text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Jul 8, 2008
|Filing date
|Nov 5, 2004
|Priority date
|Nov 5, 2003
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Xuelong Shi, Robert J. Socha, Thomas Laidig, Douglas Van Den Broeke
|Original Assignee
|Asml Masktooks B.V.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (23), Non-Patent Citations (14), Referenced by (21), Classifications (13), Legal Events (7)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application claims the benefit of provisional application 60/517,083, filed on Nov. 5, 2003 titled MODEL OPC IMPLEMENTATION WITH GENERALIZED ILLUMINATION and also claims the benefit of provisional application 60/605,716 filed on Aug. 31, 2004, titled VECTOR EIGEN DECOMPOSITION BASED OPC MODEL, each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The field of the invention relates generally to a method, apparatus and program product for preventing optical proximity correction to target mask patterns. The present invention more particularly relates to a method, apparatus and program product for generating a model of the imaging process which can be utilized to simulate the aerial image of the imaging process for any given input mask pattern.
Lithographic apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In such a case, the photolithographic mask may contain a circuit pattern corresponding to an individual layer of the IC, and this pattern can be imaged onto a target portion (e.g. comprising one or more dies) on a substrate (silicon wafer) that has been coated with a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). In general, a single wafer will contain a whole network of adjacent target portions that are successively irradiated via the projection system, one at a time. In one type of lithographic projection apparatus, each target portion is irradiated by exposing the entire mask pattern onto the target portion in one go; such an apparatus is commonly referred to as a wafer stepper. In an alternative apparatus, commonly referred to as a step-and-scan apparatus, each target portion is irradiated by progressively scanning the mask pattern under the projection beam in a given reference direction (the "scanning" direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate table parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. Since, in general, the projection system will have a magnification factor M (generally <1), the speed V at which the substrate table is scanned will be a factor M times that at which the mask table is scanned. More information with regard to lithographic devices as described herein can be gleaned, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,792, incorporated herein by reference.
In a manufacturing process using a lithographic projection apparatus, a mask pattern is imaged onto a substrate that is at least partially covered by a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). Prior to this imaging step, the substrate may undergo various procedures, such as priming, resist coating and a soft bake. After exposure, the substrate may be subjected to other procedures, such as a post-exposure bake (PEB), development, a hard bake and measurement/inspection of the imaged features. This array of procedures is used as a basis to pattern an individual layer of a device, e.g. an IC. Such a patterned layer may then undergo various processes such as etching, ion-implantation (doping), metallization, oxidation, chemo-mechanical polishing, etc., all intended to finish off an individual layer. If several layers are required, then the whole procedure, or a variant thereof, will have to be repeated for each new layer. Eventually, an array of devices will be present on the substrate (wafer). These devices are then separated from one another by a technique such as dicing or sawing, whence the individual devices can be mounted on a carrier, connected to pins, etc. Further information regarding such processes can be obtained, for example, from the book Microchip Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Semiconductor Processing, Third Edition, by Peter van Zant, McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1997, ISBN 0-07-067250-4, incorporated herein by reference.
For the sake of simplicity, the projection system may hereinafter be referred to as the "lens"; however, this term should be broadly interpreted as encompassing various types of projection systems, including refractive optics, reflective optics, and catadioptric systems, for example. The radiation system may also include components operating according to any of these design types for directing, shaping or controlling the projection beam of radiation, and such components may also be referred to below, collectively or singularly, as a "lens". Further, the lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two or more substrate tables (and/or two or more mask tables). In such "multiple stage" devices the additional tables may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposures. Twin stage lithographic apparatus are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,441 and WO 98/40791, incorporated herein by reference.
The photolithographic masks referred to above comprise geometric patterns corresponding to the circuit components to be integrated onto a silicon wafer. The patterns used to create such masks are generated utilizing CAD (computer-aided design) programs, this process is often being referred to as EDA (electronic design automation). Most CAD programs follow a set of predetermined design rules in order to create functional masks. These rules are set by processing and design limitations. For example, design rules define the space tolerance between circuit devices (such as gates, capacitors, etc.) or interconnect lines, so as to ensure that the circuit devices or lines do not interact with one another in an undesirable way. The design rule limitations are typically referred to as "critical dimensions" (CD). A critical dimension of a circuit can be defined as the smallest width of a line or hole or the smallest space between two lines or two holes. Thus, the CD determines the overall size and density of the designed circuit.
Of course, one of the goals in integrated circuit fabrication is to faithfully reproduce the original circuit design on the wafer (via the mask). Another goal is to use as much of the semiconductor wafer real estate as possible. As the size of an integrated circuit is reduced and its density increases, however, the CD of its corresponding mask pattern approaches the resolution limit of the optical exposure tool. The resolution for an exposure tool is defined as the minimum feature that the exposure tool can repeatedly expose on the wafer. The resolution value of present exposure equipment often constrains the CD for many advanced IC circuit designs.
As the technology advances in the semiconductor industry, the dimensions on a circuit have scaled down dramatically, which leads to significant deterioration in image quality and photolithography process robutstness. From a physical point of view, the ratio of the exposure wavelength over the numerical aperture of the imaging system needs to be reduced in order to improve the image fidelity. To enhance semiconductor device performance and to increase the chip functionality, the minimum feature size and minimum pitch on the chip designs have been reduced progressively in a very aggressive fashion. To meet the challenges, the semiconductor industry has developed exposure tools with shorter wavelengths and higher numerical apertures (NA). The continuous advances in photolithography exposure tools along this line have proven very successful until now. To further shorten the exposure wavelength beyond 193 nm or to further increase the numerical aperture beyond 0.9 presents enormous obstacles both economically and technically. To overcome the limitations imposed by the current photolithography exposure tool, the modification of mask data, which is commonly referred to as optical proximity correction (OPC), is gaining ever-increasing momentum in advanced photolithography. OPC usually consists of applying scattering bars (SBs), whose role is to enhance process latitude, and main feature biasing. The use of scatter bars is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,242,770, herein incorporated by reference. Although scattering bar placement rules can be generated from optical imaging theory without taking the resist effect into account, the correct amount of biasing of the mask data at a given location can never be predicted accurately without considering the effect of the resist.
The original implementation of OPC is rule based, the rule set for a given process can be developed either through experiments or through a combination of optical modeling and resist modeling. The rule set thus obtained is essentially a look-up table from which the placement position of SB, if it is permitted, and the amount of correction for the main feature can be readily found, provided that the neighboring environment around the edge to be corrected can be specified. The neighboring environment considered in the rule based OPC is one-dimensional and short ranged. This character leads to its simplicity in implementation, but it also intrinsically sets the limitation of its accuracy. For 130 nm technology and beyond, the inadequacy of rule based OPC becomes evident, and new methods of OPC that can overcome the shortcomings of the rule based OPC is needed. The new method, for example, should provide a way to specify the 2-dimensional environment around the correction point on a much larger spatial scale.
