text:
JwtAuthProvider is our integrated Auth solution for the popular JSON Web Tokens (JWT) industry standard which is easily enabled by registering the
JwtAuthProvider with the
AuthFeature plugin:
Plugins.Add(new AuthFeature(...,
new IAuthProvider[] {
new JwtAuthProvider(AppSettings) { AuthKey = AesUtils.CreateKey() },
new CredentialsAuthProvider(AppSettings),
At a minimum you'll need to specify the
AuthKey that will be used to Sign and Verify JWT tokens.
Whilst creating a new one in memory as above will work, a new Auth Key will be created every time the
AppDomain recycles which will invalidate all existing JWT Tokens created with the previous key.
So you'll typically want to generate the AuthKey out-of-band and configure it with the
JwtAuthProvider at
registration which you can do in code using any of the AppSettings providers:
new JwtAuthProvider(AppSettings) {
AuthKeyBase64 = AppSettings.GetString("AuthKeyBase64")
Or alternatively you can configure most
JwtAuthProvider properties in your Web.config
(default AppSettings Provider) following the
jwt.{PropertyName} format:
<add key="jwt.AuthKeyBase64" value="{Base64AuthKey}" />
As with all crypto keys you'll want to keep them confidential as if anyone gets a hold of your AuthKey they'll be able to forge and sign their own JWT tokens letting them be able to impersonate any user, roles or permissions!
The JWT Auth Provider defaults to
RequireSecureConnection=true which mandates for Authentication via either Provider to happen over a secure (HTTPS) connection as both bearer tokens should be kept highly confidential. You can specify
RequireSecureConnection=false to disable this requirement for testing or within controlled internal environments.
JWT Tokens can be sent using the Bearer Token support in all HTTP and Service Clients:
var client = new JsonServiceClient(baseUrl) {
BearerToken = jwtToken
var response = await "https://example.org/secured".GetJsonFromUrlAsync(
requestFilter: req => req.AddBearerToken(jwtToken));
The Service Clients offer additional high-level functionality where it's able to transparently request
a new JWT Token after it expires by handling when the configured JWT Token becomes invalidated in the
OnAuthenticationRequired callback. Here we can retrieve a new JWT Token that we can fetch using a
different Service Client accessing a centralized and independent Auth Microservice that's configured with
both API Key and JWT Token Auth Providers. We can fetch a new JWT Token by calling ServiceStack's
Authenticate Service with our secret API Key (that by default never invalidates unless revoked).
If authenticated, sending an empty
Authenticate() DTO will return the currently Authenticated User Info
that also generates a new JWT Token from the User's Authenticated Session and returns it in the
Response DTO property which we can use to update our invalidated JWT Token.
All together we can configure our Service Client to transparently refresh expired JWT Tokens with just:
var authClient = JsonServiceClient(centralAuthBaseUrl) {
Credentials = new NetworkCredential(apiKey, "")
var client = new JsonServiceClient(baseUrl);
client.OnAuthenticationRequired = () => {
client.BearerToken = authClient.Send(new Authenticate()).BearerToken;
To improve accessibility with Ajax clients JWT Tokens can also be sent using the
ss-tok Cookie, e.g:
var client = new JsonServiceClient(baseUrl);
client.SetCookie("ss-tok", jwtToken);
//Equivalent to:
We'll walk through an example of how you can access JWT Tokens as well as how you can convert Authenticated Sessions into JWT Tokens and assign it to use a Secure and HttpOnly Cookie later on.
A nice property of JWT tokens is that they allow for truly stateless authentication where API Keys and user credentials can be maintained in a decentralized Auth Service that's kept isolated from the rest of your System, making them optimal for use in Microservice architectures.
Being self-contained lends JWT tokens to more scalable, performant and flexible architectures as they don't require any I/O or any state to be accessed from App Servers to validate the JWT Tokens, this is unlike all other Auth Providers which requires at least a DB, Cache or Network hit to authenticate the user.
A good introduction into JWT is available from the JWT website: jwt.io/introduction/ whilst JWT vs Sessions is a good article on advantages of using JWT instead of Sessions.
Essentially JWT's consist of 3 parts separated by
. with each part encoded in
Base64url Encoding making it safe to encode both text and
binary using only URL-safe (i.e. non-escaping required) chars in the following format:
Where just like the API Key, JWT's can be sent as a Bearer Token in the
Authorization HTTP Request Header.
The header typically consists of two parts: the type of the token and the hashing algorithm being used which is typically just:
"alg": "HS256",
"typ": "JWT"
We also send the "kid" Key Id used to identify which key should be used to validate the signature to help with seamless key rotations in future. If not specified the KeyId defaults to the first 3 chars of the Base64 HMAC or RSA Public Key Modulus.
The Payload contains the essential information of a JWT Token which is made up of "claims", i.e. statements and metadata about a user which are categorized into 3 groups:
We use the Payload to store essential information about the user which we use to validate the token and populate the session. Which typically contains:
JwtAuthProvider.Issuer, defaults to ssjwt
InvalidateTokensIssuedBefore to invalidate tokens issued before a specific date
JwtAuthProvider.ExpireTokensIn from date of issue (default 14 days)
JwtAuthProvider.Audience, defaults to
null (Optional)
The remaining information in the JWT Payload is used to populate the Users Session, to maximize interoperability we've used the most appropriate Public Claim Names where possible:
We also need to capture Users Roles and Permissions but as there's no Public Claim Name for this yet we're using Azure's Active Directory Conventions where User Roles are stored in roles as a JSON Array and similarly, Permissions are stored in perms.
To keep the JWT Token small we're only storing the essential User Info above in the Token, which means when
the Token is restored it will only be partially populated. You can detect when a Session was partially
populated from a JWT Token with the new
FromToken boolean property.
Whilst only limited info is embedded in the payload by default, all matching
properties embedded in the token will also be populated on the Session, which you can add to the payload
using the
CreatePayloadFilter delegate. So if you also want to have access to when the user was registered
you can add it to the payload with:
new JwtAuthProvider(AppSettings)
CreatePayloadFilter = (payload,session) =>
payload["CreatedAt"] = session.CreatedAt.ToUnixTime().ToString()
You can also use the filter to modify any existing property which you can use to change the behavior of the JWT Token, e.g. we can add a special exception extending the JWT Expiration to all Users from Acme Inc with:
new JwtAuthProvider(AppSettings)
CreatePayloadFilter = (payload,session) => {
if (session.Email.EndsWith("@acme.com"))
payload["exp"] = DateTime.UtcNow.AddYears(1).ToUnixTime().ToString();
Likewise you can modify JWT Headers with the
CreateHeaderFilter delegate and modify how the Users Session
is populated with the
JWT Tokens are possible courtesy of the cryptographic signature added to the end of the message that's used
to Authenticate and Verify that a Message hasn't been tampered with. As long as the message signature
validates with our
AuthKey we can be certain the contents of the message haven't changed from when it was
created by either ourselves or someone else with access to our AuthKey.
