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You have probably asked yourself what your customers are really looking for. We're always open to show a great variety of topics, but there's no compromising when it comes to quality. We can only accept designs that live up to certain quality criteria and appeal to a wide range of potential customers. We will reject designs if one of the following situations applies:
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If you vectorised your design automatically, it is possible that some areas came out untidy. Sometimes edges are rounded, parts are deformed or anchor points are newly set. This may lead to unpleasant shapes or irregularities displayed in a font.
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You are looking for "birthday" and expect designs featuring cakes and balloons, but end up finding city names and iguanas? That's why sensible tagging is most desirable. Your sales possibilities will improve as long as people actually find what they are looking for. Your tags should be in line with your designs by a ratio of 1 in 2 tags. If they aren't, we won't publish the designs on the Marketplace and may delete them at a later point in time.
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Alliances in Game of War Fire Age is possibly the most important feature in the game. Many advantages exist when you join an Alliance and Game of War is designed to force you to join one essentially. You can receive "Helps" for building and research timers. Also, you have access to an Alliance Store that contains many resources for purchases such as Shields, Advanced Teleports, VIP, Hero XP, Daily Chances, and much more! Also, it will provide you with support you need to grow. They can gift you speed ups and provide resources when you need them in a hurry. It is highly recommended to join one as soon as possible in Game of War.
Game of War Tips is Stephen Fry proof thanks to caching by WP Super Cache

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Pioneer Enclosed Dynamic Foldable Headphones with Mic - Black (SEMJ503TK)
Pioneer Enclosed Dynamic Foldable Headphones with Mic - Black (SEMJ503TK)
Foldable design for ultimate space saving.
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With their convenient folding design, these headphones product ultimate high-quality sound, whilst keeping you stylish all day long.
Keep yourself entertained when you're on-the-go with these Pioneer Enclosed Dynamic Foldable Headphones with Microphone! Featuring a wide cushioned headband and compact folding design, these headphones are the ideal companion to those who want the best quality sound, without the bulky baggage. Answer your phone calls and control your music with ease, with the help of the built-in microphone and controls. Delivering tonal balance through its 30mm neodymium speakers, these headphones by Pioneer will keep you going wherever you are.
This Product is offered and supplied by Dick Smith pursuant to the Terms and Conditions.


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For well over a century the majesty of Canada's national parks has inspired awe in visitors from across the country. Whether it's hiking in the Rocky Mountains, exploring the unique formations of PEI's coast, or camping out alongside bison on Elk Island, the parks offer a unique way for Canadians to interact with the natural landscape that make their country so unique.
These vintage photos, gathered from government archives, show how important these protected places have been to the Canadian identity over the years. While many of the images were taken more than 50 years ago, the experiences they capture are eternal.


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Recently Viewed Products for OpenCart
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Duration: 63min 30sec Views: 5 358 Submitted: 1 year ago Submitted by:
Description: The stars are out tonight, so come check out the newest finds from your pals, Vanessa, John, and Seka of Historic Erotica! You'll see why people call them the Superstars of vintage porn!
Models: John Holmes Seka Vanessa Del Rio


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(75 GM soap in packet)
Rs. 82.43
Rs. 82.43
(75 GM soap in packet)
Product Details
Benzox Soap is a mild skin friendly soap of pH 5.5 containing Benzoyl Peroxide as the active ingredient. Benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizing agent that possesses antibacterial properties and is classified as a keratolytic agent.
Role of key ingredient:
Benzoyl peroxide is an antibacterial agent with demonstrated activity against Propionibacterium acnes. It is believed to act by slowly releasing active oxygen. Benzoyl peroxide improves both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions of acne. Benzoyl peroxide is absorbed by the skin where it is metabolized to benzoic acid.
Benzox Soap is indicated for the topical treatment of non-inflammatory and inflammatory acne vulgaris. In more severe acne, benzoyl peroxide may be indicated as an adjunct to therapeutic regimens for acne including oral and topical antibiotics.
Benzox Soap should not be used in patients who are hypersensitive to benzoyl peroxide.
When using this product, avoid unnecessary sun exposure and use a sunscreen.
Dosage: As directed by the Dermatologist.
Storage: Store In A Cool, Dry Place Away From Sunlight.
Use under Medical supervision.


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Images of Don Turpie(0 from 0 )
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Sulphur Springs Rd, Dundas, ON
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Central Ave, Minotola, NJ
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Catherine St, Victoria, BC
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Brewer, ME
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Story Published: 11 Feb 2010. PEOPLE come all the way from Brisbane for one of Don Turpie's hams - but it's the Yandina residents he's most concerned.
647-346-5377 S Turpie 6473465377 Canadian People Search Report
Don Turpie. 306-435-6180. Moosomin, SK, S0G. Moosomin - Saskatchewan. D K Turpie. 902-765-2850. Kingston, NS, B0P 1R0. Kingston - Nova Scotia.
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classmates: Adelia Coffman (Turpie)
James Madison Senior High School, San Diego, CA, 1966-1970
classmates: Amy Turpie
Ventura Senior High School, Ventura, CA, 1978-1982
classmates: Brad Turpie
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secrets of our success Yandina Butchery PEOPLE come all the way from Brisbane for one of Don Turpie's hams. But it's the Yandina residents ...
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Don Turpie raised the possibility of running rides for the Street Fair ourselves, but insurance issues make that unviable. Place Making Committee—Allan Hubbard
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The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary
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The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System is both a conceptual and practical advance over its 2007 predecessor. For the first time, the WHO classification of CNS tumors uses molecular parameters in addition to histology to define many tumor entities, thus formulating a concept for how CNS tumor diagnoses should be structured in the molecular era. As such, the 2016 CNS WHO presents major restructuring of the diffuse gliomas, medulloblastomas and other embryonal tumors, and incorporates new entities that are defined by both histology and molecular features, including glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype and glioblastoma, IDH-mutant; diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M–mutant; RELA fusion–positive ependymoma; medulloblastoma, WNT-activated and medulloblastoma, SHH-activated; and embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered. The 2016 edition has added newly recognized neoplasms, and has deleted some entities, variants and patterns that no longer have diagnostic and/or biological relevance. Other notable changes include the addition of brain invasion as a criterion for atypical meningioma and the introduction of a soft tissue-type grading system for the now combined entity of solitary fibrous tumor / hemangiopericytoma—a departure from the manner by which other CNS tumors are graded. Overall, it is hoped that the 2016 CNS WHO will facilitate clinical, experimental and epidemiological studies that will lead to improvements in the lives of patients with brain tumors.
For the past century, the classification of brain tumors has been based largely on concepts of histogenesis that tumors can be classified according to their microscopic similarities with different putative cells of origin and their presumed levels of differentiation. The characterization of such histological similarities has been primarily dependent on light microscopic features in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, immunohistochemical expression of lineage-associated proteins and ultrastructural characterization. For example, the 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (2007 CNS WHO) grouped all tumors with an astrocytic phenotype separately from those with an oligodendroglial phenotype, no matter if the various astrocytic tumors were clinically similar or disparate [26].
Studies over the past two decades have clarified the genetic basis of tumorigenesis in the common and some rarer brain tumor entities, raising the possibility that such an understanding may contribute to classification of these tumors [25]. Some of these canonical genetic alterations were known as of the 2007 CNS WHO, but at that time it was not felt that such changes could yet be used to define specific entities; rather, they provided prognostic or predictive data within diagnostic categories established by conventional histology. In 2014, a meeting held in Haarlem, the Netherlands, under the auspices of the International Society of Neuropathology, established guidelines for how to incorporate molecular findings into brain tumor diagnoses, setting the stage for a major revision of the 2007 CNS WHO classification [28]. The current update (2016 CNS WHO) thus breaks with the century-old principle of diagnosis based entirely on microscopy by incorporating molecular parameters into the classification of CNS tumor entities [27]. To do so required an international collaboration of 117 contributors from 20 countries and deliberations on the most controversial issues at a three-day consensus conference by a Working Group of 35 neuropathologists, neuro-oncological clinical advisors and scientists from 10 countries. The present review summarizes the major changes between the 2007 and 2016 CNS WHO classifications.
