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Uniformly Nanopatterned Graphene Field- Effect Transistors with Enhanced Properties
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1 Choi et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2015) 10:289 DOI /s NANO EXPRESS Uniformly Nanopatterned Graphene Field- Effect Transistors with Enhanced Properties Open Access Duyoung Choi 1, Cihan Kuru 1, Youngjin Kim 1, Gunwoo Kim 1, Taekyoung Kim 1, Renkun Chen 1,2 and Sungho Jin 1,2* Abstract We have successfully fabricated and characterized highly uniform nanopatterned graphene (NPG). Thin anodized aluminum oxide nanomask was prepared by facile self-assembly technique without using polymer buffer layer, which was utilized as a direct-contact template for oxygen plasma etch to produce near-periodic, small-neck-width NPG. The NPG exhibits a homogeneous mesh structure with an average neck width as small as ~11 nm. The highly uniform 11-nm neck width creates a quantum confinement in NPG, which has led to a record bandgap opening of ~200 mev in graphene for the given level of neck width. Electronic characterization of single-layer NPG field-effect transistors (FETs) was performed, which demonstrated a high on-off switching ratio. We found that the NPG allows for experimental confirmation of the relationship between electrical conductance and bandgap. This work also demonstrates that our direct-contact, self-assembled mask lithography is a pathway for low-cost, high-throughput, large-scale nanomanufacturing of graphene nanodevices. Keywords: Graphene; Nanopatterned graphene; AAO; Nanopatterning; Field-effect transistor; Bandgap Background Graphene has recently emerged as a new and exciting 2D material due to its remarkable properties including high charge mobility, mechanical strength, and flexibility [1 3]. Potential applications of graphene as electrodes in a wide range of devices including field-effect transistors (FETs) [4], touch-sensitive screens [5], liquid-crystal displays [6], light-emitting diodes [7], dye-sensitized solar cells [8, 9], and organic solar cells [10] have been reported. However, due to the semimetallic nature of graphene, it lacks a bandgap, which is necessary for technological applications such as FETs. Hence, this results in a very low on/off ratio in graphene field-effect transistor devices. For practical applications, an on/off ratio on the order of 10 5 is needed. One way to open a bandgap in graphene is to create geometrical constrictions of graphene material. This will lead to the confinement of electrons thus opening a bandgap. In order to increase the driving current for practical applications, such geometrical constrictions need to be maximized by fabrication of dense, ordered nanoribbon arrays, which has been achieved by electron-beam * Correspondence: 1 Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA 2 Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA lithography [11, 12]. Although conventional lithographic methods can provide precisely located nanoarrays, the e-beam lithography is time-consuming and costly, and therefore, the size of the patterned area is often limited to the micrometer-scale regions. To advance a facile process technique for nanopatterned graphene (NPG), we have specifically utilized an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) lithography as it can be scaled to large-area substrates with high fidelity of patterning, which can be compatible with conventional lithographic processes [13, 14]. With an array of nanoholes introduced, the sheet resistance obviously becomes deteriorated due to a lost material pathway. Zeng et al. reported that nanometer-sized features on graphene cannot be achieved simply by directly placing the AAO membrane on reduced graphene oxide because of the rigid nature of AAO. Thus, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was employed in their experiment as an adhesion layer between the AAO and graphene [14]. In that work, graphene nanomesh (GNM) with a neck width of 14.7 nm was produced, but the low density of nanoholes and the low number of on/off ratio failed to open up the bandgap of GNM for FET operation. The use of polymer buffer/adhesion layer causes less intimate contacts of the mask with the underlying graphene surface, so the resolution of the plasma etch 2015 Choi et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.
2 Choi et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2015) 10:289 Page 2 of 7 nanopatterning can be adversely affected. However, in the present research, we were able to overcome the issue by fabricating a less rigid and thin AAO template (~200-nm thick), and successfully demonstrated fabrication of nanohole-patterned graphene using this oxide template without polymer buffer layer thus avoiding such complicated processes. Moreover, our NPG is semiconducting in behavior with a substantially increased effective energy gap of 200 MeV at room temperature. The key to this success was the thinness and uniformity of the AAO membrane that we provided in fabrication of waterfloatable AAO membranes. Here, we report the production of a graphene nanostructure that can open up a bandgap in a large sheet of single-layer graphene (SLG). We focus on experimental investigations in SLG FETs and the implications for the device performances. The patterned graphene is prepared by self-assembled mask lithography using a floating AAO that can be placed on the device surface by lift-up of the device from underneath. Such nanostructuring process can effectively open up a conduction bandgap in a large piece of graphene, e.g., by using a severalcentimeter-sized AAO membrane. We expect that the relative ease of our AAO lithography technique which can be implemented and scaled to large areas, together with the demonstrated effectiveness in controlling the electronic properties of graphene, will be useful for efforts toward practical large area, commercial applications of graphene in electronics, thin-film devices, flexible electronics, optoelectronics, and sensing. Methods Preparation of AAO Membrane A 0.5-mm thick annealed Al foil purchased from Alfar Aesar (99.99 %) was used as the starting material. The Al foil was successively degreased by acetone and isopropyl alcohol with ultrasonication, followed by deionized (DI) water rinse and nitrogen gas blow. The Al foil was slightly etched in a 1 M NaOH aqueous solution to remove any possible surface contaminations prior to surface-smoothing electropolishing process conducted at 20 V in a solution of perchloric acid (70 %) and ethanol (99.9 %) (1:4 volume ratio) at 5 C for 15 min, using a Pt counter electrode. Then, a two-step anodization process of the Al foil was carried out by incorporating the Al foil as the working electrode and Pt as the counter electrode, immersed in 0.3-m oxalic acid. The electrolyte temperature was maintained at 1 C during the anodization process using a powerful refrigeration bath (RTE7, Thermo Scientific) in which the coolant circulates a double-wall glass chamber. After the first anodizing process, which took about 3 h at an operating voltage of 40 V, the anodized Al foil was immersed for 1 h in a mixed solution of phosphoric acid (6 wt%) and chromic acid (1.8 wt%) kept at 75 C to remove the alumina layer formed in the first anodizing step. The second anodizing step was implemented for 10 min while other experimental conditions were unchanged compared with the first anodizing step, in order to form an ordered porous alumina membrane on the Al foil. Then, the Al metallic substrate underneath the AAO layer was selectively removed with a mixed HCl and CuCl 2 solution for 10 min. Any residual Cu debris adhered to the bottom of the AAO barrier layer was removed by placing the sample in nitric acid for a few seconds and washed in DI water immediately after. The barrier layer in the bottom of the AAO holes was then removed by a 5 wt% phosphoric acid etching for 10 min to 2 h. Fabrication of NPG A single-layer graphene was purchased from ACS material (MA, USA). Before graphene on Cu backing layer was separated and transferred to other substrates, the back side of graphene was first removed by oxygen plasma. The top side of graphene was protected by a PMMA layer coating during the O 2 plasma etching. The graphene film was then transferred onto a 300-nm SiO 2 -coated Si substrate (Si/SiO 2 ) using chemical processing steps. The chemical process for graphene transfer consists of the etching of Cu foil, transferring the floating graphene onto a Si/SiO 2 substrate by lift-up in an aqueous solution bath, followed by washing with water, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol as described elsewhere [9]. After that, the PMMA layer was removed by dissolving it in acetone. Furthermore, the rapid thermal annealing was carried out for graphene placed on the Si/SiO 2 substrate by heating to 400 C under a N 2 atmosphere to remove the residual PMMA and promote the adhesion between graphene and the oxide layer. The prepared AAO template floating in water was placed on the graphene as an etch mask by lifting up the Si/SiO 2 substrate from underneath. After that, the sample was annealed in a vacuum at 180 C for 2 h, in order to allow the AAO membrane to stick tightly on the graphene surface. Then, oxygen plasma (30 W, 150 mtorr) was applied through the AAO template holes to etch and create pores on the graphene. The details of recipes and procedures for the formation of NPG were explained in previous study [13]. Graphene Characterization The sample microstructure was characterized by ultrahigh resolution scanning electron microscopy (UHR SEM; FEI XL30). Raman spectroscopy was used as a nondestructive tool for probing the edges and the crystalline sp 2 -bonded structure of the graphene [15]. Raman spectra were collected using a Renishaw Raman spectrometer inbuilt with an Ar + laser of a wavelength of 514 nm for quantifying the degree of structural order and charge
3 Choi et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2015) 10:289 Page 3 of 7 transfer characteristics. To measure the sheet resistance of graphene nanomesh (GNM), Jandel Four-Point Probe was employed for the four-point measurement. The optical property of the graphene samples was characterized by UV/Vis spectrophotometer (UNICO SQ-4802). Results and Discussion Figure 1 schematically illustrates the present approach for fabricating NPG. The CVD-grown graphene on Cu foil was used as the starting material. The copper layer was removed by chemical reaction with an aqueous 0.1 M ammonium persulfate solution, (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8. The floating graphene in water was transferred onto a Si/SiO 2 substrate. We used the SiO 2 -coated Si (Si/SiO 2 ) substrate for electrical measurements of the FET device. The AAO membrane was placed on graphene, and the transferred AAO membrane was used as the etch mask for the fabrication of NPG. After the oxide template was placed on top of graphene, O 2 plasma etching was employed to generate nanopores in the graphene layer. Finally, the AAO mask was etched away by a NaOH solution, and the sample was washed with acetone. The AAO membrane prepared by a two-step anodization of high-purity aluminum foil and this self-assembly fabricated AAO membrane was used as a mask during the oxygen plasma etching of graphene for nanopore array formation (Fig. 2). Raman spectroscopy was used as a nondestructive tool for probing the edge structure and the crystallinity of sp 2 - bonded graphene. Figure 3 demonstrates the Raman spectra of pristine graphene and NPG. The Raman data was taken from different spots on graphene to check the uniformity. Prior to patterning, the G (~1586 cm 1 )and 2D (~2682 cm 1 ) bands were prominent. The D peak at ~1341 cm 1 is related to defects and disorder. This is forbidden in perfect graphitic systems and requires a defect for its activation, and so is observed at the edges of graphene samples [15 17]. The integrated intensity ratio of the D band and G band (I D /I G ) is a parameter sensitive to defect density [17, 18]. In Fig. 3a, the high D peak was observed on porous graphene with the value of I D /I G increased by a factor of 3, which suggests that defects in our sample are significantly formed by nanopatterning and pore edge formation. After nanopatterning, there is a systematic upshift in the position of the G band. The G band position for porous