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NOV 2013 David Elien VP of Marketing & Business Development, Cree, Inc.
Let There Be
LIGHT How Cree reinvented the light bulb
Cutting Edge Flatscreen Technologies
New LED Filament Tower
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mensional array of LEDs behind the LCD may offer the ultimate performance for d TVs, the performance possible with panels (using LED light bars at the top/ or edges of the display) now provides nstream market solution, accounting for % of all LED backlit displays. And clearly ge-lit displays requiring far fewer LEDs irect backlight array, especially using the brightness LEDs now available, the cost is obvious.
Lighting Electronics
How to Backlight LCD TV Dipslays With Scrolling LEDs
Taking Measurements of Single LEDs
Interview with David Elien Cree, Inc.
Cree's Revolutionary LED Filament Tower Light Bulb
Cutting Edge Flatscreen Technologies
Lighting Electronics
By Girish Ramesh, Sr. Marketing Manager, Atmel Corporation and Kevin Hempson, Staff Applications Engineer, Atmel Corporation
n just a few years, LEDs have become the dominant technology for backlighting LCD displays for TVs and desktop monitors, consigning cold-cathode fluorescent tubes to history. The challenge now for manufacturers, as always, is optimizing designs to extract maximum performance for minimum cost. And this often comes down to what's right for a particular application. So while direct LED backlighting, using a full two-dimensional array of LEDs behind the LCD panel, may offer the ultimate performance for high-end TVs, the performance possible with edge-lit panels (using LED light bars at the top/ bottom or edges of the display) now provides the mainstream market solution, accounting for over 90% of all LED backlit displays. And clearly with edge-lit displays requiring far fewer LEDs than a direct backlight array, especially using the higher-brightness LEDs now available, the cost benefit is obvious.
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Scrolling is All About Timing
With LEDs able to illuminate more localized areas of the screen, and with their much faster response times, it becomes possible to dim the backlight in darker parts of the scene while retaining full brightness elsewhere in the same frame.
The basic requirement for edge-lit panels is delivering a sufficiently bright backlight evenly across the entire LCD panel. With cold-cathode tubes, which were also placed along the edges of the display, this was achieved a combination of diffusers and polarizers. Having a row of LEDs at the edge of a display opens up other possibilities, allowing the light from individual LEDs to be directed to specific areas of the display (known as illumination zones). Additionally, although dimming a cold cathode backlight can provide enhanced contrast when viewing dark scenes, this was generally restricted to the whole screen, so at best only allows for frame-to-frame variation and more likely spills over to neighboring frames. With LEDs able to illuminate more localized areas of the screen, and with their much faster response times, it becomes possible to dim the backlight in darker parts of the scene while retaining full brightness elsewhere in the same frame.
Figure 1: Pixel settling time after writing data The secret to all of this lies in the timing of the illumination, delivering the light to the screen at precisely the right time, in synchronism with the displayed image and allowing for the characteristics of the LCD itself and any losses in the optical components. The solution is broadly referred to as a 'scrolling backlight system' but employs a number of techniques to realize a superior picture all of which are made possible by sophisticated LED driver technology, such as that embodied in Atmel's MSL2164 series devices. This article will reveal how this works in principle with the help of some timing diagrams and a description of the different modes of operation. Let's start with a commonly used method for overcoming one of the fundamental issues with LCDs; namely the slow response time of the liquid crystal material, which gives rise to the problem of motion blur where on-screen movement is faster than the time it takes for the pixel to settle to a new value. This can be greatly improved by blinking or interrupting the backlight during the period while the pixel is changing. Commonly referred to as 'black
Lighting Electronics frame insertion' (a confusing expression since with LEDs the backlight is only turned off during part of the frame and not for a whole frame as used to be the case with cold cathode tubes), this technique works particularly well in conjunction with illumination zones because the whole screen is not blanked at the same time. For example, If we take an HDTV with 1080 rows of pixels edge-lit with just eight LEDs we get eight horizontal illumination zones each containing 135 rows of pixels. As the LCD image is built up by writing one whole row of pixels at a time, we can see from figure 1 that there is a significant delay, referred to as the 'phase delay', after the vertical sync pulse (PHI) before all the pixels in Zone 1 (rows 1-135) are fully settled. Clearly the optimum time for viewing this zone is once the pixels are settled so ideally we only want to illuminate this zone during that period. For subsequent zones (zones 2 – 8) the optimum viewing/illumination period will be similarly offset by the phase delay from the start of that zone's pixel writing period i.e. staggered throughout the frame, resulting in the illumination scrolling down the display.
