text:
Preventing childhood obesity during infancy in UK primary care: a mixed-methods study of HCPs' knowledge, beliefs and practice
There is a strong rationale for intervening in early childhood to prevent obesity. Over a quarter of infants gain weight more rapidly than desirable during the first six months of life putting them at greater risk of obesity in childhood. However, little is known about UK healthcare professionals' (HCPs) approach to primary prevention. This study explored obesity-related knowledge of UK HCPs and the beliefs and current practice of general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses in relation to identifying infants at risk of developing childhood obesity.
Survey of UK HCPs (GPs, practice nurses, health visitors, nursery, community and children's nurses). HCPs (n = 116) rated their confidence in providing infant feeding advice and completed the Obesity Risk Knowledge Scale (ORK-10).
Semi-structured interviews with a sub-set of 12 GPs and 6 practice nurses were audio recorded, taped and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was applied using an interpretative, inductive approach.
GPs were less confident about giving advice about infant feeding than health visitors (p = 0.001) and nursery nurses (p = 0.009) but more knowledgeable about the health risks of obesity (p < 0.001) than nurses (p = 0.009). HCPs who were consulted more often about feeding were less knowledgeable about the risks associated with obesity (r = -0.34, n = 114, p < 0.001). There was no relationship between HCPs' ratings of confidence in their advice and their knowledge of the obesity risk.
Six main themes emerged from the interviews: 1) Attribution of childhood obesity to family environment, 2) Infant feeding advice as the health visitor's role, 3) Professional reliance on anecdotal or experiential knowledge about infant feeding, 4) Difficulties with recognition of, or lack of concern for, infants "at risk" of becoming obese, 5) Prioritising relationship with parent over best practice in infant feeding and 6) Lack of shared understanding for dealing with early years' obesity.
Intervention is needed to improve health visitors and nursery nurses' knowledge of obesity risk and GPs and practice nurses' capacity to identify and manage infants' at risk of developing childhood obesity. GPs value strategies that maintain relationships with vulnerable families and interventions to improve their advice-giving around infant feeding need to take account of this. Further research is needed to determine optimal ways of intervening with infants at risk of obesity in primary care.
Globally, childhood obesity is a significant public health issue
Early childhood is recognised as a key developmental period in which to address the obesity epidemic
Barriers to primary care management of childhood obesity
There is good evidence that healthcare professionals (HCPs) find it difficult to manage children who have become overweight or obese
Primary obesity prevention
There have been few studies examining obesity prevention during infancy or early childhood in primary care. A qualitative study explored the views of HCPs working with a primary target population of low income mothers in the US
In the UK NICE guidance recommends cooperation between NHS managers and HCPs (including GPs), local authorities and early years settings (nurseries and care centres for 0-5 year olds) to prevent childhood obesity
1. How does knowledge of the health risks associated with obesity compare between HCPs working in primary care (GPs, practice nurses, health visitors, nursery, community and children's nurses)?
2. What are the beliefs and current practices of GPs and practice nurses in relation to the identification and management of infants at risk of developing childhood obesity?
Sampling and recruitment
HCPs working in two counties in the East Midlands region of the UK were sampled during 2008/2009. Five sites were selected with high rates of childhood obesity and one with low levels of obesity in the practice population; a detailed outline of the demographics of each site can be found in Redsell and colleagues (2010)
There were two study phases: a survey and semi-structured telephone interviews. All HCPs working in the study sites were eligible to participate in both phases and were invited by personalised letter, accompanied by an information sheet, survey, a reply slip to express interest in telephone interviews and a freepost envelope (n = 243). The PCRN and the health visiting managers also circulated emails with an on-line version of the survey.
Nottingham 1 Research Ethics Committee 08/H0403/3 and Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) approved the study. All HCPs interviewed for this study provided their written, informed consent. At the time of data collection, the local Research Ethics Committees did not require consent specifically for sharing the raw data from the interview manuscripts. The presented quotes are anonymised and risk of identification is low.
Data collection and analysis
Phase 1 Survey
The survey requested HCPs practice postcode, personal details including age, gender and ethnicity and professional qualifications, training and number of years in practice. Participants rated their confidence in relation to infant feeding advice and completed the Obesity Risk Knowledge Scale (ORK-10): a reliable, discriminating and valid 10-item scale assessing knowledge regarding the effects of obesity on health
Phase 2 Interviews
The purpose of the interviews was to ascertain the beliefs and current practices of GPs and practice nurses in relation to identifying and managing infants at risk of childhood obesity. The interview guide was informed by previous literature
Telephone interviews lasting up to an hour were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim by a member of the research team. Interview data were analysed thematically using an interpretative perspective in which the researchers looked beyond the spoken word in order to the understand meaning behind the dialogue
Phase 1 Survey
One hundred and eighteen postal survey questionnaires were returned within the study period representing GPs, practice nurses, health visitors, nursery, community and children's nurses. Eighty-four participants responded to the initial postal survey (n = 243), a response rate of 34%, and a further 34 were recruited via the on-line survey. We do not have a denominator for the number of individuals who may have received an invitation to complete the on-line version of the survey via email.
As there were only a few responses from children's and community nurses, their responses were combined with practice nurses to form a single 'registered nurse' group. Two respondents were excluded as they could not be allocated to a professional group, giving a useable sample of 116. Most participants were experienced HCPs having been in practice for at least 10 years (Table
Table 1
Prompt guide for semi-structured interviews
Questions about healthcare professionals' current practice, training needs
Can you describe your role in relation to discussing diet with parents of children under 1 year old?
How do you think parents of children under 1 years old feel about your dietary advice?
Are there any aspects of your advice that parents are reluctant to implement or find difficult to implement?
Are there any parent characteristics that make it more likely that they will follow your advice about diet in children under 1?
Have you undertaken any training in relation to providing advice about diet to children under 1 year old?
Questions about identification of 'infants at risk' and healthcare professionals strategies
What do you think are the most important risk factors for childhood overweight/obesity?
Do you have infants or young children on your caseload that you think might become overweight/obese children?
How do you manage situations where an infant's growth increases disproportionately on the percentile charts?
For example, if an infant's growth went up from the 50th to the 90th percentile or crosses three percentiles with no corresponding rapid growth in head circumference or length?
What else might you need to know?
Have you found anything that makes it difficult to discuss with parents that their infant or young child is 'at risk' of becoming overweight?
What would help you to overcome this?
How do you find dealing with parents whose infants are overweight/obese?
Questions about weight management and intervention
Can you describe any intervention you have initiated with parents whose infants or young children have grown too quickly?
How might healthcare professionals work with parents of infants 'at risk' to prevent childhood overweight/obesity?
What type of intervention might be needed?
What information should an intervention contain to make it useful for healthcare professionals to use with parents?
In your view how could the information be presented clearly and consistently by different members of the PHCT?
Is there anything else you would like to mention that you think would be useful?
Thank you
All participants had been consulted by parents for advice about infant feeding. Nursery nurses (Fisher exact probability = 0.009) and health visitors (χ2
(1) 26.35, p < 0.001) were significantly more likely to have been consulted at least weekly compared to other professions. GPs (χ2
(1) = 9.5, p = 0.002) and registered nurses were less likely to have been consulted (χ2
(1) = 7.3, p = 0.006). Self-rated confidence in providing infant feeding advice differed significantly between professional groups (Kruskall Wallis χ2
(3) = 19.16, p < 0.001). Health visitors were significantly more confident about the advice they provided than GPs (post-hoc Mann Whitney test Z = 3.44, p = 0.001) and nurses (Z = 3.92, p < 0.001). Knowledge about health risks associated with obesity, as measured by the ORK-10, also differed significantly between groups (χ2
(3) = 26.7, p < 0.001). Health visitors were more knowledgeable about the health risks of obesity than nursery nurses (Z = -2.6, p = 0.009) but less knowledgeable than GPs (Z = 4.26, p < 0.001) who had a median score of 9/10. GPs were also more knowledgeable than registered nurses (Z = -2.59 p = 0.01) and nursery nurses (Z = -4.27, p < 0.001). Registered nurses were more knowledgeable than nursery nurses (Z = -2.85, p = 0.004) (Table
Table 2
Demographic characteristics of sample
19 (17.4%)
97 (83.6%)
7 (6.0%)
21 (18.1%)
46 (39.7%)
36 (31.0%)
6 (5.2%)
Nursery nurse
8 (6.9%)
Health Visitor
27 (23.3%)
Nurse (practice nurse or community nurse)
29 (25.0%)
General Practitioner
52 (44.8%)
Years of Experience
Less than one year
1 (0.9%)
23 (19.8%)
23 (19.8%)
69 (59.8%)
Table 3
Comparison between professional groups for dependent variables
Nursery nurses
(n = 8)
Health visitors
(n = 27)
(n = 29)
(n = 52)
Consulted about infant
feeding at least once a week
8 (100%)
27 (100%)
9 (31.1%) a
20 (39.2%)a
Confidence about giving
feeding advice
Very confident
2 (25%)
4 (14.8%)
2 (7.1%) a
4 (7.8%) a
5 (62%)
23 (85.2%)
11 (39.3%)
27 (52.9%)
Slightly confident
1 (12.5%)
0 (0%)
13 (46.4%)
19 (37.3%)
Not confident
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
2 (7.1%)
1 (2.0%)
Knowledge about risks of
obesity Median (IQR)
5.5 (4.25-6.75)
7 (5-8)
8 (6-9)
9 (8-9)
IQR = Inter Quartile Range a 1 missing value
Phase 2 interviews
Telephone interviews were conducted with 12 GPs (n = 6 male, n = 6 female; n = 7 white British, n = 2, British Asian, n = 1 Middle Eastern, n = 2 British Indian) and 6 practice nurses (all female, white British).
1. Attribution of childhood obesity to family environment
Participants viewed childhood obesity as having a genetic/biological origins but causation was also attributed to economic, educational and emotional poverty within families.
Participants did not identify infants who were obese but considered that some were over fed, particularly those on formula milk who were weaned early.
There was a strong belief that parent's feeding strategies were adversely influenced by their peers and family, particularly grandparents.
2. Infant feeding advice as the health visitor's role
There was a strong belief that the role of general practice is to manage non-routine problems or illness and those who expressed that view denied any knowledge about appropriate infant feeding.
