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(360) 805-5197
Air North Energy
14 years in businessPO Box 283
Woodinville, WA 98072-0283
Fax Numbers
- (360) 805-4842
Additional Phone Numbers
- (425) 488-6758
Additional Email Addresses
- firstname.lastname@example.com
Find a Location
BBB File Opened: 05/21/2003
Business Started: 05/21/2003
Business Started Locally: 05/21/2003
Business Incorporated: 05/21/2003 in WA
Type of EntityLimited Liability Company
Business Management
- Mr. Eddie Perdomo, Owner
- Mrs. Lindsey Perdomo, Member
Business Category
- Heating & Air Conditioning
- Air Conditioning Contractors & Systems
- Heat Pumps
- Heating Contractors
- Water Heaters - Repairing
- NAICS: Plumbing, Heating, and Air-Conditioning Contractors
- Fireplaces
- Gas Power Equipment
- Air Conditioning Repair
- Water Heaters - Parts & Supplies
- Furnace Sales & Service
Service AreaThis company services King, Snohomish and Kitsap counties. , KING COUNTY, WA, KITSAP COUNTY, WA, SNOHOMISH COUNTY, WA
Licensing, Bonding or RegistrationThis business is in an industry that may require professional licensing, bonding or registration. BBB encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
This company offers heating and air conditioning maintenance, repairs and installation on gas furnaces, electric furnaces, heat pumps, air conditioners, water heaters, and gas fireplaces.
BBB Reason for Ratings
Licensing information is provided in the BBB Business Profiles to inform the public about industries that may require professional licensing, bonding, or registration. Better Business Bureau encourages you to check with the appropriate agency to be certain any requirements are currently being met.
Advertising Review
BBB promotes truth in advertising by contacting advertisers whose claims conflict with the BBB Code of Advertising. These claims come to our attention from our internal review of advertising, consumer complaints and competitor challenges. BBB asks advertisers to substantiate their claims, change ads to make offers more clear to consumers, and remove misleading or deceptive statements.
Government Actions
BBB reports on known significant government actions involving the business's marketplace conduct.
Out of Business
BBB reports on a company that is out of business for three years from the date the company closes its doors or ceases to do business.
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BBB reports on unauthorized use of the Better Business Bureau's name and/or logo for as long as the business continues to use it in any advertising, or for one year after the business ceases any repeated unauthorized uses.
BBB reports on a business's bankruptcy as long as the business remains in bankruptcy.
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BBB reports when mail sent to the business was returned by the Postal Service.


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Heart Cookie stud earrings
Sweet Heart Cookies...for your ears. These sweet little creations are made specifically for you. They are a small touch of comfort and confidence that will make a huge amount of difference to your every day.
A deliciously colorful dessert made just for your...ears! They are the perfect little gift!
Our little delights are just over 1cm in height and width and are set on a silicone hypoallergenic post. Of course if you would prefer a silver plated nickel free post all you have to do is choose it from the variations on the right.
Keep in mind that it takes 10 days for Europe and 20 to 25 days for everywhere else. So if you are planning on purchasing a gift it is good to plan ahead. For more info please read my policies tab.

subset: commoncrawl


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Admire the most beautiful places of Savona and add them to your basket. YAMGU will create your trip considering distances, opening hours and weather.
The Sistine Chapel, in Savona, is a place of Catholic worship next to the Cathedral of Maria Assunta and facing the same piazza.
Only other addition to existing famous Sistine Chapel, built by Roman Pope Sixtus IV della Rovere Savona as Tomb of his parents. Recently restored.
The main façade of the Chapel is in a sober Gothic style and gives the cloister of the convent of San Francesco. In the middle of it, above the arcade that surrounds the courtyard, there is a small circular rosette. On the right side, on the other hand, is entirely frescoed with the trompe l'oeil technique, with false archi
Built following the demolition of the old cathedral of Genoa, formerly located on the Priamar. Inside some valuable works (tympanum, pulpit, baptismal font, marble cross). Attached to the church there is the Treasure Museum where you can admire some important paintings and interesting sacred art objects (planets, pastoral, reliquaries, etc). Finally, among the most beautiful in Italy and among the most important in Europe in relation to its realization, is the wooden choir behind the high altar. Preserves, among other, the relics of St. Valentine Martyr, patron saint of lovers.
Opened in 1990, located in the Palazzo della Loggia, 15th-century building within the Priamar fortress built to met sec. XVI. Museum spaces, set up partly on Byzantine necropolis area, visible below the decking of transparent material, combine the awesomeness of the path, the result of archaeological excavations, the exposure of materialiche, sorted chronologically, documenting some aspects of ancient life on the Priamar Hill: from ancient et pi testimonies of Middle Bronze, clay finds , metal, stones of the early Middle Ages, Islamic and Byzantine pottery by imported in the first productions
The art collection "Sandro Pertini" was set up in 1991 following the donation to the city of Savona of works of art belonging to the former President of the Republic, and was housed in the Palazzo della Loggia within the former fortress of the Priamar. collection includes a hundred objects including paintings and sculptures, and a collectibles formed through purchases, gifts of individual artists or official gifts. offers a ampionatura of works by contemporary artists , among which include: < remo Brindisi, Antonio Corpora, Giorgio De Chirico, Filippo de Pisis, Agenore Fabbri,
The renovated Sanctuary Museum of n. s. mercy, adjacent to the church built the nseguito to the apparition of the Virgin to the humble farmer Antonio Botta on March 18, 1536, tells, through the exhibits, the history and evolution of the forms of devotion to our Lady of mercy. The Museo del tesoro, born in the ' 5 ' 900 ' you? adding the room oscpita the collection of works of art donated by Eso Peluzzi master. The historical Museum of the treasure and the Hairs are now one museum that takes the name of "Museo del Santuario", which allows the visitor to trace the history of devotion through the


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10 Songs in Indian Accent MP3
Mke sure to subscribe and like this vid. Also check out my other vids. P.S I am not Indian.