The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Note that the WHO classifications use spellings that are hybrid between American and British English. The present review, however, has used American English spellings
Summary of the major changes in the 2016 CNS WHO
Formulating concept of how CNS tumor diagnoses are structured in the molecular era
Major restructuring of diffuse gliomas, with incorporation of genetically defined entities
Major restructuring of medulloblastomas, with incorporation of genetically defined entities
Major restructuring of other embryonal tumors, with incorporation of genetically defined entities and removal of the term "primitive neuroectodermal tumor"
Incorporation of a genetically defined ependymoma variant
Novel approach distinguishing pediatric look-alikes, including designation of novel, genetically defined entity
Addition of newly recognized entities, variants and patterns
IDH-wildtype and IDH-mutant glioblastoma (entities)
Diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M–mutant (entity)
Embryonal tumour with multilayered rosettes, C19MC-altered (entity)
Ependymoma, RELA fusion–positive (entity)
Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (entity)
Anaplastic PXA (entity)
Epithelioid glioblastoma (variant)
Glioblastoma with primitive neuronal component (pattern)
Multinodular and vacuolated pattern of ganglion cell tumor (pattern)
Deletion of former entities, variants and terms
Gliomatosis cerebri
Protoplasmic and fibrillary astrocytoma variants
Cellular ependymoma variant
"Primitive neuroectodermal tumour" terminology
Addition of brain invasion as a criterion for atypical meningioma
Restructuring of solitary fibrous tumor and hemangiopericytoma (SFT/HPC) as one entity and adapting a grading system to accommodate this change
Expansion and clarification of entities included in nerve sheath tumors, with addition of hybrid nerve sheath tumors and separation of melanotic schwannoma from other schwannomas
Expansion of entities included in hematopoietic/lymphoid tumors of the CNS (lymphomas and histiocytic tumors)
Grading of selected CNS tumors according to the 2016 CNS WHO
General principles and challenges
The use of "integrated" [28] phenotypic and genotypic parameters for CNS tumor classification adds a level of objectivity that has been missing from some aspects of the diagnostic process in the past. It is hoped that this additional objectivity will yield more biologically homogeneous and narrowly defined diagnostic entities than in prior classifications, which in turn should lead to greater diagnostic accuracy as well as improved patient management and more accurate determinations of prognosis and treatment response. It will, however, also create potentially larger groups of tumors that do not fit into these more narrowly defined entities (e.g., the not otherwise specified/NOS designations, see below)—groups that themselves will be more amenable to subsequent study and improved classification.
A compelling example of this refinement relates to the diagnosis of oligoastrocytoma—a diagnostic category that has always been difficult to define and that suffered from high interobserver discordance [11, 47], with some centers diagnosing these lesions frequently and others diagnosing them only rarely. Using both genotype (i.e., IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion status) and phenotype to diagnose these tumors results in nearly all of them being compatible with either an astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma [6, 44, 48], with only rare reports of molecularly "true" oligoastrocytomas consisting of histologically and genetically distinct astrocytic (IDH-mutant, ATRX-mutant, 1p/19q-intact) and oligodendroglial (IDH-mutant, ATRX-wildtype and 1p/19q-codeleted) tumor populations [14, 49]. As a result, both the more common astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma subtypes become more homogeneously defined. In the 2016 CNS WHO, therefore, the prior diagnoses of oligoastrocytoma and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma are now designated as NOS categories, since these diagnoses should be rendered only in the absence of diagnostic molecular testing or in the very rare instance of a dual genotype oligoastrocytoma.
The diagnostic use of both histology and molecular genetic features also raises the possibility of discordant results, e.g., a diffuse glioma that histologically appears astrocytic but proves to have IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion, or a tumor that resembles oligodendroglioma by light microscopy but has IDH, ATRX and TP53 mutations in the setting of intact 1p and 19q. Notably, in each of these situations, the genotype trumps the histological phenotype, necessitating a diagnosis of oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted in the first instance and diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-mutant in the second.
The latter example of classifying astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas leads to the question of whether classification can proceed on the basis of genotype alone, i.e., without histology. At this point in time, this is not possible: one must still make a diagnosis of diffuse glioma (rather than some other tumor type) to understand the nosological and clinical significance of specific genetic changes. In addition, WHO grade determinations are still made on the basis of histologic criteria. Another reason why phenotype remains essential is that, as mentioned above, there are individual tumors that do not meet the more narrowly defined phenotype and genotype criteria, e.g., the rare phenotypically classical diffuse astrocytoma that lacks the signature genetic characteristics of IDH and ATRX mutations. Nevertheless, it remains possible that future WHO classifications of the diffuse gliomas, in the setting of deeper and broader genomic capabilities, will require less histological evaluation—perhaps only a diagnosis of "diffuse glioma." For now, the 2016 CNS WHO is predicated on the basis of combined phenotypic and genotypic classification, and on the generation of "integrated" diagnoses [28].
Lastly, it is important to acknowledge that changing the classification to include some diagnostic categories that require genotyping may create challenges with respect to testing and reporting, which have been discussed in detail elsewhere [28]. These challenges include: the availability and choice of genotyping or surrogate genotyping assays; the approaches that may need to be taken by centers without access to molecular techniques or surrogate immunostains; and the actual formats used to report such "integrated" diagnoses [28]. Nonetheless, the implementation of combined phenotypic–genotypic diagnostics in some large centers and the growing availability of immunohistochemical surrogates for molecular genetic alterations suggest that most of these challenges will be overcome readily in the near future [9, 40].
Combining histopathological and molecular features into diagnoses necessarily results in portmanteau diagnostic terms and raises the need to standardize such terminology in as practical a manner as possible. In general, the 2016 CNS WHO decision was to approximate the naming conventions of the hematopoietic/lymphoid pathology community, which has incorporated molecular information into diagnoses in the past. As detailed below, CNS tumor diagnoses should consist of a histopathological name followed by the genetic features, with the genetic features following a comma and as adjectives, as in: Diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and Medulloblastoma, WNT-activated.
For those entities with more than one genetic determinant, the multiple necessary molecular features are included in the name: Oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted.
For a tumor lacking a genetic mutation, the term wildtype can be used if an official "wildtype" entity exists: Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype. However, it should be pointed out that in most such situations, a formal wildtype diagnosis is not available, and a tumor lacking a diagnostic mutation is given an NOS designation (see below).
For tumor entities in which a specific genetic alteration is present or absent, the terms "positive" can be used if the molecular characteristic is present: Ependymoma, RELA fusion–positive.
For sites lacking any access to molecular diagnostic testing, a diagnostic designation of NOS (i.e., not otherwise specified) is permissible for some tumor types. These have been added into the classification in those places where such diagnoses are possible. An NOS designation implies that there is insufficient information to assign a more specific code. In this context, NOS in most instances refers to tumors that have not been fully tested for the relevant genetic parameter(s), but in rare instances may also include tumors that have been tested but do not show the diagnostic genetic alterations. In other words, NOS does not define a specific entity; rather it designates a group of lesions that cannot be classified into any of the more narrowly defined groups. An NOS designation thus represents those cases about which we do not know enough pathologically, genetically and clinically and which should, therefore, be subject to future study before additional refinements in classification can be made.
With regard to formatting, italics are used for specific gene symbols (e.g., ATRX) but not for gene families (e.g., IDH, H3). To avoid numerous sequential hyphens, wildtype has been used without a hyphen and en-dashes have been used in certain designations (e.g., RELA fusion–positive). Finally, as in the past, WHO grades are written in Roman numerals (e.g., I, II, III and IV; not 1, 2, 3 and 4).
Definitions, disease summaries and commentaries
Entities within the 2016 classification begin with a Definition section that itself starts with an italicized definitional first clause that describes the necessary (i.e., entity-defining) diagnostic criteria. This is followed by characteristic associated findings. For example, the definition of oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted includes a first sentence: "A diffusely infiltrating, slow-growing glioma with IDH1 or IDH2 mutation and codeletion of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q" (which is the italicized, entity-defining criteria), followed by sentences such as "Microcalcifications and a delicate branching capillary network are typical" (findings that are highly characteristic of the entity, but not necessary for the diagnosis). The diagnostic criteria and characteristic features are then followed by the remainder of the disease summary, in which other notable clinical, pathological and molecular findings are given. Finally, for some tumors, there is a commentary that provides information on classification, clarifying the nature of the genetic parameters to be evaluated and providing genotyping information for distinguishing overlapping histological entities. Notably, the classification does not mandate specific testing techniques, leaving that decision up to the individual practitioner and institution. Nonetheless, the commentary sections clarify certain genetic interpretations, e.g., in what situations IDH status can be designated as wildtype (depending on tumor type and, in some instances, patient age) and what constitutes prognostically favorable 1p/19q codeletion (combined whole-arm losses, which in IDH-mutant and histologically classic tumors can be assumed even when only single loci on each arm have been tested by fluorescence in situ hybridization).
