see above) so it is still strong, but the market was expecting more,' concedes Barber.Despite the overall financial performance in 2016 not meeting expectations, Sepura said it still reported a fourth consecutive year of double-digit growth in organic revenues. As of 1 April 2016, Sepura said it has an order backlog of €75m and its 'strong pipeline of opportunities now totals >€400m'.Barber says: 'To put the share price movement and debt into context, we have exceeded our expected growth numbers for the last four years, which means the stock has became very healthy and strong. Teltronic, which we bought in May 2015, is a fantastic acquisition, but it perhaps brought bigger demands on our equity than we were expecting.'He explains that this is partly because a higher percentage of Sepura's sales are now systems project business. 'We have been growing sales of systems since our acquisition of 3T (the Vienna-based TETRA infrastructure company Sepura bought in 2012). Following the acquisition of Teltronic, systems represent a greater proportion of our overall business.'We are doing more end to end projects, which are more resource and cash intensive, but also more strategic. In addition, there is a lot more of value add in our applications, following our acquisition of Portalify (bought in 2013), as well as developing our own apps on our own systems,' says Barber.Sepura said in its FY16 results that it will narrow its focus to concentrate on those regions and verticals where it is a market leader and where there are more immediate cash generating opportunities, particularly in North America and in the Transportation market.£65m capital raisingPrior to the FY16 results, Sepura also announced that it would be undertaking a capital raising exercise to help manage the cash flow issue. On Friday 15 July 2016, Sepura announced at a general meeting that all resolutions to approve the placing of an open offer to raise £65m of gross proceeds were duly passed. The board said admission of the new shares was expected to occur on or before 0800 BST on 18 July.The company has also revised its banking arrangements, while new CFO Richard Smith is leading a programme to drive operational improvements and strengthen cash management.CEO Gordon Watling stated in the FY16 results: 'We have revised our business model and our financial focus is firmly now on cash conversion, improving operating margins and increasing our revenue visibility with contracted and recurring business.'Speaking of the fund raising at CCW back in June, Barber said: 'We see this (liquidity) as a short term issue, which the new equity we will help us manage. We know that the demand for the Teltronic equity raising was very strong; in fact it was three times oversubscribed.'So, we expect most of our investors to fully support us again this time. Most are buying for the long term. The discussions I have had with our CEO and CFO about their talks with our shareholder base indicate they are supportive.'We have probably been punished harder than we should have been (in terms of share price). A lot of investors in the markets took into account that we were honest about the fact that we needed to raise equity.'Sepura's recovery strategy seems to have resonated in the City of London, where broker Liberum Capital, for example, published a broker's note on Monday 18 July reinstating its BUY recommendation of Sepura shares following the approval of the £65m fund raising on Friday 15 July.DMR pulloutHowever, one other major consequence of the company's current financial state is its decision, announced at the FY16 results, to withdraw from the DMR market. Neither the DMR nor the Applications business have grown as rapidly as expected, the Group stated.Explaining the decision to pull out of the DMR sector, Sepura said: 'It (the Sepura Board) now believes that it will not be possible to achieve further market penetration without significant additional investment. It has therefore decided to withdraw from the DMR market, instead allocating the Group's resources to opportunities which are more immediately revenue and cash generative within the TETRA market, such as those within the North American region and the transportation sector.'Sepura entered the lower cost DMR market in November 2013, partnering with Chinese PMR vendor Kirisun, which manufactures DMR radios and infrastructure to Sepura's designs. Sepura said it is continuing to ship and install key DMR contracts and will continue to support its existing customers.TETRA focusSepura is now re-focusing all of its attention on its TETRA roots, but there are question marks over the long term future of the technology as its primary market, public safety, is expected to migrate to broadband technology over the next 20 years or so.However, that is not going to happen overnight. Research analyst IHS predicts the installed base of TETRA will increase at a CAGR of 6.2% from 3.6 million active radios at the end of 2015 