Be sure to like, comment, and subscribe! Connect with me! Kik/Snapchat/Twitter/Instagram: sunnychopper Facebook: ...
Oh nana vut is my name? MP3
romes singing what is my name in an indian accent FOLLOW ME ON TWITTER: http://www.twitter.com/romav123 FACEBOOK FANPAGE: ...
Singing Burmese songs with indian accent (Funny) MP3
Angry Indian Restaurant Prank Call (ft. Rakesh and The Police) MP3
I call an Indian Restaurant as 'Rakesh' and the owner goes into complete rage mode! Then a surprised guest appears... Please Like and share this 100th video ...
Funny Google song (Indian accent ) MP3
This video is a about a bear singing about how great Google is in an Indian accent . Disclaimer : I don't own this video.
When White People Listen to Indian Music MP3
Click here to share this on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=http://youtu.be/qSMdro7dFKM Click here to Tweet this video: ...
Baby In an Indian Accent MP3
So I basically try rapping and singing Baby in an indian accent. I mess up, I know. Taking requests!
Five Rounds With Nicki Minaj - Funny Interview with Nicki's Indian accent MP3
Arun and P go Five rounds with Nicki Minaj. She talks music fashion and even attempts and Indian accent in round 2!
American Accent vs Other Accent | ABC American Version vs ABC Indian version | Nursery Rhyme I ABC MP3
Do you want to learn the differences between an American accent and Asian accent? This fun, animated, musical, simple, easy, and interactive video will teach ...
The Lazy Song in Indian Accent MP3
Don't judge my voice i m not a professional, its just for fun.
BO2: caught singing, simon says, fails and Indian accent troll MP3
Don't forget to watch it in 1080p! Story time! my friends were playing simon says and they were doing some normal stuff till i joined in and made it "Lord says" We ...
Igor sings "One Week" by Barenaked Ladies in an Indian accent (teaser) MP3
ACCENT CHALLENGE! w/ IISUPERWOMANII MP3
i did the accent challenge with iisuperwomanii. im not even kidding watch the video i did with her on her chanel - http://youtu.be/EPHMXbZml_s suscribe to ...
Quadratic Formula Song (In an Indian Accent) MP3
Put together in a couple of minutes for math class using material from movies I've made in the past... Enjoy!
new original english song release 2010 bangla bangladesh world tune indian accent MP3
Happy to release a new song, a melody from Bangladesh. Sorry for the scrap video, it's only better than nothing.
Indian Accent Comedy - Haggle Song MP3
An Indian love affair...$19.99.
indian accent song MP3
messing about:)
beautiful women singing with indian accent MP3
she is really good.
Russell Peters: Indian Names MP3
Russell Peters on his name and the names of some other Indians that he's met. If you want to see the part of the show that comes immediately after this, see my ...
Pokemon Theme Indian Accent Style!! MP3
My sister and I just messing around Singing the Pokemon Theme Song with Indian Accents! Main Channel http://www.youtube.com/user/VahnChand Gaming ...
Indians React To American Pop Culture Stereotypes MP3
You think I can't hit it off with women??" Check out more awesome videos at BuzzFeedVideo! http://bit.ly/YTbuzzfeedvideo MUSIC Apron Strings Licensed via ...
Indian bargain vs Iranian bargain - Max Amini (Melbourne, Australia) MP3
Max on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/MaxAmini Max on Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/MaxComedian Website: http://maxamini.com/ While in Melborne, ...
Brad singing karaoke in an Indian accent MP3
Brad sings 'I want it that way' in a funny Indian accent.
Maz Jobrani: A Saudi, an Indian and an Iranian walk into a Qatari bar ... MP3
Iranian-American comedian Maz Jobrani takes to the TEDxSummit stage in Doha, Qatar to take on serious issues in the Middle East -- like how many kisses to ...
I vud catch a grenade for ya MP3
romes singing grenade by bruno mars in an indian accent comment, subscribe, like! FOLLOW ME ON TWITTER: http://www.twitter.com/romav123 FACEBOOK ...
Trevor Noah: Crazy Normal - Attention All Passengers MP3
Trevor discusses airport terminals in South Africa. Official Site: http://www.trevornoah.com Follow Trevor on Twitter: http://twitter.com/trevornoah.
Singing with an indian accent :3 MP3
Indian accent by habesha kids MP3
Enjoy a great work of art comedy,movie,song,film,drama and music.


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Uncle Sam extends a helping hand on the WebUpdated: Sept. 27, 2010
Government resources for small businesses can be found on the Web -- if you know where to look. (©iStockphoto.com/Amanda Rohde)
From Real Small BusinessMore>>
Start preparing now for upcoming tax season
Start preparing now for upcoming tax seasonLeaving tax prep to a last-minute cram session could disrupt your business in the spring. To avoid a crunch, you should prepare for tax deadlines well in advance.More >>
Bidding for government contracts 101
Bidding for government contracts 101Before you get involved in the bidding process, take some time to lay the groundwork for successful bidding.More >>
Non-traditional funding sources for your small business
Non-traditional funding sources for your small businessIf your business needs cash to move forward, you may have to resort to some less-than-ideal financing options or face the possibility of having no business at all.More >>
|INFORMATIONAL DISCLAIMER The information contained on or provided through this site is intended for general consumer understanding and education only and is not intended to be and is not a substitute for professional financial or accounting advice. Always seek the advice of your accountant or other qualified personal finance advisor for answers to any related questions you may have. Use of this site and any information contained on or provided through this site is at your own risk and any information contained on or provided through this site is provided on an "as is" basis without any representations or warranties.


