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Home > Press > Nanotechnology confronts the 'bad hair day'
Nanotechnology confronts the 'bad hair day,' tests new conditioner
Columbus, OH | September 07, 2005
Ohio State University researchers have just completed the first comprehensive study of human hair on the nanometer level.
Special equipment enabled Bharat Bhushan and his colleagues to get an unprecedented close-up look at a rogue's gallery of bad hair days – from chemically overprocessed locks to curls kinked up by humidity.
A scanning electron microscope image of a healthy human hair near the tip of the hair shaft – a portion that is showing obvious wear and tear. Image Copyright © & Courtesy of Ohio State University.
They used the techniques they developed to test a new high-tech hair conditioner.
Ultimately, the same techniques could be used to improve lipstick, nail polish and other beauty products, said Bhushan , Ohio Eminent Scholar and the Howard D. Winbigler Professor of mechanical engineering at Ohio State .
His specialty is nanotribology – the measurement of very small things, such as the friction between moving parts in microelectronics.
At first, hair seemed like an unlikely study subject, he said. Then he was invited to give a lecture to scientists at Procter & Gamble Co.
"It turns out that, for hair, friction is a major issue," he said. Everyday activities like washing, drying, combing and brushing all cause hairs to rub against objects and against each other, he explained. Over time, the friction causes wear and tear – two processes that he and his colleagues are very familiar with, though they're normally studying the wear between tiny motors and gears.
"We realized that beauty care was an emerging area for us and we should dive in," Bhushan said.
He consulted for the company until P&G became an industrial partner in his laboratory, supplying him with samples of healthy and damaged hair. The Ohio State engineers examined hairs under an atomic force microscope (AFM), a tool that let them scratch the surface of hairs and probe inside the hair shaft with a very tiny needle. They published their results in the journal Ultramicroscopy, in a paper now available on the Web.
Among their findings: hair conditioners typically do not evenly cover the entire hair shaft.
P&G recently developed a new formula with additives to make the conditioner coat the hair evenly. In tests, Bhushan found that the new conditioner did coat hair more evenly.
Meanwhile, they examined healthy and damaged hairs under an electron microscope and an AFM, and simulated everyday wear and tear by rubbing hairs together and against polyurethane film to simulate skin.
"We didn't know what we were looking for," Bhushan said. "People know a lot about hair, but nobody has used an AFM to really study the structure of hair. So we already knew some things, but otherwise we didn't know what to expect."
Under the electron microscope, individual hairs looked like tree trunks, wrapped in layers of cuticle that resembled bark. In healthy hair, the cuticle edges lay flat against the hair shaft, but as hair gets damaged from chemical treatments or wear and tear, the cuticle edges begin to peel away from the shaft. That much was already known.
The researchers simulated what happens when damaged hair is exposed to humidity; the hairs plump up, and the cuticles stick out even further, leading to frizz. More frizz meant more friction – a fact confirmed by the AFM as researchers dragged a tiny needle across the surface.
Conditioner tends to stick to the cuticle edges, and can make the hair sticky on the nanometer scale. The researchers determined that by poking the hair shaft with the needle, and measuring the force required to pull it away.
Bharat Bhushan
They also probed inside hairs to measure the hardness of different layers of the shaft. Hair has a very complex structure, Bhushan said, and these first ultra-precise measurements of interior structure could one day lead to new products that treat hair from the inside.
In the future, he thinks his AFM techniques could be used to develop wear-resistant nail polishes and lipsticks.
Bhushan conducted this work with graduate student Carmen LaTorre and postdoctoral researchers Nianhuan Chen and Guohua Wei, all of Ohio State .
Written by Pam Frost Gorder, (614) 292-9475; email@example.com
Issuers of news releases, not 7th Wave, Inc. or Nanotechnology Now, are solely responsible for the accuracy of the content.
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text:
Verenex announced that on September 7, 2009, CNPC International Ltd. ("CNPCI") delivered written notice to Verenex terminating the acquisition agreement entered into with Verenex on February 24, 2009 (the CNPCI Agreement").
Under the CNPCI Agreement, CNPCI agreed to make an offer to purchase all of the outstanding Verenex Shares, on a fully-diluted basis, at a price of Cdn$10 per share and to also fund a Cdn$47 million approval bonus to the Libyan National Oil Corporation (the "NOC"). Consent by the NOC to the offer by CNPCI was required under the Exploration and Production Sharing Agreement for Area 47 (the "EPSA"); however, under the terms of the EPSA, such consent cannot be unreasonably withheld.
Despite Verenex having complied with all the requirements of the EPSA and the NOC throughout the public sale process, the NOC has failed or refused to provide consent to the CNPCI Agreement and stated its intent to purchase Verenex subject to approval of the General People's Committee ("GPC").
At this time, Verenex is in discussions with Libyan authorities, including representatives of the GPC, to reach an agreement on the sale of Verenex to a Libyan investment fund on acceptable terms without Verenex having to pursue its legal remedies. The GPC has made it clear to Verenex that it is seeking to negotiate a reduced purchase price.
Investors are cautioned that there can be no assurance that a sale transaction will be concluded.
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text:
Omni Automation introduces OmniCAN/DeviceNet PCI adapter
Gilbert, AZ—Omni Automation Inc. reports that its newly released OmniCAN/DeviceNet PCI 7202B adapter provides a flexible solution for accessing CAN/DeviceNet networks.
Gilbert, AZ — Omni Automation Inc . reports that its newly released OmniCAN/DeviceNet PCI 7202B adapter provides a flexible solution for accessing CAN/DeviceNet networks. It is equipped with Dual CAN channels, each supporting up to 1 Mbps transmission. An LED bank is incorporated for easy troubleshooting and visual verification of network traffic. PCI 7202B fits into the backplane of a standard or Industrial PC. It is possible to install four PCI cards into one PC allowing it to interface with eight networks.
Omni adds that what makes its card unique is its comprehensive suite of programs, which provide several options for accessing devices and data on the CAN/DeviceNet network. These features include:
VC++ and VB programs that access the CAN bus directly through the Device Driver;
VC++ and VB programs that access the CAN bus via a CAN Information Server (CIS). CIS allows multiple client applications to access CAN Bus simultaneously; and
DeviceNet Master Scanner (DNMCIS) software, which allows users to access slave polled devices on a DeviceNet network. The server API allows users to add devices to the server's scan list, and then transmit/receive poll data to/from the slave device. The DNMCIS server currently supports polled DeviceNet devices only. This software with the PCI 72922B is extremely valuable for users of DeviceNet networks, and is much less expensive than other DeviceNet scanner cards.
—Jim Montague, News Editor, Control Engineering, firstname.lastname@example.com
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text: Everything is transmitted cordless. The use of the phone, the internet, the printer, the transmission of music. The only thing that cannot be transmitted is electricity. But the annoying power supplies, however, will disappear since the CHARGE-BOX hides the charging cables. The power supplies for mobile phones, digital cameras or MP3 players are hidden away in a solid coated steel corpus. The instruments are presented on a felt pad. It does not make any difference whether the CHARGE-BOX is mounted on a wall or put on items of fitment - all that is left to be seen is a simple object of beauty.


text:
This assembly of people and Church in joint session assented, and the desires of the people became Acts of Tynwald.
And when they're making you Dempster, you'll back us up in the Tynwald Coort.
And when he goes to the Tynwald Coort there, it'll be lockjaw and the measles with some of them.
We're going up to Tynwald Coort on Tynwald day, two thousand strong.
It was their language at Tynwald; they sang their grim carvals in it, and their wailing, woful ballads.
The ground at Tynwald Hill (as it is called) remains unchanged.
The day of Tynwald came, and the week before it had passed like a year.
At ten o'clock the open green that surrounds the hill of Tynwald was densely thronged.
When he came by the Tynwald he paused and turned partly toward Greeba, as though half minded to alter his course.
Tynwald Day as described by Mr. Hall Caine is an interesting, historic, but not an impressive ceremony.


text:
Mashup Lucifer MP3
Old time preacher comedy sketch from TV series 'The Real McCoy'. Felix Dexter. 1990s.
DLC05A - Mash Up Lucifa - By Delacroix Records - Jungle Drum MP3
DLC05A - Mash Up Lucifa - By Delacroix Records - Jungle Drum Bass.
Super Junior SHINee | Bonamana (미인아) Lucifer Remix / Mashup MP3
Twitter: @donfaustino. Audio and video remix / mash-up of popular 2010 K-Pop songs -- Bonamana (미인아) and Lucifer by Super Junior and SHINee, ...
f(x) vs. SHINee - Electric Lucifer (MashUp) MP3
hope you'll enjoy! ;) DL : http://www.mediafire.com/?b640cuul7b96fl6 let's like if you want! https://www.facebook.com/rjeemashup.
