text:
Awwww hell no you better not leave Blaster! Especially with Wayne or his brother or who ever the heck it is risen again.
Results 21 to 30 of 52
Thread: Should I stay or go?
Feb 22, 2014, 03:01 AM #21
Feb 22, 2014, 03:45 AM #22
No shiiiiiite ^^ listen to GitCarter, he's been kidnapped, tortured, banned, excoriated, exfoliated & forced to listen to wayne the insane's droning monologues for three weeks straight in that windowless white van that's now circling your block, bucko; safety in numbers is all I'm sayin here.
Stick around Sandman.
To know the road ahead, ask those coming back.
Feb 22, 2014, 05:36 AM #23
No need to leave. If necessary, just take a bit of a break - say a week or so. Maybe use the time to start a new hobby or go back to an old one. Read a good book. Start learning to play a musical instrument. Work on income tax.
I took about a one week break last month. Set up a 20 gal aquarium. Read Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea. Watched some college basketball (I like Syracuse). But I missed the Forum gang. Don't have many to talk to who have an interest in or an understanding of surfing.
I don't know man... I still think you should leave. even if its temporary. sounds like you are crying a bit for attention and if this is your place to look for attention than you have other more important issues to attend to.
just my 2 cents Brah.
Feb 23, 2014, 02:25 AM #26
Stay. Your a hilarious troll. Peace.
Feb 23, 2014, 03:35 AM #28
I surfed FLA a few weeks ago. Horrendous closeouts at Tables or whatever that place is near the AFB. An even the locals were yelling 'jezzzus h keerist may you rot in hell you fake' when they saw shapes under the water. So, I dunno about FLA surf, if even the locals are sketched out about The Man In the Grey Suit.
How nice to see chucka-boo-boo back for his quick hit & run insult. Always amusing when the Maine barn troll calls other posters trolls & crushes spell check in the process. hayzeus effing krap, what has it come to.
OK, I jest, I jest.....simod666 you can put down the cattle prod & cuffs!
Surfed last wknd in Del Mar. Really fun. Also, as many easterners have noted, it's funny how the Cali boyz disparage waves that we were having a blast with. Goes to show where the real juice is in this fine nation of ours.
Finally, is the HOTY14 thing still on...? Or did that go the way of the New Rules on The Forum...? Just checking! If it's off, then you may as well award it right now to me, and RCarter you can start to amass fundage for the HOTY15 campaign while I re-stock the HOTY arsenal.
Last edited by yankee; Feb 23, 2014 at 03:37 AM.
Feb 23, 2014, 04:11 AM #29
Sandblasters is interesting. He changes pace quicker than a pro surfer who just dropped a tab of LSD & he's mucho mas interesting than drones posting about #belmarblahblahblah.
Feb 23, 2014, 04:22 AM #30
A$$blaster... Beat it you sister effin, illiterate, toothless red neck...
I kid


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


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text:
FRIENDSHIPS DAY @ JWALAMUKHI- Celebrated through the theme of Social Values
In modern times, the concept of ethics, following rules & regulations or being morally correct seems to have gone out of fashion or has become outdated. Just the society we live in & the way the administration mishandles all the power they have make almost everyone averse to rules & having & following Social Values which not only define a particular individual & make them stand apart from the crowd but it also defines the society around us too.
Most of us are too busy in our daily struggles & personal problems or issues that we forget to imbibe Social Values in ourselves. We have reached a stage in our lives where no amount of inspirational videos or talks is going to change our mindset & attitude towards how we approach our lives & how we can possibly shape the behavior & attitude of the people around us.
But, these important Social Values can be instilled in young innocent children's minds as they are in a stage of their life where if they are taught positive things & are educated about inculcating social values in their day to day lives, then it would go a long way in shaping their attitude to various issues when they grow up & also they could probably influence adults around them in a positive manner going forward.
That is essentially what Jwalamukhi intends to do. Through children of the age group of 9-14 years, they teach them in a very children conducive environment social & leadership skills so that they can grow up to be better human beings & positively change the society they live in.
In the last week at Jwalamukhi, on the occasion of Friendships Day, the all important theme of Social Values was taken up in the context of friendship in order to drive home the message in a very clear & concise manner to the children.
The various social values which were introduced & taught to the children were respecting everyone irrespective of their religion, being kind to everyone despite he/she being rich or poor, Living in Harmony , displaying tolerance to all people & finally being honest at all times.
Each one of the social values mentioned above are very important & need to be instilled in the minds of these children. Most of the children are unaware or are too innocent to get to know about the gravity & importance of these social values. So, in that perspective it becomes a bit easier to influence these children in the right manner.
To drive home these values in a very engaging manner, the instructor Meena Jain introduced the concept of Friendship & said that despite everybody speaking different languages at home, having likes/ dislikes which maybe different from other children they all are & should remain friends. She wanted to communicate to the children that in-spite of all the diversity you see in your school & friends circle, it's important to respect that diversity & live together as one.
It was good to see the kids involving themselves in this activity & at the end of this it was promising to see that they were asked to make a change in their behavior from that day onward & the children made promises like they will not tease others if they are not from the same religion as them or if they speak a different language or if they eat something which they don't eat or like. It was good to see that & hopefully the children would follow what they promised through the start they got from this session.
To inculcate the important Social values mentioned earlier, the children were split up into five teams & where given one Social Value each & were asked to create a drama/skit lasting for 5 minutes from them. It was amazing to see children not only understand the concept given to them but also the fact that they were able to create an engaging drama/skit on the topic given to them which was presented in such a way that it kept the crowd watching engaged & the other teams were able to grasp the concept being presented in the form of a skit.
To summarize, it is indeed commendable & praiseworthy to see that such important, critical issues such as inculcating social values in children has been taught to the Jwalamukhi children as these are literally non-existent in schools across the country whereas the need is for schools to incorporate these skills & lessons in their regular academic curriculum so that children will learn more important social values & skills which are as important as academics or I would say in modern times are even more important than academics.


text: Overview Gallery Contents[show] Contents MP7 - Urban HazardNegev - Desert StrikeP2000 - IvorySSG 08 - AbyssUMP-45 - LabyrinthPP-Bizon - OsirisCZ75 Auto - TigrisNova - KoiP250 - SupernovaDesert Eagle - ConspiracyFive-SeveN - Fowl PlayGlock-18 - Water ElementalP90 - AsiimovM4A1-S - CyrexButterfly KnifeAdd a photo to this galleryWorkshop MP7 Urban Hazard by DarkSilver, RaekenTheRock, and rozNegev Desert Strike by NextgenZ-P2000 Ivory by Quzga|AdamSSG 08 Abyss by .red aka. ninja kittenUMP-45 Labrynth by MultihawkPP-Bizon Osiris by rozCZ75-Auto Tigris by ^L'grandNova Koi by ヒヨコ隊員P250 Supernova by AlgisDesert Eagle Conspiracy by Hybra and bastazFive-seveN Fowl Play by DarkSilverGlock-18 Water Elemental by DarkSilverM4A1-s Cyrex by NextgenZ-P90 Asiimov by CoridiumAdd a photo to this galleryAnnouncement Add a photo to this galleryOther The caseThe keyThe Breakout collection iconThe Operation Breakout Weapon Case rare item iconAdd a photo to this gallery Retrieved from "http://counterstrike.wikia.com/wiki/Operation_Breakout_Weapon_Case/Gallery?oldid=91950" Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you've made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Categories: Global Offensive weapon gallery Community created content Skins


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Dec 1, 1987
|Filing date
|Feb 10, 1986
|Priority date
|Feb 25, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Pierre Demeyer
|Original Assignee
|Merlin Gerin S.A.