For features having a pitch, where there is no room to insert SB, a typical method of optical proximity correction (OPC) is to adjust the feature edges (or apply bias) so that the printed feature width is closer to the intended width. In order for the use of the sub-resolution features and/or feature biasing to be effective for minimizing optical proximity effects, an operator having a substantial amount of knowledge regarding mask design and the printing process, as well as a substantial amount of experience, is required to modify the mask design to include the subresolution features and/or the adjustment of feature edges (biasing) if the desired goal is to be obtained. Indeed, even when an experienced operator performs this task, it is often necessary to conduct a "trial and error" process in order to properly position the subresolution features to obtain the desired corrections. This trial and error process, which can entail repeated mask revisions followed by repeated simulations, can become both a time consuming and costly process.
Current implementation for mask data biasing is commonly based on some model that has been calibrated on a specific photolithography process. Such an approach is commonly referred as to model OPC. For example, correcting for optical proximity effects (OPE) often entails attempting to "calibrate" the printing process so as to compensate for the OPEs. Currently known techniques include "correlating" so-called calibration parameters to the OPC model, which requires performing a set of detailed SEM CD measurements at various feature sites. Regardless of the actual feature shape, these are 1-dimensional width measurements. The more measurement data collected, the better the precision of the calibration parameters. However, for a reliable model parameter calibration, it is not unusual to require more than several hundreds of CD measurements at various critical feature sites under different neighboring environments. These are labor intensive and time consuming work. Worse, how the measurement CDs were taken can often become operator dependent due to the experience level, which can obviously impact the parameter calibration negatively, thereby limiting the overall effectiveness of the technique.
There are several ways to develop and implement model OPC, such as disclosed by John P. Stirniman, Michael L. Rieger, SPIE, Vol. 2197, (1994), 294 and Nick Cobb, Avideh Zakhor, and Eugene Miloslavsky, SPIE, Vol. 2726, (1996), 208. However, these models are facing ever-increasing challenges in meeting the more stringent dimension control requirements in low k1 photolithography. Those models are also very likely to fail in working with the new advanced photolithography technologies, such as Chromeless Phase Lithography (CPL) in which the topography on the mask is rather significant, and Double Dipole Lithography (DDL) in which two masks and two exposures are needed. In addition to those concerns, advanced illuminations such as customer designed illuminators using diffractive optical elements (DOE), deviations of real illuminator profiles from theoretical top-hat illuminator profiles are all presenting enormous challenges to the current available models. To tackle the difficulties, a fundamentally different model, that has more solid physical and mathematical foundations, must be developed.
Various techniques exist to achieve illumination optimization for photolithography. Various mask optimization techniques also have been known. However, currently illumination optimization and mask optimization are not generally linked. U.S. Pat. No. 6,563,566 to Rosenbluth et al. discloses to perform illumination optimization and mask optimization through a series of calculations which attempt to linearize the optimization of the mask transmission. Rosenbluth discloses to maximize the minimum NILS (normalized image log slope) and to select various constraints to be used in the calculations. Rosenbluth also recognizes that the calculations may be limited relying on the symmetry of a mask. However, the linearization of the mask transmission used by Rosenbluth requires using several approximations in the calculations, instead of the actual imaging equations themselves, which produce errors in implementing a mask to form a desired image. The linearization of the mask transmission also requires the use of a significant number of variables, which requires significant computation time to perform the calculations. Accordingly, as logic feature sizes decrease, there is a need to provide mask implementations that precisely form a desired image with minimum computational time.
In order to solve the foregoing deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention relates to a method for modeling a photolithography process comprising the steps of: receiving parameters indicative of a mask layout and characteristics of an imaging system on which the mask layout is intended to be used; determining an aerial image intensity distribution expected to be produced on a resist by the mask layout by means of decomposing an aerial image into eigen functions of the optical imaging system. Since the optical imaging system acts as a low frequency pass filter, the aerial images from an optical imaging system are band-limited, i.e, their spatial frequencies are bounded. The effective degrees of freedom of such band-limited functions are finite, therefore, only a countable few basis functions are required to represent such a class of functions. The most effective basis functions are the eigen functions of the optical imaging system. By decomposing the aerial images onto the eigen functions at each point (x,y), a set of signals, {S1, S2, . . . , SN}, may be obtained from which a system pseudo intensity function (SPIF) can be constructed. The transformation from aerial images to their corresponding SPIFs are made through a function that contains a set of variables {S1, S2, . . . , SN}and a set of parameters. The parameters are characteristic of the given imaging process to be utilized, and they have to be determined by the calibration procedure. During calibration, those parameters are automatically adjusted until the error between the modeled contours, that are obtained through thresholding the SPIFs at a constant value, and the experimental contours is minimal. In accordance with the method of the present invention, the contours of the imaged patterns may be determined using a constant threshold eigen decomposition model.
In accordance with the method of the present invention, the aerial image may be determined using a variable threshold eigen decomposition model.
Further, in accordance with the method of the present invention, the aerial image may be determined using a vector eigen decomposition model.
A method for modeling a photolithography process may comprise the steps of: receiving parameters indicative of the mask layout and characteristics of an imaging system on which the mask layout is intended to be used; determining an aerial image intensity distribution expected to be produced on a resist by the mask layout using eigen values of an aerial image expected to be produced based on the parameters; and determining a system pseudo intensity function (SPIF) based on the aerial image.
The method for modeling a photolithography process may further comprise the steps of: applying a constant threshold to the SPIF to generate contours; comparing the generated contours with expected contours; and adjusting weights of each term associated with each eigen function and generating a new SPIF if the generated contours are not within a predetermined tolerance of the expected contours.
In the method for modeling a photolithography process the steps of applying a constant threshold to the SPIF, comparing the generated contours and adjusting weights of each term associated with each eigen vector may be repeated a predetermined number of times or until the generated contours are within a predetermined tolerance of the expected contours.
In the method for modeling a photolithography process the constant threshold may be the same constant threshold for each SPIF, or may be a variable threshold which changes for each SPIF.
In the method for modeling a photolithography process, the step of determining an aerial image utilizes a vector characterization of a light wave.
In the method for modeling a photolithography process, the step of determining an aerial image utilizes a pupil function indicative of characteristics of the optical imaging system. The pupil function may be produced by the function:
where (α′, β′) are angular coordinates in an exit pupil, z′ is a plane position in a resist relative to an air/resist interface, W (α′, β′) is an aberration function, Δ is a defocus, N is a reduction factor in imaging system, Qkj (α′, β′) accounts for the light polarization conversion from j component in the object space into k component into the image space, Gik (α′, β; z′) accounts for the effect of light interference in the film stacks; and γ and γ′ is the coherence given as follows:
γ′=√{square root over (1−α′2−β′2)}
γ=√{square root over (1−(α′2+β′2)/N 2)}.