2NE1 vs. SHINee [Fire & Lucifer Mashup] MP3
Two of my favorite songs by my two favorite groups Download Link: http://www.4shared.com/mp3/VNFzniKR/2NE1__SHINee_-_Lucifer_2.html.
f(x) vs. SHINee - Electric Lucifer Shock (mashup / remix) MP3
enjoy. download at : http://taerainn.tumblr.com/downloads.
SHINee - FANTASTIC LUCIFER [mashup on the style of Bigbang] MP3
Mashup respond to SHINee sherlock. I hope it will be as awesome as Lucifer & Fantastic Baby. But we all know shinee will never disappoint us so yeah, just wait ...
Bonamana - Lucifer MV Mash Up (Japanese Version) MP3
Bonamana - Lucifer [MV] Mash Up (Japanese Version) :DD yey! sorry, if the Bonamana MV isn't in a Japanese Version. I found it hard to search one XD ...
SHINee vs 2NE1 "I am the Lucifer" [Remix/Mashup] MP3
I've changed the title ** Like it? Then press the like button! ^^ Made this last night, and oh eargasm when I made it yesterday hahahhaha XD Huahahaha I'm in ...
The Lucifer (SNSD Feat SHINee) [MASHUP] The Boys + Lucifer MP3
The Boys Official English Accapela - Girls Generation Lucifer Official Instrumental - SHINee ENJOY !
Lucifer/Ring Ding Dong/Bonamana - Mix/Mashup Fanmade (SHINee / Super Junior) MP3
I made another mix thingy! yaayy :3 Songs used: Lucifer and Ring Ding Dong by SHINee and Bonamana by Super Junior Video shown: Bonamana Super Junior ...
Satan quits his job and moves to Los Angeles in FOX's new television series LUCIFER!!! This is Ryan and Jerry's REACTION & REVIEW To the OFFICIAL ...
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lucifer - shinee bonamana - super junior MASHUP GEHÖHRT NICHT MIR !!! ICH HABE NUR DAS LIED VERARBEITET !!!
Mr. Lucifer (Super Junior vs SHINee) Mash-up MP3
Another mash-up using Mr. Simple..., lol. I had to make this one. It was calling me! Enjoy and let me know what you think?
electric lucifer shock video mash-up MP3
Credits to all the owners.... this song is remixed by DJdoushitekimi Disclaimer I do not own this video.
[101229 Live Mashup Ver.] SuperJunior & SHINee | Bonamana (미인아) & Lucifer MP3
Video credit by me(MrSarangKpops or MSKpopUploader)!^^ Music remix credit by: donfaustino!:) Download mp3 here: Megaupload: ...
Lucifer - Trailer REACTION MP3
Lucifer - Trailer REACTION From Fox Broadcasting.
Luicifer Official Trailer Reaction! MP3
My reaction to Lucifer Official Trailer Link to original vid: https://youtu.be/X4bF_quwNtw CATCH ME HANGING AROUND ONLINE BELOW: SECOND CHANNEL: ...
2NE1 vs. SHINee [Fire & Lucifer Mashup] - DANCE COVER MP3
Music by 2NE1 and SHINee Mashup by 2NE1Bang http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3wtuEYSouw Choreography adaptation by Giovanna Fava.
SHINee vs EXO - Lucifer Wolf [MashUp] MP3
Download MP3 & Videos : http://videos.yaaya.mobi/
SHINee lucifer mashup MP3
cr: beatburgerkorea (soundclound)
위아래(EXID) + 으르렁(EXO) + Babay(Zion.T) + LUCIFER(SHINee) + SORRY, SORRY(Super Junior) - JOAYO MP3
Malhada's top group, Joayo, comes out with another stunning cover mashup featuring some of the hottest groups in K-Pop!! This mashup features EXID's ...
SHINee & TVXQ! "Why.., Lucifer" Keep your head down Lucifer Mash-up 2 MP3
Download this song and more here: http://kpopremix.webs.com/ This is my 2nd version of this mash-up and my personal favorite. Again a lot of it worked out very ...
SHINee vs. U-Kiss - Shut Up Lucifer (ASTERMIX MASHUP) MP3
follow me on twiiter http://twitter.com/sasorinelvzz08 SHINee vs. U-Kiss - Shut Up Lucifer (ASTERMIX MASHUP) a mashup by me ^^
Shinee's Lucifer Dance + Bollywood Song Mashup (Dhan te nann! her whisper is the lucifer!) MP3
Lol another bollywood/kpop mashup xD I'm trying to be as productive as I can while I'm still on break haha. Please comment/rate :) Thanks for viewing! Credits: ...
Sebastien Benett - Lucifer w/ Fatboy Slim - Push The Tempo (GABB mashup) MP3
Enjoy! Sebastien Benett - Lucifer w/ Fatboy Slim - Push The Tempo (GABB Mashup) more info: http://bit.ly/edmjockey Follow GABB http://fb.com/djGabb ...
SHinee Lucifer - Buttons Mashup MP3
We do not own any of this material Copyright to it's respected owners Love~ The Mash-Up Girls Callie's Latest Concoction ;) A lil off, but I still love it xD.
Bigbang - Fantastic Baby [Mashup with LUCIFER SHINee] MP3
BOOM! SHAKA LAKA.... BOOM SHAKA LAKA~ YOU'RE BOOMING MY HEART ;_; Made this in an hour, before I sleep. XD This is the 2nd video I made, simple ...
SHINee (샤이니) - Lucifer (루시퍼) Japanese and Korean MV Mash-up (Korean Audio + English Sub) MP3
Mashed up the Japanese and Korean Versions of Lucifer. Take note that the audio is still Korean though. Only parts of the video are Japanese. I do not own ...
The Best of Lucifer - Supernatural MP3
A mash-up of a few of the best moments of Lucifer and Sam Winchester.


text:
Golden Globe Awards: Evan Rachel Wood
Look who showed up looking decadent in a plunging black, sequined, tiered Elie Saab dress. Evan Rachel Wood polished up and is proving to be a strong red carpet competitor tonight. A black clutch and simple leaf diamond earrings are her only accessories. What do you think about this more sophisticated Evan Rachel?
Vote on all of my Golden Globe Awards polls here!


text:
Contributed by LordTBT at 3:59AM GMT, 26 February 2010
A new publication focusing on Liverpool's history of dockers was published earlier this week, and it features an interview with Brian Jacques.
The book, Dockers - Their Life and Legacy on the Liverpool Waterfront, was compiled by Liverpool Echo journalist Peter Grant, and features many photos from the Liverpool Echo and the Liverpool Daily Post. Described as more of a 'souvenir', this 84-page special is only available in the UK at local news stands, or you can find it at the online MerseyShop for £3.99 ($6.09) plus shipping.
The official product description is as follows:
- A unique insight into the lives of men who were the backbone of the city.
- The docker is a symbol of Liverpool – just like the Liver Bird. Proud men who were a vital part of the changing fortunes of the Port of Liverpool.
- Compiled by local author and journalist Peter Grant, the son of a docker, this 84-page souvenir special explores the colourful history of Liverpool's dockland and the legacy of the legendary men who worked there.
- Dockers are the world's greatest storytellers and this publication is full of fascinating tales of life on the waterfront. Featuring interviews with Tom O'Connor, Mickey Finn, Stan Boardman, Brian Jacques, Jimmy McGovern, Alan Bleasdale and Ricky Tomlinson; the stars and celebrities who owe dockers a living reveal their memories – from the pubs on every corner to the passion of the strikes – giving interesting, enlightening and often hilarious first-hand accounts of life in and around the docks.
- With over a hundred photographs from the archives of the Liverpool Daily Post and Echo, 'Dockers' takes you on a compelling journey inside the Mersey quayside's lives and loves, from the vital role of the Overhead Railway and tug boats, to the dockers' witty and comical nicknames for each other.
- Packed with images and stories of bygone days, this is a tribute and celebration of the Liverpool docker – past, present and future.


text:
Life meets luxury at the roundabout of Quezon City and Manila. Experience the vibrant warmth of living right in the heart of the metropolis.
Enjoy easy accessibility to schools, medical institutions, and commercial establishments.
The two 40-storey towers offer studio, 1 bedroom or 2 bedroom units to make life more comfortable for would-be residents.
Also, experience a bright new sunshiny day at Sun Residences' very own Sun Mall that boasts of its very own SM Hypermarket, coffee and tea shops, and restaurants.
Location España Blvd., cor. Mayon St., Quezon City (Across Welcome Rotonda)
Unit Sizes 20sqm – 47sqm
Price Range Php 1.8M – Php 5.1M
|For sale
|Num. Rooms
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|New construction
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|Square Meters (total)
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Other characteristics
- Air Condition
- Elevator
- Terrace
- Parking
- New
Send messageto seller
Tips for Online Transactions
- Avoid scams by acting locally or paying with PayPal, Bank Deposit, LBC, or Pera Padala without the item.