Participants believed that infant feeding advice was the responsibility of the health visiting team, who have traditionally led the way in advising parents about infant feeding
However, there was a minority view that GPs should actively promote healthy infant feeding although this was not supported nor expressed by any of the practice nurse participants.
Obesity prevention and management during early years was seen as the role of the health visitor or other specialist practitioner not the role of the GP or practice nurse.
3. Professional reliance on anecdotal or experiential knowledge about infant feeding
Participants suggested that obesity services were targeted at adults and identified a lack of training for childhood obesity prevention and management.
Participants described how the information they used to support the advice they provided to parents about infant feeding was gained anecdotally or experientially.
Participants felt that little guidance and training was available to them. Some, but not all, participants were happy to provide infant feeding advice in response to parent's requests.
4. Difficulties with recognition of, or lack of concern for, infants "at risk" of becoming obese
There was a lack of explicit recognition that infants could be identified as overweight or obese.
However, participants acknowledged that some infants demonstrated excess weight gain but lacked common terminology to describe this. Participants expressed the view that intervening with overweight or obese infants during non-routine or illness consultations was problematic for a number of reasons. GPs suggested it was often difficult to intervene with the parents of these infants because they had no visible growth record available to them. The parent-held records which contain information about infant feeding and growth were not usually available during a non-routine or illness consultation. Therefore their responsibility for following up/reinforcing infant feeding advice provided by others was negated.
There was reluctance to target at risk infants for preventative activities.
Participants described how they might mentally note the weight of an infant but would not intervene until they were older and already overweight or obese.
5. Prioritising relationship with parent over best practice in infant feeding
Participants were aware of the guidance supporting best practice in infant feeding but some of them made exceptions with parents whom they perceived to be struggling to cope. They described how some parents found it difficult to manage their infant's needs and to reduce the demands made on them they adapted the care they provided. This might involve soothing infants with additional food and/or weaning early to ensure the parent has a good night's sleep.
GPs were sympathetic to these parents and supported some of their decisions especially in relation to deviating from the Department of Health's current weaning guidance
There was also a perception that identifying infants as overweight or obese would be stigmatising and might jeopardise the professional relationship with the parent.
6. Lack of shared understanding for dealing with early years obesity
Participants did not identify a common way of dealing with families where the diet was perceived to be unhealthy and infants and children were "at risk" or already overweight or obese. A range of different approaches were suggested which were not based on evidence or guidance.
There was a suggestion from practice nurses that any further expansion of their role around obesity prevention activities would require additional training.
However, whilst participants tried to focus on appropriate early years interventions many of their responses were more suitable for childhood obesity management than primary prevention.
Main findings
The survey revealed that GPs and nurses were less likely to be consulted at least weekly about infant feeding than nursery nurses and health visitors and were less confident about the advice they gave to parents despite being more knowledgeable about the health risks of obesity. Indeed HCPs' confidence in providing advice was unrelated to knowledge about obesity risk. GPs lower levels of confidence in providing infant feeding advice may be partially explained by the qualitative data in which they suggest that this is not their primary role and that training is not readily available. GPs and practice nurse believe that infant feeding advice is the health visitors' role. Consequently their advice giving around infant feeding is responsive and based on anecdotal or experiential knowledge. GPs report adopting a parent-centred approach and are wary of adversely affecting the doctor-parent relationship. This approach may constrain their attempts to identify infant obesity and/or improve parental feeding practices during routine consultations.
GPs and nurses report a low level of concern about infants who may be at risk of developing childhood obesity, despite their greater knowledge about the health risks associated with obesity. Infant overweight and obesity were not consistently recognised and a lack of common terminology combined with a dearth of training and guidance seemed to make identification and intervention difficult. The contrast between the greater knowledge of the health risks of obesity reported by the GPs and nurses, compared to nursery nurses and health visitors, might be explained by the qualitative data. GPs and practice nurses described the management of obesity rather than primary prevention and it seems likely that their greater knowledge will have emerged from the education and guidance they have received for their role managing adults who are overweight or obese. Health visitors and nursery nurses had lower levels of knowledge about the health risks of obesity, which may reflect an absence of exposure to training and guidance around obesity prevention and management.
Strengths and limitations of study
Study strengths included the variety and number of HCPs who completed the ORK-10 scale. The ORK-10 has strong psychometric properties and has been successfully administered in similar populations,
Comparison with previous literature
No previous study has examined UK HCPs knowledge and GPs and practice nurses beliefs and current practice in relation to primary obesity prevention during infancy. GP and practice nurses' accounts that many infants are overfed are supported by literature pointing to widespread beliefs that much infant distress is triggered by hunger and that infants should finish a bottle of formula milk
Implications for practice and future research
UK primary care tends to focus on the management of adult obesity although some areas of the country are beginning to systematically address the issue childhood obesity. US research suggests that infant overweight and obesity should be explicitly acknowledged as a health issue amongst HCPs
There remain a number of challenges to enable a shift from a curative to a preventative focus for childhood obesity in primary care. Differences in competence, confidence and approach between HCPs who work with parents and young children are compounded by a limited shared 'language' and problems of interdisciplinary communication. Intervention is needed to improve health visitors and nursery nurses knowledge of obesity risk and HCPs capacity to identify and manage infants' at risk of developing childhood obesity. GPs value strategies that maintain relationships with vulnerable families and interventions to improve their advice-giving around infant feeding need to take account of this. Although health visitors may lead in this domain of care, a multidisciplinary team approach is needed as parents encounter a range of HCPs. Further research is needed to determine optimal ways of intervening with infants at risk of obesity in primary care.
Competing interests
Sarah Redsell on behalf of all authors declares that SR, PA, DN, NS, JS, CG [and their spouses, partners, or children] have no relationships, financial, or non-financial interests with anyone that may be relevant to the submitted work.
Authors' contributions
SR, DN, NS, JS, CG were involved in the study conception and design; PA, DN undertook the data collection; SR, PA, DN, NS, CG were involved in data analysis; SR, DN, NS, JS, CG contributed to the interpretation of the data. SR, PA, DN, NS, JS, CG contributed to drafting and revising the article. SR, PA, DN, NS, JS, CG have all approved the final version of the paper to be submitted for publication.
All authors had full access to the data.
The authors would like to thank the GPs who provided feedback on the prompt guide; the research governance teams and the health visitor locality managers in the East Midlands who helped us identify and recruit HCPs to this study. We would also like to thank the HCPs who participated.
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Parental influence on children's early eating environments and obesity risk: implications for prevention
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Contribution of early weight gain to childhood overweight and metabolic health: a longitudinal study (EarlyBird 36)
Upward weight percentile crossing in infancy and early childhood independently predicts fat mass in young adults: the Stockholm Weight Development Study (SWEDES)
Birth weight, infant growth, and childhood body mass index: Hong Kong's children of 1997 birth cohort
Being big or growing fast: systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity.[see comment]
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Obesity-related knowledge and beliefs in obese adults attending a specialist weight-management service: implications for weight loss over 1 year
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Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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An increase in the number of low-income families has made it more difficult to find affordable housing. Fortunately, disabled individuals in need of housing assistance can benefit from several programs established by the U.S. government. By applying for any one of these programs; disabled individuals can locate an affordable home that meets their accessibility needs and allows them to be independent.
Things You'll Need
- Photo ID
- Social Security card
- Disability letter from physician
- Check stubs
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) provides several types of housing vouchers including mainstream, designated housing, home ownership, Section 8 rental and certain development. The type of voucher you can qualify to receive will depend on your family's annual gross income, elderly or non-elderly status and public housing eligibility. You also can qualify to live in a government-subsidized apartment or public housing.
Your city's Public Housing Agency (PHA) or local Housing Authority office is responsible for providing information on housing assistance programs and program applications. Call or visit your local Housing Authority office. Locate the phone number, address and website information for your local Housing Authority office by using the link to the PHA locator in the Resource section of this article.
Submit your application. You may be required to set up an appointment, so check with your local Housing Authority office. Be prepared to submit copies of your recent check stubs, Social Security card and a photo ID. You also will need to submit a signed letter from your physician, describing your disability.
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According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, about 1.2 million households live in government-owned public housing. Local housing agencies...
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Housing assistance is available to help people with low and moderate incomes, including the elderly and the disabled. The federal government offers...
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People with disabilities can apply for assistance from the government as well as from other programs and organizations, according to Disability.gov, a...
- Housing Benefits for the Disabled

