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MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: statistical data analysis and current computational challenges
Statistical mass spectrometry-based proteomics
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging mass spectrometry, also called MALDI-imaging, is a label-free bioanalytical technique used for spatially-resolved chemical analysis of a sample. Usually, MALDI-imaging is exploited for analysis of a specially prepared tissue section thaw mounted onto glass slide. A tremendous development of the MALDI-imaging technique has been observed during the last decade. Currently, it is one of the most promising innovative measurement techniques in biochemistry and a powerful and versatile tool for spatially-resolved chemical analysis of diverse sample types ranging from biological and plant tissues to bio and polymer thin films. In this paper, we outline computational methods for analyzing MALDI-imaging data with the emphasis on multivariate statistical methods, discuss their pros and cons, and give recommendations on their application. The methods of unsupervised data mining as well as supervised classification methods for biomarker discovery are elucidated. We also present a high-throughput computational pipeline for interpretation of MALDI-imaging data using spatial segmentation. Finally, we discuss current challenges associated with the statistical analysis of MALDI-imaging data.
In the last decade, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), also called MALDI-imaging
This paper consists of two parts. Firstly, we outline computational methods for MALDI-imaging data analysis with the emphasis on multivariate statistical methods, discuss their pros and cons, and give recommendations on their application. We hope to guide molecular biologists and biochemists through the maze of existing computational and statistical methods. While this paper does not elucidate the basics of existing methodologies, we try to give clear and concise recommendations on when certain methods should be applied. Secondly, we discuss current computational and statistical challenges in analyzing MALDI-imaging data. MALDI-imaging is a relatively new field with only a limited amount of laboratories performing data acquisition, although this number grows rapidly. Presently, this field has a high entry barrier for a computational scientist, since only a few datasets are publicly available. In addition, computational results are normally presented in proteomics or mass spectrometry journals, there fore the computational and statistical challenges are not known in the statistical or bioinformatic communities. We hope that the second part of this paper will attract scientists from these communities to contribute to the fascinating field of computational IMS.
As the field of MALDI-imaging is constantly evolving, novel MALDI-based techniques were recently introduced such as 3D MALDI-imaging
MALDI imaging mass spectrometry
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of-flight imaging mass spectrometry, also called MALDI-imaging, emerged in the late 1990s
Figure 1
MALDI-imaging data acquisition workflow
MALDI-imaging data acquisition workflow. MALDI-imaging data acquisition workflow and data representation as a datacube or a hyperspectral image with spatial coordinates
A state of the art MALDI-imaging dataset comprises a huge amount of spectra (usually 5,000-50,000 spectra) with each raw spectrum representing intensities measured at a large number (usually 10,000-100,000) of small
An ultimate aim of processing, both manual and automated, of a MALDI-imaging dataset is to find
For a broad review of technological principles and protocols used in IMS and, particularly, in MALDI-imaging, see the recent issue of Methods in Molecular Biology devoted to IMS
Computational methods
We have structured this section by grouping computational methods according to the tasks they perform: firstly, pre-processing of spectra, then unsupervised data mining methods which can be used for preliminary data examination, then supervised classification applied e.g. in biomarker discovery. A typical MALDI-imaging study results in a set of ions of interest, which are visualized as
A MALDI-imaging dataset represents a set of mass spectra with two spatial coordinates
An important part of MALDI-imaging data pre-processing is the spectra normalization, i.e. scaling each spectrum up to some factor for a better intercomparison of intensities between different spectra. A standard method is the so-called total ion count (TIC) normalization, where for a spectrum its TIC (the sum of all intensities) is calculated and then all spectrum intensities are divided by the TIC value. Although there are still debates on this topic, recent extensive study
Another pre-processing method, which is sometimes considered separately from the traditional preprocessing methods listed above, is the peak picking, i.e. selection of
When constructing a list of dataset-relevant peaks out of the spectrum-wise peak lists,
Unsupervised data mining
Most statistical learning methods can be divided into two groups, so-called unsupervised and supervised methods. Unsupervised methods are used for data mining, can be applied without any prior knowledge, and aim at revealing general data structure. Supervised methods (mainly classification) require specifying at least two groups of spectra which need to be differentiated, e.g. by finding
Component analysis represents a MALDI-imaging dataset with few score plots (or score images) and coefficients of contribution of each score image to each original
Principal Component Analysis
In this section, we consider PCA which is the most well-known component analysis method used for MALDI-imaging data representation. PCA is a well-established statistical method and is often exploited for analysis, visualization, and compression of biological data. PCA and its variants
Figure 2
PCA analysis of a MALDI-imaging dataset
PCA analysis of a MALDI-imaging dataset. Illustration of shortcomings of PCA analysis of a MALDI-imaging dataset of a rat brain coronal section of 10
Spatial segmentation
Spatial segmentation represents a MALDI-imaging dataset with one image, a segmentation map, where regions of distinct molecular composition are color coded, see examples in Figure
Figure 3
Segmentation maps of the MALDI-imaging dataset
Segmentation maps of the MALDI-imaging dataset. Optical image (A) and segmentation maps (B-F) of the dataset from Figure 2 but with 80
Hierarchical clustering is advantageous providing clustering results in the form of a dendrogram which can be interactively analyzed. It is implemented in the flexImaging software (Bruker Daltonik) and was used in e.g.
Clustering suppressing pixel-to-pixel variability has been recently proposed
Interpretation of a segmentation map
In contrast to PCA, spatial segmentation maps not only elucidate the spatial structure of the dataset, but can be easily interpreted in terms of
Figure 4
Interpretation of a segmentation map of the MALDI-imaging dataset
Interpretation of a segmentation map of the MALDI-imaging dataset. Spatial segmentation analysis of the MALDI-imaging dataset from Figure 2 with our algorithm from
High-throughput pipeline for interpretation of MALDI-imaging data using spatial segmentation
Here, we present our pipeline for interpretation of a MALDI-imaging dataset using spatial segmentation which was successfully applied to hundreds of MALDI-imaging datasets at the Dorrestein Lab, University of California San Diego; see Figure
Figure 5
Pipeline for interpretation of a MALDI-imaging dataset
Pipeline for interpretation of a MALDI-imaging dataset. Our pipeline for interpretation of a MALDI-imaging dataset using spatial segmentation.
Based on our experience in developing and applying the MALDI-imaging data analysis pipeline, the following recommendations can be made. It is of crucial importance to represent the data in the most understandable and compact way for a biologist or practitioner, otherwise large amount of information extracted out of a MALDI-imaging dataset will not be appreciated. Providing a segmentation map is only a part of data analysis process. Interpretation of the segmentation map is as (or even more) important as the segmentation itself. When finding co-localized
Supervised classification
In this section we consider how supervised classification can be used for biomarker discovery. Classification requires specifying at least two groups of spectra and aims at differentiating these groups. Let us consider the task of cancer biomarker discovery which involves comparison of tumor and control regions of a biopsy tissue. One can also compare several tumor sections versus several control sections, collected from one or several patients. A classification algorithm, the so-called classifier, considers two groups of spectra and undergoes training to be able to discriminate the groups of spectra. If the training was successful that can be confirmed by a high classification accuracy (also called as the correct rate or the recognition rate) close to 100%, then one could apply the classifier to new spectra to determine their class (tumor or control), like in
Currently, classification of MALDI-imaging spectra for the search of biomarkers is an active area of research. Lemaire et al.
However, in all above cited studies, the classification methods developed for conventional MALDI mass spectrometry were used, which do not take into account specifics of MALDI-imaging data. Classification methods for MALDI-imaging data are still to be developed. Here, we give several recommendations on the most important points to consider when applying classification to MALDI-imaging data.
Firstly, the compared groups are often imbalanced, that is, they have significantly different sizes. Classification of imbalanced data requires special classification and evaluation methods, otherwise the classification can be biased towards a larger group. This issue is well-studied, and advanced methods for its solution were proposed
Secondly, although classification of conventional dried droplets MS data is evaluated by how close the classification accuracy is to 100%, one should not aim at achiving this theoretically highest possible accuracy in classification of MALDI-imaging spectra for the following reasons. MALDI-imaging spectra show significant heterogeneity because of technical reasons (noise, tissue mixture at the available spatial resolution, ions diffusion). Moreover, one cannot expect the annotation of a tumor region to be of perfect quality because of manual mistakes and a lack of the expert time. Additionally, the annotation does not go down to the cellular or subcellular level, where real differentiation between cells takes place. All this leads to classification accuracies lower than 100%. However, if a classifier produces a low accuracy (close to 50% for balanced groups), this indicates some problems and the provided discriminative