Figure 2: Reverse PWM avoids next pixel writing period
Another limitation of LCDs with constant and uniform backlighting is their limited contrast range. This is because an LCD pixel is not a perfect shutter so even in its dark state there is some light leakage, especially when the panel is viewed at an angle. As noted earlier, contrast enhancement is possible by dimming the backlight for dark scenes, but the advantage when combined with scrolling LED backlights is being able to control the brightness during the illumination period. Also, the accuracy of addressing each frame and zone independently allows a much faster response to dark-to-bright scene transitions than is possible with non-scrolling backlights.
The method for adjusting brightness during the fully settled pixel period is simply by varying the amount of time the backlight is switched on during that period – a method more generally termed 'pulsewidth modulation' or PWM. Typically, there would be a default brightness level, with an associated PWM illumination period value, that is less than the full period during which the pixels are stable; this allows for higher or lower brightness levels by setting larger or smaller PWM values. Conventional PWM dimming turns the backlight on at the start of the stable pixel period and off after the PWM illumination period. But, as can be seen in Figure 2, there is a danger that a large PWM value may result in the backlight remaining on into the next pixel-writing period for that particular illumination zone (area A), which is clearly undesirable. To overcome this problem the Reverse PWM method aligns the end of the PWM period to the end of the fully settled pixel period as can be seen at the bottom of Figure 2 since it is better to always use area B and to start the illumination as early as necessary to achieve the desired brightness.
LED backlighting for LCD TVs using edge-lit display panels has rapidly become the technology of choice, providing both a highperformance and costeffective solution for the majority of the TV and desktop monitor market.
One point to note is the importance of referencing the timing of all illumination zones to the same V Sync that is associated with the start of that frame's pixel writing process. Referencing some zones to a subsequent V Sync can result in brightness banding because of variations in frame duration that can result from video manipulation.
Conclusion LED backlighting for LCD TVs using edgelit display panels has rapidly become the technology of choice, providing both a high-performance and costeffective solution for the majority of the TV and desktop monitor market. The faster switching speed of LEDs coupled with advances in driver circuit design makes it possible to address some of the previous limitations of liquid crystal displays, namely motion blur and poor contrast. ■
Lighting Electronics
Measuring S Alan Lowne, CEO Saelig Co. Inc.
Pocket-sized precise LED measurement s With the advent of high-brightness blue and white LEDs, the market for LED light has been growing exponentially. LEDs are used in displays, illuminated advertisements, lamps, and throughout automobiles. LEDs are found in light fixtures, aircraft, traffic lights, and theater, photographic, and architectural lighting. But is impossible for LEDs to be manufactured with identical spectral properties due to the variations in production processes, physical housings, and operating conditions. Brightness and color peak can vary substantially from
Single LEDs
solution offers laboratory-grade precision component to component even in the same production batch. For critical applications (not merely indicator lights) LEDs need accurate testing methods during manufacture and in final assemblies. Precise optical characterization is also valuable in research situations for LED-based products, or for batching or "binning� LEDs (i.e. selection of color and brightness groups) with nearly-identical characteristics for assembly lines.
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Full-color LED displays contain many thousands of LEDs, and their illumination characteristics need to be matched to ensure good color uniformity. Measuring single LED performance may also be necessary once they have been installed on a PCB. Quality control of incoming LEDs delivered by different suppliers may be needed for binning, or for characterizing fiber optic sources like endoscopes, or even calibrating lighting fixtures made of many LEDs. Other applications for LED testing include investigating the influence of dimming, testing diffusers or optics installed on LEDs, monitoring changes of spectra, color or luminous flux due to current drive, time, or temperature. Uniform luminance and color in automobile cockpits is also very important, requiring color matching various sub-assemblies and modules from different suppliers. Full-color LED displays contain many thousands of LEDs, and their illumination characteristics need to be matched to ensure good color uniformity. Other applications include LED-based measuring instruments such as blood analyzers that determine blood-sugar concentration. Precise characterization of LEDs in these applications is critical since this affects the life-saving accuracy of the results.
Measurements Typical measurements can include: Lumens (luminous flux), CCT (correlated color temperature according to CIE standards), CRI (color rendering index according to CIE standards), COLOR (color coordinates according to CIE 1931 and CIE 1964), and mWatt (radiant power value). One very useful highly portable solution that offers the accuracy of benchtop instruments is the combination of the GL SPECTIS 1.0 and the GL OPTI SPHERE 48. Ready to run within 10 seconds of connecting this handheld plug 'n' play combo to a computer, the system automatically detects which accessories have been attached to it, and it is rapidly ready to perform measurements. Each instrument and accessory is provided with individual instrument calibration comes as standard to ensure that the results produced are correct and reliable. It is a portable solution that can be taken to the production line or packed in a travel bag for field use.
The GL SpectroSoft software included in the package is intuitive, user-friendly, delivers results within seconds, with the ability to easily export or import results or settings. Measurements include: CIEcompatible color coordinates, correlated color temperature, Color Peak, Color dominant, CRI color rendering index, MI metamerism index, color charts according to different CIE standards, etc. By default, this mini-spectrometer measures from 340750 nm but the range can be reduced for measurements of particular light sources. The software includes a BIN EDITOR which helps to define a binning set, specifying individual fields on the chart with X Y values. Specific names and X1, Y1 X2, Y2, X3, Y3… values are assigned to these fields, which designate a specific rectangle on the chart. The most critical bin criteria that impact product performance are light output and color temperature. Binning for light output is very straightforward - LEDs are individually measured and sorted by lumen output into prescribed ranges. Luminaire manufacturers can easily select the bin or bins that best meet the lumen performance requirements of their fixture. Binning for color temperature is a more complex process. Color temperature bins are defined by (x,y) coordinates on the CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram (shown at right). These bins are grouped as quadrants around the standard chromaticity lines for a specified color temperature. For more information about color binning, bin sizes and the ANSI C78 377A, see: http://www. nema.org/media/pr/20080221a.cfm.
Summary GL SPECTIS 1.0 and the GL OPTI SPHERE 48 are a useful tool combination for manufacturers, production environments, field work, as well as laboratories in a range of real-world applications. ■
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Lighting Electronics
Out With the Old,
In With The New David Elien, VP of Marketing & Business Development, Cree, Inc.
Cree, Inc. is a market-leading innovator of LED lighting products, LED components, and semiconductor products. The company aims to make energy-wasting traditional lighting technologies obsolete through the use of energy-efficient, environmentally friendly LED lighting. In recent months, Cree has been leading the lighting revolution by unveiling its line of LED light bulbs for the consumer market. With its ENERGY STAR速 certification and commercial retailer in place, Cree hopes to achieve mass adoption of these LED bulbs to ensure energy efficiency and a greener future. We spoke with David Elien, VP of Marketing & Business Development at Cree, about Cree's innovative work environment, its brand new LED bulb, and how the company plans on getting on board with this revolutionary technology.
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"At Cree, our goal is to give the consumer a no-compromise solution. The only way people are going to transition to energy-saving alternative technologies is if consumers know LED lighting products work as well as, or better than the products they are already using." Tell us about Cree's latest products— what are you excited about what are you introducing into the market? Well, we're introducing a lot of products. We have a long track record of innovation, and continue to deliver enhanced solutions that make it more rewarding and economical for consumers, businesses and entire cities to switch to LED. A product that people are talking about lately is our Cree LED Bulb. This is for a variety of reasons—one being that you can view it as a hallmark for the lighting industry. This is an LED bulb that looks like a bulb, lights like a bulb, but works much better than all the alternatives that are available to consumers. The Cree LED Bulb has served as a platform for us to introduce the Cree brand to a broad audience. The Cree LED Bulb is sold exclusively at The Home Depot. We just achieved ENERGY STAR® certification for the soft white Cree LED Bulb, making the bulb eligible for utility rebates throughout the country. It's the industry's first affordable LED bulb to look and light like an incandescent and achieve ENERGY STAR level of qualification.