subset: commoncrawl


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Gold Rush: The Dirt
Beets are Back
Season 3 Episode 8
Christo talks with Tony and the Beets family about dredge assembly, family dynamics, and little known facts about everyone's favorite Dutchman. Parker discusses his Yukon land prospects and his rollercoaster relationship with Tony.
- 42 min
- Premiered 01/23/2015


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About the Book
The Jessica Collection Volume 3 7x7 edition. This 24 piece collection of prints is dedicated to model Jessica Truscott. Volume 3 is the final volume to be released. However there will be a best of version to complete the series.
Features & Details
- Category Fine Art
Small Square, 7×7 in, 18×18 cm
28 Pages
- Publish Date Nov 25, 2013
- Language English
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Jeb Bush Calls Confederate Flag a Racist Symbol, Claims Removing It Was "Politically Incorrect"
Screenshot via YouTube
Though people in the political sphere often forget it, actions do speak louder than words. Jeb Bush's actions as Florida governor had already put him on record about whether the Confederate flag should be flying at state capitols; he had already removed one from Florida's capitol in 2001. So, speaking in South Carolina yesterday, Jeb decided not to hedge and outright said he thought the Confederate flag was a racist symbol.
He explained that during a debate in neighboring Georgia over wether the Confederate flag should fly over that state's capitol, Jeb first thought about the one flying at the Florida capitol.
Indeed, it stood alongside three other flags that have flown over Florida — the British Union Jack, a French flag, and the flag of the Spanish Empire — on the west side of the new capitol building in Tallahassee.
A Confederate flag (right) flies in front of Florida's capitol.
Photo by Donn Dughi courtesy of State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory
Interestingly, the flag in Tally was not the Confederate battle flag, but rather an official national flag of the Confederacy dubbed "The Stainless Banner." That particular flag featured the battle flag motif on a sea of white.
What did that white mean? Well, as the flag's designer noted, "As a people, we are fighting maintain the Heaven-ordained supremacy of the white man over the inferior or colored race; a white flag would thus be emblematical of our cause." Though the Confederacy never officially recognized that symbolism, it still adopted the flag as its second national flag.
Bush had been under some pressure from then-Rep. Kendrick Meek and the NAACP to remove the flag, and did so, along with the three other foreign flags, in 2001 very quietly. He never publicized the move. Not even a news release was typed up. The flags were then placed in the Museum of Florida History in Tallahassee.
"I decided to do something politically incorrect," Bush said while speaking at a campaign stop at a manufacturing plant. "I decided to remove the flags. I mean, I was governor. I figured I could do it. I did."
At the event, an African-American woman asked Bush about the flag.
"The symbols were used in the most recent modern history, not in perhaps at the beginning at the time, the symbols were racist," he continued. "And if you're trying to lean forward, rather than live in the past, you want to eliminate the barriers that create disagreements. So I did."
Though we did establish that actions speak louder than words, many are parsing Bush's words, including:
1. His use of the term "politically incorrect" — removing a racist flag from display at a government building is the textbook definition of political correctness, and that's just a term right-wingers made up to attack liberals anyway.
2. Bush used the phrase "lean forward," which many have noted is MSNBC's slogan.
Heard Jeb Bush talking about Confederate Flag as racist symbol, said "...if we want to lean forward" isn't that MSNBC's slogan?— desmaraiswork (@cdesmarais) June 30, 2015
3. In this case, as per the flag designer's own words, the version that flew over Florida was inherently a symbol of racism and flat-out white supremacy "at the beginning." Full stop.
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Of course, you can visit the comments section of any right-wing news site to find that this perhaps hasn't played the best for Bush in the short-term among the diehards of the Republican base.
Though, politically speaking, taking this stance against the Confederate flag may actually work out for Bush in the long run. A few reasons it might make sense for Jeb to take this tack:
"Last Sane Man Standing" Theory of the Republican Party
Take a look at the past two Republican primary cycles. A bunch of colorful characters who might have actually been trying to run for a hosting job at Fox News as much as they were the presidency eventually faltered, with mainstream Republican voters finally congregating around a more moderate candidate with less inflammatory rhetoric. Bush is clearly hoping that happens again and positioning himself squarely toward the center.
Forgotten Issues
Will the Confederate flag controversy still be a hot-button issue by the time Republican voters go to the polls? It might be, but hundreds of other controversies will clog up the news cycle before they get there.
He Doesn't Need the South in the Primary
Let's remember that northern Republicans like to consider their party "the party of Lincoln." This stance won't hurt him in New Hampshire, the first primary, and it likely won't turn voters away from him en masse in his home state of Florida and perhaps even his native state of Texas.
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Herutâ sukerutâ (Helter Skelter) (2012)
Directed By: Mika Ninagawa
Rated: Unrated
Running Time:
Flixster User Reviews
Hassan Vawda
Based on a popular manga about the exploitative and terrifying underbelly of the culture of beauty models and teenage icons that grace the magazine covers in… More Based on a popular manga about the exploitative and terrifying underbelly of the culture of beauty models and teenage icons that grace the magazine covers in Japan. Faultless airbrushed skin, bright colours and striking poses hide a dark strain on those constructed and marketed pieces of flesh, it what the narrative wants to capture, however the film itself has the airbrushed skin, bright colours and striking visuals but it is empty and lifeless in a jumbled narrative that is all over the place. The director, Mika Ninagawa, herself coming from a background of photography and there are some really great visuals. There are these 5-6 minute collages of image and sound that really work, creative a real visceral feel bursting with energy but once these collages stop and narrative kicks in, there is corny dialogue, bizarre plot inclusions and a hell of a lot of seemingly pointless junk. Sometimes I felt that the only reason why a scene was included was just to provide a striking visual rather than move the plot in any positive direction. Then there is the ending, the movie builds to this really strong climax, working on its striking visual strength, but it doesn't end there and 3 different endings come after it, all dreadful and cringe-worthy. Just like the rest of the film, impressive visuals eclipsed by terrible storytelling.