JWT standard allows for a number of different Hashing Algorithms although requires at least the HM256
HMAC SHA-256 to be supported which is the default. The full list of Symmetric HMAC and Asymmetric RSA
JwtAuthProvider supports include:
HMAC is the simplest to use as it lets you use the same AuthKey to Sign and Verify the message.
But if preferred you can use an RSA Key to sign and verify tokens by changing the
HashAlgorithm and
specifying a RSA Private Key:
new JwtAuthProvider(AppSettings) {
HashAlgorithm = "RS256",
PrivateKeyXml = AppSettings.GetString("PrivateKeyXml")
If you don't have a RSA Private Key, one can be created with:
var privateKey = RsaUtils.CreatePrivateKeyParams(RsaKeyLengths.Bit2048);
And its public key can be extracted using
ToPublicRsaParameters() extension method, e.g:
var publicKey = privateKey.ToPublicRsaParameters();
Then to serialize RSA Keys, you can then export them to XML with:
var privateKeyXml = privateKey.ToPrivateKeyXml()
var publicKeyXml = privateKey.ToPublicKeyXml();
The behavior of using RSA to sign the JWT Tokens is mostly transparent but instead of using the AuthKey to both Sign and Verify the JWT Payload, it's signed with the Private Key and verified using the Public Key. New tokens will also have the alg JWT Header set to RS256 to reflect the new HashAlgorithm used.
Something that's not immediately obvious is that while JWT Tokens are signed to prevent tampering and verify authenticity, they're not encrypted and can easily be read by decoding the URL-safe Base64 string. This is a feature of JWT where it allows Client Apps to inspect the User's claims and hide functionality they don't have access to, it also means that JWT Tokens are debuggable and can be inspected for whenever you need to track down unexpected behavior.
But there may be times when you want to embed sensitive information in your JWT Tokens in which case you'll want to enable Encryption, which can be done with:
new JwtAuthProvider(AppSettings) {
PrivateKeyXml = AppSettings.GetString("PrivateKeyXml"),
EncryptPayload = true
When turning on encryption, tokens are instead created following the JSON Web Encryption (JWE) standard where they'll be encoded in the 5-part JWE Compact Serialization format:
BASE64URL(UTF8(JWE Protected Header)) || '.' ||
BASE64URL(JWE Encrypted Key) || '.' ||
BASE64URL(JWE Initialization Vector) || '.' ||
BASE64URL(JWE Ciphertext) || '.' ||
BASE64URL(JWE Authentication Tag)
JwtAuthProvider's JWE implementation uses RSAES OAEP for Key Encryption and AES/128/CBC HMAC SHA256 for Content Encryption, closely following JWE's AES_128_CBC_HMAC_SHA_256 Example where a new MAC Auth and AES Crypt Key and IV are created for each Token. The Content Encryption Key (CEK) used to Encrypt and Authenticate the payload is encrypted using the Public Key and decrypted with the Private Key so only Systems with access to the Private Key will be able to Decrypt, Validate and Read the Token's payload.
One of JWT's most appealing features is its ability to decouple the System that provides User Authentication Services and issues tokens from all the other Systems but are still able provide protected Services although no longer needs access to a User database or Session data store to facilitate it, as sessions can now be embedded in Tokens and its state maintained and sent by clients instead of accessed from each App Server. This is ideal for Microservice architectures where Auth Services can be isolated into a single externalized System.
With this use-case in mind we've decoupled
JwtAuthProvider in 2 classes:
JwtAuthProviderReader to also be able to Issue, Encrypt and provide access to tokens
This lets us configure our Microservices that we want to enable Authentication via JWT Tokens down to just:
public override void Configure(Container container)
Plugins.Add(new AuthFeature(() => new AuthUserSession(),
new IAuthProvider[] {
new JwtAuthProviderReader(AppSettings) {
HashAlgorithm = "RS256",
PublicKeyXml = AppSettings.GetString("PublicKeyXml")
Or if you want to just use a single AuthKey for both Issuing and Validating tokens:
Plugins.Add(new AuthFeature(() => new AuthUserSession(),
new [] { new JwtAuthProviderReader(AppSettings) }));
Which can be configured in AppSettings:
<add key="jwt.AuthKeyBase64" value="{Base64AuthKey}" />
Which no longer needs access to a IUserAuthRepository or Sessions since they're populated entirely from JWT Tokens. Whilst you can use the default HS256 HashAlgorithm, RSA is ideal for this use-case as you can limit access to the PrivateKey to only the central Auth Service issuing the tokens and then only distribute the PublicKey to each Service which needs to validate them.
As we can now contain all our Systems Auth Functionality to a single System we can open it up to support multiple Auth Providers as it only needs to be maintained in a central location but is still able to benefit all our Microservices that are only configured to validate JWT Tokens.
Here's a popular Auth Server configuration example which stores all User Auth information as well as User Sessions in SQL Server and is configured to support many of ServiceStack's Auth and OAuth providers:
public override void Configure(Container container)
//Store UserAuth in SQL Server
var dbFactory = new OrmLiteConnectionFactory(
AppSettings.GetString("LiveDb"), SqlServerDialect.Provider);
container.Register<IAuthRepository>(c =>
new OrmLiteAuthRepository(dbFactory) { UseDistinctRoleTables = true });
//Create UserAuth RDBMS Tables
//Also store User Sessions in SQL Server
container.RegisterAs<OrmLiteCacheClient, ICacheClient>();
//Add Support for
Plugins.Add(new AuthFeature(() => new AuthUserSession(),
new IAuthProvider[] {
new JwtAuthProvider(AppSettings) {
HashAlgorithm = "RS256",
PrivateKeyXml = AppSettings.GetString("PrivateKeyXml")
new ApiKeyAuthProvider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with API Key
new CredentialsAuthProvider(), //Sign-in with UserName/Password credentials
new BasicAuthProvider(), //Sign-in with HTTP Basic Auth
new DigestAuthProvider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with HTTP Digest Auth
new TwitterAuthProvider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with Twitter
new FacebookAuthProvider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with Facebook
new YahooOpenIdOAuthProvider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with Yahoo OpenId
new OpenIdOAuthProvider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with Custom OpenId
new GoogleOAuth2Provider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with Google OAuth2 Provider
new LinkedInOAuth2Provider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with LinkedIn OAuth2 Provider
new GithubAuthProvider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with GitHub OAuth Provider
new YandexAuthProvider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with Yandex OAuth Provider
new VkAuthProvider(AppSettings), //Sign-in with VK.com OAuth Provider
With this setup we can Authenticate using any of the supported Auth Providers with our central Auth Server, retrieve the generated Token and use it to communicate with any our Microservices configured to validate tokens:
var authClient = new JsonServiceClient(centralAuthBaseUrl) {
Credentials = new NetworkCredential(apiKey, "")
var jwtToken = authClient.Send(new Authenticate()).BearerToken;
var client = new JsonServiceClient(service1BaseUrl) { BearerToken = jwtToken };
var response = client.Get(new Secured { ... });
var authClient = new JsonServiceClient(centralAuthBaseUrl) {
Credentials = new NetworkCredential(username, password)
var jwtToken = authClient.Send(new Authenticate()).BearerToken;
var authClient = new JsonServiceClient(centralAuthBaseUrl);
var jwtToken = authClient.Send(new Authenticate {
provider = "credentials",
UserName = username,
Password = password
Just like JWT Tokens, Refresh Tokens are populated on the
AuthenticateResponse DTO after successfully
authenticating via any registered Auth Provider, e.g:
var response = client.Post(new Authenticate {
provider = "credentials",
UserName = userName,
Password = password,
var jwtToken = response.BearerToken;
var refreshToken = response.RefreshToken;
RefreshToken property in all Service Clients can be used to instruct the client to automatically
retrieve a new JWT Token behind-the-scenes when the original JWT token has expired, e.g:
var client = new JsonServiceClient(baseUrl) {
BearerToken = jwtToken,
RefreshToken = refreshToken,
var response = client.Send(new Secured());
You don't even need to configure the client with a JWT Token as it will also fetch a new one on first use:
var client = new JsonServiceClient(baseUrl) {
RefreshToken = refreshToken,
var response = client.Send(new Secured());
By default Service Clients will assume they should call the same ServiceStack Instance at the BaseUrl it's
configured with to fetch new JWT Tokens. If instead refresh tokens need to be sent to a different server,
it can be specified using the
RefreshTokenUri property, e.g:
var client = new JsonServiceClient(baseUrl) {
RefreshToken = refreshToken,
RefreshTokenUri = authBaseUrl + "/access-token"
For the case when Refresh Tokens themselves expire the
WebServiceException is wrapped in a typed
RefreshTokenException to make it easier to handle initiating the flow to re-authenticate the User, e.g:
var response = client.Send(new Secured());
catch (RefreshTokenException ex)
// re-authenticate to get new RefreshToken
The default expiry time of JWT and Refresh Tokens below can be overridden when registering the
new JwtAuthProvider {
ExpireTokensIn = TimeSpan.FromDays(14), // JWT Token Expiry
ExpireRefreshTokensIn = TimeSpan.FromDays(365), // Refresh Token Expiry
These expiry times are use-case specific so you'll want to check what values are appropriate for your System.