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (9), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (98), Classifications (6), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to a digital solid-state trip unit for an electrical circuit breaker. A microprocessor-based trip unit of the kind mentioned processes digital signals resulting from a sampling of the analog signals representative of the currents. Replacing the continuous analog signals by discrete digital signals gives rise to error on the measurement of the peak value of these signals, this error being greater the greater the sampling period in comparison with the period of the signal to be measured. The signal period corresponds to that of the mains and the sampling period is limited by the characteristics of the microprocessor.
It is important to increase the accuracy to ensure protective device discrimination, i.e. to eliminate a fault occurring at a point in the distribution system by the circuit breaker fitted immediately upstream from the fault and by this circuit breaker alone. Discrimination is provided by the difference between the non-tripping time and the tripping or breaking time of the circuit breakers. Two circuit breakers fitted in series are discrimating if the tripping time of the downstream breaker is lower than the non-tripping time of the upstream breaker, whatever the value of the fault current. Inaccuracy of these times limits discrimination or requires higher safety margins, resulting in a delay in breaking the fault current.
The object of the present invention is to improve the precision of the sampled signal for a given sampling period and to achieve a very small difference between the tripping and non-tripping times.
The trip unit according to the invention is characterized by the fact that it comprises a means of latching said sampled digitized signal at the last peak, the latched peak value of the signal being stored in memory and applied to the digital processing unit to provide the tripping function, and a countdown device which erases the latched peak value at the end of the countdown, the countdown time being at least equal to the time said signal passes two successive peaks, the countdown being restarted each time said signal exceeds said latched peak value.
The sampled signal, processed to provide the protection functions, is no longer the maximum value of this signal during the half-wave under consideration, but the maximum value or the last peak during two or more successive half-waves. The greater the number of half-waves considered, the closer the latched peak value is to the maximum value of the analog signal, a good approximation being already obtained by two half-waves. It is clear that the latching time must be limited as it determines the difference between the tripping and non-tripping times, which is to reduced as far as possible. This latching time results from a compromise and according to the invention it is determined by a countdown comprised between 20 to 40 milliseconds, which extends from two to four half-waves.
The method of latching at the last peak according to the invention is advantageously applied to short and long delay phase fault protection and to ground fault protection.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the stored latched peak value is not reset at the end of the countdown, but replaced by a value corresponding to the last signal peak lower than the latched peak value. The continuity indispensable for satisfactory operation is thus ensured.
Other advantages and characteristics will become more clearly apparent from the following description of an embodiment of the invention, given as examples only and represented in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the trip unit according to the invention;
FIG. 2 shows the trip unit front panel with the setting and signalling devices;
FIGS. 3 and 4 represent the tripping curves of the two versions of the trip unit according to the invention;
FIG. 5 is the flow chart of the rating change function;
FIG. 6 shows the variation of the signals processed by the microprocessor for inverse time functions;
FIG. 7 is the flow chart of the latching function at the last peak;
FIG. 8 is the flow chart of the long inverse time delay function;
FIG. 9 is the flow chart of the short inverse time delay function;
FIG. 10 is the flow chart of the overall tripping function;
FIG. 11 is the detailed diagram of the analog processing loop.
In FIG. 1, an electrical distribution system with four conductors RSTN supplying a load (not represented) comprises a circuit breaker 10 to interrupt the circuit in its open position. The mechanism 12 of the circuit breaker 10 is controlled by a biased relay 14, ordering tripping of the circuit breaker in the event of an overload, short-circuit or ground fault. Each phase conductor RST has associated with it a current transformer 16, which delivers a signal proportional to the current flowing through the associated conductor, the signal being applied to a double alternation rectifier bridge 18. The outputs of the three rectifier bridges 18 are connected in series in a circuit, comprising in series a resistor 20, a Zener diode 22 and a diode 24 to provide, at the terminals of the resistor 20 a voltage signal proportional to the maximum value of the current flowing through the conductors RST, and at the terminals of the diodes 22, 24 a power supply voltage to the electronic circuits. The voltage signal is applied to the inputs of the two amplifiers 26, 28 with different gains and the output of each amplifier 26, 28 is connected on the one hand to an input 1, 3 of a multiplexer 29 and on the other hand to a divider bridge 30, 32, whose midpoint is connected to an input 2, 4 of the multiplexer 29. The assembly, amplifiers 26, 28 and divider bridges 30, 32, belongs to a voltage signal calibration circuit 34, described in detail hereinafter and marked with a dashed line in FIG. 1.
The calibration circuit 34 comprises a third amplifier 36, which receives a signal delivered by the summing transformer 38, whose primary windings are constituted by the conductors NRST running through a toroid, having a secondary winding 40 which delivers a signal in the event of an ground fault. The output of the amplifier 36 is connected to input 5 of the multiplexer 29 and to a divider bridge 41, whose mid-point is connected to input 6 of the multiplexer 29. Inputs 1 to 6 are connected in parallel by diodes 44 to the emitter of a transistor 42 whose collector is grounded and whose base is biased by a preset voltage, for example 5 Volts, corresponding to the maximum value applicable to the multiplexer 29. It can easily be seen that the multiplexer 29 receives signals representative of the phase current on the four inputs 1 to 4 and signals representative of the earth current on the two inputs 5, 6. These signals, notably the ground fault ones, can naturally be generated differently, for instance from signals supplied by the current transformers 16.
The multiplexer 29, for example an ADC0808 multiplexer from the National Semiconductor Corporation, is controlled by the address and monitoring line 46 connected to the outputs 1 of a microprocessor 48. Depending on the address supplied by the microprocessor 48, the signal from one of the inputs 1-6 of the multiplexer 29 is transmitted by the output S of the multiplexer 29 to an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter 50. A bus 52 connects the output of the analog-to-digital converter 50 to an input, output 2 of the microprocessor 48. A block 54 of eight multiplexed switches 72-86 is connected to the microprocessor 48, on the one hand by a connection to the bus 52 and on the other hand at 3 by an address link 56. Each switch 72-86 has eight distinct setting positions of the tripping parameters, described hereinafter.
An output register 58 is connected to the microprocessor 48 by a 6-bit link 60 and a 1-bit link 62 for transmission on 7 output channels S1 to S7 of the control and signalling orders. The output S1 is connected to the relay 14 to control tripping of the circuit breaker 10, whereas the outputs S2 to S6 are connected to control panel display means 64, located on the front of the circuit breaker, notably of the trip unit housing containing the control and tripping on fault circuits and components. The output S7 is connected to an analog tripping control described hereinafter. A non-volatile ROM 66 is connected to a connection 4 of the microprocessor 48 to supply it with the execution program and the permanent data stored in the form of arrays. The recorded program corresponds to the functions performed by the trip unit. A single trip unit can be designed for several ranges of functions and each range naturally has its own special program. The program selected can be recorded in the ROM at the time of manufacture or according to a preferred embodiment, the various programs are recorded in different memories, the trip unit being customized by selection of the appropriate memory, when fitting. The control circuitry, contained in a block 68 connected to an input 5 of the microprocessor 48, comprises the circuits necessary for operation of the microprocessor, in particular the clock for sequencing instruction running, the reset and analog circuitry.
The microprocessor is for example the model MC 146805 marketed by the Motorola Corporation, which contains the standard resources, such as the CPU, interfaces, volatile RAM, and computing unit.
The digital tripping control described above has associated with it a conventional instantaneous trip unit 70, receiving the analog phase signal at the output from the rectifier bridges 18. The unit 70 compares this signal with a preset pick-up value, and emits a tripping order transmitted to the relay 14, when the pick-up level is reached as described hereinafter in detail. The unit 70 ensures a speed of tripping greater than that of the digital trip unit.
It should be noted that FIG. 1 and the corresponding description contain the essential elements for operation of the trip unit, the accessory elements of the analog and digital parts, such as the power supplies, bias resistors and capacitors, fleeting signal registers and memories, having been omitted so as not to make the description unnecessarily long.