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Daisuke Matsuzaka was this spring's sensation. His pitching performances in exhibition games matched the hype after the Boston Red Sox invested more than $103 million to bring him from Japan.
Now comes the regular season.
Some perspectives on how Matsuzaka will fare in his first major league season:
•Penny for your thoughts— "He's worth every penny. I've never seen a guy throw that many different kinds of pitches, and he throws them for strikes." — Pittsburgh Pirates outfielder Chris Duffy.
•Nasty boy — "This guy knows what he's doing. He's nasty. Fastball, nasty; breaking pitch, nasty; splitter, nasty; everything's good. … He's not from this planet. He's coming from somewhere else. He's awesome." — Baltimore Orioles third baseman Melvin Mora.
•Chilly reception— "He needs to do well early. But Japanese rookies aren't going to start well in 40-degree weather." — Former major league manager Bobby Valentine, who managed against Matsuzaka in Japan. As the Red Sox rotation is set up now, Matsuzaka will pitch his first game at Kansas City on Thursday, the next three in Boston and his final April start at Baltimore.
•That thing you do— "It comes down to a pitcher's strengths, what he can do and what he can't do. And it looks like, in Daisuke's case, there's a lot he can do." — Red Sox catcher Jason Varitek.
•How many fingers?— "I don't know if Varitek has enough fingers for (all of Matsuzaka's pitches). They're good. He doesn't have one pitch that's dominating. He throws a lot of breaking balls. He works backward." — Cincinnati Reds first baseman Scott Hatteberg on Matsuzaka's extensive repertoire.
•Long ball— "He'll be fine. He'll have some outstanding complete games. He'll give up some home runs, some long home runs." — Valentine.
•Just the start— "Remember, he's just 26. He's going to be here for a long time. There's nothing for us not to like. I think he'll be a good pitcher." — Red Sox manager Terry Francona.
Compiled by Paul White with wire reports
Conversation guidelines: USA TODAY welcomes your thoughts, stories and information related to this article. Please stay on topic and be respectful of others. Keep the conversation appropriate for interested readers across the map.


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|Tom Tromey <tro...@redhat.com>
|Re: JIRA and SVN
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>>>>> "Geir" == Geir Magnusson <firstname.lastname@example.com> writes: Geir> In the meantime, any comments on architectures of some of the VMs? Geir> I'm interest in having a balanced amount of upfront design that Geir> prevents us from preventing participation from unexpected places in Geir> the future... This is too vague -- we don't know much about the unexpected. Plus, in most cases, the "core" part of the VM is simply not very important. There just isn't much code there -- JamVM is 20KLOC, anybody could comfortably rewrite this. Instead I think Harmony should look at 2, and possibly 3, use cases: 1. Server use, e.g., some J2EE thing. 2. Desktop / applet use. 3. Embedded use (maybe). For 1, the execution engine and GC is really crucial. This is an area where hotspot-like dynamic recompilation implementations shine, IMO. For 2, again IMO, a gcj-like shared library approach is probably more useful. This is especially true if you expect to run more than one program using a given library, since in this case you are talking about controlling memory costs of the user environment as a whole. For 3 ... "embedded" covers a lot of ground, but I wanted to emphasize size-critical applications. In this arena you sometimes see folks who care more about size than performance. This affects choice of execution engine. I think it is possible to work well in all 3 environments with a single VM source base (though perhaps with different compilations of it). I think one way to do this would be an LLVM-based approach. This would require LLVM improvements, but let's be very clear about this -- *any* approach we take to get to #1 and #2 is going to require a lot of compiler hacking. First, JITs have to be upgraded over time. Second, even with JikesRVM I think we're talking about at least writing new ports and an infrastructure for debuggers. One nice thing about the LLVM approach is that, hopefully, we could leverage other people's work. This is one reason gcj has been as widely ported as it is; the core gcj developers hardly ever do any architecture-specific work but instead we just inherit it from GCC. Tom
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High-functioning autism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
High-functioning autism (HFA) is an informal term given to autistic people who are considered to be higher functioning than other autistic people, by one or more metrics. The overlap between HFA and Asperger syndrome is subject to controversy. There's no consensus as to the definition for high functioning autism.


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How does community context influence coalitions in the formation stage? a multiple case study based on the Community Coalition Action Theory
Community coalitions are rooted in complex and dynamic community systems. Despite recognition that environmental factors affect coalition behavior, few studies have examined how community context impacts coalition formation. Using the Community Coalition Action theory as an organizing framework, the current study employs multiple case study methodology to examine how five domains of community context affect coalitions in the formation stage of coalition development. Domains are history of collaboration, geography, community demographics and economic conditions, community politics and history, and community norms and values.
Data were from 8 sites that participated in an evaluation of a healthy cities and communities initiative in California. Twenty-three focus groups were conducted with coalition members, and 76 semi-structured interviews were conducted with local coordinators and coalition leaders. Cross-site analyses were conducted to identify the ways contextual domains influenced selection of the lead agency, coalition membership, staffing and leadership, and coalition processes and structures.
History of collaboration influenced all four coalition factors examined, from lead agency selection to coalition structure. Geography influenced coalition formation largely through membership and staffing, whereas the demographic and economic makeup of the community had an impact on coalition membership, staffing, and infrastructure for coalition processes. The influence of community politics, history, norms and values was most noticeable on coalition membership.
Findings contribute to an ecologic and theory-based understanding of the range of ways community context influences coalitions in their formative stage.
Thousands of communities have formed coalitions over the past 20 years to tackle a wide range of public health and social issues through collaboration
This proposition is strongly supported in the wisdom literature, and to a lesser extent empirically
Coalition theories and models, including the CCAT, suggest that coalitions develop in stages
Commonly mentioned contextual factors with the potential to influence coalitions in the formation stage include geography, history of collaboration, economics, political climate, and community readiness
Community readiness assessments have been done in a range of communities on a broad array of topics, often as a precursor to coalition development
Of the relatively few case studies that examined community context, each studied different dimensions of context in relation to different outcomes, so it is difficult to synthesize findings across studies. In a multiple case study of three substance abuse prevention coalitions, Reininger et al. documented how mistrust between groups negatively affected coalition formation, particularly through challenges in leadership and staffing
The purpose of this paper is to examine how community context influenced coalition formation in eight communities participating in a broad-based healthy communities initiative that required the formation of a collaborative governance structure. This is one of the only studies to purposely focus on community context and its impact on explicit coalition factors as identified in a specific theory. This study examines how history of collaboration, community politics and history, community norms and values, community demographics and economic conditions, and geography influence key CCAT constructs associated with coalition formation: lead agency selection, staffing and leadership, coalition membership, coalition process and coalition structure.
Description of the CHCC Program and Evaluation
This study is a secondary analysis of data from an evaluation of the California Healthy Cities and Communities (CHCC) Program. The original evaluation was designed to document the process of community development in 20 participating communities and assess changes that resulted from the local initiatives
Case Selection
The current study draws upon data from eight of the primary sites because more data were available from the primary sites, including three focus groups per site. These eight sites represent a range of geography, population density, lead agency and demographic characteristics (Table
Table 1
Description of Case Study Communities
Total Population to nearest 100
Population Density (persons per square mile)
Community Descriptor
Coalition Size in Planning Year
Rural Communities
Rural region in Northern California
Rural region in Northern California
Rural municipality in the Central Coast region
Rural municipality in the Central Valley
Urban Communities
Urban neighborhood in Southern California
Urban municipality in Southern California
Urban neighborhood in Southern California
Urban municipality in Northern California
Data Collection Methods
The current analysis draws most heavily from focus groups conducted with coalition members and semi-structured interviews with local coordinators and leaders. In all but one site, three focus groups were conducted with active coalition members over the course of the evaluation, two in the planning year and one at the end of the project period (23 focus groups, n = 162). The focus groups discussed major accomplishments, the community development process, and factors that facilitated and inhibited their progress. They also described their communities in terms of important or active organizations and groups, community sectors, divisions within the community, and community strengths upon which they were able to build.
A total of 76 in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives from the eight sites reported on here. Detailed interview guides were developed for each year of the three-year grant period with interviews conducted via telephone or in-person depending on the year. Interviews were conducted with the local coordinators of each coalition at four points in time. Coalition leaders, selected by the coordinators as active in and knowledgeable about the coalitions, and lead agency directors were also interviewed, both in the planning year and at the end of the project period. Coalition coordinators and lead agency directors were generally the same individuals over time; coalition leaders often differed between the planning and implementation phase interviews. A series of questions from the planning phase interview guide examined the community development process, including initial community mobilization, resident involvement and governance structures. The implementation phase interview guides focused on community capacity and community change outcomes. Analysis for the current study included all interviews from all three years; however, the majority of the findings relevant to coalition formation emerged from the first year interviews.
Data Analysis
The interviews and focus groups were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. For the current study, case study data were analyzed one case at a time; data consisted of all transcripts from the focus groups and interviews pertaining to that case. The theoretical constructs from the Community Coalition Action Theory were used as an organizing framework
Table 2
Description of Contextual Domains
Explanation of domain
Example quote
History of collaboration
Prior experience of coalition members in working together and with others in the community. Includes both organizational collaboration and interpersonal networks and relationships.
"It's usually the same agencies, and that primarily is because, well one, they're the ones willing to play together, and two, they're the agencies in the community that have administrations that's willing, able to sit at a table and put together a proposal or something."
Community politics and history
Formal and informal divisions, factions and groups within the community, and how these groups interact--or do not interact--with one another. History refers to community-wide shared events that occurred before the coalition began, particularly large events that shaped or influenced the community.
This used to be a stage road, and the stages used to get robbed, and ever since then, we've had a bad reputation. [...] Everybody around here who, needed to look down on someone, whoever those folks were, this was the place they talked about and it probably got a worse reputation than it deserved.
Community norms and values
Social norms, beliefs, and values prevalent in the community.
"One of the norms is sort of the ferocious independence. It's not very easily breached....If I was going to kind of put one overarching goal on everything that we've done funded by whoever, it's that we're trying to create a community that has the attitude and awareness that we're all responsible for all of our children, and we're going to do as good a job as we can, so those norms and community values have been very challenging, and are being slow to change but are and will."
Community demographics and economic conditions
The educational, racial/ethnic, and socio-economic makeup of the community. Also includes factors related to the local economy, such as employment opportunities and business presence within the community.
"I think that the economy seems to have a lot to do with the problems that we have. The people that we're working with are, to a large extent, they're economically depressed."
Conditions that result from the community's geography, particularly differences observed between urban and rural communities. Also includes issues related to how the CHCC community is situated within a larger county or metropolitan area.
"I think one of the weaknesses here of living in this particular town is, that we, geographically speaking, we're like a forgotten town, because anything that comes our way never gets here. Because we're at the end of --- County and --- County, everything just travels in that direction and the other direction, not in between. And I have seen that, I have seen that whenever we get something started, it's really a struggle to keep it, and to get it. They don't really know we're here."
After completing the analysis of individual cases, the study team conducted a cross-case analysis by first consolidating all the findings related to each individual contextual factor
Lead Agency Selection
The lead agency is the group that convenes the coalition in response to an opportunity, threat or mandate. Table
Table 3
Themes Related to Contextual Influences on Lead Agency, Leadership and Staffing Selection
Coalition Factor and Related Themes
History of Collaboration
Community Politics and History
Community Norms and Values
Community Demographics and Economic Conditions
Lead Agency
Organizations that served as the lead agency in similar projects in the past tend to remain as lead agencies for new projects.
Leadership and Staffing
Individuals who have served as staff and/or leaders in similar past projects tend to remain in those positions in new initiatives.
Community diversity can affect who is selected as staff when needed skill sets include cultural competence and language abilities.
Rural areas with small populations may have a limited pool of people with the skills needed to effectively staff a collaborative initiative.
The lack of agency professionals in rural areas can necessitate greater volunteer involvement in coalition staff and leadership roles.
Leadership and Staffing
Leadership and staffing refers to interpersonal and organizational skills shared by leaders and staff to facilitate coalition functioning. Leadership and staffing, more specifically who was selected as coalition staff and/or leader, was influenced by history of collaboration, community demographics and economic conditions, and geography (Table
Also related to geography, key staff or leaders who decreased their involvement for personal reasons often had a big impact on small town coalitions due to the small number of additional residents who could step in to fill the gap. One coordinator commented, "
Coalition Membership
Coalition membership was strongly influenced by contextual factors, with themes emerging for each of the five contextual domains examined. Table
Table 4
Themes Related to Contextual Influences on Coalition Membership
Coalition Factor and Related Themes
History of Collaboration
Community Politics and History
Community Norms and Values
Community Demographics and Economic Conditions
Coalition Membership
The core group for a new coalition-based project is shaped by past and current network linkages in the community.
Composition of the core group can be influential in shaping coalition membership through members' connections and reputation in the community.
Divisions based on community politics and history can limit who joins community coalitions.
Tragic events can motivate participation in coalitions and collaborative efforts.
Shared values motivate organizations and individuals to join a coalition.
Values of independence, rugged individualism and privacy can limit community members' willingness to join a coalition.
Economic conditions that necessitate multiple jobs for certain population groups within the community limit participation from those groups.
Coalitions serving diverse communities with multiple cultures, languages and SES levels can struggle to achieve broad representation.
Recruitment from diverse community sectors may not be possible in rural communities in which certain sectors do not exist.
Geographic areas with limited opportunities for youth may experience fewer barriers to engaging youth in governance groups.
Geographic barriers can limit coalition membership.
Not all values facilitated community engagement, however. Strong values of independence, individualism, privacy and resistance to change can limit participation from certain segments of the community. This was most evident in the rural areas where some people chose to live for the express purpose of privacy. Coalition members identified groups who were resistant to change or "old timers" as especially difficult to engage in coalition efforts.
Coalition membership was also affected by
Participants described that engaging people with lower education levels was difficult due to discomfort with joining a coalition for the first time and a lack of familiarity with how business is typically conducted. Cultural and language barriers in very diverse communities also created barriers that inhibited membership from certain groups, again, often Latinos who had recently immigrated. As one coordinator explained, "
Distance in rural areas was also mentioned as affecting membership by creating difficulties for those who lived far from the meeting locations or who had unreliable transportation to be actively involved. Although distance was a notable barrier for youth involvement (not just in rural areas), representatives from rural sites spoke of how it was relatively easy to involve youth in governance groups because there were so few other opportunities. A youth leader explained why it was easy to involve youth,
In all types of communities, rural and urban, geographic divisions limited participation on a coalition in a variety of ways. Distinct small towns in rural regions, freeways dividing communities, gated neighborhoods within communities, and county lines were all mentioned as geographic barriers that limited participation in coalitions unless a concerted effort was made to cross these lines. One coordinator explained, "