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- This site is never involved in any transaction, and does not handle payments, shipping, guarantee transactions, provide escrow services, or offer "buyer protection" or "seller certification"


text:
Found this fabulous wonderful Chatelaine with interesting fobs and a large Fleur De Lei holder with three fobs. One has an oval Burgundy Color stone set in an interesting fob. The middle piece has a Emerald Green Color Three sided stone that is moveable in the setting. The third fob has initials on the bottom A.H.H. A.K.K. not really sure. This is such a fantastic piece. There is a Pat.206696 on the back of the pin. Beautiful detailing on the piece. This measures 5.5 long X 1.5" wide. Stunning.
2 other shoppers have this item in their Cart or Wish List .
Head Vases, Vintage Purses, Jewelry, Unusual Finds
Make a resonable offer to be accepted. Many more items to list


text:
On May 17, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) issued its ruling in Taylor v. Eastern Connection Operating, Inc., holding the Massachusetts independent contractor, wage and overtime statutes may apply, in certain circumstances, to out-of-state workers of Massachusetts companies.
Headquartered in Woburn, Massachusetts, Eastern Connection Operating Inc. (Eastern) is in the business of delivering packages in various states along the East Coast. As part of its business, Eastern contracted with couriers, who were treated as independent contractors, to deliver and pick up packages on its behalf. Their contracts stated the following: "This Contract and all rights and obligations of the parties shall be construed in accordance with the laws where [Eastern] is headquartered and any action shall be commenced in that jurisdiction in the closest [S]tate court."
In 2010, several couriers (who work exclusively in New York) sued Eastern in Massachusetts Superior Court, claiming (1) Eastern misclassified them as independent contractors, in violation of the Massachusetts independent contractor statute, Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 149, § 148B (which makes it far more difficult for an employer to establish contractor status than does the applicable New York statute); and (2) Eastern failed to pay them wages and overtime as employees, in violation of the Massachusetts wage and overtime statutes. Eastern moved to dismiss the plaintiffs' claims on the theories that (1) the Massachusetts independent contractor statute did not apply to out-of-state workers, and (2) the Massachusetts wage and overtime statutes did not apply to independent contractors. The Superior Court granted Eastern's motion, and the plaintiffs appealed.
The SJC first noted that, in light of the forum selection clause in the couriers' contracts, the plaintiffs properly brought their lawsuit in Massachusetts. It then engaged in a choice of law analysis, based on the parties' express choice of Massachusetts law in their contracts, finding (1) because Massachusetts has a "substantial relationship" to the transaction, and (2) because the application of Massachusetts law would not be contrary to a fundamental policy of New York (as both laws purport to protect workers, albeit in different ways), the express choice of Massachusetts law was effective. And because the Massachusetts independent contractor law does not contain any geographic limitation of reach, the SJC held that the law applies to the plaintiffs' misclassification claim, vacated the dismissal and remanded the case back to the Superior Court. The issue of whether Eastern violated the Massachusetts wage and/or overtime statutes will depend, in the first instance, on whether the plaintiffs were, in fact, misclassified as independent contractors.
This case highlights the potentially extensive reach of the Massachusetts independent contractor, wage and overtime statutes, providing in certain circumstances Massachusetts statutory remedies to workers who may never step foot in the Commonwealth. Of particular concern to employers, the Massachusetts wage statutes provide for mandatory treble damages and attorneys fees to prevailing plaintiffs. Employers need to take note of this possibility when including Massachusetts choice-of-law provisions in employment and contractor agreements and should review any existing agreements that apply Massachusetts law to their employees and contractors.
Patrick McCarthy and Christopher Stracco spoke about Project Labor Agreements on Friday, February 10, at the New Jersey Institute of Continuing Legal Education's Annual 2017 Redevelopment Law Institute at the Renaissance Woodbridge Hotel in Iselin, New Jersey.
Day Pitney Alert
Rachel Gonzalez, Mary Rogers and Patrick McCarthy wrote an article "NLRB Eases Organizing of Temporary Workers" for CBIA's H&R Safety Newsletter on the impact of the recent decision of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).
On May 13, Francine Esposito will give an Employment Law Update presentation to the HR Committee of the NJ Bankers Association. She will discuss the latest developments in employment law, including but not limited to paid sick leave requirements, EEOC initiatives, recent case law and pending legislation affecting employers.
On April 13, Day Pitney will hold a CLE that will cover two topics at Quest Diagnostics Incorporated, at 3 Giralda Farms in Madison, New Jersey. Benjamin E. Haglund, John W. Cerreta, Thomas A. Zalewski and Sylvia–Rebecca Gutierrez will teach a course on Contract & Tort Law Update for the Health Care Practitioner. The course will cover contract and tort issues for health care practitioners with special emphasis on genetic testing in tort litigation and potential pitfalls regarding provisions contained in contracts with hospitals, health plans, and suppliers. Theresa Kelly and Rachel Gonzalez will also teach a course on Employment Law, which will cover employment law issues with special emphasis on recent National Labor Relations Board activities and the Family and Medical Leave Act.
Rachel Gonzalez was mentioned in an article, "Unions set to begin voting on NJ Transit rail contract," in NJ.com. Gonzalez provided an explanation of the approval process concerning union agreements in connection with the NJ Transit rail unions voting on the proposed settlement to avert a strike.
Kate Coffey, Rachel Gonzalez and Peter Wolfson were mentioned in the "New Partners Yearbook 2016" in New Jersey Law Journal. This is the Law Journal's annual yearbook devoted to recognizing both newly promoted partners and newly hired lateral partners at law firms in New Jersey.
Patrick McCarthy was quoted in an article, "Former exec's conviction puts spotlight on safety for high-risk industries; Deadly mine explosion resulted in underwriting rethink by insurers," in Business Insurance. McCarthy was quoted in connection with the significance of a case, in which Don Blankenship, the former CEO of Massey Energy Co., was acquitted of all felony charges, but convicted of a misdemeanor conspiracy charge for willfully violating U.S. mine health and safety standards that resulted in a 2010 explosion that killed 29 coal miners in West Virginia.
The Day Pitney alert, "Federal Contractors Must Provide Paid Sick Time in the Future," authored by Francine Esposito and Arielle B. Sepulveda was referenced in a Staffing Industry Analysts article, "New Bill Would 'Ban the Box' for Federal Contractors." In addition to the Fair Chance Act, the article discusses the executive order signed by President Obama that requires federal contractors to provide paid sick time leave. Esposito and Sepulveda noted that the requirement applies to all federal contracts awarded on or after January 1, 2017.
Stamford, Conn., August 24, 2015 - Day Pitney is pleased to announce that 68 attorneys have been selected for inclusion in the 2016 Best Lawyers in America. Best Lawyers ranks lawyers through peer-review surveys, and has been published annually since 1983.


text:
Extended Service Plan - What Do You Suggest?
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text:
• 23.25g sterling silver pendant enhancer
• 2.5 cts of mother of pearl and turquoise gemstones
• Measures 1" wide x 3" long
• Designed and crafted in America with gemstones from around the world
Versatility at its finest! This unique enhancer offers many possibilities - worn with all three loops or with the red or silver loops removed. Mix and match with your favorite outfit for something new and exciting. Wear with your favorite beads, chain or cord for a fabulous look.
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text:
Hamatora AMV [Party Freaks] MP3
disclaimer- i do not own this anime or the music.
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Funk, Soul.
Party Freaks & Alcohol - Line Dance (Dance & Teach in English & 中文) MP3
Choreographed by: Kim Ray (UK) July 2015 64 count - 2 wall - Intermediate level line dance Music: "Let Me Be Your Lover" by Enrique Iglesias ft. Pitbull.
Enrique Iglesias - I'm A Freak ft. Pitbull MP3
Download "I'm A Freak" now: iTunes: http://smarturl.it/EnriqueFreakiT Amazon: http://smarturl.it/EnriqueFreakAZ Google Play: http://goo.gl/Hlc00v Visit ...
I'm A Freak
Enrique Iglesias[Pitbull:] Enrique Iglesias Pitbull Mr. Worldwide Let's go! [Enrique Iglesias:] I try to let it go But I'm addicted to her chemicals I got a taste I want an overdose I love the way she gets so physical Fucks like an animal (oh) Day and night I just imagine How you put your love on me Lights off, lights[...]
Infectious Grooves - These Freaks Are Here To Party MP3
Music video by Infectious Grooves performing These Freaks Are Here To Party. (C) 1992 SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT.