graphene was observed at ~1594 cm 1, which can be compared with the G position of pristine graphene (~1586 cm 1 ) in our sample. This upshift in the G band position further confirms the hole doping in the NPG by the formation of oxygen dangling bonds with graphene, as reported by previous research [15]. We also note that there is an increase in the intensity ratio of the I G /I 2D with more defects. The increase in the I G /I 2D in NPG is due to the alteration of its electronic transformation from semimetallic to semiconducting with successive opening of bandgap [19]. Figure 4 shows some example SEM images of NPGs with different average neck widths with different etching times from 30 to 40 s. Furthermore, it is possible to tune the coverage areas of NPG by controlling the etching time. As the neck width represents the smallest dimension that controls charge transport through the system, we have carried out statistical analysis of the neck widths of the NPG obtained after the O 2 etching (Fig. 4c, d). The histograms resulting from the statistical analysis show that the average neck width on graphene after controlled etching for 30 s is 25.0 ± 4.3 nm (Fig. 4c). It is expected that a neck-width reducing process, such as utilizing a controlled oxygen plasma etch, could be utilized, which can lead to a substantially reduced neck width and associated interesting change in the degree of a bandgap opening, creating a further enhanced quantum confinement effect. Figure 4d shows a NPG with a smaller average w of 11.1 ± 3.2 nm, which is achieved through an intentional slight overetching by exposing to 40 s oxygen plasma. These SEM analyses on our graphene layer agreed with previous studies which clearly demonstrate that highly uniform porous graphene can be obtained with a controllable etching time by the template approach. Figure 5 displays the electrical characteristics of fieldeffect transistors (FETs) containing the NPG structure at room temperature. Figure 5a schematically illustrates the structure of a patterned graphene FET device, in which a rectangular-shaped NPG with total channel width W and channel length L serves as the conduction channel. A pair of metallic pads (Ti/Au) serves as drain and source contacts. The 300-nm-thick thermal oxide SiO 2 Fig. 1 Schematic of nanopatterned graphene fabrication. a CVD-grown graphene was transferred onto a Si/SiO 2 substrate. b An AAO template was placed on top of graphene. c Graphene in the exposed area was etched away by O 2 plasma through the AAO pores, and then the AAO was removed. Finally, porous graphene on SiO 2 was obtained
4 Choi et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2015) 10:289 Page 4 of 7 Fig. 2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. a An AAO template (top view). b A tilted AAO membrane with a ~200-nm thickness. c Histogram of the neck width (w) between AAO pores with an average neck width of 29.7 nm (std. dev. ±2.6 nm) layer and degenerated (p ++ ) Si wafer are used as the gate dielectric and the back gate, respectively. Figure 5c, d shows the electrical transport characteristics of a typical patterned graphene transistor with an average neck width of ~25 nm. Drain current (I d ) versus gate voltage (V g ) characteristics for the transistor show a typical p-channel transistor behavior (Fig. 5c, d). The increase in p-doping is likely due to increase in oxygen plasma exposure, resulting in dangling bonds on the edges of the holes [20]. The hole doping observed in the NPG is similar to that of graphene nanoribbon devices and can be attributed to edge oxidation in the O 2 plasma process or physisorbed oxygen from the ambient and other species during the nanofabrication process. The ability to control the NPG periodicity and neck width is very important for controlling their electronic Fig. 3 Comparison of Raman spectra. a Before versus b after patterning NPG showing ~8 cm 1 blueshift on G band due to nanopatterning (11 13-nm neck width)
5 Choi et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2015) 10:289 Page 5 of 7 Fig. 4 Example SEM images of the NPG surface after removing the AAO mask. a NPG with a 30-s etching time. b NPG with a 40-s etching time. c The neck width in a is 25.0 ± 4.3 nm. d The neck width in b is 11.1 ± 3.2 nm properties because charge transport properties are highly dependent on the width of the critical current pathway. In the case of graphene nanoribbons, both theoretical and experimental works have shown that the size of the electronic bandgap is inversely proportional to the ribbon width [21, 22]. Therefore, we expect that the electronic bandgap of NPG inversely scales with the average ribbon width (i.e., E g ~ α/w, and α is a coefficient with 0.95 nm ev for nanomesh) [23, 24]. Furthermore, the on/off current ratio of a FET device exponentially scales with the bandgap (i.e., (I on /I off exp(e g /kt), where k is Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute temperature) [24]. So the I on /I off value of a NPG transistor is expected to inversely scale with the average neck width, as expressed in Eq. (1), where C is a dimensionless constant. Equation (1) can be simplified to Eq. (2) related to bandgap energy. =kt 1=w I on =I off e ð Þ =kt 1=w ¼ Ce ð Þ ð1þ E g ¼ kt½lnði on =I off Þ lnðcþ ð2þ We have achieved the current on/off ratio values significantly higher than those in the previously reported FET devices of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) and graphene nanomesh (GNM) [21 25]. The expected bandgap from the relation of E g ~ α/w by an average neck width of ~10 nm was 95 MeV. In Fig. 5d, however, the actual bandgap in our FET device with an 11-nm neck-width NPG is estimated to be ~200 MeV from Eq. (2) with our measured I on /I off value of 50. By contrast, the FET device with a larger 25-nm neck-width NPG exhibits an order of magnitude smaller I on /I off ratio of ~5.3 with much less bandgap opening as shown in Fig. 5. There is a difference between the calculated bandgap values from the relations with the neck width of our FET having an average neck width of ~11 nm and the on/off current ratio experimentally measured, with the actual measured ratio being higher. Further detailed study is in progress to understand the mechanism behind this observation of surprisingly highly effective bandgap in our NPG samples. We assume that the unusually high on/off ratio in our more extensively patterned graphene affected the bandgap opening, possibly due to the highly dense and uniform NPG nanostructure throughout the large-area samples. Such results point to a possibility of utilizing the properly and highly uniformly nanopatterned large-area graphene as promising electronic devices [26, 27]. Electrical characterization of NPG confirmed that the current on-off ratio is inversely proportional with the neck width, indicating the formation of an effective gap due to the confinement effect. We have shown that both
6 Choi et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2015) 10:289 Page 6 of 7 Fig. 5 FET structure and electrical properties. a Schematic illustration of the FET device fabricated using the NPG. b SEM image showing the top view of the NPG-based FET device. c Drain current (I d ) versus gate voltage (V g ) for a FET device with w = 25.0 ± 4.3 nm. (The electronic measurement was carried out in ambient conditions at room temperature.) d I d versus V g for a device with w = 11.1 ± 3.2 nm electronic transport and Raman characteristics change in a concerted manner on graphene patterning. The availability of such well-controlled NPG structure will provide an interesting possibility for a more in-depth fundamental investigation of transport behavior in the highly interconnected graphene network, and will enable exciting opportunities in sensitive electronics and sensor devices. Conclusions We demonstrate a successful fabrication of very fine dimension NPG using a thin-floating anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane etching mask. The membrane was directly transferred onto a hydrophobic graphene surface for well-adhered and stacked manner on the graphene due to the van der Waals force, thus allowing a high-density, small-neck-width NPG structure fabrication, without using any intermediate buffer/adhesion polymer which could adversely affect the resolution of plasma etching patterning of graphene. The NPG so produced exhibits homogeneous mesh structures with an average neck width as small as ~11 nm. Electronic characterization of a single-layer NPG FET structure with an 11-nm neck width creates a quantum confinement in NPG, which has led to an impressive bandgap opening of ~200 MeV. The NPG structures with different neck widths allowed experimental confirmation of the relationship between electrical conductance and bandgap. Electrical characterization of the NPG-based FET device confirmed that the current on/off ratio is inversely proportional with the neck width, indicating the formation of an effective gap due to a confinement effect. The availability of such NPG will provide an interesting system for a more in-depth fundamental investigation of transport behavior in the highly interconnected, small-width graphene network and will enable exciting opportunities in sensitive electronic or sensor devices. This work also demonstrates that self-assembled mask
7 Choi et al. Nanoscale Research Letters (2015) 10:289 Page 7 of 7 lithography is a pathway for low-cost, high-throughput, large-scale nanomanufacturing of NPG with critical dimensions down to nanometer regime. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors Contributions DC, CK, and SJ developed the concept. DC designed the experiments. DC and CK carried out the preparation and characterization of the FET device. DC, CK, RC, and SJ analyzed the results and wrote the manuscript. YK, GK, CR, and TK contributed to the preparation of the pristine graphene sample. All authors critically read, commented on, and approved the manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support from Iwama endowed fund at UC San Diego. Received: 26 March 2015 Accepted: 12 June 2015 References 1. Park CH, Yang L, Son YW, Cohen ML, Louie SG. Anisotropic behaviors of massless Dirac fermions in graphene under periodic potentials. 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Circa early 1900's this bowl as you can see has an amazing carnival iridescence, acorn burrs embossed design and is marked with the classic Northwood logo - "N". It is 9" (W) at the scalloped rim, 4" (D) and 5-1/4" (W) at the flat foot. Condition is excellent without chips or cracks - just a small patch of missing iridescence within the bowl at the bottom (see photo). Otherwise this is an amazing example of early Northwood carnival glass.
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Discussion in 'Heavy Equipment & Pavement' started by ARP, Feb 15, 2009.
Where did you load the junk out too? Man you need a dump truck! Lookin' good as usual!
Thanks guys! The junk was trucked by the landscaper that I work with back to his yard where we are stockpiling everything.
lookin good andrew!!
looks good andrew, throw some bags on that 450 and you can put both machines on the trailer and no one would notice lol!
quick question, does asplundh ask you to apply any herbicides after mowing? just read through tree services mag article on a company that does ROW mowing and they were talking about how vital it is to follow up mowing and mulching with a broad spectrum spray.
Thanks guys!
Protouch- I do not do anything with herbicides. There are way too many regulations and problems associated with their use in my area that I do not want to get into them.
Going back to that discussion about a dump truck - -
couple o' questions
First, I'm assuming that you have a class A license with your current setup?
Second, why did you decided to go with your current setup instead of a 550 dump or 450/550 service body.
Third, from a business standpoint, how do you justify owning such a high end rig; Its not that I don't get it, I just couldn't justify the price of a rig spec'ed out as yours?
he needed it to pull double duty as a personal ride as well, besides, us boss men need a nice truck to go visit the job sites with
Thats what i tell myself every month when the truck bill comes in
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tht was my reason also
The back seat of the F450 is where most of the bikini area ROW work is done.