Newly recognized entities, variants and patterns
A number of newly recognized entities, variants and patterns have been added. Variants are subtypes of accepted entities that are sufficiently well characterized pathologically to achieve a place in the classification and have potential clinical utility. Patterns are histological features that are readily recognizable but usually do not have clear clinicopathological significance. These newly recognized entities, variants and patterns are listed in Table 2 and discussed briefly in their respective sections below.
Diffuse gliomas
In this new classification, the diffuse gliomas include the WHO grade II and grade III astrocytic tumors, the grade II and III oligodendrogliomas, the grade IV glioblastomas, as well as the related diffuse gliomas of childhood (see below). This approach leaves those astrocytomas that have a more circumscribed growth pattern, lack IDH gene family alterations and frequently have BRAF alterations (pilocytic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthastrocytoma) or TSC1/TSC2 mutations (subependymal giant cell astrocytoma) distinct from the diffuse gliomas. In other words, diffuse astrocytoma and oligodendrogliomas are now nosologically more similar than are diffuse astrocytoma and pilocytic astrocytoma; the family trees have been redrawn.
Diffuse astrocytoma and anaplastic astrocytoma
The WHO grade II diffuse astrocytomas and WHO grade III anaplastic astrocytomas are now each divided into IDH-mutant, IDH-wildtype and NOS categories. For both grade II and III tumors, the great majority falls into the IDH-mutant category if IDH testing is available. If immunohistochemistry for mutant R132H IDH1 protein and sequencing for IDH1 codon 132 and IDH2 codon 172 gene mutations are both negative, or if sequencing for IDH1 codon 132 and IDH2 codon 172 gene mutations alone is negative, then the lesion can be diagnosed as IDH-wildtype. It is important to recognize, however, that diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-wildtype is an uncommon diagnosis and that such cases need to be carefully evaluated to avoid misdiagnosis of lower grade lesions such as gangliogliomas; moreover, anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH-wildtype is also rare, and most such tumors will feature genetic findings highly characteristic of IDH-wildtype glioblastoma [6, 38]. Finally, in the setting of a diffuse astrocytoma or anaplastic astrocytoma, if IDH testing is not available or cannot be fully performed (e.g., negative immunohistochemistry without available sequencing), the resulting diagnosis would be diffuse astroctyoma, NOS, or anaplastic astrocytoma, NOS, respectively.
Historically, the prognostic differences between WHO grade II diffuse astrocytomas and WHO grade III anaplastic astrocytomas were highly significant [31]. Some recent studies, however, have suggested that the prognostic differences between IDH-mutant WHO grade II diffuse astrocytomas and IDH-mutant WHO grade III anaplastic astrocytomas are not as marked [32, 39]. Nonetheless, this has not been noted in all studies [20]. At this time, it is recommended that WHO grading is retained for both IDH-mutant and IDH-wildtype astrocytomas, although the prognosis of the IDH-mutant cases appears more favorable in both grades. Cautionary notes have been added to the 2016 classification in this regard.
Of note, two diffuse astrocytoma variants have been deleted from the WHO classification: protoplasmic astrocytoma, a diagnosis that was previously defined in only vague terms and is almost never made any longer given that tumors with this histological appearance are typically characterized as other more narrowly defined lesions; and fibrillary astrocytoma, since this diagnosis overlaps nearly entirely with the standard diffuse astrocytoma. As a result, only gemistocytic astrocytoma remains as a distinct variant of diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-mutant.
Gliomatosis cerebri has also been deleted from the 2016 CNS WHO classification as a distinct entity, rather being considered a growth pattern found in many gliomas, including IDH-mutant astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors as well as IDH-wildtype glioblastomas [4, 13]. Thus, widespread brain invasion involving three or more cerebral lobes, frequent bilateral growth and regular extension to infratentorial structures is now mentioned as a special pattern of spread within the discussion of several diffuse glioma subtypes. Further studies are needed to clarify the biological basis for the unusually widespread infiltration in these tumors.
Glioblastomas are divided in the 2016 CNS WHO into (1) glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype (about 90 % of cases), which corresponds most frequently with the clinically defined primary or de novo glioblastoma and predominates in patients over 55 years of age [30]; (2) glioblastoma, IDH-mutant (about 10 % of cases), which corresponds closely to so-called secondary glioblastoma with a history of prior lower grade diffuse glioma and preferentially arises in younger patients [30] (see Table 4); and (3) glioblastoma, NOS, a diagnosis that is reserved for those tumors for which full IDH evaluation cannot be performed. The definition of full IDH evaluation can differ for glioblastomas in older patients relative to glioblastomas in younger adults and relative to WHO grade II and grade III diffuse gliomas: in the latter situations, IDH sequencing is highly recommended following negative R132H IDH1 immunohistochemistry, whereas the near absence of non-R132H IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in glioblastomas from patients over about 55 years of age [7] suggests that sequencing may not be needed in the setting of negative R132H IDH1 immunohistochemistry in such patients.
Small cell glioblastoma/astrocytoma and granular cell glioblastoma/astrocytoma remain patterns, the former characterized by uniform, deceptively bland small neoplastic cells often resembling oligodendroglioma and frequently demonstrating EGFR amplification, and the latter by markedly granular to macrophage-like, lysosome-rich tumor cells. In both examples, there is a particularly poor glioblastoma-like prognosis even in the absence of microvascular proliferation or necrosis.
The diagnosis of oligodendroglioma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma requires the demonstration of both an IDH gene family mutation and combined whole-arm losses of 1p and 19q (1p/19q codeletion). In the absence of positive mutant R132H IDH1 immunohistochemistry, sequencing of IDH1 codon 132 and IDH2 codon 172 is recommended. In the absence of testing capabilities or in the setting of inconclusive genetic results, a histologically typical oligodendroglioma should be diagnosed as NOS. In the setting of an anaplastic oligodendroglioma with non-diagnostic genetic results, careful evaluation for genetic features of glioblastoma may be undertaken [6]. It is also recognized that tumors of childhood that histologically resemble oligodendroglioma often do not demonstrate IDH gene family mutation and 1p/19q codeletion; until such tumors are better understood at a molecular level, they should be included in the oligodendroglioma, NOS category. However, care should be taken to exclude histological mimics like pilocytic astrocytoma, dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor and clear cell ependymoma.
In the 2016 CNS WHO, the diagnosis of oligoastrocytoma is strongly discouraged. Nearly all tumors with histological features suggesting both an astrocytic and an oligodendroglial component can be classified as either astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma using genetic testing [44, 48]. The diagnoses of WHO grade II oligoastrocytoma and WHO grade III anaplastic oligoastrocytoma are, therefore, assigned NOS designations, indicating that they can only be made in the absence of appropriate diagnostic molecular testing. Notably, rare cases of "true" oligoastrocytomas have been reported in the literature, with phenotypic and genotypic evidence of spatially distinct oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma components in the same tumor [14, 49]; until further reports confirming such tumors are available for evaluation as part of the next WHO classification, they should be included under the provisional entities of oligoastrocytoma, NOS, or anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, NOS. In addition, in such settings, particular care should be taken to avoid misinterpretation of regional heterogeneity due to technical problems with ancillary techniques, such as false-negative ATRX immunostaining or false-positive FISH results for 1p/19q codeletion, which can occur regionally within tissue specimens.
Pediatric diffuse gliomas
Other astrocytomas
Anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, WHO grade III, has been added to the 2016 CNS WHO as a distinct entity, as opposed to the descriptive title of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with anaplastic features in the past. Grading of a pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma as anaplastic requires 5 or more mitoses per 10 high-power fields; necrosis may be present, but the significance of necrosis in the absence of elevated mitotic activity is unclear [16]. Patients with such tumors have shorter survival times when compared to those with WHO grade II pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas.
The grading of pilomyxoid astrocytoma has also been changed. While previously designated as WHO grade II, recent studies have shown extensive histological and genetic overlap between pilomyxoid and pilocytic astrocytomas, with some of the former maturing into the latter over time and less certainty that the pilomyxoid variant always follows a more aggressive course than a more classic appearing suprasellar pilocytic astrocytoma. For these reasons, it is not clear that pilomyxoid astrocytoma should automatically be assigned to WHO grade II and the suggestion was made to suppress grading of pilomyxoid astrocytomas until further studies clarify their behavior.