Thirdly, the discriminative
Visualization of
A computational analysis of a MALDI-imaging dataset, either using unsupervised methods or using supervised classification, delivers a list of
Usually, a computational analysis can deliver a long list of masses, and a simplification and shortening of this list by not loosing the sensitivity of the automatic processing is an important task. In the context of MALDI-imaging, one method, called masses alignment, was proposed by us
Figure 6
A method of alignment of selected
A method of alignment of selected
Figure 7
Improving visualization of an
Improving visualization of an
The second problem of visualization of
Current computational challenges
In this section, we consider current challenges associated with the statistical analysis of MALDI-imaging data. We hope that this discussion will be of interest to bioinformaticians and statisticians fostering computational research in this area.
Available software
The commercially available software for MALDI-imaging delivered by mass spectrometry vendors is aimed at data acquisition and does not provide capabilities for statistical analysis yet. Bruker Daltonik (Bremen, Germany) delivers flexImaging (visualization) and, optionally, ClinProTools (multivariate analysis, PCA, classification) which however can be used for small datasets only. Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) provides ImageQuest (visualization). Waters (Manchester, UK) provides HDI Software (visualization) which can be coupled with MassLynx (peak picking) and MarkerLynx (PCA, orthogonal projection least squares), although no publications involving MarkerLynx are known yet. Shimadzu (Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan) provides Intensity Mapping (visualization, export). In addition to vendor-provided software, Novartis (Basel, Switzerland) provides the BioMap software which can be used for visualization and calculating basic statistics of the full dataset or of regions of interest. AB Sciex (Foster City, CA, USA) provides TissueView which is based on the BioMap software. Currently, in-house developments are necessary and Matlab is probably the most popular development and computing environment in the MALDI-imaging field.
Specific challenges of analyzing MALDI-imaging data
Two general considerations proved to be important in our practice when developing methods for processing MALDI-imaging data. Firstly, a MALDI-imaging dataset is large, that requires computational methods to be runtime and memory efficient. A typical dataset is comprised of 5,000-50,000 spectra, each having 10,000-100,000 intensity values. Datasets generated using upcoming high spatial resolution and high mass resolution MALDI-imaging techniques (e.g. MALDI-FT-ICR-imaging) or using 3D MALDI-imaging are several fold larger. At the same time, the first examination of acquired data is usually done on a workstation attached to the mass spectrometer. Processing single datasets on the same workstation is desirable, that imposes additional constraints regarding memory demands and computational costs. Ideally, the processing time should not exceed the acquisition time which is a few hours for a typical MALDI-imaging dataset. Secondly, MALDI-imaging data suffers from the strong pixel-to-pixel variation which can be significantly suppressed by using methods respecting spatial relations between pixels. As demonstrated by us, performing image denoising prior to clustering
Statistical modelling of pixel-to-pixel variability could help developing processing methods. However, this, as well as modelling of other statistical effects in MALDI-imaging data (noise, baseline generation, variability in the shape of a peak), is a scarcely studied field. Although a physical model of the time of flights distribution for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was proposed already in 2005
Quality assurance
Quality assurance for MALDI-imaging data is not developed yet. There exist no standard operation procedures for estimating the quality of a full dataset or single spectra. We have recently proposed a visualization method for a quick quality check
Noise-tolerant statistical learning
When preparing a training set of spectra in a MALDI-imaging biomarker discovery study, the annotation is normally done by a visual examination of a sample and by a manual annotation of regions representing different classes (e.g. tumor and control). However, due to the rough character of this annotation, and due to inherent chemical complexity on the scale resolved by MALDI-imaging, the annotation can be incorrect for a significant portion of spectra. For instance, some pixels in the region annotated as a control one, can contain tumor cells. In statistical learning, this effect is referred to as classification noise or noise in labels
Combination with other 2D imaging modalities
Combination of MALDI-imaging and microscopy images of stained tissue used in immunohistochemistry can be used for improvement of MALDI-imaging data analysis. This approach is of special importance because the spatial resolution of MALDI-imaging is lower than of microscopy and the pixel-to-pixel variability is significantly stronger. Implementation of this approach requires special co-registration methods.
Competing interests
The author declares that he has no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
TA wrote the manuscript and performed data analysis.
The author thanks Michael Becker (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany) for providing the rat brain MALDI-imaging dataset, Jeramie Watrous (University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA) for his comments on the manuscript, and the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their valuable remarks and suggestions.
This article has been published as part of
Molecular imaging of biological samples: localization of peptides and proteins using MALDI-TOF MS
The evolving field of imaging mass spectrometry and its impact on future biological research
Imaging mass spectrometry in microbiology
MALDI imaging mass spectrometry for direct tissue analysis: technological advancements and recent applications
MALDI-imaging mass spectrometry - An emerging technique in plant biology
MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: bridging biology and chemistry in drug development
Imaging of Intact Tissue Sections: Moving beyond the Microscope
From whole-body sections down to cellular level, multiscale imaging of phospholipids by MALDI mass spectrometry
Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric imaging to monitor surface changes of UV-irradiated poly(styrene) films
3D imaging by mass spectrometry: a new frontier
MALDI-FTICR imaging mass spectrometry of drugs and metabolites in tissue
Histology by mass spectrometry: label-free tissue characterization obtained from high-accuracy bioanalytical imaging
Ion microprobe mass analyzer
Tissue imaging at atmospheric pressure using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry
Bioimaging of metals in brain tissue from micrometre to nanometre scale by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: State of the art and perspectives
Clathrate nanostructures for mass spectrometry
Imaging mass spectrometry: a new technology for the analysis of protein expression in mammalian tissues
Imaging mass spectrometry: hype or hope?
Imaging mass spectrometry: fundamentals and applications to drug discovery
Classification of HER2 Receptor Status in Breast Cancer Tissues by MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometric imaging for biomedical tissue analysis
A concise review of mass spectrometry imaging
Processing MALDI mass spectra to improve mass spectral direct tissue analysis
Normalization in MALDI-TOF imaging datasets of proteins: practical considerations
Recent advances in computational analysis of mass spectrometry for proteomic profiling
Understanding the characteristics of mass spectrometry data through the use of simulation
Nonparametric models for peak identification in MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy
Comparison of public peak detection algorithms for MALDI mass spectrometry data analysis
Spatial segmentation of imaging mass spectrometry data with edge-preserving image denoising and clustering
Development of imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) dataset extractor software, IMS convolution
Efficient spatial segmentation of large imaging mass spectrometry datasets with spatially aware clustering
Imaging mass spectrometry reveals elevated nigral levels of dynorphin neuropeptides in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in rat model of Parkinson's disease
Extended data analysis strategies for high resolution imaging MS: New methods to deal with extremely large image hyperspectral datasets
Concise representation of mass spectrometry images by probabilistic latent semantic analysis
Matrix factorization techniques for analysis of imaging mass spectrometry data
Multiple statistical analysis techniques corroborate intratumor heterogeneity in imaging mass spectrometry datasets of myxofibrosarcoma
Tutorial: multivariate statistical treatment of imaging data for clinical biomarker discovery
Multivariate analyses for biomarkers hunting and validation through on-tissue bottom-up or in-source decay in MALDI-MSI: application to prostate cancer
MALDI imaging combined with hierarchical clustering as a new toolfor the interpretation of complex human cancers
AMASS: algorithm for MSI analysis by semi-supervised segmentation
Spatial querying of imaging mass spectrometry data: a nonnegative least squares approach
Translating metabolic exchange with imaging mass spectrometry
Toward digital staining using imaging mass spectrometry and random forests
A tutorial on support vector machine-based methods for classification problems in chemometrics
Specific MALDI imaging and profiling for biomarker hunting and validation: fragment of the 11S proteasome activator complex, reg alpha fragment, is a new potential ovary cancer biomarker
High-throughput proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue microarrays using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry
Imaging mass spectrometry of a specific fragment of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase 2 discriminates cancer from uninvolved prostate tissue
The class imbalance problem: A systematic study
Issues in mining imbalanced data sets-a review paper
Imbalanced Data Sets
Super-resolution segmentation of imaging mass spectrometry data: solving the issue of low lateral resolution
Semi-supervised learning of sparse linear models in mass spectral imaging
Accounting for Poisson noise in the multivariate analysis of ToF-SIMS spectrum images
Identifying mislabeled training data