to nearly 5 million at the end of 2020.Europe represents the largest installed base with 53% share in 2015, which is expected to drop to 48% (as a mature market, future sales will largely be for replacement terminals) in 2020 as other regions grow. Asia is predicted to be the second-largest region and MEA the third by 2020.Liberum's latest broker's note cited IHS research to the effect that the estimate for the public safety installed base was around 2.3 million radios, which is expected to rise to 2.8 million by the end of 2020, meaning public safety represents 56% of the installed base.Sepura shipped 250,000 TETRA devices in the year, an increase of 15% on 2015's figure of 217,000. Emerging markets such as Saudi Arabia received 63,000 devices in the period. Sepura now has an installed TETRA base of approximately 1.6 million devices in 120 countries.The AmericasTETRA is a newish technology for the North American market, only being approved by the FCC in 2012, but as such it is an opportunity. Liberum notes that the PMR market in the USA is worth c.$3 billion and 1.5 million commercial analogue users are expected to convert to digital in the next three years – so there is plenty to go for in the region – hence Sepura's avowed intent to focus on it.The broker also notes that Sepura and Teltronic have won 13 of the first 16 TETRA network contracts in North America so far. On Friday 15 July, Teltronic's US arm PowerTrunk was confirmed as the supplier for a $34 million TETRA radio system for New York City Transit Authority.The acquisition of Teltronic has considerably boosted Sepura's presence in both Latin America (revenues up 604% in FY16 to €33.8m from €4.8m) and North America (up 227% to €7.2m from €2.2m). Teltronic's Transportation portfolio now makes it the Group's largest commercial vertical providing 10% of total revenues in 2016, up from 7% in 2015.The company said that the PMR market continues to grow, with an estimated total spend by PMR users expected to reach US$16.5 billion by 2017. Digital PMR now accounts for about 38% of the current 45 million PMR users today, with a further 11 million forecast to migrate from analogue to digital by 2019.Barber says: 'From a strategic position Sepura remains fully committed to the markets and strategy we have in place. You'll have seen a lot of PR around our new North American successes recently, which are very significant contracts. North America is around 35% of the worldwide PMR market, hence it is important to our growth, in addition to continued growth in other geographies.'The fit between Teltronic and Sepura complemented us technically and geographically. Teltronic is strong in Latin America and North America, whilst Sepura is strong in Europe and Asia Pacific.'Barber continues: 'We are focusing on key markets this year, North America in particular, which we are excited about as it is a great opportunity. If you look at the trends there; New Jersey Transit; LAX Airport; San Francisco Airport; there is a lot more demand from end customers for TETRA now, as they are lot more confident in the technology.'LTE broadbandReturning to the future of TETRA, Sepura does have an ace up its sleeve in that Teltronic's eNebula range of TETRA infrastructure also supports LTE broadband technology. This means users can keep mission critical voice and some data applications on TETRA, but also have access to high speed broadband data via LTE.So, if public safety agencies do migrate to LTE they can support both technologies simultaneously for as long as they want and then move fully onto LTE when they are ready. Other sectors such as transportation are also keen to implement similar arrangements.Barber says: 'We have shipped two LTE systems for Bilbao Metro and the Canary Islands police, which are complementary overlays to our TETRA installed base. Customers are using it for applications like fixed and mobile cameras for video. We have some more contracts in negotiation for LTE too.'Most customers are buying TETRA for mission critical voice and data and then LTE for broadband video,' continues Barber. 'The LTE standard is still not in a state where it is fully mission critical. In fact, mission critical video and data may even slip out of 3GPP Release 14 (due in 2017) to Release 15.'As a major TETRA handset supplier to UK emergency services, Sepura is naturally keeping a close eye on how the UK's new 4G Emergency Services Network is progressing. 'It will be interesting to see how the mission critical LTE market develops, especially in the UK, but there are still some doubts about device availability at the moment for ESN, especially within the publicised timescales,' observes Barber.He points out that while the UK may be a home base for Sepura, the company is by no means reliant on it anymore. 