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Significant Criteria Of Health and Fitness
They say that if you cut down on your food intake and exercise regularly, you are sure going to burn your fats out. This is actually true for some people but for some, this takes a long time before they start seeing results. This could be because of their genes or it can be because they have slower metabolism.
Finding the right supplement will give them the result they have been waiting for, for so long. Fat burners are supplements that can aid with weight loss. Most of the fat burners on the market include several active ingredients and nutrients to help lose weight. The most effective supplements take an all-rounded approach to weight control and provide multiple functions.
Usually, these products are designed to give multiple benefits like putting someone in a better mood, increasing stamina and strength, giving more energy, and boosting the metabolism. Used as a solo weight loss remedy, fat burners aren't able to help in cases of extreme weight loss. But, they are a lot more effective when used in combination with a regular exercise plan and healthy diet. Do not expect any of these ingredients to work without you doing your part. You should continue with your daily regimen to ensure the change you aspire.


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Go to Admin » Appearance » Widgets » and move Gabfire Widget: Social into that MastheadOverlay zone
According to a research study released by Technavio, the global cloud direct video recorder (DVR) market is expected to grow at a CAGR of more than 30 per cent until 2020.
"With the growing prominence of IPTV, an increasing number of households will
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Jennifer Lopez Puts Relationships on Display in "First Love" Track: Listen Here!
Putting her love life on display, Jennifer Lopez croons about her infamous relationships in her newly released track "First Love."
The "I Luh Ya Papi" beauty's single comes off of her upcoming studio album, which is due out on June 17.
"First Love" notes Jen's many affairs including her late-'90s relationship with Sean Combs (Puff Daddy at the time) and the Bennifer days when she was engaged to Ben Affleck.
In addition, Lopez was married to Marc Anthony for seven years before calling off their nuptials in 2011.
On the track, Jen sings, "See I know a little bit something good / Always comes out of a little bit something bad / And I wasn't looking for someone new / 'Till you came down."
"I wish you were my first love / 'Cause if you were first / Baby there wouldn't have been no second, third or fourth love," she sings in the chorus.
Listen to Jennifer's "First Love" tune below!