These Freaks Are Here To Party
Infectious GroovesI'm not here to hurt you I got enough things that already hurt I'm not here to hate you I got much better things to hate I'm not here to fight [...]
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Awesome Goa PARTY / Freaks Carnival 2015! Beach Party in Arambol, Goa MUSIC: Alec Troniq - Rueffel (Stereo Express Remix)
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Miami featuring Robert Moore - Party freaks MP3
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When the RED Team decided to go for a vacation after their victory in 2fort, two monsters (Ass Pancakes and Soupcock Porkpie) decided to use this opportunity ...
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Party Freaks & Alcohol - Kim Ray - Line Dance MP3
Choreographed by: Kim Ray (UK) Descriptions; 64 count, 2 wall, 2 restart, Intermediate Level website: danceplano.wordpress.com Plano/Dallas, Texas, USA.
Infectious Grooves - These Freaks Are Here to Party MP3
This is some groovy stuff. One of Mike Muir's side projects. Band: Infectious Grooves Song: These Freaks Are Here to Party Album: Sarsippius' Ark Origin: USA.
party Freaks and Alcohol de Kim Ray MP3
danser a bagneaux sur loing avec Bruno Voirin et ses élèves du studio béllifontain le 9 juillet 2015.
MIAMI feat ROBERT MOORE Party Freaks MP3
70s Miami Soul / Disco.
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Alexey Romeo & Vengerov - Freaks In The Party MP3
Подпишись на новые клипы - http://bit.ly/Podpiska @ Google+ http://google.com/+ELLO @ ВКонтакте http://vk.com/ElloTV @ Facebook ...
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Watch #TodrickMTV every Monday on MTV! Facebook: http://facebook.com/toddyrockstarofficial Twitter / Instagram: @toddyrockstar Make sure you check out ...
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So this was made at my BIRTHDAY PARTY Starring HeyItsCat Super Sensational Sarah Pinkpeguins123 Rockinnathan927 And...
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Label: J.C. Records -- JC 12-006 Format: Vinyl, 12", 33 ⅓ RPM Country: Canada Released: 1982 Genre: Electronic Style: Disco.
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'True Tori': Tori Freaks Out At Daughter's Birthday Party MP3
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text:
Val Pascucci
No, he's not a prospect, and he still has a ways to go before he qualifies for his AARP card, but the 30-year-old Pascucci had a nice month replacing Kyle Blanks as the teams everyday first baseman. He led the team in walks and OBP and tied for the lead in home runs.
Others of Note: Rancho Bernardo High's Danny Putnam hit .265/.351/.544, leading the team in home runs and RBI. Third baseman Seth Johnston made a big impression in his first seven games, hitting four home runs and two doubles.
Disappointments: This was supposed to be a big year for Chad Huffman but he has yet to show any consistency from month to month and July was no exception, as he finished at .237/.282/.423. That was still better than second baseman Matt Antonelli who hit .211/.286/.395. The first half of 2007, when the future seemed so bright for both of them at Lake Elsinore, seems a long time ago.
Mitch Canham
The left-handed hitting Canham posted an OPS of over .800 three of his four months, but this was his best month behind the plate defensively with only a single error. It's a tribute to what type of athlete Canham is after a long season squatting in the South Texas sun that he can still put up these type of numbers. He led the team in on-base percentage and home runs, hitting more this month (4), than he had all season (2).
Prospect Watch: Second baseman Eric Sogard is like the energizer bunny, he just keeps on going. Sogard led the team in walks (29), was tied for walks (12) and was second in doubles with five.
Disappointments: Their overall numbers are still good, but shortstop Lance Zawadzki (.208/.288/.292), third baseman Logan Forsythe (.232/.308/.379) and first baseman Craig Cooper (.230/.330/.368) all have hit a bit of a wall in July. Center fielder Cedric Hunter continues to struggle in Double-A, hitting .217/.237/.340.
Sawyer Carroll
Sawyer Carroll is another one of the Padres picks from 2008 that is performing at a very high level, leading the team in doubles (12), triples (4), extra base hits (17) and RBI with 30.
Prospect Watch: Third baseman James Darnell started off slowly in High-A, he was at .184 on July 7, but caught on fire at the end of the month, leading the team with six home runs and hitting .298/.381/.548 . The defense is still a bit rough with seven errors in 27 games, but the bat is very real. Outfielder Brad Chalk's power went down this month, but he still led the team in hits with 30, a .400 OBP, a BB/K ratio of 12/4 while leading the team with eight stolen bases in eleven attempts. DH/1B Felix Carrasco continues on his solid offensive year hitting .287/.410/.402.
Disappointments: Danny Payne came back down to earth after a big June, hitting .232/.330/.317.
Jaff Decker
Of the very talented Padres' 2008 draft class, Decker may be the best, leading the team in home runs, extra-base hits and was tied for third on the team in walks. Throw in the fact that he plays a very good outfield, has a plus arm and won't turn twenty until next February, and you have a prospect.
Prospect Watch: Shortstop Drew Cumberland came back from another injury and posted some solid numbers at .314/.419/.451 in limited action. Second baseman Cole Figueroa continues to shine at .290/.400/.387. Both Blake Tekotte, .313/.414/.464, and Dan Robertson, .313/.427/.382, are fully back from early season slumps, with Tekotte leading the team in hits, 35, followed by Robertson with 32.
Disappointments: The good news is that 2008 Padres' first baseman Allan Dykstra lead the team in walks with 24 and posted a very good BB/K ratio of 24/17. The rest of the news isn't so good with a .159/.357/.268 line.
Edinson Rincon
Rincon led the team in on-base and slugging percentage, extra-base hits, tied for second in walks and home runs and generally just belted the bleep out of the ball. The only kryptonite that the 18-year-old Dominican has is with his glove; nine errors in 29 games.
Prospect Watch: Second baseman Vincent Belnome, a late round 2009 draft pick out of West Virginia, had a nice month hitting .287/.390/.478 leading the team in home runs (5) and was second in RBI with 22. Outfielder Bo Davis hit .302/.474/.442 with a 13/12 BB/K ratio before going down with a hand injury. OF/C Griffin Benedict put up some nice numbers while bouncing between Eugene and Fort Wayne, catching and the outfield, hitting .321/.387/.429 in limited action with the Emeralds.
Disappointments: Shortstop Chris Tremblay struggled with the bat, .208/.345/.208, and with the glove, five errors in 21 games.
Cody Decker
Former UCLA Bruin, Decker, is making a strong push to get out of the Arizona heat with some ridiculous power numbers: 17 extra-base hits in 25 games, nine of which were over the fence. Throw in that he led the team in hits, extra-base hits, runs, on-base and slugging percentage and one has to wonder when the organization will decide to send the 22-year-old north.
Prospect Watch: Infielder Jonathan Galvez has attracted a lot of attention with his bat, hitting .299/.410/.517 but the lanky infielder's defense is still a work in progress with seven errors in 24 games. Outfielder Rymer Liriano checked in at .345/.406/.619 and in any other month would have been the player of the month with 10 extra base hits, six of them for home runs. Third baseman Jonathan Alia hit .327/.383/.541 and catcher Kurt Wideman hit .341/.386/.463.
Disappointments: Catcher Jhonaldo Pozo struggled to get regular playing time, hitting .189/.184/.243 not drawing a single walk in 37 plate appearances.
Adan Velazquez
Velazquez took the DSL by Storm during the month of July. Playing second base and a little bit of third, the Mexico native went 27-for-66 with 11 extra base hits in 17 games. He scored 17 runs, notched 19 RBI and also stole four bases in as many attempts. He was hitting .192 entering the month and had just missed two weeks with a minor injury. On August 1, Velazquez had upped his average to .302.
Prospect Watch: Outfielder Yair Lopez hit .347 during the month and scored 22 runs with a .426 on-base percentage. He was second on the team during the month with seven extra base hits. Ariel Familia is just 17 but managed to hit .294 during July with six extra base hits. Carlos Garcia, 20, hit .260 and has knocked in 36 runs this season through 48 games.
Disappointments: Alvaro Aristy was suspended for 50 games and will the rest of this season and the beginning of next. Luis Domoromo hit just .219 during the month with two extra base hits and just three RBI. Felix Cabrera and Jairo Gomez combined to make 27 errors during the month.
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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
2 years ago I went to drug rehab after my (back then) 5 month old son was taken by C&Y. I have since proven myself and been nothing but compliant with C&Y and got physical custody of him back in July. Also, had another baby who is now 8 months and was never in C&Y's custody. I am so afraid and have recently relapsed because of this horrible disease and current stress I am undergoing being a single parent. I am supposed to fully regain LEGAL custody and January and now feel like I completely screwed everything up. I dont want my children taken from me.....???? PLEASE HELP!?!