ExpireTokensIn property controls how long a client is allowed to make Authenticated Requests with the same JWT Token, whilst the
ExpireRefreshTokensIn property controls how long the client can keep requesting new JWT Tokens using the same Refresh Token before needing to re-authenticate and generate a new one.
One limitation for Refresh Tokens support is that it must be configured to use a User Auth Repository which is the persisted data source used to rehydrate the User Session that's embedded in the JWT Token.
Another useful Service that
JwtAuthProvider provides is being able to Convert your current Authenticated
Session into a Token. Authenticating via Credentials Auth establishes an Authenticated Session with the
server which is captured in the
Session Cookies
that gets populated on the HTTP Client. This lets us access protected Services immediately after we've
successfully Authenticated, e.g:
var authResponse = client.Send(new Authenticate {
provider = "credentials",
UserName = username,
Password = password
var response = client.Get(new Secured { ... });
However this only establishes an Authenticated Session to a single Server that only lasts until the
session stored on the Server is valid. The easiest way to tell ServiceStack to convert the Session into a
stateless JWT Cookie instead is to set the
UseTokenCookie option when authenticating, e.g:
var authResponse = client.Send(new Authenticate {
provider = "credentials",
UserName = username,
Password = password,
UseTokenCookie = true
//Uses stateless ss-tok Cookie with our Session encapsulated in JWT Token
var response = client.Get(new Secured { ... });
var jwtToken = client.GetTokenCookie(); //From ss-tok Cookie
This also removes the our Session from the App Servers Cache as now the Users Authenticated Session is contained solely in the JWT Cookie and is valid until the JWT Cookies Expiration, instead of determined by Server Session State.
Another way we can access our Token is to call the
ConvertSessionToToken Service which also converts our
currently Authenticated Session into a JWT Token which we can use instead to communicate with all our
independent Services, e.g:
var tokenResponse = client.Send(new ConvertSessionToToken());
var jwtToken = client.GetTokenCookie(); //From ss-tok Cookie
var client2 = new JsonServiceClient(service2BaseUrl) { BearerToken = jwtToken };
var response = client2.Get(new Secured2 { ... });
var client3 = new JsonServiceClient(service3BaseUrl) { BearerToken = jwtToken };
var response = client3.Get(new Secured3 { ... });
Tokens are returned in the Secure HttpOnly ss-tok Cookie, accessible from the
extension method as seen above.
The default behavior of
ConvertSessionToToken is to remove the Current Session from the Auth Server
which will prevent access to protected Services using our previously Authenticated Session.
If you still want to preserve your existing Session you can indicate this with:
var tokenResponse = client.Send(new ConvertSessionToToken { PreserveSession = true });
Using Cookies is the
recommended way for using JWT Tokens in Web Applications
since the
HttpOnly Cookie flag will prevent it from being accessible from JavaScript making them immune
to XSS attacks whilst the
Secure flag will ensure that the JWT Token is only ever transmitted over HTTPS.
You can convert your Session into a Token and set the ss-tok Cookie in your web page by sending an Ajax
request to
/session-to-token, e.g:
Likewise this API lets you convert Sessions created by any of the OAuth providers into a stateless JWT Token.
Thanks to the flexibility and benefits of using stateless JWT Tokens, we've upgraded both our Single Page App techstacks.io Website which uses Twitter and Github OAuth to use JWT with a single Ajax call:
Whilst Gistlyn uses the new Fetch API to convert an existing Github OAuth into a JWT Token Cookie:
fetch("/session-to-token", { method:"POST", credentials:"include" });
We've also upgraded servicestack.net which as it uses normal Username/Password Credentials Authentication
(i.e. instead of redirects in OAuth), it doesn't need any additional network calls as we can add the
option as a hidden variable in our FORM request:
<form id="form-login" action="/auth/login">
<input type="hidden" name="UseTokenCookie" value="true" />
Which just like
ConvertSessionToToken returns a populated session in the ss-tok Cookie so now
both techstacks.io and servicestack.net can maintain
uninterrupted Sessions across multiple redeployments without a persistent Sessions cache.
You can specify multiple fallback AES Auth Keys and RSA Public Keys to allow for smooth key rotations to newer Auth Keys whilst simultaneously being able to verify JWT Tokens signed with a previous key.