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The Senate's version of a bill to curb patent troll abuses suffered a slight setback Thursday when Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.), chairman of the judiciary committee, was forced to push back consideration of his bill to next week, April 3.
Advocates for patent troll reform have been anxiously waiting for the Senate to catch up to the House, which easily passed a bill last year. Just last month, the White House urged the Senate to "finish the job."
But a number of members on the Senate judiciary committee, including Sens. John Cornyn (R-Tex.), Orrin Hatch (R-Utah), and Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.) pushed for more changes to Leahy's bill, effectively derailing Leahy's goal to move his bill out of committee as planned.
"I don't think we should pass a bill if it doesn't change the system," said Schumer. "But at the same time, we have to have minority support. We have to get a bill done."
Despite the differences among the committee members, all the members said they were committed to passing legislation and expressed a desire to try and hammer out a final bill next week. At least, that's the goal.
"We're not at the finish line yet, but we're close," Cornyn said.
"We know we have to strike a balance. We're not going to have 10 different bills, we're going to have one," Leahy said.

subset: commoncrawl


text: This place is not very well known by the internet review/backpacker community, namely due to the fact that they are a simple shop, ran and owned by local Thais - and aren't on any of the major booking websites. But that isn't to say you shouldn't be making this your first stop! Simply put, this place is a home away... More


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Re:Chain of Memories > New Bosses
Two new bosses were added to Kingdom Hearts: Re:Chain of Memories that were not featured in the original Chain of Memories. The first is Zexion, who was added as a boss to Riku's Story. The other is a second phase to the final Marluxia Redux battle at the end of Sora's Story.
Zexion can be a tricky fellow, but you do have one massive advantage on your side during this fight: you are permanently in Dark Mode throughout the entire battle! Look for opportunities to hammer him with Sleights like Dark Firaga and Dark Break, and even Dark Aura if you can manage to string together three 9's. Also, be on the lookout for chances to enter Duel Mode and slam him with the devastating Dark Barrage Sleight!
Zexion has a few attacks that you really need to watch out for. The first is his Cyclone Snatch Sleight, which creates a black vortex in the center of the arena. This vortex will suck Riku toward the center and when he hits the tornado in the middle, he'll lose slight amounts of HP and 2 cards from his deck! Try to avoid this attack by Dodging toward the outer edges of the island. You DON'T want to be losing cards from your deck in this fight, as it will leave you stuck with fewer cards when the battle really starts to get down to the wire.
If Zexion manages to collect enough of the cards from Riku's Deck, he can use them to create clones of himself that will then proceed to make things drastically more challenging. During this time, two rather devastating Sleights are at Zexion's disposal: Dark Punisher and Catastrophe! Dark Punisher allows Zexion to grab hold of Riku and drain a good chunk of his HP. Catastrophe (rightfully named) is a lot more deadly. Zexion and his clones form energy rays that meet at the center of the island. They proceed to circle the island, dealing massive damage to Riku if he is caught in the blast. Try to break these Sleights as soon as possible and keep hammering through with Sleights of your own.
Marluxia Redux – Phase 2
The final incarnation of Marluxia isn't all that hard, but it certainly is a challenge nonetheless! He is able to string together powerful Sleights exceptionally quick, not to mention his extremely annoying ability to scatter the contents of your deck all over the battlefield. As far as basic attacks go, Marluxia doesn't really do much. In fact, he just stands there and takes hits while trying to dish out devastating attacks of his own. Most of his Sleights are easy to break if you've got high cards, and of course, a handy 0 Card or two always gets the job done. Just keep pounding him and you should come out on top.


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Digital Expert Webinar Series: Introduction to Data Advertising
On February 21st at 1pm (EST)/ 10am (PST), join us for a 40-minute live webinar with Dina Hilal, VP of Product at Blue Kai, and Alex Henault, Leading Display Data Advertising at Mediative, as they walk you through the process of getting started with audience targeting and data advertising. You will learn how to ramp up your audience targeting capabilities and increase the marketing intelligence that can be gained from your audience data in order to achieve your performance goals.
Highlights of the session include:
– How to precisely target an audience without sacrificing scale
– How to capture segmentations that align to customer intent and help build smarter media campaigns
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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
In March my case number appeared in the PDF and I was a again put on hold. Been close to 8 1/2 months that I am still under this administrative processing. Not sure what are my options.
None. No options will work. You need to patiently wait until all security checks concerning your person are completed. It often takes close to a year or more (especially so if you've been named after your prophet and/or your last name is "Khan". )
Behar Intl. Counsel 619.234.5962 Kindly be advised that the answer above is only general in nature cannot be construed as legal advice, given that not enough facts are known. It is your responsibility to retain a lawyer to analyze the facts specific to your particular situation in order to give you specific advice. Specific answers will require cognizance of all pertinent facts about your case. Any answers offered on Avvo are of a general nature only, and are not meant to create an attorney-client relationship.Ask a similar question
Thanks Giacomo. Yes, my last name is indeed Khan :(
waiting and praying for better.
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You can follow up with the Embassy, however, after a delay of 8 1/2 months, it appears unlikely that the Embassy will issue you a visitor's visa.Ask a similar question
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Home > Art / Photo > Pen & Ink > Crying
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wow this is reelee reelee kinda kool really different like too thnx
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Oct. 15, 2014 at 11:58 am
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This is beautiful.