While it was recognized that the grading of ependymomas according to existing WHO criteria is difficult to apply and of questionable clinical utility [10], a more prognostic and reproducible classification and grading scheme is yet to be published. As a result, the difficulty in assigning clinical significance to ependymoma histological grades is discussed in the grading sections of both the Ependymoma and Anaplastic Ependymoma chapters. Nonetheless, it is expected that continuing studies of the molecular characteristics of ependymoma will provide more precise and objective means of subdividing these tumors, allowing for more narrowly defined tumor groups. In the meanwhile, one genetically defined ependymoma subtype has been accepted: Ependymoma, RELA fusion–positive [33, 36]. This variant accounts for the majority of supratentorial tumors in children. The specificity of L1CAM expression, a potential immunohistochemical surrogate for this variant [33], has yet to be fully elucidated. Lastly, one ependymoma variant, cellular ependymoma, has been deleted from the classification, since it was considered to overlap extensively with standard ependymoma.
Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumours
A newly recognized architectural appearance is the multinodular and vacuolated pattern that may be related to ganglion cell tumors. Reported as multinodular and vacuolated tumor of the cerebrum [15], these are low-grade lesions that may even be malformative in nature. They are comprised of multiple nodules of tumor with a conspicuous vacuolation, and the tumor cells show glial and/or neuronal differentiation, including ganglion cells in some cases. Further characterization of these lesions is needed to understand its nosological place among CNS neoplasms.
Key characteristics of IDH-wildtype and IDH-mutant glioblastomas
Summary of the most common integrated medulloblastoma diagnoses, with clinical correlates
This modular and integrated approach to diagnosis is novel, but likely represents a method that will become more common as knowledge of tumor genetics and phenotype–genotype correlation grows. It is also anticipated that such a modular approach will allow greater flexibility for future changes in classification as such knowledge expands.
Other embyronal tumors
The embryonal tumors other than medulloblastoma have also undergone substantial changes in their classification, with removal of the term primitive neuroectodermal tumor or PNET from the diagnostic lexicon. Much of the reclassification was driven by the recognition that many of these rare tumors display amplification of the C19MC region on chromosome 19 (19q13.42). C19MC-amplified tumors include the lesions previously known as ETANTR (embryonal tumors with abundant neuropil and true rosettes, but also referred to as embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes), ependymoblastoma and, in some cases, medulloepithelioma [24]. In the 2016 CNS WHO, the presence of C19MC amplification results in a diagnosis of embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR), C19MC-altered. In the absence of C19MC amplification, a tumor with histological features conforming to ETANTR/ETMR should be diagnosed as embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, NOS, and a tumor with histological features of medulloepithelioma should be diagnosed as medulloepithelioma (recognizing that some apparently bona fide medulloepitheliomas do not have C19MC amplification).
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is now defined by alterations of either INI1 or, very rarely, BRG1 [2, 12, 18, 50]. These alterations can be evaluated using immunohistochemistry for the corresponding proteins, with loss of nuclear expression correlating with genetic alteration (in the setting of adequate control expression). If a tumor has histological features of AT/RT but does not harbor either of the diagnostic genetic alterations, only a descriptive diagnosis of CNS embryonal tumour with rhabdoid features is available; in other words, the diagnosis of AT/RT requires confirmation of the characteristic molecular defect.
The understanding of other embryonal tumors is undergoing changes, with an expectation that molecular markers could lead to more precise cataloging of these tumors and their subtypes. In the meanwhile, the 2016 CNS WHO has created a probable wastebasket category of CNS embryonal tumor, NOS that includes tumors previously designated as CNS PNET.
Nerve sheath tumors
The classification of cranial and paraspinal nerve sheath tumors is similar to that of the 2007 CNS WHO, although a few changes have been made. Given that melanotic schwannoma is both clinically (e.g., malignant behavior in a significant subset) and genetically (e.g., associations with Carney Complex and the PRKAR1A gene) distinct from conventional schwannoma, it is now classified as a distinct entity rather than as a variant. Hybrid nerve sheath tumors have been included in the 2016 CNS WHO because such tumors are increasingly being recognized in a variety of combinations; as such, this broad category was separated out as an entity, although it may well represent a group of tumors rather than one distinct subtype. Lastly, the 2016 CNS WHO now designates two subtypes of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST): epithelioid MPNST and MPNST with perineurial differentiation. These were considered sufficiently distinct clinically to warrant designation as variants, whereas other subtypes such as MPNST with divergent differentiation (malignant Triton tumor, glandular MPNST, etc.) simply represent histologic patterns.
The classification and grading of meningiomas did not undergo revisions, save for the introduction of brain invasion as a criterion for the diagnosis of atypical meningioma, WHO grade II. While it has long been recognized that the presence of brain invasion in a WHO grade I meningioma confers recurrence and mortality rates similar to those of a WHO grade II meningioma in general [35], prior WHO classifications had considered invasion a staging feature rather than a grading feature and opted to discuss brain invasion as a separate heading. In the 2016 classification, brain invasion joins a mitotic count of 4 or more as a histological criterion that can alone suffice for diagnosing an atypical meningioma, WHO grade II. As in the past, atypical meningioma can also be diagnosed on the basis of the additive criteria of 3 of the other 5 histological features: spontaneous necrosis, sheeting (loss of whorling or fascicular architecture), prominent nucleoli, high cellularity and small cells (tumor clusters with high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio).
Solitary fibrous tumor / hemangiopericytoma
Over the past decade, soft tissue pathologists have moved away from the designation hemangiopericytoma, diagnosing such tumors within the spectrum of solitary fibrous tumors, whereas neuropathologists have retained the term hemangiopericytoma given its historical understanding and distinct clinicopathologic correlations, such as high recurrence rates and long-term risk of systemic metastasis. Nonetheless, both solitary fibrous tumors and hemangiopericytomas, including those occurring in the neuraxis, share inversions at 12q13, fusing the NAB2 and STAT6 genes [8, 41], which leads to STAT6 nuclear expression that can be detected by immunohistochemistry [45]. It has thus become clear that solitary fibrous tumors and hemangiopericytomas are overlapping, if not identical entities. For this reason, the 2016 CNS WHO has created the combined term solitary fibrous tumor / hemangiopericytoma to describe such lesions. It is recognized that this term is cumbersome and it is likely that it will be shortened in the next WHO classification of CNS tumors.
The creation of a single designation for tumors in the spectrum of low-grade solitary fibrous tumor and the higher grade lesions previously designated as hemangiopericytoma and anaplastic hemangiopericytoma created a grading challenge relative to other CNS tumors. The WHO classifications of CNS tumors have always included grading as a malignancy scale, with a specific grade assigned to each entity rather than multiple grades within an entity (i.e., glioblastoma is grade IV, whereas a ductal carcinoma of the breast can be assigned a grade within the diagnosis of ductal carcinoma). To address this challenge in the context of solitary fibrous tumor / hemangiopericytoma, the 2016 CNS WHO has broken with the typical WHO CNS tradition and assigns three grades within the entity of solitary fibrous tumor / hemangiopericytoma: a grade I that corresponds most often to the highly collagenous, relatively low cellularity, spindle cell lesion previously diagnosed as solitary fibrous tumor; a grade II that corresponds typically to the more cellular, less collagenous tumor with plump cells and "staghorn" vasculature that was previously diagnosed in the CNS as hemangiopericytoma; and a grade III that most often corresponds to what was termed anaplastic hemangiopericytoma in the past, diagnosed on the basis of 5 or more mitoses per 10 high-power fields. Nonetheless, some tumors with a histological appearance more similar to traditional solitary fibrous tumor can also display malignant features and be assigned a WHO grade III, using the cutoff of 5 or more mitoses per 10 high-power fields. Additional studies will, therefore, be required to fine-tune this grading system [3]. Nonetheless, it is hoped that this break from how CNS tumors were usually graded in the past will allow for greater flexibility in grading CNS tumors in the future, which may be important as molecular characterization improves (see discussion of IDH-mutant diffuse astrocytic tumors, above).
Lymphomas and histiocytic tumours
Given the changes that have occurred in the classification of systemic lymphomas and histiocytic neoplasms over the past decade, the 2016 CNS WHO has expanded these categories to parallel those in the corresponding Hematopoietic/Lymphoid WHO classifications.
