text:
Query No. 1: Mining plan approval from Ministry of Coal: Annexure-I-A
- Alison McKenzie
- 1 years ago
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4 Query No. 1: Mining plan approval from Ministry of Coal: Annexure-I-A
5 Annexure-II-A Query No. 2: Rehabilitation plan for management old dump and system for reclamation. Reply: Mine-IA system for reclamation and Rehabilitation plan for management old dump. 1.0 System of Reclamation / method of land Reclamation: In opencast Mining, the overburden above the Mineral is excavated and backfilled after extraction of the Mineral. Due to the overburden excavation, there is complete alteration of topsoil structure which is supporting the vegetation. Hence it is prime importance to restore the mined out area to the original condition to support vegetation cover of the planet. NLC is taking all the efforts to restore the Mined out area to the original condition through knowledge acquired by scientific studies for environment restoration. 1.1 Land Reclamation procedures: The following is the land reclamation and afforestation procedure adopted at Neyveli Mines: 1.2 Levelling the area: The backfilled areas taken over after completion of dumping involves lot of undulations of the ground, heaps and low lying pockets, leading to rough terrain and water stagnation. These undulations will be removed with the help of CME equipments 1
6 1.3 Conservation of top soil: In accordance with the advancement mine cut the top soil is removed by using backhoe shovel. Then the Top soil is transported and stacked separately by using dumpers at the backfilled area. 1.4 Reclamation and Afforestation: Reclamation and Afforestation activities are carried out continually to reclaim the backfilled area both physically and biologically to control soil erosion and also to give a green cover to the barren dump yard to bring back the entire fauna and flora. This is being done by adapting both physical reclamation and biological reclamation. The below picture shows the Agriculture activity sequence at Mined out area: 2
7 1.5 Various types of Reclamation practices of NLC: Chemical Reclamation: In order to transform the dump spoil into fertile lands, soil inputs viz. Saw Dust, Lignite dust, Fly ash, Gypsum, Farm yard manure, urea, super phosphate, potash, Micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo & B) have been added to dumped soil. Bio-reclamation using Bio-fertilizer: A pilot plant facility was setup to produce bio-fertilizer using lignite as carrier. Application of bio-fertilizer increased crop productivity by 15 40%. Biological Reclamation using VAM Fungi: VA-Mycorrhiza (VAM) a kind of fungi is found to have beneficial effects on growth of plants. It is observed that VAM application is highly beneficial to the growth of plants (Increase in growth varied from %). Utilisation of Fly ash in Reclamation: 3
8 Lignite fly ash contains plant nutrients like Ca, Mg, K, P, S, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, B, Mo etc. Crops like paddy, groundnut and maize were tested and found that 20T/ha of fly ash increased the yield of paddy by 20-40%. Reclamation using Lignite based Humic acid: NLC has successfully developed a process for extracting humic acid in the form of Potassium humate from lignite. Humic acid helps to retain the nutrients and increases the yield from 20-30% in mine spoil. The below picture shows the Afforestation activity sequence at Mined out area: 4
9 The below picture shows the paddy field in the backfilled reclaimed area. 2.0 Rain water harvesting ponds: 5
10 Rainwater harvesting structures (small water bodies) were developed in the dump yard to reduce the field run off during heavy rainy periods and also maintaining eco-balance in the vicinity. Also it will help in retaining soil moisture around the ponds. In order to establish a green forest area for the total fulfillment of the requirements of the nature, artificial lakes have been developed which also accommodates rain water harvesting system. The lake has been developed and is being maintained with all the connected requirements of a natural lake. Around the lake, retaining wall has been constructed for the protection of the bund as well as the lake. Various types of wild fruit trees, such as Sweet tamarind, Amla, Naval, etc., have been developed around the lake to attract the birds for their feeding. Further, to augment the requirements of these birds, various varieties of fish have also been provided in the lake. Artificial lakes which have been developed fully in all the three mines in a total area of 46 hectares and original habitat formation is being brought out. 3.0 Rehabilitation plan for management dump : Mine-IA do not have external dump. Mine-IA dumped the initial Mine cut quantity at Mine-I void. The internal dump of Mine-IA is progressively reclaimed and afforested Management of Mine-IA Dump: Dumps are permanent sources of land degradation through wash off by rains and air blown through wind action. They also present a repulsive look to the viewer, if not properly afforested. Neyveli mines are located in cyclonic belt and receive an average annual rainfall of 1200 mm. When huge volumes of runoff water is generated due to heavy spells of rain and flows on the dump slopes from a height of 70-85m to the ground and small channels which are normally seen on the slope get enlarged due the increased flow velocity and wide gaping gullies are formed in slopes. The uncontrolled flow of water along the gullies results in erosion of soil and subsequently deposits the silt in toe drains or other water courses in the downstream side and hence floods the regions in the downstream side. 6
11 Slope prior to Stabilisation To have effective control and have stable slope the following are incorporated: 3.2 Slope stabilization: In NLC, a Project namely slope stabilisation of the Mines in Over Burden dumps has been undertaken with the collaboration of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. These dumps were terraced to different Benches with proper drainage and irrigation facilities. In order to have soil compatibility, suitable plant species are identified for plantation in the slopes and also for green belt. In order to have proper moisture on the slopes, drip irrigation system has been deployed. 7
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13 3.3 The following are the civil structures to maintain dump slopes. Edge bund: Edge bunds are formed along the edge of the dump with a top width of 3 meters, bottom width of 6 meters and an average height of 1.5 to 2.0 meters. A small surface drainage channel is formed in front of the edge bund to carry excess runoff water to the lined chutes or to nearby storm water drains, which facilitates regulated flow of water from dump to downstream side. Check wall Check walls of gunny bag or masonry type are constructed on the downstream side of gullies to prevent silt being carried along with the turbulent water. Once the silt gets filled up to the wall, further check walls are constructed on the upstream side of gullies. Gully chute In certain locations where the flow of rainwater is more, a gully chute is formed to allow regulated flow of water from top of dump to the canal in downstream side. Such gully chutes are usually formed along with a series of check walls. 9