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hippy cake in 3 cakes, yellow pound cake tie dye, chocolate, and strawberry all with BC. Base fondant is sprayed with food coloring. White fondant with food coloring to make marble effect. Boa to border base. Ribbon sash for borders. Skittles over piped BC dots. Fondant to make topper with food writers for face. Daisies with fondant and food writers.
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Very good and quiet location.
I loved everything about this Riad.
I stayed here before,just over a year ago, and it was very lovely to see this delightful place again.
The approach alley is now restored and the friendly welcome awaits from the manager
The riad is located in the medina and 05 minutes from the Djem el Fna square.
Very friendly assistants of the RIAD.
You can organize locally in the RIAD any day trips.
Highly recommended,
love again.
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Indianapolis — Friday, at the NFL Combine, the prospective quarterbacks, wide receivers, and tight ends met with the media. While the Denver Broncos already have the likes of star wide receivers Demaryius Thomas and Emmanuel Sanders, as well potential starters Cody Latimer and Jordan Taylor, it should be beyond obvious that the team could add talent to the group.
While Thomas and Sanders are studs, and Latimer and Taylor have potential, GM John Elway would be wise to look for a receiver who could play slot, as well as add a threat in the return game. One wide receiver that the Broncos have 'unofficially' met with, is Louisiana Tech's Carlos Henderson.
http://www.scout.com/nfl/broncos/story/1759045-watch-john-elway-speaks-a... When I asked about the prospect of coming to Denver and playing between Sanders and Thomas, Henderson responded with a twinkle in his eye, sporting backpack and a big smile.
"Oh, man. Anybody who drafts me, I would be proud to play for and give it my best shot and full effort," Henderson said. "But between two guys like that? That would be perfect."
Henderson is one of the more explosive wide receivers in this draft class and although he won't take the field to participate in field drills until Saturday, I would be willing to bet my best pair of socks that he performs as well in the athletic drills as any wide receiver in this class. Standing at an official 5-foot-11 and 199 pounds, Henderson was recruited to play both wide receiver and running back to a number of different programs, but in the end settled with Louisiana Tech.
When looking at Henderson, it is no surprise that he played running back — he is the definition of 'jacked'. With the ball in his hands, there are very few receivers in this class that showed the pure open field explosion that Henderson did game in and game out for the Bulldogs.
Hauling in an incredible 82 receptions for 1,535 yards and 19 touchdowns — as well as 133 rushing yards and two touchdowns — Henderson was as production machine this last year.
When watching Henderson, he is a natural fit for the Broncos and would be highly productive year one in Mike McCoy's offense. He is versatile enough to play inside in the slot, as well as out wide. While he needs to continue to polish his route running ability, he is so athletic in and out of his breaks that even if he ends up just an average route runner, he is going to get open.
Furthermore, Henderson needs to continue to work on using his hands to catch the ball. Too often he is happy to let the ball into his frame, which in the NFL may lead to some dropped passes. However, Henderson is the definition of electric with the ball in his hands both in the pass game, the run game, and the return game and would add a weapon Denver has needed for the last few years on the offense.
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The most underrated aspect of Henderson's game is, by far, his blocking. Wide receivers are often considered 'divas' across the NFL, about getting as many catches as they can muster as well as pulling off from physical contact. When watching the tape, it is obvious that Henderson does not dislike contact.
On several occasions watching him, you can see him de-cleat opposing corners, safeties, and even linebackers, opening up massive gaps for the running back and springing them open for big games. Henderson may be under six foot, but he plays tougher than many offensive lineman.
Denver likely will not use a first round selection on a wide receiver this season. They have invested a lot of the salary cap already in their top two options to use such a high draft pick again on the position, especially with needs on the offensive line, tight end, and the defensive side of the ball.
Where Denver should look at add another weapon to the passing game, which coincidentally is the sweet spot for wide receivers in this class, is day two to early day three. Carlos Henderson very well could explode in the field drills tomorrow and rocket himself up draft boards, but if his stock remains as a late day two early day three player, he just may be the adrenaline shot the Broncos' offense needs to get to the next level.
Nick Kendell is an Analyst for Mile High Huddle. You can find him on Twitter @NickKendellMHH.
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PNG anti-corruption team to ask court to enforce its pay
Task Force Sweep chairman says he hasn't been paid despite court orders.
The head of an anti-corruption task force in Papua New Guinea says he has not been paid for weeks, despite a court order blocking the government from doing so.
Sam Koim, the Chairman of Task Force Sweep, investigated alleged massive illegal payments from the PNG Government to a law firm, which resulted in charges laid against a lawyer, and an arrest warrant against the Prime Minister.
Now Mr Koim, and the recently-sacked attorney general, say the government is interfering again with the law.
Alex Perrottet reports.
In the legal wrangling that followed the Prime Minister's arrest warrant in June, the government disbanded Task Force Sweep, but it was reinstated - with full funding - by order of the National Court. Sam Koim says it's a breach of that ruling to withhold his pay.
SAM KOIM: The court has made a finding, so there was no evidence that we were compromised. So there's already a determination of fact by the court.
But the secretary of the Ministry of Justice and Attorney-General, Dr Lawrence Kalinoe, says Mr Koim's secondment to the Task Force has been completed and he was due to return to the ministry to work as a legal officer.
LAWRENCE KALINOE: If he does not come to work in the department of justice and attorney general and discharge his roles and responsibilities as a principle legal officer, he does not get paid. It's as simple as that.
Dr Kalinoe says the ministry has initiated disciplinary action against Mr Koim but that too is on hold pending the outcome of the court matter between Mr Koim and the government. He says during the impasse, Mr Koim should return to work at the ministry and leave the Task Force office. Kerenga Kua was the Attorney General and Justice Minister, but was replaced shortly after the arrest warrant was issued. He says his replacement, Ano Pala, and the secretary, Dr Kalinoe, are in breach of the court order.
KERENGA KUA: He needs to understand that there's a National Court order which stays the cabinet decision to disband the sweep team. And the sweep team includes Sam Koim as the Chairman. And so what the government is effectively doing, under the leadership of the present attorney general, is that they are actively in breach of the National Court order.
Mr Kua says the government actions are consistent with other punitive measures against Mr Koim such as preventing access to lawyers for matters arising out of his employment. He also says Mr Koim's position and actions were respected by the government, until the Prime Minister was implicated.
KERENGA KUA: The Prime Minister's position has always been that the law must be seen to take its course and no one can interfere with that. That's been his position. And several months down the track, an warrant is issued against him and all of a sudden the standards seem to have changed.
Sam Koim says his lawyers will be taking the matter up with the court, and will ask it to enforce its orders on the ministry.
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If you're keen on iPhone games but haven't got cash to spare, you've come to the right place: We've rounded up the 18 best free iPhone games for your delectation, running the gamut from fighting and sports games to puzzles and RPGs.
It's worth mentioning first of all, mind you, that free games aren't always the bargain they first appear -- beware of false economies, scam games, games crammed with annoying in-app payments and adverts, and various other irritations that often beset free games. We discuss some of these issues in 'Freemium is the worst thing in the history of gaming: a rant' and 'Why apps need to be more expensive.'
And if you're looking for games for kids, make sure they know about the dangers and expenses of in-app purchases. We'd recommend the judicious use of parental controls to avoid an unpleasant bill.
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Accommodations in NegrosSee All
Unplug yourself and have a laid-back vacation at Negros, Mexico. This city offers countless opportunities to click pictures for your travel journal. After your splendid visit to Negros, you can proceed to an important near-by city of Zacatecas. Take a short trip from Negros and set some time aside to explore the Zacatecas. Dotted with places like Quinta Real Zacatecas; it will definitely be a good idea. A vacation to Negros can typically be of 1-2 days. Immerse in the spirit of the city and you'll not miss your home.
Don't just take a trip, let the trip take you! Have a enjoyable time at Negros.
Explore the best journey planner for your visit to Negros and create a flawless plan in few simple steps!


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Hubert stands a stately 14 v1/2" tall. he's carrying his trademark umbrella and wearing glasses. His brown glazed body is printed with $ signs. Makes me wanna save for a rainy day. This lefton piece comes with a Certificate of Authenticity. It's numbered 8,635 of 20,000. The jar is dated 2004.
We've found what you're looking for.
We're always adding new and interesting items from soup- bowls to nut-crackers.


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What is the best anti virus?
I like AOL AntiVirusShield. Don't let the name AOL fool you. AntiVirusShield is made by Kaspersky which is one of top-rated anti-virus vendors in the world.In recent tests, the most popular free an...
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Which anti virus is best Norotn Anti Virus, McaFee, or Avast!?
I would say none of those. Go with AVG Antivirus. Works great and it's totally free.http://free.grisoft.com
What is the best anti-virus/anti-spyware security package for my computer?
No single anti virus program is perfect. A friend's PC was hacked several months ago and several viruses left on his PC. We ran three different scan programs on it and each found different viruses!...
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What is the best Anti Virus / Anti Spyware Program out there Including the free versions.?
Norton are the market leaders, but along with this reputation comes with a larger yearly price tag. You can get an equally good free antivirus which come with similar protection at no cost. Check A...
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What is the best free anti-virus avast,avg,malwarebytes anti-malware or cyberdefender need answer quick?
A V A S T is the way to go. Its free and you can even register 1 full year for free.Just install it and forget all the other anti-virus program. Once it is installed, select BOOT SCAN and let it s...
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text: New Azerbaijan Party Musavat People's Front of Azerbaijan Party Blogs and mediaEdit Quirk Global Strategies, ongoing Oneworld Multimedia Blog, January, 2008 ACTURCA, November, 2007 Retrieved from "http://campaigns.wikia.com/wiki/Azerbaijani_presidential_election,_2008?oldid=31486" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Azerbaijan Elections Add category Cancel Save


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Is the media brainwashing the world?
By Balaji Tumke
I grew up hearing my father advice, "You should read the newspapers daily. Otherwise how will you get knowledge of the world, and how will you grow to be intelligent?" I did read them sincerely and believed the reports as gospel truth. Arguments and discussions would beresolved if someone said, "It's in the papers, you know. I read it myself." Our teachers in school also encouraged us to believe that the newspapers are holy texts, and the journalists are fearless seekers of truth. However, a series of personal experiences over the years, and the shocking contrary reporting in the papers, has led me to seriously question the credibility and integrity of the print media. Just one story would suffice here.
In 1994, I regularly visited a small ISKCON temple at Girgaun, Mumbai. One evening, a lady created excitement in the temple campus, claiming to be a reporter of the 'Asian Age'. As all young saffron clad monks and an elderly swami posed for the group photograph, the reporter was in command. The innocent, unsuspecting members of the ashram allowed her to photograph the rooms, the adjacent school building, and even the toilets. The next morning, the front page of 'Asian Age' carried a photograph of the temple toilet, saffron monks, and school girls in uniform. The headlines screamed, 'Sex scandal at the Hare Krishna temple.' While the news sent shock waves all over Mumbai first, and then to the ISKCON world, I was personally deeply hurt and angry. As frantic, panic calls came from all over the world, the temple members patiently explained to those who enquired, that this was a baseless allegation. As a teenager I would often stay at the temple with my parents and had complete access to all the rooms, the private quarters and even the bathrooms. All the men living in the campus were from highly cultured families, and well qualified as professional doctors, M.B.A's and engineers. I was convinced this claim of 'Asian Age' was unfounded. Even the lady principal of the adjacent Tinker Bell School, which was also needlessly dragged into the controversy, was outraged at this irresponsible reporting. She lambasted the newspaper, and gathered all supporters to protest against this violent coverage. As television channels streamed in to get the latest scoop, I saw the monks answer the reporters' challenges with dignity, and soberly appeal to set right the wrong coverage. While I saw the temple management pained at the insensitivity of the media, I also noticed that being peace loving and saintly, the ordinary sadhus and members of the temple community silently tolerated the humiliation inflicted by the ruthless newspaper. After much protest and pressure, a week later, the 'Asian Age' carried a two sentence clarification in a remote corner of page seven, saying there was an error in reporting the ISKCON story. But the damage had been done and the clarification wasn't noticed by the world.
I then thought of the thousands of youth, who, like me are growing up to accept the media as the savior of the Nation. What would they think when someone next invited them to a Hindu temple or spoke of Vedic philosophy? I wanted to tell the world this is unfair, but felt like a helpless, tiny fish amidst the giant sharks of Media Barons. I suffered the pain silently, but had my lesson well learnt- the media is powerful and dangerous.
The intelligence and discrimination power of a teenager is not developed enough to question the credibility of information that he or she is bombarded with. All visual and print images, and stories, enter the system of the impressionable youth and form a strong foundation. Certain prejudices, opinions and values are determined at a nascent stage, even while we are innocent and naïve in worldly matters. Later, when the young boy grows up to hear or see something that is contrary to the information that has already formed his personality, he protests, and perceives the new information as threatening. For example, we never question our teachers if man actually evolved from monkeys, or Emperor Akbar was indeed a just and secular ruler, or there definitely was a Big Bang that caused life on this planet. Later if we come across people presenting an alternate view of the world and the reality around us, the mind protests against this 'invasion', and we are alarmed at the 'brain washing.'
I now seriously ask myself who is brain washing the world? Is it the Hindu gurus and cult groups or the media? I have found my answers and wish you too are open- minded to check who's for real and who's out to con you.
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So, let's say you're born in ancient Rome. Besides all the fun stuff, like watching gladiators, invading other countries and bathing four times a day, you'd still have to make a living, so you might want to check the job market, update your resume and analyze some of the career choices available.
I'll make a quick list of job options in ancient Rome for now, and I'll go into more detail... uh... sometime in the future. Maybe. Now, just for this general look, bear in mind that it's covering a huge time span, so requirements varied considerably from one age to another.
Cursus honorum is the closest to a Roman definition of a career, but with a trick: you'd have to be born into the right family- rich, old, with several senators and consuls among your ancestors. This combined being a politician, an administrator, a lawyer and a general all rolled into one (hey, success didn't come easy in those days, either).
The steps in this career were pretty fixed, the main ones being quaestor (in charge of finances, and you'd have to be at least 30 to land the job), aedile (responsible for infrastructure, maintenance of public buildings, organizing games and so on), praetor (judge – and opened up the more interesting position of propraetor – governor of a province) and consul, the ultimate goal. If everything went right and all previous steps were completed in time, a patrician could become consul at the age of 40, and a plebeian, at the age of 42 (because the curricula requirements were different for plebeians).
If you chose, or rather, if you were born into a family that chose this career path for you, you'd be spending most of the time dozing off and doing crosswords in the Senate.
Money came from owning properties, or at least you'd try very hard to give that impression. Trade was frowned upon in the Senate, but everybody was doing it in secret.
After the senators, the second aristocratic class was the equestrian order. Its members were known as equites, or knights. They had their own version of cursus honorum, holding some sort of middle-management positions – you know, doing all the hard work in the administration system, getting no credit for successes and all the blame for failures. The job became more interesting under the Empire, as emperors used the knights to reduce the power of the Senate.
Again, you'd have to be born into a relatively wealthy family (standards varied, but lots of equites were actually wealthier than senators). Money came from trade, collecting taxes or salaries. On some jobs, you'd be paid for a year more than 10 soldiers in their entire life in service.
Slaves – well, this is pretty much a question of luck. Slaves held the toughest jobs in ancient Rome, those where the life expectancy was below one year, such as working in the Spanish silver mines, and some of the best jobs, such as being the cook of a filthy rich senator, a doctor or a teacher. Some of them received small wages that allowed them to eventually buy their freedom, some made huge fortunes and some were thrown away to die alone when they were too old to work.
Okay, these are the best known aspects, but let's get to the good stuff. What if you were just a regular person? You couldn't trace your family tree back to a god, but your parents and grandparents were neither slaves nor freedmen, just ordinary citizens, what could you do to make a living then?
You'd think that farming was a good option in ancient times, at least considering that you'd market only organic products, nothing genetically modified – but in fact, it's the worst choice you could make. Small farmers had a very rough life – it was far better to be slave to a wealthy family then to struggle to make ends meet in the rural life.
As the rich got richer, small farmers lost their lands to the senators, the huge land owners of the time. The few who survived were driven out of the market by imported products – just like today, they could not compete against the cheaper goods produced elsewhere.
If you still think you have a green thumb you can use, at least forget about grains and try your hand at the higher selling crops, such as olives or vineyards, or at beekeeping. Forget livestock, senators took over the industry completely.
There were other options in the food industry besides farming. Fish was extremely popular in ancient Rome, and, while being a fisherman did not pay much and being a sailor was one of the deadliest choices, fishmongers made a pretty decent living. Smelly, but decent. You could also be a baker, a winemaker, or a small-time cook, in your own taverna or fast-food joint.
Traders, merchants and shopkeepers could make it big in the empire. Some had small shops in front of their houses, or rented such shops, selling jewelry, perfume, books, clothes, shoes – anything you can think of. Some were also artisans or craftsmen, producing anything, from the obvious, like pottery and glass, weapons and other army supplies, to wigs and fake teeth, and some manufactured goods on a mass scale, distributing them all over the empire.
International trade was huge, since the world opened up, and you could be importing silk from China, spices from India, ivory from Africa, amber from the Baltic region – for a hefty profit. Forget about exporting, though. Rome was a huge consumer and a lousy producer.
Banking and money lending was just as popular back then as it is today, and, with the odd wealth distribution of the ancients, one private individual could loan money to an entire country. Interest rates could reach outrageous values, up to 50%, despite various attempts of the authorities to keep them under control.
You know what Romans are famous for? That's right, buildings. And guess what, you need workers that build stuff. Contractors, architects, builders, decorators – there are plenty of openings for everyone. Some projects were carried out with slaves and some with soldiers, but there were still some good opportunities for hired work.
You know what else Romans are famous for? Right, the army. But jobs in the army opened up only around 100 BC, when a guy named Marius introduced the concept of professional army. Up to that point, you actually had to pay for the privilege of dying for Rome.
After that, however, the payment was decent and retirement benefits tempting. In fact, it was pretty much the only regular job in ancient Rome that had any retirement benefits. The downside was, well, that you could get killed on the job, and that the contract was long-term: 16 years in the beginning, then up to 20 years.
Services were available everywhere: you could own your own inn on the roads or in the cities (Constantinople was famous at some point because it had more inns than private homes; it was said that the inhabitants turned their homes into inns so they could drink all day and call it a business). Then there was the smelly, but popular laundry service; or you could be a postal worker, if you fancy long trips and you're not afraid of dogs.
Show biz was huge, though you'd have to give up any hope for a decent reputation. There were actors, singers, dancers, animals tamers, gladiators, and, of course, the staff behind the scenes – costume makers, producers, text writers – the whole gang. Just like today, very few made it big; but this was so glamorous, more kept trying.
Religion offered a mixture of opportunities. There were hundreds of different cults spread throughout the empire, so you could be working in a temple. Some were good – like the official imperial cult, which paid well for pretty much nothing to do – some had awful job requirements – like the priests of Cybele, who were eunuchs. In most cases, however, being a priest did not involve any religious vocation, you were just the administrator who had to organize highly formal rituals.
Temples offered more job openings, depending on the god in question, you could be a doctor (people were more likely to trust you if your practice was associated with a reputable god), a fortune teller (the fancy ones were called oracles) or a small artisan making and selling objects used by the cult, such as flower garlands.
Being an artist before copyright laws was actually easier than you might think, and you had a lot of options available – painter, sculptor, poet, novelist, playwright, historian, mosaic maker and so on. It paid off to find a rich protector – Maecenas being the most famous, of course.
Being a teacher could actually be a bit more profitable back then than it is today, only that you had to open your own school. If you became famous, and if your campus was located somewhere nice, like Athens or Rhodes, you could attract a wealthy audience.
Maybe you're wondering why I've said nothing about lawyers, when we know so much about Rome's legal system and their infamous lawsuits. As a rule, being a lawyer was a public service, not a job. Lawyers were not allowed to receive any financial compensation for their services, supposedly they did it because they honestly believed their clients were innocent and defended them just because it was the right thing to do. Of course. Well, being a lawyer was in fact a very profitable business, you just needed a good slave accountant to do a bit of money laundry so you could justify your income.
Things get trickier when we're talking about jobs for women. No equal opportunities policies there, so most authors mention only prostitutes, professional dancers and priestesses. Surely though many women in ancient Rome worked, and did more than just household chores. Those born or married into a family of artisans were most certainly involved in the family business. Some even owned businesses of their own. A classified ad from Pompeii shows that a woman was renting rooms and shops; a contract also from Pompeii was signed by two women, recording that one purchased from the other a big transport of pottery. Since, by law, women did not have any official status (but laws in Rome were twisted and bent in all directions by everybody) it's not impossible that some women-owned businesses used a male protector who did all the formalities and signed contracts on their behalf.