The fallback keys can be configured in code when registering the
new JwtAuthProvider {
AuthKey = authKey2016,
FallbackAuthKeys = {
PrivateKey = privateKey2016,
FallbackPublicKeys = {
Or in AppSettings:
<add key="jwt.AuthKeyBase64" value="{AuthKey2016Base64}" />
<add key="jwt.AuthKeyBase64.1" value="{AuthKey2015Base64}" />
<add key="jwt.AuthKeyBase64.2" value="{AuthKey2014Base64}" />
<add key="jwt.PrivateKeyXml" value="{PrivateKey2016Xml}" />
<add key="jwt.PublicKeyXml.1" value="{PublicKeyXml2015Xml}" />
<add key="jwt.PublicKeyXml.2" value="{PublicKeyXml2014Xml}" />
You can retrieve the JWT Token string from the current
IRequest with:
string jwt = req.GetJwtToken();
You can manually convert JWT Tokens into User Sessions with:
var userSession = JwtAuthProviderReader.CreateSessionFromJwt(base.Request);
Which is essentially a shorthand for:
var jwtProvider = (JwtAuthProviderReader)AuthenticateService.GetAuthProvider("jwt");
var userSession = jwtProvider.ConvertJwtToSession(base.Request, req.GetJwtToken());
The JWT Auth Provider provides the following options to customize its behavior:
class JwtAuthProviderReader
// The RSA Bit Key Length to use
static RsaKeyLengths UseRsaKeyLength = RsaKeyLengths.Bit2048
// Different HMAC Algorithms supported
Dictionary<string, Func<byte[], byte[], byte[]>> HmacAlgorithms
// Different RSA Signing Algorithms supported
Dictionary<string, Func<RSAParameters, byte[], byte[]>> RsaSignAlgorithms
Dictionary<string, Func<RSAParameters, byte[], byte[], bool>> RsaVerifyAlgorithms
// Whether to only allow access via API Key from a secure connection. (default true)
bool RequireSecureConnection
// Run custom filter after JWT Header is created
Action<JsonObject, IAuthSession> CreateHeaderFilter
// Run custom filter after JWT Payload is created
Action<JsonObject, IAuthSession> CreatePayloadFilter
// Run custom filter after session is restored from a JWT Token
Action<IAuthSession, JsonObject, IRequest> PopulateSessionFilter
// Whether to encrypt JWE Payload (default false).
// Uses RSA-OAEP for Key Encryption and AES/128/CBC HMAC SHA256 for Content Encryption
bool EncryptPayload
// Which Hash Algorithm should be used to sign the JWT Token. (default HS256)
string HashAlgorithm
// Whether to only allow processing of JWT Tokens using the configured HashAlgorithm.
bool RequireHashAlgorithm
// The Issuer to embed in the token. (default ssjwt)
string Issuer
// The Audience to embed in the token. (default null)
string Audience
// What Id to use to identify the Key used to sign the token. (3 chars of Base64 Key)
string KeyId
// The AuthKey used to sign the JWT Token
byte[] AuthKey
// Convenient overload to initialize AuthKey with Base64 string
string AuthKeyBase64
// The RSA Private Key used to Sign the JWT Token when RSA is used
RSAParameters? PrivateKey
// Convenient overload to intialize the Private Key via exported XML
string PrivateKeyXml
// The RSA Public Key used to Verify the JWT Token when RSA is used
RSAParameters? PublicKey
// Convenient overload to intialize the Public Key via exported XML
string PublicKeyXml
// How long should JWT Tokens be valid for. (default 14 days)
TimeSpan ExpireTokensIn
// Convenient overload to initialize ExpireTokensIn with an Integer
int ExpireTokensInDays
// How long should JWT Refresh Tokens be valid for. (default 365 days)
TimeSpan ExpireRefreshTokensIn
// Allow custom logic to invalidate JWT Tokens
Func<JsonObject, IRequest, bool> ValidateToken
// Allow custom logic to invalidate Refresh Tokens
Func<JsonObject, IRequest, bool> ValidateRefreshToken
// Whether to invalidate all JWT Tokens issued before a specified date.
DateTime? InvalidateTokensIssuedBefore
// Whether to populate the Bearer Token in the AuthenticateResponse
bool SetBearerTokenOnAuthenticateResponse
// Modify the registration of ConvertSessionToToken Service
Dictionary<Type, string[]> ServiceRoutes
More examples of both the new API Key and JWT Auth Providers are available in StatelessAuthTests and JWT Token Cookie Example.


text:
IDK, man. Why is the rest of the car clean?
And how much would a new windshield cost – $2300?
What else is busted already on this low-quality ride? Look closer, Gentle Reader.
IDK, man. Why is the rest of the car clean?
And how much would a new windshield cost – $2300?
What else is busted already on this low-quality ride? Look closer, Gentle Reader.
See if you can follow this one, from the Helen Lovejoys of Frisco, Incorporated:
"In 1992, San francisco Beautiful established a taskforce that included publishers, community groups, DPW, and the City Attorneys to forge a plan that would eliminate the clutter and hazards of unmitigated newsracks while preserving the publications right to sell papers. The City instituted a pilot program which resulted in the development of a pedestal mounted newsrack. The response was positive and the Public Works Code was amended to create pedestal mounted newsrack zones. Due to the decline in printed news circulation, these racks have become a contributing factor to cluttering and blighting our sidewalks"
Well, let's see, some things are just wrong here, with this self-serving account, and other salient matters, like the huge costs this program has stuck all of us with, have been conveniently omitted. Anywho, what comes through is that the ugly busybodies about town collectively known as San Francisco Beautiful got just what they wanted but now they're not happy.
What would you call this – a tax on the media, a fee on the media? These workers drive over from the East Bay to lovingly maintain mostly empty PedMount news racks and then send the bill whatever media entity what's still operating in Frisco. It Takes A Village to maintain a news rack – look at all this paraphernalia:
And then they beep the bar code to prove they really came. What is this for?
What a horrible idea this was.
How much has it cost us, over the years?
Our BofA Building, the largest in Frisco, is known by one and all as "Triple Five Cal" AFAIK, but there was an effort to start calling it the Triple Nickel not too long ago. Oh, and Donald Trump owns a piece of it, so that explains the "sort of."
Anyway, the whole sawtoothed design on the exterior was so that every windowed office was a corner office. See?
(Afore the Carnelian Room went out of biz I sat for dinner in one of these corners on the second highest floor – San Francisco Magazine (the actual physical magazine) had a coupon (made of cardboard, an insert) inside what said "Complete Dinner For Two" for just $49.95. "Score," I said. 180 degrees of window, man. Ah memories. I suppose I had the same view as all the office workers. Impressive, sure. The view, that is.)
But how do you clean the windows – like this, with a giant telescoping arm what needs to jut out more and more as the workers descend?
Wow, a little scary…
Nobody checked with me on this.
Anyway, somebody climbed up there a few days ago, you know, naked.
And here's how things looked back in the day:
What'll happen next at San Francisco Designated Landmark #73?
Here you go – look who's parking on busy Fulton, smack dab in the middle of the street:
It's CCSI, whatever that is. Oh, it's a cleaning company out of Burlingame? So what gives them the right to park illegally? Is it the orange cones? Or it's just some technique developed over the years, ala Telstar Logistics?
Hey, is this kosher?
But it looks like illegal parking is a part of CCSI's bidness model:
And the kicker? Ohio plates on the back of the truck.
That's the kicker.
And at the end of the day, CCSI execs count their fat stacks and laugh at poor poor Ed Reiskin…
Does SFGov tax newspapers to run these green monsters?
Yes. Yes it does.
Mayor Willie Brown didn't like this, so now we have this.
Most of these green boxes are empty most of the time.
Every so often, people come by to clean the big, green mostly-empty-all-the-time Pedmounts by illegally parking in bus zones, or simply double parking. The workers need to scan a barcode inside the Pedmounts to prove that they actually visited, cause, you know, it's hard to actually tell what good they're doing.
