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- ~ ~ Functional Characteristics. IBM System/360 Model 67. =.:.:=~= Systems Reference Library
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1 File No. S Form GA ~ ~ ---- =.:.:=~= Systems Reference Library BM System/360 Model 67 Functional Characteristics This publication contains detailed information on the organization, characteristics, features, and functions unique to the BM System/360 Model 67 Time Sharing System. Major areas described include time-sharing philosophy, system structure, new units, generalized information flow, standard and special features, instruction timings, and the system control panel. Descriptions of specific input/output devices used with the Model 67 appear in separate publications. See the BM System/360 Bibliography, Form GA for a listing and a brief description of these publications. The material in this publication is presented with the assumption that the reader has knowledge of System/360 as defined in the BM System/360 Principles of Operation, Form GA and the BM System/360 System Summary, Form GA O. The BM System/360 Model 67 Configurator, Form GA also may be of interest to the reader.
2 Third Edition (February, 1972) This is a reprint of GA i:ncorporating changes released in the following Technical Newsletter: GN (dated September 11,1970) GN (dated January 8, 1971) Changes are periodically made to the specifications herein; before using this publication in connection with the operation of BM systems, refer to the latest SRL Newsletter, Form N2~0360, for the editions that are applicable and current. Text for this manual has been prepared with the BM SELECTRC Composer. Requests for copies of BM publications should be made to your BM representative or to the BM branch office serving your locality. A form for reader's comments is provided at the back of this publication. f the form has been removed, comments may be addressed to: BM Systems Development Division, Product Publications, Dept. 520, Neighborhood Road, Kingston, N.Y., nternational Business Machines Corporation, 1967, 1970, 1972
3 Contents System Description Program Characteristics Re-entrant Code.. Data Set Management User Commands Paging.... Segmentation.... Equipment Characteristics Dynamic Address Translation Extended PSW Mode.... H4h-Resolution nterval Timer Storage Protection Extension Partitioning.... Floating Addressing Partitioning BM 2167 ConflgU'ation Unit Partitioning Switches.. Control Register Bit Assignment for Sensing System Configuration Characteristics System ConfgUrations System Data Flow. System Control Panel Operator ntervention Controls RoBer ndicators... Customer Engineering Control Key Switch and Meters System Components BM 2061 Processing Unit Processing Storage Addressing Floating Addressmg Dynamic Address Translation Tining. Channel Addressing nstruction Fetching and Execution nterruptions... Extended Direct Control. High-Resolution nterval Timer nterruption Times... Modif"Jed nstructions... New nstructions... Arithmetic and Logical F~nctions Local Store. BM 2846 Channel Controller Storage Selection Element Processor nterface Element Channellntemaption Eror Detection.. Channels 2860 Selector Channel Channel-to-Channel Adapter Feature 2810 Multiplexer Channel Channel Addresses and Priority System Data Rates... BM 2365 Processor Storage Priority Access Time Storage Protection ' S Relationship of Model 67 to Other Models of System/360.. Model-Dependent Functions.. nstruction Execution Modified nstructions New nstructions Diagnose nstruction MaclUne-Check nterruption nstruction-length Code Extended Direct Control nstruction Times 47 ntroduction 47 Timing Considerations 47 Timing Assumptions Legends.. 48 Legends for nstructions with Multiple Timing Formulas. 48 Legends for nstructions with Single Timing Formulas 48 Effect of Change to Floating-Point Feature 49 Average nstruction Times Detailed nstruction Times (Variable Field-Length nstructions)... Timing Fonnulas for VFL nstructions (Model 61-1) Timing Formulas for VFL nstructions (Model 67-2) Appendix A. Summary of System Control Panel Controls and ndicators Glossary ndex S llustrations and Tables Frontispiece Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. System/360 Model 67-2 Duplex ConfJgUl'3.tion Model 67-1 ConflgU3tion Model 67-2 ConflgU3tion Model 67 Outline COnlgU3tions Address nterval Assignment Data Flow for Dynamic Address Translation (24-Bit). Data Flow for Dynamic Address Translation (32-Bit) Configuration Unit Control Panel Model 67-1 Minimum ConfJgUation Model 67-2 Half-Duplex System, Minimum ConfJgUl'3.tion Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Fjgure 13. Table l. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Model 67-2 Duplex System, Minimum ConfJgUation Model 67-1 Data Flow Diagram Mode167-2 Data Flow Diagram System Con'Q:pl Panel Format of Registers and Entries Bit Alignment of Address Arithmetic Associative Register Format Control Registers Con.rol Register Bit Assignments
4 System/360 Model 67-2 Duplex COngUation
5 System Description BM System/360 is a versatile, all-purpose family of data processing equipment that can accommodate the wide range of applications which may be encountered in J diversified computing activity. The system is unique in its capacity to grow easily with the needs for increased computational capabilities. f particular input/output (/O) equipment is outgrown, more and/or faster /O equipment can be added. Also, processor storage capacity can be increased easily. The important point, however, is that any or all of this growth can be accomplished without changes, either in system programming or in problem programming. The basic architecture of System/360 makes it ideally suited to operate in a multiprogramming and multiprocessing environment. Model 67 extends this basic architecture to provide the additional capabilities of a time-sharing system. Four new units are introduced by the Model 67: 1. The BM 2067 Processing Unit Models 1 and 2 2. The BM 2365 Processor Storage Model The BM 2846 Channel Controller 4. The BM 2167 Configuration Unit. These new