14 Retaining wall and catch water drain Retaining wall constructed across the flow of water, breaks the velocity of water, which is later passed through a catch water drain. Catch water drains are maintained every year by de-silting and casting the silt beside the drain to form a defense bund. Silt traps: Silt trap (a masonry chamber) along with necessary cross drainage system is constructed which acts as fourth line of defense against siltation in the main water canal. The water from the catch water drain is allowed to enter the silt trap through weep holes of small aperture size and silt gets deposited in the catch water drain itself. A cross drainage system with series of pipes are constructed 1 meter above the bottom of silt trap. The water after entering the silt trap deposits fine silt at the bottom of the trap chamber and water alone enters the cross drainage pipes, which leads to the main water canal. 4.0 MINE-IA PROPOSED RECLAMATION AND AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME Mine-IA existing project area is 1624 Ha. It is proposed to annex 382 Ha Lignite bearing area along with the existing area. The total project of Mine-IA will be 2006 Ha. The below table shows the existing and proposed Land Reclamation and afforestation programme. MINE-IA AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME (YEAR/STAGE WISE AND LOCATION WISE) Area in Ha Sl. No. Year Greenbelt Area in Ha. (Cumulative) (A) afforested Backfilled / Reclaimed area in Ha. (Cumulative) ( B ) Active Mining area in Ha. ( C ) Infrastructure Area in Ha. (D) Others undisturbed area in Ha. (E) Final void in Ha. (F) Total area in Ha. (Cumulative) = (A)+(B)+ ( C)+(D)+(E)+(F) Total no. of Tree planted 1 Until (end of mine life) After2041 (post mining)
15 5.0 Afforested Dump area Photos: 11
16 Afforested Dump area Photos 12
17 Afforested Dump area Photos 6.0 GREEN COVER AT NEYVELI TOWNSHIP AND INDUSTRIAL AREA: Over a period NLC had raised nearly 189 Lakhs trees at Neyveli Township and Industrial area. This tree cover look like a big dense forest and offer lot of environmental advantages. 13
18 DETAILS OF PREVIOUS AWARDS RECEIVED: NLC is a front runner not only in the field of Lignite Mining and Power generation but also NLC is Mining mineral in a sustainable way, without any damage to Environment. In recognition of its innovative approach in environmental care, NLC has been awarded many awards. Prestigious awards are listed below: ENVIRONMENTAL AWARDS RECEIVED: 1. National Energy Conservation Award 2013 for Mine-II among the category of Mining Industries 2. Meritorious Gold award from SCOPE for Environment excellence and Sustainable Development for the year Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar award of MoE&F for the year 2009 for Environment Excellence. 4. GOLDEN PEACOCK Eco Innovation Award SCOPE Meritorious Award for Environment excellence and Sustainable Development ( ) 6. Indo-German Green Tech Environmental Excellence Award K.P. Goenka memorial award for Environmental Care FICCI Award for Environment Preservation and pollution Control Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Award from Government of India 1986 R&D STUDIES FOR LAND RECLAMATION AND AFFORESTATION: NLC is continuously seeking the scientific community help for obtaining latest Land reclamation and afforestation techniques. Different organisations Conducted R&D studies since 1992 on reclamation and rehabilitation of the mine-spoil dumped and back-filled areas at NLC are The CARD, NLC, Neyveli ( ) Annamalai University, Chidambaram ( ) The University of Madras, Chennai ( ) The CFRI, Dhanbad, ( ) and The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore ( ) The Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore ( ) 14
19 NLC is adopting the recommendation of the studies made. This helped NLC to make sustainable green environment after mining. The abstract of the various study conducted is given below: 7.0 Works done by the Annamalai University ( ) Studies on soil improvement Results of the studies on the effects of the organic and inorganic amendments on the physical and chemical properties of the post-harvest mine-spoil at the end of the fourth year of cropping showed reduction of bulk density from 1.62 in the pre-planting spoil to 1.17 Mg/m 3, increase in pore-space from 35.8 in the pre-planting soil to 47.2 % and increase in hydraulic conductivity of mine-spoil from 0.1 to 0.5 cm/sec. There was no distinct change in the ph and EC of the cropped spoil. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of the spoil increased from 9.9 to 11cmol P + /kg in pre-planting spoil to cmol P + /kg. Noteworthy observation was that the organic carbon content which ranged from to 0.03 % in the initial spoils increased by two to three folds to % after final cropping. Available nitrogen status in preplanting soils of 81.0kg/ha increased to 102 kg/ha. Similarly, available phosphorus status in the pre-planting soil of 3.1 kg P 2 O 5 /ha increased to kg/ha depending upon the kinds and amounts of the amendments applied and crops grown. In respect of the available potassium status, it increased from78 kg /ha to kg /ha under the different treatments and crops grown. Microbiological analysis of mine-spoil for the qualitative estimation of fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes and diastrophic bacteria revealed that among the three groups of Organisms viz., fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes that colonized in the mine-spoil, fungi dominated in all the samples followed by bacteria and actinomycetes. The mine-spoil did not contain any diastrophic bacteria (nitrogen-fixing microorganisms). The fungal population recorded in the mine-spoil was 1000 times less than in the normal soil while the bacterial and actinomycetes populations were ten thousand to one lakh times lesser than in the normal soil. 15
20 Studies on the performance of the field crops In Mine-I, in order to achieve the main objective of enrichment of the mine-spoils with suitable amendments to transform them fit for cultivation of crops, the project on reclamation of back-filled areas of Neyveli open-cast mine was conducted by the Annamalai University during the period from 1992 to1997. Different crops viz., cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibre crops, sugarcane, green manures, vegetables, fruits and forest trees were grown and screened. Among the annual crops, in the confirmative trials carried out the crops of rice, sugarcane, maize and finger millet performed well. Among the different rice cultivars grown in the amended mine-soil under field conditions, ADT 38 showed better adaptability. It recorded grain yields of 4.9, 6.2 and 5.7 t/ha in the first, second and third seasons respectively, thereby indicating its consistent performance in amended mine-soil. Organic manures viz., 40 t/ha, 25 t/ha and inorganics viz., lignite fly ash 5 t/ha, humic 30 kg /ha, zinc 25 kg /ha, 200 kg N, 100 kg P 2 O 5 and 100 kg K 2 O/ha and soil application of biofertilizer 4 kg/ha have been found to be very effective in amending and enriching the mine-soil and in transforming it suitable for growing rice (Fig.2) Three crops of sugarcane grown in the amended mine-spoil proved beyond doubt the suitability of sugarcane cultivars CoC 6304, CoC 771 and CoC for mine-spoil. It is possible to get a yield of 70 t/ha on an average. Soil application of 25 t/ha + 50 kg /ha + lignite fly 5 t/ha + humic 30 kg /ha kg N/ha kg P 2 O 5 /ha and 225 kg K 2 O/ha + biofertilizer 4 kg /ha is recommended for the above crop in the mine-spoil(fig.3) 16