In the method modeling a photolithography process, the step of determining the aerial image may include the step of determining a light intensity distribution at a plane z using eigen vector decomposition. The step of determining the aerial image may further include the step of determining a z-averaged light intensity distribution. The z-averaged light intensity distribution may be determined according to the function:
The present invention also relates to a system for modeling a photolithography process, the system comprises: an input for receiving parameters indicative of the mask layout and characteristics of an imaging system on which the mask layout is intended to be used; and a processor for executing instructions to determine an aerial image intensity distribution expected to be produced on a resist by the mask layout using eigen functions and eigen values of an aerial image expected to be produced based on the parameters and to convert the aerial image into SPIF.
In accordance with the system of the present invention, the contours from an aerial image may be determined using a constant threshold eigen decomposition model.
In accordance with the system of the present invention, the contours from an aerial image may be determined using a variable threshold eigen decomposition model.
Further in accordance with the system of the present invention, the aerial image may be determined using a vector eigen decomposition model.
The present invention also relates to a computer readable medium comprising instructions to cause a computer to perform a method for modeling a photolithography process (i.e., the resulting image formed on the wafer for the given mask and imaging process) comprising the steps of: receiving parameters indicative of the mask layout and characteristics of an imaging system on which the mask layout is intended to be used; determining an aerial image intensity distribution expected to be produced on a resist by the mask layout using eigen values of an aerial image expected to be produced based on the parameters; converting the aerial image into SPIF; determining if the SPIF is satisfactory; and combining successively determined aerial images with the aerial image until a satisfactory SPIF is achieved.
In accordance with the instructions on the computer readable medium of the present invention, the contours from an aerial image may be determined using a constant threshold eigen decomposition model.
In accordance with the instructions on the computer readable medium of the present invention, the contours from an aerial image may be determined using a variable threshold eigen decomposition model.
Further, in accordance with the instructions on the computer readable medium of the present invention, the aerial image may be determined using a vector eigen decomposition model.
A computer readable medium of the invention may contain instructions for a computer to perform comprising the steps of: receiving parameters indicative of the mask layout and characteristics of an imaging system on which the mask layout is intended to be used; determining an aerial image intensity distribution expected to be produced on a resist by the mask layout using eigen values of an aerial image expected to be produced based on the parameters; and determining a system pseudo intensity function (SPIF) based on the aerial image.
The computer readable medium for modeling a photolithography process may further comprise the steps of: applying a constant threshold to the SPIF to generate contours; comparing the generated contours with expected contours; and adjusting weights of each term associated with each eigen function and generating a new SPIF if the generated contours are not within a predetermined tolerance of the expected contours.
The eigen decomposition model of the present invention may be used with both a low NA scheme by utilizing an easy to implement thresholding scheme and a high NA scheme, which takes into account of the vector characteristic of light wave and the effects of film stacks above the wafer.
The eigen decomposition model for model OPC, may be implemented in software programs, such as ASML Masktool products. The present invention allows use of a constant threshold eigen decomposition model, a variable threshold eigen decomposition model, and any variants of such models.
Importantly, the present invention may be used to model almost any type of illumination, such as top-hat illuminator, or customer designed illuminators or experimental or modeled illuminator profiles. The eigenfunctions utilized in the present invention may be from a scalar pupil function or from a vector indicative of high NA pupil functions. The process of the present invention may be in the form of an algorithm that can generate eigenfunctions for a generalized illuminator, whether it is a customer designed illuminator or a real illuminator measured from experiment. The present invention can also be utilized with a high NA model. The eigen decompostion model developed can also work with new low k1 photolithography technologies, such as Chromeless Phase Lithography (CPL) and Dipole Double Lithography (DDL).
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a systematic methodology can be utilized that converts the features in a CD SEM image into contours, with minimum human intervention.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of the specification, together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
Disclosed is a method and system for model OPC that is based on eigen function decomposition (termed as Eigen Decomposition Model, or EDM). In the present invention, a partially coherent imaging system is preferably decomposed into a series of coherent imaging systems. The series of coherent imaging systems provide an effective and accurate way to describe the aerial image intensity distribution around a point of interest (x, y), which may be used to design an improved mask to improve the resolution of the desired image features in the photolithography process. For a precision model OPC on the mask pattern, we must ensure the illumination impact is well accounted for. For a tractable model OPC application, the present invention utilizes an eigen function decomposition approach to optimally approximate a partial coherence imaging system. The optimal approximation is used to generate a model which may be used to generate a SPIF function for each mask, which may be used by a computer simulation program to provide a simulation of the pattern produced by the mask on an exposed wafer having a resist. The model may be calibrated by comparing the simulated contours of the generated SPIF function with the experimental contours provided by a real mask illumination.
Partial coherence illumination has been the mainstream illumination mode in today's lithography process for IC manufacturing. In practice, the illumination coherency can be defined as the ratio of numerical apertures between the condenser lens and the objective lens. This ratio, commonly referred to as σ, ranges from 0 to 1. For coherent illumination, σ is close to zero but for incoherent illumination, σ→1. The partial coherence illumination is thus defined as: 1>σ>0. Physically, the illumination pupil, the lens pupil, and the mask are in the same conjugate plane, which is convenient for modeling the image formation mathematically. Thus, a coherent illumination imaging system can be relatively easily described in a straight-forward manner mathematically. However, it can become very complicated and computationally intractable if the same scheme is used to describe an imaging system with a partially coherent illumination.
For a precision model OPC on the mask pattern, it is necessary to ensure that the illumination impact is well accounted for. For a tractable model OPC application, the present invention utilizes an eigen function decomposition approach to optimally approximate a partial coherence imaging system.
As illustrated in
Preferably, the EDM approach of the present invention is capable of working with advanced photolithography technologies, such as Chromeless Phase Lithography (CPL) in which the topography on the mask is rather significant, and Double Dipole Lithography (DDL) in which two masks and two exposures are needed. In addition, the EDM approach preferably can easily accommodate advanced illuminations such as customer designed illuminators using diffractive optical elements (DOE), or real illuminator profiles that deviate from theoretical top-hat illuminator profiles.
Unlike fully coherent illumination, when utilizing partial coherence illumination, for best imaging and OPC performance, it is possible to physically construct the illumination pupil to be either radially symmetrical or asymmetrical. Depending on the inherent optical design of the illumination source, the illumination pupil shape can be either one of uniform intensity (i.e., the "top-hat" pupil shape) or a continuously scaled intensity level (i.e., the "real" pupil shape). Moreover, it may also be desirable to intentionally design an asymmetrical illumination pupil with continuously scaled intensity illumination pupil (i.e., the "customized" pupil shape) to achieve the optimal printing performance. The principles of the invention can be used to derive a set of model OPC eigen functions for any generalized illumination pupil—such as top-hat, real, or customized. Thus, a powerful model OPC scheme can be implemented.
When using an optimized illumination in conjunction with phase-shifting mask (PSM), such as attenuated PSM (att-PSM) or chromeless phase lithography (CPL™) PSM, it has been demonstrated to greatly enhance printing resolution that is not possible to achieve using a conventional binary chrome mask. A very important enabling factor is the use of a precision model OPC scheme that can be utilized for the optimized illumination.