The control panel 64 contains eight switches 72-86 which are the eight switches of the block 54 illustrated in FIG. 1. Each eight-position switch cooperates with a resistive network to select one of the eight distinct values, transmitted to the microprocessor 48 when the block 54 is requested for information. The panel 64 also houses five light-emitting diodes or indicator lamps 90-98 and a test unit connector 88.
The trip unit according to the invention can be used for two types of function, a protection function on phase and ground fault and a protection function on phase fault and a load-shedding function.
FIG. 3 illustrates, on a logarithmic scale, the phase and ground protection tripping curves.
The long delay pick-up ILR, that is to say the current intensity beyond which the long delay trip cycle is triggered, can be adjusted by the switch 80. The time after which the circuit breaker trips depends on the current intensity, the relation being an inverse time one, I2 t=T1=constant, which in logarithmic coordinates is expressed by the sloping right-hand segment 100. The long delay time can be adjusted by the switch 78 which modifies the constant T1.
If the current intensity exceeds a second pick-up, in this case the short delay pick-up ICR, the trip unit triggers a short delay trip, which occurs before the long delay trip. The curve representing the short delay trip comprises two successive segments, the inverse time segment 102, represented by the relation I2 t=T2, and the definite time T3 segment 104. The switch 84 adjusts the short delay pick-up ICR and the switch 82 that of the definite short delay time T3. Switching over from the definite time characteristic to the inverse time one is set at a constant current value.
A third pick-up, IIN, higher than the pick-up ICR and adjustable by means of the switch 86, triggers the instantaneous trip cycle, whose time delay T4 corresponds to the trip unit response time which is not adjustable.
Above a fourth pick-up IR the instantaneous analog trip unit 70 operates under normal operating conditions to cause extra-fast opening of the circuit breaker 10.
In FIG. 3, an overload pick-up Is can also be seen, with a slightly lower abscissa than that of the long delay pick-up ILR, which when exceeded indicates the proximity of the long delay pick-up and the risk of tripping. The switch 76 adjusts the overload pick up setting Is. This pick-up Is overshoot signal can be used for simplified load-shedding control, for instance to break a non-priority circuit. As soon as the current reverts below the pick-up Is, the output is deactivated and the shed circuit is reconnected.
The curve representing the ground protection comprises a ground protection pick-up IP and a definite time delay T5. The pick-up IP setting can be adjusted by the switch 74 and the time delay T5 by the switch 72.
The state of the trip unit at a given moment is displayed on the panel 64 by the light-emitting diodes or indicator lamps 90-98, represented on the curves in FIG. 3. The indicator lamp 90, represented by a solid circle on the ground protection pick-up IP, is lit when the circuit breaker 10 trips on a ground fault. It remains lit until external action is taken, for example resetting. The indicator lamp 92, represented by four alternate black and white circular sections, lights up when the overload pick-up Is is exceeded and goes out automatically as soon as the current drops below this pick-up level. The indicator lamp 94 lights up when the long delay pick-up ILR is exceeded, and goes out if the current value drops below this pick-up level before the end of the time delay. An overload trip, controlled by the long delay circuit, is signalled by the indicator lamp 96 whereas a short delay and instantaneous trip causes the indicator lamp 98 to come on. External action is required to put the indicator lamps 96, 98 out. These setting and display techniques are well known in the art, and it is pointless describing them in detail. The setting accuracy can be improved by using switches 72-86 having a greater number of positions or according to a preferred embodiment by a combination of two setting adjustment means, more particularly of the switch 76 and of the other setting switches. A combination of this kind gives 64 setting positions, the switch 76 serving a dual purpose, made possible by a sufficiently large gap between the pick-ups Is and ILR. Independent switches may be added to achieve this kind of combination.
The same unit can be used for another version of protection, illustrated by the curves in FIG. 4. In this version the phase protection tripping curve is the same as the one illustrated in FIG. 3, but ground protection is not provided. The switches 72, 74 and indicator lamps 90, 92 associated with this function are available and the software is modified to provide a load-shedding and restoring function illustrated by the curves 106, 108. The load-shedding pick-up IDE setting, lower than the long delay pick-up ILR, is adjustable by means of the switch 72, the indicator lamp 90 signalling a load-shedding operation. The load-restoring pick-up IRE, different from and lower than the load-shedding pick-up IDE, is adjustable by the switch 74 and signalled by the indicator lamp 92. The load-shedding curve 106 is an inverse time curve parallel to the long delay protection curve 100, whereas the load-restoring curve 108 is a definite time curve. The settings should always cause load-shedding to occur before a long delay trip.
The various protections and functions of the trip unit require a wide current measurement range. An overall range of 0.4 In (In being the rated current) for the lowest long delay pick-up and 12 In for the highest instantaneous trip pick-up is achieved, i.e. a ratio of 30 to 1. To obtain a sufficiently high accuracy, notably a resolution of 1%, the number representing 0.4 In must have at least the value 100, which results in a value of 3000 for the maximum current of 12 In. The number 3000 requires 12-bit coding, but a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter is slow and expensive.
The calibration circuit 34 according to the invention adapts the range of the analog loop to that of the 8-bit analog-to-digital converter 50 while respecting the accuracy of 1%. To this end, the gain of the amplifier 26 is selected to transform an analog signal, corresponding to a maximum current of 14 In, applied to its input as a maximum signal, for example of 5 Volts, occurring on input channel 2 of the multiplexer 29 which will be digitized by the value 256 at the output of the analog-to-digital converter 50. The divider bridge 30, of ratio 2, applies a double signal to channel 1 and the maximum value of 5 Volts is not exceeded so long as the analog signal at the input of the amplifier 26 remains below 7 In. Similarly, the amplifier 28 applies to input 4 of the multiplexer 29 a maximum signal for a current value of 1.7 In and to input 3 a maximum signal for a current value of 0.85 In. It can easily be seen that the ratio of the gains of the amplifiers 26, 28 is 8. The microprocessor 48 selects one of the channels 1 to 4 in terms of the current value, in this instance channel 2 for a current between 7 and 14 In, channel 1 for a current between 1.7 and 7 In, channel 4 for a current between 0.85 and 1.7 In, and channel 3 for a current lower than 0.85 In. The microprocessor 48 multiplies the digitization by a factor which takes account of the channel selected, to re-establish the initial level of the signal. Operation of this calibration circuit is set out in the flow chart illustrated in FIG. 5:
The microprocessor 48 activates channel 2 (14 In) and digitizes the corresponding signal. If the result is greater than the value 128, the digitization is multiplied by 16 and stored in a RAM. If the result is lower than 128, digitization is carried out on channel 1 (7 In) and when the result is greater than 64 the digitization is multiplied by 8 and the result is stored in the RAM. When the result is lower than 64, digitization is performed on channel 4 (1.7 In), and if the digitization is greater than 128, it is multiplied by 2 before being stored in the memory. For a result lower than 128, digitization is performed on channel 3 (0.85 In), and the result is stored directly in the memory. The range of the 8-bit analog-to-digital converter 50 is thus adapted to the current variation range from 0.4 In to 12 In ensuring sufficiently high accuracy. It should be noted that the number of channels and thereby the number of ratings may be increased for greater accuracy or amplitude range or that this number of channels may on the other hand be decreased to achieve the opposite.
Referring to FIG. 1, it can be seen that the ground fault signal will be applied only to the 2 channels 5 and 6. The range of this signal is smaller than that of the phase fault and the two ratings are sufficient. Selection of the two channels 5, 6 by the microprocessor 48 is performed in the manner described above, and which it is pointless repeating.
The use according to the invention of the multiplexer 29 and of the calibration circuit 34 enables the ranges of the analog loop and of the digital loop to be matched simply.
Switching over from the analog loop to the digital loop is expressed by a sampling of the signals processed. The value of the digital signal remains constant throughout the sampling period and this period is determined by the sampling frequency set by the microprocessor 48. This period, for example 1.84 milliseconds, must be compared to the alternating signal half-wave period of 10 milliseconds, and it is clear that the error introduced by sampling is not negligible. The chronogram in FIG. 6a shows on the one hand the variation curve 110 of a rectified full-wave analog signal, in terms of time, and on the other hand the curve 112 of the corresponding sample available at the output of the analog-to-digital converter 50. These curves 110, 112 show up the error mentioned above, notably on the peak value of the signals, which may reach 10%. The level of this peak value, which determines tripping and tripping time delay, is apparent from the foregoing description. The error on the peak value measurement affects the tripping time delay, and this inaccuracy particularly hampers tripping discrimination. We know that in an electrical distribution system several circuit breakers are connected in series, the tripping characteristics of these circuit breakers being staggered in order to provide tripping discrimination, only the circuit breaker directly upstream from the fault opening to eliminate the fault, the other circuit breakers remaining closed to supply the non-faulty branches of the distribution system. Time discrimination is achieved when the non-tripping time of the upstream circuit breaker is greater than the tripping time, i.e. than the total breaking time of the downstream circuit breaker. The tripping and non-tripping curves, of the type illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, of series-mounted circuit breakers should be displaced sufficiently to avoid any intersection of these curves. These discrimination problems, and the advantages of having as small a difference as possible between the tripping and non-tripping time in order to break the fault current as quickly as possible while still supplying power to the non-faulty parts of the installation, are well known in the art.
According to the invention, the accuracy of the sampled peak value is increased by latching and storing the last peak and processing this value latched at the last peak to provide the protection functions.
The five values represented by the curves in FIGS. 6a, b, c, d, e, are stored in a RAM. These values are:
MESURI which is the measurement of the sample current processed at a time t.
MESURI-1 which is the measurement of the sample current processed at a time t-1.
INTPHA which is the sampled value of the phase current, latched at the last peak.
DERCRE which is the value of the last peak lower than the value INTPHA.
TEMPEC which is the time gone by managed as a countdown.
FIG. 7 represents the processing flow chart:
At the time t1 the microprocessor 48 calls and processes the sampled current measurement signal MESURI supplied by the analog-to-digital converter 50 (FIG. 6a). This signal MESURI is compared with the stored phase current signal INTPHA (FIG. 6d), latched at the last peak. If MESURI is higher than INTPHA the peak value is increasing and the DERCRE value, which represents the value of the last peak lower than the INTPHA signal, is reset.
The MESURI value is recorded in the MESURI-1 memory (FIG. 6c) and in the INTPHA memory (FIG. 6d). The TEMPEC value (FIG. 6e), which manages the countdown, is set to the maximum and the INTPHA value is processed by the microprocessor 48 in the manner described above to provide the protection functions.
If the value MESURI is lower than the current INTPHA, for example at the time t2 corresponding to the descending phase of the analog signal, the measurements MESURI and MESURI-1 are compared. At the time t2 the measurement MESURI is not greater than MESURI-1 and the MESURI value is entered in the MESURI-1 memory. Then a check is made to see whether TEMPEC is equal to zero, which is not the case at the time t2 and TEMPEC is decremented. The current INTPHA is processed to provide the protection function.
At the time t3 corresponding to the rising phase of the following half-wave, the measurement MESURI is still lower than the current INTPHA, but it is higher than MESURI-1 (increasing phase). The measurement MESURI is compared with the peak DERCRE and as MESURI is greater than DERCRE the value MESURI is entered in the memory before continuing with the aforementioned program of entering the value MESURI in the MESURI-1 memory and the other operations. In the example according to FIG. 6, the sampled peak value of the second half-wave is lower than that of the first half-wave and it can be seen that the stored INTPHA value retained for processing is the higher peak value. Actually the two half-waves of the analog signal are identical, the difference of the sampled peak values resulting from the sampling. By latching, according to the invention, at the last peak, in this case by retaining the first higher peak value instead of the second, the error is notably reduced. The value of the second peak is stored temporarily in the DERCRE memory.
At the time t4 of the third half-wave, MESURI exceeds INTPHA again and DERCRE is zero reset in the way described for the first half-wave, MESURI replacing the value MESURI-1 and INTPHA in the memory. TEMPEC is reset to the maximum value and the new sampled peak value INTPHA is latched.
The amplitude of half-waves 4 and 5 is lower than that of the third half-wave and the countdown proceeds normally until the time t5 when zero is reached. Referring to the flow chart it can be seen that if TEMPEC is equal to zero and DERCRE is different from zero, which is the case in t5, the value DERCRE replaces the value INTPHA in the memory and DERCRE is zero reset.
It can easily be understood that during the countdown period TEMPEC, which is for example 22 milliseconds, the processed value, stored in INTPHA, corresponds to the sampled value latched at the last peak, the countdown being restarted each time the peak value is again exceeded. This latched value takes account of at least two peak values for a 50 Hz alternating current each half-wave of which has a duration of 10 milliseconds. If for the 22 milliseconds the peak values remain lower than the latched peak value INTPHA, the latter is replaced by the value DERCRE which is the last latched peak value lower than INTPHA. If the peak values are increasing, the processed signal immediately takes this increase into account, whereas if they are decreasing a time delay of 22 milliseconds occurs. Latching at the last peak has no effect on the instantaneous trip, but for the short delay and long delay trip it enables the sampling error to be reduced. The time delay of 22 milliseconds may cause an unjustified trip, but the influence is small considering the time delays in the order of a second of such trips. The 22 milliseconds are a compromise between a greater accuracy on the peak value and as small a difference as possible between the tripping and non-tripping time. It is obvious that the time delay can be increased to include a larger number of half-waves thus increasing the accuracy, notably when the peak value is measured or displayed independently from control of the circuit breaker. The process of latching at the last peak has been described above for a phase fault, but it is used with the same advantages for ground fault protection.
The inverse long delay trip function I2 t=constant, represented by the straight line 100 in FIG. 3, is equivalent to that of the bimetallic strip of a conventional circuit breaker which heats up when the current is higher than a first pick-up and cools down if the current is lower than this pick-up. According to the invention, this inverse function is performed by computing a thermal image of a bimetallic strip represented by a stored digital value. During the heating phase this stored value is incremented by a preset factor to express the temperature rise, whereas this stored value is decremented during a cooling phase. Tripping occurs when the stored value exceeds a pick-up level. This thermal image makes it possible to take the previous state into account and to give an accurate account of the temperature of the bimetallic strip or of the equipment protected by the circuit breaker.
The long delay inverse function is performed by the program of the microprocessor 48, illustrated by FIG. 8 and described hereinafter. The current INTPHA is the aforementioned value of the phase current latched at the last peak. The microprocessor 48 compares the value INTPHA with the pick-up ILR displayed by the switch 80. If the current INTPHA is not higher than the pick-up ILR, the overload bit, which supplies the indicator lamp 94, is reset, the indicator lamp 94 thereby being out. A check is made to see whether a multiplying factor MULRR (Cooling long delay multiplier), stored in the RAM, is equal to zero. If not, the multiplier MULRR is decremented and the program is looped. If the multiplier MULRR is equal to zero, this multiplier is initialized at a number determined by the position of the long delay time switch 78 and a value TETALR (Temperature TETA of a simulated bimetallic strip for the long delay function) recorded in the RAM, is multiplied by a reduction factor representing the cooling down of the equivalent bimetallic strip, the new value TETALR being substituted for the previous one in the memory. This sequence corresponds to a cooling down of the bimetallic strip.