21 Finger millet too grew well in the mine-spoil. Normal yield of 3.6 t/ha was obtained when the mine-spoil was amended with 25.5 t/ha, lignite fly 5 t/ha, humic 30 kg/ha and zinc 25 kg /ha along with 120 kg N, 60 kg P 2 O 5 and 60 kg K 2 O/ha (Fig.4) 17
22 Incorporation of Azolla biofertilizer into the mine-spoil before transplanting of rice significantly increased the growth parameters and yield components of rice cv. Savithri (CR 1009) and ADT 39 (Fig.5). 18
23 The Azospirillum application through seed as well as seedling-dip significantly improved the growth and yield of rice in the mine-spoil, amended with organics and inorganics. Green manure Sesbania rostrata (Stem-nodulating legume) grown in mine-spoil applied with press-mud gave a biomass of 10t/ha and in-situ incorporation of this biomass greatly enriched the mine-spoil (Fig. 6&7). Work done by the CARD, NLC, Neyveli ( ) The beneficial effects of biofertilizers on the mine-spoil were demonstrated in 2 sites at mine-i and Mine-IA, about 2 acres each. The project entitled on Production of bio -fertilizer using lignite as carrier material sponsored by the Ministry of Coal and S&T was implemented by the CARD, NLC during The main objective of this project was to setup Pilot Plant Facility to produce various strains of bacterial fertilizers using lignite as a carrier and application to mine-spoil in order to improve the microbial activity, thus resulting in potential increase in fertility status (Fig. 8). To arrive at the dosage required to build up microbial activity, field experiments were carried out with the various strains viz., nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing microbes on crops of green manure, maize and finger millet. Application of biofertilizers increased the soil fertility and crop productivity by % on using the dosage of 8 kg/ha of four bacterial strains viz., Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Phosphobacteria. The total microbial activity was achieved to the tune of million/g of soil. CARD is producing and regularly supplying various biofertilizers to the Mines for reclamation purpose (Fig. 9). 8.0 Work done by the University of Madras and CARD, NLC ( ) The Standing Scientific Committee of Ministry of Coal, Govt.of India sponsored the S & T project Biological methods of employing VAM fungi in Neyveli mine-spoil, ash pond and afforested areas. This project was jointly implemented by CARD,NLC, Neyveli and CAS in Botany, University of Madras ( ). The objective of the project was to study the effect of VAM on trees and testing in waste land soils namely mine-spoil, ash pond and other barren lands. 19
24 20
25 21
26 The VAM spores isolated from native plants collected from ash-pond, mine-spoil and red lateritic soils were mass-multiplied in CARD. Three tanks of 3 m x 2 m were constructed and filled with ash-pond soil, mine-spoil and red soil separately. In the tank, sterile 25 kg/tank was added and mixed well. Maize seedlings were raised in the tanks and after 2 months establishment, crop was cut at the base and the roots along with the soil were cut into bits and used as inoculums for treating the plants in the experimental sites. Developed efficient VAM fungi were tested on different fruit and forest trees in about 5 acres of mine-spoil in Mine-I. In the experiment, growth of the all the treated plants showed appreciable increase in growth and it varied from % (Fig. 10). 9.0 Work done by the CARD/ NLC and CFRI, Dhanbad ( ) Utilization of Fly-ash in Agriculture implemented by CARD, NLC and CFRI, Dhanbad. The objective of the project was to study the short-term addition of lignite fly-ash on the effect of growth, yield, and heavy metal uptake of crops and the physical and chemical properties of the mine-spoil area of Neyveli. At Mine-I site, totally 8 crops (paddy - green manure - paddy in rotation) were raised and found that 20 t/ha of fly-ash was beneficial and increased the yield by % (Fig.11) TNAU-NLC Collaboration Work: ( ) Transforming NLC mine-spoils into productive agricultural land through Eco-friendly Integrated Farming System Project from was undertaken in the dumped/backfilled mine-spoil area of the NLC with the broad objective of rehabilitation of the NLC minespoils. The farming system included cropping system, fodder cultivation, agro-forestry, silvipasture, fruit trees cultivation, livestock components, aquaculture, biofertilizer unit and mushroom cultivation. Studies on soil improvement in mine soil back-filled area Studies on the improvement of physical, physic chemical and chemical properties of the mine-spoil after green manuring. The bulk density of the initial experimental soil was 1.43 Mg/m 3, the particle density was 2.0 Mg/m 3,pore pace was 28.6 %, ph was 7.2, EC was
27 dsm -1, organic carbon content was 0.18%, available nitrogen status was 17.6 kg/ha, that of P was 3 kg/ha and that of K was 14 kg/ha. 23
28 After green manuring the physical properties viz., the bulk density decreased from 1.43 to 1.33 Mg m -3, there was no change in the particle density and the pore-space percentage improved from 28.6 to The physico-chemical properties like ph and EC were within the normal range. Regarding the fertility status, organic carbon and available status of N, P and K increased from 0.18 to 0.24%, 17.0 to 62 kg/ha, 3 kg to 6.0 kg/ha and 14.0 kg to 11 kg/ha respectively Effect of organic and inorganics the on physical, physico- chemical and chemical characteristics of the mine-spoil under rice cultivation. Application of green manure along with goat manure and recommended doses of fertilizers 30 t ha -1 + goat 12.5 t ha -1 + RDF) improved the fertility status of mine spoil. The improvement of soil fertility was similar with the application of green manure with FYM and RDF 30 t ha t ha -1 + RDF) as compared to treatment 30 t ha -1 + RDF. Effect of organics and inorganics on the physical, physic-chemical and chemical characteristics of mine spoil under sorghum cultivation. Application of farm yard manure along with the recommended doses of fertilizers and green manure with RDF increased the organic carbon content by 89.7 and 80.1 per cents respectively over the control of green manure alone. In the case of availability of nutrients of N, P and K, the percentage improvement was 8.5, 48.9 and 24