A. Constant Threshold Eigen Decomposition Model
Under partial coherent illumination conditions that are typically used in semiconductor manufacturing, the optical imaging system itself is nonlinear in character. The aerial image, i.e. the light intensity distribution at the image plane, from any given mask pattern, can be readily calculated rather accurately using well-known formulas in optics, see for example, H. H. Hopkins, Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 217 (1953), 408, herein incorporated by reference. The response of chemically amplified resist to light intensity and the subsequent resist development in solvent are all very nonlinear. The final developed pattern on a wafer can be viewed as binary, either with resist or without resist on top of the wafer substrate. The main function of the model is to provide a mathematical formula that can predict the binary image on the wafer from the mask pattern or the aerial image accurately. Stated mathematically,
The transformation from the aerial image I(x,y), which can be readily calculated, to SPIF constitutes a key element in the model. The value of SPIF at location (x,y) depends not only on the value of aerial image intensity at (x,y), but also on all the values of the aerial image intensity around (x,y). Mathematically, the SPIF can be expressed as,
Due to the complicated nature of the photolithography process, it is unlikely to derive an exact functional form of
An overview of a first exemplary embodiment of the invention in which a scalar EDM approach is used is illustrated in
Once the model is calibrated, it can be used to simulate the aerial image for any mask simply by providing the parameters of the mask as illustrated in
In determining the eigen functions and eigen values, as illustrated in step S102 of
where γ(x2−x1,y2−y1) is the mutual coherence between (x1, y1) and (x2,y2) at the object plane, which is determined by illumination, and K(x−x1,y−y1) is the impulse response function of the optical imaging system, which is determined by the pupil function of the optical system. More explicitly, K(x−x1,y−y1) is the complex amplitude at the point (x, y) in the image plane, due to a disturbance of unit amplitude and zero phase at (x1, y1) in the object plane. M(x1, y1) is the complex transmission of the object at point (x1, y1,). A variable with asterisk refers to the conjugate of the variable, for example, K* is the conjugate of K and M* is the conjugate of M.
Equation (3) can be written in another form by changing the integration variables,
The integral operator W that satisfies the relation of equation (7) is called a hermitian operator. According to the Mercer's theorem (described in A. V. Balakrishnan, Applied Functional Analysis, (1976), herein incorporated by reference), for a hermitian operator, there exists a complete set of orthonormal functions {φi} such that W can be expanded onto {φi} diagonally,
An integral equation can be easily obtained from equation (8) by first multiplying φi(x2′y2′) on both sides, and then integrating over variables x2 and y2 on both sides. Since {φj} is orthonormal, the only term that survives on the right side after integration is the term with j=i.
∫∫W(x 1 ′,y 1 ′; x 2 ′,y 2′)φi(x 2 ′,y 2′)dx 2 ′dy 2′=αiφi(x 1 ′,y 1′) (9)
As illustrated by step S102 of
As illustrated by step S105 of
where {circle around (X)} represents the convolution operation between the eigen function φi and the mask transmission function M. In the language of imaging theory, equation (10) shows that a partially coherent imaging system can be decomposed into a series of coherent imaging systems. Although there are other methods to decompose a partially coherent imaging system into a series of coherent imaging systems, the method described above has been proven to be an optimal one, often called optimal coherent decomposition. See, for example, Y. C. Pati and T. Kailath, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11, (1994), 2438, herein incorporated by reference. Accordingly, the optimal coherent decomposition technique described by equation 10 is preferably used in the optical imaging model 4.
Any number of orders (transmission channels) for the aerial image of φ1−N may be used as illustrated in
After the significant signals are determined, the SPIF is determined as illustrated in step S106. Particularly, with the eigen decomposition method of the present invention, it is possible to achieve an effective and accurate way to describe the aerial image intensity distribution around a point of interest (x, y). Denoting the signal from ith channel as Si,
S i=αi|φi {circle around (X)}M| 2 (11)
then the functional form
As illustrated in
Contours of the predicted SPIF are compared to experimentally determined contours produced by a test pattern, step S112. If the predicted contours are within a predetermined tolerance of the experimentally determined contours, then the model calibration is complete, step S114. However, if the predicted contours are not within the predetermined tolerance, then the weight of each term associated with each eigen vector is adjusted, step S116, and a new SPIF is produced according to the principles discussed above. The constant threshold is applied to the new SPIF, step S108, and the process in steps S108-116 repeats until the model calibration is complete or a predetermined number of attempts have been tried.
In the implementation, 2D CD SEM images are preferably used instead of the critical dimension (CD) measurements for model calibration. Theoretically, only N independent measurements are needed to determine the N independent coefficients {βi, I=1, 2 . . . N} for a first order eigen decomposition model. However, there always exist noise in real measurements that can cause uncertainties in determining the coefficients {βi, I=1, 2 . . . N}. To reduce the uncertainties of {βi, I=1, 2 . . . N} from calibration, more CD measurements are demanded. This requires more engineering time and more expensive equipment time, it also slows down the model calibration process. A way to achieve accurate determination of {βi, I=1, 2 . . . N} while minimizing the necessary amount of engineering work is to use CD SEM images, instead of CD measurements. The SEM images cover a wider range of structural variations and contain enormous data points for model calibration; therefore, the calibration from CD SEM images are more stable statistically. The advantage of using CD SEM images over CD measurements for model OPC calibration becomes even more pronounced for 193 nm photolithography process, due to instability of 193 nm resists under electron beam exposure.
For a second order eigen decomposition model, there is another compelling reason to use CD SEM images for model calibration. CD measurements are usually taken at locations where the structures possess certainty symmetries. Since the eigenfunctions also possess certain symmetries inherited from the symmetry of the illuminator, there will be no signals from channels that change polarity under the symmetry operation of the structure being evaluated. For example, if a CD value is taken at the middle of a very long vertical line, the structure is symmetrical to the mirror operation (x,y)
In the low k1 era, the CD SEM images are most likely of low contrast, with some noise. To reduce the high frequency noise, a Gaussian filter can be applied on the original CD SEM image. The intensity value at a given pixel in the outcome image is a Gaussian weighted average intensity of the pixels with the Gaussian centered at that pixel. The image contrast after Gaussian filtering is always reduced. To recover the image contrast, the image contrast enhancement operation can be applied subsequently. After high frequency noise is removed, and contrast of the image has been enhanced to a reasonable level, a contour extraction operation is applied. Although there are several contour extraction methods, they are all based on the derivatives of the image. Because of the nature of the CD SEM images from low k1 technologies, a completely connected contour that defines a feature in the image is not always guaranteed, no matter how many image enhancement operations are applied before contour extraction. To complete the contour definition, some human intervention may be necessary. The method of the present invention operates to minimize human intervention while the task of completing the contour definition is guaranteed.
For each feature of the current image that will be included in the calibration, we first check whether the contour enclosing the feature is complete, i.e., there are no broken segments. If the contour is not complete, then there are several approaches to accomplish this task, which have been implemented in software, as shown in
Like any other image processing routines, there is no guarantee that the instruction to connect selected segments will be successful, due to complex nature of the operation.