units, together with the BM 2365 Processor Storage Model 2, 2860 Selector Channel, 2870 Multiplexer Channel, and the wide range of BM System/360 control units and devices are the building blocks for Model 67 configurations. There are two models of the Model 67, termed 67-1 and The Model 67-1, a single-processor (simplex) system, uses the (Figure ); the term Model 67-2 describes systems using the both in half-duplex (oneprocessor) and in duplex (two-processor) configurations (Figure 2). The Model 67-1 cannot be converted to a Model 67-2 in the field. The outline configurations of the Model 67 produced by the various combinations of a 2365 Processor Storage and 2067 Central Processing Units (CPU's) shown in Figure 3 are only a few of the combinations possible. The system control panel is located at one end of the An BM 1052 Printer-Keyboard can be placed adjacent to the 2067 Processing Unit reading board. Standard features for any System/360 Model 67 include: Universal nstruction Set High-Resolution nterval Timer 7-Bit Storage Protection 24-Bit Dynamic Address Translation Optional features for System/360 Model 67 include: Extended Dynamic Address Translation 709/7040/7044/7090/7094/ Compatibility 1052 Adapter Processor Storage (2 to 4) BCU Processor 2860 Selector Channel (s)* VO Control Units * Maximum of seven channels total: (1) one 2870 and two ' s; or (2) two 2870's, one , and one Figure 1. Model 67-1 Configuration Processor Storage (2 to 8) r------j1 ~--. BCU Channel Controller (1 or 2) 2870 Multiplexer o.annel 2860 Selector Channel (5)* (1 to 6) Figure 2. Model 67-2 Configuration BClL Processor (1 or 2) 2870 Multiplexer Channel (s)* /O Control Units 2167 Configuration Unit System Description 5
6 .. ~ ~.2.2 V> V> 1 : 2 : ~ u " 0 ct ~ G> U o d: : G> ~ ~ 1 " ~ ~ 3 : ~ ; g ~ ~ g = " ~ > r-- r--- - G> " ".2.2 \') V ~ ~ ~ E 1 : : ~ ~.2.2 V> \') : 2 : ; 3 : : 4 Figure 3. Model 67 Outline Configurations 2 : ~ ~ Vi ~ G> U 0 ~ Floating Storage Addressing ( only) Direct Control ( only) Extended Direct Control ( only) Partitioning Sensing ( only) Additional 2846 Attachment ( only) Additional Addressing ( only) 1 r--- ~ ~ ; 3 : : 4 A variety of control units and /O devices are available for use with the Model 67. Descriptions of specific /O devices appear in separate publications. Configurators for the /O devices and systems components are also available. (See BM System/360 Bibliography, Fonn A ) Model 67 is a general-purpose computing system; it provides the user of an /O device, called a "tenninal", with the use of the system at times and places of his choosing. A general-purpose computing system is one which can accommodate a variety of problems, expressed in several languages (including the language of the computer itself) and introduced from different sources. Model 67 provides: On-Line Capability - The Model 67 couples users of computation facilities more closely to computer systems. This close user-system contact does not require physical 6 proximity of the terminals; communication lines, dial connections, or similar apparatus of communications technology can be used in the system to convey computational power over any distance. The on-line capability makes possible the functions of console-type debugging techniques, conversational mode of operation, and the inunediate utilization of many short-duration "shots" on the facility without significant delay. To enhance this on-line capability, the system employs large-capacity, direct-access storage devices to provide access both to the data bases and to programs of interest to the users. Multiple-Access Capability - Many users share the total system facility concurrently. One reason for providing multiple access in on-line systems is that, typically, one user does not continually require the total system facility. Without the multiple-access capability, a brief pause by a user would idle the entire system. With the multiple-access capability, pauses serve other uses. Since the cost of doing this is small compared with the facility time recovered, it is profitable, therefore, to have the capability of serving many users simultaneously. Multiprocessor Capability - For multiprocessor configurations, parallel operation is the normal mode of the system. During parallel processor operations, two CPU's can execute the same monitor simultaneously, independently executing programs, accessing storage, and controlling input/output. Since the monitor program is not changed by execution, simultaneous usage presents no problems. Time-SliCing Capability - Many different tasks are interleaved by using a timing mechanism to signal the end of the time interval given to one task and to permit the transfer of a CPU to another task. Each user receives a slice of computer time periodically, and, within a short cycle of time, all users are responded to in some sense. Time-sharing is characterized by the time-slicing capability. Time-slicing, in conjunction with the supervisor program scheduling and dispatching routines, enhances the Model 67's ability to operate as a conventional batch processing system and as a conversational mode processor. PROGRAM CHARACTERSTCS Several highlights of Time Sharing System/360 (TSS/360) are described in the following paragraphs; TSS/360 is described in greater detail in the BM System/360 Time Sharing System Concepts and Facilities, Form C Re-entrant Code Much of the coding in the time-sharing system is re-entrant. Since a re-entrant program is not modified in any way by