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Now, more than ever, we have a chance to lead the way forward by re-imagining the way government works so that it protects its citizens, creates educational and economic systems that serve all communities, and lays the groundwork for the future of Detroit by investing in our youth. It's time to work together to ensure that every Detroiter is provided for, that no one feels they should turn to crime to survive, or leave the city because there aren't enough jobs. Detroit as a vibrant 21st century city for all is our destiny.
People-first values will inform every activity of government and shape the culture of our city.
Re-centering government focus on improving the lives of its citizens
– Human-centered rather than bottom-line governance
– Ensure every citizen is properly served and protected
– Heal the systems that create poverty
– Increase transparency to empower our citizenry
– Engage architecture, art, and design to inspire civic engagement
The family is the building block of any prosperous city. How to ensure Detroit's families receive the support and partnership of their city?
– End Water Shut-offs by implementing the Affordability Plan
– Make mental health services a priority; Create neighborhood health services
– Expand express bus routes in neighborhoods
– Implement school gardens, and increase overall access to fresh food
– Raise minimum wage
– Stringently regulate clean air and water initiatives
– 100% literacy achieved through student and youth literacy brigades
– Create healthy re-entry programs for returning citizens via skills training, employment placement, and mental health services
– Support activity centers and homeschooling options as public schools close
– Protect immigration rights
– Implement restorative justice practices such as meditation instead of other forms of punishment in schools
Using the talents and skills of Detroiters to manifest the future we desire
– Increase training in design and technology
– Require companies and investors to hire Detroit citizens by revising and strengthening the Community Benefit Agreements
– Increase citizen hire in high-level city government
– Increase entrepreneurial education programs for youth
– Create a Cultural Affairs Department
– Beautify our neighborhoods through the arts
– Invest in skill training in green energy jobs and the marijuana industry
– Reopen the city airport
– Create a neighborhood policy and youth council
Keeping all of Detroit at the forefront of technology and innovation
– Internet access for all; Create community wireless networks
– Commit to a revitalized technological infrastructure
– Become a global leader in innovation by fostering imaginative collaboration
– Invest in and grow the creative sector
– Invest in emerging industries


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EMG 57 Black
Humbucker Pickup
- Active
- For bridge position
- Alnico V magnets
- Steel pole pieces
- PAF style pickup with a modern design
- Colour: Black
- Included: Solderless install system, volume/tone knob set, output jack, battery clip, screws
Further information
Customers that were interested in EMG 57 Black, have then bought these products
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- EMG Humbucker Pickups at a glance
- display Humbucker Pickups in price range 100 € - 140 €
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- EMG Guitars and Basses at a glance
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Further EMG items
Offers include 21% Belgium VAT and are valid as long as stocks last. Shipping costs to Belgium are 2,50 EUR, free shipping on orders above 49 EUR. Please click here for international Shipping rates. We do not accept liability for typographical errors or inaccurate information of any kind. *RRP = manufacturer's / distributor's recommended retail price in Germany


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Broken Wheel Stud HELP!
Discussion in 'The Garage' started by 78GMCJIMMY, Jan 27, 2005.


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Curacao runs the risk of falling into a cycle of posting recurring budget deficits if policy makers fail to implement a plan to consolidate the deficit, and support the competitiveness of the island as a financial services domicile, the Central Bank of Curacao and Saint Marteen has said in its latest annual report, on developments in 2011.
The report notes with concern that Curacao failed to achieve a balanced budget during 2011, despite a pledge made to the Netherlands upon its independence along with Saint Maarten. In order to retain a low-tax regime, in support of the island as an international financial centre, authorities must quickly implement fiscal consolidation while mitigating its impact on the economy, the Central Bank said.
Preliminary data reported by the Curacao government indicates that the territory registered a cash deficit of ANG169.3m (USD94.7m) in 2011. The failure of the Curacao government to implement crucial reforms to reduce health care spending was one of the major causes of the deficit in 2011, according to the Central Bank. Non-tax revenues remained subdued in 2011 due to low dividend payouts by state-owned enterprises and tax revenues were lower than expected. Moreover, the Central Bank reported that little room exists for further tax increases to support the budget given the 2011 tax-to-GDP ratio of Curacao of 26%, which was reported to be 3% higher than in Saint Maarten.
According to the report, the Curacao economy expanded by just 0.4% in 2011; slightly stronger growth than recorded in 2010 (0.1%), but conditions in the financial services sector still remain a cause for concern.
The financial services sector reportedly grew in 2011, due to an increase in net income from domestic financial services. However, real value added by the international financial and business services sector contracted in 2011. Performance was less positive in the banking sector. The Central Bank reported that although the capitalization of the domestic banking sector improved, due to larger capital buffers, assets grew nominally, and the ratio of non-performing loans-to-total loans increased markedly. The Central Bank noted the increase in this ratio indicates a "further worsening in quality of domestic banks' credit portfolios".
Commenting on the findings of the report, Emsley Tromp, President of the Central Bank of Sint Maarten and Curacao, stated:
"One of the important sectors that need our attention [in Curacao] is the international financial services industry."
"Despite many efforts, particularly by the sector itself, the industry has not regained its position as an international financial center. To revitalize the international financial services sector, which has always been an important pillar of the Curacao economy in terms of high level employment and foreign exchange revenues, the representative organization of the sector, the government, and the central bank should combine their forces to create the necessary conditions under which the sector can flourish again."
"Sustainable economic growth is key to achieving macroeconomic stability, reducing poverty, and creating broad-based well-being for the people. However, the measures to attain these objectives should be aligned with the budgetary restrictions, be economically feasible, and have a lasting effect."