As illustrated in
Once the steps of extracting the contours is achieved, the features can be converted into contour data format, for example, the GDSII format, commonly in use, as illustrated by
If the contours cannot be extracted or connected from the current calculations of the model, a series expansion may be used. Particularly, the series expansion may be used to reduce the deviation of SPIF determined in a prior calculation of the model from the measured aerial image I(x,y). Taking Taylor expansion for the right side of equation (12), one has:
The coefficients {βi} and {ηij} account for the effect of resist process, they also include the effects of other "non ideal" factors such as topography on masks and aberrations in the imaging system.
If only the first order terms are preserved, then the model is first order, and the bandwidth of SPIF is the same as its original aerial image determined by the optical imaging system. When the first order model is not accurate enough, second order terms can be included in the model to generate a second order model. The second order model will have a bandwidth that is twice that of the original aerial image. The degrees of freedom in a first order eigen decomposition model is N, specified by (βi, β2, . . . βN}. The degrees of freedom in a second order eigen decomposition model is N+N(N+1)/2, due to the symmetry of the coefficients {ηij}. The first order eigen decomposition model is depicted in
An alternative way to introduce small components of larger bandwidth into SPIF is to add some additional kernels of large bandwidths, such as Gaussian functions or any other well behaved functions. The advantage of this approach, in comparison with the true second order eigen decomposition, is its simplicity and speed of implementation during model OPC operation. The coefficients {β1} and {ηij} can be determined from calibrating the model to experimental data, favorably CD SEM image data or AFM contour data or other two dimensional (2D) data from surface metrologies. The targeted data for calibration can also be dimension measurements such as CD measurements or any other data.
If an error in the contours is detected, the error is pixel size limited. The error is calculated along the feature edge, pixel by pixel. Since a CD measurement widow is always defined during a CD measurement, and there are preferably a considerable number of pixels in the measurement window, therefore, the CD error distribution will be significantly narrower.
B. Variable Threshold Eigen Decomposition Model
The model just described above is the constant threshold eigen decomposition model whose attraction lies in its simplicity in implementation. The basic ideas, however, can equally be applied and extended to develop similar models, most notably, the variable threshold eigen decomposition model. In the following, we describe one possible implementation. For any mask transmission function M(x,y), its aerial image can be easily calculated. Now, if one uses a predefined threshold, for example, 0.3, to cut the aerial image, its corresponding contours can be obtained. It should be understood that the contours thus obtained deviate from the experimental contours. It is the essence of the model to establish a relation that can transform the initially guessed contours to the correct contours. The process is illustrated in
As illustrated in
Threshold(x,y)=H(I(x,y)) (14)
The functional form of H is not known, and it can only be approximated. Due to the finite degrees of freedom of the intensity I(x,y), it can be effectively expressed using a finite terms of the basic signals as defined in equation (11).
Threshold(x,y)|along cutline =H(S 1(x,y), S 2(x,y), . . . S N(x,y)) (15)
By successive approximation, equation (15) leads to
The basic signals utilized here possess decisive advantages over the other basic signals such as maximum intensity and log-slope since these basic signal constitute a complete set of signals, and are also orthogonal to each other. The completeness of the basic signals {S1, S2, . . . } improves accuracy, and the orthogonality eliminates complicated interference effects that exist if non-orthogonal signals are used. The coefficients {χi} and {εij} can be obtained from calibrating the model to experimental data.
The model corrected contour is generated in step S308 and preferably is used to implement OPC model. Although our eigen decomposition model OPC theory does not require the real illuminator profile from scanner/stepper, so long as the real illuminator profile does not deviate from the top hat illuminator profile significantly, the eigen functions calculated from a real illuminator, however, are expected to be more accurate than those from a corresponding top hat illuminator profile. In addition, there is a rapidly growing interest to employ more aggressive or advanced illumination designs in low k1 photolithography, such as customer designed illuminators. The development of a method that can calculate the eigenfunctions for a generalized illuminator has evidently become a pressing task.
Equation (9) is an equation in spatial domain, which can be solved in spatial domain. In turns out, however, that it is easier to solve it in frequency domain. In frequency domain, a similar equation can be derived.
Both I0 and Γ are illuminator and impulse response functions in frequency domain. The model OPC eigen functions obtained by solving equation (17) are functions in frequency domain. The eigen functions may be obtained in spatial domain by an inverse Fourier transform on Φi.
Vector Eigen Decomposition Model
Despite all the merits of the scalar EDM approach of the present invention, it shares a common trait with other commercial available models, that is, the model itself is a scalar model by nature, and the vector characteristic of light wave have been ignored. When the numerical aperture (NA) used in a photolithography process is low (e.g., below 0.7), the scalar EDM model OPC should be considered adequate and effective. When NA used in a photolithography process approaches 0.80 or even higher, there are some compelling reasons to extend the scalar EDM into a vector EDM that takes both vector characteristic of the light wave and the film stacks on the wafer into account.
The scalar EDM model assumes that the light wave can be treated as a scalar quantity, and the aerial image can be accurately calculated using the Hopkin's formula equation (3). However, when the NA used in a photolithography process gets higher, such an assumption may prove to be inadequate. There are several reasons that require the vector characteristic of light wave taken into account in high NA regime. First of all, there is noticeable light wave polarization conversion from the entrance pupil to the exit pupil. Secondly, the dependence of reflectivity on light wave polarization at the air/resist interface becomes more prominent. Although high NA imaging formulation that takes into account these corrections do exist, the optimal decomposition on the much more involved high NA imaging formulation is not available. Without such a decomposition scheme, OPC model cannot be extended into high NA regime.
Each Kij element depends on the optical imaging system and the film stacks over the wafer as well. Explicitly expressed in the frequency domain,
where (α′, β′) is the angular coordinates (frequency) in the exit pupil, z′ is the plane position in the resist relative to the air/resist interface. W (α′, β′) is the aberration function and Δ is the defocus.
γ′=√{square root over (1−α′2−β′2)}
γ=√{square root over (1−(α′2+β′2)/N 2)} (21)
N is the reduction factor in the imaging system, its common values are 4 or 5 in most commercial photolithography exposure tools.
Qkj (α′, β′) accounts for the light polarization conversion from j component in the object space into k component into the image space. Gik (α′, β′; z′) accounts for the effect of light interference in the film stacks. The detailed expressions for Qkj (α′, β′) and Gik (α′, β′; z′) can be found in Donis G. Flagello, Tom Milster, Alan E. Rosenbluth, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A13 (1996), 53, and Michael S. Yeung, Derek Lee, Robert Lee and A. R. Neureuether, SPIE, Vol. 1927, (1993), 452, both of which are herein incorporated by reference. The light field within the resist is:
Where Bi (α′, β′; z′ α′0, β′0) is the light field in the resist at a plane of depth z′ with polarization of i (i=x,y,z) from a plane wave of (α′, β′) when the illumination is (α′0, β0).
Assume the illumination is characterized by �(α′0, β′0), then the aerial image in the resist at a plane of depth z′ is
and (x,y) in equation (18) have been normalized to wavelength λ.