A heating phase starts up when the current INTPHA becomes greater than the pick-up ILR. In a similar way to that of the cooling-down phase, a check is made to see whether a multiplying factor MULRE (Heating long delay multiplier) is equal to zero. If not, the multiplier MULRE is decremented and the program is looped. If the multiplier MULRE is equal to zero, the overload bit takes the value 1 to light the indicator lamp 94 and the multiplier MULRE is initialized at a number determined by the switch 78. An arithmetic and logic unit of the microprocessor 48 executes a current squaring operation and computes a value DTETAE (Delta TETA heating) representing the heating, which is added to the previous stored value TETALR to determine the new image temperature. If the latter is greater than a maximum value TETAMAX, the trip bit goes to 1 and causes tripping of the circuit breaker. If not the program is looped.
The role of the multiplying factors MULRR and MULRE is to adjust the rhythm of incrementation or decrementation of the digitized thermal image. It can be seen that setting the multipliers to the number three causes operation, one time out of three, which results in a time delay three times longer. These multipliers allow a choice of the long delay tripping curve.
The short delay inverse time function is performed in a similar manner by the flow chart set out in FIG. 9. If the current INTPHA is lower than the pick-up ICR, the temperature of a bimetallic strip simulated for the short delay function TETACR is multiplied by a reduction factor representing the cooling-down and the new value is entered in the RAM. If the current INTPHA exceeds the pick-up ICR, a check is made to see whether the square of the sampled current latched at the last peak DTETACR, which corresponds to heating, is greater than a given maximum stop value BUTCR, corresponding to the switchover from inverse time tripping to definite time tripping of the short delay function. If not, the value TETACR is replaced in the memory by the incremented value TETACR+DTETACR and a check is made to see whether this new value TETACR exceeds the trip pick-up TETACRMAX. If it does, a tripping order is transmitted to the relay 14 providing inverse time short delay protection. When the temperature rise DTETACR is greater than the stop value BUTCR, the latter value is substituted for DTETACR and added to the value TETACR in the previously described manner to bring about a trip or not depending on whether the new value TETACR representing the simulated temperature of the bimetallic strip is greater than the pick-up TETACRMAX or not.
FIG. 10 represents the main circuit breaker program according to the invention. After the resets, the microprocessor 48 acquires the setting parameters entered by the switches 72-86 of the block 54. Then it reads the phase current and ground current values supplied by the multiplexer 29, all this data being recorded in the RAM. The microprocessor 48 then proceeds with sampling of latching at the last peak of the phase current and ground current in the previously described manner. It then processes the instantaneous function checking whether the phase current latched at the last peaks exceeds the instantaneous trip pick-up IIN or not. The program is then subdivided into two branches run alternatively, the first consisting in computing the square of the current necessary to determine the inverse time function, and the second in successive processing of the long delay, short delay and ground fault protection function. This separation of the processing operations enables the program time to be reduced to a value of 1.84 milliseconds. The signalling and tripping instructions are emitted and a fresh cycle is executed after a synchronization standby respecting the cycle time of 1.84 milliseconds.
Operation of the above-mentioned digital processing trip unit is imperfect when a large short-circuit occurs and during the start-up period. Digital processing is fast, but not instantaneous and this delay may in certain cases lead to the destruction of the protected installation and/or of the circuit breaker. According to the present invention, the digital processing loop is shunted by an analog processing loop to provide an additional instantaneous protection. The rectified signal, proportional to the current in the conductors RST and present at the output of the rectifier bridges 18, is processed in the analog unit 70, to generate an instantaneous tripping order transmitted to the relay 14 when preset pick-ups are exceeded. Referring more particularly to FIG. 11, it can be seen that the signal applied to the input of the unit 70 is amplified in an operational amplifier 114 whose output is connected to an input of the comparator 116, whose output is connected to the relay 14. The other input of the comparator 116 is connected to the point 118 of a divider bridge with two series-mounted resistors 120, 122. A shunting circuit formed by a resistor 124 and a transistor 126 in series is connected parallel to the resistor 122. The transistor 126 is controlled by an order emitted on the output S7 of the register 58 to interrupt or close the shunting circuit. It can easily be seen that the divider bridge 120, 122 and the shunting circuit 124, 126 determine two different pick-ups IR, IR1 depending on whether the transistor 126 is blocked or conducting, the comparator 116 comparing the signal with these pick-ups to emit the tripping order when these pick-ups are exceeded. Referring to FIG. 3, it can be seen that the pick-up IR is higher than the digital instantaneous trip pick-up IIN, the pick-up IR1 being slightly lower than or equal to the pick-up IIN. The pick-up IR is selected when the output S7 is activated, i.e. when the digital processing loop operates. If the digital loop is not activated the analog loop intervention pick-up is reduced to the value IR1.
The instantaneous analog trip unit operates in the following manner:
In normal operation the analog trip unit does not intervene, overloads and short-circuits being dealt with by the digital trip unit. The analog trip unit operating pick-up is set to the value IR and only a short-circuit of an exceptional value greater than the pick-up IR is dealt with by both loops, the analog loop preceding the digital loop and ordering the trip. This fast trip ensures protection of the circuit breaker.
In the start-up period, notably on circuit breaker closing, the digital loop is inactive for a short start-up period and the analog trip unit pick-up is automatically reduced to the lower value IR1 by the lack of a signal on the output S7. Should a short-circuit occur, in particular on closing on a fault, the analog trip unit intervenes as soon as the pick-up IR1 is exceeded protecting both the circuit breaker and the installation. The analog loop in addition acts as a back-up should the digital loop fail and increases the reliability of the trip unit without giving rise to notable complications. It should be noted that changing the analog trip unit pick-up can be performed in a different way.
The trip unit acording to the invention combines the advantages of analog trip units and digital trip units without notable complications.
|Cited Patent
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|Mar 16, 2000
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|Oct 19, 2000
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|General Electric Company
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|General Electric Company
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|Mar 16, 2000
|Oct 1, 2002
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|Sep 20, 2001
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|General Electric Company
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|Ge Power Controls France Sas
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|General Electric Company
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|Nov 30, 2000
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|Aug 3, 2001
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|Sep 12, 2001
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|Aug 17, 1999
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|Sep 11, 1998
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|U.S. Classification
|361/96, 700/293, 361/50
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Feb 10, 1986
Owner name: GERIN, MERLIN RUE HENRI TARZE, 38050 GRENOBLE CEDE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:DEMEYER, PIERRE;REEL/FRAME:004515/0460
Effective date: 19860120
|May 24, 1991
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|May 15, 1995
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|May 24, 1999
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
SimSpray 2.0
The SimSpray™ training system accelerates the learning of fundamental spray painting skills. SimSpray produces a realistic experience in which students reproduce the body positioning and muscle and joint movements required to create the ideal mil thickness on a finished piece. During traditional training, students need to select, move, and mount a part before they practice painting.


text:
German (Pork) Skillet
Recipe by Freya
This is a recipe from my DH's past. I had never eaten anything like it until he made it for me and then I had to learn how to make it for myself. Make sure you have a skillet with a lid before making this. (Penzey's Spices has a Bratwurst seasoning that I like to use for this, but white pepper and garlic salt are a reasonable substitute)
Top Review by Secret Agent
Ok so I did make a change - I halved it and I used hot Italian sausage from Trader Joe's. It was awesome! This is going on my list of fast cooking yummy dinners. The applesauce is an absolute must in my opinion and anything with pork, applesauce and sauerkraut is ok with me! I am going to make this again but I want to try it with sliced baby new potatoes instead of the rice. Just yummy! UPDATE: I have made this 6 times in 4 weeks with different variations. Taters, sausages, sliced apples... I LOVE it!
Ingredients Nutrition
- 1 lb sauerkraut
- 1⁄2 cup rice, uncooked
- 1 cup onion, chopped (about 1/2 of an average onion)
- 1 lb ground pork
- 1 -1 1⁄2 cup unsweetened applesauce
- 1 tablespoon prepared horseradish (optional)
- white pepper, to taste
- garlic salt, to taste
Directions See How It's Made
- Drain the sauerkraut and reserve 2 Tbls of the juice.
- Layer the sauerkraut and reserved liquid, rice and onion in a 10 inch skillet.