29 46.3 due to the application of farm yard manure along with recommended doses of fertilizers. Similar improvement was recorded in green manure with RDF application treatment as compared to green manure alone treatment. Studies on performance of field crops Field experiment was conducted in project area of Mine-I with different organic sourcebased 3t/ha in mine-spoil ecosystem to study their effects on the growth and development of green manure crop dhaincha during Good quality seeds of dhaincha were sown and the germination percentage was recorded. The vermicompost + mine-spoil at 1: 6 ratio recorded higher germination percentage (95%) when compared to mine-spoil alone (90%). Between the mine-spoils, Mine-I recorded higher mean germination percentage (95%). The highest biomass yield of 36.3 t/ha at 65 DAS was recorded in vermicompost 3t/ha treatment compared to control which recorded 21.3 t/ha at 65 DAS (Fig.13). Field experiment was conducted with 12.5 t/ha, 12.5 t/ha, 12.5 t/ha t/ha and 5 t/ha in mine spoil eco system to evaluate the effects of different organics on the growth and yield of black gram (VBN 4) under mine-spoil ecosystem during The highest pod yield of 1354 kg/ha was recorded in 12.5 t/ha treatment. The highest stover yield of 435 kg/ha was recorded in t/ha t/ha treatment (Fig.14). The residual effects of vermicompost and FYM at different rates in mine-spoil area were studied by raising cereal crop of sorghum after the harvest of black gram in Mine-I site during The highest plant height of 72 cm at 117 DAS was recorded in the treatment of t/ha t/ha. Crop rotation of pulse - cereal and application of organics in mine-soil ecosystem were found to be very effective in improving the soil fertility and health. Rose and jasmine recorded the highest plant height of 79.9 cm and 87.9 cm, maximum number of flowers of 7 and 28 respectively in the treatment that received 3% at 30 days after spray in the experiment conducted to evaluate the effect of 25
30 panchagavya on the growth and flowering pattern of rose and jasmine undermine-spoil eco- system (Fig.15). A field experiment was conducted during in the project site of Mine-I to identify suitable flower crops for mine-spoils. Flower crops of jasmine, rose, chrysanthemum, cross andra and African marigold were planted (Fig.16). Before planting, the pits were filled with pot-mixture containing equal proportions of red earth + sand +FYM. In Jasminium sambac in number of branches/plant was 5, number of flowers/plant was 45 and the weight of flowers/plant was 15.3 g whereas in Jasminium grandiflorum the number of branches/plant was 6, the number of flowers/plant was 130 and the weight of flowers/plant was 13.0 g at 180 DAP. At 270 DAP, J. grandiflorum produced yield of 21.9 kg/ha (Fig.17). 26
31 27
32 In rose, at 270 DAP, the average plant height was 135 cm, number of branches/plant was 9.0, single flower weight was 3.4 g, number of flowers/plant was 50 and flower yield was 49, 281 kg/ha. In Crossandra the average number of branches/plant was 5.0 and the number of flowers/plant was 98 at 270 DAP. In African marigold in the first spell at 150 DAP, the number of branches/plant was 6, number of flowers/plant was 38, single flower weight was 4.7 g and total flower yield/ha was 739 kg and in the second spell at 150 DAP number of branches/plant was 7, number of flowers/plant was 34, single flower weight was 5.4 g and total flower yield/ha was 256 kg. In Mine-I, during in the project to identify suitable flower crops for mine-spoils, Jasmine cv. Ramanathapuram local produced 19 flowers /plant, 8g flower yield/plant and total yield of 31 kg/ha at 14 months after planting. In rose, cv. Andhra red produced more number of branches/plant (10), number of flowers/plant (3), single flower weight (3.4 g) and flower yield/month/320 m 2 (850 Nos) as compared to other varieties at 14 months after planting. In the year in Season I at Mine-I, a field experiment on nutrient management for higher productivity of maize var. Co 1was conducted. Application of NPK at 150 % of the RDF combined with tonnes each of FYM, PM, vermicompost, sheep and goat manure recorded higher plant height (245 cm),cob weight (109 g), DMP (108 g/plant) and grain yield of 2790 kg/ha. In sorghum, fresh shoot weight of 294 g/plant, DMP of g/plant, stubble dry weight of 15.4 g, root dry weight of 24.5 g, root length of 21.7 cm and ear-head length of 25.9 cm were recorded (Fig.18). Red gram var.vbn 1 recorded maximum plant height of 72.5 cm, number of seeds/pod of 4.0, number of pods/plant of 45.0, fresh shoot weight of g/plant and DMP of 26.3 g/plant at harvest. At harvest stage cowpea var. Co 2 recorded maximum plant height of 55.6 cm, number of pods/plant of 24.6, pod yield of 35.0 g/plant and grain yield of 21.5 g/plant (Fig.19). 28
33 29
34 In season II, , in maize at the harvest stage plant height of 174 cm, cob length of 17.9 cm, number of kernel rows/cob of 11.6, 100 kernel weight of 27 g, number of grains/cob of 241, wet fodder yield/plant of 214 g, root length of 19.0 cm and number of roots/plant of 53 were recorded. Plant height of 31.0 cm, number of matured pods of 14/plant, immature pods/plant of 13,total number of pods/plant of 27, pod length of 4.0 cm/pod, mature pod weight of 4g/plant, total root fresh weight of 33 g/plant, DMP of 13 g/plant and root length of 14.7 cm were recorded in black gram. In green gram, at harvest stage, the growth characters like plant height (7 cm), number of leaves/plant (8.0), total fresh weight (67g/plant) and the yield components like number of matured pods/plant (7), number of immature pods/plant (7), pod length (6.0 cm), number of seeds/pod (10) and grain yield/plant (4.0 g) were recorded (Fig.20). In season III ( ), in the study to assess the growth performance of rice in the mine-spoils, growth characters such as plant height (73.5 cm), number of leaves/tiller (4.0), number of tillers/clump (10), number of leaves/clump (211), total fresh weight (486 g/plant), length of panicle (15.6 cm) and root length (23 cm) were recorded at 60 DAT (Fig.21). In horse gram, at maturity stage, the number of branches (9.0/plant), total fresh weight (43g/plant), number of seeds/plant (66), seed weight (2.5 g/plant) and 100 seed weight (3.0g) were recorded. In the year during Season I, in Mine-I, maize hybrid CoH- 4 recorded better yield components of cob length (18.0 cm),cob wet weight (105.6 g), number of seeds (401/cob) and grain yield (2358 kg/ha) at harvest (Fig.22). In sorghum Co 28, the data on growth characters viz., plant height (232.2 cm), root length (25.8 cm), DMP (143.4 g/plant) and yield components like ear-head length (14.6 cm), wet ear-head weight (67.2 g) and yield (4448 kg/ha) were recorded at harvest stage (Fig.23). The cow pea variety Co 2 produced a green biomass yield of 183 g/plant, DMP of 62 g/plant, 28 pods/plant, 18 seeds per pod, pod yield of 42.5 g/ plant and grain yield of 1498 kg/ha at harvest (Fig.24). 30
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36 32
37 33