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All about me
This is all about me
Name: Jeremy Latham
Age: 14
"Hello World"
My Favorite Activities
Hobby: Yo-yoing, Electronics.
Favorite class: Band.
I play alto saxophone.
I usually first or second chair.
I just got a tenor saxophone.
Track, Football, Swimming,
Quizzing (not really a sport)
My top two foods.
A program at church.
We study books of the Bible and then quiz!
I have two brothers, Ben and Josh
and a mom and dad.
Favorite music
I like orchestra Music,
(Videogame music)
Favorite board games
Lord of the rings risk
Setlers of catan
The end
My yo-yo
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Anton Heunis Tassel Mosaic pendant
Anton Heunis Tassel Mosaic pendant
Cling to warm summer days with this brightly hued mosaic pendant, a modern spin on vintage elements. Suspended from an elegant knot on a lengthy brass chain, this easy piece has just enough Swarovski sparkle and tassel action to keep you moving through the seasons. One size: length 30, drop 20.5. Made in Spain
In 2012 Ethica launched with a mission: to showcase the most exciting examples of conscious, contemporary fashion, and to shape thoughtful approaches to shopping, style and trends through a focus on storytelling. The online boutique is stocked with emerging designers and a cool selection of ethical and sustainable brands. Shop Ace & Jig, Valentine Gauthier, Samantha Pleet and more.
Do you have questions about this product? We're here to help!


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The Nicaragua Project
Under the auspices of Bethlehem Lutheran Church in Longmont, Colorado.
1 - 1
The Nicaragua Project is a cooperative effort of multiple congregations in the Colorado Front Range area to provide assistance to the Somoto area of Nicaragua. The major areas of assistance are education/scholarships, the children's project Ninos y Ninas del Futuro, construction assistance (homes and roofs), micro loans, and water purification.
In a previous year a birthing house in a remote village was constructed.


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Fast change battery design makes it more convenient and quick. Humanized operating design makes lighting modes more simple and directly. Compact and portable, separated structure makes it wearing comfortable and stable. HP01 only adopts two AA batteries that delivers max 210 lumens of brightness and max beam distance of up to 95m, which is suitable for outdoor activities that acquire long runtime such as hiking, running and climbing, etc.
|125h – 135h(4 lumens)
|Max Distance
|2 x AA (Ni-MH, Alkaline) batteries (not Included)
|Product Weight
|106g (excluding battery)
|Light Size
|5.43L x 4.89W x 3.29H cm
|Battery Box Size
|8.61L x 4.35W x 3.35H cm
|1 x HP01 Headlamp
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Zapals.com is an internationally renowned, global shopping website operated by the Zapals Corporation Limited Company.
Our offices are located in Australia, Hong Kong and Mainland China and our aim is to deliver one of the largest, most innovative online department stores in the world.
We've got an extensive range of high quality products at the lowest prices for our customers. Our shopping range is designed by experienced professionals in compliance with international standards, quality control, trends, demands, and policies.
Our ultimate goal is to be an innovative, one-stop, online destination for anything you can find in the home and anything that you'll need in your life!


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Strategic Bankruptcy Counsel Focused On Your Financial Future
With 25 years of practice experience, Susan M. Williams, has earned a reputation as a competent and effective law firm serving clients throughout Connecticut and Massachusetts. At our firm, we will take the time to listen to your concerns and develop a comprehensive solution focused on your debt relief. You can also be confident that Attorney Williams will personally handle your case.
Attorney Susan M. Williams has in-depth knowledge of the Bankruptcy Reform Act and the emerging laws resulting from its enactment. This knowledge includes comprehensive understanding of the means test analysis which is now required to determine if you qualify for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Whether you want more information about bankruptcy or you are ready to take the necessary step towards debt relief, we can help.
We know that every case is unique and will work with you to determine what avenues would be in your best interest. When you leave our office, you'll be confident you have the information you need to make the best decision for your future and family.
Contact Attorney Susan M. Williams today if you need legal assistance with any of the following:
- Bankruptcy
- Chapter 13 Bankruptcy
- Chapter 7 Bankruptcy
- Residential Real Estate
Call Attorney Susan M. Williams today at 860-294-4086 to arrange your free initial consultation.
Attorney Profile
Attorney Susan M. Williams
Susan M. Williams is licensed to practice law in all state and local courts in Connecticut and Massachusetts. She is also admitted to practice before the U.S. District Court for Connecticut, the U.S. District Court for Massachusetts and the United States Supreme Court. She is a member of the Connecticut Bar Association Commercial Law and Bankruptcy Section, Hartford County Bar Association, The National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys and The Hampden County Bar Association Bankruptcy Section in Massachusetts. Attorney Williams has also taught seminars on bankruptcy related topics for the Hartford County Bar Association and the National Business Institute. Additionally Attorney Williams was a panel speaker for the National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys at the annual conference in 2014.
- Connecticut, 1990
- Massachusetts, 1991
Western New England University School of Law - JD, 1990
Westfield State College - BS Criminal Justice, 1984
Office Locations
146 High Street
100 Pearl Street


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About PAUL1897
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Hannspad , OSD
PAUL1897 replied to PAUL1897's topic in Orange San Diego Q&AI installed update.zip from C:\SanDiego\tools\xolo via Settings>About Phone>System updates in Android Re-rooted And my wi-fi recovered too (it had failed on four different routers or open hotspots) RESULT ! put orange logo back on to test All good Thanks a bunch, My Sassenach friend !
PAUL1897 replied to PAUL1897's topic in Orange San Diego Q&AI got Busy Box pro from XDA forums not the Play Store Really need help here , I know it something pretty simple but I am not hardcore enough to know what / P1897
PAUL1897 replied to PAUL1897's topic in Orange San Diego Q&A*deleted*
PAUL1897 replied to PAUL1897's topic in Orange San Diego Q&AI have only ever used the AIO tool by Ricky I would download agin and retry but I don't understand the backup.exe and why it is needed and what it does It is a fairly new version and has the Fibblesan MOD tacked on the end My OSD was dead standard - came with ICS - I bunged on XOLO build and left it alone , noother fiddling THX P1897
PAUL1897 replied to PAUL1897's topic in Orange San Diego Q&AI think it has something to do with busybox not sure if I need a x86 compiled version ? P1897
PAUL1897 posted a topic in Orange San Diego Q&ATrying to re-root to restore device , so i can retuyrn for unrelated hardware level wi-fi issue Device has never been deodexed - just XOLO build applied with Rickys Marvellous tool :-) When I run tool now i get message "Could not patch ADBD" Have searched and read for last two days , honest. Any help would be gratefully received P1897
PAUL1897 replied to Cowgers123's topic in Orange San Diego Q&AKeyboard works , no pendrives work for me. Tried USB mouse with pointer turned on in various apps - nada P1897
PAUL1897 replied to Cowgers123's topic in Orange San Diego Q&AUse a plectrum or a sanded-down credit card or the plastic card the sim came in sand down the thickness of one of the rounded corners of the card. not too thin - about half way and the angle can be fairly shallow Start at mouth of the sim tray and insert and flex the back case You will very soon work out the relationship between the clips and the front half By flexing and twisting the edge you have made while it is inserted you will quickly get a 'technique' that works for you. It is anxious stuff but after about 3 clips , it gets ALOT easier Always keep the case close to the back of the phone, as at the start and when you go round corners , don't use the fact that case is separated as a way to speed up the disengagement of the last few clips Just keep doing what works. - I.e "don't try to pop it off because it is hanging off" Once you have done it you will laugh about all the fuss - but it will be worth it because it will go back on seamlessly P1897
PAUL1897 replied to topcat07's topic in Orange San DiegoPretty sure that this IS NOT AN SDXC class devive get Class 4 micro SDHC for music or get Class 10 if you are going to run video over HDMI or WiDi 32GB max i believe paul1897
PAUL1897 replied to rickywyatt's topic in Orange San Diego DevelopmentThank you for that - worked for me too All good 1897
PAUL1897 replied to rickywyatt's topic in Orange San Diego DevelopmentYeah , I am in same situation , tried the root via the original post by benichou Win 7 (64 bit PC ) with full rights describes device as AZ210ABeen searching forum alot 1897
PAUL1897 posted a topic in Advent Vega 2http://www.hotukdeals.com/deals/packard-bell-liberty-tablet-with-android-3-0-16gb-wifi-only-299-99-dixons/1006565 http://www.dixons.co.uk/gbuk/packard-bell-liberty-tablet-pc-16gb-10969066-pdt.html?srcid=369&xtor=AL-63 yeah/naw ? P1897
PAUL1897 replied to roy8846's topic in HANNSpad 10.1"slatedroid is Where It's At P1897
PAUL1897 replied to PAUL1897's topic in HANNSpad 10.1"Thank you very much You will not be disappointed at all . the screen is way better than the VEGA P1897
PAUL1897 posted a topic in HANNSpad 10.1"Don't know the protocol or requirements I did a search for "new forum" Do admins have own a device before it is recognised ? Modaco is the best site - much more 'community' than other sites Ta P1897
MoDaCo is part of the MoDaCo.network, © Paul O'Brien 2002-2016. MoDaCo uses IntelliTxt technology.