The 2016 CNS WHO represents a substantial step forward over its 2007 ancestor in that, for the first time, molecular parameters are used to establish brain tumor diagnoses. While this has introduced challenges in nomenclature, nosology and reporting structure, and while it is likely that the next CNS WHO classification will view the present one as an intermediate stage to the further incorporation of objective molecular data in classification, the 2016 CNS WHO sets the stage for such progress. It is hoped that these more objective and more precisely defined entities will allow for improved tailoring of patient therapy, better classification for clinical trials and experimental studies, and more precise categorization for epidemiological purposes. Moreover, while the classification has left some "wastebasket" categories, it allows for more focused study of these less defined groups that will eventually lead to clarification of their status. In addition, while the classification still enables diagnoses to be made in the absence of molecular data in many situations, those settings are clearly designated, allowing distinction of molecularly defined and non-molecularly defined groups. In the long run, we trust that the 2016 CNS WHO will facilitate the clinical, experimental and epidemiological studies that will lead to improvements in the lives of patients with brain tumors.
The authors thank all of the participants of the Consensus and Editorial Conference, held from June 21 through June 24, 2015 at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg, Germany, without whose input the 2016 CNS WHO edition would not have been possible. The participants were: Kenneth D. Aldape (Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada); Cristina R. Antonescu (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY); Mitchel Berger (University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA); Michael Brada (University of Liverpool Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, United Kingdom); Daniel J. Brat (Emory University, Atlanta, GA); Peter C. Burger (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD); David Capper (Ruprecht-Karls Universität, Heidelberg, Germany); Webster K. Cavenee (University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA); V. Peter Collins (University of Cambridge Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom); Charles Eberhart (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD); David W. Ellison (St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN); Dominique Figarella-Branger (Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France); Gregory Fuller (MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX); Felice Giangaspero (Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy); Caterina Giannini (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN); Takanori Hirose (Hyogo Cancer Center/Kobe University, Akashi, Japan); Cynthia Hawkins (The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada); Anne Jouvet (Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France); Paul Kleihues (University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland); Takashi Komori (Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan); Johan M. Kros (Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands); David N. Louis (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA); Roger E. McLendon (Duke University, Durham, NC); Ho Keung Ng (Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China); Hiroko Ohgaki (International Agency for Research on Cancer/IARC, Lyon, France); Werner Paulus (University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany); Arie Perry (University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA); Stefan Pfister (German Cancer Research Center/DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany); Torsten Pietsch (University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany); Guido Reifenberger (University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany); Brian Rous (Eastern Cancer Registration and Information Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom); Andreas von Deimling (Institut für Pathologie, Heidelberg, Germany); Pieter Wesseling (VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands); Wolfgang Wick (University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany); Otmar D. Wiestler (German Cancer Research Center/DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany). The authors also thank many of the administrative staff who supported the meeting, particularly Esther Breunig from DKFZ and Kees Kleihues-van Tol, Asiedua Asante and Anne-Sophie Hameau from IARC, as well as Jessica Cox from IARC for help with establishing nomenclature styles.


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In this, Esha Chakraborty and Shampita Das of Vinod Kothari & Co. raise some further concerns regarding the recent clarification issued by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. The authors may be contacted at firstname.lastname@example.com and email@example.com respectively.]
Continuing with the intent of infusing clarity to somewhat ambiguous drafting of regulations, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) on June 26, 2014 came out with a major clarification on the deemed public company status of subsidiaries of foreign companies.
Considering the consequences arising from the absence of the deeming provision of sub-section (7) of Section 4 of the Companies Act, 1956 ('Act, 1956') by which the status of all such Indian subsidiaries having foreign holding entities changed; this stance, somehow, does bring some relief to all such entities. But, some drafting ineffectiveness prevails to bring in some new ambiguities into the picture!
Let us understand through a step by step analysis as to what was the plausible impact arising from the provisions of Companies Act, 2013 ('Act, 2013') and how far this clarification grants relief.
Position under the Companies Act, 1956
The erstwhile Act, 1956 laid down the defining clause for deemed public companies under Section 3(1)(iv)(c), which provided that a private company which is a subsidiary of a public company, would also be considered as a 'public company'.
However, by virtue of sub-section (7) to Section 4, which defined holding subsidiary relationships, private companies being subsidiaries of foreign body corporate(s) were exempted from the above compulsion of being treated as 'deemed public company'. It was this saving section, which provided that a private company being a subsidiary of a foreign body corporate would not be deemed to be a public company if:
(a) the foreign body corporate, if incorporated in India, would have been a private company; and
(b) the entire share capital in the Indian subsidiary was held by that foreign body corporate, either alone or together with more foreign bodies corporate.
In all other cases, such private companies would grow out of their skin of being a private company and be deemed to the status of a public company. In such scenario, the privileges available with private companies would not be available to them.
Enter Companies Act, 2013
With major streamlining of regulatory structures, some most welcoming, a few glaring loopholes have also been brought forth. This exemption granted under Section 4(7) of Act, 1956 has been omitted from the Act, 2013, which left us with the obvious interpretation that all private companies, even being subsidiaries of foreign bodies corporate, would now be deemed to be public companies for the purposes of the Act, 2013.
Let us assimilate the basis of our above interpretation:
The proviso clause of Section 2 (71) of the Act, 2013 lays down the concept of deemed public company, stating -
"a company which is a subsidiary of a company, not being a private company, shall be deemed to be public company for the purposes of this Act even where such subsidiary company continues to be a private company in its articles;"
The definition of subsidiary, here, would derive its meaning from Section 2 (87) which defines 'subsidiary' and wherein, the expression 'company', i.e, the holding company, includes any body corporate.
One can see the word 'company' used in this context in an expansive sense and would include all bodies corporate and 'body corporate' by virtue of its very definition, drawn from Section 2(11) of the Act, 2013, also includes a company incorporated outside India.
Hence, for the purpose of defining a subsidiary company in relation to a holding company, 'company' would definitely mean a foreign company as well.
In light of the above, Section 2 (87) gives rise to two scenarios -
- The subsidiary company is an Indian company with the holding entity as a foreign company; and
- The subsidiary company is a foreign company with the holding entity as an Indian company.
Here, we need to understand that the relevance of this definition section is that it will apply to the entire Act and the Rules made thereunder. Accordingly, wherever the word 'subsidiary' in relation to a company is used under the Act, the above interpretation would undoubtedly apply.
Therefore, in the above two scenarios, this subsidiary could be a subsidiary of a body corporate, being a foreign company. Thus, it can be summed up that a private company, being a subsidiary of a foreign holding company, will be deemed to a public company under the Act, 2013.
Implications of the deeming status
Given this, can we say that a private company which has been deemed to be a public company loses the core values of its constitution viz. (a) minimum paid up capital of Rs. 1 lakh, (b) minimum and maximum number of members (min. 2 and max. 200) and (c) minimum number of two directors?
In our view, that will not be the case and such companies will continue to remain private as per its articles of association. A supporting view was held in the landmark judgment of the Supreme Court in Needle Industries (India) Ltd., &Ors. vs. Needle Industries Newey (India) Holding Ltd. & Ors. dated May 7, 1981, wherein it was held that a private company which becomes a deemed public company would continue to retain the three basic characteristics of a private company. Such a deemed public company, therefore, would retain the fabric of its constitution and would not have to give up its statutory status with which it was incorporated.
However, by becoming a deemed public company, it still have to comply with the corporate governance norms as applicable to a public company. For instance, appointment of independent directors, constitution of audit committee and nomination and remuneration committee, appointment of internal auditors, rotation of directors and Limits on Managerial Remuneration.
Finally, clarification from Ministry…
The significant effects of the deeming provisions on subsidiaries of foreign companies had created quite a ripple in the corporate sector. Companies which were not deemed public companies by virtue of Section 4(7) of the erstwhile Act, were suddenly faced with the prospect of huge compliance burden.
The MCA has yet again come up with another Circular, meaning to clarify the status of subsidiaries incorporated or to be incorporated by foreign holding companies. But of course, again, due to some ambiguities in the drafting strucutre and language, the MCA has left it to one's imagination to decipher its intent.
Though the first para of the Circular draws attention to the fact that the deeming provision of Section 4 (7) of Act, 1956 was missing in the Act, 2013; it failed to capture the fact that the exemption from 'deeming' provision under Act, 1956 would still be applicable under the Act, 2013.
Instead, it goes on to say such subsidiary company with foreign holding company(s) would continue to act as 'a private company or public company, as the case may be, without any change in the incorporation status of such company.' As explained earlier, there was anyway no ambiguity in the understanding with respect to the incorporation status of a 'deemed public company' and they would have still retained their statutory constitution. See also our discussion under heading, Implications of the deeming status.
Thus, instead of stating the obvious intent of the Circular, as evident from the first para, the Circular completely disconnects in the second para, and moves on to state the obvious!
Further, deliberating over the language used, here are few more thoughts to mull over –
- Circular states that 'an existing company, being a subsidiary of a company incorporated outside India' would continue to be a private or public company without any change in the incorporation status.
So, apparently, it deems to suggest that subsidiaries of only companies incorporated outside India would be covered by this clarification. However, the language used in the Act, 1956 as well as Act, 2013 covered all bodies corporate and not merely foreign companies. If this is the case, then the stake held by limited liability corporations (LLCs), association of persons and other bodies corporate incorporated outside India, in the Indian subsidiary cannot be considered for determining the exemption status from the deeming provisions. Perhaps, this could create more problems than solving the same.
- The erstwhile Section 4(7) clearly stated one of the preconditions to avail the exemption clause is that, the entire share capital of the Indian private company should be held by the overseas bodies corporate. In the absence of the said deeming provision or any such exemption clause in the new legislation, are we left to assume that every subsidiary of the foreign company may still avail the exemption on this front?
As of now, the Circular somehow fails to render any light on these matters.
- Esha Chakraborty and Shampita Das


text:
Wheres the poll?
Evan Bourne
Rey Mysterio
The tournament kicks off with this exciting bout between 2 amazing high flyers...
Evan Bourne...A former tag team champion and an incredible talent, will look to prove himself by advancing to the 2nd round against....
Rey Mysterio....The master of the 619, a 3 times world champion who has some huge ambitions to reach very advanced rounds.
The 1 day poll starts .....NOW
Wheres the poll?
Are we supposed to vote in the thread? There is an option to put a polll up
Mysterio gets my vote here easily.
Thanks JV for the artwork!!
The poll is up! I vote 619 because Bourne is a fuck up.
Bourne is good, but he's no Rey. Mysterio will take this easy.
Is there some problems with the poll?
Nope i see it now , Rey gets my vote, this should be a walk over.
This is easy one. Rey has all the talent, Bourne is missing some of them. I still like them both.
I like Rey overall, but Bourne easily for me.
Rey is comfortably leading up until now, Poor Evan lol.
I voted Rey Rey.
Bourne never had a chance did he?
Sympathy vote for Evan... I actually do like him better than Rey, however Rey's mic skills make him almost unbeatable in tournament.
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Thu, 23 Mar 2017 08:11:39 -0500Self-driving cars are a critical component of the Internet of Things mega trend. And as you can see, they're making people large amounts of money quickly.
Wed, 08 Mar 2017 08:09:23 -0600Planning for investment in stock market! Stock market investment comes with high level of risk. Learn few tips about stock market investments.
Tue, 07 Mar 2017 06:09:48 -0600When it comes to investment there are several options available, but it becomes quite a task to choose the best possible option. To get the best deal one must identify one's financial goals and the time frame to achieve them. The smart investment options available at your disposal are mutual funds, PPF (Public Provident Fund) or direct equity investment. Not to forget, each instrument has its own set of challenges. So the first and foremost advice to new investors is to avail the services of good financial advisor to ease out the stress of financial planning.
Mon, 06 Mar 2017 09:53:14 -0600Trading in the markets is a great way to achieve financial freedom, but the truth is, only 10% of traders do so successfully and the other 90% fail. The fact of the matter is, most new traders fail shortly after entering the markets and one of those reasons is due to entering the market with unrealistic expectations.
Thu, 09 Feb 2017 10:32:36 -0600How do greed and fear dominate the market? Learn about how greed and fear influence the individual trader and how you can avoid emotional trading.
Thu, 09 Feb 2017 08:24:23 -0600During the dot-com boom, IPOs regularly shot to triple-digit gains in their first day of trading. Now most fall dismally flat. But millennials' interest in Snap could break this IPO rut.
Wed, 08 Feb 2017 09:41:01 -0600Value Investing is a famous investment strategy which helps to identify quality shares (by using an approximation of the stocks' value) that are currently undervalued in the market. The worth/value of every stock is based on the performance of the company as well as a view of its future sustainable profitability (known as normalized return on equity). Since the beginning of 2009, the global markets have faced a financial repression era. It was a period of low-interest rates as well as risk-encouragement that has led to a perfect time for growth investing. Furthermore, the market has awarded a scarcity premium to almost all those companies that can grow in such an environment of limited economic expansion prospects. Meanwhile, the market has paid less attention to the traditional value factors, such as P/E (price-to-earnings) ratios and dividend yields. However, these factors have provided substantial return premiums over the long term. The goal of my research article is to identify the points about "Why The Stock Market Will Soon Favor Value Investing Again?"
Fri, 03 Feb 2017 10:25:22 -0600How do you feel when you make a mistake? What is your attitude when faced with a serious challenge? How do you react when your kids make mistakes? Have you experienced true financial loss at a level where you don't know where or if you will get the money for that next mortgage payment or...
Fri, 03 Feb 2017 10:23:02 -0600Many people overlook the importance of managing risk in their positions and trades. As a trader or investor, this is the only thing that we can control. We cannot control the directions of the markets. We also cannot control whether we will win or lose in any position we take. The only thing within our... READ MORE.
Mon, 30 Jan 2017 07:57:10 -0600Stocks and Bonds. The stock market. It may all seem foreign to a lot of us, but there is money to be made with stocks.
Thu, 26 Jan 2017 14:29:27 -0600It is easy to find people's opinion on how to invest in the stock market as everyone has a different angle on what to expect in the stock market at every point in time, but most of the time people's opinion may be very confusing. The most common problem that new investors do have is how to determine good investments from the bad ones, what to invest on, what time to invest among others. Some of the questions that you need to answer so as to make a good decision when you want to invest are highlighted below.
Fri, 20 Jan 2017 09:28:17 -0600Every day the market defies expectations, moves further from "normal." Adaptation is critical... that's why we added a new member to our team with a very unique background.
Tue, 17 Jan 2017 09:38:08 -0600The Dow soared from 770 in August 1982 to 11,750 in January 2000. An amazing bull market run. And when you compare 1982 with today, you'll find some incredible similarities.
Tue, 10 Jan 2017 08:27:24 -0600The Dogs of the Dow is a simple investing approach that has outperformed its namesake for the past seven years. But there's a tweak to this strategy that can improve your results dramatically.
Fri, 06 Jan 2017 09:00:19 -0600It's time again to make market predictions. But, like New Year's resolutions, few predictions pan out. So let's take it month to month, starting with the January effect.
Wed, 28 Dec 2016 08:47:20 -0600Millennials spend money like every other generation. One of the biggest purchases they can make - one that will drive a new bull market- is to buy a home.
Tue, 20 Dec 2016 09:45:37 -0600There is a secret force that will cause an economic boom in the U.S. It will drive the Dow Jones Industrial Average to record levels in a spectacular bull market.
Tue, 20 Dec 2016 09:37:11 -0600The latest rate hike may appear to bring traditional yield assets back into the mainstream. But the Fed has a debt problem, so don't get your hopes up.
Mon, 19 Dec 2016 07:59:14 -0600When you are making stock investments to make profits for the future, you are using your hard-earned money. To help avoid investing in the wrong stocks and losing your money you need to find the right professional stockbroker. You need one that you feel comfortable with and trust. You also want them to guide you precisely on which stocks to invest in and can keep the economic scenario in mind. Finding the right stockbroker can be a hard task as there are many online and off line stockbrokers to choose from.
Thu, 15 Dec 2016 06:55:35 -0600Share market is very lucrative but then it means making all the right decisions especially when choosing what shares to buy. This is something that will need some research, analysis and time. When you are keen on keeping an eye on the economy and the market in general, you potential to grow wealth over time through shares is very promising.
Wed, 07 Dec 2016 13:40:05 -0600To conclude the article, the analysis part involves analysis of the self, analysis of the market through charts, analysis of the stock you would like to trade, and finally the analysis of whether it is, or not the right time to trade. Staying out-that is doing nothing, when conditions are adverse, is a virtue in the capital markets.
Wed, 07 Dec 2016 13:39:32 -0600The trading terminal is not a place where one plays out one's personal problems, or emotions. There are too many attractions which trick your mind into doing things you should not be doing. Like Odysseus in the Greek mythology Odyssey, who had to fill his sailors' ears with beeswax, and tie himself to the mast, so that he would not be enticed by the Sirens, who led many a sailor to the devastation of the rocky shores.
Mon, 05 Dec 2016 09:24:01 -0600Most believe that rising interest rates will be bad for stocks. But history shows the opposite is true, at least until rates rise too far.