38 The growth performance of red gram variety VBN 1 in the mine-spoils as reflected in the growth characters such as plant height (121.5 cm), number of branches/plant (20.0), green biomass (385 g/plant), yield components like number of pods/plant (204), number of seeds/pod (4.0) and grain yield (1171 kg/ha) were recorded (Fig.25). In the year during Season II in Mine-I, the maize hybrid CoH 4 recorded yield attributes of cob length of 32.3 cm, cob breadth of 15.6 cm, cob weight of 173 g, number of rows/cob of 12, grain dry yield/cob of 54 g, number of grains/cob of 283 and 100 grain weight of 16 g, Grain yield of 2424 kg/ha was recorded. The black gram variety T 9 performed well during this season. The variety produced a total grain yield of 958 kg/ha under optimum plant population of 33 plants/m 3. In green gram, the data on plant height (58.2 and 43.5 cm), root length (18 and 13 cm), total fresh weight (110 and 40 g), DMP (27 and 9 g/plant), number of matured pods/plant (26 and 12), matured pod weight (10 and 4g), pod length (6 and 6 cm), seed weight (3 and 3g) and shell weight (5 and 2 g) were recorded in optimum population of 33 plants/m 3 and high density plant population of 50 plants/m 3 respectively (Fig.26). In the year during Season II in Mine-I, rice variety ADT 36 (white ponni) was grown and at harvest stage data on plant height (79.5 cm), number of tillers/clump (24), productive tiller/clump (15), length of panicle (17.8 cm), number of leaves/clump (120), fresh weight without root (182 g/plant), root weight (68 g/plant), root length (25.4 cm), DMP (42 g/plant), 100 grain weight (15.8 g), grain yield/plant (17 g), straw yield (25.4 g/plant) and grain yield (3912 kg/ha) were recorded (Fig.27). 34
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by Red Cell
One of the UK's most prolific and interesting music makers, Joe Meek had over 50 charting hits from 1960-67. He was called the Alchemist of pop music and released literally hundreds of discs in that short time., often employing unusual electronics and synthesizers, earning him a large following to this day. Interestingly, Meek was tone deaf!
This is a very silly film shot for the song "Robot" by The Tornadoes (most famous for their song "Telstar"), of which Meek was a member.
[bubblecast id=286629 thumbnail=475×375 player=475×375]

subset: commoncrawl


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A new Raine & Horne inner-Sydney office is preparing to do business with another new office that the franchise has opened in Dubai.
Raine & Horne has just opened an office in Surry Hills after announcing last month that it had expanded into the United Arab Emirates.
Surry Hills co-principal Jason Ballo said he welcomed the Dubai link because it fit perfectly with the office's strategy to target foreign investors.
"My clients in the emirate have an appetite for property transactions in Sydney, which means we can provide a faster and certainly more transparent path to market for them," Mr Ballo said.
"We have international clients in Eastern Europe, China and the Middle East, and by joining Raine & Horne we will achieve our 'economy of scale' objectives faster by being able to reach out to more than 1 million investors in Australia and around the world via its unique global database."
The Surry Hills office is also expected to benefit from the billions of dollars of development that are being spent in inner-city, Mr Ballo said.
"Notwithstanding the infrastructure investments, real estate will continue to be a finite commodity in Sydney's inner city, and this will underpin long-term capital growth for investors and owner-occupiers, whether they buy apartments, redevelop a warehouse, or renovate a Victorian-era terrace," he said.
[Related: Raine & Horne prepares to expand into four more countries]


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Castlevania: Lords of Shadow is made as a reboot for the Castlevania franchise in the next generation of gaming, that isn't done as a 2D side scroller. Time and time again Konami has tried to bring this series into a 3D action platforming game in past console generations, with little or no success. The game was suppose to be a remake of the first game, the story of Simon Belmont. But was scrapped to be an all re-imagination of the Castlevania world with the help of Hideo Kojima, mostly known for creating Metal Gear Solid series. I believe for the most part this game is a very good. I will have to say before I start talking about this game that Castlevania: Lords of Shadow for the most part, at least in gameplay department is somewhat a ripoff of a bunch of great action games. This is a big let down for some fans of the series, but I believe that if you were going to do a Castlevania in 3D they did it just right.
Castlevania is set in the late year of 1047, in a world that is torn by the Light and the Dark. The land is overcome with the presence of the Lord of the Shadows. A Dark force that has cursed the Earth with a spell that has stopped the dead souls from leaving and has put them in Limbo. The world is inhabited by evil creatures who stalk and kill the living. The main character is Gabriel Belmont, a member of the Brotherhood of Light. The Brotherhood is made up of Holy Knights that defend and protect the Earth from the evil creatures that grace it. Gabriel's wife Maria, was killed at the hands of the Brotherhood and remains in purgatory. She knows what challenges Gabriel must face ahead, and guides him on to save the world from the Shadows. Gabriel teams up with one of his mentors Zobek (voiced by Patrick Stewart) to hunt down the three factions of the Lords of Shadow, and regain the Masks of God and the Devil to bring back his wife.
The game plays just like God of War for the most part. You have your short and ranged attacks with Gabriel's Combat Cross, which extends with chains. Gabriel can upgrade his Cross with couple add ons to make it more powerful with the experience he earns from killing enemies. The combo combinations can be unlocked with xp earned, with a impressive number of over 40 combos. The combos are laid out and presented with a nice touch. The animations are all previewed with a well done hand drawn black and white Gabriel displaying and performing the move sets. You collect gems all over the levels to extend Gabriel's life and magic bars, no different then God of War. His magic consists of Light and Shadow. Killing enemies, Gabriel can absorb the energy to fill up his Light and Shadow magic. With Light magic activated, Gabriel can strike enemies and gain back health while also performing Light magic moves if purchased. With Shadow magic activated, striking enemies causes double damage and is more powerful then the Light magic. Dead Brotherhood members are found all over the Earth, most carrying either Gems or Scrolls. Scrolls have tales of the fallen and how far they have made it on this journey others with keys to puzzles. There is a lot of platforming, where climbing and scaling walls is easy and done very fluently. There is also the use of the chain for swinging across environments, which is used in most, if not all Castlevania games.