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Book nerds, gather 'round. It is time for another installment of "what we're reading now."
What Sophia's reading now:
A TALE FOR THE TIME BEING by Ruth Ozeki
In Tokyo, sixteen-year-old Nao has decided there's only one escape from her aching loneliness and her classmates' bullying, but before she ends it all, Nao plans to document the life of her great-grandmother, a Buddhist nun who's lived more than a century. A diary is Nao's only solace—and will touch lives in a way she can scarcely imagine.
Across the Pacific, we meet Ruth, a novelist living on a remote island who discovers a collection of artifacts washed ashore in a Hello Kitty lunchbox—possibly debris from the devastating 2011 tsunami. As the mystery of its contents unfolds, Ruth is pulled into the past, into Nao's drama and her unknown fate, and forward into her own future. (via Goodreads)
What Lauren's reading now:
THE SWEETHEART by Angelina Mirabella
It's 1953 and seventeen-year-old Leonie Putzkammer is cartoonishly tall and curvaceous, destined to spend the rest of her life waiting tables and living with her widowed father, Franz, in their Philadelphia row house. Until the day legendary wrestling promoter Salvatore Costantini walks into the local diner and offers her the chance of a lifetime.
A debut, coming-of-age novel in which a teenage girl from Philadelphia leaves her old life behind to become The Sweetheart, one of America's most infamous female wrestlers. (via Goodreads)
What Jenna's reading now:
PARIS IN LOVE by Eloisa James
In 2009, New York Times bestselling author Eloisa James took a leap that many people dream about: she sold her house, took a sabbatical from her job as a Shakespeare professor, and moved her family to Paris. Paris in Love: A Memoir chronicles her joyful year in one of the most beautiful cities in the world. (via Goodreads)
If you want more recommendations, have questions, or have suggestions for us, leave a comment!


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Li-ion Battery Market in South Korea 2015-2019
About Li-ion battery A Li-ion battery is a rechargeable battery with the highest electrochemical potential. A positive terminal, a negative terminal, and an electrolyte between the terminals constitute the main parts of the battery. The basic principle of working of Li-ion batteries is to generate power when ions move from a negatively charged anode to the positively charged cathode. When the battery discharges, the movement of ions from the anode to the cathode releases energy. On the other hand, during charging, electricity from the adapter forces the ions to return to the anode in the battery. Once the adapter is removed, this cycle starts again. With time, the charge hold capacity of a Li-ion battery deteriorates because of lack of movement of ions, which are trapped in the anode. Some benefits of using Li-ion batteries include higher current density, low self-discharge rates, and minimal maintenance costs. Li-ion batteries are widely used in the consumer electronics, automotive, industrial, and power grid and renewable energy sectors. TechNavio's analysts forecast the Li-ion battery market in South Korea to grow at a CAGR of 10.4 percent over the period 2014-2019. Covered in this report The Li-ion battery market in South Korea has been segmented into consumer electronics, automotive, industrial, energy storage, and others. TechNavio's report, Li-ion Battery Market in South Korea 2015-2019, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. The report covers the market landscape and its growth prospects in the coming years. The report also includes a discussion of the key vendors operating in this market. Key vendors • Kokam • LG Chem • Samsung SDI • SK Innovation Other prominent vendors • Enertech International • Vitzrocell Market driver • Increased number of Li-ion battery patents and RandD • For a full, detailed list, view our report Market challenge • Lack of charging infrastructure for EVs • For a full, detailed list, view our report Market trend • Emergence of domestic firms as supply front • For a full, detailed list, view our report Key questions answered in this report • What will the market size be in 2019 and what will the growth rate be? • What are the key market trends? • What is driving this market? • What are the challenges to market growth? • Who are the key vendors in this market space? • What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key vendors? • What are the strengths and weaknesses of the key vendors?


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Started by
King Taharqa, February 14, 2012
Posted February 17, 2012
I like Lebron, always have... but I think I like DWade better. Together they are pretty fickin awesome.
Him returning back home would make a wonderful story. Dude loves being the center of attention, so I could see him doing this
Him returning back home would make a wonderful story. Dude loves being the center of attention, so I could see him doing this
Lebron trolling Cav fans. :lol:
I only talk Bobcats. Could care less about these spoiled millionaire drama queens. One day pulling for the underdog will pay off.
James doesnt rule out possible return to Cleveland http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/02/16/2645126/miami-heats-lebron-james-wont.html#storylink=cpy
To me this is just a marketing ploy to try to get not as many people to hate him. He would never go back to Cleveland, I am sure the Gilbert wouldnt have him back anyway.
I think he is a tremendous player, one of the top 10 players in the NBA right now....I still would not trust him when the game is on the line though.
Yes, ESPN runs my life and my opinions are based on what people tell me I should think! (:
Lebron trolling Cav fans. :lol:
This dude just keeps playing with the people of Cleveland's emotions. I mean, it's already bad enough that they stay in Cleveland. Let em go, bron bron lol.
But I agree with one of the posts above. Lebron doesn't like being the villian, and wants the people in Cleveland to like him again. He just needs to stop and forget about the Cavs completely. Sometime last year he said he liked being the villian, but I knew he wasnt built for this villian sh*t.
Posted February 24, 2012
20 points, 9 rebounds, 8 assists, 5 steals, 2 blocks tonight for #6. Linsanity stops cold (8 pts, 8 TOs, 3 assists) in LeBron's house! Heat have won 8 straight games, all by double figures. They also have the best record in the league at 27-7 going into the ASG Weekend.
if the heat don't win the title this year it will be the biggest letdown in recent memory


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Monday, August 20, 2007
Epicor Expands In Latin America
Irvine-based Epicor Software, a provider of business software, said today it has inked new alliances in Chile and Columbia to expand its presence in Latin America. the provider of software used for enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, and customer relationship management said that it has linked with Technology Coast Partners (TCP) in Chile, and Ability Data in Columbia, to offer its products to those companies. Epicor said that it already employs nearly 250 people in Latin America in research and development; the addition of Chile and Columbia expands on the firm's existing presence in Mexico and Venezuela.