The Central Bank report in particular criticized new rules introduced during 2011, which were said to have damaged Curacao's competitiveness. The central bank said the government's recent decision to promulgate the so-called 80/20 rule, which requires that local workers make up at least 80% of the work force for companies established in Curacao, "is not conducive" to addressing rigidities in the labour market, an area of reform it highlighted as being critical to fuelling job creation.
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- Service & Staff
- Date & Time
- Your Details
- Confirm
- Finished
With Tiffany Chiu
Business Information
Tue9:00am - 5:30pm
Wed9:00am - 5:30pm
Thu9:00am - 5:30pm
Fri9:00am - 5:30pm
Sat9:30am - 2:00pm
|(347) 470-2448
|Get directions
|Company website
Recent reviews
San Marcos
Jul 4, 2017
Dr. Chui is knowledgable she listens and knows how to translate that into great results! She is easy to talk to and explains everything before and while she is working.
San Marcos Office
Jun 13, 2017
Dr. Chui is Very Professional. Explained process, points and benefits. Working together for better health. Thanks, Dr. Chui
Tiffany is great!
Jun 7, 2017
Tiffany is extremely knowledgeable about the human body and healing. She is very professional, with a great bed side manner. I have seen her for reiki and acupuncture and would recommend her for both.
I highly recomend Texas Acupunture Clinic
May 26, 2017
I had digestive problems that drastically affected my life for the worse. After being treated by doctors a year with little results, I decided to try acupuncture. I was immediately impressed when I met Tiffany at Texas Acupuncture Clinic. She wanted to know everything about me, explained how acupuncture works, and answered all my questions. After the first visit, my symptoms were less frequent and less sever. Acupuncture has also relieved the chronic back pain I've had for thirty years.
great experience
May 12, 2017
I had done acupuncture before and it worked for my cedar fever. Needing a body 'tune-up' I found Texas Acupuncture Clinic. Tiffany was great! She asks great questions and listens to you, she is very knowledgeable and knows what she is doing. As with another reviewer I found Tiffany to have a calmness about her. That calmness alone reduced some of my stress. The treatment was wonderful! I highly recommend Tiffany!!


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The health and well being of our family is something that may keep a lot of us up at night, especially if you are a new parent. With all of the dangers that the world has to offer it is important to do our part to minimize our children's exposure to them. Having a capable car seat is one such way to elevate the protection that you provide them on a daily basis. It is easy to get caught up in the every day mundane routines of short car trips to the grocery store or the in-laws house that you forget just how perilous a simple drive end up. Below is a quick review of one of the convertible car seats that we have used for many years. I think it may have been discontinued and updated to a newer model, but the quality and features of this seat should still be relevant.
Britax Marathon Car Seat
The Britax Marathon 70-G3 has been one of the best convertible car seats available on the market for a number of years and an owner favorite. With a wide range of safety and comfort features, this model is hit with both parents and kids.. The energy absorbing Versa-Tether this car seat is equipped with makes any impact less powerful and reduces any tendency to move forward during collisions. With the integrated steel bars, kids will be properly supported during rides, also preventing the chair from moving from a side to another.
The comfortable cushions make this car seat an excellent choice for children of any age, so that they can easily go through long rides without feeling uncomfortable.The installation process you have to go through with Britax Marathon 70-G3 is very simple and easy and this car seat was also designed for air traveling, offering even more protection and versatility.
Update: The G3 has apparently is no longer made as the company has made improvements and updated their line of convertible car seats. The Britax Marathon G4.1 is the latest generation of this safety seat and one that I would probably invest in after our excellent experience with the G3.
Car Seat Features
Simple Installation Process – With the premium lower latch connectors, Britax Marathon 70-G3 can be successfully installed to your back seat in minutes. If necessary, the car seat can be easily uninstalled through the push-button system, which will help you save a lot of time if you are in a hurry.
Safety Features – The Britax Marathon 70-G3 is designed with several safety features, providing the best possible protection for the unexpected. The Harness Ultra Guard System aims to provide resistance to forward movement in case of a car accident, preventing your child from suffering an impact with the seats in front of him. The Versa-Tether foam can absorb energy that shows up as a result of a car accident. The EPP foam features in the side impact protection system can distribute crash forces evenly, preventing injuries and shielding your wee one from vehicle intrusions.
Adjustable Height – For most customers, easily adjusting the seat is an important feature that can allow the car seat to grow along with their child. The G3 comes with several adjustable height positions, so that you can keep your child comfortable in their first few years. There are also two buckle positions, so it can accommodate children of any age or size, allowing them to feel more comfortable.
Enhanced Comfort – The high-density foam cushioning of this Britax Marathon car seat offers enhanced comfort that will definitely make your child enjoy car rides more than ever before. The infant body pillow is ideal for both infants and bigger children, and you might even find your little one sleeping comfortably during the car ride.
What Is There To Like?
This model has been a big hit with a lot of parents. Some of the aspects of this child safety seat that owners really rave about include;
Comfortable Materials – Owners really love this about their Britax Marathon 70-G3. You not only want a car seat to protect your children but you also want something that they will enjoy riding in, and this unit really seems to deliver with comfortable cushion material. The seat is nicely padded, and the velcro can prevent the buckles from getting under your child's torso successfully.
Excellent Security – This is probably the most important aspect of any child car seat and owners really like how this model performs. The Britax Marathon 70-G3 comes along with enhanced security features that can keep this car seat into place without moving around the interior of your car. There are a few customer reviews that reference how well this unit performed in an actual crash and how thankful that they were to have been using this car seat.