The enemies come in a wide range from typical things you would battle in this series. You have your werewolves, vampires, trolls, and all things evil to battle in this game. The bosses come very often and come at you hard in all shapes and sizes. Couple of the giant boss designs are basically a direct rip from Shadow of the Colossus, in which you must scale them and and stab there weak points until they drop. While others are set more like a Ninja Gaiden style, were they are very fast paced with sword play. They offer quite the challenge to you as the player, which is why I enjoyed it so much. The action sequences, or quick time events are played like God of War for the most part. The only difference is one type you push a button combination and the other you would have to wait for a circle to shrink into another circle and hit any action button to perform the move right. The game is set over 12 missions or chapters if you will, set inside a book. Inside each one of this chapters is a set of levels, there are over 45 levels in the game. There is four levels of difficulty to the game, and each level unlocks a trial for that level. The trials consist of different challenges in that level, whether it be beating the level in set time or not using your magic for the entire level.
The graphics in this game are absolutely gorgeous. The vistas and backdrops set in the levels are some of the best I have seen in awhile, and are done with amazing artistic style for the game. They really nailed that one I think. But, what they didn't get right was the frame rate. This really hurts the game if anything does in my opinion. The game can crawl at some spots when in mid fight. For the most part it hiccups, always, when in battle. The game also froze on me on multiple occasions, which is unexceptable. This is a real let down, cause I expect something of this caliber to deliver. The camera is also fixed and can not be controlled by the player. This can frustrating when in mid battle your forced in a corner and can't see, or enemies will be off screen and you can not react properly to their attacks. The audio on the other hand, is composed with some real heart into the game. Every orchestral theme pounds out and sets the tone in this Castlevania universe. The voice over work is excellent, Patrick Stewart narrates the whole story as the game loads and really does a good job. The other voice overs are done well too, the relationship of Gabriel and his lost wife Maria comes together on this performance. Load times are fast and get you right into the action, coming off of Dead Rising 2 this was a real treat.
The overall design and presentation was done exceptionally. Slick menus with other little touches like when you paused the game, the screen would go into the pause menu book and be all done hand draw frame. I loved that. The game featured some awesome variety of puzzle designs too. One puzzle you were shrunk in to a music box and had to play a song a certain way to escape from it. Collecting gems through sets of trapped corridors, different coloured gems played different parts of the song to advance farther in to the song. Other consist of you using your Light and Shadow powers in different sequences and riddles. The game is only a single player experience, which I think is a perfect choice. It almost was twenty hours to playthrough the whole game. I might note that the games ending cutscene was well done, and left questions for a possibly a sequel. Great touch. I was truly impressed. With all the combos and magic powers to be unlocked, the Scrolls and Gems to be collected, and the trials for each level. This game offers enough replay value of that can be matched with some of the great action hack and slash games to date. All the slow downs and freezing that happened when I played this game should have turned me off, but it didn't. When I was done playing through the first time, I just wanted to jump back in and keep going.
Castlevania: Lords of Shadow (Xbox 360)
By Wesley J, Oct 27 2010 05:30 AM
#1 CAG Veteran CAGiversary! 39 Posts Joined 6.8 Years Ago
Posted 27 October 2010 - 05:30 AM
#2 CAGiversary! CAGiversary! 378 Posts Joined 7.6 Years Ago
Posted 27 October 2010 - 07:48 PM
I enjoyed this game a lot. I did think that the combat system was neat, BUT, a little useless for all of those upgrades. I found that I really just used the x button attacks vs the y button attacks. I had no issue using strong x attacks against larger groups and dodging their attacks than I did using the weak area attacks. Now I have to go back and try to beat it on high difficulties. I started on medium.
The game has some very tough spots and some very frustrating camera angles, but I still really loved it.
The game has some very tough spots and some very frustrating camera angles, but I still really loved it.
#3 CAG Veteran CAGiversary! 39 Posts Joined 6.8 Years Ago
Posted 28 October 2010 - 04:43 AM
Thanks for the read! : )
And yes the camera is something else. lol The combos I thought were pretty awesome for the most part, and you should use more of the Light Magic special attacks like The Summersault attacks and the one with the Cross is sick. The one where he does like a giant Hadouken, cleans house. lol
And yes the camera is something else. lol The combos I thought were pretty awesome for the most part, and you should use more of the Light Magic special attacks like The Summersault attacks and the one with the Cross is sick. The one where he does like a giant Hadouken, cleans house. lol


text:
Southland Auto Wash, built in 1950 by Ernest Ellis, was originally named the Kwik Carwash and was located in downtown Grand Rapids, at the corner of Sheldon and Oakes.
Ellis was an accomplished author and a World War II Navy (aircraft navigator) veteran. He was one of the earliest pioneers of the automated carwash business. Steam guns were used to remove bugs and clean whitewalls, while most of the washing was done by hand, as employees were positioned throughout the building with wash tanks and mitts on their hands.
Sherman Larsen, founder of the prestigious Sherman Vacuum Company, later the Sherman Carwash Equipment Company, drove his companies flatbed truck himself from Palmyra New Jersey to Grand Rapids, unloaded the equipment and installed it, and helped Ellis get the wash up and running. The equipment consisted of a pull chain conveyor, a 3 nozzle blower, a top brush and 2 side brushes, a steam cleaner, and a vacuum.
circa 1980
The wash was later operated by Ellis' brother, then the downtown location closed, as the Ellis family built the current Southland on west 28th Street in Wyoming, across from the (then) Southland Plaza. Wyoming was the up and coming place to do business in 1964, with a lot of auto traffic. Two of the Ellis brothers ran Southland until 1970, then Ernest Ellis again managed the business from that date forward until his death in early 1980.
Southland, with its 200 foot conveyor was the longest carwash operation in the country at that time, and competed with Kamminga's Auto Wash, another (early) pioneer at 28th and Division. Ernest Ellis passed away in 1980, and Mark Ellis, who started fresh out of high school with the company in 1971, took over the reins at Southland.