These Pedmounts were a bad idea from the beginning and they're an even worser idea now, in this day and age. (We also have to pay for them by having all these giant 17-foot-tall ads on sidewalks.)
Oh well.
I'd seen the collected cars, but not the car collector(s) themselves, until now:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Det här är en gammal arkiverad spelning
Isabella Lundgren + Linda Lampenius (FI) + Frida Öhrn + Bo "Kasper" Sundström + Tomas Andersson Wij
Källa: facebook.com
Isabella Lundgren
Linda Lampenius (FI)
Linda Brava (born Linda Lampenius February 26, 1970, in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish classical violinist and recording artist.
Brava first came into the public spotlight as a child prodigy on the violin, performing on Finnish TV countless times since the age of eight. Around the same time, she was performing as a soloist of the Helsinki Strings, playing in concerts in London, New York, Tokyo and others. Brava's first solo appearance with a professional orchestra took place at the age of 11, when she performed with the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra. After years of studying at the world-renowned Sibelius Academy and playing the 1st violin in the Finnish National Opera Orchestra, she started a full-time career as a soloist ...
Frida Öhrn
Frida Öhrn was the lead singer of Oh Laura. She is now a vocalist in the group Cookies 'n' Beans Read more on Last.fm . User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License; additional terms may apply.
Bo "Kasper" Sundström
Tomas Andersson Wij
Svensk singer/songwriter född och uppvuxen i Stockholm. Tidigare verksam som kulturjournalist på både Svenska Dagbladet och Expressen. Sjunger ofta om sin frikyrkliga uppväxt i Stockholmsförorten Fruängen. Read more on Last.fm . User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License; additional terms may apply.


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Red Onion with Teapot 9x12 in. Oil on panel
painting by artist Hall Groat II
12 in X 9 in (30.5 cm X 22.9 cm)
Oil on panel
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|China Tours
|City Guide
|Client's Testimonial
India, the second most populous country in the world. With its long and rich history, it retains many outstanding archaeological landmarks; Delhi, the capital city of India; Agra, Taj Mahal; Goa with sunny and sandy beaches; those places will bring you to feel the mysterious country!
You can take international flights to Delhi which is renowned for its thousand-year long history and surrounded by seven ancient cities. Upon arrival, the guide will transfer you to check in at the hotel, and then you can manage your time flexibly to have a preliminary impression of the distinctive charm of India.
After breakfast, you will go to the ancient Agra and then visit the Taj Mahal, one of the seven wonders of the world. It is an Islamic-style mausoleum, constructed for 22 years with white marble collected from the Deccan Plateau. After that, you will proceed to the Agra Fort, a castle built of red sandstone and thus known as Red Fort. With the carvings and designs on the beams and walls, it still maintains its grandeur of the past times. After the whole day's visit, you will check in the hotel of Agra and have dinner.
You will begin the visit of the "Pink City" Jaipur after breakfast. Upon arrival, you could tour in the well-known City Palace Museum, which displays valuable old two-wheeled chariots, water urn filled with holy water of the Ganges river, Maharadja costumes, musical instruments, weapons and various containers and so on. Then you could go to the Wind Palace, which is the architectural masterpiece in the mid-18th century, and take some photos. People will be impressed by its outlook looking like a pink hill. After that you can go to the local market for shopping.
This morning, there is a visit to the celebrated Amber Fort. On the way, you could also have a look at the Water Palace in the lake. The Amber Fort consists of a number of palaces built with cream-colored, yellow, red and pure white stones harmoniously. You can also enjoy the distinctive flavor of the castle by riding an elephant. After lunch, you will proceed to Jodpur by bus. As the most important leather trade area in Rajasthan Province, Jodpur is dubbed as "Blue City" for its walls painted blue and white.
You will visit the Mehrangarh Fort this morning, which is located 125 meters above the giant cliffs and created by chiseling on the hard sandstones. It was built with walls and moat around it. One can overlook the breathtaking scenery of the Blue City on the fort. Then you will go sightseeing of Moti Mahal, Umaid Bhawan Palace useum, and Museum of the Royal Ordnance. After that, you will drive to Udaipur, the most romantic city in Rajasthan Province. It is hailed as the miracle in the desert for its picturesque scenery and abundant agricultural products. On the way, you could visit the Bishnoi village and Rajasthan to experience the local residence and fantastic landscape.
Firstly, you will visit the artificial lake- Lake Fateh Sagar and then take a boat on the Lake Pichola. The lake is located in the center of the city, with two beautiful palaces as its most spectacular landscape. There are also the Palace Hotel on the lake and the Queens maid gardens, and Jagdish Temple. When the tour ends, you will take a night train to New Delhi.
As soon as the train arrives, you will be transferred to visit the Raj Ghat, and then drive through the streets of old Delhi. Upon arriving in New Delhi, you could go to the Office of the President with European style, the Parliament House as the symbol of modern Delhi, and the Central Government Avenue. In addition, there are the India Gate in the shape of the Arc de Triomphe and the Lotus Temple known as the second Sydney Opera House. Tonight, you will be served with exotic Indian food.
After breakfast, you will go to the airport and take your flight back to home. Wish you a nice journey!


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Many people wonder where our children come from and often ask if they are all "true' orphans. They are not. In fact, we prefer to call ourselves a Children's Center rather than an Orphanage. But the name still conjurs up children with no parents at all.
The reality is, our center encompasses a wide range of children who would be in the Social Services system in the United States. But because countries like Mozambique rarely have a foster care system or a very developed adoption system, children most often end up in children's centers.
Our children come to live with us for a large variety of reasons.
*Full orphans with no known parents or family.
*Parents are deceased or unknown and the extended family can't or won't provide for them.
*One or both parents are known and "in the picture" but can't or won't provide for them.
*One or both parents are "in the picture" but the children have been removed from the home by the police or social welfare. This can be for as many reasons as you can imagine: sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, alcoholism, mental illness, prostitution, abandonment, etc.
One of the saddest scenarios of how our children arrive is when the mother meets a new man and he doesn't want another man's children. That can result in the children being kicked out of the house outright or in neglect or abuse until the children leave on their own or someone contacts the authorities and the children are removed. This is heartbreaking. Obviously, it is hard to imagine how a mother can allow this but often women feel like they have no choice and often have children with the new partner that they need to care for as well.
This scenario also sheds some light on why we have so many more boys than girls, about 3-1. The girls in Mozambican culture do all of the housework, the cooking, cleaning, carrying water, collecting wood, gardening, etc. So females are handy to have around. And, they are not as threatening to a man as another man's sons are. Also, boys are more likely to leave home to try and make it on their own at a younger age than girls are.
As I write these things, they seem so stark and harsh. And they are. But they are also complex and shaded and have a lot more elements to them than I could hope to communicate here, or even understand.
So if you are stirred as you read this, take it as motivation to pray with compassion that parents hearts would be returned to their children. The vast majority of Mozambicans love their children with the same love and commitment as you would find anywhere in the world. It's simply that the population that we interact with are broken and lost and their children pay the price, just as they do anywhere in the world.