Being able to dim an LED light bulb like a traditional bulb is also a really appealing feature for a lot of customers. At Cree, our goal is to give the consumer a nocompromise solution. The only way people are going to transition to energy-saving alternative technologies is if consumers know LED lighting products work as well as, or better than the products they are already using. One of the rules we follow for every product launched, is that it has to deliver an as-good or better experience than what is being replaced, plus superior economics.
So what have been the greatest challenges in replacing traditional bulbs in the market? The biggest challenge was designing a bulb that looks like a bulb. In hindsight, it seems pretty straightforward. It's because we created a solid plan. There is a lot of engineering that went into designing a bulb that looks and lights like an incandescent while leveraging all the great attributes of LED technology. I think the first thing to consider in designing an LED bulb
COVER INTERVIEW should be getting the aesthetic of the light right. In all of our research, we've inferred that one of the reasons our bulb is outselling every other bulb at The Home Depot is because it actually looks like an incandescent bulb; consumers associate form with function. If you're going to position or market something as a replacement, then it makes it easier for the consumer to make that leap if your bulb actually looks like one. The second challenge was getting the cost right. It was critical for us to deliver a series of bulbs that could be below the $10 barrier. Again, there was a lot of engineering and strategic supply chain management to deliver a low-cost, no-compromise lighting alternative. One of the technical breakthroughs that enabled Cree to break the $10 threshold is our new Cree LED Filament Tower™ Technology. The Filament Tower is the Cree innovation that lets our LED bulb replicate the look and feel filament based traditional lights. The new bulbs showcases innovation across the entire system: LEDs, power supply, optics and system design.
With this LED technology, what differentiates it from the competing products on the market? The first and most obvious differentiator of the Cree LED Bulb is the form, which is the first thing the customer sees. Many other LED bulbs out there, frankly, look like a science project. They don't look like something a consumer wants to use or can use in their home. Once we won from an aesthetic perspective, the consumer sees the phenomenal pricing of the bulb. We created the first incandescent bulb-quality LED bulb to launch under $10. With the recent ENERGY STAR qualification, in some markets, there will be instant rebates available that take the cost of the bulb to under $5. This price will be a major differentiator, coupling that with performance is the winning ticket. The other key differentiator is that it lights like a bulb. It's omnidirectional—when you take it home, it gives the quality of light you are used to from an incandescent. You wouldn't know the difference. The last feature to highlight is our industry-leading 10-year warranty. The customer doesn't have to go out on a limb by adopting our technology; it's affordable and backed by an outstanding warranty, limiting risk and compelling consumers to try.
What does it mean when you say the bulb is ENERGY STAR Rated? There are specifications around light distribution, reliability testing, CRI (Color Rendering Index) and overall efficiency. The ENERGY STAR Rating is there to protect the consumer. Consumers want to do the right thing and save energy and they have been bitten in the past by lighting solutions that have fallen woefully short of their expectations, such as compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs). They have had poor experiences to the point where it has slowed their appetite for energy-efficient technology. So ENERGY STAR has set the standard to help prevent these poor experiences. Many utilities that offer rebates only allow t bulbs that are ENERGY STAR rated to be eligible. Our bulb is the first bulb that actually looks and acts like a bulb to achieve that certification.
What is the future of LED lighting? What kind of innovations are happening that will continue to push this technology forward? We are just beginning to scratch the surface of what's possible in LED lighting. The LED lighting industry is very lightly penetrated—we're talking less than 10 percent of installed lighting is using LED technology today. There's a lot of innovation left and the key will be to continue to draw toward parity with current technologies in a wider array of applications. This means more than the A19 bulb, but BR30 bulbs, and more.
Cree's New LED Bulb 17
Lighting Electronics We have a lot of activity, quite frankly, on the commercial side of Cree that's driving LED adoption for businesses, governments and entire cities. Cree launched an industrychanging LED residential street light starting as low as $99 – making it more affordable than ever for cities, municipalities and utilities to convert to energy-efficient LED. In June 2013, we announced the breakthrough Cree UR Series LED upgrade kit for commercial buildings such as offices, with the potential to obsolete linear fluorescent lighting—saving more energy, providing better light and lasting twice as long as the 32-watt linear fluorescent lights it replaces. We tend to focus on the biggest problems that have the biggest impact in the shortest time. So when I talk about street lighting, this is aimed at replacing every streetlight that is out there today. With our XSPR LED streetlight, which is the $99 residential streetlight we launched, cities and municipalities can place the light where they want as LED is a directional light source. You're working with discrete packets of light that you can shape and place where you want. Cree, as we solve some of these applications and look to create value, is developing some of those attributes and technologies.
Given the challenges of getting your product into more industries and tackling new markets what do you see as the greatest challenge in driving Cree forward? Getting the industry moving is our biggest challenge. We spend a lot of the time thinking about what we need to demonstrate to the industry, at an ever-increasing pace, that the technology is ready and they ought to want to jump in. In terms of the increasing competition; we invite that—we want it because it validates our strategy and that it's working. Take the Cree LED Bulb for instance, we launched our bulb in March and in the last few months we've seen a flurry of announcements from a variety of manufacturers large and small, and retailers, that they finally have a $10 LED bulb or that they're striving to be as good as ours. That's a validation that we're doing things to move the market. What we need to be careful of, is ensuring that the industry is accountable for delivering great products that will further
move consumers toward adoption. So that's our biggest challenge—how do we continue to innovate at a technical and commercial level and show that you can create substantial value for our consumers with our technology to get the market moving in the right direction.
Absolutely. That's a big challenge, and that's what keeps everybody moving. And one way to highlight that from a numbers perspective is that there are 5 billion sockets in the U.S. that use an Edison-like bulb and I can tell you we may be the best selling bulb at The Home Depot by a large measure, but it's still early on in the market. Our goal is to drive 100 percent adoption of LED technology, so there's a lot of opportunity.
What's the company culture like at Cree? Cree, Inc. is a market-leading innovator of LED lighting products, LED components and semiconductor products, changing the way people use light. Our goal is to drive 100 percent adoption of LED lighting in order to obsolete energy-wasting technologies. Every day we come to work, our goal is to relentlessly innovate. The only way we're going to change a century-old industry is to develop products that really change the game, compel consumers to try, and then deliver a positive experience. This will help drive some of the incumbents in the industry to shift toward LED technology at a faster pace than they would otherwise. Because of our mission, our culture is characterized by being very fast-paced, believing anything is possible with a mindset of continuous improvement. Even though we've achieved a lot, there's always a way to do it better.
Is there a collaborative innovation process at Cree? We have a strong focus on teamwork here at Cree. No matter what the goal is, everyone has a role to play. If you interact with executives here and walk around, you'd see it's very unassuming—it's flat and there isn't a lot of hierarchy or sense of entitlement with executives. For example, there are no reserved parking spaces. We have a very team-orientated culture.
"In terms of the increasing competition; we invite that—we want it because it validates our strategy and that it's working."
Above: Cree's manufacturing facility in Durham, North Carolina
Where would you like to see the LED industry moving towards? We need to make sure as an industry that we're driving toward a no-compromise solution—that we deliver in a lot of instances, however the industry has opportunities to do a lot better than it's doing and consumers deserve better. As an industry, the emphasis ought to be on meeting or exceeding the current experience customers are getting with their light sources, and being really clear and thoughtful about the performance of your product. Anything short of that does a disservice to the consumer and it impedes the overall growth of the industry. I think consumers have had to put up with enough compromises, whether from CFL bulbs or LED bulbs that compromised function for cost. We have a real opportunity to deliver a solution that consumers can use and be happy with for decades. ◌
Lighting Electronics
CREE LED Bulbs Compete With Incandescent and CFL Cree, Inc., the leading supplier of energy-efficient LED lighting products, broke the $10 price barrier with new LED A-type bulbs for the home—the Cree® LED Bulb. These bulbs are the ideal replacement for both traditional incandescent and CFL bulbs. The Cree's soft white LED Bulbs are ENERGY STAR qualified, making the bulbs eligible for many utility rebates that could bring the cost of the products to under $5 in certain regions.
Lighting Electronics Cree LED Bulb vs. Incandescent The Cree LED Bulbs offer the size, shape, warm color temperature, and omnidirectional illumination of traditional incandescent bulbs while using 78% to 85% less energy and boasting a rated-lifetime of 25,000 hours. These new Cree LED Bulbs are available in six versions – including the new 93 CRI Cree TW Series LED Bulb – designed to replace 40 and 60 watt incandescent
a glass bulb. Cree calls this the Cree LED Filament Tower™. The Cree LED Filament Tower creates the same nuance and visual texture as a traditional incandescent bulb by emulating the compact light source of an incandescent filament Lighting Outside the Home LED lighting products are offered for nearly every application including residential, retail
Compared to incandescent bulbs, Cree LED Bulbs save the user energy, money, and time. bulbs while consuming only 6 to 13.5 watts. And they're available in color temperatures of 2700 K (soft white) and 5000 K (daylight). Compared to incandescent bulbs, Cree LED Bulbs save the user energy, money, and time. For example - compared to an incandescent bulb - over its 25,000 rated- lifetime the Cree 9.5W (60W) bulb saves 1260 kWh of energy, $139 in electricity costs (based on 11¢/kWh), and 25 incandescent bulb replacements. Cree LED Bulb vs. CFL The Cree LED Bulbs are also attractive replacements for twisty CFL bulbs. The Cree bulbs use less energy, have a longer ratedlife, and contain no mercury. And unlike some CFL bulbs the Cree LED Bulbs are dimmable with most incandescent dimmers, have a pleasing color temperature and are instant-on. Cree Lighting Technology To achieve incandescent-like omnidirectional illumination approximately 20 Cree-manufactured LED Arrays are mounted on a cylinder and placed inside
stores, restaurants, industrial, parking and street lighting. In fact, Cree was the leading supplier to the world's largest LED street lighting upgrade completed by the City of Los Angeles in 2013. LED User Support Cree manufactures high-intensity LEDs having superior price/performance by combing highly efficient InGaN materials with proprietary G-SIC® substrates. Cree LEDs are available in chips, components, modules, and in lighting products for end-users. Cree offers complete applications support to lighting manufacturers, driver manufactures, solution providers, and other users of Cree LED components and modules. A few of the services include thermal simulation, photometric testing, binning, electrolytic capacitor evaluation, and dimmer compatibility. More Cree Technology In addition to lighting devices, Cree manufactures advanced SiC power MOSFETs and Schottky diodes to 1700 volts as well as SiC and GaN RF power amplifier devices to 11 GHz.
Lighting Electronics
Cutting Edge Flat Screen Technologies Rob Riemen EEWeb Contributing Author Do you still use a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitor? The big tube TV's and monitors, that dominated the display market from it's inception in the 1950's up until the beginning of the millennium, have rapidly lost their dominance. The new kid in the game, the flat screen, is smaller, healthier, and produces a much higher quality picture. Because of these characteristics, flat screens have taken over the display industry. Through the evolution of display technology, a slew of methods are being used to produce a quality picture. The main form of displays that are available for purchase are Plasma, (Organic) Light Emitting Diodes (O)LED, and Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). Each provide a crisp, clear picture over the outdated CRT displays, but OLED displays are becoming the standard, and the future of flat panel technologies. Electronic displays have become a fixture in the home ever since CRT displays became cheap and readily available, but with advances in display technology, flat panel displays, such as plasma, LED, and LCD , have pushed the CRT down from it's throne, leading to revelations in new screen technologies. What started as a few experiments with cathode rays by J.J. Thomson in
1897, turned into a whole new industry of displays. J.J. Thompson was able to deflect cathode rays, which is one of the main functions of the commercially produced CRT. Engineers of Western Electric started to produce commercial display products based on this design. But, the television in the form of a CRT, as we know it today, wasn't produced commercially until 1934 by Telefunken. Over the next several years, display technology remained relatively stagnant, in terms of televisionesque displays. Other types of display technology were developed such as the Direct-View Bistable Storage Tube in 1968, which was able to provide a static display, one that didn't need to be refreshed consistently. Around the same time LED displays began entering the main stream display market, but they were mainly used as business displays, rather than in consumer televisions. The technology to implement LED technology into commercial televisions didn't materialize until much later. LCD technology began to evolve in the mid 1980's as twisted and super-twisted nematic LCD screens began entering the market.