7 execution, it can be shared by several other programs that can be executed by one or more processors. All parameters, data locations, and working storage spaces are passed to the re-entrant program. The integrity of each user's data is maintained regardless of the number of users who have entered the program. Re-entrant coding of programs enhances system efficiency because only one copy of a multiple-usage program or subroutine need be present in processor storage. Data Set Management To the user, the computing system can be a file space as well as a computing device. The user need not keep programs (problem statements) or data files at his location. These can be introduced into the system, left in, and recalled and manipulated at will. To maintain large sets of files with complete safety and security, the system contains a catalog of all data files within its storage devices and provides many modes of protection for these files. A user can specify that his files be accessible only to himself or be accessible to specific individuals other than himself. Various modes of access can be specified, for read-only purposes and for both reading and writing. User Commands Each terminal user can request the system to take certain actions in his behalf. Each action that he can specify is a command which, in the case of a typewriter-like terminal, is a one-line message. Commands are always acted upon by the Command-Language nterpreter, yvhich receives the incoming message, scans it to determine the nature of the action requested, and fetches from the system mes the command program that will carry out the action. The command system (the set of actions the Command Language nterpreter can recognize) provides the capability for a program to be: 1. Entered from the terminal line by line, with immediate diagnostic feedback from the system after each line. 2. Cataloged, stored permanently in the system for later manipulation, and made part of the user's prestored library. 3. Compiled or assembled. 4. Executed. The user appears to the system as an active terminal presenting a series of tasks to be performed. As long as these tasks are system commands, the system fetches its own programs and executes them for the user. System commands are similar to user programs in that they are time-shared and multiprograriuned during execution. When the user initiates execution of his own program, he retains complete control over it. Thus, the command system also allows a program to be stopped, modified or displayed (for debugging purposes), restarted, and terminated. Besides the basic capabilities of entering, executing, and controlling programs from terminals, the conunand system provides for system accounting and file maintenance. System Accounting A user must LOGON at a terminal before any other action can be taken, and LOGOFF when his terminal operations are complete. These commands identify the user to the system and initiate time charges to the user for services rendered. f he requests access to files in succeeding commands, his identity is matched against file-protection and security data to ensure me integrity and to prohibit unauthorized access to files. File Maintenance A user can request that his files be moved from one storage unit to another or be removed from the system. He can also modify them, combine them, or change their protection status. Commands can be initiated from terminals, as previously described, or they can in most cases be embedded in programs as the equivalent of subroutine calls. Conunands can also be included as "control card" functions to specify the type of processing to be applied to batch jobs entering the system. The command system allows the user to direct the system in its manipulation of files and in the solution to problems. Moreover, it is the universal interface between the system and the outside world. From the machine-room console, for example, installation personnel control recovery functions of the system, using special commands reserved for their use. Batch jobs entering the system from peripheral equipment or tape drives are controlled by the command system. Paging Every program using the system is treated as a sequence of 4096-byte units called "pages". By dividing programs into pages, processor storage can be allocated in page (4096-byte) increments. Program pages, therefore, can be located randomly throughout core storage and swapped in and out of processor storage, as pages are needed, commensurate with available space. Random location of pages for a given program necessitates the construction of tables (page tables) that reflect the processor storage location of the pages. The swapping of pages between auxiliary storage and processor storage is defined as "page turning". f a page of instructions refers to a program location not currently in processor storage, the system stops operating the program temporarily, makes arrangements to fetch the page from auxiliary storage (the disk and drum storage space reserved specifically for paging), and performs other operations in the interim. System Description 7
8 "Page turning" has the following advantages: 1. The entire program need not be in core storage to operate. Parts of many programs can be present, and several may be ready for processing. Thus, the system has many opportunities to do useful work while a page is being swapped. 2. Program "swap time" is reduced as an overhead factor since only active pages of a program require movement between core storage and auxiliary storage. 3. Although written and executed as a classical set of contiguous instructions and working space, a program can exist in the machine as scattered active pages. The programmer's concept of the program being executed is of a ''virtual storage" rather than of an actual processor storage situation. The user's virtual storage is the contiguous address space that would be needed to store the user's program. This virtual storage is not limited by actual processor storage size but is limited only by the available auxiliary (disk and drum) space. Theoretically, the progranuner has 16 million bytes (24-bit addressing) or up to 4 billion bytes (optionaj 32-bit addressing) of virtual storage at his disposal. Segmentation 5ystem/ bit addressing permits a 4096-page virtual storage. Virtual storage has been divided into 16 segments containing 256 pages each. A segment table with only 16 entries accounts for all virtual storage. When a page of the user's program is moved from virtual storage to processor storage, the location of the page is recorded in a page table. The entries in the page table are sequential by virtual address. The location of the page table is recorded in the segment table. Since each segment contains 256 pages, the page table cannot contain more than 256 entries. f the program occupies more than one segment of virtual storage, a page table is established for each segment as its pages are moved to processor storage. Many segments can be used to organize a user program in virtual storage. Large working areas can be assigned virtual storage space. However, only an actual reference to a segment will result in the generation of a page table for that segment. This avoids reserving large areas in page tables for pages not currently in use. The Extended Dynamic Address Translation feature provides 32-bit addressing by adding eight bits to the standard 24-bit addressing capability. This increased capability permits a 1,048,576-page virtual storage, which is divided into 4096 segments of 256 pages each. EQUPMENT CHARACTERSTCS Dynamic Address Translation Dynamic address translation is the process of converting virtual addresses into actual processor storage addresses during instruction execution. A bit in the program status word (PSW) determines whether translation is active or inactive. The translation feature is implemented in hardware in the processor. All processor storage addresses that originate from the processor, except for hardware generated addresses (PSW, etc.), are subject to translation. Storage addresses originating from the channels are not subject to translation. The basic feature provides for 24-bit addresses, whereas the Extended Dynamic Address Translation feature provides translation for either 24-bit or 32-bit addresses. PrefXing as described in the BM System/360 PrinCiples of Operation manual is applied to each address after translation; i.e., if the translated address is in the range , the address may be further modified under control of preflxing. PrefXing can be deactivated by a manual switch. PROGRAMMNG NOTE: Primary and alternate prefix areas must not be assigned within the first 102,399 bytes of physical storage. Extended PSW Mode The Model 67 can operate in Model 65 mode: under control of Operating System/360 (05/360, standard PSW mode) or under control of TSS/360 (Extended PSW mode). Up to 14 channels can be attached in duplex configurations of the Model 67. Since this extended /O capability requires additional interrupt masking capability, additional control registers have been implemented in the processor; 1'SS/360 utilizes this additional capability by operating the Model 67 in the Extended PSW mode. n addition, the PSW is redefined when the Model 67 is operating in Extended PSW mode. High-Resolution nterval Timer An interval timer with a high degree of resolution has been implemented in the processor. This timer supports the time-slicing technique and is used with the TSS/360 dispatching and scheduling routines to signal the end of the time interval allotted to a given task. The operation of this timer is fully compatible with the timer operation described in the BM System/360 Principles of Operation manual. Storage Protection Extension Additional capability has been implemented in the storage protection circuitry. The extended field of the storage 8
9 protection key allows TSS/360 to evaluate the utilization of storage. f a reference is made to any location within a given block of storage. that fact is recorded in the protection key for that block. f the reference is a store operation, that fact is also recorded in the protection key. This recording is always active and is independent of the CPU state of the instruction or command being executed or of the manner in which the address is generated. The recorded information is accessible to the standard nsert Storage Key instruction. The increased field size affects only the Set Storage Key and nsert Storage Key instructions; the size of the PSW and channel address word (CAW) protection key fields are unchanged. Partitioning Partitioning is the division of a duplex configuration into two isolated subsystems. Partitioned units are made unavailable to part of the system for programmed control. This facility is implemented in units that have more than one interface to a processor-controlled subsystem. Each interface is equipped with a manual switch. This switch, together with a configuration-control bit in the processor and the wait state of the processor, control the partitioned status of all units in the system. Each processor can sense the status of all partitioning switches, regardless of the partitioned status of the processor. Floating Addressing Processor Storage n a duplex configuration, the total bank of high-speed processor storage comprises several individual shared storage units. Each storage unit contains an increment of the total storage capacity in consecutive, unique addresses. n a time-shared system, this bank of storage is exposed to partitioning into several parts for use by independent subsystems. Thus, each unit can be reassigned anyone of the address intervals possible in the given system. For example, configurations of four storage units providing a total of 1024K bytes of processor storage could be addressed as follows: Many different arrangements are possible, especially with a system that has as many as eight processor storage units. A single unit can be shared by two subsystems, or more than one unit can be shared by two subsystems. The example shows that more than one unit can contain the same address interval. Partitioning controls prevent a single address from accessing two units that contain the same address interval. n a single-processor configuration, the floating addressing capability is invoked when address reassignment is needed because a processor storage unit has failed. Channel n a duplex system, channels are controlled and attached to the system via one or two Channel Controllers. (See Figure 2.) A maximum of seven channels (one 2870 and two 2860s in any combination of models) can be attached to each Channel Controller. The channels attached to Channel Controller 0 are assigned addresses in the range of 0 to 6, as are the channels attached to Channel Controller 1. When a CPU is in Extended PSW mode, channel addressing is defined by the Channel Controller to which a given channel is attached; that is, selection of a channel requires both an appropriate Channel Controller address and the channel address. Partitioning switches on the Configuration Unit control panel permit the assignment of both, either, or no Channel Controllers to each CPU. When a CPU is in standard PSW mode, Channel Controller 0 must be addressed_ Floating channel addressing permits the assignment of either Channel Controller (and associated channels), but not both, for use in standard PSW mode; for example, Channel Controller 1 can be assigned as Channel Controller 0 at the Configuration Unit control panel. f the other CPU is in Extended PSW mode, both Channel Controllers can be active for that CPU. n this case, Channel Controller 1 could appear to one CPU as Channel Controller 0 and to the other as Channel Controller 1. Both CPUs can be in the same PSW mode or in different PSW modes. Therefore, OS/360 can be run on either subsystem, and TSS/360, OS/360, or a maintenance function can occupy the remaining subsystem. Configuration Address nterval Unit A Unit B Unit C Unit 0 Unpartitioned K- 512K- 768K 256K 512K 768K 1024K Partitioned K K 256K 512K 256K 512K Unit A Out for K- 512K- Maintenance 256K 512K 768K Syst~m ks<.:riptlon 9
10 System Components Four new units are introduced by the Model BM 2067 Processing Unit 2. BM 2846 Channel Controller 3. BM 2167 Configuration Unit 4. BM 2365 Processor Storage Model 12 The following paragraphs contain detailed descriptions of these units. BM 2067 PROCESSNG UNT The BM 2067 Processing Unit is available in two models. The is used for single-processor configurations only. t is characterized by direct attachment of up to seven channels. storage control both for the processor and for channels, and a direct control feature capable of controlling and/or synchronizing special external devices. The , designed for use in duplex configurations. is characterized by addressing capability for] 4 /O channels. attachment of a maximum of two Channel Controller units, processor storage control, and an extended direct control feature capable of communicating control information between two s. When a is used, the configuration is called a Model 67-1 system; when one or two 2067 Model 2s are used, the configuration is called a Model 67-2 system. These systems are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The 2067 contains the facilities for (1) addressing processor storage, (2) instruction decoding and execution, and (3) performing arithmetic and logical functions. Except where otherwise noted, the following descriptions apply to both models of the 2067 and to 24-bit addressing. Processor Storage Addressing The Bus Control Unit (BCU) located in the CPU controls processor storage addressing. Addresses are communicated to processor storage via a storage address bus (a multiplex bus since it is connected from the BCU to each Processor Storage Unit in a chain-like fashion). The BCU sends a select storage signal to each Processor Storage Unit; this signal requests a storage cycle and identifies the storage unit that is to sample the address bus. One difference between the and the is in the functions performed by the BCU. n the the BCU provides access to processor storage both for processor references and for channel requests. The BCU accesses processor storage for the CPU only. n configurations using a channel requests are conununicated to processor storage via the Channel Controller. When handling CPU storage requests, the BCU stops the CPU clock when the channel has taken priority, when the 10 referenced Processor Storage Unit is busy, or when the data required on a fetch cycle has not arrived in the time expected by the CPU. Floating Addressing Floating storage addressing switches distributes select signals to the appropriate Processor Storage Unit. One eight-position switch is associated with each Processor Storage Unit. These positions correspond to the address intervals possible in any system. A three-bit field from the actual address is decoded into one of the eight possible selection signals (Figure 4). The urlit associated with ~he switch selecting the interval () receives the request for a storage cycle and (2) samples the address from the address bus when the request is honored. This decoding and selection is accomplished in the BCU of the CPU and Channel Controller. Dynamic Address Translation Another factor affecting the addressing of processor storage is dynamic address translation, which records the relationship between the virtual address and the physical storage address used. This record is important to the segmentation and paging techniques previously described. The processor storage location of each user's page is recorded sequentially in a page table by virtual storage address. The page table's starting address is recorded in the user's segment table, which is loaded in processor storage. (See Table 1.) Each time the user is given control of the processor, the starting address of the segment table is loaded into control register o (the segment table register) by the control program. The virtual address operand is formed from the base address, index, and/or displacement, as determined by the instruction format. The resulting virtual operand address has three parts: o Byte Address.. For 32-bit addressing, bits 0-7 are port of the segment address; otherwise, these bits are not used. Each part of this virtual address is used to retrieve the physical address of the operand (Figure 5). The physical address of the operand consists of a byte address (12 low-order bits) and a page starting address (12 high-order bits): -o 7 8 Poge Storti ng Address Byte Address ] 31 31
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Is there anything so lovely in this world as a hearty breakfast, warmed, shared, savored? Steaming eggs, smoking coffee, pancakes, and oats, and grizzled meats from great beasts, fresh fruit from foreign lands. And pass the butter please, the syrup. No, thanks, I really shouldn't, okay … one more, one more. Refill the coffee; refill yourself.