By the way, we have a very aggressive Reintegration Program, actively trying to find family members who will take responsibility for their children. We strongly believe that the best place for these kids is with their families, in their communities and their own culture. Every year, many children are able to be reunited with their families and although it's hard to say goodbye, it's almost always with great joy and rejoicing that they leave!
I will always count my time in Mozambique as one of the greatest privileges of my life. The opportunity to obey God in trying to live out James 1:27 - "looking after orphans . . . in their distress" is such an amazing adventure that I wouldn't trade for anything.
As long as He calls me here, I will continue to trying to love and care for "the least of these" with my whole heart. Someone once prayed for me that God would use me to be a bridge between what these boys "should" have had (loving parents who provide for all of their needs) and the reality of what they have (abandoned, abused, rejected) and I love trying to live that prayer out.
The good news is that our Lord is the Father to the Fatherless and the Lord also promises He will set the lonely into families. What wonderful news! Please pray with me that this scripture will be fulfilled in our ministry!
Thanks for reading this edition of More Information Mondays! This and other Frequently Asked Questions will be saved on the right margin for new readers of my blog!


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Teaching and Working with First-Year Students
- Clement Black
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Teaching and Working with First-Year Students
2 Teaching and Working with First-Year Students Teaching and working with first-year students can be an extremely rewarding experience. As this population begins its college career, many of you will be the first faculty, teaching assistants, and professional staff members who connect with them; these first connections with the campus community have the possibility of greatly impacting how students progress through their development. The Center for the First-Year Experience (CFYE) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has developed this resource to assist you in understanding the developmental needs of first-year students. We use the term first-year to describe students who are in their first year on our campus (which includes new transfer students). Transfer student needs are distinct from those of new college freshmen, so for the purposes of this resource, we are focusing on new college freshmen only. About the Center: The Center for the First-Year Experience (CFYE) at UW Madison examines, informs, facilitates, cultivates and enhances the first-year experience at UW Madison. FYE accomplishes this through/. Campus wide acceptance and integration of identified first-year specific learning goals, drawn from Essential Learning Outcomes Effective assessment of first-year student learning across the curriculum and co-curriculum Forging strong departmental relationships with large first-year student enrollment academic departments and tutorial services in an effort to enhance the first year classroom learning environment Leading campus wide first-year initiatives, as appropriate. (current examples: review of first and second year advising, e-portfolio) Contribution to first-year experience research and scholarship Leading a summer orientation program which effectively introduces students to UW Madison reating common and meaningful welcoming experiences during a student s first week on campus Cultivating a campus-wide first-year experience program during the academic year though collaboration and partnerships Providing new students with relevant information in a developmentally appropriate manner Cultivation of new courses and programs for first year students (ex: new freshman seminars, new orientation programs, new welcome programs) Coordinating and teaching A Wisconsin Experience Seminar Enhancing the First-Year Conference and Teaching and Learning Symposium Providing sponsorship opportunities to groups and businesses who share an interest in first-year students
3 The Millennial Generation: Born after 1982 Special: Sheltered: Confident: Team-oriented: Achieving: Pressured: Conventional: It has been communicated by the culture to the Millennial that they are special and vital to the future of the nation. They are also central to their parents sense of purpose. Many of their Boomer parents delayed having children until they were financially secure, and a rising proportion went through extraordinary measures to conceive. Unlike the latchkey Gen -Xers, these young people know they are special. This is the generation of wanted children, central to their parents sense of purpose. Since the 1990s, there has been a major youth safety movement. We now see kids decked out in helmets and pads to ride bikes and strapped into elaborate car seats that would survive a nuclear explosion. Baby on Board signs and Tot-finders stickers were created for this generation. The Boomer parents of Millennials tend to be over-protective. Their wellbeing has dominated legislation (child restraints, home products, movie/video ratings, and campus security). They have been more supervised and watched over during their childhood with more structured playtime. Millennials have a high level of trust and optimism in comparison to previous generations. They are hopeful of the future and enjoy strong connections with their parents. 90% of teens are confident and happy about the future. They are optimistic. The Millennials have spent much of their time working and learning in groups. As such, they have established tight peer bonds. They are used to being organized in teams and have the mentality to leave no one behind. They are cooperative team players. They believe in the future and see themselves as its cutting edge. This generation may well become the best-educated American generation. They are goaldirected and achievement-oriented, with even 16-year olds creating resumes for themselves. They are very much into setting and meeting goals. They have been subject to mandatory testing. Millennials are pushed to study hard and avoid personal risks, pressured to succeed. Most of our students have enjoyed success in literally everything they have undertaken up until they come to college.! first on an exam can throw them for a loop. They are pushed to attend college and to choose careers that pay off nicely. As a generation, they support conventional social rules and standards of behavior. They have a willingness to accept values of parents and feel close to them. They accept authority and are rule followers. Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation by Neil Howe and William Strauss
4 Ten Transitional Stages of First-Year Students The following phases are typical of a new student s adjustment to college. Stages may not occur in the sequence described, and students may not experience all of the phases. However, this information can serve as a useful guideline to the challenges your student might face during the coming year. Post-high school satisfaction/pre-college elation At this phase, student experience much excitement over the prospect of attending college. Expectations then prove to be unrealistic and are based on brief glimpses of college life from campus visits or the movies. Early separation anxiety As they begin to pack and prepare for college, students realize that they are actually leaving behind the support systems of family and friends. Acute separation anxiety As students actually leave home, they experience emotional moments with loved ones. They realize that they do not know the unwritten rules of this new campus culture. At this stage, it is especially critical to meet experienced older students, such as resident advisors and peer leaders, who can assist with the adjustment process. The honeymoon This is a time of euphoria as students anticipate intellectual excitement and a satisfying social life. Students feel ready to experience all that campus life has to offer. The end of the honeymoon After the frantic rush of orientation and welcome week activities subsides, students realize that college life consists of hard work, frustration, and disappointment. Normal events such as long lines and class schedule changes may be unsettling to a new student. Initial grades may be lower than expected, which can come as a shock to the students who coasted through high school. Students may work harder than ever before, only to earn lower grades. At this point, students often experience feelings of homesickness. Students should realize that this is normal and they are not alone. The grass is always greener Midway through the first year, students often think they can solve their problems by transferring to another institution. At this point, students should be encouraged to give the college they are attending at least a full years try. Students should be reminded that they might have had a worse experience at another school and situations that seem impossible in the first semester often disappear altogether later in the year. You can t go home again A first visit home is often traumatic due to a sense that things have changed. Siblings are curious about college life and reunited high school friends tend to exaggerate college success. At this time, students may realize that they themselves have changed and may long to return to campus. Learning to cope Students have learned their way around campus and are expanding their circle of friends. Their selfconfidence increases, they participate in more activities, and enjoy campus life.