During the 1980's, Kamminga's was sold, then eventually closed, as Southland grew into the busiest carwash in Western Michigan. In 1983, Southland purchased the former Rainbow carwash on 28th between Eastern and Kalamazoo, renamed it Southland "Junior", and redesigned it as a state of the art, high speed exterior carwash. Bargain Tuesday, spot free rinsing and free vacuums were all new innovations at Southland Junior.
In 1995 the former Alfour Carwash on Alpine and 4 Mile in Comstock Park (Walker) was purchased by Southland. This property included an 8 bay self service wash and a small tunnel wash. It was totally remodeled, with a brand new 5 bay self serve facility, and a longer, better equipped tunnel carwash. This location was the first in the country to operate with 3 automatic tellers that included RFID vehicle recognition. Southland on Alpine has one of the largest vacuum plazas anywhere, free for its wash customers to detail their own cars at their own speed.
Then in 2005 the former Outsider/Leonard Hill Carwash on 28th Street just east of Breton blew up and burned to the ground. Its former owner sold the remains to Southland, and we proceeded to build a very exciting and modern wash which included all of the most modern equipment, controls, and systems. We call this our Woodland location.
Then in 2007 the old Leonard Hill carwash on west Leonard Street became the 5th Southland location. A modernization of this aged facility, a free vacuum plaza, and upgrades to the latest technology have revitalized Southland on Leonard into a very successful location.
During the late 1990's Sean Ellis and Brett Ellis, 3rd generation carwashers, worked in the business as they attended high school. After graduating from Indiana University with a Masters in Human Computer Interaction, Sean Ellis took a full time position with the company as Vice President, and was instrumental in the pioneering use of RFID tags to identify vehicles, and the use of automated wash plans.
Curt Male, who manages the original Southland in Wyoming, has been a fixture and valued part of the organization since 1980. Jim Newhouse, Southland's highly skilled service technician started with Southland in 1978. Many other exceptional staff members make up a very high quality organization, with roots in the local community, locally owned and managed.
Southland's innovative carwash operations include professional and award winning detailing services (Wyoming location), water purification and recycling (all locations), foam brush technology to improve the finish with every wash, RFID readers and Unlimited Wash Plans, free vacuums at all express locations (all but Wyoming). These and many other innovative marketing and service strategies are copied on a regular basis by competition locally and other carwash companies around the country.
This 3rd generation carwash family intends to stay your best quality and service option for washing, detailing, and preserving your vehicle in the west Michigan area, for many years. As a locally owned and operated business, we employ 60 local people, and support local charities, schools, and projects.
We are not a franchise. We are a family business whose purpose is to help keep our local economy viable by providing good jobs with benefits, and providing a compelling value in our service model so that every car owner in the Grand Rapids metro area will know of and want to do business with Southland Auto Wash.
We'd be happy to answer your questions. Drop us a line at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Earlier this year, satellite imagery revealed Iran's construction of a full-size USS Nimitz-class aircraft carrier replica, which was created so that swarms of high-speed Iranian boats could practice destroying it.
Defeating that threat will require a different kind of vessel than the massive, blue-water ships that populate the Navy's fleet, boatbuilding company executives told National Defense. To protect its larger carriers and warships, the service may need to rely on small, creatively-shaped boats that are heavily armed and equipped with unmanned systems.
That's where Juliet's Ghost ship comes in. Ghost doesn't look like any other surface vessel the Navy owns, Sancoff said. Its command module sits on top of two struts, each of which is connected to a torpedo-shaped tube equipped with an engine and propellers that create a bubble of gas around the tube.
The result is a completely gryostabilized boat, where the command module flies above the surface of the water and its underwater structures sail through gas, reducing friction and drag. Having that level of stability is important for combat, he said. Ghost is able to fire Nemesis, non-line-of-sight, and tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided missiles while moving through waves.
"If you're in Ghost in six-foot seas, you don't feel any of the sea motion," he said. "So you could deploy missiles in high sea states. You could follow destroyers and aircraft carriers in higher sea states."
The boat is less vulnerable to hostile fire because the engines, fuel and most computing systems are underwater, he said. "If someone tried to fire a round at us and wanted to hit an engine or a fuel tank, you're not going to be able to do it, because [it's] … protected by the water itself."
Juliet Marine is not the only shipbuilder investing in radical, futuristic hull forms. M Ship Co.'s M80 Stiletto prototype has been used for eight years by the Defense Department as a platform for research and development and even for limited operations doing drug interdiction around Colombia, said Bill Burns, co-founder and executive director of the company. It was developed for littoral combat and is the largest Navy vessel built completely from carbon-fiber composite materials.
The Stiletto has an M-shaped hull that combines features from aerostatic, hydrostatic and hydrodynamic boat designs in order to effectively transition from low to high speed and increase the stability of the boat, he said. Its 40-foot wide beam offers enough space to launch unmanned systems, including aircraft and submersibles.
Today, few Navy ships are equipped with unmanned technologies, and when they are, those older vessels were not built with robotic systems in mind, Burns said. To get the most out of drones or unmanned underwater vehicles, the Navy will have to consider new hull shapes.
"You're going to see designs that have low crew and/or be unmanned completely, and then be able to launch and retrieve other unmanned systems," he said. "Those ships will not look like the ships we have today."
M Ship tests new ship prototypes about 10 to 15 days a month, Burns said. One of its latest concepts is an unmanned surface vessel with the same wide beam and M-hull as the Stiletto. M Ship is working with an unmanned systems company to develop autonomy technology and plans to test a prototype next year.
The Navy could employ such boats to deliver cargo and conduct surveillance and minesweeping. It could also launch weapons and be used to combat adversaries without risking the lives of sailors, he said.
Having a large fleet of small, high-speed boats — both manned and unmanned — would help the Navy stretch its footprint across the Asia-Pacific region, Persian Gulf, Mediterranean Sea and African coast, Burns said.
"There's so many different hotspots now that we can't afford to have big, expensive ships everywhere," he said. "If we have the big ships and the small ships working together, using unmanned systems to protect and gather information and prevent conflict, then I think that's a really good solution."
The Navy has never experienced the equivalent of the ground wars fought over the past decade in Iraq and Afghanistan, where U.S. forces grappled with asymmetric warfare tactics such as the use of improvised explosive devices, Sancoff said.
"Ships are particularly an easy target for terrorists," he said. "I think that as you see terrorists become more involved with waterborne IEDs, that's exactly where Ghost fits in: deterring that threat, whether it's on the surface or below the surface."