Good Dimensions – Moreover, this car seat has good dimensions that can basically fit any car. Users tended to find that this model was great in small, medium or large vehicles and found this model very easy to install and adjust.
Easy Installation – Parents for the most part did not have too much trouble installing, removing or moving their G3 in and out of their vehicles.
Could Use Improving
Confusing User Manual – Even though the installation process is basically simple, customers have had problems with the user manual, which was rather complicated and confusing.
Durability – For the most part owners are satisfied with this car seat's performance, but there were some users that were not happy with the overall durability of this model.
For those wanting the top of the line car seat that both protects their children and provides them with a comfortable ride, then you really can't go wrong with the Britax Marathon 70-G3. Some serious engineering has gone into this product to ensure the maximum amount of safety for just about any situation. Parents who have purchased this model rave about it and it constantly receives some of the highest customer ratings and recommendation rates. This is definitely a top choice among owners.
Although there has been a couple of recent Britax recalls, we still trust this company and love to use there seats. We have no reservations about recommending their products but if it makes you uneasy there are other reputable makers out there to choose from. As always, reading the manual on any type of car seat you purchase is vital as an improperly used seat presents its own set of dangers to your child. Stay healthy, stay safe and keep your eyes on the road.


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Effect of soil compaction intensity under wheel on the stress under passage track
- Calvin Davidson
- 2 years ago
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1 Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW Agriculture No 60 (Agricultural and Forest Engineering) 2012: (Ann. Warsaw Univ. Life Sci. SGGW, Agricult. 60, 2012) Effect of soil compaction intensity under wheel on the stress under passage track JERZY BULIŃSKI, LESZEK SERGIEL Department of Agricultural and Forest Machinery, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW Abstract: Effect of soil compaction intensity under wheel on the stress under passage track. There are presented the laboratory investigation results on the effect of soil compaction intensity, diversified by number of wheel passages over the same track, load and passage speed, on the stress in soil profile at depth of 0.24 and 0.34 m. The investigations were carried out in a soil bin on fine-sandy clay of moisture content 12%. A distinct connection of stress values with number of passages and loads was found in all measurement variants. In the shallow soil layer (0.24 m) the highest stress changes were found after the wheel passages at the lowest load of 2011 N, while in the deep soil layer (0.34 m) the stress values were lower on the average by 39%. A regression equation to describe the investigated dependences was developed. Key words: wheel, load, number of passages, soil stress. INTRODUCTION Problems of soil compaction have been investigated in many scientific centers for many years; the unfavourable effects for soil environment and plants are well known. However, the investigations are still carried out, since field operations intensity in agriculture increases continuously and more and more heavy tractor outfits occur. Along with an increase in vehicle mass, the soil stress changes can be found in deeper layers of soil profile [Keller et al. 2007; Lamande et al. 2007; Zink et al. 2010; Lamande and Schjønning 2011]. The soil reaction to wheel pressures is an increase in compaction that limit the biological soil activity. According to researchers, the dynamic loading and pressure area significantly affect the stress under wheel, while the highest compaction zone (volumetric deformation) depends on soil type and pressure values. These values depend, among other things, on tyre type, pressure and first of all on ground characteristics. On a rigid surface the area is always smaller than on deformable [Alakukku et al. 2003]. According to the authors, the pressure distribution under wheel is not uniform and largely depends on tyre type. Under the tyre tread lugs it can greatly (4 10 times) exceed the average pressure value estimated for the entire contact area, although this differentiation is limited to superficial layer. It is evident from laboratory investigations [Gysi 2001], a single passage of wheel loaded to about 107 kn caused soil compaction only in upper soil layer to a depth of 25 cm, without measurable changes in deeper layers. One can note, that under real field conditions such small wheel loads in implements and machines are rare. The mass of current agricultural heavy tractors exceeds 10 Mg, while in the case of fully equipped three-axle sugar beet combine harvesters it can reach even 50 Mg. Ac-
2 16 J. Buliński, L. Sergiel cording to Horn and Fleige [2009], the load of wheel with typical inflation pressure should not exceed 3.3 Mg to avoid compaction of deeper soil layer; beside the vehicle axle load, the main factor that determines soil compaction is number of passages over the same track [Canillas and Salokhe 2001]. Investigations carried out in this respect [Słowińska- -Jurkiewicz and Domżał 1991; Buliński 1998; Gysi et al. 2000; Gysi 2001; Powałka 2005] pointed out that the highest soil compaction increase was caused by the first passage over loosened soil. Duration of loading as well as degree of exceeding the soil limiting stress are also important [Jurga 2008; Błażejczak 2010]. Many researchers [Kruszewski, Michalak 1989; Pukos 1990; Walczyk 1995; Błaszkiewicz 1997] found that apart from axle loading, the soil moisture content is among factors affecting the range of quantitative and qualitative changes in soil properties connected with its compaction. According to Abu-Hamdeh and Reeder [2003], predicting of soil compaction calls for understanding of accompanied phenomena, learning of mathematical description of forces that cause the soil volumetric deformation and increase in soil density. For many years there have been carried out the field