Fri, 02 Dec 2016 10:03:11 -0600Could Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) be a realistic alternative to investing in UK property in an increasingly volatile market? UK REITs are relatively new, so what can they offer to an individual investor?
Wed, 23 Nov 2016 07:45:15 -0600As an investor, you should not depend solely on the research and opinions of others. Weigh company initiatives against the landscape and mindset of the jurisdiction in which they operate, or may wish to operate with new projects. You must look at what other government agencies are saying, not just the political figureheads of parties. Due diligence means more than just studying the latest quarterly results of companies.
Tue, 22 Nov 2016 09:26:59 -0600Trump is inheriting a mess, including a monstrous amount of debt, slow growth and weak employment. It's a high hurdle to overcome, meaning now's not the time to bail on dividend stocks. It's time to buy them.
Mon, 14 Nov 2016 14:07:17 -0600Investors need to keep their emotions in check and make money when there's an opportunity. That opportunity is infrastructure in Trump stock market.
Fri, 11 Nov 2016 10:52:36 -0600In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be sold at a higher price.
Thu, 03 Nov 2016 09:25:30 -0500Rookie stock market investors are those who only possess a relatively rudimentary knowledge and experience of the investing sphere. Most of these individuals usually commence by sticking to a 'buy and hold' trading strategy. As a beginner, your general experience in stock market trading is very limited. This, for the most part, confines you to making no more than a couple of trades perhaps on a monthly basis from a cash account. However, this does not necessary signify that you have not placed high expectations on your stock market trading activities. You most likely are very interested in expanding your stock market knowledge as well as investment experience in order to realize the objectives you may have set. Learn more about stock market investment.
Tue, 01 Nov 2016 07:38:14 -0500If you are already looking to own stock in a large, stable dividend-paying company, then why not get paid to do so? You can, and you can even name your own price while you're at it.
Mon, 31 Oct 2016 14:33:55 -0500The millennial generation is the largest in U.S. history. But due to modern technology, millennials are a global movement. India, China, France, etc... It's all-encompassing. And they're all spending.
Mon, 31 Oct 2016 14:14:34 -0500For successful stock trading, there is one price pattern that can help you spot runaway moves, make more money, lower your risk and avoid losing trades. Its so simple but many traders of all experience levels miss it completely but you can learn it after reading this article and put it to use right away.
Mon, 24 Oct 2016 14:17:29 -0500The IoT is becoming the Internet of everything. Eventually every single thing you can imagine will be connected, resulting in an explosion of data and massive investment opportunities.
Thu, 13 Oct 2016 09:55:53 -0500The potential benefit to human lives is going to be huge. Big Data companies are stepping forward to implement the Internet of Things in the health care sector.
Mon, 03 Oct 2016 10:46:52 -0500Unlike previous tech revolutions, the Internet of Things is a global revolution from day one. And it's going to be bigger than the Industrial Revolution and the desktop PC invasion.
Mon, 26 Sep 2016 14:34:11 -0500Many investors are looking for ways to avoid the dangers of a market crash similar to 2008. The best, and most conservative, way is to follow the VIX - aka the fear index.
Mon, 26 Sep 2016 10:17:40 -0500Most millennials don't see robots as the world-destroying nightmares shown in movies. And this has made them a generation eager to adopt this new tech boom.
Thu, 22 Sep 2016 09:02:43 -0500With the Federal Reserve set to announce its latest interest-rate decision tomorrow afternoon, we're left staring down the possibility of a rate hike. What could this mean for real estate?
Mon, 19 Sep 2016 09:45:44 -0500Wise, big bettors are good at maximizing their advantage. In financial markets, the advantage that wise, big bettors have is information and understanding of the potential of an idea.
Mon, 12 Sep 2016 10:11:58 -0500Previously lumped in with financials, REITs will soon have their own sector on the S&P 500. And the added liquidity should open the floodgates for new cash to flow into real estate.
Mon, 12 Sep 2016 09:01:09 -0500Clinton and Trump have promised massive infrastructure spending. While bridges and roads are the center of attention, rolling blackouts indicate that the power grid could use some work too.
Wed, 07 Sep 2016 11:03:30 -0500The first thing that comes to mind when the term 'Passive Investing' echoes in the ear is idle investments. But what is a concept without a few myths? Just like a butterfly comes out of a caterpillar, similarly a beautiful concept spreads its wings as the bubble of myths is broken. The term is not anything as the name suggests.Passive Investment has many myths on its account. It is important to know about it to have faith on it.
Fri, 02 Sep 2016 09:18:11 -0500Foul-smelling taxis and bad Uber drivers may soon be a thing of the past. Self-driving cars have gone from a wacko sci-fi-like idea to something we're seeing on the streets now.
Mon, 29 Aug 2016 08:46:08 -0500It hasn't happened yet, but this market bubble will end up the same as the last. History repeats itself. Understanding this simple truth can lead you to an epiphany on the stock market.
Fri, 19 Aug 2016 10:57:54 -0500Five years ago, Microsoft was a laughingstock. Apple products were selling like hotcakes, and Bing was... well, Bing. But the LinkedIn acquisition marked the beginning of a new era.
Wed, 17 Aug 2016 09:58:47 -0500Option trading is catching up fast among rookie stock investors. Once they come to know that the risk is much lesser compared to conventional trading, they waste no time and jump on to business. However, this is not advisable. It's necessary to know the nooks and crannies of the business before one decides to delve in. Unless a person has acquired a solid foundation on how the options work it won't serve him the purpose of achieving his goal, that is, making profits. Therefore, below are listed a list of methods that are comprehensive and elucidates the process in a lucid manner. They involve less risk than stock owning and can be used as a beginner's guide when it comes to option trading. A best option trading service always follows the right procedure of this kind of trading.
Fri, 12 Aug 2016 14:57:47 -0500Taxes are loathsome, but they are also a measure of prosperity. The more you earn, the more you pay. So, when corporate tax receipts fall steadily, so too does the U.S. economy.
Fri, 12 Aug 2016 10:39:42 -0500New technology and the rise of the millennial generation has created a boom within the sharing economy. This new trend is creating new powerhouse companies and profits.
Thu, 11 Aug 2016 12:57:02 -0500Binary options trading is very promising but not everyone succeeds in the trade, whereas others seem to continually make profits when trading. The difference between those who succeed and those that fail is probably preparedness. The first thing you should do when thinking of getting into the trade is to learn as much as possible especially the basics around binary options. This way you will be able to avoid mistakes that most traders make when they start. Here are some of the most common mistakes that you should avoid at all possible costs.
Fri, 05 Aug 2016 15:28:47 -0500Bitcoins has made a tremendous impact on today's currencies. In fact, some countries are thinking of using Bitcoins (I call it, "The Quiet Giant") to restore their economy.
Mon, 01 Aug 2016 08:36:25 -0500A recession is coming. While the exact catalyst is hard to pin down, recent data shows that companies are preparing for the worst... and you should be doing the same.
Thu, 28 Jul 2016 09:25:27 -0500Successful investing is above all a long-term affair of running risk to reap reward and accumulate desired (i.e. sought-after) financial wealth. And now more so than ever as we live a third of our lives or longer in retirement, and as hard-pressed governments can no longer be counted on to anything like the extent they or we once hoped.
Mon, 25 Jul 2016 10:19:10 -0500Stock prices change. But nobody really knows why such thing happens. The only thing people know is that stocks are very volatile and can change in price rapidly.
Wed, 13 Jul 2016 09:04:26 -0500Technical indicators, economic data, everything... says the market just can't go any higher. And yet, the market goes higher still. Welcome to the next market melt-up.
Fri, 08 Jul 2016 15:48:57 -0500The June jobs report blew past expectations, but the devil is in the details. An economy built on falling corporate revenue, declining goods orders and low-paying jobs cannot stand.
Fri, 08 Jul 2016 07:53:23 -0500There is a corruption festering on Wall Street, and you won't hear about it from the mainstream talking heads. It's truly a den of thieves... so it's crucial to learn to navigate safely.
Thu, 07 Jul 2016 15:50:54 -0500This article discusses the importance to focus on the basics of proprietary trading. You must have a sound understanding of the basics to be successful in the field of proprietary trading. Once you are aware of the trade secrets and intraday trading, you can see lucrative career options in front of you.
Thu, 07 Jul 2016 10:41:10 -0500When you buy shares of stock in any company, you are paying for current and future earnings. The price paid for shares of stock is everything when considering your long-term growth results.
Fri, 01 Jul 2016 12:04:12 -0500This "most hated" bull market will soon become a hated bear market. And with margin debt rising unchecked, those with overleveraged accounts are going to get wiped out.
Fri, 01 Jul 2016 09:43:52 -0500Before jumping into an investment, you want to be aware of the risks of a market crash. And this early crash warning indicator can help you do just that.
Fri, 01 Jul 2016 09:40:45 -0500Was it Churchill who originated the phrase, 'Never let a good crisis go to waste'? Citing the exceptional circumstances of Brexit, today we had the Italians asking the EU to allow them to bail out their own banks to avoid the now familiar bail in process of hitting shareholders and depositors first. "Nein" was the response from Germany who reminded the Italians it is shareholders and depositors who must take the first hit.
Wed, 29 Jun 2016 09:37:06 -0500"Investing is simple, but it isn't easy". I've heard Warren Buffett say words to this effect very often, most recently at Berkshire Hathaway annual meeting - my twenty-first!
Tue, 28 Jun 2016 09:45:05 -0500The article discusses the tips that are necessary for the trader to invest in stocks. The tips are vital to know so that the trader knows how and when to enter or exit the trade, and that he will know how to set the goals to trade in the successful manner.
Fri, 24 Jun 2016 11:11:27 -0500The only thing millennials like better than outdoor experiences is sharing those experiences. This growing social-media market is opening doors for connected investors.
Mon, 20 Jun 2016 08:33:23 -0500Investing in penny stocks can be risky if you don't know what you are doing. While we all dream of investing in the next Microsoft or the next Home Depot, the truth is, the odds of you finding that once in a decade success are pretty much nonexistent.
Thu, 16 Jun 2016 15:13:24 -0500Supply and demand works in any environment, even in today's choppy stock market. In the tech sector, a new technology boom is seeing unprecedented demand - the Internet of Things.
Thu, 16 Jun 2016 09:22:15 -0500Trading and finance markets found themselves on the idea of trend following. Ahead of the selection of stock to trade with an investor needs to evaluate price trends to appreciate how their assets are behaving in the market. Creating an investment strategy in line with what's trending in the market may be put to use when placing trades with binary options. To commence we must determine what is involved in the trend trading strategy, ahead of outlining just how it might be put to beneficial use to add to the way you enact your trades.
Wed, 15 Jun 2016 14:15:47 -0500The stock market has reached a near-euphoric level of buying enthusiasm, and several billionaires are now selling into the rally. It's time to follow the money, but not the crowd.
Tue, 14 Jun 2016 09:44:53 -0500Nothing can have cast a more omnipresent shadow over investment markets and economies in recent years than OIL, mankind's global energy driver of the past century. Omit the "t"and the witches in Macbeth couldn't have said it better.
Fri, 10 Jun 2016 11:51:32 -0500It is an informational article for people who wants to invest in the stock market. Rule 1: Bulls, Bears Make Money, Pigs Get Slaughtered.
Thu, 09 Jun 2016 15:09:36 -0500Investing can be treacherous. Pick the wrong investing buddy as a guide, and you can find yourself bobbing in the middle of shark-infested waters without any hope of being saved.
Thu, 09 Jun 2016 09:41:50 -0500Best to stay out of the markets: How often in the tumult of the past year have you been inclined or advised to this effect - too many complications, heightened risks, it's all so different, best to stay away until the future outlook clears. No doubt an oil price collapse of epic proportion and artificially low bank interest rates - in the U.S.
Wed, 08 Jun 2016 08:18:50 -0500An old industrial giant, General Electric is about the last company you would expect to have disruptive potential. But GE's leadership in the Internet of Things market is set to change all that.
Fri, 03 Jun 2016 10:06:31 -0500A new tech revolution has begun, with Cisco predicting more than 50 billion connected devices. Sorting out the winners could be difficult, so choose your guide carefully... and don't get left behind.
Wed, 01 Jun 2016 09:17:16 -0500While quite a bit of time and research goes into selecting stocks, it is often hard to know when to pull out especially for first time investors. The good news is that if you have chosen your stocks carefully, you won't need to pull out for a very long time, such as when you are ready to retire.
Fri, 27 May 2016 09:58:10 -0500It's no secret. Our government has a debt problem... a $19.2 trillion debt problem. It's also no secret that the majority of Americans also have a debt problem, totaling more than $12 trillion. It should come as no surprise, then, that corporate America also has a rising debt problem as well.
Fri, 27 May 2016 09:57:20 -0500Every day, all day, millennials are plugged in to social media. The content they provide may be free, but the ad revenue generated for companies like Facebook is very real... and growing.


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Bath Drop - Eucalyptus Ease by California Baby 1 oz Liquid Bath Drop - Eucalyptus Ease 1 oz Liquid Product description California Baby Bath Drops are a unique combination of aromatherapy essential oils and a special lecithin (safflower source) that mixes oil and water. Since essential oils are very concentrated plant extracts all but a few (like pure tea tree lavender and chamomile) may not be used directly or come into contact with the skin unless it is mixed with a 'carrier oil' or a buffer dispersing ingredient like our special lecithin the lecithin does not reduce the aromatherapy value it simply allows you to add several drops to a tub of bath water and disperse it throughout. The California Baby Eucalyptus Ease aromatherapy blend can be called upon anytime you feel your resistance slipping and you want to slow down to regain your healthy footing it works to promote a sense of general well being and to soothe mind and body. Hardworking oils of Eucalyptus and Douglas Fir combine t
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A border serves several purposes in the landscape. The border prevents grass from spreading into the planting bed; keeps plant, mulch or stone in the bed and provides an aesthetic boundary between beds and lawn areas. An edge also gives the lawn and landscape a finished, manicured appearance. Installing a landscape border requires some planning, work and expense. When done properly, however, the border saves you working to keep the landscape and lawn attractive.
Step 1
Select a border material. Small boulders and cut pieces of wood work well in a natural design. Bricks, formed concrete, metal and plastic edging function as borders in formal designs. Match the material to your home and landscape.
Step 2
Mark the boundary line. Use a hose, string or spray paint where you want the border. Make the edge curved for a natural bed or straight in a formal landscape.
Step 3
Measure the length of the edge. Figure how much edging material you will need based on the length. For example, a 12-foot border would require about 36 small, approximately 4-inch wide stones.
Step 4
Cut an edge around the bed with a spade. Remove soil, grass and weeds. Make the edge approximately 2 inches deep. It should resemble a small trench.
Step 5
Install the border material. For staked borders or metal, pound the border into the ground with a mallet. Arrange rocks, concrete and bricks to fit together. Place them one at a time and tap down with a mallet.


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Jack Salvatore Graci
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About Jack Salvatore Graci
An internationally experienced programme management professional with extensive delivery experience across a wide portfolio of business and IT engagements. Undertaken high-profile business performance improvement engagements with clients in Banking, Central and Local Government, Military, Telecommunication, Pharmaceutical, Automotive, Manufacturing, Services and Retail sectors spanning the UK, Ireland, Mainland Europe, North America, Canada, India, UAE, and Singapore.
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|Star Trek: Dragon episode
|"Hopeless - Part 1"
|Episode no.
|Jon Wasik
|episode chronology
|Previous episode:
|"The Beginning"
|Next episode:
|"Hopeless - Part 2"
"Hopeless - Part 1" was the eleventh episode of Star Trek: Dragon, written by Jon Wasik.
A week has passed since the initial battle at the Defense Base and the Hintaru have not been attacked once. Lieutenant Perkins takes the time to review important information with the Dragon's senior staff, mainly that every species they have thus far encountered in the Kalium Galaxy has spoken a language similar to a language spoken in the Milky Way. A hypothesis is put forth that this could be due to the transplanted Bajorans, however this theory can not be substantiated.
Thanks to information gained from previously captured Vorkalai ships, the massive Hintaru fleet is able to detect a cloaked Vorkalai spy vessel entering the area, and the Dragon is able to disable the ship and capture its crew. They then learn of a fleet of over 200,000 Vorkalai ships inbound. Although the entire Hintaru fleet is now ready for battle, Captain Harriman fears it may not be enough, but can think of no alternative to a direct conflict, and hopes that the advantage Quantum Torpedoes gives them will be enough.
The Hintaru fleet arrives at a star system designated Q-487, Captain Harriman tours the Dragon before what he believes could be a hopeless battle. The battle begins, and immediately the Vorkalai appear to have the upper hand. Despite heavy losses on the Vorkalai side, the fleet commander, High-Admiral Piarn, orders the Hintaru fleet back to the defense base. Before the Hintaru ships can escape, the Vorkalai detonate a high-yield isolitic burst, creating a tear in Subspace.