But how quickly the Navy will adopt these kinds of nontraditional boats — if it even adopts them at all — is up for debate. Juliet Marine has had little luck selling Ghost to the Navy, and the Office of Naval Research is not interested in developing new hull designs, Sancoff said. "There's been a complete lack of intellectual interest in exactly what we're doing."
But with an estimated $48 billion international market for patrol boats over the next decade, the Ghost still has a promising future, Sancoff said. The State Department recently granted Juliet Marine permission to start talks with the South Korean government about possible foreign military sales.
A number of other countries have also expressed interest in the boat, he said. "I'm sure the U.S. will eventually decide that they really want to come out and take a really good look at what we're doing and really understand the significance of it."
The Navy has employed the Stilletto for everything from testing weapons to training SEALs, but the service is still hesitant to embrace new ship designs, Burns said.
"The Navy is a very conservative organization, and they really do resist change," he said. "Our approach has been to demonstrate it and to prove it. We're doing that with science and research and prototypes, and we have had some success."
Nevertheless, the service is developing its own offensive swarming capabilities. The Office of Naval Research recently tested an autonomy technology allowing teams of unmanned boats to respond to hostile vessels by overwhelming them.
Read the original article on National Defense Magazine


text:
AXS32 reviews— 6 total
- Sound: 8.8
- Overall Impression: 9.5
- Reliability & Durability: 8.3
- Action, Fit & Finish: 8.7
- Features: 8.2
Users' score:
(57 votes)
6 user reviews of AXS32 by Ibanez
Now the guitar is a player, I only did all of this because I didn't want to buy a Chinese...
Been playing 36 odd years and as said had loads of different kit over the years, LP coppies, Tokai, Strats...
Ibanez pickups are only good for one thing- 80's hair metal shredding, which I hated in the 80's and like...
I play everything (blues metal pop). I know you are probably surprised but I've only been playing for a year or so but I'm already in a band and touring and doing shows all around Indiana.
All those bands are quite versatile between each other and within themselves and I feel confident with this guitar in...
Hell, I'll even dabble in the blues. Most modern rock songs have blues chord progessions or some similar variation.


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Disclaimer: I don't any of their characters. Just their e-mail addresses (unless they already exist!)
To: firstname.lastname@example.com
From: email@example.com
Subject: I love you
For a long time I have felt something that I can no longer keep secret. Miss Granger, I am in love with you. I am very sorry to have blow such a bombshell but I am afraid that if I keep it a secret I may do something that I will regret.
You may wonder why I have fallen in love with you Ð a mudblood. So I will tell you. The only reason people think I hate mudbloods is because I didn't want people to know that I had fallen in love with you. Of course I hated mudbloods before you were born, but that is not the issue. The issue is that your eyes are more beautiful than the birth of a baby and your brains are the most appealing thing I have ever come across. Hermione, if you will allow me to call you that, I am in love with you.
Please write back and let me know how you feel.
You Know Who
To: theoriginaldeatheater
From: email@example.com
Subject: Hermione
This is Harry Potter Ð you know, your arch-enemy? I would like to know why you've written to Hermione. You have no right. She is my best friend and if you hate me, you hate her too. How can you tell her you love her? Someone capable of so much hate is not capable of love too. Now please leave her alone.
The Boy Who Lived (ha ha)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------To: theoriginaldeatheater
From: firstname.lastname@example.com
Subject: Hermione is MINE
Stay away from Hermione! She doesn't deserve to have the most hated wizard ever loving her! Do you have any idea what that will do to her? She'll be crushed! LEAVE HER ALONE! She's mine!
Ron Weasley
(Someone who's helped thwart your plans four times!)
To: theoriginaldeatheater
From: houseelvesrppl2
Subject: Re: I love you
You must know that I am very flattered that you have taken such an interest in me and I would like to in turn confess my feelings for you, I love you, too. Please tell me what you think.Love always, Hermione Granger


text:
Slacker, 105.9 Alice Host, Passes Out on the Air
UPDATE: Slacker is back. Hear his return to the air on Latest Word.
Original post: Slacker and Steve, the co-hosts of the popular afternoon-drive show on 105.9 Alice, are well-known for their sense of humor.
But it was no laughing matter yesterday, when Slacker passed out during a live broadcast.
See also: Michael Floorwax: Why Has the Longtime 103.5 The Fox Jock Been Off the Air?
The photo from Slacker and Steve's Myspace page.
Slacker, who closely guards his real moniker (he's only revealed that his first name is Michael), was in mid-broadcast when radio listeners heard a thump -- after which the station quickly started playing music. What happened? Alice Program Director Mike Peterson posted this explanation on the station's Facebook page:
Here's a quick update of what happened tonight at 6 p.m. on the Slacker and Steve show. To confirm, Slacker did pass out in the middle of a conversation live on the radio. He was immediately taken to the hospital for testing. He has since been released and is now home resting. We will keep you updated on his status as we learn more tomorrow.
A YouTube image of Slacker and Steve.
Another note appears on the Slacker and Steve Facebook page, as shared by another station personality, Lil D:
Yi! I just wanted to leave a quick comment about what happened to Slacker today. First, thank you all for your well wishes. He was taken to the hospital for some tests and is now resting. That's really all the information I have as of right now. If I hear anything from Slacker or his family, I'll be sure to let you all know. Thanks again!
The profile pic from the Slacker and Steve Facebook page.
No surprises that a slew of folks responded to these posts with comments of their own. Here's a sampling:
Get well SOON!! I need that duo every afternoon.
I knew he didn't look well on 9News today! Kinda pale and just not acting like himself.... You're in my prayers, Slacker!
Take a few days off and let the wife pamper you. We need you, man.
Feel better soon I need you guys to get through my long commute home. Also, we don't need Steve faking an emergency to get some of this love headed his way! Thoughts and prayers to you and your family.
Did Steve have to do mouth to mouth?!? Lol jk glad you're home! Hope u didn't hurt your head.
Send your story tips to the author, Michael Roberts.
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text: Posted May 18, 2011 the answer from my younger self is right in line with Kurb and PanthaSan. now. not so much. i'll grease it up for easy entry, but wifey just wants me to get off. so thats what I do. Yeah, that one sucks... (and not literally)... alright...you asked...and I'll be honest...I'm not a big fan! I like the foreplay, but I'm more of a hands on kind of guy than an oral....hey...you asked Hey, honesty is the name of the game. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites