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User Based Question Answering: An Exploratory Study of Community Generated Information Exchange in Yahoo!Answers
- Melvyn Malone
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1 User Based Question Answering: An Exploratory Study of Community Generated Information Exchange in Yahoo!Answers Rong Tang Graduate School of Library and Information Science Simmons College Sheila Denn Graduate School of Library and Information Science Simmons College Final Report 2008 OCLC/ALISE Library and Information Science Research Grant Project 5 September Rong Tang and Sheila Denn Published by permission. Reproduction of substantial portions of this publication must contain the copyright notice. Suggested citation: Tang, Rong and Sheila Denn User Based Question Answering: An Exploratory Study of Community Generated Information Exchange in Yahoo!Answers OCLC/ALISE research grant report published electronically by OCLC Research.
2 I. Overview This project was funded by OCLC/ALISE Library & Information Science Research Grant Program Grant and by the Simmons President Fund for Faculty Excellence in early The major endeavor of this exploratory research study included data processing and coding, and conducting content analysis of user community generated question-answer-comment sets through the platform of Yahoo!Answers. Online user-based Q&A systems present an excellent opportunity to investigate how users interact with one another through a virtual social environment; however, the research in this area is still limited. There is a lack of systematic, structured, and in-depth content analysis on users question-answer data. Consequently, the complexity and nuances involved in users Q&A exchange processes, the association between questions and answers, the interactive creation and selection of answers, and the social value bestowed upon a public-shared Q&A community have not yet been fully revealed. The research project reported here addresses the research problem by employing a question taxonomy, an answer classification scheme (based on sentence typology and the features/elements contained), and a classification criteria set for comments to examine 3,000 randomly selected question-answer-comment sets from 25 question categories in Yahoo!Answers. In addition to the analysis of question types, investigation into the answers provided for a given question, the linguistic properties of question-answer sets, and how an answer has been chosen as the best, have enabled a thorough understanding of information exchange in a social Q&A process. The research questions for this study are: 1. What are different types of questions found in Yahoo!Answers datasets? 2. What are different types of answers in responding to the questions found in Yahoo!Answers datasets? 3. What is the association between the best answer and its linguistic characterization as well as the presence of certain element such as the inclusion of an URL? 4. What are most notable criteria emerged from askers comments with regard to why the best answer was chosen? 5. What specific impact do answers to research questions 1-4 have on the provision of library and information services? Over the course the project, three large datasets were created based on 3,000 randomly sampled question sets from the entire Yahoo!Answers categories. The datasets consisted of: 1. Questions and question-descriptions (sometime called question content), with 120 items per category 2. Answers, best answers, and the scores for the best answers to the questions from Comments on the best answer, mostly from the asker, as he/she gave score to the best answer from 2. Due to the sheer quantity of the datasets and the nature of the coding which required at least two coders coding for each data element then meet to double check and cross validate, the project has been a huge undertaking. In the duration of the project, both the Principal Investigator and the Co-PI on multiple occasions had to delay the project due to their health Page 2 of 45
3 problems. The Co-PI Sheila Denn had to take a medical leave starting March 2009, and was unable to return to the project. The PI Rong Tang has been able to work on the project with the aid from research assistants, however, her own health problem has also caused the further delay of the project completion. Overall, this has been a very interesting, intellectually rewarding, and valuable research project. The findings are very rich, insightful, and meaningful to the advancement of LIS research and professional practice. It is the hope that in the near future, this research study will be written up as research papers, to be published in scholarly journals or presented at professional conferences. I. Innovative Significance of the Study The purpose of this project is to conduct content analysis of randomly selected question/answer/comment sets extracted from the Yahoo!Answers system through its API services. This funded research is one of the first studies to perform a multi-level linguistic analysis of the question/answer/comment sets on a user-based Q&A system. Our work is innovative in that the results will extend the theories of questions and answers beyond the content-oriented perspective of reference services. The identification of how the best answers are constructed in Yahoo!Answers will help librarians to provide pertinent responses to users requests. Additionally, the results from the sociolinguistic analysis of the community based Q&A process will further our knowledge of user needs and patterns of online communication in a digital reference environment. By undertaking a thorough analysis of the questions and answers submitted to Yahoo!Answers, we are taking a first step toward understanding how user community-based Q&A services fit in the Web 2.0 (and Library 2.0) information landscape, and how we as information professionals can improve all facets of the information-seeking process for our users. II. Related Research III.1. Theories of Question and Answer Classification The study of questions, as pointed out by Freed (1994) and Pomerantz (2005), has been carried out for decades by researchers from a variety of domains. Speech act theorists, conversation analysts, psycholinguists, computational linguists, information scientists, and reference librarians have all been involved in the research on question categorization or the process of question answering. According to Freed (1994), there is general agreement among researchers about the essential characteristics of questions; that is, questions have an identifiable syntactic form, a characteristic prosodic nature, a semantic or propositional content, which is separate from their pragmatic and social function (p. 622). On the other hand, both Freed (1994) and Pomerantz (2005) indicate that there are considerable disagreements on what approach to take to analyze and categorize questions. One controversial issue is whether questions can be understood without looking at the responses and feedback that they receive. A number of researchers (Schegloff & Sacks, 1973; Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs, 1986; Roberts & Page 3 of 45