[Create] Watermelon Squeeze Cocktail
In honor of National Watermelon Day (apparently there's a day for everything), here is an exquisitely refreshing melon-based cocktail that is dangerously easy to consume. You have been warned.
- 4 ounces freshly pureed and strained watermelon juice
- 1.5 ounces vodka
- 1.5 ounces triple sec
- Juice of 1/2 medium lime
- Seltzer water to taste
Books on the Beach: Conversations With Book-Loving Beachgoers
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On any given shoreline, hundreds of beachgoers can be found flipping the pages of beloved books both new and old. What are these myriad titles? To find out, StayMused recently combed some local beaches in search of folks willing to discuss the titles they brought with them. The results were as varied as the attitudes people held about a random stranger interrupting their peaceful vacation moments.
Her Name is Tartt, Her Work is Sweet
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Rose-Berry (rosemary + cranberry) Gin Fizz Cocktail
A fresh, satisfying cocktail featuring a unique combination of rosemary and cranberry that's sure to pleasure your liquor hole.
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"Get back to writing with literary abandon."
WHAT DO Ray Bradbury, Kathryn Harrison, Stephen King, and C&C Music Factory all have in common? Each one of them has the tools you need to wrench free of writer's block. Yes, that's right, beyond the conventional wisdom supplied by King and company, even the purveyors of 1990's "Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)" can help you .
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O Verona, Verona, Wherefore Art Though Verona?
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When an album evokes memories of childhood, relieves stress, or simply makes you want to jump up and shake your butt, it probably deserves a place in your vinyl collection. Presented below for your aural enjoyment are five fun records recently uncovered at a local music shop. After checking out the albums below, please feel free to leave a comment describing some of your favorite albums that met the "fun factor."
What's in the Box: Thinking 'Inside the Box' to Create Suspenseful Writing
ALL THREE BOYS held their breath while Brian forced a key into the worn lock of his grandfather's weathered steamer trunk. "Was this the right key?" Brian thought. And more importantly, what was the secret that Grandpa had been hiding all these years . . .
We writers are constantly striving to maintain our readers' attention. We can accomplish this, of course, through a carefully constructed primary plot. But we can also make use of other more subtle techniques to propel the reader forward. A particularly fun way to add intrigue is through a simple technique I like to think of as the "what's in the box" teaser. (more…)

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Trichet Pushes Off Rate Hike Till at Least October, ECB To Provide Long-Term Loans in Liquidity Operation
Trichet joined the Swiss National Bank and the Bank of Japan of pumping more money into the banking system, by providing 6-month loans in a newly announced liquidity operation. That is an admission that monetary policy needs to help stimulate an economy that has started to see a "deceleration in the pace of economic growth".
The ECB is re-instituting allotting long-term funding to the banking system at unlimited amounts, and that is a loosening of monetary policy and has caused the EUR to be sold during Trichet's question and answer.
Trichet said that the interest rate increases that the ECB has already taken were necessary and said that the Governing Council continues to "monitor very closely" the upside risks to inflation, implying that there will be no interest rate hike in September and leaves the door open for one in October.
Uncertainty remains "particularly high" and that "downside risks have intensified".
While the ECB is holding out the possibility of more rate hikes in 2 months time, the statement acknowledges the problems in the Euro-zone sovereign debt crisis and the slowing economy.
The EUR/USD extended declines from overnight, falling to 1.4150 in the first 20 minutes of Trichet's conference moving close to the lows we had this week, but then rebounding from that level back to 1.4220.
Prior to Trichet, stocks in Europe were lower, and Italian bonds were sold, with Italy's 10-year yield remaining above 6%. Italian bank shares were lower as investors continue to fret that the European rescue facility is inadequate to deal with contagion to Italy and Spain.
One key question was whether the ECB was reactivating its bond-purchase program (S&P) but Trichet said that we should wait to see what the ECB does with that in its weekly release of the figures behind ECB purchases. Trichet also said that he never said that the bond buying program was dormant and that it is an ongoing program and it was confirmed during the conference that the ECB was in the markets buying bonds, yet another step taken by the ECB to help alleviate market pressures.
Nick Nasad
Chief Market Analyst


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Odile (given name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Other names
|Related names
Odile is a feminine given name of French origin. The name refers to:
- Odile of Cologne (c. 4th century), a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
- Odile of Alsace (c. 662 - c. 720), a saint of the Roman Catholic Church
- Odile Crick (1920–2007), British artist best known for her drawing of the DNA double helix
- Odile Defraye (1888–1965), Belgian road-racing bicyclist
- Odile Gilbert (contemporary), French hairstylist
- Odile Harington (born 1961), South African intelligence agent
- Odile Jacob (contemporary), French scientist who studies the workings of the brain
- Odile Lesage (born 1969), French heptathlete
- Odile Saugues (born 1943), French left-wing politician
- Odile, the black swan, is one of two main characters in the ballet Swan Lake by Peter Tchaikovsky. See also name Odette, the white swan.
|This page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.