It sounds like you need to get clean all over again. Unfortunately, you will judged on your past behavior. You need to work with CNY and avoid drugs, stay clean and attend all required classes.
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text:
Frankly, even if the project will cost money it would be a lousy argument. T he cost is minimal compared to what the library and residents would receive in return: 3,000 square feet of new space at the public library and another 3,000 of renovated space. The room would enable the library to offer more children's pro grams and ease the unbearable crowding that forces library staff to place books on top of books when there is no other room. But we think the bond will work as planned, especially after two accountants , Jay Gold, a staunch supporter of the library, and Matt Perez, a fiscal conservative and Doubting Thomas, put their heads together to come up with what we think is a sound plan.
The bond would be paid back over 20 years with library funds available currently and in the future at no increase in taxes to township property owners.
Under the provisions of the ordinance, the library will use $375,000 of its own surplus up front. Any excess surplus in the coming years would be used to pay down the debt.
There is also a chance the $750,000 may not all be spent.
There will undoubtedly be opponents of the library plan at next Monday's 7:30 p. m. public hearing at town hall. With Mayor Lawrence Colasurdo's firm support behind it, the bond appears to have enough support among council members for adoption.
Let's hope so. East Hanover needs a good library in the 21st Century. Anything else would be an insult to all the knowledge seekers living within the township's borders.


text:
Isabelle supports the three main platform families: Linux, Windows, Mac OS X. The platform-specific application bundles include sources, documentation, and add-on components. A few extra dependencies are explained below.
The raw Isabelle distribution archives are available for reference, but assembling them by hand is pointless. Past releases are available from the archive. Further technical background information may be found in the Isabelle System Manual.
- Isabelle2016-1_app.tar.gz
- Perl 5.x with libwww
- 32-bit C/C++ standard libraries on 64-bit Linux (important for big applications and small memory, i.e. less than 32 GB)
- Proper Window manager / Desktop environment that works with Java/AWT/Swing
- TeXLive for Isabelle/LaTeX document preparation
The bundled archive contains everything required for Isabelle on Linux. It can be unpacked into an arbitrary directory like this:
- tar -xzf Isabelle2016-1_app.tar.gz
The Isabelle/jEdit Prover IDE can be invoked like this:
- Isabelle2016-1/Isabelle2016-1
Other Isabelle command-line tools can be invoked from the terminal like this:
- Isabelle2016-1/bin/isabelle
Windows (7, 8, 8.1, 10)
- Isabelle2016-1-win32.exe or
- MikTeX for Isabelle/LaTeX document preparation
The self-extracting archive contains everything required for Isabelle on Windows PCs. It can be unpacked into an arbitrary directory. The installer starts the Isabelle/jEdit Prover IDE automatically for the first time. It also creates a desktop alias to the main executable for later use.
Isabelle2016-1\Cygwin-Terminal allows to run Isabelle command-line tools, as known from Unix.
Isabelle2016-1\Cygwin-Setup allows to modify the Cygwin installation of Isabelle, e.g. to add further packages manually.
Note: The Isabelle application lacks special certificates and signatures, so Microsoft tends to reject it by default. Running it for the first time might require some careful clicks in the proper spots.
Mac OS X (10.8, 10.9, 10.10, 10.11, 10.12)
- Isabelle2016-1.dmg
- MacTeX for Isabelle/LaTeX document preparation
The disk image contains an application bundle with everything required for Isabelle on standard Intel Macs. The Isabelle application can be placed into the
/Applications folder and started as usual. Note that the target directory needs to be writable when Isabelle is started for the first time, to build the required logic image.
The main Isabelle distribution is hidden inside the
Isabelle2016-1.app folder. This is relevant when invoking Isabelle command-line tools, e.g. like this in the Terminal application:
- /Applications/Isabelle2016-1.app/Isabelle/bin/isabelle
Note: The Isabelle application lacks special certificates and signatures, so Apple tends to reject it by default. Running it for the first time might require a right-click or control-click on the application icon to open it explicitly.


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Caldarale, Charles R" <Chuck.Caldar...@unisys.com>
|RE: Fw: Servlet problem
|Mon, 20 Feb 2006 22:36:19 GMT
> From: Mark Whitby [mailto:email@example.com] > Subject: Re: Fw: Servlet problem > > Yeah but that's not what I want to happen. I want the > servlet to redirect the user to searchnone.jsp as per > the servlet code and not to the servlet itself, if that > makes sense? The ACTION parameter in a form specifies a URL, not a file system path. Try replacing "WEB-INF/classes/SearchServlet" with "/searchmatch.jsp" (not sure about the leading slash). By the way, you have your servlet mapping specified twice. - Chuck THIS COMMUNICATION MAY CONTAIN CONFIDENTIAL AND/OR OTHERWISE PROPRIETARY MATERIAL and is thus for use only by the intended recipient. If you received this in error, please contact the sender and delete the e-mail and its attachments from all computers. --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: email@example.com
|View raw message


text: Aka the P.I.E Corps, led by X-Man after he absored Archangel and Marvel Girl. Retrieved from "http://x-men.wikia.com/wiki/X-Corps?oldid=11909" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Oct 16, 2007
|Filing date
|Oct 12, 2001
|Priority date
|Oct 12, 2001
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Duc Pham, Nam Pham, Tien Le Nguyen
|Original Assignee
|Vormetric, Inc.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (35), Non-Patent Citations (11), Referenced by (22), Classifications (13), Legal Events (5)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present application is related to the concurrently filed application entitled SCALABLE NETWORK GATEWAY PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE, by Pham et al. and assigned to the Assignee of the present Application.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is generally related to computer network infrastructure components, such as network gateways, that implement scalable high-speed architectures, and, in particular, to a scalable network gateway processor optimally implementing wire-speed compute intensive processing operations on network data packets that uses an efficient internal load balancing system.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the continued growth of the Internet and proliferation of private distributed intranets, increasing the speed, security, and transactional reliability of network data transmissions remains a fundamental concern and continuing consideration in the development of new network infrastructure. The demands on the growth of the Internet, particularly in terms of speed, have been even more dramatic. Network speed requirements even several tiers from the Internet backbone are rapidly exceeding one gigabit per second (Gbps) and likely to jump to four, ten Gbps, and even greater speeds in the very near future. Very high-speed infrastructure components are therefore widely needed in the broad construction of the Internet and connected private distributed intranets.
Much of this demand for increased network speed, security, and reliability is driven by the very real efficiencies that can be obtained by extending complex services and capabilities to remote network locations and between private distributed intranets. In most cases, maximizing these efficiencies requires that the network infrastructure connect remote locations and private distributed intranets at wire speed—the maximum fundamental speed of the network connecting any two sites. Network traffic switches and routers are conventionally designed to operate at wire-speeds. There are, however, many network functions that, as conventionally implemented, operate at only a fraction of current third tier wire-speeds. Network components implementing these functions therefore necessarily impose significant bottlenecks in the network traffic between remote locations and distributed private intranets.
Network components conventionally recognized as creating bandwidth limitations are characteristically required to perform compute intensive operations. In essence, such network components must limit the rate of new data packets being received in order not to overwhelm the buffering capacity of the network component while the compute intensive function is being performed. Even with substantial buffering, the inability to timely process received data packets results in an overall bandwidth limitation that reduces throughput to a small fraction of the wire-speed of the connected infrastructure. The provision of such buffering, however, also raises problems ensuring security over the buffered data and transactional reliability through the buffer.
Examples of compute intensive network components include virtual private network (VPN) and secure sockets layer (SSL) components and components providing packet protocol conversions, such as between fiber channel and iSCSI protocols. Conventional VPN components are used to establish secure virtual private connections over the public Internet between distributed locations. Security for such VPN network transmissions over the Internet is typically implemented using secure internet protocols, such as the IETF established IPsec protocols. The in-band encryption protocols of IPsec provide for the encryption of Internet routed packet data, enabling point-to-point secure delivery of Ethernet transported data. In many circumstances, such as typified by corporate intranet environments, local network traffic requirements may easily aggregate to levels requiring gigabit Ethernet VPN connections between distributed locations. While software-only solutions are possible, isolation of the compute intensive data encryption and decryption services of IPsec on a hardware-based accelerator is conventionally recognized as necessary to support bandwidths that are any significant fraction of a gigabit Ethernet connection.
The SSL protocol similarly involves in-band encryption and decryption of significant volumes of network traffic. Although the SSL protocol is implemented as a presentation level service, which allows applications to selectively use the protocol, Internet sites typically concentrate SSL connections in order to manage repeated transactions between specific clients and servers to effect the appearance of a state-full connection. As a result, network traffic loads can easily aggregate again to substantial fractions of a gigabit Ethernet connection. SSL accelerator network components are therefore needed to implement hardware-based encryption and decryption services, as well as related management functions, where the network traffic is any significant fraction of a gigabit Ethernet connection.