4 Bavelas, 1996) have asserted that questions must be analyzed along with their answers as a part of adjacency pairs in a collaborative communication setting. A remarkable amount of research has been conducted on question typology, from the perspectives of linguistic and discourse analysis, automated Q&A systems, and digital reference services. Several influential classification schemes of questions have been developed, including Robinson & Rackstraw s (1972) wh-question classification, Lehnert s (1978) conceptual categories of questions, Graesser, Mcmahen & Johnson s (1994) information content-based question classes, Freed s (1994) taxonomy of question functions, and Pomerantz s (2005) groupings of reference questions. Some of these taxonomies are conceptually associated with one another and have been empirically tested and used for conversational analysis, TREC Q&A studies, and IR research (Keyes, 1996; Lytinen & Tomuro, 2002; Harabagiu, Moldovan, Pasca, Mihalcea, Surdeanu, Bunescu, Girju, Rus, & Morarescu, 2002; Tomuro, 2004). As an example, the analytical model of question-asking patterns developed by Graesser and his colleagues (1994) focuses on the content of information sought by the questioner and classifies the questions based on the length of the answers they will receive, instead of looking at the linguistic characteristics of question stems such as why, who, or where. Questions that invite short answers, such as verification, disjunctive, or concept completion, require a response merely in a word or a phrase. The long-answer questions, such as causal antecedent, enablement, or judgmental, typically elicit responses that are several sentences long. The authors indicate that such a typology is adequate for empirical testing in that it both exhaustively represents a wide range of questions and can be reliably applied by trained judges with a high level of coding consistency. Pomerantz (2005) indicates that this taxonomy is indeed useful in classifying realworld questions. He also points out that because the taxonomy is based on the function of expected answers, it is more a classification of question-answer pairs than of questions alone. In analyzing over 1,000 question tokens occurring in dyadic conversations, Freed (1994) proposes to classify questions according to the type of information sought or conveyed, i.e., the function of questions. Freed suggests that there are 16 categories of questions that range on a continuum from public information, to shared information, to phatic information, and finally to rhetorical information. Freed also maps the syntactic form of the questions to the functional groups and finds that certain function categories are closely associated with a particular syntactic type of question, such as yes/no questions, wh-questions, or tag questions. Both Graesser et al. (1994) and Freed s (1994) classifications of questions present useful approaches to the analysis of question-answer sets. While Graesser and colleagues focus on question functions of expected answers, Freed s taxonomy deals with pragmatic and social aspects of questions in a paired conversational setting. Because the two grouping models address question categories at different levels, a multi-faceted taxonomy combining both schemes may prove to be fruitful. In the area of library information services, many attempts to categorize reference questions have been made (Rothstein, 1964; Seng, 1978; White, 1981; Phenix, 1983; Fogarty, 1995; Carter & Janes, 2000). Some of these were derived based on standardized definitions of reference transaction types occurring in the Library General Information Survey (U.S. Department of Education, 1981). In a comprehensive review of the literature on question Page 4 of 45
5 taxonomy, Pomerantz (2005) presents 11 types of reference questions based on his synthesis of previous research. This particular classification of questions considers the forms of expected answers and the type of task that the librarian must perform to formulate an appropriate answer (p. 721). The types of reference questions included range from directional, ready reference, and readers advisory, to research, analysis, and critique. Thus far only limited research has been done to investigate or classify answers. In describing her computational model of question answering, QUALM, Lehnert (1978) articulates three selection rules for answers. They are: (1) an answer that conveys information by inference is preferable to one that spells out such inference explicitly; (2) a good answer does not tell the questioner something he already knows; and (3) when a question asks about a single conceptualization, good answers do not require the questioner to infer the missing parts of an incomplete causal chain. Another study that contributes to the understanding of why an answer is chosen to be the best is Kim and her colleagues (2007) recent work on comments made about chosen answers in Yahoo!Answers. III.2. Studies on Automated Q&A Systems Since the mid-1970s, automated Q&A system research has had two primary foci: 1) to develop computational models of human question answering that can be tested; and 2) to provide tools to be used as decision support mechanisms. Computational models of question answering have been built on three main activities: parsing of the original question into its conceptual components; retrieval of corresponding concepts from memory; and generation of