and laboratory investigations in this respect. This work aimed at evaluation of the effect of multiple passages of wheel at various load and speed on the stress changes in soil under the passage track. MATERIAL AND METHODS Investigations were carried out in a soil bin [Buliński and Leszczyński 2012], filled with fine-sandy clay of sand content 61.5%, dust content 22% and fluming particle content 16.5%. Soil moisture content in the bin amounted to 12%. The soil was loosened with a set of tines and compacted with the wheel designated as ANP-5 (steering wheel of tractor Ursus 4512) that moved times over the same track along the bin at speed 0.82 m s 1. The wheel load during investigations amounted to G 1 = 2011 N, G 2 = 3600 N, G 3 = 5199 N, while the tire inflation pressure was equal to 180 kpa. Soil stresses were measured with piezoresistive pressure gauges placed along the track axis on supports of such length that allowed for the sensor tip position at depth 0.24 and 0.34 m (Fig. 1) in relation to soil surface in the bin. The supports rested on the bin bottom and ensured sensor s stability in soil, making impossible changes in its position under pressure of moving wheel. The support with sensor was placed in soil with the use of a special device. The measuring cycle consisted in soil loosing over the entire width and length of measuring length, leveling of soil surface and execution of appropriate number of runs with the loaded wheel. Sensor signals were recorded continuously with the use of a digital measuring-recording unit of Hottinger Baldwin DMCplus and a computer with CATMAN 2.1 program that run the
3 Effect of soil compaction intensity under wheel on the stress under passage Direction of motion Bottom of soil bin FIGURE 1. Layout of pressure gauge position in soil bin measuring system. In analysis of results there were taken the maximal stress values. For each variant of soil compaction (load number of passages) the measurements were repeated three times. RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS Changes in soil stresses at depth 0.24 m and 0.34 m are presented in Figures 2a, b for various load (G) and number of passages (Kr). A distinct connection of stress values with number of passages and loads was found in all measurement variants. The stress values at depth 0.24 m ranged from kpa at the lowest load and single wheel passage to kpa at the highest load (5199 N) and 8 compacting passages. Considering the results of measurements one can find that an increase in wheel load caused an increase in stress at both considered profile depths. The increased wheel load from 2011 N (G 1 ) to 3600 N (G 2 ) at depth 0.24 m caused an increase in average stress of 14.5 kpa (28.2%), while increasing of load from G 1 to G 3 (5199 N) resulted in the increased average load of 38 kpa (35.6%). In deeper layer (0.34 m) the effect of wheel load was lower. An increase in load from G 1 to G 2 caused an average increase in stress of 13.8 kpa (43%), while at G 3 load the stress was increased on the average by 26.2 kpa (25.7%) in relation to values at G 1 load. The extreme load values reflected the extreme intensity of wheel load effects (G 1, Kr1 and G3, Kr8) and ranged from 23.2 kpa to 75.8 kpa. In the deeper layer of 0.34 m the stress under the track, as a result of damping soil action, were not so dynamic as that close to the surface, and were lower (than on deep layer 0.24 m) by 25 54% (on the average 39%); it may result from the stabilizing action of under-surface layer that transfers pressures deeper in the profile. The changes ranged from 13 to 49 kpa. The number of compacting passages over the same track also affected significantly the changes in stresses under the track; a positive correlation between these factors was found. It was found in the shallower layer (Fig. 3a) that in relation to soil state after the single compact-
4 18 J. Buliński, L. Sergiel a Soil stress [kpa] Kr1 Kr2 Multiplicity of passages Kr4 Kr8 G3 G2 Wheel G1 load b Soil stress [kpa] Kr1 Kr2 Multiplicity of passages Kr4 Kr8 G3 G2 Wheel G1 load FIGURE 2. Values of soil stress at depth: a) 0.24 m and b) 0.34 m and at multiple wheel passage (Kr) and three loads (G) ing passage, the highest stress increments were found after the wheel passages at the highest load (G3). Following the initial stress increase caused by the first wheel passage, the subsequent passages increased systematically the stress increments in this layer, to maximal increase of 54.6 kpa after eight compacting passages (Kr8 Kr1). The similar level of maximal stress increase after eight passages was found also for the wheel passages at load G 1 (54.8 kpa) and G 2 (52.6 kpa); maybe, at such soil moisture content, the initial compaction by the first wheel passage creates a pressure that displaces air from the soil spaces, while the remaining incompressible water transfers the stress to deeper layers. At deep loosening of soil, the superficial layers are compacted to certain state resulted from the soil resistance against the moved and compressed layers. It is also evident that at maximal load, particular passages cause the similar values of stress changes in relation to the state obtained after a single passage. It can be a significant indication for agri-
5 Effect of soil compaction intensity under wheel on the stress under passage a a = Stress changes [kpa] Kr8 0 Kr4 b G1 Wheel load G2 G3 Kr2 a = 0.34 Multiplicity of passages Stress changes [kpa] G1 Wheel load G2 G3 Kr8 Kr4 Multiplicity Kr2 of passages FIGURE 3. Soil stress changes under tracks after subsequent wheel passages at depth: a) 0.24 m and b) 0.34 m (in relation to Kr1 state) cultural practice on organization of field operations and setting up the tractor-machine outfits. However, taking into consideration the mean stress changes for the three wheel load levels, two compacting passages increased the soil stress at depth 0.24 m by 23.4 kpa, four passages by 35 kpa, and eight passages by 54 kpa, when compared to single passage. In relation to maximal stresses after eight wheel passages, a single passage created stress of 46.5%, two passages of 68.7%, and four passages of 80.3%. In deeper layer (Fig. 3b), the nature of stress changes was different; the soil stresses systematically increased along with the number of compacting passages and wheel load. The soil was systematically compacted. In relation to values obtained after single passage, two wheel