Unfortunately, conventional network components capable of any significant in-band compute intensive processing of high-throughput rate packet data are incapable of achieving gigabit wire-speed performance. Typically, a peripheral accelerator architecture, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,157,955, is utilized to perform the compute-intensive functions. Such architectures generally rely on a bus-connected peripheral array of dedicated protocol processors to receive, perform the in-band data processing, and retransmit data packets. Each protocol processor includes a hardware encryptor/decryptor unit, local ingress and egress Ethernet interfaces and a bridging interface, operable through the peripheral bus. Conventionally, each peripheral protocol processor may be capable of performing on the order of 100 megabits of total throughput. The bridging interface is therefore necessary to aggregate the function of the peripheral array. Thus, while significant peak accelerations can be achieved for data packets both received and retransmitted through the local Ethernet interfaces of a single protocol processor, the aggregate array performance is actually limited by the performance of the shared peripheral bus interconnecting the array. High-speed peripheral interconnect buses, such as the conventional PCI bus, are limited to a theoretical maximum throughput of about 4 Gbps. With the necessary effects of bus contention and management overhead, and multiple bus transactions to transport a single data packet, the actual bridged data transfer of even just four peripheral processors can effectively saturate the peripheral bus. Consequently, the aggregate throughput of such peripheral arrays conventionally fall well below one Gbps and run more typically in the range of 250 to 400 Mbps. Such rates clearly fail to qualify as wire-speed in current network infrastructures.
Consequently, there is a need for an efficiently scalable system and architecture capable of performing compute intensive data packet processing at wire-speeds in excess of one Gbps and readily extendable to speeds of 4 and 10 Gbps and beyond.
Thus, a general purpose of the present invention is to provide an efficiently scalable network gateway component capable of performing compute intensive data packet processing at wire-speeds.
This is achieved in the present invention by a network gateway processor architecture that includes a scalable array of compute processors that function to convert inbound data packets to outbound data packets, an ingress processor coupleable to a first network to receive the inbound data packets and coupled to provide the inbound data packets to the compute processors, and an egress processor coupleable to a second network and coupled to the compute processors to collect and forward the outbound data packets to the second network. The ingress processor distributes inbound data packets to the compute processors based on a least load value selected from current load values determined for the respective compute processors of the scalable array. The current load values represent estimated processing completion times for the respective compute processors of the scalable array of compute processors. Preferably, the current load values are dynamically derived with respect to the size of the inbound data packets and the performance of the respective compute processors.
Thus, an advantage of the present invention is that computation-intensive protocol processing functions can be effectively distributed over a scalable array of data processing engines configured for the specific data processing function desired. The network connection processors manage a dynamically load balanced transfer of data to and through the data processing engines by way of a high-speed switch fabric, thereby efficiently aggregating the available bandwidth of the data processing engines. Consequently, the network data processor system of the present invention is capable of operating at or above gigabit wire-speeds utilizing only a small array of network data processors and, further, readily scaling to multiple gigabit throughput levels by, at a minimum, merely expanding the array of network data processors.
Another advantage of the present invention is that the network data processor system is capable of operating as a comprehensive and centrally manageable protocol processing network gateway. All network traffic that is to be processed can be routed to and through the network gateway. The included network control processor functions to control the setup of the network data processor system and establish, as needed, external network data connections through the network processor system. Thus, internal and network connection management functions necessary to support high-speed data transfers through the network data processor system are segregated to the control processor, allowing the compute-intensive network data processing operations to be isolated on the network data processors.
A further advantage of the present invention is that the distribution of data through the data switch fabric allows the network data processor system to establish a logical, high-performance data path that is load-balanced across and through the available array of network data processors. The limitation on total data packet processing throughput is therefore effectively the aggregate processing bandwidth of the available array of network data processors.
Still another advantage of the present invention is that the network data processors can be flexibly configured to implement any of a number of different network protocol processing functions including particularly those that are compute intensive. Where, as in the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the protocol processing is IPsec-type encryption and decryption, the network data processors can directly implement hardware encryption and decryption engines tailored to the specific forms of crypto-algorithms needed for the intended protocol processing.
These and other advantages and features of the present invention will become better understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate like parts throughout the figures thereof, and wherein:
Network infrastructure devices are required to perform a variety of operations to maintain the smooth flow of network traffic through the Internet and private intranets. Basic operations, such as performed by network data packet switches, can easily be performed at wire-speed, here defined as the maximum bandwidth of the directly connected network. More complex operations, such as the routing and filtering of network data packets, present a substantial challenge to accomplish at wire-speeds. While conventional routers routinely operate at wire-speeds, protocol processing operations that are more compute intensive, typically involving data conversions and translations, cannot conventionally be achieved at significant wire-speeds, ranging from about one Gbps and higher, but rather are bandwidth limited typically to below 400 Mbps. The present invention, however, provides a system and methods for performing compute-intensive protocol processing operations with a total throughput readily matching the wire-speed of the attached network at speeds of about one Gbps and higher.
An exemplary virtual private network (VPN) application 10 of the present invention is generally shown in
The data flow architecture of the VPN gateway 12, and generally the architecture of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, is shown in
The control path route is selected for data packets recognized as being directed to the VPN gateway 12 itself. Such data packets likely represent control commands used to configure and manage the VPN gateway 12. The control path is also selected for network data packets recognized by an ingress processor 30, 34 as representing or initiating a new logical network connection through the VPN gateway 12. Depending on the particular protocol processing responsibilities of the data packet processors 42, 44, the establishment of new network connections may require a network interaction with the remote gateway 20 to establish mutually defined protocol parameters. In the case of the IPsec protocol, a network exchange is required to mutually establish various secure authority (SA) parameters for the encryption and decryption of data. The IPsec and related protocols are described in RFC2401, RFC2406 and subsequent RFCs that are publically available from the Internet RFC/STD/FYI/BCP Archives at www.faqs.org/rfcs. The control processor 46 is responsible for handling the IPsec protocol defined exchanges and internally managing the security authority parameters developed through the exchanges as necessary to persist the recognition of the finally established connection.
Fast path routing is selected for those network data packets that are recognized by the ingress processors 30, 34 as belonging to a previously established network connection. In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the further choice of fast path routing of data packets is determined by the type of data packet processing required, such as data encryption or decryption, and the relative availability of the data packet processors 42, 44 to receive and process data packets. In particular, packets not requiring processing through the data packet processors 42, 44 are bypassed between the ingress and egress processors 30, 32, 34, 36.
For the preferred IPsec processing embodiments of the present invention, clear text data packets forwarded from the LAN 38 through the VPN gateway 12 subject to the VPN encryption protection are routed by the ingress processor 30 through the switch fabric 40 to an available encryption data packet processor 42. The encrypted data packet is then returned through the switch fabric 40 to the egress processor 32 and passed onto the Internet 18. Conversely, encrypted data packets received from the Internet 18 are routed by the ingress processor 34 through the switch fabric 40 to a decryption data packet processor 44. The resulting clear text data packet is then passed to the egress processor 36 for transferred onto the LAN 38. In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, a dynamic selection of data packet processors 42, 44 is performed for each received data packet based on availability of specific data packet processors to process data packets results in a per-packet load-balancing that efficiently maximizes the utilization of the data packet processors 42, 44.
An extended protocol processor architecture 50 consistent with the present invention is shown in
A scalable array of routing processors 62 are provided to expand the high-speed protocol processing capabilities of the architecture 50. With substantially increasing wire-speed, the computational capabilities of the ingress processors 52 may become insufficient to timely perform all of the required filtering, routing and load-balancing functions. Thus, at wire-speeds in excess of about 20 Gbps, limiting the computational responsibilities of the ingress processors 52 to basic switching and filtering network data packets may be preferred. In such cases, the array of routing processors 62, preferably greater in number than the ingress processors 52, can operate to offload packet processing tasks from the ingress processors 52. The offloaded tasks can include the full routing function, including the association of SA parameters with network data packets, and dynamic load-balancing distribution of data packets to the available data packet processors 58. The routing processors can also be utilized to perform other in-band protocol management and data processing functions.
Network data packets processed by the routing processors 62 can be multiply routed through the switch fabric 56 to the data packet processors 58, shown as the switch fabric 56′ and data packet processors 58′. Alternately, the switch fabric 56′ may be separate from the switch fabric 56, thereby limiting the bandwidth demands on the switch fabric 56 caused by multiple transfers of individual data packets through a common fabric. The use of the separate switch fabric 56′ also allows additional arrays of packet data processors 58′ to be employed within the architecture 50, thereby increasing the supportable aggregate bandwidth. In either case, the data packet processors 58′ return the processed data packets through the switch fabrics 58, 58′ using a logical or physical path connection 64 to an appropriate egress processor 54.