a usable answer (Lehnert, 1978). Clearly there is a great deal of complexity embedded in these three activities. For this reason, research in automated Q&A in the 1980s and 1990s focused on the relatively straightforward tasks involved in understanding and generating answers for simple, closed-ended questions (such as In what city is Fenway Park located? ). At the beginning of the twenty-first century, a renewed focus on tackling the challenges of open-ended questions has been articulated in two white papers released by the National Institute of Standards and Technology as part of the ongoing TREC series of conferences in information retrieval (Carbonell et al., 2000; Burger et al., 2001). III.3. Studies on Digital Reference Services The new wave of digital reference services, whether via or online chat, is perhaps closest to the kind of Q&A we see in Yahoo!Answers. The primary difference is that the questions posed to a digital reference service are asked in the particular context of the library, and the answerer is an information professional assumed to have particular expertise in question answering. Over the years, a great deal of work has been done to categorize the types of questions that are received by reference services, both traditional and digital (see, for example, Arnold & Kaske, 2005; Braxton & Brunsdale, 2004; Brown, 1985; Bunge, 1990; Diamond & Pease, 2001; Page 5 of 45
6 Katz, 2002; Kibbee, Ward, & Ma, 2002; Lee, 2004; and Pomerantz, 2005). These categorizations tend to emphasize the purpose of the question, such as questions about library policies and procedures, subject questions, holdings questions, ready reference, and directional questions (Arnold & Kaske, 2005). A remarkable series of studies conducted by Radford and Connaway (2008) on evaluating virtual reference services, investigated in part (during Phase II of the project) 850 randomly sampled chat transcripts. Researchers employed and developed a good number of classification coding schemes for analyzing transcripts, ranging from question classification, relational content coding schemes, and query clarification coding scheme, and ready reference accuracy coding scheme. The question classification scheme used, combining Katz (1997), Kaske and Arnold (2002), and Radford s (2006) work, categorizes questions into the classes of: directional, ready reference, subject search, research, policy/procedural, holdings/do you own?, no question, inappropriate, and reader s advisory. Several question types included in the KKAR could also be used to describe the question content in a social question-answer environment. Radford and Connaway s (2008) found that the success of reference encounter depend on the positive interaction between the librarian and the user in both the relational dimension and content dimension. Their investigation into user/librarian relational content yields valuable results in learning the impact of a good interaction in the opening and closing of the chat references such as rapport building and abrupt ending on the success/failure of the entire reference transaction. Another interesting area was the study on query clarification. Radford, Connaway, Confer, Sabolcsi-Boros, and Kwon (2011) discovered that further questions were asked or information was provided to clarify topic, background, search history, extent/depth of information needed and type of resources sought (p. 264). It was discovered that librarians and users engage in different patterns and have different goals in their query clarification. Librarians tend to ask clarification questions prior to conducting search where as users tend to clarify during the search process. The results on the nature and process of query clarification are helpful and relevant to understanding the question answer exchange in a social QA setting. A 2010 study by Harper and his colleagues (Harper, Weinberg, Logie, & Konstan, 2010) extended Aristotle s rhetoric framework to classify the questions from three social QA systems including answerbag, metafilter, and Yahoo!Answers. The questions were categorized into the classes of deliberate, epideictic, and forensic, and within each class, two subclasses were included, in a manner similar as what is listed below in Table 1. Harper et al. (2010) further examined how important terms, the length, number of responses are associated with each question type. They also studied compound questions, and the linkage between different question type and the type of qualitative value they carry. Page 6 of 45
7 Table 1 Rhetoric Framework of Question Type Deliberate (future-focused) Advice Identification Epideictic (present-focused) (Dis)Approval Quality Forensic (past-focused) Prescriptive Factual III.4. Studies on User-based Q&A Systems Despite all the theories developed for question analysis and automated Q&A, existing question taxonomies have never been applied to examine the question-answer data in a social Q&A environment. During the formative years of social Q&A systems and within recent years, a good number of empirical studies (Gazan, 2006, 2007; Kim et al., 2007; Kim & Oh, 2009; Shah & Pomerrantz, 2010, Harper, et al., 2010; Shah, 2011) have presented results related to these systems. As one of the original developers of the Answerbag system, Gazan conducted several exclusive investigations on the question-answer behavior of the user. His 2007 paper examines users who submit homework questions to the system. Through analyzing 992 homework questions in terms of the number of answers received, ratings obtained, and with further examination of question text, answers, and comments, the author identifies two kinds of questioners: seekers and sloths. While the former typically interact with people by engaging in rounds of conversations about their questions, the latter copy their actual assignment questions verbatim and do not communicate with people who respond to their questions. Evidence from the Answerbag data suggests that seekers have been preferred by the user community, and that the shared responsibility of rating, answering, and commenting on questions has shown to be a very powerful mechanism to control the level of services that users provide to one another in such an environment. In another study, Gazan (2006) focuses on the behavior of users who answer others questions. In sampling nearly 10,000 answers, the author groups the answerers into two categories: specialists and synthesists. The major difference between the two types of answer is that synthesists answers always contain one or more references to external sources. Overall, the synthesists answers were voted to be more useful than the answers by specialists; however, there are specific categories such as parenting, divorce law, criminal law, Mormon religion, or relationships where specialists answers were preferred over synthesists ones. In a study by Kim and her colleagues (2007), 1,200 samples of user comments on best answers in Yahoo!Answers were analyzed. Based on the questioners own comments on why a given answer was chosen as the best to their questions, the researchers performed content analysis to uncover users criteria for answer relevance. The final set of criteria consists of 25 individual items in seven general categories, with general statement added as a one-item category. The criteria categories range from content value, cognitive value, socio-emotional value, extrinsic value, information source value, and utility to general statement. The data show that users applied socio-emotional value related criteria most frequently in presenting their reasons for selecting an answer. In a follow-up study of a more extended sample, Kim and Oh Page 7 of 45
8 (2009) revised their best answer selection criteria to include new elements of rationality, length, taste, and humor. They also revised their grouping of the criteria to some degree. One of the conclusions the authors reached is that the relative importance of criteria varies according to the topic categories (p.725). In a study that examined one month of Yahoo!Answers activities, which included over 1 million questions and over 8.4 million answers, Adamic, Zhang, Bakshy, and Ackerman (2008) also found that the Q&A dynamics vary by topics. Based on thread length, content length, and asker/replier overlap, the authors performed k-means cluster analysis and grouped the datasets into categories of interactive discussion, everyday advice and factual questions. In terms of best answers, Adamic et al. found that reply length, the number of competing answers, and the track record of the user were most significant indicators for an answer being selected as the best. A more recent case study by Bouguessa, Wang and Dumoulin (2010) focused on developing an automatic procedure in identifying knowledge-sharing communities, using Yahoo!Answers as the case. Such a procedure first identifies authoritative users and then discovers the communities that form around them (p. 46). The algorithm developed by the researchers calculates the authority score then used a transactional clustering measure named TRANCLUS to detect communities through askers interaction with authoritative users. The approach was tested through data from six Yahoo!Answers categories that recorded one-year activities. The results showed that Yahoo!Answers user community was more of a dense community structure within each of which askers are closely clustered around one dominant authoritative user (p.46). A recent study by Shah and Pomerantz (2010) looked into how to automatically predict the answer quality of Yahoo!Answers based on a predefined set of criteria. The researchers used the crowd sourcing technique through Amazon Mechanical Turk workers to rate the answer quality based on 13 criteria. Then the authors used automatically extracted features to compare automatic assessment with human assessment. They concluded that the automatic procedure was very robust and achieved over 80% accuracy. In his most recent study, Shah (2011) focuses on properties associated with the best answer, including distribution of answer ratings, the time lapse between a question and best answer, as well as what position the best answer is in a list of answers. Shah (2011) found that while some of the best answers would appear within the first 15 minutes after the question was posted, the majority of the best answer took more than an hour to appear. Shah also found that the sixth answer or the first answer tend to be selected as the best answer. While these studies provide valuable, first-hand reports of user community based Q&A systems, an in-depth, systematic analysis of randomly selected question-answer sets is needed to develop a holistic understanding of user information exchange behavior. Furthermore, none of these studies has used the theories of question taxonomy in the investigation of the questions and corresponding answers. While Kim et al. (2007) and Kim & Oh (2009) look at the criteria people use to choose best answers as well as the relationship between question types (operationally defined by the researchers into three groups: information, suggestion, and opinion) and the criteria, the data they use are only the comments made by the questioner on the chosen answer. It is questionable whether these comments may be examined as stand-alone units, detached from Page 8 of 45
9 the actual question posted and answers provided. Additionally, the focus of their investigation is on the relevance criteria of the answers, rather than the characteristics of questions and answers themselves. In addition, even though Adamic et al. (2008) revealed that reply length and other external factors can predict an answer s possibility of becoming the best answer, these factors are not necessarily applicable in the environment of library and information services where the focus is on the construction of best answers based on some internal characteristics of the answer itself. As a result, research gaps remain in the empirical investigation of user-based Q&A systems through treating question-answer sets as adjacency pairs, fully exploring the linguistic, discourse, and functional properties of questions and answers, and further defining the impact of social interaction on the shaping of how a question is posed, a response is generated, and a best answer is selected. III.5. Sociolinguistic Analysis of Questions While most of the theories and taxonomies of questions and answers discussed above concern the subject content of the questions, the social and pragmatic purposes of questions and answers can be analyzed as well. Graesser et al. (1994) describe these purposes as question generation mechanisms. They represent states that can exist in a questioner s mind that spur the question to be asked. The four question generation mechanisms identified by Graesser and his colleagues include 1) questions that seek to fill in knowledge gaps; 2) questions that establish and monitor common ground; 3) questions that coordinate action of a social nature; and 4) questions that direct the conversation and control attention. Categorizing questions according to these purposes provides a more comprehensive picture of not only the content being sought by the questioner, but also the social motives that, in many cases, are more important to the questioner than the content of the answers themselves. Similarly, Freed s (1994) taxonomy takes into account the social function of questions within conversations as well as their specific informational content. In particular, questions in the relational categories (conversational focus, shared information, phatic information, and elaboration) and the expressive style categories (didactic function, rhetorical function, humor, selfdirected function, and reported speech) convey as much (or more) information to the hearer as they actually seek from the hearer. The sociolinguistic focus in both Graesser et al. (1994) and Freed (1994) is on questions as used in naturalistic conversation. We must recognize that the questions submitted to and answered in Yahoo!Answers are certainly not part of naturalistic conversation, just as reference inquiries (whether made face-to-face or virtually) are not part of truly naturalistic conversations either. However, adding a sociolinguistic component to our analysis of questions will give us a richer account of those factors beyond pure information content that are important both to questioners and answerers. III. 6. Taxonomy Used for This Study In summary, the previous research has provided a rich body of theories, frameworks and empirical knowledge about the nature of questions and answers, which serve as the foundation Page 9 of 45
10 for this research study. The coding schemes employed by the present study were developed primarily based on the following three classification mechanisms from the existing literature: (1) For questions, the wh- question taxonomy by Robinson & Rackstraw (1972) was used, which classifies questions into the categories of who, which, what, when, where, why, and how. (2) For answers, since a description of the composition of an answer would be derived from the examination of sentences that made up the answer, the coding scheme is guided in part through the sentence classification theories. The following sentence typology, modified and synthesized from schemes articulated in Curme (1947) and Sadock & Zwick (1985), was used as the first part of the answer coding: Sentence Type Declarative Imperative Exclamatory Fragmentary Interrogative (3) For comments, the criteria presented by Kim, Oh, & Oh (2007) was applied to code and analyze comments. Note that the criteria and grouping published in Kim & Oh s (2009) paper are somewhat different from their original work. Since the coding scheme was originally developed based on authors 2007 paper, the grouping was also done according to the Kim et al s structure. Note that modifications and expansions have been made to the original schemes. A detailed description of the coding processes is provided in the next section. III. Scope, Methodology, and Data Coding Processes The first step of the project involved setting up a project management tool by using a password-protected wiki page that documents the relevant literature and project progression, with extensive meeting notes on coding decisions. A network drive was set up for storage of datasets. All team members (PI and Co-PI, technological consultant, and research assistant) have access to the wiki page and the network drive. The second step involved data collection and sampling during which a stratified random sample of 3,000 question/answer sets was generated, with those sets stratified based on the 25 top-level categories assigned by Yahoo!Answers. The datasets were generated by the end of May of 2008 and, from June to August 2008, multiple word counting on questions, answers, and comments were performed. During this step the PIs worked closely with the technological consultant to discuss and work around the emerging problems/issues with API performance. The Page 10 of 45
11 research assistant was instructed to generate coding sheets based on the extracted datasheet. Meanwhile, more in-depth reading and literature reviews were performed on question types and answer taxonomy. Starting June 2008, both PIs began performing syntactic coding of questions. Once the questions coding was completed, the coding continued on question descriptions. Then start in November 2009, the coding for answers were conducted, with the PI and a research assistant coding on each answer by the type of sentences and the presences of certain elements such as reference and URL. In early 2010, the coding of comments started also with the PI and a research assistant working together to code the comments according to the criteria specified by Kim, et al. (2007). Additional criteria and their definitions were developed during the process of coding. While data analysis for questions and their descriptions was completed in 2009, the data analysis for answers and comments was performed in July 2011 after the data processing for both coded datasets was completed. IV. 1. Question and Question Description Coding The coding of questions and question contents were based on the wh- question taxonomy (Robinson & Rackstraw, 1972). In addition to the regular categories of who, which, what, etc., a category called inversion was added. Inversion questions are the questions that used an inversion of the word order such as are you do you.. to signal the format of a question. For example, the question are tomatoes a fruit or veggie? was coded as an inversion question. In cases such as do you know where the capital of China is? the question was double coded as both an inversion and a where question. Examples of double coding and special cases were discussed and documented on the project wiki. When the question does not fit into either the wh- categories or the inversion type, it was grouped under the other category. The process of coding of questions and question content involved two coders performing coding individually and then reviewing the coding together to reach consensus on the final coding of each question. The use of informal language presents a challenge for coding; however, the coding itself went on very diligently and efficiently. Figure 1 is a sample coding sheet for questions in the category of Family & Relationships. Table 1 shows the coding results after two coders consolidated and arrived at the final coding. Page 11 of 45