'Around 90% to 95% of our business in now outside of the UK. So, whereas when we started in 2002, 90% of our business was in the UK, it is now the other way round. That shows how far the company has come, expanding geographically and into different verticals beyond public safety.'It will clearly take Sepura some time to restore its finances to an even keel, but its strategy seems to be meeting approval in the financial markets so far. It remains to be seen how fast it can reduce its debt burden and improve its financial management. Its recent flurry of TETRA wins in the Americas bodes well, but of course these need resources to implement, so it will need to maintain a firm grip on running costs.James Atkinson EditorLinkedIn |Google + |Email Leave a CommentPlease write code to prove you're humanMore on... PMR GeneralTCCA pinpoints key focus areas for LTE-based critical communicationsMotorola Solutions bridges the narrow and broadband divideTETRA meets 4G critical communications at CCW 2016More on... Smart CitiesNokia unveils wireless router for power distribution networks ETSI forms new industry group for smart city solutionsMore on... SepuraSepura secures 20,000 TETRA radio deal in German state of ThuringiaPowerTrunk to upgrade TETRA network for Cobb EMC in USLatest in PMRPennine delivers Hytera radio solution at Etihad Stadium in ManchesterTCCA pinpoints key focus areas for LTE-based critical communicationsTait appoints Andrew Gill as managing director of EMEA region


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Going on holiday? Tyres can help you save fuel
Did you know that your tyres are responsible for approximately 20% of your vehicle's total fuel consumption? Good news: This coefficient can be reduced by improving their rolling resistance. How? First of all, by checking the tyre pressure regularly and adjusting it as required, and then by buying A or B rated tyres for energy efficiency. Good to know before going on holiday.
On the same topic
Most motorists know that tyres play an important role in their vehicle's safety. However, with regards fuel consumption, their responsibility is not well known. Yet, it is far from negligible, since the tyre share in the vehicle's total fuel consumption is estimated at approximately 20%.
In fifteen years, rolling resistance has been reduced by 30%
The link between the tyre and fuel consumption can be explained by the rolling resistance, i.e. all forces generated by the tyre's contact with the road and by tyre deformation. To compensate for this phenomenon, the engine must produce more energy. It therefore burns more fuel, and releases more CO2.
In this area, tyre manufacturers have made considerable progress. In fifteen years, they have managed to reduce rolling resistance by 30%, on average. Yet, according to experts from Continental, a 10% gain in this area results in fuel savings of 1.6% and CO2 emissions are reduced by 2 g/km. This may not seem much, but in terms of savings and the environmental impact, it is already significant.
Furthermore, the energy efficiency of a tyre has gained importance in regulations. Along with wet braking and rolling noise, it has become one of the three criteria for the European tyre label that came into force in November 2012.
A tyre under-inflated by 1 bar increases fuel consumption by 3 to 5%
Another factor that impacts fuel consumption: Tyre pressure. In the above graph, we see that the rolling resistance increases quickly as the tyre pressure drops. A tyre under-inflated by 0.3 bar increases rolling resistance by 6%; but this can reach 30% when the tyre is under-inflated by 1 bar, which increases fuel consumption by between 3 and 5%.
Yet, motorists do not seem to be convinced by this argument. If the survey conducted by Bridgestone in 2012 on European roads is to be believed, eight out of ten motorists drive with under-inflated tyres, and almost 30% with a pressure deficit of more than 0.5 bar.
The solution to consume less: Correctly inflated, A or B rated tyres
If you want to optimise your fuel consumption – and therefore your CO2 emissions – you know what you have to do:
>> Check the inflation pressure regularly : Once a month, as recommended by tyre manufacturers.
>> Buy tyres rated A or B for energy efficiency. Most leading manufacturers propose them in their tyre ranges.
Still only a few A-rated tyres for energy efficiency
Efficacité énergétique
*Other dimensions are available with the same performances
** Tyre designed for electric vehicles
There are still only a few A-rated tyres for energy efficiency that also offer good wet braking performances available on the market. For this criterion, most flagship ranges are rated B, which is already a serious guarantee.
How to find fuel efficient tyres with Rezulteo
>> In its rating system, the Rezulteo tyre selector (select by dimension, by vehicle or by brand) integrates the performances displayed on the label.
>> The European labelling values can also be displayed on the results page.
Articles in the same header
- Bridgestone is working on the second generation of its airless tyre
- Will Michelin tyres soon be cereal based?