- Crumble the pork on top in an even layer and pat down gently. Sprinkle the pork with Bratwurst Seasoning OR a combo of white pepper and garlic salt.
- If you are using the horseradish, mix it in the applesauce and spread on top of the pork.
- Cover the skillet and cook over low heat for 30 minutes. Resist peeking so that the rice can absorb most of the liquid.
- OK, now you can peek. Check the rice for doneness. If the rice is done and there is too much liquid for your liking, cook for a few minutes longer to boil off the excess. If the rice isn't quite done yet, add a splash of water and continue until done. Keep an eye on it though as the sauerkraut will burn if your not careful (golden brown is OK, and actually desireable, but black is a NO-NO).


text:
Top Stories
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Thanks to the latest innovation from The New Football Pools, fans of soccer in the UK can now get together with friends, family and colleagues to set up their very own mini leagues offering the chance to win big prizes.
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The New Football Pools' Mini Leagues is currently being offered on the websites of the Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail newspapers, giving players the chance to win big as a syndicate for only two pounds. Half of this stake contributes to the wider pools pot while the remainder is shared between members of the syndicate.
"Football is still one of the biggest talking points in our day-to-day to lives and The New Football Pools offers everyone a chance to join in, give their views and play the games in a very interactive way," said Ian Penrose, Chief Executive Officer for Sportech.
"With this new introduction of Mini Leagues, we see the pools continue its heritage of uniting football fans as the games are better played together. Where once syndicates in the factories would pool their money against the millions of other players, now fans and friends in offices and bedrooms will be able to compete directly against each other every week in their own private league."
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text:
plotting streamlines
hi all plz help me to plot streamlines over a circular cylinder
Re: plotting streamlines
To plot streamlines emmitted from any surface... from the main GUI window DISPLAY --> Pathlines --> (select options). You can also create "oil flow" results for a surface from same location (see "Oil flow" toggle button, top, left. (Suggestion: set step soize smaller than default...it can change results.)
Re: plotting streamlines
Hi Glenn
thanks for the reply
i got your point , i have tried this out and I have two problems with this method 1. My problem is based on laminar flow over 2 d cylinder so i dont want the pathlines emitted from any surface rather they should flow over the surface of cylinder . With this method i am getting pathlines emitted from the cylinder itself which should not happen .
2. I want to plot streamlines specificaly although these are same for steady flow (pathlines n streamlines) but is there any other way to actually plot streamlines in fluent
i hope you understnd my problems
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 21:13.


text:
Re: [abidemir] 'US True Source of Terrorism' Shift ...
Expand Messages
- yes, and the whole world knows it, and has known it
increasingly for two centuries!
in the case of the 20th century, in excess of a hundred US
covert wars were executed by the heinous military monster,
against MOST countries of Asia, Africa, Central America,
South America, the Middle East! [on behalf of the UK,
Europe, Israel and Japan!!]
for six years they have kept their 9/11 Massacre out
of the headlines -- while raping and pillaging Iraq, and
their own US citizenry -- yet their victimized US
is finally rising to their feet --
and VERY clearly, they will not tolerate this Government
Monster any longer ...
the SHIFT has arrived!!
Millennium Twain
2 October 2007
In Abidemir, it was truly written:
US is the true source of Worldwide Terrorism! !! !!!
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text:
The Capital Area CASA Association is offering orientation sessions at 10 a.m. May 23, and at noon, May 26 for anyone interested in volunteering with the program.
Court-appointed special advocates help children in the foster care system.
Prior to a June 9 training session, the agency is holding the 45-minute orientation sessions for volunteers to learn more about the program.
For information, call (225) 379-8598, visit casabr.org or email email@example.com.
Vacation Bible School
Greater Sixty Aid Baptist Church, 655 Gardere Lane, is holding its Vacation Bible School from 6 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. May 26-28 at the church.
Children from age 3 and older and adults are invited to attend.
The church as is also having its Family and Friends Day starting at 8 a.m. May 31.
Library programs
The East Baton Rouge Parish Library's Bluebonnet Regional branch, at 9200 Bluebonnet Blvd., offers a variety of programs for adults and children. The library is open from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. Sunday; from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. Monday through Thursday, and from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., Friday through Saturday.
For information, call (225) 763-2240.
Upcoming programs include:
Summer reading inspiration
Children ages 8 to 11 are invited to take part in the High Five Book Club meeting at 4:30 p.m. Thursday, May 21.
Club members will select titles from the Book Buffet to inspire their summer reading and celebrate the end of school with humorous poems, refreshments and checkers.
Registration is required. Call the children's services staff at (225) 763-2260.
Catalog, database class
Anyone interested in learning how to use the library's catalog and database can attend a class at 10 a.m. Tuesday at the Bluebonnet branch. Patrons will be taught how to use the branch's library catalog to search for items by author, title and keyword, as well as combining terms for accurate results. Additionally, they will be taught how to place a hold on a book.
Afterwards, library staff will exhibit some of the databases offered at the library.
Super sneak-peak
Children ages 4 to 11 can get a sneak peak at summer reading options during the library's Super Readathon program at 3 p.m. Monday, May 27.
Library staff will read excerpts of their favorite books.
Registration is required.
Fearless computer usage
The library's Computers Without Fear program is at 10 a.m. Thursday, May 28.
Learn the parts of a computer and its uses during this class.
Through the usage of the library's laptop computers, those attending will receive hands-on experience by using input devices like the mouse and keyboard.
Neither equipment nor registration is required for this class; although laptops are limited.
Contact Southside Advocate Editor Darlene Denstorff by phone, (225) 388-0215 or (225) 603-1998; or email email@example.com. Deadline: 2 p.m. Friday.


text:
b. 2761CE d. 2853CE. James Stewert Sinclair, Chairman of the Committee for Public Safety from 2831CE until his death by suicide in 2853 CE, older brother of Joshua Josephson Sinclair, Founder and Master of the Enochiian School, James Sinclair began his career as a manager of forestry operations on the Colony world of Equinox operated by Weyerhaeuser-Pacific. He succeeded his father, Joseph Stewart Sinclair as PEO of Equinox upon the elder Sinclair's death during the planetary revolt of 2799CE. James Sinclair attended the Charter Convention of 2810CE as Weyerhaeuser's senior delegate. Sinclair demonstrated a gift for ruthless politics and diplomacy – first demonstrated during his containment of the Equinox Revolt.
After the Convention, intermittent attacks on distant outposts of the Hegemony increased in frequency over the next two decades. These early skirmishes of the Rebellion were called the Robin Hood Raids because as with the actions of it namesake Robin of Lochsley the raiders stole from the Corporations and distributed the supplies and credits to the oppressed employees.
James Sinclair manipulated public opinion about these attacks as the chief media spokesman for the Hegemony. He used this position to consolidate a power base, and with the power base he lobbied for a comprehensive response to the raids. He achieved the pinnacle of his power when he became the Chairman of the Committee for Public Safety in 2831 CE.
Sinclair reintroduced terrorism to the population of the Known Universe through the Committee for Public Safety. His strategy was to employ fear and peer pressure to erode the rebel's support base among the working classes, the underemployed, and the student population.
Soldiers of the Public Safety Force – the PSF – were first garrisoned on the most distant colonies, and undercover agents infiltrated all strata of Hegemony society. The PSF or "Black and Blues", as they were aptly named by the media, were authorized to stop anyone, enter any residence or business on the mere suspicion of the presence of a rebel. The media label was based on the color of the PSF uniforms, but it also had a double meaning to the general population of the colonies because of the bruises inflicted by the PSF's favorite weapon – an old fashioned truncheon.
The Rebellion's use of Joshua as a de facto figurehead set in motion the events on New Jerusalem in 2853 CE. By the spring of 2853 CE, James Sinclair had become convinced that the only way to restore order was to remove his brother as an inspirational resource for the rebellion.