12 Figure 1 Sample Coding Sheet for Questions Table 2 Coding of Question Types Page 12 of 45
13 The coding of question content descriptions (users were given the opportunity when posting a question to provide a detailed description of the question context) were completed by December Figure 2 is a sample coding sheet for the description of the questions using the same categories as the ones for questions. Note that not all the questions had descriptions, so the coding sheet reflects coding for the questions that had descriptions/contents. Figure 2 Sample coding sheet for question content (descriptions) IV.2. Answer Coding The coding of answers took place between late 2008 to late The coding was done by the first PI and a research assistant, with each answer coded separately then confirming/verifying through cross checking. The process of coding answers involved multiple steps as follows: (1) Create a coding sheet for each question; (2) Record the number of sentences in each answer; also record the score for the best answer; (3) Code each sentence in an answer by its question type, which include declarative, imperative, exclamatory, fragment, and imperative. (4) If a sentence contains multiple parts, it was also recorded through a 1 for presence. The frequency of the sentences containing multiple parts was not coded; (5) Finally each answer was coded by whether it contained scientific notation, URL, emoticon, reference, or e-abbreviations. Below is an example for answers containing scientific notations. This particular answer was in the Science and Mathematics category: The question ( AAUzgpG) was: can sum1 help me with dis quadratic prob.? Page 13 of 45
14 The best answer was: q1 1. h(x) = a(x-b)+c = ax - (ab-c) It's just a linear equation that form a line. 2. It is clear that that is a parabolic equation 3. h(x) = ax(xb)(x-c) = (ax^2-abx)(x-c) = ax^3-acx^2-abx^2+abcx it will form a line also. So, the equation that perform a shape is the second equation [the reminder of the answer is excluded here] If an answer contained symbol used for online expression such as ;), it would be coded as having emoticon. The e-abbreviations would be the combination of first letter of each word such as LOL, TTYL, or self-invented spelling abbreviations such as r u, abt, athg, or digi etc. Whether an answer contained URL or reference was also noted. Figure 3 below is a screen shot of the answer coding sheet in a question in the Sports category. Figure 3 Sample coding sheet for answer coding IV.3. Comments Coding The actual coding of comments took place between January and May of The comments are typically askers comments once they gave a score to the best answer. However, not all askers gave a comment and in some cases, people other than askers made some comments. For all the questions that were sampled, there are a total of 1536 that contained comments (about 51% of the questions). Among the comments, there are 1481 made by the askers, which counts for 96% of the comments in the sample. Across the 25 Yahoo!Answers categories, the average number of comments is 61 for total comments, and 59 for comments made by askers. Table 2 gives detailed about the number of comments per category. Note that categories such as Family Relationship Health Society and Culture and Beauty & Style had the highest number of comments, while categories such as Local business, Home Garden and Cars and Transportation had the lowest number of comments. Page 14 of 45
15 Table 3 Number of Comments in the Sample Question Categories No. of Comments No. of Comments Made by Askers Arts&Humanities Beauty&Style Business&Finance Cars&Transportation Computer&Internet ConsumerElectronic Diningout Education&Reference Entertainment&Music Environment Family&Relationships Food&Drink Game&Recreation Health Home&Garden LocalBusiness News&Events Pets Politics&Government Pregnancy&Parenting Science&Math SocialScience Society&Culture Sports Travel Comments were coded based on the 26 criteria developed by Kim et al (2007). Table 3 lists these criteria and the grouping. Note that for most of the analysis, these criteria were treated as individual items, only in one section of the report the criteria were put into different classes for the purpose of comparison. While most of the criteria were given some definitions or examples, these definitions/examples were not necessarily specific or operationalizable. In the process of coding, we developed more concrete definitions of the criteria and also provide specific examples for a criterion. All the coding process was documented on the project wiki page. Figure 4 is a screenshot of the coding examples for one of the criteria Writing Style. Additional criteria such as Answer Extension, Symbols created to cover instances where none of the 25 criteria Page 15 of 45
16 describe. For a complete set of definitions of all criteria, see Appendix A. Figure 5 displays a sample coding sheet for comments made to the answers of a question in the category of Beauty & Style. Table 4 Criteria for Coding Comments Type Criteria Label Grouping Original Criteria Accuracy Content Scope & specificity Clarity Writing style Completeness Existence of particular detail Characteristics Content novelty Cognitive Perspective novelty Understandability Questioner's background/experience Emotional support Social-emotional Answerer's attitude Answerer's effort Answerer's experience Agreement Confirmation Affect External verification Extrinsic Available alternatives Quickness Reference to external sources Information Source Source quality Effectiveness Utility Solution feasibility General Statement Additional Criteria Answer Extension Grouped to Content Symbols Other Questioner's Excitement Grouped to Socialemotional Page 16 of 45