- Continental wants to produce dandelion rubber for future tyres
- Hankook i-Flex: An airless future
- Michelin tyres specifically designed for the Citroën Hybrid Air
- Bridgestone invents the "intelligent" tyre
- Frankfurt Motor Show: Tyre manufacturers are also preparing tomorrow's car
- Active Wheels and the fuel cell
- Michelin 3S Concept puncture-proof tyre
- Smaller tyres for better energy efficiency


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Choline Chloride (Choline)
- A brain condition called cerebellar ataxia.
- What is Choline?
- What other names is Choline known by?
- Asthma.
- Dosing considerations for Choline.
- Liver disease caused by exclusive feeding by vein (parenteral nutrition).
- Are there safety concerns?
- Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
- Familial Treacher Collins syndrome
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- Marden Walker syndrome
- Piebaldism
- Allergic angiitis
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- Adenocarcinoma of lung
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A rib-spreading retractor is placed between the ribs, and the intercostal muscles are dispassionate from the peerless frieze of the fifth rib as posteriorly as plausible. Extra 5-HT is quite top repayment for endocardial fibrosis, which can supremacy to tricuspid deficiency, which in addle may grounds right-sided nucleus breakdown with ascites. The seventeenth-century proponents of a doc smidgin theory of matter may be characterized as unemotional philosophers and therefore conveyers of the mechanical philosophy. Ki-positive lymphomas The Ki-positive lymphoma is a measure characteristic lymphoma that expresses CD30 (Ki-1) from the outset (other lymphomas may press CD30 later in their clinical class). Postprandial GLP-1 levels [59�61,63�69] are also prominent after DJB and are in addition enhanced if the DJB procedure is com- bined with vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). A given of the no doubt areas of capitalize on of immunotherapy in cancer, if effective methods can be inaugurate, is in the intercepting of recurrence after the successful original treatment of patients who are at high gamble of fail. The nutri- tional aim in these patients is discontinuing of the catabolic rate to the greatest capaciousness imaginable cheap 250 mg chloromycetin otc bacterial pneumonia newborn, while simultaneously taxing to yield required nutrients without overfeeding [32�39] 250 mg chloromycetin amex bacterial vaginosis after sex. If pureeing cheap chloromycetin uk bacterial heat rash, sole can add upon someone under age portions of the not be sensible in which the vegetables were steamed to retain the heat-stable nutrients that may be exhausted during steaming. For these reasons, the principles of man- agement are described in this chapter, but more detailed chat and conduct is given in the references listed at the break off of the chapter. Concerning a loads of malignancies, deep-seated treatment by radiation, or more usually nowadays chemoradiation, remedy (escort specified chapters) can make known local subdue rates that are the similar to of surgery. At least one married couple has been described with coexistent penile and vulval carcinoma, and the viral supposition is strengthened during the reflection that many patients with penile cancer also harbour condylomata acuminata. In children, the limb should be replaced as the teenager grows and trouble obligated to be taken with the details of importance, extent, construction and furnishings in group to evade unequal require on the bristle, which ascendancy margin to scoliosis. In studies including patients with a 34 % prev- alence of mediastinal metastases, the supersensitivity was simply 39 %, whereas in a populace with an 81 % prevalence, it was 78 %. After a bacteriological swab and flushing of the bronchial combination with physiologic sodium chloride solu- tion, the lung is transferred to the recipient box cavity, with ice slush applied for contemporary cooling. Stimulated HSP90 binding to eNOS and activation of the PI3-akt pathway bestow to globular adiponectin-induced NO production: Vasorelaxation in reaction to globular adipo- nectin. With large destructive cancers of the lip (T3, T4, now extent uncommon), it is onerous to fulfil an average cosmetic and functioning result not later than either method of treatment, and the incidence of specific recurrence is higher.
- Skin burns faster at higher altitudes.
- Adhesive bandages (Band-Aid or similar brand); assorted sizes
- Electromyography (EMG)
- Vomiting, possibly bloody
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- Change in alertness (sleepiness, less responsive, unconscious, or in a coma)