Note that
T jk(f,g; f′,g′; z′)≠T* j,k(f′,g′; f,g; z′) (24a)
This inequality invalidates the direct application of Mercea's theorem. Therefore, the optimal decomposition approach that has been used in scalar EDM can only be achieved by a proper re-grouping of different elements so that hermitian operators can be constructed.
Although Tjk (f,g; f′,g′; z′) itself is not a hermitian operator, the following relation does hold,
T j,k(f,g; f′,g′; z′)=T* k,j(f′,g′; f,g; z′) (25)
Equation (21) consists of nine integral terms in total. However, the z component light field in advanced photolithography exposure tools with a reduction factor of four or five is relatively small in comparison to x and y component light field in the object space. With this assumption, we have
Furthermore, the illumination in exposure tool has no polarization preference in a statistical sense. The light intensity received by resist is a time-averaged quantity, therefore Fj (f,g)F*k (f,g) should be interpreted as a time-averaged quantities. With this understanding we have:
Equation (25) has expressed the time-averaged quantities explicitly. Here assumption has been made that the resist properties, such as refractive index and absorption coefficient, remain constant during exposure, so that Tjk (f,g; f′,g; z′) is a time independent quantity that characterizes the imaging system, i.e., the optical imaging system and the film stacks. This assumption has been justified for all resists, particularly the chemical amplified resists employed in advanced photolithography.
Since only light fields emanating from the same illuminating source point can interfere with each other, and its polarization varies randomly, we can easily obtain the following equations,
Here F is just the Fourier transform of the mask transmission function.
With equations (26) and (27), equation (25) can be further simplified,
It is easy to verify that:
[T x,x(f,g; f′,g′; z′)+T y,y(f,g; f′,g′; z′)]*=[T x,x(f′,g′; f,g; z′)+T y,y(f′,g′; f,g; z′)] (31)
In other words, the kernel:
[T x,x(f,g; f′,g′; z′)+T y,y(f,g; f′,g′; z′)]
is a hermitian operator, and it can be decomposed into, according to Mercea's theorem,
Inserting (30) into (28), we have:
Equation (31) gives the formula that calculates the light intensity distribution at a particular plane z=z′ under the eigen decomposition scheme. Equation 28 is preferably used in step S402 of
There exists other approximate way to calculate the z-averaged quantity, notably,
where n is the refractive index of the resist, λ0 is the wavelength in vacuum, and z0 is any position plane in the resist, preferably the middle plane of the resist film.
Accordingly, for implementation, one only needs to solve the following integral equation,
∫∫[<T x,x(f,g; f′,g′)>+<T y,y(f,g; f′,g′)>]Φn(f′,g′)df′dg′=χ nΦn(f,g) (36)
With a complete set of functions {Φn}, which is not z′ dependent, the z-averaged light intensity distribution in the resist film may be calculated.
Equation (35) is the final result the extended vector EDM of the present invention, and is preferably used in step S406 of
Although the eigen decomposition model theory does not require the real illuminator profile from scanner/stepper, so long as the real illuminator profile does not deviate from the top hat illuminator profile significantly. The eigen functions calculated from a real illuminator, however, are generally more effective than those corresponding to a top hat illuminator profile. In addition, there is a rapidly growing interest to employ more aggressive or advanced illumination designs in low k1 photolithography, such as customer designed illuminators.
As depicted herein, the apparatus is of a transmissive type (i.e. has a transmissive mask). However, in general, it may also be of a reflective type, for example (with a reflective mask). Alternatively, the apparatus may employ another kind of patterning means as an alternative to the use of a mask; examples include a programmable mirror array or LCD matrix.
The source LA (e.g. a mercury lamp or excimer laser) produces a beam of radiation. This beam is fed into an illumination system (illuminator) IL, either directly or after having traversed conditioning means, such as a beam expander Ex, for example. The illuminator IL may comprise adjusting means AM for setting the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in the beam. In addition, it will generally comprise various other components, such as an integrator IN and a condenser CO. In this way, the beam PB impinging on the mask MA has a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section.
It should be noted with regard to
The beam PB subsequently intercepts the mask MA, which is held on a mask table MT. Having traversed the mask MA, the beam PB passes through the lens PL, which focuses the beam PB onto a target portion C of the substrate W. With the aid of the second positioning means (and interferometric measuring means IF), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g. so as to position different target portions C in the path of the beam PB. Similarly, the first positioning means can be used to accurately position the mask MA with respect to the path of the beam PB, e.g. after mechanical retrieval of the mask MA from a mask library, or during a scan. In general, movement of the object tables MT, WT will be realized with the aid of a long-stroke module (coarse positioning) and a short-stroke module (fine positioning), which are not explicitly depicted in
The depicted tool can be used in two different modes:
The concepts disclosed herein may simulate or mathematically model any generic imaging system for imaging sub wavelength features, and may be especially useful with emerging imaging technologies capable of producing wavelengths of an increasingly smaller size. Emerging technologies already in use include EUV (extreme ultra violet) lithography that is capable of producing a 193 nm wavelength with the use of a ArF laser, and even a 157 nm wavelength with the use of a Fluorine laser. Moreover, EUV lithography is capable of producing wavelengths within a range of 20-5 nm by using a synchrotron or by hitting a material (either solid or a plasma) with high energy electrons in order to produce photons within this range. Because most materials are absorptive within this range, illumination may be produced by reflective mirrors with a multi-stack of Molybdenum and Silicon. The multi-stack mirror has a 40 layer pairs of Molybdenum and Silicon where the thickness of each layer is a quarter wavelength. Even smaller wavelengths may be produced with X-ray lithography. Typically, a synchrotron is used to produce an X-ray wavelength. Since most material is absorptive at x-ray wavelengths, a thin piece of absorbing material defines where features would print (positive resist) or not print (negative resist).
While the concepts disclosed herein may be used for imaging on a substrate such as a silicon wafer, it shall be understood that the disclosed concepts may be used with any type of lithographic imaging systems, e.g., those used for imaging on substrates other than silicon wafers.
Software functionalities of processor 1000 preferably involve programming, including executable code, may be used to implement the above described processes in
As used herein, terms such as computer or machine "readable medium" refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. Non-volatile media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as any of the storage devices in any computer(s) operating as one of the server platform, discussed above. Volatile media include dynamic memory, such as main memory of such a computer platform. Physical transmission media include coaxial cables; copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer system. Carrier-wave transmission media can take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media therefore include, for example: a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD, any other optical medium, less commonly used media such as punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data or instructions, cables or links transporting such a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer can read programming code and/or data. Many of these forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.
The implementation method proposed here and the optimal eigen functions are referred to the design for precision model OPC. However, this method is not limited to precision model OPC application. This method can be extended to a wide range of applications in lithography, for example, but not limited to, the generation of interference map for automatic placement of assist OPC features, such as non-printed features and anti-Scattering Bars, etc.