17 Figure 4 Documented coding examples for the criterion writing style. Figure 5 Sample coding sheet for comments Page 17 of 45
18 IV. Data Analysis Data analysis of question and question content was performed both at the descriptive level and inferential level. Descriptive statistics included: frequency of answers provided per question; average length of time to first answer; distribution of subject categories; distribution of question types; and the top categories where a particular type of questions got asked. Factor analysis was performed based on types of questions each category received. Comparisons were also made between data patterns for questions alone and for questions and question description combined. The analysis of answers focused on the characteristics of best answers. The descriptive summaries included (1) the average score for best answers (2) the average number of sentences that made up the best answer; (3) the proportion of the best answers contained sentences that consisted of multiple parts; (4) the proportion of the best answers that are of different types of sentences; and (5) the proportion of the best answers contained elements such as scientific notations, URLs, addresses, references, emoticons, abbreviations, etc. Correlation analysis was performed at multiple levels: (1) the association between the score and various sentence types and the presences of certain elements. (2) the association among sentence types based on their frequencies, (3) the association among elements contained based on their presences in the best answers (4) the association between sentence type and element contained. Furthermore, analysis was also performed on a smaller sample data which consisted on top two best score categories (Home&Garden and News&Events), bottom two best score categories (Beauty&Style, Computer&Internet), and the middle one best score category (Food&Drink). The analysis of comments was centered on examining the comments made by askers. Descriptive summaries were produced on the frequency of criteria mentioned by the askers when commenting on why he/she choose the answer as the best answer. A summary was also provided to list the Yahoo!Answers categories that contained the highest proportions of the comment type. Correlation analysis was performed to ascertain significant associations among various comment criteria. V. Results The report of the results is sequenced by the order of (1) question and question description analysis; (2) answer analysis, and (3) comment analysis. VI.1. Analysis of Questions and Question Descriptions VI.1.1 Average Time Length Taken to Receive the First Answer. Table 4 lists the average number of minutes for a user to post a question and receive the first answer from the user community. The top three categories that took the longest time to get a response were Local Business, Entertainment and Music, and Business and Finance. The categories that received Page 18 of 45
19 quickest answers were Family and Relationships, Pregnancy and Parenting, and Food and Drink. Table 5 Average length (minutes elapsed) to receive the first answer Average length (min.) to receive first answer Family&Relationships 10.8 Pregnancy&Parenting Food&Drink Beauty&Style SocialScience 87.4 Home&Garden Science&Math Health News&Events Society&Culture Arts&Humanities Environment Sports Pets Politics&Gov Cars&Transportation Diningout Computer&Internet Education&Reference Travel 411 ConsumerElectronic 463 Game&Recreation Business&Finance 635 Entertainment&Music LocalBusiness VI.1.2. Average Number of Answers by Categories. In terms of number of answers received for each question within a given category, categories such as pregnancy and parenting and dining out receive more than seven answers per question, while categories such as local business and business and finance received less than three answers per question. Figure 6 illustrates the average number of answers received per question for the 25 Yahoo!Answers categories. Page 19 of 45
20 Figure 6 Average number of answers by category VI.1.3. Question Type. In terms of the type of questions, the frequencies vary based on the categories. For instance, the what questions occurred most frequently in the category of dining out, food and drink, and arts and humanities. The how questions were most frequently seen in the category of home and garden, business and finance and consumer electronics. The categories of society and culture, social sciences, and news events contain the highest number of why questions. Note that the average number of why questions across categories is much smaller than the what or how questions. For inversion questions, the top three categories were news and events, politics and government, and society and culture. Figure 7 provides the average frequency of question type across 25 categories, whereas Table 5 lists only the Yahoo!Answers categories that have the highest frequency by question type. As it is shown from Table 5, Sports had the highest number of who questions, whereas which was popular in asking politics and government questions. Understandably, people mostly asked where questions when concerning local business, and they asked when regarding entertainment and music. In looking at the most popular type of questions get asked in what Yahoo!Answers categories, the data patterns seemed reasonable and interesting. Figures 8-11 display the actual distributions of those wh- questions. Page 20 of 45
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text:
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A developer of business management software designed for the distribution industry.Speak with a DDI System provider
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Product Lines
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Evaluations of DDI System products by market segment:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Rick Bernico Photographer
Toni RodriguezMakeup Artist Female Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines
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The Gibraltar 7614 concert cymbal cradle is one othe best value's out there for the concert or band percussionist. The 7614 holds two hand-held concert cymbals (up to 22" dimater) for easy and quick access.