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Boardwalk Systems
Boardwalk Systems Ltd installs Roof Access Solutions nationwide. Boardwalk manufactures all the components used in the installation of roof access solutions, and supplies and distributes to agents nationwide.
The company provides options to suit walkway requirements with installations on the roofs of airports, shopping centers, schools, hospitals, industrial buildings, warehouses and government buildings.


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Refraction Cowl by Danielle Chalson
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 15 projects made from this pattern and much more? create a free account What am I missing?
© joanneu
© mirkka
Refraction Cowl
This pattern is available for $3.00 USD buy it now
Be sure to share your FO over at the Makewise Designs group!
With angular rays of seed stitch refracting across its surface, this cowl is the ultimate in cozy versatility: cover your head, shield your shoulders, frame your face, or warm your neck – whatever the day brings, you're prepared. The stitch texture is simple, but modern, and equally sleek on men and women. Choose a yarn blended with alpaca or silk to impart stunning drape and serious warmth.
Finished Size: approximately 37" in circumference, 13.25" tall
Yarn Requirements: Approximately 560 yards of any DK/sport yarn
The pattern includes both charted and written instructions.


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Campus Operations is responsible for the security of property and buildings on the Banyo Campus.
A MSS Security Guard is on duty each weekday from 6:00am - 11:30pm and on weekends from 8:00am - 5:30pm. These guards are available to staff and students for any security related issues.
Guards perform a variety of functions that include first aid, the opening and securing of all buildings and surveillance of grounds. They also provide an escort service from the University to the carpark when requested.
Security guards can be contacted on (07) 3623 7123.


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Burger King Introduces Two More $5 "Chef's Choice" Burgers
Would you pay $5 for a burger at Burger King? How about if they called it "Chef's Choice"? And used a 1/3 pound patty instead of the usual quarter pound they use for the Whopper? And topped it with bacon? And bleu cheese?
This weekend the chain announced a new line of burgers called exactly this. They hope to make you forget that a typical BK drive-thru doesn't, um, how do I put this, employ what could technically be called "chefs".
There are three new burgers in all, which is two more since the original BK Chef's Choice Burger was launched last October. That one has bacon, American cheese, red onion, Romaine leaf lettuce, something called "Griller sauce" under an "artisan" bun.
A new "Bacon and Bleu BK Chef's Choice Burger" adds bleu cheese and mayo in lieu of the "Griller sauce"; and a new "Bacon Cheddar BBQ BK Chef's Choice Burger" substitutes Cheddar for the American and Sweet Baby Ray's BBQ Sauce instead of the default.
So would you pay $5 for it? Or you would much you rather do what an NPR reporter did last week and pay $10 for everything on the menu, including an apple pie, to be added as a topping to his Whopper?
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If you are over the Christmas frenzy, perhaps even got yourself some new stitching stash in the sales, it is time to make a "Happy New Year" ornament or card.
I made two versions, one with a bird and a flower in one pattern, and another for a two-sided ornament. It is also in three languages, English, Hungarian and Swedish.
The colours are:
DMC 333 blue violet very dark and
DMC 156 Blue violet middle light
Hope you like the pattern :)
I am soon coming back with a pattern about my New Year resolutions. :D :D
Happy new year
1 comment:
- Людмила said...
- 30 December 2011 at 15:03
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Image of the Day: Eau Palm Beach
Eau Palm Beach is situated on a private beach on seven acres of oceanfront with lush tropical gardens. Guests are welcomed with champagne, breathtaking ocean views, and cooling tropical breezes.
View rates, details, and more images of Eau Palm Beach >>
Four Seasons Palm Beach
Palm Beach, United States
This 5-star luxury hotel is located directly next to the ocean in Palm Beach. The hotel offers a full-service spa, ocean views, an on-site restaurant and a 24-hour gym. Guest rooms at the Four Seasons Resort Palm Beach are... more >>
Eau Palm Beach
Manalapan, United States
Situated beachfront along the fabled treasure coast of South Florida, Eau Palm Beach Resort & Spa is an exquisite welcome to Palm Beach with refined beauty a graceful atmosphere, and impeccable service. Soak up the sun and enjoy... more >>
Marriott Singer Island Beach Resort
Singer Island, United States
Set along a prime stretch of oceanfront property, the Palm Beach Marriott Singer Island Beach Resort and Spa completed a $6.8 million renovation in 2016, revealing new beach-inspired styling designed to fuse the indoor and... more >>
The Brazilian Court Hotel
Palm Beach, United States
Nestled in the heart of Palm Beach, 2 blocks to the Atlantic Ocean and 2 blocks to Worth Avenue Shopping district, the Brazilian Court's quality is unsurpassed. Home to Cafe Boulud and Frederic Fekkai Salon and Spa, all services... more >>
Jupiter Beach Resort and Spa
Jupiter, United States
Jupiter Beach Resort & Spa is a well established enclave of luxury that is a favorite of sophisticated travelers. With its rich dark woods, well-appointed rooms and ultra-attentive staff, a stay at the resort feels more like a... more >>


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Welcome to your Geography support pages.
This site is mainly intended for students studying AQA Geography. It is not an exhaustive site for all AQA topics but you should find it useful.
Please give feedback on the site and feel free to make suggestions for any new material that you would like included.
Students of Northgate High School can also use "Frog" to help with homework and revision.