The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
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text:
Have you heard about the 2 year old who fell into the wild dog exhibit at the Pittsburgh Zoo? This is our zoo and it makes me so sad, a sadness so deep that I can't even talk about it with my co-workers.
I feel so bad for everyone involved - the parents, the child, the dogs, the zoo staff, anyone who saw it happen. It is so heartbreaking. I cried myself to sleep last night because I can't even begin to imagine what it would be like to go through something like this.
I always had a weird feeling around this exhibit, like something bad was going to happen there. It never looked "safe" to me but the zoo just passed all of their safety recertifications so it must have met standards.
Saying prayers today for all our LO's and holding my LO (little one) really tight - you just never know when one bad little judgement call could lead to really bad things. Please ladies, think before you act. :(
Here's the link to the article if you want to read it:

subset: commoncrawl


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Tom B.wrote a review of Flow M9 Snowboard Binding on January 27, 2009
i bought these 4 the price and they are GREAT. they take almost no time 2 strap in and have great handling. a little hard 2 get your foot in at 1st but once you get them adjusted right they are great.


text:
Join The Conversation
I had vodka and cranberry w/ lime for the very first time ever on Christmas day! My boyfriend's parents used to own a bar and love to introduce me to cocktails; at home we're not big drinkers outside of a cold beer on a hot day ... quintessential shore girl, that's me!
I had white wine I forgot how it makes me emoshonal and do tears ever shead! Im an emoshonal sap with White Wine
One glass of merlot, which was ok, but I would have preferred a nice cold beer.
water. gotta keep hydrated after all those pre-holiday parties, post-holiday parties....
I'm all for a cocktail before dinner. However when it comes to Christmas dinner, I like a nice red wine.
All of the above will be served but I'll stick to white wine and water.
all of the above. haha... mostly cocktails and white wine though :) merry Christmas everyone
We had sparkling wine and red wine.
Okay this one definitely needs an all of the above answer.
White wine, but I think my mum has red wine as well.
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- felting
- noun Date: 1686 1. the process of making felt 2. felt
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
felting — fèlting m DEFINICIJA postupak u izradi tkanina koje nisu tkane (ob. prešanje u pari) [felting predivo] ETIMOLOGIJA engl. felting, usp. filc … Hrvatski jezični portal
Felting — Felt ing, n. 1. The material of which felt is made; also, felted cloth; also, the process by which it is made. [1913 Webster] 2. The act of splitting timber by the felt grain. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
felting — [fel′tiŋ] n. 1. the making of felt 2. the material of which felt is made 3. felted cloth … English World dictionary
felting — /fel ting/, n. 1. felted material, either woven or felt fabric. 2. the act or process of making felt. 3. the materials of which felt is made. [1680 90; FELT2 + ING1] * * * Process that mats together fleece (raw wool) by subjecting it to moisture … Universalium
Felting — Felt Felt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Felted}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Felting}.] 1. To make into felt, or a feltike substance; to cause to adhere and mat together. Sir M. Hale. [1913 Webster] 2. To cover with, or as with, felt; as, to felt the cylinder of a… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
felting — /ˈfɛltɪŋ/ (say felting) noun 1. felted material. 2. the act or process of making felt. 3. the materials of which felt is made … Australian English dictionary
felting — Смотри Войлокование … Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии
felting — felt·ing || feltɪŋ n. felt fabric (type of nonwoven cloth); process of making felt felt n. nonwoven fabric produced by matting fibers together by heat and pressure v. make into felt; upholster in felt, cover with felt adj. touched, sensed;… … English contemporary dictionary
felting — felt•ing [[t]ˈfɛl tɪŋ[/t]] n. 1) tex felted material 2) tex the act or process of making felt 3) tex the materials of which felt is made • Etymology: 1680–90 … From formal English to slang
felting — noun ( s) Etymology: from gerund of felt 1. a. : the process by which fibers are made to mat together especially in the manufacture of felt b. : the material … Useful english dictionary


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Talk:Pelvic pain
|Ideal sources for Wikipedia's health content are defined in the guideline Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) and are typically review articles. Here are links to possibly useful sources of information about Pelvic pain.
|WikiProject Medicine
|(Rated Start-class, Mid-importance)
|WikiProject Women's Health
|(Rated Start-class, High-importance)
Why is endometriosis regarded as being a "very controversial" cause of chronic pelvic pain? This seems to contradict generally accepted wisdom (and medical advice/information). While often endometriosis causes cyclical pain that only occurs at certain points of the menstrual cycle, it's certainly not unheard of for it to lead to chronic pain all month long (that may be worse at certain times). 184.108.40.206 (talk) 00:28, 29 November 2007 (UTC)
- As there doesn't seem to be anyone answering this point, I've deleted the "(very controversial)" statement from besides endometriosis, as the linked articles themselves seem to confirm that endometriosis can cause chronic pelvic pain - either through the disease itself or via secondary scarring, adhesions or neurological complications. If anyone can produce peer reviewed evidence to show there is a great deal of controversy over endometriosis as a cause of chronic pelvic pain (over and above the other mechanisms listed) then I've no problem with it being returned. However, as there is no definitive cause for CPP and it can result from a number of conditions that may or may not cause CPP, it seems somewhat confusing as to why endometriosis was picked out above the others. 22.214.171.124 (talk) 20:27, 9 December 2007 (UTC)
Moved to pelvic pain as not all the conditions mentioned here are chronic.Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 16:39, 17 February 2010 (UTC)
- Unfortunately, the intro still discusses "CPP" and mentions chronic. Should have discussed it first? ► RATEL ◄ 22:39, 17 February 2010 (UTC)
Redirect from Pain in the ass?![edit]
This is absurd. You don't experience pelvic pain when you have haemorrhoids. Also it doesn't cover the figurative use of the phrase or variants such as Malakula.--126.96.36.199 (talk) 19:48, 22 February 2010 (UTC)
- Agree and have redirected it to rectal pain. Will create that page as it does not appear to exist.Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 20:03, 22 February 2010 (UTC)
Review 2010[edit]
[1] Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 19:16, 6 September 2011 (UTC)
Improving the explanation of pelvic pain in the introduction[edit]
There are two issues with the definitions: firstly, pelvic pain itself is not defined (where is the pain, I mean - that is, pain in the pelvic area, ideally explained). Secondly, the way chronic is phrased after the preceding sentence gives the impression that it's usually traumatic in origin.
Good explanations that might be useful in re-formulating:
AHRQ for consumers: "Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is ongoing pain in your pelvic area (the area between your hips and below your belly button) that lasts for 3 or more months." Formal definition at PMID 22439157: "Chronic pelvic pain is defined by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology as intermittent or constant pain over at least 6 months in the lower abdomen or pelvic area. Pain may occur in the lower abdomen or pelvis, including the abdominal wall at or below the umbilicus, lumbosacral back, or the buttocks. The pain is sufficiently severe that it impedes activities of daily living or causes functional disability or leads to medical care. In practice and in current research, the diagnosis of CPP may be made as early as 3 months after onset of pain."