5 Fear of failure Students often panic around the time of exams as they fully appreciate the amount of work involved. Students should be reminded that thorough course preparation is the best way to ensure a good grade. Warning signs which indicate trouble are panic attacks, procrastination, sleeping over 12 hours a day, and avoidance of academic responsibilities. Putting it all together By the middle of the 2nd semester, students notice their classes and co-curricular activities have come together into a well-integrated lifestyle. Students are more confident, better able to make decisions, and are aware of opportunities for personal and intellectual growth. Adapted from Zuker, F (n.d.) Transitional trauma: Predictable signs in the transition from high school to college. The W-Curve of Student Transition The W-Curve model was developed by William Zeller and Robert Mosier (1993) to describe the transition of study abroad participants in adjusting to a new culture; it was found to also be applicable to new students adjusting to college life. Helping students to understand that their integration to the campus community is part of a journey that is not without its ups and downs may help them feel better about the transition. Journal of College and University Student Housing, Volume 23, No. 2, Culture Shock and The First-Year Experience by William J. Zeller and Robert Mosier
6 William Perry s Model of Intellectual and Ethical Development William Perry s research, which has been supported by subsequent inquiry, describes a journey of 9 positions individuals make in their intellectual and moral development. Dualistic Thinking Students generally believe knowledge is certain and unambiguous: black/white, right/wrong Questions have immutable, objective answers Students generally believe authorities possess valuable wisdom that contains eternal truths Certainty yields to uncertainty and ambiguity Multiplicity Students come to believe that where uncertainty exists, knowledge and truth are essentially subjective and personal Students come to realize that mere opinion is insufficient because specific criteria helps evaluate the usefulness and validity of knowledge claims: methodology empirical evidence explanatory power predictive power logical consistency positive vs. normative conclusions
7 Contextual-Relativism Students come to believe that even where uncertainty exists, people must make choices about premises, frameworks, hypothesis, and theories to apply; policy conclusions are not self-evident Students may come to recognize that even in a world of uncertainty, they must make choices (whether about ideas, hypotheses, theories, or policies). These choices require methods of critical thinking. Context-Appropriate Decisions Students may come to acknowledge that choices require analysis and values Knowledge, theories, and methods are imperfect and uncertain, thus personal choices require acknowledging personal responsibility that follows from personal values Adapted from Student Development in College: Theory, Research, and Practice (Evans, Forney, and Guido- DiBrito: 1998) & Tips for Teaching First-Year Students 1. Seat students in a circle or square 2. Make sure everyone talks every day 3. Call students by name 4. Ask students to write an answer to your question before you ask them to talk 5. Require students to visit your office hours 6. Start each class with a high/low from the week 7. Be very explicit about what you are doing and why 8. Remind students that they have to work hard 9. Model appropriate behavior 10. Start out tough and loosen up if needed 11. Encourage students to use tutoring and other campus academic support resources 12. Use group activities to help students make friends Wren Singer, Center for the First-Year Experience
NCNSP Design Principle 1: Ready for College
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11:00 am11:00
Holiday Wreath Workshop
Learn how to make your own festive holiday wreath using a variety of wintry greenery, branches, and berries. You'll leave with a beautiful, fresh wreath to dress up your front door or mantel and the know-how to make them on your own. Sign up via Eventbrite: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/holiday-wreath-workshop-tickets-30102139309


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To the Editor:
In denying a teaching certificate to Jose Luis Arrocha, a man with a 12-year-old minor drug sale on his record, the New York State Court of Appeals and the New York City Board of Education are failing both Mr. Arrocha and our children (news article, May 7). Mr. Arrocha did his time and recovered from the drug problem that nearly claimed his life.
What message does it send to children to deny someone who has worked hard to rehabilitate himself a chance to share his wisdom with others?
New York, May 11, 1999Continue reading the main story


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Proven uses a pay-as-you-go model where employers pay a small fee for each post they make and distribute to 20+ job boards.
The fee is usually $60 per post, however, new users can create their first job for $45, a 25% discount. All future posts then return to the normal price of $60/post (unless purchased in bulk).
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If you are posting more than 10 jobs per month please contact us using the chat box in the bottom right corner of your screen for additional plans.


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50 bucks for the rear view of these happy fellas. I'm guessing it would kind of look like some deviled eggs pigs in a blanket combo platter. But let's get to the true focus here. Who has the best mangina? In advance of the premier of (and onslaught of recaps about) RuPaul's Drag Race Season 6, (in which tucking also happens but is covered by fabric), this contest will have to do.
Starting from our left:
Mangina one is too coy. A side view just doesn't give full mangina. His smirk betrays a lack of confidence. While normally underwear around the ankles is a cute look, here is just screams insecurity.
Mangina two is attempting a bodybuilder pose. Note the bicep flex. He also makes an impressive slit. It's symmetrical and endearing. The smile is goofy and he has a thick jock neck. He's in the running.
Mangina three is delightfully asymmetrical. Perfection is boring anyhow, plus this adds a layer of believability. He's the most naked of all of them, but for his ankle bracelet. Points for eye intensity. Reduction of points for a squarecut tanline. A bikini tanline would be much better. But overall, nice cunt on this one.
Mangina four is really showing a slitless mangina (aka a penis base). The thumbs up is adorable and also is his way of asking to be fingerfucked. He's standing in the most feminine manner and has cute cheeks. He's making picking a winner so difficult.
Okay, have you picked your winner? I have. Mangina orgy with the three guys on the right. And the sorry fucker on the left cleans up after.


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Free movies at M State
Hoping to share more than just a blockbuster of a show with the public, the World Cinema class at M State in Detroit Lakes is hosting three free movies on Dec. 3.
The public is welcome to come see "Wall-E" from 10 to 11:40 a.m., "White Christmas" from noon to 2:05 p.m. and "The Avengers" from 2:30 to 5 p.m. All of the movies are free to watch, and concession will be available for purchase.
"The reasoning behind putting the day on was to enrich and inform the campus (students and faculty) and community on different aspects of film," Genevieve Perry said of how Cinema Day started last year. "(It's) to help people realize that there is so much more to film than just the popular blockbusters that are so common in today's society."
Though the World Cinema class focuses on non-English speaking movies, the class chose more popular American films for the free cinema day in the conference room at M State.
The planning committee -- made up of M State students Perry, Hannah Halbekken, Jaret Crissinger and Gregory Englund -- chose the films, while trying to have something interesting for all age groups, Perry said.
"We want to not only entertain people, but inform them as well."
Professor Laurel Nielson said the idea for the free cinema day in Detroit Lakes came from the summer film series shown at Minnesota State University Moorhead and its founder, the late Rusty Casselton, who was also a friend of Nielson's.
"I wanted the students to be engaged in what they were learning about. You can stand up and talk about this is what goes behind film, and this is what goes behind putting something on, but for them to actually do it, where they have to pick the films, help with the projectionist, research, advertise -- they planned the whole event," she said.
"I've got a great group. They are so ambitious and so wonderfully organized."
She said she will introduce the students to the audience at the movies on Dec. 3 and show it's not all about just sitting in a classroom.
She said she had more involvement in last year's event, but this year wanted to hand the event over to the students. She said it's more like a final project that they are all engaged in this way.
She said she was kind of hoping they would pick at least one foreign film to show.
"But that's OK," she said with a laugh. "You've got to get the people to come, and not everyone wants to watch subtitles.