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There are few more exquisite pleasures than savouring chocolates. Whether a special occasion or simply to show that special person you have thought of them. If you wish to convey a message with this basket, you won't fail. The basket features a teddy bear, a bouquet of red roses and, to round it off, a box of 24 Godiva chocolate squares.
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- Twelve red roses to express your passionate love.
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No approved endorsements
About Todd Anderson
I am a realtor in the greater Park City and Heber Valley areas of Utah. I specialize in resort and second home properties. I am part of the YouInParkCity.com Group; a group of agents within Keller Williams of Park City, Utah focused on you and your real estate needs. I have an RSPS certification as a Resort and Second Property Specialist. I have been trained and certified as a Short Sale and Foreclosure Resource (SFR). I alos have earned a CNE designation as a Certified Real Estate Negotiation Expert. I am a native of San Diego and a former resident of Vail, Colorado. I am an avid skier, snowboarder, golfer and general outdoor enthusiast.
Professional History
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Does anyone have any recommendations for a large freezer? Size? New/ Second Hand? Energy Efficiency? Chest or Upright? OK in a TX Garage? Alarm to know power has been off for substantial amount of time?
Right now I'm looking into purchasing a 10Cuft chest freezer. I think this should fit 1/4 comfortably and allow for more space for other freezer items.


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Nearly a decade ago, with millions watching around the globe, Al Gore walked on to the stage at the 79th Academy Awards and briefly addressed the star-studded audience.
"My fellow Americans, people all over the world, we need to solve the climate crisis," he said. "It's not a political issue; it's a moral issue. We have everything we need to get started, with the possible exception of the will to act. That's a renewable resource. Let's renew it."
Gore's presence in the midst of Hollywood's most celebrated night, as well as the Oscar he took home for best Documentary Feature, was all thanks to "An Inconvenient Truth." The documentary on the climate crisis, an adaptation of a slideshow Gore regularly delivered, had been one of the surprise cultural and critical hits of 2006. It also had the galvanizing effect of sparking a global debate on everything from carbon emissions to hybrid vehicles and renewable energy.
Now, a little over 10 years since the original film first hit theaters on May 24, 2006, a silver-haired Gore is back with a follow-up called "An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power." The documentary, premiering at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival earlier this week, chronicles the progress made over the last decade to address the climate crisis, as well as Gore's personal efforts to educate and empower citizen activists around the world.
You can see a first clip from the film below.
So what do the critics think? From what we've read so far, the consensus seems to be that the film has punch. What remains to be seen, however, is what kind of impression it will make with audiences.
"One of the toughest things about a film like this, is figuring out who its audience actually is," writes Ty Cooper for HeyUGuys. "Most people have already decided where they stand on the issue of global warming. Change needs to come from both ends of the spectrum, whether that's left and right, or east and west. The problem with this film however, is that it often pats one side on the back while at the same time vilifying the other."
Film critic Owen Gleiberman at Variety, meanwhile, was surprised at how well the message resonated.
"What's extraordinary is that this one, after a decade of global-warming fatigue, feels as vital as it does," he writes. "When it plays in theaters this summer, 'An Inconvenient Sequel' is likely to be another event, a part of the conversation, a movie that glories, once again, in the incisive power of its inconvenience. Ten years later, Al Gore is still bringing the news."
Part of the reason the new film succeeds, according to Adam Chitwood, is that it improves upon the seminar feel of the original.
"Instead of simply relaying power point slides, Gore actually visits areas affected by climate change weather patterns, putting a face to catastrophic events in the Philippines, India, and yes, the state of Florida," he writes for Collider. "And it also focuses on the good that's being done around the world, highlighting areas that have moved significantly towards a renewable energy model—including an extremely conservative Texas town."
As for the film's overall impact, critic Chris Bumbray says it may just provide some new energy to those in need of a boost after recent political events.
"If you happen to think this is all a hoax and you weren't convinced by 'An Inconvenient Truth', there's not much here to change your mind," he writes for JoBlo. "But, if the fight to save the planet from the horrible damage we've done to it is something you're invested in, this is the pat on the back/word of encouragement maybe you need in light of current events. It preaches to the choir, but that choir, hopefully, is getting bigger and bigger."
"An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power" will hit theaters on July 28.


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Compare Birth Injury attorneys near you. Read reviews, see Avvo Ratings, and contact them directly.