Coalition Processes and Structures
Coalition processes include communication, decision-making, conflict resolution, or more generally, how business is conducted within a coalition.
Table 5
Themes Related to Contextual Influences on Coalition Processes and Structures
Coalition Factor and Related Themes
History of Collaboration
Community Politics and History
Community Norms and Values
Community Demographics and Economy Conditions
Coalition Processes
When coalitions are comprised largely of organizations that have worked together in the past, coalition processes can be shaped by the way prior work was done.
Coalitions in resource-poor communities can experience difficulties carrying out simple operations.
Coalition Structure
When coalitions evolve from existing collaborative groups, they can inherit those structures, both formal and informal.
Structure refers to how the coalition is organized, including work groups, leadership positions, level of formalization, bylaws and written operating procedures. Of the contextual domains examined,
Community coalitions are formed within and deeply embedded in communities. Viewing communities as complex and dynamic systems, it is no surprise that coalitions are shaped by external as well as internal forces. Despite widespread acknowledgement of the importance of context, relatively few studies have attempted to document how context impacts coalitions. The current study is one of the first to systematically examine how community context influences coalition development in the formation stage.
Of the five contextual domains examined, history of collaboration influenced the broadest range of coalition factors: lead agency selection, staffing and leadership, coalition membership, and coalition processes and structure. These findings emphasize the importance of personal and organizational networks in coalition formation. Selection of the lead agency and core group, which depend in part on who has collaborated on similar projects in the past, has repercussions through the whole formation process, from staffing decisions to membership composition to how a coalition is structured. This suggests that unless a concerted effort is made to form new relationships or establish new ways of working together, future collaborative efforts will likely exhibit many characteristics of past efforts. This finding is supported by others. For example, in an analysis of the challenges faced by coalitions in a large substance abuse initiative, Kadushin et al. state, "the organizational residue of previous coalitions has a strong effect on the way contemporary coalitions play out"
The geography of a community influenced the formation stage largely through coalition membership and staffing. Barriers such as distance in rural areas or interstates and gated communities in urban areas made it more difficult to obtain broad geographic representation on coalitions. In rural areas, the small population limited the number of agency professionals and residents who could be hired with the needed skill sets to staff a coalition-based effort, thus necessitating a heavier investment of volunteer time from coordinators and coalition members. Other studies have examined a few aspects of geography with respect to coalition formation and operations. Wandersman and colleagues described how geographic distance and a historical rivalry between two small towns created challenges for the establishment of a regional coalition with implications for communication, meeting schedules and coalition structure
The demographic and economic makeup of a community shaped coalition formation through staffing, coalition membership and infrastructure for coalition operations. Although coordinators were typically connected to the lead agency or core group, project-specific staff were hired with the skills to work in a culturally competent way with specific demographic groups prioritized in the action plan, such as Latinos or adolescents. Economic conditions limited participation from groups who were economically disadvantaged and working two jobs. Establishing a diverse coalition membership, beyond diversity in sector representation, is widely acknowledged as difficult
The remaining contextual domains, community politics and history, and community norms and values, influenced coalition formation largely by facilitating or inhibiting membership from certain segments of the community. Both domains facilitated membership, for example, by serving as a catalyst for change and contributing to a shared vision or mission for a better future. Both also inhibited community participation. Politics or historical events served to divide communities, and when these divisions were deep, only one side joined the coalition, at least in the early stages of the coalitions. Other studies of context report similar findings
This study has several limitations which should be considered when interpreting the findings reported here. First, only eight communities were included in this study. Although they were selected to represent a range of community types, our findings cannot be generalized to other communities without additional replication. Instead, they should be viewed as an initial step in building an evidence-base to help us understand the role of context in community collaborative efforts. Second, our data sources were limited to coalition members, leaders and staff. Thus, views of the community were presented through their perspectives and may be biased given their shared commitment to a broad view of health, collaboration and community improvement. Third, this was a secondary analysis of data collected for a different purpose. Participants were not asked to reflect on how community context influenced the various constructs in CCAT. The interviews and focus group guides did, however, ask about the factors that facilitated and inhibited the community development process and responses often touched on contextual features of their environments. The likely result of this approach is that context influences coalition formation in many more ways than are presented here. Also, given the sheer volume of qualitative data available for each site, only cross-site themes identified in at least two communities and agreed upon by two members of the research team are reported here. Many more contextual findings applied to only one site.
Keeping these caveats in mind, it is interesting to note the possible implications of this study for CCAT. First, our findings confirm that the five domains we examined have an impact on community coalitions. We also observed that coalition membership may be the most sensitive to community context as we documented evidence of each contextual domain influencing membership. In contrast, lead agency and coalition structure were only influenced by history of collaboration. While it is difficult and perhaps premature to develop specific hypotheses for how context influences coalitions, our study points out possible patterns that should be confirmed or expanded upon in future coalition research.
In a recent review of research in the field of community psychology, Trickett advocates the use of context as a central organizing concept
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
MK conceptualized the study, participated in data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. JR and SH helped conceptualize the study, participated in data analysis and identification of themes, and edited the entire manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
This study was supported, in part, by the California Endowment through a subcontract with the Public Health Institute. Funding for this study was also made possible by cooperative agreement # U48 DP 000043 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The authors would like to thank Barbara Norton, Robert Aronson and Joan Twiss for their contributions to the larger evaluation study of the California Healthy Cities and Communities Program. We would also like to thank the participants of the local healthy cities and communities projects for their many contributions to this study.
Community coalitions for prevention and health promotion
Community coalition building--Contemporary practice and research
A review of collaborative partnerships as a strategy for improving community health
Evaluating community-based collaborative mechanisms: Implications for practitioners
Building collaborative capacity in community coalitions: A review and integrative framework
What explains community coalition effectiveness? A review of the literature
Community coalitions to control chronic disease: Allies against asthma as a model and case study
Partnership synergy: a practical framework for studying and strengthening the collaborative advantage
A conceptual model for understanding effective coalitions involved in health promotion programming
The Community Coalition Action Theory
A practitioner's guide to successful coalitions
Ensuring a prevention presence when coalitions falter: A case study of a community coalitions demonstration project
Tracing the evolution of pluralism in community-based coalitions
Community coalitions for health promotion: Summary and further reflections
Toward a social ecology of community coalitions
Evaluating community coalition characteristics and functioning: a summary of measurement tools
Predicting intermediate outcomes for prevention coalitions: A developmental perspective
Defining elements of success: A critical pathway of coalition development
Moving Beyond the Neighborhood and Family Initiative: The Final Phase and Lessons Learned
Building Allies coalitions: Why formation matters
From formation to action: How Allies Against Asthma coalitions are getting the job done
Developing and maintaining state-wide adolescent pregnancy prevention coalitions: A preliminary investigation
Community readiness as a multidimensional construct
Application of the community readiness model for childhood obesity prevention
Changing community readiness to prevent the abuse of inhalants and other harmful products in Alaska
A strategy for improving community effectiveness of HIV/AIDS intervention design: the Community Readiness Model in the Caribbean
Community readiness: research to practice
Readiness, functioning and perceived effectiveness in community prevention coalitions: A study of Communities That Care
Dimensions of participation and leadership: Implications for community-based health promotion for youth
A multiple case study of implementation in 10 local Project ASSIST coalitions in North Carolina
Assessing community change at multiple levels: The genesis of an evaluation framework for the California Healthy Cities and Communities Project
Achieving organizational change: Findings from case studies of 20 California Healthy Cities and Communities coalitions
Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods
Applications of Case Study Research
Case Study Research: Design and Methods
Why it is so difficult to form effective community coalitions
Using structural characteristics of community coalitions to predict progress in adopting evidence-based prevention programs
Grassroots involvement
Community psychology: Individuals and interventions in community context
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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Monday, April 23, 2012
100,000 women undergo brutal genital mutilation illegally in Britain (and some of the victims are as young as TEN)
As many as 100,000 women in Britain have undergone female genital mutilations with medics in the UK offering to carry out the illegal procedure on girls as young as 10, it has been reported. Investigators from The Sunday Times said they secretly filmed a doctor, dentist and alternative medicine practitioner who were allegedly willing to perform circumcisions or arrange for the operation to be carried out. The doctor and dentist deny any wrongdoing. The practice, which involves the surgical removal of external genitalia and in some cases the stitching of the vaginal opening, is illegal in Britain and carries up to a 14 year prison sentence. It is also against the law to arrange FGM.
Posted by Brock Townsend at Monday, April 23, 2012
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Musical Instruments ClassifiedsFor Sale Local NY Classified Ads
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2 King trombones for sale. Good working condition. Some minor dents and scratches. $300 each. 315-345-5606
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Published on Syracuse.com 7/27. Updated 7/27.
Technics KN200 KEYWBOARD Excellent Condition $300 Call: 315-412-2364 Lv. msg. on answering machine with your phone #
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McCall's 4462; ©1975; Girls' Dress or Top and Pants or Shorts. Dress A with flared sleeves and lace trim, or top B, C with armhole ruffles, have back zipper, tie belt included in side seams. Pants or shorts have elastic in waistline casing.
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A DNA Synthesizer is a device for manufacturing DNA
Analysis 2006-07-02, Lion Kimbro
Caution: I don't understand bio-engineering very well. I put this here so that it can be improved.
Where are we now?
We have machines that can automatically generate strings of DNA. (name?) It can take weeks to generate longer strains of DNA. Unanswered questions: How many DNA chains do you get; do we produce DNA in parallel? At what rate are base pairs generated, per unit time? Are they fragile? Are longer chains exponentially harder to make?
- Longer chains are more fragile. The quantity produced is small but can be readily increased by PCR. DNA is typically incorporated into plasmids and then in the target genome.
Or is it just a matter of how long you're willing to let the machine sit? What are the future prospects of the technology: Is it developing on an S-curve? Is it ramping up, or slowing down? How does this capability fit in with the big picture: Once you've manufactured DNA, what can you do with it? can you put it into a cell or virus, and start "executing" it? If so, then why aren't we producing, say, t-shirts, by biomanufacturing? (Probably not, but what would we expect to make?)
- Typically we modify a single gene, and we are perturbing it, or taking a known gene from one creature and putting it in another (e.g. for phosphoresence), or changing the triggers that activate it, so that a fly gets eyes on its feet. We don't know how to design simple things in protein, such as a count down timer, we don't really know enough to design a new protein from first principles, e.g. an enzyme that digests CD ROMs. For a t-shirt we'd probably need to design a new kind of sheep that sheds its skin in a near perfect t-shirt shape, or at least a shape the shrinks into a t shirt on first washing. You wouldn't get a stand-alone t-shirt. We're a long long way off from that kind of ability.
What's the significance of this technology, and what are it's niches?
- The significance seems to be that this is (A) programmatic, and (B) intensely powerful. If you can programmatically produce DNA sequences, then you can start experimenting with the full range of cellular expression. This is summarized in the phrase: "Biotechnology is now an Information Technology." [1] Experiments lead to knowledge, knowledge leads to control, control leads to manufacturing.
- My understanding is that DNA chains for bacteria can be made automatically, and fairly quickly, and that people are experimenting in that realm.