A preferred VPN embodiment 70 of the present invention, representing a specific implementation of the extended protocol processor architecture 50, is shown in
Each of the crypto processors 86 preferably implements a basic two port connection to the switch fabric 78. Due to the compute intensive function implemented by the crypto processors 86, the throughput capabilities of the crypto processors 86 are expected to be less if not substantially less than the bandwidth capabilities of a single switch fabric port connection. Thus, in the preferred embodiments of the present invention, each crypto processor 86 need only implement single input and output connections to the switch fabric 78.
Finally, the control processor 84 preferably also implements a bi-directional two port connection to the switch fabric 78. While additional ports might be utilized to support low latency and higher bandwidth operations, the network protocol handling requirements and system management functions performed by the control processor 84 are not anticipated to be limited by a single port connection. Preferably, the control processor 84 is implemented using a conventional embedded processor design and executes an embedded version of the Linux� network operating system with support for the IPsec protocol.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the control processor 84 utilizes the port connections between the control processor 84 and switch fabric 78 to transmit effectively out-of-band control information and receive status information from the ingress, egress, and crypto processors 80, 82, 86. In-band communications with external network connected devices, such as for network protocol negotiations, is accomplished by utilizing the ingress and egress processors 80, 82 as simple network access ports. Both the in-band and out-of-band communications are performed through the existing ports connecting the ingress, egress, and crypto processors 80, 82, 86 to the switch fabric 78. Where there are few available ports on the switch fabric 78, or where simplicity of implementation is a factor, the control processor 84 may instead connect directly to an available auxiliary network communications port of an egress processor 82. The in-band and out-of-band control processor 84 communication are simply routed to and through the egress processor 84 as appropriate to the ingress and crypto processors 80, 86 as well as the networks 74, 76 utilizing the existing network and switch connections of the egress processor 82.
While the detailed function of the ingress and egress processors 80, 82 is somewhat different, the processors 80, 82 utilize substantially the same communications processor 90 implementation, as shown in
Finally, an array of high-speed memory 100 is provided to satisfy the external memory and program storage requirements of the network processor 92. Included within this memory 100 is a data table 102 providing a dynamic data store for accumulated routing and filtering information. For implementations of the ingress processor 80 utilized in preferred embodiments of the present invention, the data table 102 also stores network connection SA parameter data. The route and filtering data are accumulated in a conventional manner from inspection of the attached interfaces and the source addresses of data packets received through the interfaces. The SA parameter data is explicitly provided and, as appropriate, modified and deleted by the control processor 84 in response to the creation, maintenance, and dropping of IPsec connections that are routed through the VPN gateway 72. Preferably, the SA parameter data is used by the ingress processor 80 to dynamically create and attach SA headers to each received IPsec data packet. Thus, in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention, each IPsec data packet transferred to a crypto processor 86 is packaged with all of the necessary SA information needed for IPsec protocol processing.
The preferred implementation of a crypto processor 86 is shown in
The network processor 112 connects to and supports high-speed data interchange with a dedicated encryption/decryption engine 120 through a direct data transfer bus 122. The network processor 112 controls and monitors the engine 120 via control and status lines 124. Preferably, the engine 120 is a BCM5840 Gigabit Security Processor, available from Broadcom Corporation, Irvine, Calif. The BCM5840 processor implements a highly integrated symmetric cryptography engine providing hardware support for IPsec encryption and decryption operations. Utilizing the BCM5840, each crypto processor 86 is capable of a minimum sustained effective IPsec encryption/decryption and IPsec authentication rate of 2.4 Gbps.
In alternate embodiments of the present invention, the data table 118 can be used to store and share other information between the crypto processors 86 and, generically, data processors 58. In particular, a general purpose microprocessor can be substituted or provided in addition to the network processor 112 to support data compression and decompression operations. Compression symbols are identified dynamically by examination of the clear text data packets by the general purpose/network processor 112 and stored to the data table 118. The compression symbol sets are also dynamically shared by message transfer through the control processor 84 with all of the crypto/data processors 86 of both the local and any remote gateways 72. Any crypto/data processor 86 that subsequently receives a data packet for decompression therefore has access to the full complement of compression symbols in use, regardless of the particular crypto/data processor 86 that originally identified the symbol.
In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the ingress processor 80 and crypto processors 86 cooperatively execute a load-balancing algorithm as the basis for determining the internal routing of received data packets from the ingress processor 80 to the crypto processors 86. The preferred load-balancing algorithm is optimized to account for the full processing path of data packets through the gateway 72. This includes accounting for differences in the performance capabilities of the crypto processors 86, as may result from parallel use of different types and revisions of the crypto processors 86, and multiple routing paths through the switch fabric 78, such as where a data packet repeatedly traverses the switch fabric 56 for precessing through multiple data processors 58. The preferred load-balancing algorithm of the present invention automatically accounts for these differences in order to obtain optimal performance from all available resources within the gateway 72 particularly under heavy loading conditions.
The control processor 84 performs a load-balance initialization process 130, as shown in
The vector data packets are returned to the egress processor 82, which then reports the total transit time of the vector packets against the identity of the crypto processor 86 and the vector packet size to the control processor 84. Thus, actual round-trip transit times for a progression of packet sizes, correlated against individual crypto processors 86 are collected and recorded. Upon subsequent analysis of the recorded data, the control processor 84 creates performance tables 134 for each of the crypto processors 86. Where multiple data packet processors are involved in the processing of a data packet, the performance tables are instead generated on a processing route basis. These performance tables are then transferred to the ingress processor 80 for subsequent use as an accurate basis for generating calibrated estimates of the round-trip transit processing time for real, subsequently received data packets.
The control processor 84 can also use vector data packets to load the crypto processors 86 to force the occurrence of packet drops. By subsequently evaluating the combined number and size of vector packets pending processing by a crypto processor 86 before a loss occurs, the control processor 84 can determine the effective depth of the input FIFO implemented by each crypto processor 86. Upper and lower bounds for each crypto processor 86, representing a combined size and number of pending data packets, are then determined. The upper bound is preferably determined as the point where the combined size of pending data packets has effectively filled the input FIFO of a particular crypto processor 86. This effectively filled limit may be a point where an empirically selected size data packet cannot be further accommodated by the input FIFO. The lower bound may be simply determined as a fixed percentage of the FIFO depth, such as 10%, or a size dependent on the time necessary for the crypto processor 86 to process one typical data packet. These upper and lower bounds values, as determined by the control processor 84, are then dynamically programmed 136 into the respective crypto processors 86 for use by the cooperative portion of the load-balancing algorithm executed by the crypto processors 86. The ingress processor 80 is then enabled by the control processor 84 to run 138 a main data packet receipt event loop.
The main portion 140 of the load-balancing algorithm executed by the crypto processors 86 is shown in
An engine status monitoring loop 160, executed by the ingress processor 80 in connection with the main data packet receipt event loop 138, is shown in
A load-balancer request process 180, as shown in
When a request to select the least loaded crypto processor is received by the request process 180, the first crypto processor 86 in the array is checked 182 for a busy status. If the crypto processor 86 is not busy and the estimated completion time value is past the current time 184, indicating that the crypto processor 86 is idle, that crypto processor 86 is immediately selected 186 to process the received data packet. Based on the size of the particular data packet and the identity of the selected crypto processor 86, the corresponding performance table is consulted to determine an estimated time that the selected crypto processor 86 will complete processing of the received data packet. In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the estimated time is based on a linear interpolation through the vector packet data size values and the size of the current received data packet. While more complex estimation algorithms can be used, such as algorithms using a best-fit curve analysis, linear interpolation based on size is believed to provide a sufficient basis for estimating completion times. The estimated value is then stored 188 in the estimated completion time array and the data packet is dispatched to the selected crypto processor 86.
Where the crypto processor 86 is currently processing data packets 184, as reflected by the estimated time for completion value is greater than the current time, the completion time delta is recorded 190, and any further 192 crypto processors 86 are sequentially checked 194 through the same loop. The loop will break whenever an idle crypto processor 86 is found 184, 186. Otherwise, when completion time deltas for all of the crypto processors 86 have been accumulated 192, the crypto processor 86 represented by the smallest completion time delta is selected 196. The estimated time to process the current received data packet, again as determined from the corresponding performance table, is then added 188 to the existing time to completion value for the selected crypto processor 86. The data packet is then dispatched to the selected crypto processor 86.