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Each display technology has the same goal in mind, that is, produce a large number of high quality pixels in order to create a crisper, cleaner picture at high resolutions.
What started as a few experiments with cathode rays by J.J. Thomson in 1897, turned into a whole new industry of displays. J.J. Thompson was able to deflect cathode rays, which is one of the main functions of the commercially produced CRT. Engineers of Western Electric started to produce commercial display products based on this design. But, the television in the form of a CRT, as we know it today, wasn't produced commercially until 1934 by Telefunken. Over the next several years, display technology remained relatively stagnant, in terms of televisionesque displays. Other types of display technology were developed such as the Direct-View Bistable Storage Tube in 1968, which was able to provide a static display, one that didn't need to be refreshed consistently. Around the same time LED displays began entering the main
stream display market, but they were mainly used as business displays, rather than in consumer televisions. The technology to implement LED technology into commercial televisions didn't materialize until much later. LCD technology began to evolve in the mid 1980's as twisted and supertwisted nematic LCD screens began entering the market. These LCD screens didn't make much of a splash in commercial displays until the thin film transistor (TFT) LCD was introduced in 1986. The next step in display technology came in the form of plasma televisions. Plasma televisions were released in 1995 with a low resolution by Fujitsu. The most recent development in display technology is Organic LED technology. It is taking over the market and is able to produce a high quality picture without using a
TECH ARTICLE lot of resources. Oddly enough, none of these display technologies are directly related to each other. Besides LED's and OLED's all of the other types of flat screen technologies are separate in their own right. The big three screen technologies are all available today, each trying to claim their stake in the flat screen market. So what makes each display technology so different, and why do we need three different types of screen technologies? OLED, Plasma, and LCD, constitute of most of the flat panel displays used for televisions and monitors. Since each display technology is conceptually different, it is best to understand each technology in order to see why each type exists. Starting with the earliest developed flat screen technology, LCD displays have become a fixture in the display world. LCD takes advantage of the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Simple LCD displays are those that are commonly used in calculators and other simple displays. But, those displays do not produce the colors needed for current display demands. In order to create large displays using LCD technology thin-film transistors (TFT) must be implemented. In order to make the transistors work with the liquid crystal, transparent conductive Indium tin oxide (ITO) layers must be engineered to contain small capacitors with a layer of insulating liquid crystal. When all these work together a single pixel can be displayed. Hundreds of thousands of these individual TFT-LCD setups must be interconnected across the display and once that occurs, higher resolutions can be achieved. Each display technology has the same goal in mind, that is, produce a large number of high quality pixels in order to create a crisper, cleaner picture at high resolutions. In comparison to the LCD technology, the LED televisions are built around thousands of mini LEDs. The type of LED's that are able to be used to make flat panel displays is solely organic LED. The difference between normal LEDs and OLEDs is the fact that the layer in which emits light from the supplied electrical current is a film of organic compound.
Figure 1: Super-Twisted Nematic LCD Screen
Figure 2: Flexible OLED Screen
The semiconductor layer that is standard in all diodes is now organic and placed between two electrodes. Each pixel is
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Figure 3: OLED Schematic
made up of three organic diodes of green, red, and blue. These are driven together to produce a full color display. This is done without a back-light as the LEDs produce their own light. The same can be said for plasma displays. Plasma displays represent pixels in the form of cells. Each cell contains electrically charged ionized gases which produces an effect similar to miniature fluorescent lamps. This means that plasma displays have the capability for a broad spectrum of colors as well as a bright picture. Although with all of the technologies available for flat screens, each one has their ups and downs based on the physics described above.
to pushing the limits of picture quality. With a contrast ratio of 1000000:1 and above and a better display of colors puts the OLED display at the forefront of display technology. Based on the technology advancements with OLED and the green technology behind these flat screens proves that they are the prime candidate to be the future of display technology.