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threeandahalfmilliontwohundredandfiftythousand times someone wanted to see one of my videos (so far), in which I exposed my sexual arousal, my increasing sexual arousal, my wet manifestation of my sexual arousal and the end of my sexual arousal.Thank you for your loyalty. Maybe I've also seen some part of you?
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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
How can I populate many fields based on one drop down field.Asked by hepatel on March 30, 2015 at 06:20 AM
Step 1: Select postcode based on that I will filter another dropdown.
e.g. Poscode: HA5 6PJ another filter will shows many addresses available for this postcode.
1 Sky Avenue, London, Middlesex, HA56PJ
2 Sky Avenue, London, Middlesex, HA56PJ
10 Sky Avenue, London, Middlesex, HA56PJ
12 Sky Avenue, London, Middlesex, HA56PJ
Step 2: From filtered second drop down I have selected following.
12 Sky Avenue, London, Middlesex, HA56PJ
Step 3: Based on above selection from the dropdown I would like to populate following fileds automatically.
Address 1: 12 Sky Avenue
Address 2: London
Address 3: Middlesex
Postcode: HA56PJ
How can I do that?
JotForm Support
Hello hepatel,
Please be noted that it is not possible to dynamically populate the drop down options. To achieve your requirement, you will have to add separate drop down fields for every postcode. You can then take advantage of our "Conditions" feature to show hide the respective drop down based on the postcode selection.
Here are the steps I would suggest:
#1. Add a drop down field and list all the post code in drop down options.
#2. Add separate drop down field for every post code options.
#3. Add conditions in your form to check the post code selection and then show / hide the respective address drop down.
#4. Take advantage of our "Update a form field value" condition feature to populate the address in address fields of your form.
Please take a look at the following demo form where I have added conditions to populate one address field: http://form.jotformpro.com/form/50884047279970?
Feel free to clone this form for a closer look. The following guide should help you in form cloning: http://www.jotform.com/help/42-How-to-Clone-an-Existing-Form-from-a-URL
Hope this helps.
Do get back to us if you have any questions.
Thank you!
Thanks for your response but we have 100 postcodes and respective addresses needs to be filter. Is there any other ways to achieve this ?
JotForm Support
Aside from using the conditions that my colleague mentioned, if HA56PJ is an actual postal code, then it should show in the following widgets:
If they do not exist there, I believe the only way is to manually code and condition the drop down list.
Kind regards.


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1.5 acres in Baltimore County, Maryland
Huge Price Adjustment! Great views from this 1.5 acre lot in Phoenix. Surrounded by conserved property,large trees,open fields,and well! No Builder tie ins or HOA's. Adjacent 1.5 acre lot also available.Buy them both and have a real retreat! Minutes from Hunt Valley,NCR trail, and I 83.Plat may be viewed in 'Documents'.
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Fill out this form to contact Seller about this property
Dorian Filbert
O'Conor & Mooney LLC
Other Land for Sale in Baltimore County
NOTE: The information contained herein is provided as general information only and has been obtained from sources deemed reliable. It is provided without any guaranty, warranty or representation, expressed or implied, made by Lands of America, or any related entity, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information. The information is presented subject to errors, omissions, change of price or conditions, prior sale or withdrawal without notice. Prospective purchasers should make their own investigations, projections and conclusions concerning the information.