A micro-miniature anti-matter device with a biotech trigger containing 666 molecules of water and an equal number of anti-water molecules was disguised as component of the Cosmos Peace Prize to be presented to Joshua at the close of the Unified Judeo-Christian Church's celebration of Passover/Easter. The bomb had the destructive power of 2,000 tons of high explosive but was no larger than a salt crystal. The device was set to trigger by Joshua's unique brain waveform.
Joshua thwarted the attempt by sensing the reaction as it commenced and reversed space-time locally around the device. No one present knew how close they had come to death.
The failure of the assassination attempt ruined James Sinclair. He came to the realization that his life had been based on a belief construct that had become inherently evil. He committed suicide on Joshua's eighty-third birthday in the summer of 2853 CE. His final act was to publish an open letter of apology to Joshua and to human civilization calling for fair and equal treatment of all employees of the Corporate Hegemony.


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1 review for Lavender Evergreen Soy Candle – 19 oz.
I am a vendor at Taste of New York at Todd Hill on the Taconic and I found these candles there. Cannot get enough of them!!! My favorite is the sage evergreen but I just purchased a lemon verbena. Love it!!! Cant wait to shop the site.


text:
Age: 3 Dogs: Some Kids: Yes Cats:Unknown
Nala is a high spirited girl who shares not only the looks but the divaness of a super-model. She is tall and lean and loves the spotlight. An active home life would be perfect for Nala as she likes to stay busy. You will be covered in kisses when you meet her. She is a little less affectionate when it comes to other dogs as she likes to pick and choose her friends. She has a sensitive stomach and watching what she eats is important to keep her regular and of course to keep her runway ready. An experienced ower would be best for Nala.
We are a non-profit organization staffed primarily by volunteers. We receive funds from private donations adoption fees, and organized fundraising events.
All dogs adopted are sterilized and shots are updated. We evaluate all dogs for temperament. If needed, a trainer is consulted who will assess personality and placement options.
We stand behind every dog adopted with follow up and advise to assist the easiest transition into a new home.
Adoption appointments are scheduled for Saturdays 11-5pm and some Sunday afternoons.
Thank You!
Your message has been sent to Boxer Rescue LA.
You'll receive a copy, too, at to help you keep track of which pets you've inquired about, and which shelters and rescues you've emailed.
NOTE: Some shelters have physical locations you can visit; some of these shelters may only have pets for a limited time, so please do not wait for a reply—just go visit the shelter! Other organizations are rescue groups run by busy volunteers who may take a while to reply. You can find information about the shelter or rescue group caring for this pet, and their adoption procedures, on the pet's details page on Adopt-a-Pet.com.


text:
POD: In 1970, Ambassador Daniel Patrick Moynihan narrowly wins the Democratic primary over Bella Abzug for the U.S. senate seat held by incumbent James L. Buckley. However she does not drop out; she wins the Liberal party nomination for the same seat. Many moderate Democrats support Buckley, and in a very Democratic year Senator Buckley narrowly retains his senate seat by a 45%-43%-11% margin over Moynihan and Abzug, respectively, and many believe that some last-minute campaigning by Governor Ronald Reagan also helped him to retain his seat. Hillary Rodham, who campaigned for Barry Goldwater in 1964 and Senator Buckley this time around, is pleased with the results. Reagan was the major crusader for the GOP in 1976, and put a great deal of effort into giving the GOP a foothold in the congressional elections. For this reason, the GOP holds their seats in Tennessee, Hawaii, and Wyoming in addition to Buckley's in New York, adding to a 3-seat GOP net gain in 1976. They also took 7 seats in the House of Representatives, largely due to a lackluster campaign by Carter, who does not campaign for any congressional Democrats. Many GOP elders are appreciative of Reagan's barnstorming and thus he is seen as the likely GOP candidate in 1980.
In the 1978 elections, Reagan is back on the stump for the GOP; they gain 7 senate seats and 68 house seats due to the GOP swing, as a result of Reagan focusing less on his presidential campaign and more on the Congressional elections, and thanks to Buckley barnstorming the northeast. The Democrats will narrowly retain the senate with the tie-breaking vote of Walter Mondale and the House by a 224-211 margin, but the Conservative Democrats and GOP can still get things accomplished with coalition-building. The conservative congress passes several tax cuts that Carter vetoes, making him look weak and unwilling to co-operate in the minds of the public. Reagan easily wins the GOP nomination and chooses Senator Buckley as his running mate; both realize that they are going to easily win the election so they choose to focus on the Congressional races; the GOP nets a pickup of 37 seats in the house and 15 senate seats, including those of Gary Hart in Colorado, bringing the GOP to takeover both houses of Congress for the first time since 1952. Reagan and Buckley easily win the presidential election; the GOP controls Congress by a margin of 248-187 in the House and 65-35 in the senate, the best margin for the GOP since 1928. President Reagan has a great mandate by which to govern.
In 1981, he immediately begins work on tax cuts; he devises a plan with Speaker Michel and Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole to revise the tax code into a three-bracket system whose tax rates are 10%, 20%, and 30% without any deductions. With the help of conservative Democrats, it passes with a great majority in both houses. Then, President Reagan completes his domestic work by eliminating the Departments of Commerce, Labor, Education, and Health and Human Services, as well as the merging of the Department of Justice and the Attorney General's office. He then turns to the Soviet Union and begins his foreign policy strategy; he reorganizes the Department of Defense, cutting much of the bureoucracy out of the military on the advice of Defense Secretary John McCain. He then increases funding for NASA and increases arms buildup without increasing spending, and the budget is nearly balanced after large cuts in welfare and medicaid. Then, Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev dies in office and is replaced with Mikael Gorbechev, who appears much more reasonable then the last string of leaders, "a man who we can really work with" according to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Throughout his tenure President Reagan is praised for eliminating welfare, food stamps, and the minimum wage by replacing them with a negative income tax model proposed by Treasury Secretary William F. Buckley, brother of Vice President Buckley. President Reagan is shot by a crazed man named John Hinckley, Jr. Reagan will recover quickly, and his approval ratings skyrocket to 94%. Heading into the 1982 midterms, all looks bright for the Reagan adminstration, and after dispatching Vice President Buckley to campaign, the GOP actually gains 7 seats in the House and 3 in the senate, including Bill Buckley winning his brother's old senate seat, totaling 255-180 in the House and 68-32 in the Senate. The GOP leaders are already taking notice of Vice President Buckley.
Reagan's first term in office is very successful, and ends with his landslide re-election, and his coattails grant him 23 seats in the house, as well as 1 in the senate. He is well-loved by the American public, and creams former Vice President Mondale in every state, winning 532 electoral votes (Mondale only carries D.C. for 3 electoral votes.)
Reagan is successful in his second term, and helps to begin construction on the Strategic Defense Initiative, as well as drawing up plans for a space station and nuclear-propelled spacecraft. The President is also (at the advice of the Buckleys) successful in creating a flat income tax of 15%. All things look good for heir-apparent James Buckley.
In the 1986 elections, the 6-year curse sets in, with the GOP losing 16 seats in the house and 2 in the senate, though many political analysts believe that crusading from Vice President Buckley prevented them from being even worse for the GOP. The House is GOP by 262-173 and the Senate remains GOP with 67 seats to 33 for the Democrats (Harry F. Byrd Jr. has cacused GOP since they took over the Senate in 1980.)
In the 1988 election, Vice President Buckley is nominated with little opposition, and picks California Senator Barry Goldwater, Jr. as his running mate. The Vice President wins in a landslide over former Senator Gary Hart, who was revealed to have had marital infidelities; Buckley controlled the rampant media by saying that he felt that he was more fit to be President than the Senator, not because he was faithful to his wife but because of his policies, and that the people should vote based on substance, not personal life. The GOP takes 11 house seats and 3 senate seats, giving them Congressional control by 273-162 in the House and 70-30 in the House. George H. W. Bush will be President-elect Buckley's Secretary of State.