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Сукре Hostal Wasi Masi
Удобства Карта Streetview отзывы
Urcullo 233
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A new vision for WASI MASI GUEST HOUSE!
If you would like to instigate a barbecue or any other activity in Wasi Masi or in the country, we will be delighted to organise it with you.
My name is Roxana Welcome to Wasi Masi!. Together with my son Antonio and our dog Balú we run a quiet, friendly guest house, which offers a relaxing atmosphere for your stay in the centre of Sucre.
It is a quiet house in the centre of the city of Sucre, just three blocks from the main plaza. All our rooms and apartments are situated around a colourful courtyard
with sun and shade. Above, there is a terrace overlooking the patio where you can take the sun or view the mountains surrounding the city. We have a library with a collection of around 1000 books, probably the best book exchange in Sucre, and a TV room with a collection of DVDs. We also have free wi-fi.
Whether you need a single, twin, double or triple room with shared or private bathroom - we can accommodate you. We also have a ten bed dormitory with big beds and each of them has its own locker and lamp. Our rooms are clean, comfortable and spacious.
If you prefer more privacy, why not stay in the latest apartments at Wasi Masi each with their own rustic Mediterranean atmosphere. They are full of light and have their own balconies, Cable TV, and a fully equipped shared kitchen. (Maximum 4 people)
We offer following services for free:
* Hot, gas powered showers 24/7
* Breakfast
* WiFi
* Towels, Toilet paper
* 24h Check in
* Guest kitchen
* Cable TV and DVD collection
* Special prices for long stays
We will do your laundry at reasonable rates (only 10bs per kg).
We have also a small restaurant which is open from 8 am to 2 pm. At lunchtime we serve a traditional, tasty Bolivian ´menu del dia´. This consists of 3 courses, including a dessert and refreshing drink for only 14 bs.
If there's anything else you need, just ask. All our staff are friendly and can offer tourist information and advice.
We look forward to welcoming you to Wasi Masi and our World Heritage city.
Roxana and family
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Manthan is a forum to promote public discourse. It aims to promote vibrant, meaningful, intelligent conversations in many ways. It is one-of-its-kind initiative in the country which aims to engage citizens from all walks of life.
In 11 years, since 2005, it has hosted over 190 talks by Thought Leaders from across the world, on the widest variety of subjects. On Facebook and Yahoo Groups, countless debates happen daily on all kinds of issues. Manthan is apolitical, non-partisan, and a voluntary initiative. It has over 10000 opt-in members.
All events of Manthan, including Manthan Samvaad, are free to participate by anyone without payment of any kind. Manthan does not charge a membership fee.
For details, please see www.manthanindia.com