6 20 J. Buliński, L. Sergiel passages increased the stress from 12 to 19.6 kpa (on the average by 14.9 kpa), four passages from 18.3 to 32.8 kpa (on the average by 23.5 kpa), and eight passages from 19.8 to 39.9 kpa (on the average by 30.2 kpa). Assuming the stress values at depth 0.34 m and after eight passages as 100%, single passages created the stress of 49.3%, two passages by 74.9%, four passages by 89.4%. In order to determine significance of the effect of investigated factors on the stress at considered depths, there was carried out analysis of variance by the squares sum method for the entire measuring results. It was found that at confidence level of 95%, the depth, load and number of passages affected highly significantly (P < 0.05) the soil stress values under the wheel tracks (Tab. 1). The obtained results of analysis were confirmed in the multiple range test by Tukey method (95% HSD); its values pointed out that the mean stress values at particular levels of independent factors effects differed significantly from each other. The values presented in Table 2 point out that both the depth of measurement and wheel load significantly diffe- TABLE 1. Analysis of variance for soil stresses (Pk) under wheel tracks Factor Sum of squares Degrees of freedom Mean square F Sig. level Depth, a [m] Wheel load, G [N] Number of wheel passages, Kr Residue Total TABLE 2. Comparison between differences in mean soil stress values after wheel passage Factor Depth, a [m] Wheel load, G [N] Number of wheel passages, Kr * differences statistically significant Level of factor Mean Contrast Calculated difference Limit value * * * * * * * *
7 Effect of soil compaction intensity under wheel on the stress under passage rentiated the soil stresses over the entire range of assumed values. Number of passages caused a statistically significant differentiation of mean values between the first and the remaining passages as well as between the second and eighth passage; it confirms the previous findings of the effect of the two first passages on changes in state of soil under the track. Differences between mean values for 2, 4 and 8 passages were small and statistically insignificant. The obtained results of analysis allow for determination of regression equation that connect the stress (Pk) with depth of measurement (a), wheel load (N) and number of passages: Pk = a G Kr R 2 = 87.5% According to assumed methodic, depth in this equation (a) is expressed in meters and the wheel load (G) in newtons. Comparison between measuring values and calculated ones with the use of the above equation, presented in Figure 4, enables to find that the proposed dependence is well fitted to measuring values within the prevailing range of variability of the obtained investigation results. CONCLUSIONS The investigations carried out in the soil bin showed a highly significant effect of wheel load and number of passages on the stress values in soil profile under the passage track. The highest increase of stress in the investigated levels of soil profile was caused by the first wheel passage. The single passages created the stress of %, two passages of %, and four passages of % of maximal value obtained after eight passages. The mean stress values of corresponded compaction variants at depth 0.34 m were lower than that found at depth 0.24 m, on the average by 30.1 kpa (over 39%); scatter of changes was considerably lower. REFERENCES ABU-HAMDEH N.H., REEDER R.C. 2003: Measuring and predicting stress distribution under tractive devices in undisturbed soils. Biosystems Engineering 85 (4), ALAKUKKU L., WEISSKOPF P., CHA- MEN W.C.T., TIJINK F.G.J., VAN DER LINDEN J.P., PIRES S., SOMMER C., Measured stress Calculated stress [kpa] FIGURE 4. Comparison between soil stress measured values with values calculated by the equation
8 22 J. Buliński, L. Sergiel SPOOR G. 2003: Prevention strategies for field traffic-induced subsoil compaction: a review. Part 1. Machine/soil interactions. Soil & Tillage Research 73, BŁASZKIEWICZ Z. 1997: Analiza wpływu wybranych parametrów opon rolniczych na ugniatanie gleby. Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej w Poznaniu. Rozprawy naukowe, zeszyt 271, 156. BŁAŻEJCZAK D. 2010: Prognozowanie naprężenia granicznego w warstwie podornej gleb ugniatanych kołami pojazdów rolniczych. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego. Szczecin, 96. BULIŃSKI J. 1998: Zagęszczenie gleby w różnych technologiach i związane z tym opory orki. Rozprawy naukowe i monografie. Wyd. SGGW, Warszawa, 140. BULIŃSKI J., LESZCZYŃSKI Ł. 2012: Effect of multiple passages and wheel load on soil deformation. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Agriculture (Agricultural and Forest Engineering) 59, CANILLAS E.C., SALOKHE V.M. 2001: Regression analysis of some factors influencing soil compaction. Soil & Tillage Research 61, GYSI M. 2001: Compaction of a Eutric Cambisol under heavy traffic in Switzerland: Field data and a critical state soil mechanics model approach. Soil & Tillage Research 61, GYSI M., KLUBERTANZ G., VULLIET L. 2000: Compaction of an Eutric Cambisol under heavy wheel traffic in Switzerland field data and modeling. Soil & Tillage Research 56, HORN R., FLEIGE H. 2009: Risk assessment of subsoil compaction for arable soils in Northwest Germany at farm scale. Soil & Tillage Research 102, JURGA J. 2008: Metoda prognozowania zmian gęstości objętościowej gleby na podstawie geometrycznych parametrów koleiny. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Szczecinie. Rozprawy 248, 99. KELLER T., DEFOSSEZ P., WEISSKOPF P., ARVIDSSON J., RICHARD G. 2007: Soil Flex: a model for prediction of soil stresses and soil compaction due to agricultural fieldtraffic including a synthesis of analytical approaches. Soil & Tillage Research 93, KRUSZEWSKI Z., MICHALAK G. 1989: Wybrane zagadnienia z teorii ruchu oraz budowy pojazdów rolniczych. Wydawnictwa Politechniki Warszawskiej. LAMANDE M., SCHJØNNING P. 2011: Transmission of vertical stress in a real soil profile. Part II: Effect of tyre size, inflation pressure and wheel load. Soil & Tillage Research 14, LAMANDE M., SCHJØNNING P., TO- GERSEN F.A. 2007: Mechanical behaviour of an undisturbed soil subjected to loadings: effects of load and contact area. Soil & Tillage Research 97, POWAŁKA M. 2005: Wpływ nacisków kół ciągników rolniczych na zagęszczenie gleby w warstwie ornej. Praca doktorska, SGGW, Warszawa, 84. PUKOS A. 1990: Odkształcenia gleby w zależności od rozkładów wielkości porów i cząstek fazy stałej. Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Instytut Agrofizyki. Problemy agrofizyki, zeszyt 61, 5 8. SŁOWIŃSKA-JURKIEWICZ A., DOMŻAŁ H. 1991: The structure of the cultivated horizon of soil compacted by the wheels of agricultural tractors. Soil & Tillage Research 19 (2 3), WALCZYK M. 1995: Wybrane techniczne i technologiczne aspekty ugniatania gleb rolniczych agregatami ciągnikowymi. Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej im. H. Kołłątaja w Krakowie. Rozprawy 202, 107. ZINK A., FLEIGE H., HORN R. 2010: Load risks of subsoil compaction and depths of stress propagation in arable luvisols. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 74,
9 Effect of soil compaction intensity under wheel on the stress under passage Streszczenie: Wpływ intensywności ugniecenia gleby kołem na naprężenia pod koleiną przejazdu. Badania przeprowadzone w kanale glebowym miały na celu określenie wpływu obciążenia koła i liczby przejazdów na odkształcenia gleby na dwóch głębokościach w profilu pod koleiną. Badania przeprowadzono w kanale glebowym napełnionym gliną drobnopiaszczystą o zawartości piasku 61,5%, pyłu 22%, części spławialnych 16,5% i wilgotności 12%. Do ugniatania gleby wykorzystano koło ciągnika o wymiarze ANP-5 i ciśnieniu w oponie 180 kpa, poruszające się z prędkością 0,82 m s 1, krotnie tym samym śladem, z obciążeniem: N. Badania wykazały, że we wszystkich wariantach pomiarowych istniał wyraźny związek wartości naprężeń zarówno z liczbą przejazdów ugniatających, jak i z obciążeniami i głębokością położenia warstwy. Największy wzrost naprężeń w badanych poziomach profilu glebowego powodował pierwszy przejazd koła. W odniesieniu do wartości maksymalnych naprężeń otrzymywanych po ośmiokrotnych przejazdach koła, pojedynczy przejazd koła wytwarzał wartości naprężeń w zakresie 46,5 49,3%, dwukrotne: 68,7 74,9%, czterokrotne: 80,3 89,4%. W warstwie płytszej (0,24 m) największe zmiany naprężeń otrzymywano po przejazdach koła przy największym obciążeniu 5199 N. Wartości średnie naprężeń z odpowiadających sobie wariantów ugniecenia na głębokości 0,34 m były mniejsze niż na głębokości 0,24 m średnio o 30,1 kpa, tj. ponad 39% i rozrzut zmian był znacznie mniejszy. Opracowano równanie regresyjne opisujące badane zależności. MS. received June 2012 Authors address: Jerzy Buliński Leszek Sergiel Katedra Maszyn Rolniczych i Leśnych SGGW Warszawa, ul. Nowoursynowska 166 Poland
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Hot off his success with Kickstarter project Clang (and just to be clear, I mean that sarcastically...Clang kind of withered on the vine), Neal Stephenson has joined startup Magic Leap as "Chief Futurist." What does that mean? I guess it means he gets to sit around and dream up uses for Magic Leap's tech.
But what is Magic Leap? Well that's not entirely clear either. It seems like the first rule of Magic Leap is that you don't talk about Magic Leap; at least not in any kind of specific way. In a blog post Stephenson says:
"Magic Leap is mustering an arsenal of techniques--some tried and true, others unbelievably advanced--to produce a synthesized light field that falls upon the retina in the same way as light reflected from real objects in your environment."
Magic Leap says of themselves that they are an idea:
"An idea that computing should be shaped and forged to work for us: our life, our physiology, our connected relationships. That exploring human creativity is as great an adventure as exploring space."
About their tech they say:
"With our founding principles our team dug deep into the physics of the visual world, and dug deep into the physics and processes of our visual and sensory perception. We created something new. We call it a Dynamic Digitized Lightfield Signal™ (you can call it a Digital Lightfield™). It is biomimetic, meaning it respects how we function naturally as humans (we are humans after all, not machines)."
Clear? No, not to me either. And the company seems to be in no hurry to tell us more. But Sean Hollister over at Gizmodo did some digging and put together a general idea of what Magic Leap is doing. It's a great post but to paraphrase him, it sounds like Magic Leap is building a system that uses fiber optics to beam light directly into your eyes in such as way as to fool your brain into thinking that a digital projection is actually real.
It sounds like it's more alternate reality than virtual reality, but I guess that depends on how much of the real world gets obscured by virtual objects. The Magic Leap will have a ton of tracking features too, so as you move around the sense that the dragon you're looking at is actually there doesn't get shattered.
(Anyone else remember Tek War? Magic Leap is reminding me of it; Tek was a 'digital drug' that beamed images directly into your eyes, if I remember correctly.)
So this all sounds a little bit far-fetched, doesn't it? But last October the company secured $542 million in funding, with Google leading. Google Senior Vice President Sundar Pichai is on the board of Magic Leap, which is curious since some sources are comparing Magic Leap's intended device to Google Glass on steroids.
There's enough real product there to convince Stephenson, who obviously got a demo of the technology. But then he was convinced he could make a great motion-controlled sword fighting game too, and in the end that didn't work out. Let's hope that Magic Leap has better luck realizing their vision. I'm curious to see what comes out of this company.


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This exhibition consists of work planned and executed from late 2015 into 2017. Purposely veering in a monochromatic direction, it twists and turns around visual ideas of stealth & tribalism. Strange exoskeletal figures and singular-purpose forms exist in a predominantly featureless landscape – part Petri dish, part circadian fragment – purgatorial resin leaking from a rusted vessel in psychological landfill.
Crypsis is the attribute of moving / existing without detection.