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"Let's see the holiday lights at Woodward before you leave," Kelly suggested one day. Maybe it's because I didn't really get to admire the x-mas lights while gasping for air during the Fort Collins Running Club's Holiday Lights Run—or I simply liked the thought of cruising around in an intimate, heated German machine with a fun, spunky gal—but I thought it was a splendid idea. Besides, Woodward Governor—the world's oldest and largest independent designer, manufacturer, and service provider of energy control solutions for aircraft engines—always has some of the best festive displays in all of Fort Collins.
We took some photos and there are half a dozen of them in the associated photo gallery. Happy holidays!
If you enjoyed this article, please consider receiving my weekly newsletter. I typically write about endurance bicycling, world travel, self improvement, Colorado living, marathon running, and epic adventures.
Related Articles
- X-mas Lights Run (2006)
- Other posts about Fort Collins, CO


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The War Between the States
- November 6 – Abraham Lincoln is elected President of the United States. The southern states feel that they were not represented equally over the northern states.
- December 24 – In response to the Presidential election, South Carolina declares sovereignty from the United States of America.
- January – Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana declare sovereignty from the United States.
- February 1 – Texas declares sovereignty from the United States.
- February 8 – In hopes of cooperation, the seven southern states join together to form the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis is declared as the first President of the Confederacy. The United States of America does not recognize their sovereignty.
- April 12 – In response to the Union refusing to leave Fort Sumter in South Carolina, the Confederate States attack the fort. The American Civil War begins.
- April 17 – Virginia declares itself sovereign, seceding from the United States, and joins the Confederate States.
- May – Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina declare their sovereignty, leaving the United States to join the Confederate States.
- October 24 – 41 counties in western Virginia vote to secede from Virginia, joining the United States as a new state (soon to be administered as the State of West Virginia).
- December 31 – Colonel Philip Sheridan is killed in the Battle of Muphreesboro, Tennessee. This is a major point of divergence, for Sheridan would have been promoted to Maj. General and go on to lead the "Army of the Potomac" in the destruction of much of the state of Virginia, thus leading to Lee's surrender.
- February – Confederate troops force Union troops out of Tennessee.
- May 14 – The Confederacy wins at the Battle of Jackson. Forcing Gen. U.S. Grant to retreat and regroup. Grant would later take Jackson, but Vicksburg would stand. This is another major point of divergence.
- July – The Union wins at the Battle of Gettysburg.
- November – The cause of the Confederacy gains support in Missouri and Kentucky. Both states will declare their sovereignty.
- January 1 – Missouri and Kentucky join the CSA.
- January 27 – The United Kingdom and France intervene in the civil war, in an attempt to bring peace to the region.
- August 8 – The Union and the Confederacy agree to a ceasefire. The states of Missouri and Kentucky retain U.S. troops, and are claimed by both sides. The Confederacy keeps troops in parts of Maryland and New Jersey, though not claiming them.
Two Americas
- September – Robert E. Lee is chosen to be Vice President on the Democratic ticket. The Stephens-Lee ticket wins handily, taking all states but Texas.
- March 4 – Alexander Stephens becomes the second president of the Confederate States of America.
- March 29 – Russian Ambassador Eduard de Stoeckl, having renewed an offer to sell Alaska (negotiations having been interrupted by the war), leaves the negotitations without a deal. Secretary of State William Seward had decided that the U.S. did not have the resources to expand while dealing with the "rebel states" to the south. Colonists in Alaska become restless concerning the attempts to sell their land without their consent. This leads to an independence movement among the sparsely populated, but huge, colony.
- March 7 – Vice President Robert E. Lee proposes to the CS Congress to abolish slavery, feeling that this would lead to the recognition of the sovereignty of the Confederacy by the United States government.
- October 12 – Vice President Robert E. Lee dies two weeks after suffering a stroke. He is buried at his home on Arlington Plantation. The Confederate government later purchases the land from Lee's family to establish Arlington National Cemetery. Lee's family plot becomes the cornerstone of the national burial site for military and political leaders and servants alike.
- May 8 – With the tensions mounting, leaders of both nations traveled to London to sign the Treaty of London. As part of the treaty, the Confederate States gains control of Kentucky and Missouri, as well as gaining their proclaimed Arizona Territory and the Indian Territory. The United States was entitled to West Virginia and the remainder of the New Mexico Territory. The treaty also proclaimed that the Confederate state of Virginia and the Union state of Maryland were to become demilitarized zones until 1900, as a means preventing either nation reigniting the war.
- March – The Confederate States of Florida and Texas abolish the buying, selling, and trading of slaves within the state borders. The idea of slavery was not abolished.
- August 16 – Gold is discovered in the Northwest Territories of the Canadian Confederation. Political moves are made to claim eastern Alaska, whose border with the NWT had yet to be settled by treaty. However, the government in Sitka was not easily fooled and found out about the gold from trappers in the Yukon wilderness. A border war was inevitable. Alaska looked to Russia for support and Canada sought backing from the United States.
- June 20 – Skirmishes begin along the Yukon River between Alaskan and Canadian prospectors. However, since neither government could receive assistance from foreign allies, war is averted diplomatically. An international commission brokers a border dispute permanently establishing the boundary between the two nations.
- September 4 – C.S. Congress votes on the so-called Lee Act, to abolish slavery in the Confederacy. The Bill passes with a two thirds vote in both houses. President Blackburn signs it into law. Since the Constitution allowed for slavery, the bill is sent to the states as an amendment.
- December 6 – Georgia ratifies the third amendment to the C.S. Constitution, thus making slavery illegal in all C.S. states and territories. Ten states out of the thirteen had voted in a little over a year, with nine being needed to pass the amendment. Texas finally votes to ratify in 1929. Civil Rights advocates finally get Kentucky to rescind its rejection with a symbolic vote in 2009. Mississippi has never rescinded its no vote cast in 1898.
Spanish-American War
- January 25 – After three years of negotiations with the Spanish Embassy in Miami, the C.S. Navy sent in the CSS Mississippi to evacuate Confederate citizens that had been living in Havana, Cuba. Stories of atrocities in resettlement and interment camps had raised alarms. The Spanish occupying forces saw this as intimidation.
- February 15 – Sometime during the night, an explosive charge ripped through the hull of the ship has it was anchored in the harbor. This explosion in turn ignited gunpowder in a nearby compartment, killing 235 outright with 8 more dying of their wounds.
- April 20 – An investigation concluded that the explosion "had to have been a mine," and the CS Congress drafted a bill to declare war on Spain. President Blackburn agrees and on April 23, Spain breaks diplomatic relations with the United States (having not yet recognized the Confederate States). In Washington, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt resigned his post and volunteered to lead a group of newly conscripted men to fight in the war (President McKinley had urged for, and received approval to go to war as allies to the southern states).
- July 1 – Theodore Roosevelt's "Rough Riders," one of the few US regiments in the Caribbean campaign, along with soldiers from North Carolina and a regiment of recently freed black soldiers, mounted an attack with 15,000 men against 1,270 entrenched battle-hardened Spanish troops. The Americans would lose 200 that day and sustain nearly 1200 injuries. However, they prevailed.
- August 13 – On the other side of the world, U.S. Naval forces had been engaging the Spanish on their Pacific territories in the Philippines and Guam. Though the peace treaty had been signed on August 12th in Paris, communication was slow. On August 13th, American forces occupied Manila in the last act of the war. Spain granted Cuba independence and sold all her Caribbean and Pacific lands to the "Two Americas" whom they came to recognize officially as such due to their collaboration in the short war. The Confederacy received the Caribbean islands for just over eight million U.S. Dollars, while the Union received the Pacific islands for about twelve million. The $8,000,000 had been most of the CS reserve in US dollars, leading to a trade deficit that would not be resolved until just before the next war.
World War I
- January - Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. Britain's secret Royal Navy cryptanalytic group, Room 40, had broken the German diplomatic code. They intercepted a proposal from Berlin (the Zimmermann Telegram) to Mexico to join the war as Germany's ally against the Confederate States, should the U.S. join. The proposal suggested that if the C.S. were to enter the war then Mexico should declare war against the United States and enlist Japan as an ally. This would prevent the Confederate States from joining the Allies and deploying troops to Europe, and would give Germany more time for their unrestricted submarine warfare program to strangle Britain's vital war supplies. In return, the Germans would promise Mexico support in reclaiming the territory of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican-American War 70 years prior.
- March 2 - Jones Act of Puerto Rico is passed by C.S. Congress, making citizens of the territory full citizens of the Confederate States. This would make Puerto Ricans eligible for the draft, if need be.
- April 6 - After submarines sank seven C.S. merchant ships, and the publication of the Zimmerman telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany, to which the C.S. Congress agreed.
- May 18 - The Congress of the CSA passes the Selective Service Act, authorizing the wartime draft of young men aged 21 to 30. Registration became mandatory for men within this age group. In the US, president Theodore Roosevelt called for volunteers to help in the war, since the US Congress had not declared war. He gets four divisions which he personally greets and oversees as they train.
- March 21 - Germany launches "Operation Michael," designed to divide French and British forces before the Confederates can arrive, advancing into France by 40 miles within days.
- March 28 - US volunteers and CS army troops arrive as support depleted French and British troops. Other Allies, such as Australia, begin pushing the German and other Central Powers out of France.
- August 8 - Allied Counter-offensive - the Hundred Days Offensive - begins.
- November 11 - Armistice is signed at 11:00 - the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. A peace treaty with Germany would come June 28, 1919, but the war was essentially over for both Americas. Over 50,000 had died in battle, and more than that had fallen to disease and injuries not associated with battle. In all over 116,000 Americans died. This one year on foreign soil had averaged about the same as in the civil war, when about 620,000 died in five years.
Great Depression
World War II
- 30th January: The leader of the National Socialist Party (Nazi Party) Adolf Hitler is made Chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg
- 27th February: The Reichstag is burned down due to unknown reasons. Hitler blames the Communists and other extremist parties
- 23rd March: Hitler and the Nazi party were given Emergency Powers by the Reichstag which gave decrees issued by Hitler the force of the law
- 21st October: Germany withdraws from the League of Nations
- 30th June - 2nd July: "Night of the Long Knives". Many political opponents of the Nazi party and enemies of Hitler are killed
- 2nd August: Hindenburg dies in his home. The Nazi-controlled Reichstag then merges the office of president with that of the chancellor. Therefore Hitler now becomes leader and reich chancellor of Greater Germany.
American cooperation and the Cold War
- November 28 – US President Henry A. Wallace travels to Richmond to visit CS President Harry S. Truman (the first sitting US President to do so). On this day, in what would become known as the Thanksgiving Day Conference, the United States officially recognizes the independence of the Confederate States.
- October 1 – The Communist Party in China ousts the regime of Chiang Kai-shek, arresting him for alleged war crimes in the Chinese civil War. The Republic of China falls and the Communist People's Republic of China is founded. Kai-shek would be executed along with most of his staff. Forces from the United States had been aiding the Kai-shek government, but were no match for the wealth and strength of the Soviet Union who had successfully spread the Communist ideology to a nation torn by civil war for decades.
- July – The Soviet Union takes advantage of unrest in the divided Korean Peninsula to ferment a people's rebellion in the south. Over the objections of American, Canadian and British diplomats, no international intervention is authorized by the United Nations. As a result, the People's Republic of Korea is established. Japan demands that the US send more troops to protect them form Korean advances.
- October 4 - The USSR beats the American rocket program (a joint project among Canadians and both Americas) off the "starting line" of the Space Race, launching Sputnik 1.
- February 6 - CS President Strom Thurmond pledges in a speech at Cape Canaveral that with missiles such as the Titan, which was to launch that day, the American Space program would colonize the moon by the year 2000.
- April 12 - Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in space, a passenger in a remote controlled craft that orbited the earth.
- April 20 - US President John F. Kennedy refines Thurmond's goal to a smaller goal with a tighter deadline: A man safely landed on the moon and returned by 1970.
- May 5 - Alan Shepherd, from the US state of Vermont, flies out of the CS launch site at Cape Canaveral on a suborbital flight with himself at the controls (executing timed thrusts of retro-rockets to control re-entry). This flight had been originally scheduled for October 1960, but had been delayed due to technical difficulties.
- October 7 - Soviet-trained Carlos Franseca successfully raids militiary bases loyal to the corrupt, but CS backed, Samoza government. Guerrillas were able to escape with supplies and training manuals that allowed them an advantage in their fight for individual freedoms. When bloodshed is reported, CS President Thurmond sends in "advisers" to assure peace. Peace is a long way off.
- February 20 - John Glenn, of Ohio, USA, pilots a space craft for three orbits of the earth after being launched into space from the CS facility at Cape Canaveral, Florida.
- August 28 - Dr. Michael "Mike" King Jr. leads a civil rights march in the CS capital of Richmond. Organizers estimated that there were upwards of 150,000 marchers, though police estimated about 100,000. It was not known how many marchers were sympathetic aliens sent down from Washington. A good 90% of those in attendance were black citizens who organizers claimed had actually registered for the march. At the end of the march, on the base of the Lee Memorial, King delivered what came to be called the "I Have a Dream" speech. See main article - Civil Rights in the Confederacy
- November 2 - After months of infighting in the Kennedy administration, things go bad in Vietnam. The southeast Asian land, split by a 1955 treaty in an attempt to hold back Communist expansion, had reached a turning point. The formerly US supported regime in the south had shown to be corrupt. Against Kennedy's knowledge, agents of the US had even been talking of the possibility of a "regime change." The coup in South Vietnam had been successful. Since the US did not have the troops to spare, and the CS was occupied in a battle for control of Central America, Vietnam was reunited as the "People's Republic of Vietnam."
- November 20 - In an attempt to salvage his foreign policy in his war on Communist expansion, US President John F. Kennedy travels to CS President Lydon B. Johnson's ranch near Dallas, Texas, to discuss renewed efforts to work together as their nations had done in World War II.
- November 22 - US President John F. Kennedy, having traveled to meet CS President Lydon B. Johnson at the latter's ranch for a conference on international relations, takes part in a parade through Dallas, Texas. He and Texas governor John Conally are shot by an unknown assailant from a highrise structure near the route. Kennedy dies hours later in a local hospital. Vice President Henry M. Jackson is sworn in as the 35th President of the United States. Conally survives and will later, as president of the Confederacy, commission a committee to find the killer who had alluded Texas and CS authorities for nearly two decades.
American Reunification Movement
- March – After the conference, informal talks of reunification began. Sporadic for a while, there was a growing sentiment in both nations for some official organization to that end.
Cooperation in Disaster
- September 11 – Terrorists hijack four United States jumbo jets and crash them into US icons. The World Trade Centers in New York are effected the most. Within weeks, Confederate citizens will travel to New York in a cleanup effort.
- August 29 – Hurricane Katrina hits land in Louisiana. The strong storm destroys the levy system of New Orleans, and the city floods. The United States sends in troops to assist the Confederacy in a rescue and cleanup effort.