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Free Gift Packaging
- Signature blue gift box
- Stylish silver ribbon
- Personal gift message
Next Generation Petite Le Vian® Diamond Accent Flower Cluster Ring in 14K Strawberry Gold® - Size 6.75
Item# 20036347
Dainty yet daring, this sparkling ring from the Next Generation Petite Le Vian® Collection packs a big visual impact. Crafted in 14K Strawberry Gold®, this striking style features a blissful bloom of rich Chocolate Diamonds® framed by a border of shimmering Vanilla Diamonds®. A graceful split shank completes the look. Buffed to a brilliant luster, this alluring design is a dazzling symbol of your love. This ring is available in size 6.75 only.
Typographic errors are subject to correction. Merchandise enlarged to show detail and may not always be exactly as pictured. Promotions, prices, styles and availability may vary by store and online.


text: Free Weed For A Year I have the best job in the world, and finally, you too can reap the benefits of StonedGirls.com! We pride ourselves on being innovative, amazing and generous as fuck, and we've really outdone ourselves this time. We are all about those of you who visit


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FSA presents its first drivetrain: after years of study and development, K-Force WE is ready to ride. K-Force WE is a high-tech electronic groupset with an elegant design. A unique product that will make you change the way you ride your bike. Long battery life, different size levers and wireless technology at the shifters for smooth, quiet and precise shifting.
Afterburner: The Futureproofed MTB Crank
Devinci Race Team: Race Report
Who to watch at the Tour de France
DFT United Race Report: North American Enduro Cup
Yackle Brothers Race Report: Epic Rides Off Road Series
The benefits of a crank upgrade are obvious: stiffer construction for increased pedaling efficien
The benefits of a crank upgrade are obvious: stiffer construction f
"We expected beautiful France to be radiant, a respite to what
Visit any WorldTour race this season and there's a good chanc
The 2017 Tour de France begins in Germany on Saturday 1 July with F
When the date was released earlier this year for the 2017 North Ame
Over the weekend, Yackle Brothers Racing competed in arguably USA
"After 2 weeks on the road at 2 World Cup events, please excus
So you've got a mate into riding, but now you're watchi
NEED FOR SPEED⚡at @letourdefrance #Powerbox #fullspeedahead #tdf #team credit @6stili
News On..👇🏼💥
I added a video to a @YouTube playlist https://t.co/FXsLAfRiSS HOW TO - FSA MODULAR CRANK DIRECT MOUNT CHAINRING / SPIDE
NEED FOR SPEED⚡at Le Tour de France with K-FORCE CRANKSET.
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Curva Cache Coffee Table
Product Description
This Curva coffee table has an added storage shelf so that you have somewhere to put your mundane everyday items i.e. TV, DVD controllers and other unsightly objects.
The hidden shelf is deliberately set back from the edge of the table so it is not visible until the observer is some distance away which means the aesthetics of the original Curva coffeetable are not compromised.
Design: Cameron and Martin Fry – Date: MAY 2009
Height: 35 cm x Width: 45 cm x Length: 95 cm
Material: Moulded fibre-board made from recycled wood waste + Fiber comp
Brief History
Liqui was first created by Cameron Fry while he was still studying at university so that he had a name to put on products that he was making for friends and family. Cameron went on to graduate in 2007 having been short listed for New Designer of the Year which lead to him being picked up by a well known London lighting company for freelance work. But his passion for design and a continued desire to create a unique brand soon lead him to set up his own studio workshop. Subsequently Cameron has worked on several projects with his father Martin an artist and graphic designer and with their combined skill sets they are now endeavoring to build Liqui into a multi-faceted design practice.
The Brand
Liqui are a new design practice based in the UK who design and make innovative statement furniture and lighting. With their multi-disciplined approach they strive to create pieces that are in some way different to the norm - whether it's the materials that are used the combining of traditional with contemporary elements or the incorporation of graphic design into a 3-dimensional context. As far as possible they make things that have a minimum impact on the environment and this is often reflected in their choice of materials such as paper and cardboard. As well as an interesting range of products presently made by small batch production they also create bespoke pieces on commission.
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text: I use xenforo's ability to login with facebook. This worked fine for about a year. But yesterday it stopped working due to a change in Facebooks app policy. When users try to login they receive the following error message. When I visit the app permission page I must enter permissions for my login app. But I'm not sure which one. Can you please help and tell me how to configure FB apps now so that my users can still use FB login for my xenforo installation? regards, rhodes


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Your answer is one click away!
I recently ran into the scala.reflect.runtime API and tried to generate Classdefinitins by Stringevaluation. Here is the aproach i made in the scala REPL:
scala> import scala.reflect.runtime._
import scala.reflect.runtime._
scala> val cm = universe.runtimeMirror(getClass.getClassLoader)
cm: reflect.runtime.universe.Mirror = JavaMirror with scala.tools.n[....]
scala> import scala.tools.reflect.ToolBox
import scala.tools.reflect.ToolBox
scala> val tb = cm.mkToolBox()
tb: scala.tools.reflect.ToolBox[reflect.runtime.universe.type] = scala.to[...]
scala> tb.eval(tb.parse("class A; scala.reflect.classTag[A].runtimeClass"))
res0: Any = class __wrapper$1$c6a9fb3f39c2499a9ff6e29384816f58.__wrapper$[...]
Since the answer by the REPL is not:
defined class A
res0: Any = class __wrapper$1$c6a9fb3f39c2499a9ff6e29384816f58.__wrapper$[...]
I started to wonder if i actually created a class or kind of just initialized an abstract Any instance? I once read that in scala EVERYTHING is an object. If res0 in my REPL now actually holds a class, then this would mean, that even classes are objects in scala? But this is where i cant find any more input so im really confused. If classes are not objects in scala then what does res0 actually hold at this moment? Thanks in advance for any help.
No, classes are not objects in a strict sense, neither are methods. Scala runs on the JVM and Scala classes and methods compile down to the concepts of the JVM.
What is usually meant by "everything is an object" is every value is an object, i.e. native values, instances, functions.
However, there are objects that give you access to the meta information of classes and methods. If you do this
You will see, that res0 is an instance of the (Java) class Class. So you just have gotten an object from the JVM reflection API.
The REPL does not give you a "defined class A" because you have defined it in an other context.
By the way, instead of
scala.reflect.classTag[A].runtimeClass you could have just written


text: MWC 2013: Spirent adds support for malware testing with realistic threat assessment 05 Mar 2013 04:57 PM With Spirent Studio and Spirent Avalanche companies are better able to test malware handling capabilities of network security devicesSpirent Communications, a leader in testing networks, services and devices, announced the release of malware testing capabilities on Spirent Studio at MWC 2013 in Barcelona.With the addition of malware testing, Spirent said it offers its customers a comprehensive solution to test a range of security issues, including fuzzing, encryption, VPN, signature-based attacks and DDoS threats. Combined with Spirent Avalanche, Studio delivers multi-10Gbps capacity, security, and performance testing for network and web application infrastructure.The growth in the BYOD trend changes the mix of traffic on the network and may significantly increase the chances of being attacked by malware, thereby impacting network security and performance.The BYOD trend may result in IT having to cope with users attaching devices with non-standard operating systems, out-of-date patches, missing or unsupported protocols and little or no security software. Notwithstanding all the challenges, IT must still ensure secure and properly functioning enterprise networks and services.Spirent's approach to testing malware includes replicating malware binaries being sent through firewalls and IPS/IDS devices as payload over HTTP and FTP transports. It also includes replicating the behaviour of infected end devices. This latter step is essential to detecting and eliminating advanced persistent threats that may have embedded themselves inside a protected network. 'Spirent already offers the widest breadth of security testing capabilities based upon the most realistic events and threats, and this new addition means that our customers can easily include malware in their testing methodologies, giving them protection against the tide of new threats that appear every day,' said Ankur Chadda, Product Marketing Manager at Spirent.'There are tens of millions of pieces of malware out in the world, and smart companies are taking this threat seriously by adhering to best practices and utilizing the very latest in malware testing.'Wireless magazineLeave a CommentPlease write code to prove you're humanMore on... Smart CitiesNokia unveils wireless router for power distribution networks ETSI forms new industry group for smart city solutions


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We help you search for a Crianlarich recorder teacher. Recorder lessons are a brilliant method to start a stimulating new hobby, pick up a new skill and attain confidence in recorder. Use our site to search for Crianlarich recorder tutors and determine which suits your requirements so you can begin your recorder tuition in Crianlarich today!
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If you are a recorder tutor wishing to offer your recorder lessons in Crianlarich or throughout the UK, please register with First Tutors: Music or find out more about us here. Becoming a Crianlarich recorder tutor is a fantastic way to re-affirm your own skills through providing recorder tuition while assisting someone else, all in Crianlarich!


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- bride of sevenless
(= boss)In Drosophila eye development, the ligand for the sevenless tyrosine kinase receptor. Boss is expressed by the central R8 cell. It is unusual as a ligand for a tyrosine receptor kinase in that it is on the surface of another cell and has, in addition to a large extracellular domain, seven transmembrane segments and a C-terminal cytoplasmic tail.
Dictionary of molecular biology. 2004.


text: US Airways ( UAIR) announced a surprising second-quarter profit, but continued to warn employees that the airline's long-term prospects were in doubt unless they cut their pay again. US Airways managed a second-quarter net profit of $34 million, or 59 cents a share, a big improvement from the year-ago quarter's profit of $26 million, or 25 cents a share. Results are an even bigger improvement over 2003 when a $214 million government reimbursement for security fees is taken out. The two Wall Street analysts covering the company expected it to lose $1.34 per share, on average, in the second quarter. In reaction to the upside surprise, shares of the carrier rose 17 cents, or 7.1%, to $2.55. Revenue came in at $1.96 billion, up 10.1% from the $1.78 billion it had a year ago, with demand for flights outpacing supply. The company said traffic, a demand metric measured in revenue passenger miles, rose 11.8%, while it increased capacity, a supply metric measured in available passenger miles, rose 6.2%. As a result, US Airways filled 78.9% of its seats in the second quarter, a quarterly record and a 3.5 percentage-point gain from last year. But while the formerly bankrupt airline, which is looking for another round of concessions from employees to compete against low-cost carriers, posted a small profit, an increase in sales and filled a record number of seats, management warned that its business is still broken. "While we reported a small profit, we should have done significantly better in the second quarter, which is traditionally our best. Absent an immediate and dramatic reduction in costs, this nominal profit is insufficient, and we will likely be faced with additional second-half losses," said Bruce Lakefield, US Airways president and CEO. "These results reaffirm what we have told our labor leaders -- that we must change course now."