4700PK Hardware PackDouble Braced Hardware PackThese stands feature low-mass double braced construction with double braced tripod, hinged height adjustment with nylon
The Freestanding Percussion Table from Gibraltar is a 24" x 24" padded fiberglass percussion table surface mounted on a two-tier double brace stand.
This cymbal stands features unique "U" channel legs and braces for strength while maintaining a light weight. The dampened tubes prevent rattles.
This item has been discontinued and we can only sell our remaining stock. Add to cart to check availability and for more information.
This snare stand will hold any of your drums that range in diameter from 13 to 18 inches with no change in height. The innovative snare basket holds drums securely without excess pressure or changing the
The time tested Hamilton Classic Trumpet and Trombone Stands are a lesson in durability. A height adjustable bell-bore tube and a unique "U" channel design to the legs and braces provide for compact storage
Alto and tenor sax stand with tripod base. Adjustable body rest and foam cushions on body rest and bell yokes. Clarinet/flute doubling peg included.
This robust twin alto and tenor sax stand features an adjustable body rest with foam cushions on it and the bell yokes. Secure enough for 2 large bell model tenors, the support posts are removable for easy
Height adjustable trombone stand with adjustable spring loaded bell cup. Collet adjusted height from 29 1/2" to over 40"
Compact stand with height adjustable spring cushioned bell cup. Stand features a fixed height of 16 1/2" and a base spread of 12"
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New Delhi: Congress leader Tom Vadakkan lashed out at the Delhi Police for barging into Kerala House in the national capital for allegedly serving beef, and accused the latter of indulging in 'moral policing'.
"I have eaten at Kerala Bhawan, beef was never served there. Delhi police is indulging in moral policing on Hindu Sena's orders," Vadakkan told ANI.
According to reports, Delhi Police has claimed that they initiated action after getting a PCR call from a right-wing group.
The police went to the Kerala House to carry out a precautionary check, but found nothing.
The right-wing group in question is reportedly Hindu Sena, which had earlier attacked Jammu and Kashmir independent MLA Engineer Rashid with ink for hosting a beef party. (ANI)


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Let us know when your receive great advice so we can thank our lawyers and point others with similar questions in the right direction.Got it!
I reported a sexual act viewed on a web cam involving a 5 month old and his father and only provided the time date and the fathers cell phone number and 4 months later I was detained and all my computers and cell phone were taken. I live across the country and now am threatened with prosecution if any child porn is found on any of my equipment which there is none???
The current state of the law, as well as the philosophy of many prosecutors is very aggressive with regard to child pornography. Without knowing more about the nature of the call or how you came to view the web cam images, I can't advise you about whether they will approach it as the report of a concerned citizen or as an anonymous confession. Even turning over a copy of any saved video file could be couched either way.
With regard to the anonymous nature of the call, there is usually an exception if the Social Worker believes that disclosure can prevent further or more serious abuse.
You need a competent attorney experienced in federal and state matters to advise you on this.
Under PA law, the identity of the reporter (called referral source) of suspected child abuse is highly protected. Any disclosure in PA is a crime graded as a misdeanor. On the other hand, development, product or possession of child pornography is an extremely serious situation. You should not delay, and go consult with and retain an attorney!Ask a similar question
If there is none, you have nothing to worry about. The more important question is how you came to view the act that you reported. It probably didn't pass the police's sniff test. I am sure there is more to this story. You should consult with a criminal defense attorney who is experienced in sexual abuse cases. Call us at 215-625-4547 for help.
Carina Laguzzi, EsquireAsk a similar question
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