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Concord Foods, makers of reconstituted lemon and lime juices, packaged in easy to store fruit shaped containers, invites you to celebrate food experts' prediction that lemon will be a hot flavor in 2014.
Kazia Jankowski, associate culinary director for the Sterling-Rice Group explains the allure of lemon in this way: "Lemon is pure. Lemon is versatile. Lemon is nostalgic. For those reasons, it will be the flavor of next year. Lemon's bright flavor is fresh and unadulterated. It ties into the cuisines of the Mediterranean, which are growing in popularity. Plus, it brings back memories of lemonade afternoons, Grandma's lemon bars, and summer desserts with lemon meringue pie."
I decided to try out the Concord Foods reconstituted lemon juice in my lemon coconut bread recipe. I love this bread since it is light and has such a bright citrus flavor. I couldn't wait to see if the Concord Foods reconstituted lemon juice kept the flavor the same! I assembled the ingredients and got to work!
Here is the finished product out of the oven before I drizzled the lemon glaze over the top – it smelled delicious and I couldn't wait to taste it! Here is the recipe:
- 1 cup sugar
- 1 stick butter, softened
- 2 eggs
- 3 tbsp Concord Foods reconstituted lemon juice
- 1 1/2 cups flour
- 1 tsp. baking powder
- 1/4 tsp salt
- 1/2 cup milk
- 1/2 cup sweetened flaked coconut
- 3/4 cup confectioner's sugar
- 2 tsp. Concord Foods reconstituted lemon juice
- Preheat oven to 350.
- Grease a loaf pan.
- Mix sugar and butter in a large bowl.
- Add eggs and combine.
- Add lemon juice and combine.
- Add baking powder, flour and salt and combine.
- Fold in coconut until combined.
- Pour into loaf pan
- Bake for 60-65 minutes or until toothpick inserted into center comes out clean.
- Mix 3/4 cup confectioner's sugar and 3 tsp. lemon juice until thin.
- Drizzle over top of the loaf.
I am happy to report that the bread turned out great! My husband had no idea I didn't use fresh lemons for it! Such a great timesaver and super affordable! I love that the taste of the bread remained bright and fragrant!
Check out some cool holiday recipes using Concord Foods reconstituted lemon and lime juice!
This has been a sponsored post. All opinions are my own.
Check out HOT Amazon deals on your favorite items!


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Jacque Catier
Jacques Cartier's family was the premier watch manufacturer of Europe, and he was looking for new places to trade. Plus, his family was understandably distraught, and they refused to finance a third expedition to the New World. Because the family had rejected him, Cartier was forced to bring cheap imitations that he had imported from Korea. He was determined to succeed, and less than three months later, he boarded a single ship which was once more full of watches.
Over his years Jacques has had so many achievements
1. Is credited with the founding of the western coast of Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence as far as today's anticosti island, which Cartier called assumption.
2. He enabled France to lay claim the the lands that would become Canada
3. Though he had not been able to explore himself, Catrier told the king of the Iroquois' accounts of another great river stretching west, leading up to untapped riches and possibly to asia
These achievements were soon to create a big impact on the world today
Jacques Cartier is known chiefly for exploring the St. Lawrence River and giving Canada its name. Without his navigation skills Canada may not have been found a while after or the mapping of the St. Lawrence River to go along that river and find new routes.


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This step is elective but will seriously raise your chances of your profile getting noticed by other daters. Write a little something about yourself, your interests and upload your best photograph.
Use our website's sophisticated search to uncover over 60s members who are up to your requirements. Or just browse through listings and uncover members that appear interesting.
Discovered someone who interests you? Drop them a line or just a wink and take it from there. With a little luck you'll be on your way to locating the love of your life.
It's quick and simple


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House Sitter in Eureka
Hello! My name is Emma, I am a wildlife major at College of the Redwoods, and am available this summer and fall to lend my services as an in-home pet sitter and/or house sitter. I have about 5 years experience taking care of people's pets and ensuring their homes are well kept and safe during absences. Excellent references provided upon request. Have a great day! -Emma
House Sitter Details
|Email Address
|Phone Number
|626-487-... Confirmed
|Years of Experience
|Provider Type
Collect Mail
Feed Pets
Care For Plants
Take Out Trash/Recycling
Snow Clearing
Notes made here will only be seen by you. If you want to message the owner of this listing
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At 6pm Irish time on the 7th of September, Apple will unveil its newest range of handsets. It's generally believed that we'll be getting two new models- the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus and possible headline features include waterproofing and an improved camera.
But the feature which has been getting the most attention is certainly the much rumoured possibility that the iPhone 7 and its ilk will come without a 3.5mm headphone jack.
This port has been standard for audio enjoyment throughout every generation of mobile phone, both smart and dumb varieties. In fact, this connector has been in regular use for your listening pleasure since 1964.
That's a long legacy and represents a real barrier for users to get over. They associate that tactile plugging in motion with the listening experience, and it's also likely they've invested a good deal of cash in headphones which suit their kind of listening.
In short, the very act of dropping the connector is going to cause a visceral reaction from some quarters but the question remains - is it really justified?
Technology changes. The very fact that this particular tech is already in its sixth decade means it's likely high time for something newer to take over. And in fact Apple won't even be the first company to make that leap, with Lenovo's Moto Z smartphone being the first to market with no headphone jack.
That handset uses the new USB-C port for its headphones instead, which has a couple of benefits including allowing the phone to be a few mm thinner, which some manufacturers really value.
Other plus points include digital audio which has the potential to be of a higher quality with greater fidelity than an analogue system. This new port can also provide power, and more complex systems like noise reduction included right in the headphones.
The Apple presentation will likely spend a good deal of time making these new elements sound like huge wins for the customers and they are well versed in this kind of PR speak.
Realistically speaking, it would seem that the days of the 3.5 mm port are numbered. All the evidence suggests that it's not going to really make much of a difference to your average listening experience, with a simple adaptor ensuring you can still get analogue audio straight to your existing cans.
And does it really matter? Well no. These huge tech companies are going to do what they like, and spend a lot of time and money convincing the users that the improvements they're making will bring the best audio ever to your earholes.
So much of enjoying music and audio is such a subjective experience anyway, and one that's mitigated by the quality of the source files, the wizardry going on inside the handset and in the headphones.
True audiophiles likely aren't exclusively listening to their favourite tracks on their phone- Apple or otherwise- and everyone else will continue to have choices in how they experience their tunes. You can still use that high priced analogue set you bought a few years back, and it's very likely that you won't notice any difference in the sound day to day through an adaptor.
Change in technology happens for a number of reasons, and sometimes it's less about the real user experience and more about selling new fangled headphones featuring lightning or USB-C connectors and touting sound quality that will make your ears bleed, or something equally hyperbolic.
This is coming and there's nothing you can do about it- so just sit back and relax while the new standard comes about. There will be plenty of shouting from the sidelines over the next few months and years before this all gets forgotten like every sea change. Or you could just invest in a pair of decent wireless headphones now and save yourself the bother.
The iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus will be announced on the 7th of September, 2016. They probably won't come with a headphone jack and it probably won't matter a jot.


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After the work is complete, return to the site and rate your tradesman based on their quality of work, reliability and value for money.
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