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I'd surmise that most post-bro phase adults have been there: You're hitting up your favorite/trendy watering hole with a gaggle of your bestest homies. As typically required by the establishment's powers-that-be, one of you has plunked down that all too convenient enabler of binge-drinking and mayhem, a credit card, in order to keep your groups bar tab "open." It's a very common occurrence, no? Indeed. Come the end of the evening's grand imbibery, what happens when there's a discrepancy?
SHTF happens… that's what.


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Welcome to the July 23, 2012 edition of The Blitz Hardcore Podcast featuring wall to wall coverage of WWE RAW's 1,000th episode! Who showed up? Stone Cold Steve Austin? The Rock? Did John Cena's character defeat CM Punk's for the WWE Championship? Which other past WWE Stars showed up? How was the WWF Attitude Era represented? Were any of the ECW stars properly represented? Did Ric Flair show up? What's the fall-out with Brock Lesnar and Triple H? What did we think of DX? All of this and more! This will be the biggest wrestling podcast we've had since Wrestlemania 28!!! DO NOT MISS IT AND SEND A LINK TO A FRIEND!!!
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As a lover of wine, I was immediately intrigued when I saw this novel bit of mentalism advertised. Sure, the plot has been around a long time, but the idea of using a wine cork as a prop sounded like a good one. In essence this clever trick enables you to tell which hand a spectator conceals a wine cork in – which sounds like a rather basic effect. But, as people who have seen other variations on this effect performed will know, this can be the starting point for an entertaining routine. Read More
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