ACOG: "Chronic pelvic pain is pain in the pelvic area that lasts for 6 months or longer. Chronic pain can come and go, or it can be constant. Sometimes chronic pelvic pain follows a regular cycle. For example, it may occur during menstruation. It also can occur only at certain times, such as before or after eating, while urinating, or during sex." (Their Practice Bulletin is PMID: 14990428 )
This PMID: 18581833 (with free AFP full text): "Chronic pelvic pain is defined in a variety of ways. A useful clinical definition of chronic pelvic pain is noncyclic pain that lasts six months or more; is localized to the pelvis, the anterior abdominal wall at or below the umbilicus, or the buttocks; and is of sufficient severity to cause functional disability or require medical care.1 Other definitions do not require that the pain be noncyclic." — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hildabast (talk • contribs) 12:49, 8 June 2014 (UTC) Sorry - forgot to sign Hildabast (talk) 23:39, 8 June 2014 (UTC)


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03/09/00- Updated 11:39 AM ET
Bradley quits presidential race
WEST ORANGE, N.J. (AP) - Bill Bradley quit the Democratic presidential campaign today, bowing to the inevitable nomination of Al Gore and endorsing the vice president he had bitterly contested in the primaries.
The former New Jersey senator said that while ''I've decided to withdraw'' and support Gore for the White House, he will hold the 412 delegates he did win, to give them a voice at the Democratic National Convention. Gore has 1,424.
The vice president won all 18 primaries and caucuses the Democrats have held so far, sweeping Super Tuesday in the final blow to Bradley.
''We have been defeated, but the cause for which I ran has not been defeated,'' Bradley told supporters and reporters at a withdrawal news conference. He mentioned issues including giving everyone access to health insurance, getting guns off the streets, improving education and overhauling campaign finance rules.
''The vice president and I had a stiff competition and he won,'' Bradley said. ''I will support him in his bid to win the White House.''
Bradley said he had telephoned Gore today to tell him so. ''Now is the time for unity,'' he said.
Bradley launched his underdog campaign 15 months ago at a Newark, N.J., community center, and his hopes soared through much of 1999 as he pitched his ideas for universal health insurance, an assault on child poverty and strict gun controls.
He walked picket lines, spoke of his commitment to race relations and assailed Gore for past ambivalence on abortion. Still, the Democratic Party's core constituencies - organized labor, minorities, and abortion-rights groups - rallied around Gore.
Other factors working against Bradley included his distaste for political hardball, his decision to challenge Gore in Iowa and competition from Republican John McCain for independent voters.
Time and again, Bradley declined to do more than jab at one Gore soft spot, the Democratic Party's fund-raising excesses in 1996. And when he did take the gloves off, using past votes in Congress to paint Gore as a closet conservative, for example, the party rushed to Gore's defense.
Tactically, Bradley's biggest mistake may have been investing time and resources in Iowa's leadoff caucus instead of continuing to focus on New Hampshire, where he overtook Gore in polling for the Feb. 1. primary.
Bradley and McCain both were at a disadvantage in Iowa, having voted in Congress against subsidies for ethanol. But while McCain skipped Iowa to focus on New Hampshire, Bradley courted Iowans as a belated convert to government support of the corn-based fuel.
All the while, Gore attacked Bradley's central proposal - universal health care - at once calling it too expensive and not expansive enough to help poor people afford full coverage.
Bradley's own health became an issue Dec. 10, when he was treated for atrial fibrillation, the most common type of heart irregularity.
He quickly held a news conference to proclaim, ''I'm feeling great. No problem.'' But exit polls indicated that one in five New Hampshire voters said they were concerned Bradley's health would interfere with his ability to serve effectively as president.
Gore beat Bradley in New Hampshire by 6,200 votes - 50% to 46%. But Bradley tried for weeks to spin Gore's narrow victory as a partial success.
McCain, meanwhile, won the Republican New Hampshire primary and enjoyed the reformer's spotlight also sought by Bradley who, due to a quirk in scheduling, endured a five-week stretch before the next binding Democratic contests.
Desperate for a tide-turning event, Bradley took the unusual step of investing time and money in Washington state in hopes of winning a nonbinding primary on Feb. 29. Bradley supporters back East grumbled to reporters that he was frittering away precious time better spent in New York.
They were right.
Bradley lost the Washington state contest 68% to 31%, and followed with losses in New York, California and 13 other states in the Super Tuesday rout that ended his journey.
© Copyright 2002 USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Co. Inc.


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|This article is a stub.
|You can help the L.A. Noire wiki by expanding it.
Ford Convertible is a vehicle available in L.A. Noire. It is identifiable as a 1936 model roadster which has been slightly hot-rodded. Can be found in the Hollywood District if driving a Ford H Boy, a bonus vehicle.
May randomly appear in the large parking lot of the Pacific Sun Aero Club.
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Retreat Guide on St. Elizabeth Ann Seton
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text:
The Dunham School had been chasing Northlake Christian and its starting pitcher Sean Tweedy all game long.
An inning after pulling even and getting Tweedy out of the game in the bottom of the sixth the Tigers weren't able to enjoy the first shift in momentum for very long.
Shortstop-turned-pitcher Maverick Latour drilled reliever Ben Marmande's first pitch into the right-center field gap for the go-ahead run in the seventh and the senior closed out No. 22 seed Dunham for a 5-4 victory Wednesday in a Class 2A state regional playoff game.
"We gave up the run but we just got through playing nine innings at Lakeside," Dunham coach Joey Thibodeaux said of a first-round 3-1 win. "I didn't doubt we wouldn't fight until the bitter end and we did. It just didn't happen for us."
Dunham (18-15) trailed throughout, falling behind 2-0 after two innings and 4-1 through four.
The Tigers took advantage of an error in the sixth to get back into contention. Designated hitter Nick Brooks (2-for-3) singled with Alec Duhe aboard and both runners scored on Jon-Austin Volland's triple to right-center.
Catcher Tyler Price maintained the momentum with a run-scoring single up the middle to make it 4-all and watched Latour take over for Tweedy after 115 pitches.
Dunham had seven hits off Tweedy, who allowed four runs (one earned), two walks and struck out eight times.
"He battled the entire game but you've got to tip your hat to Dunham," Northlake coach Chad Catalano said. "They never stopped fighting and were still aggressive with the sticks and came up big in the sixth. We thought it was time to make that move with Maverick."
Ruston West's one-out single to left awakened a Northlake offense, which hadn't recorded a hit since the second inning. Latour followed with his double but was later erased in a double play to end the inning when the Tigers snuffed out a suicide squeeze attempt.
Latour retired all four batters he faced, including getting the final batters — Reid May and Duhe — looking at strikes to send Northlake (23-10) to its first state quarterfinal in four years against Oak Grove.
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"These last two ball games for us, I couldn't be prouder of a group of guys than I am of them," Thibodeaux said. "To go into the playoffs like we were (having lost five of their last eight games) and we played two great games. You'd like to win them all but you want to play well doing it. I'm proud of what we did."


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