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If you have a child you suspect suffers from a birth injury or birth defect such as cerebral palsy or Erb's palsy, but you are not sure when the injury happened or who is at fault, you may benefit from the services of a birth injury lawyer. A birth injury lawyer handles cases where babies' injuries occur during pregnancy or birth, even when the problem does not appear until later. Examples of birth injuries are spastic cerebral palsy, brachial plexus injury, brain damage, and broken bones. Birth injuries can also result from improper care during pregnancy. Birth injury lawyers know the medical factors causing these injuries, and the best medical experts for a particular case. Parents face difficult choices when a child is born with injuries, and a birth injury lawyer can help make these choices easier.


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Hi-Teen Club 9Favorites [+]
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Angel investor – definition and meaning
An angel investor, also called an angel, business angel, or seed investor, is a very rich person who provides capital for a start-up business, typically in exchange for an agreed share ownership or convertible debt. An investor is a person who commits resources to a project or company with the expectation of making a profit.
A growing number of angel investors get together with others and form angel networks or angel groups. These groups pool their investment capital, share their research, and provide advice and know-how to their target companies.
An angel investor will only consider becoming involved with a start-up if it foresees a good return. Some of them will become actively involved in the business they invested in, while others prefer to be sleeping partners who just provide capital.
Angel investors have been involved in the early stages of many well-known companies.
Difference between angel investor and venture capital
Venture capital generally refers to specialized companies that invest in start-ups or expansion projects. Angel investors are people who invest their own money. Venture capitalists firms often use other people's or firms' money.
Money invested in the very early stage of a project's or product's life is called seed capital.
Finding an angel investor
For many start-up entrepreneurs, their angel investor is a family member, personal friend, major supplier, or even a client.
Some formal networking organizations have lists of people seeking angel investment opportunities.
A well-known US network, called Band of Angels, has over 120 members who provide funding for high tech start-ups, as well as advice. The network has helped several well-known companies get off the ground, including Logitech and Symantec.
The UK's largest network, Angels Den, an angel-led equity crowdfunding platform, has about 5,400 members. It connects investors with start-ups and offers three different types of investment: equity, debt and donations.
EBAN (European Business Angels Network) operates across Europe and represents a large number of early stage investors.
Why become an angel investor?
Many angel investors are retired business people or executives whose interest in investing goes beyond simply seeking a return.
Some like becoming involved with start-ups because they want to keep abreast of what is going on in a specific business arena, while others may wish to pass on their experience, contacts and networks to budding entrepreneurs.
Apart from injecting money, angel investors, who have many decades of business experience, can often provide priceless management advice.
Richard Harroch writes in Forbes that angel investors look out for six important things in the people and start-ups they are considering:
1. The integrity, commitment, passion and quality of the founders.
2. Interesting technology or intellectual property.
3. There is a market opportunity, which is being addressed. The start-up has the potential to become huge.
4. The business plan has been clearly thought out. There is early evidence of obtaining traction toward the plan.
5. An appropriate valuation with reasonable terms. There are several ways of valuing a company, among them the Earnings Evaluation Approach, the Market Approach and the Asset Approach.
6. If progress is made, how viable would additional funding rounds be?
The Financial Times Lexicon says the following about angel investors:
"Angel investments are typically the earliest equity investments made in startup companies. Angel investors are almost always wealthy individuals and commonly band together in investor networks. Often these networks are based on regional, industry, or academic affiliation."


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Learn more about WHARF GARAGE (SOWERBY BRIDGE) LIMITED. Check the company's details for free and view the Companies House information, company documents and list of directors.
Know about every new company document that is added!
Take advantage of our watch this company feature free of charge and have notifications sent directly to your inbox. Whenever a new document appears on this website, or if their particulars change, you will be immediately informed about such changes. To monitor these changes, all you need to do is click on watch this company.
|Tangible Fixed Assets
|£ 16,669
|Current Assets
|£ 326,133
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation
|£ 52,576
|Provisions For Liabilities Charges
|£ 3,223
|£ 28,556
|Shareholder Funds
|£ 285,707
|Profit Loss Account Reserve
|£ 283,707
|Called Up Share Capital
|£ 2,000
|Net Assets Liabilities Including Pension Asset Liability
|£ 285,707
|Total Assets Less Current Liabilities
|£ 288,930
|Net Current Assets Liabilities
|£ 272,261
|Creditors Due Within One Year
|£ 53,872
|Cash Bank In Hand
|£ 280,871
|Stocks Inventory
|£ 16,706
|Share Capital Allotted Called Up Paid
|£ 2,000
|Number Shares Allotted
|£ 2,000
|Tangible Fixed Assets Cost Or Valuation
|£ 67,338
|Tangible Fixed Assets Depreciation Charged In Period
|£ 1,907
Information about the Private Limited Company WHARF GARAGE (SOWERBY BRIDGE) LIMITED has been prepared for information purposes only. It is not intended to be nor does it constitute legal advice. This is public information provided by the official company register.