But, subtitles are not lost on her students either.
"Film is an expression of thoughts, emotions and imagination. It is an art form in itself that has unfortunately been lost in American society," Perry said. "But around the world, in foreign films, this expression comes through so much more clearly. If only American's could get over the subtitles to truly see how beautiful some of these films really are."
The class is hoping this will become a yearly event, bringing people together for movies around Christmas time.
"The event is meant to not only bring attention to the film classes offered here on campus, but also bring more interest and attention to the campus and college itself," Perry said.
Nielson's son, Isaiah, will be running the projection, and he will also be showing war shorts and cartoons between the films.
She said she will have three different students introduce the films as well, giving a little tidbit about the film that the audience may not know.
The money raised from the concessions sold -- pop, water, hot cocoa, coffee and popcorn -- bill pay for the rental of the films.
Daycares and elementary classes are welcome.
Film classes at M State
Nielson started the film program at M State based on the program at Minnesota State University Moorhead. While there isn't a film degree offered through M State, students get credit under the Humanities category.
She started with Introduction to Film three years ago, and then added World Cinema this year, although she did not create the World Cinema class.
"Students have certain goal areas they have to complete, and one of them is a global perspective. The World Cinema class completes that goal perspective," she said.
While she has had about 12-15 students signing up for the Intro to Film classes, the World Cinema class has 25 students.
The World Cinema class at M State was created to introduce students to films from non-English speaking countries around the globe.
"I took this class, and Introduction to Film as well, to fulfill requirements for my Liberal Arts AAS degree, but also because I myself am interested in the arts, all forms," Perry said.
She said that the class has watched films from all over the world: Egypt, Ireland, Japan, Australia, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, England and Mexico so far.
"It has been very interesting and enriching. I've really enjoyed seeing different cultures and beliefs from around the world, and how other societies, governments and religions function from what I myself have been accustomed to," she said.
Follow Pippi Mayfield on Twitter at @PippiMayfield.


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1600 N. Hwy. 190,
Covington, LA 70433
Property DescriptionFor two years in a row now, PJ's has been voted the Best Coffee House in New Orleans. A feat not reached by any of the Seattle companies. That should tell you something – PJ's roasts, blends, brews, and serves Simply the Best Coffee. Now PJ's Coffee & Wine Bar is bringing a great experience to the rest of the world. Our growth and future plans means PJ's could be coming to your neighborhood soon!
Meals Served
- Breakfast


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VATICAN CITY, JAN. 18, 2008 (Zenit.org).- Prayer is the "royal door" of ecumenism, Benedict XVI said on the first day of the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity to members of a Catholic-Lutheran pilgrimage from Finland.
The Pope addressed the delegation today in the Vatican, who are in Rome for an annual visit on the occasion of the feast of St. Henrik, patron of Finland, which is celebrated Saturday.
The group, sponsored by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, and led by Lutheran Archbishop Kari Makinen of Turku and Catholic Bishop Józef Wróbel of Helsinki, coincided with the beginning of the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity.
"Christian unity," the Holy Father said in his address in English, "is a gift from above, stemming from and growing towards loving communion with the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The joint prayer of Lutherans and Catholics from Finland is a humble but faithful sharing in the prayer of Jesus, who promised that every prayer raised to the Father in His name would be heard."
"This indeed," he added, "is the royal door of ecumenism: Such prayer leads us to look at the Kingdom of God and the unity of the Church in a fresh way; it reinforces our bonds of communion; and it enables us to face courageously the painful memories, social burdens and human weaknesses that are so much a part of our divisions."
Fruits of dialogue
After recalling that the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity begins today on the theme of "pray without ceasing," Benedict XVI said: "We must be grateful for the fruits of the Nordic Lutheran-Catholic theological dialogue in Finland and Sweden concerning central matters of the Christian faith, including the question of justification in the life of the Church."
He continued: "May the ongoing dialogue lead to practical results in actions which express and build up our unity in Christ and therefore strengthen relationships between Christians."
The Pope recalled how last year marked the 450th anniversary of the death of the theologian Mikael Agricola, who translated the Bible into Finnish. "This occasion emphasized anew the importance of Scripture for the Church, for individual Christians and for the whole of society," as well as "for our ecumenical journey."
"Dear friends," the Holy Father said, "it is my fervent hope that your visit to Rome will bring you much joy as you recall the witness of the first Christians, and particularly the martyrdom of Peter and Paul, the founding apostles of the Church of Rome.
"St. Henrik followed in their footsteps, bringing the Gospel message and its saving power to the lives of the Nordic peoples. In the new and challenging circumstances of Europe today, and within your own country, there is much that Lutherans and Catholics can do together in the service of the Gospel and the advancement of the Kingdom of God."


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Judy's Soon to Be World Famous Chili
Be the first to review
READY IN: 50mins
Recipe by Barbarica
From my sister in law Judy. Hope you like it.
See Discussion:
Ingredients Nutrition
- 453.59 g ground beef
- 22.18 ml olive oil
- 1 medium onion (chopped)
- 2 garlic cloves (crushed)
- 4.92 ml red pepper flakes
- 113.39 g can green chili peppers
- 14.79 ml ground cumin
- 2 (595.33 g) can campbell's tomato soup
- 411.06 g can chicken broth
- 411.06 g can fire-roasted tomatoes, diced
- 73.94 ml chili powder
- 4.92 ml salt
- 2 (878.83 g) can pinto beans
- 2.46 ml cayenne pepper
- 2.46 ml Tabasco sauce
- 2.46 ml jalapeno sauce
Directions See How It's Made
- Heat the olive oil in a soup pot. Crumble the ground beef over medium-high heat.
- Cook and Stir until evenly browned-drain off most of the grease.
- Add chopped onion, green chili peppers, red pepper flakes, crushed garlic and half of the cumin, cook and still until onion is tender.
- Pour in the tomato soup and fire roasted diced tomatoes, Season with chili powder salt & pepper. Simmer for 30 minutes.
- Pour in the beans and season with remaining cumin, cayenne pepper, Tabasco Sauce, Jalapeno Sauce depending on your timer for 20-30 minutes.


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Gerald VS. Jamie O. and Other Episodes is a fan-fiction VHS/DVD Release featuring one Pokemon episode, one Thomas and Friends episode, one Hey Arnold episode, one Courage The Cowardly Dog episode, one Dexter's Laboratory episode and one Codename: Kids Next Door episode.
- Fowl Play (Pokemon)
- Percy and The Signal (Thomas and Friends)
- Gerald VS. Jamie O. (Courage The Cowardly Dog)
- Le Quack Balloon (Courage The Cowardly Dog)
- Project Dee Dee (Dexter's Laboratory)
- Operation: S.P.A.C.E. (Codename: Kids Next Door)
- Distributed by USA Home Entertainment.
VHS/DVD Artwork
Front Cover
- Top: Gerald (angry) and Jamie O. (happy)
- Bottom: Dr. Le Quack from "Le Quack Balloon"
Back Cover
- Percy and James from "Percy and The Signal"
- Noctowl from "Fowl Play"