In his first 100 days in office, President Buckley will create an opt-out of social security and Medicare, as well as having the goal of privatization of both by 2000. The federal government will cover 40% of costs, but the patient will have their own private insurance or choose to have none at all, with the feds covering 40% of expenses. This is praised by many libertarians and conservatives, as well as the new Speaker Newt Gingrich. Then in April, the Berlin Wall falls and the Soviet Union is dissolved. President Buckley's approval ratings shoot up to 70%. Then in 1990, SDI is completed. A lunar colony is established as well, and a manned mission to Mars is planned for 2000. President Buckley sees Saddam Hussein scheming in Iraq, and quickly declairs that any act of aggression in the Middle East will be seen as an Act of War. Hussein had planned on invading Kuwait but now sulks in his palace, dismayed to discover that the new president is just as strong-willed as President Reagan.
In the 1990 elections, GOP fatigue is not as bad as once thought; the GOP loses 21 house seats and 3 in the senate, although the Republicans maintain control of Congress handily with 252 seats in the house and 67 in the senate. Congress has balanced the budget 7 years in a row now, and the national debt is nearly paid off. In 1991, South Vietnam, with the go-ahead from President Buckley, invade North Vietnam, establishing a democratic unfied government, to the praise of the North Vietnamese.
In 1992, the President oversees great economic expansion for the eleventh consecutive year. President Buckley remains popular with the American people, with an approval rating of 59% and an average approval of 56%. He is in a great position for the upcoming election.
In the 1992 elections, the President is handily re-elected over former Senator Al Gore of Tennessee and his running mate Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas. The GOP gains several seats in the house and holds even in the senate, where Governor George Deukmijian of CA is elected Senator in a special election, to the private glee of Governor Pete Wilson, his successor. The President mainly focuses on tax cuts and is successful in getting the income tax lowered to a 10% rate and receiving a 15% flat income tax on corporations. He privatizes the Tennessee Valley Authority, and also gets rid of what remains of the New Deal and Great Society. In 1993, President Buckley appoints John Roberts to the Supreme Court. The economy expands greatly, and the President caps state income and sales taxes at their current level. He eliminates the capital gains tax and estate tax and vetoes the proposed gas tax. In 1994, the Republicans gain many new governorships and state legislatures, but lose several seats in Congress, though they are still in power after 14 years. Congress balances the budget for the eleventh consecutive year. President Buckley appoints New Jersey Judge Andrew Napolitano to the Supreme Court.
In November 1995, the President announces that construction on the Space Station Destiny is complete, and that the nuclear-propelled ship, to be named the Constellation Rocket, is complete. The Mars mission, which will utilize the new technology, (and will be called Ares II) is set to begin in several months. South Korea invades North Korea, and though the president was not made aware of their plans, he will send aid in the form of troops and supplies. Within two months, Pyongyang is captured by South Koreans, and the President praises the reunified Korean elections; over 60% of those who were in North Korea approve of the new government.
In March 1996, the Ares II launches from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, and is estimated to take about nine weeks to reach Mars. They will establish a permanent base on the planet, and there will be a manned mission to Titan by 2000. Meanwhile, the GOP nominates Speaker Newt Gingrich of Georgia for President (with Vice President Goldwater believing he had little chance of being elected after 16 years of GOP rule) and California Governor Pete Wilson for Vice President. The Democrats nominate Texas Governor Ann Richards of Texas for President and Governor Bill Clinton for Vice President once again. In the election, Richards narrowly beats out Speaker Gingrich, who announces he will remain Speaker of the House. The GOP will retain the senate while the Democrats narrowly gain control of the house for the first time in 16 years.
In 1997, the budget is balanced for the fifteenth consecutive year. The national debt is paid off. President Richards and Vice President Clinton are sworn in. Vice President Clinton comes under fire for what will become known as Whitewater Scandal; he is seen as selling America out to the Chinese, and the American public disapproves of Clinton by 59% with only 27% approving; 62% believe he is guilty, and 49% think he should be impeached, though the Congress will not move for this.
In the 1998 elections, though Vice President Richards has been an above-average president, public disapproval of her Vice President causes the GOP to tighten their control on the senate and gain more than forty seats in the House, reclaiming it once again, though Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole retires citing age and a desire to retire from public life. However, his wife, Elizabeth Dole, is just beginning her political career. The Republicans also hold and pick up many new governorships, such as California where Maureen Reagan, daughter of the president, was elected governor, succeeding Gov. Wilson who opted against a third term (the CA term limits IOTL were never passed) and her brother, Mike, was elected Senator, defeating incumbent Barbara Boxer. The President has gotten much of her agenda passed, including large decreases in spending and troops from the newly-reunified Korea and Vietnam, as well as Germany and Japan. However, there is intense gridlock in Washington over the budget, and she finally gives into the GOP's refusal to raise taxes and allows the private social security and medicare accounts to be created. Speaker Gingrich spearheaded this move, along with new Senate Majority Leader Al D'Amato, who was narrowly re-elected over Democrat Charles Schumer. The budget will remain balanced, and the GOP Congress will ratify a balanced budget amendment.
In 1999, the Orion IV, a manned mission to Titan, is launched, and expected to arrive in 2000. Aboard this voyage are former Senator John Glenn of Ohio and astronaut Bill Nelsoon of Florida. President Richards announces to the nation that she has been diagnosed with esophogal cancer, and that she will not seek a second term. Her successor as governor, George W. Bush, as well as Senate Majority Leader Al D'Amato, announce their campaigns for president.
Senator Al D'Amato is nominated for President and Governor Pete Wilson for Vice President. The Demcrats are in disarray, and will narrowly nominate Vice President Clinton for President and former Senator Joe Lieberman for Vice President. They will go on to lose in a landslide after rumors of marital infedelity crushed Slick Willy's chances at the White House. The GOP makes gains in Congress, and the budget will be balanced once again, as the Balanced Budget Amendment has just recently been ratified by the states. Senator William F. Buckley, Jr. wins re-election. Governor Pataki appoints Hillary Rodham, a Conservative Party representative from Statin Island, to succeed President-elect D'Amato.
President Pothole will begin an overhaul of the U.S. Cabinet structure, slashing entire departments until only 5 remain: Attorney General, State, Defense, Treasury, and Interior. The president also eliminates corporate tax, capital gains tax, and estate tax at the federal level, and cuts all departments 20% across-the-board. He gains the support of many Americans who admire his forward, frank, and direct approach to governing.
The Orion IV lands on Titan, and brings about a new Space Revolution; the President privatises NASA and makes tax incentives in the form of grants for competing private corporations to replace them. He uses the same method for oil pipeline construction and the new international high-speed rail. This creates millions of American jobs.
In 2008, the Barry Goldwater Jr. / John E. Bush ticket defeats Senator Barrack Obama / Gov. Mark Warner for president.


text: John Avery Whitaker is an old man who runs an ice cream shop. Most people call him Whit, mostly because they can't pronounce his name. Whit likes to stand around, mostly doing nothing while watching his two begrudged employees: Connie and Eugene. He likes to make new things, but everything he makes turns out to not work, and if it does work, he dosen't know how to run it! He also had a recent runnin with a company called Novacom. They just wanted to steal his money, so Whit just stopped them with his bare hands and a squeege!


text:
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Summary of Season 1 (2003) - 5 discs
Host George Kourounis takes viewers to exciting locations around the globe in this thrilling travel series. From chasing tornadoes to his own wedding on the lip of an erupting volcano, Kourounis seeks out only the most exhilarating adventures. These 13 episodes include a trip down hazardous river rapids, braving monsoon season lightning storms in the Arizona desert, facing guerillas and gorillas in the Congo, and much more.
Show Details
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