The preferred request process 180 also handles the circumstance where a not busy message from a crypto processor 86 may have been dropped by the ingress processor 80 for some reason. Thus, if the status of a crypto processor 86 is busy 182, but the current time is past the estimated time to complete 198 the processing of all data packets previously dispatched to the crypto processor 86, the status of the crypto processor 86 is directly set to not busy 200 and the estimated time to complete value is set to the current time 190. The reset crypto processor 86 is then immediately selected 186 to process the received data packet. Consequently, crypto processors 86 may not be inadvertently lost from participation in the operation of the gateway 72. Conversely, the ingress processor 80 or control processor 84 may monitor the number of times and frequency that any crypto processor 86 fails to report not busy status and, as appropriate, permanently remove the failing crypto processor 86 from consideration by the request process 180.
An alternate load balancing algorithm can be implemented by utilizing the capabilities of the switch fabric 78 to directly pass a busy status signal from the crypto processors 86 readable by the ingress processor 80.
The grant signal is generated 228 based on the state of the addressed output port 230. The cell data, which is of fixed length, is automatically transferred by the switch fabric 78 to an output data queue 232 within the output port 230 provided there is available space within the output data queue 232 and the output port 232 has been enabled to receive cell data. Data flow control logic 234 within the output port 230 manages the state of the output data queue 232 based on cell data space available and whether a send grant signal is externally applied by the device connected to the output port 230. The combined resulting output port 230 state information is then available to the processor 80, 82, 84, 86 connected to the input port 222 by way of the grant signal 228.
By monitoring the state of the grant signal 228 with respect to each output port 230 connected to a crypto processor 86, a communications processor 90, specifically an ingress processor 80, can selectively manage the distribution of network data packets to individual crypto processors 86. This management is based on the crypto processors 86 each implementing an input FIFO queue of limited and defined depth for accepting network data packets for encryption or decryption processing. In preferred embodiments of the present invention, this FIFO depth is limited and fixed at two maximum size network data packets. When the FIFO queue of a crypto processor 86 is full, the send grant signal is withdrawn from the corresponding output port of the switch fabric 78.
An ingress processor 80 can read the state of the grant signals of the output port array from control registers maintained by the switch fabric 78. Alternately, the ingress processor 80 can attempt to send an empty data cell to a target addressed output port to directly obtain the grant signal 228 from the output port. In either case, the ingress processor 80 can efficiently check or poll the processing availability state of any and all of the crypto processors 86 without interrupting any current processing being performed by the crypto processors 86. The checking of the processing availability can be performed by an ingress processor 80 periodically or just whenever the ingress processor 80 needs to transfer a network data packet to an available crypto processor 86. Preferably, availability of individual crypto processors 86 is performed on an as needed basis further qualified by predictive selection of the individual crypto processors 86 with the least current load. Such predictive selection can be effectively based on a least-recently-used algorithm combined with quantitative data, such as the size of the network data packets transferred on average or in particular to the different crypto processors 86. Consequently, the ingress processors 80 can implement an effective load balanced distribution of network data packets to the array of crypto processors 86.
In another alternate embodiment of the present invention, multiple ingress processors 80 can be used to pass network data packets to the array of crypto processors 86. The use of multiple ingress processors 80, however, requires cooperative management to prevent collisions in the distribution of network data packets. Since the switch fabric 78 atomically transfers data as data cells, rather than as complete data frames, cooperative management is required to preserve the integrity of network data packets distributed by different ingress processors. In the initially preferred embodiment of the present invention, the array of crypto processors 86 is partitioned into fixed encryption and decryption sub-arrays that are separately utilized by the two ingress processors 80. As an alternative to using fixed size sub-arrays, the control processor 84 may be utilized to monitor the effective load on the sub-arrays, such as by periodically reviewing the statistics collected by the ingress processors 80, and dynamically reallocate the crypto processors 86 that are members of the different sub-arrays. Whenever a significant imbalance in the rate of use of the sub-arrays is identified by the control processor 84, an out-of-band control message is provided by the control processor 84 to each ingress processor 80 defining new sets of sub-arrays to be utilized by the different ingress processors 80.
Where an applicable connection route or SA parameter context is not found in the data table 102, indicating that the network data packet received corresponds to an implied new connection request, the data packet is forwarded 258 through the control path to the control processor 84 for negotiation of an IPsec connection. The negotiation is conducted through the appropriate network connected ingress and egress processors 80, 82, effectively operating as simple network interfaces, to establish the IPsec connection 260 and mutually determine and authenticate the SA parameters for the connection 262. The control processor 84 then preferably distributes 264 a content update to the data tables 102 of the ingress processors. This content update is preferably distributed to the ingress processors 80 through out-of-band control messages, which enter the connection route and SA parameter context into the data tables 102.
Where a SA context is found 256 in the data table 102 by an ingress processor 80, fast path processing is selected. The relevant SA parameters are retrieved 266 from the SA context store and formatted into a SA header 268. A tunneling IP header 270, IPsec control fields 271, padding field 272, and Message Authentication Code (MAC) field 273 are also created. These fields are then attached 274 to the network data packet. An available crypto processor 86 of the encryption sub-array partition is then selected based on load-balance analysis 276 and the network data packet is dispatched 278.
The operation 280 of a crypto processor 86, operating to encrypt a network data packet, is shown in
When, as shown as the process 300 in
The operational protocol conversion of encrypted network data packets to clear text data packets closely parallels that of the clear text to encrypted conversion operations 240, 280, 300. As shown in the operational flow 310 of
The SA parameters are selected 332 to assemble an SA header 334, which is then attached 336 to the received network data packet. Based on the applied load-balance analysis, a crypto processor 82 within the decryption sub-array is selected 338 and the network data packet is dispatched 340 for decryption processing.
The decryption processing 350 of a network data packet by a crypto processor 86 is shown in
The decrypted network data packet is finally processed 370 by an egress processor 82, as shown in
Thus, a system and methods for providing a scalable network gateway processor optimally implementing wire-speed compute intensive processing operations on network data packets through the use of an efficient internal load balancing system has been described. While the present invention has been described particularly with reference to the implementation of a virtual private network gateway device, the present invention is equally applicable to efficiently utilizing a scalable array of protocol processors in performing any compute intensive network protocol processing operations that are advantageously performed at wire speeds.
In view of the above description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, many modifications and variations of the disclosed embodiments will be readily appreciated by those of skill in the art. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described above.
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Owner name: AES NETWORKS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PHAM, DUC;PHAM, NAM;NGUYEN, TIEN LE;REEL/FRAME:012778/0144
Effective date: 20011011
|Jul 31, 2002
Owner name: VORMETRIC, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AES NETWORKS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:013144/0250
Effective date: 20020709
|May 23, 2011
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Oct 16, 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Dec 6, 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20111016


text:
Talk Radio was invented by America's Newsman, Rush Limbaugh in the 1980s to honor The Baby Jesus on His own airwaves.
Liberals tried to take over The Baby Jesus's airwaves by coming up with their own version of Talk Radio, (Air America). Real Americans such as Bill O'Reilly, Matt Drudge, Glenn Beck, and Stephen Colbert were not fooled by Air America's satanic attempt to undermine God's will by poisioning our children's minds with communist bile and anti-American propaganda.
And successfully fought to take back The Baby Jesus's airwaves and restore dignity and rational, reasonable discussions even the Holy Mother could listen to without blushing.
Talk Radio Around The WorldEdit
There are few instances of media that works for the people in other countries outside America. The greatest example ever was in the country of Africa. Students from the newly formed University of Chicago Milton Freidman School of Communications are studying ways to replicate it throughout the world.


text:
Join us for our weekly fashion show at Skyroom. Every Tuesday, now in year 3.
If you have never been, this is where 250 Manhattan Professionals network on the 33rd and 34th floor of this beautiful enclosed rooftop. Different shows every week, always free, always fun!!
see the event here on facebook: https://www.facebook.com/events/537748042910500/
Should be a great Tuesday event!
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text:
Ta chair
- Product range:
- Toou
- Supplier:
- Dawson & Co
Ta, a monosyllabic sound, as simple as the first word of a child, in Chinese, means both him or her, exactly the same, human identity regardless of gender, universal. And the chair is, in fact, a human object, moulded around its use. It traces the profile of the body, eating or working at the table. It allows a resting position, halfway between a state of wakefulness and sleep, moments spent waiting or enjoying company.
With Ta, we want to offer an elegantly simple answer to the demand for ergonomics and aesthetics. Available in a wide variety of solutions, its strength lies in this flexibility. Three solid, flowing and sinuous shells for completion with five curved metal tubular bases with wooden elements, characterized by essential design. The range of colors proposed reflects a contemporary taste, with the possibility to add seat pads to the shells, making it possible to create numerous customized combinations.
Regional Office/Distributor
Dawson's Furniture
1/1 Holder Place
Rosedale, Auckland, 0632
Phone: 09 476 1...
Regional Office/Distributor
Dawson's Furniture
1/1 Holder Place
Rosedale, Auckland, 0632
Phone: 09 476 1...