Each screen has benefits that make it a better choice when purchasing, but which gives the most overall value? Taking into account brightness, contrast, color, resolution and sharpness and cost, we can compare the qualities of each flat screen technology and provide an insight to what the future of flat screen technology may be leading to.
Meharris. OLED EarlyProduct. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 May 2001. Web. 18 Sept. 2013. ■
LCD and plasma screens are perfect solutions for the average consumer. The plasma screen is always bright based on the fluorescent lamp physics with a competent contrast. LCD screens do not stack up in any way compared to the other technologies and in some cases need an LED backlit display in order to provide a significant brightness. But, they are much cheaper than the other options. OLED blows these two out of the water when it comes
BIBLIOGRAPHY Medienstelle. BBC STN Matrixanzeige 540×270. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 28 July 2012. Web. 18 Sept. 2013.
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Published on Nov 13, 2013
Interview with David Elien – VP of Marketing & Business Development, Cree, Inc.; How to Backlight LCD TV Displays with Scrolling LEDs; Cree'...


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This was the Citizens Income Trust conference held on Friday 6th June 2014, at the British Library.
We would very much like to thank our main speakers: Natalie Bennett (Leader of the Green Party), Dr. Tony Fitzpatrick (Nottingham University), John McDonnell MP, and Professor Guy Standing (SOAS); the panel members: Neal Lawson (Compass), Bert[…]
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Corresponding with Humberside Police by Tim Williams. Tim was one of the Occupiers at OccupyLSX camp and like many others answered the call to stop Fracking in Balcombe, back in July, and then Barton Moss. This is an Occupier's Perspective of negotiating with the police. Other Occupiers and Protectors may not hold the same views.[…]Read more →
Economics WG Friday 6th June 2013
EWG meeting on Friday 6th June 2014 – minutes
John, Schlacke, Omar, Obi, Mary, Ellena, Janos, Tom, Steve B, Clive
1. How we create agendas? – Who will set the agenda for Friday meetings? And post it on the website? Tim will do it for the next four weeks[…]
Occupy London Economics Working Group
Preliminary Extension of Aims and Objectives
Draft 1.(1 ref.) John Courtneidge January to May 2014
Who we are:
We are a diverse group of people who are not happy with the present economic system and ant to see it evolve into something better.
Purposes, Aims and objectives:
EWG Aims[…]
Minutes – Putney Debates Planning Group
3 June 2014, Friends Euston
Present: Steve, Obi, Carl, Julie, Dave, Apologies, Tim, Chris FD, Peter C.
Omar at start & end.
Numbering relates to the erratically numbered Agenda items.
5/ Progress on Action Points – where incomplete AGREED people will report progress to the list by[…]
Tower Hamlets KONP arranged their local protest to Save their Surgeries. This is another insidious government attack on the NHS. This time local General Practitioners.
I did not catch them during their walk to all their local surgeries, but I managed to join them at Kingsley Hall where over[…]
The Crawberry Hill Community Protection Camp this morning found themselves contained to the camp. They did not even have access to the toilets 30 feet down the road.
The Humberside Police decided that due to their habit of walking slowly in front of the lorries, they were committing a crime. Please note that the Magistrates[…]
Greenpeace is turning David Cameron's constituency home into a fracking site this morning as controversial legislation clearing the way for under-house drilling is expected to be announced in the Queen's Speech later today.
More details on their site.
West Newton Camp Arrests 02/06/2014
Update:DTG02062014 23:55hours.
Humberside Police are STILL refusing to tell us or even the solicitors which station they have taken Nick and Ben over 3h after arrest.
Nick and 'Gadget' Ben have been arrested at West Newton Protection Camp for obstruction of highway while walking in vehicles into the fracking compound![…]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
August 10, 2016
Dear patients,
Fidalgo Island Walk-In Clinic is now permanently closed. Thank you for entrusting me with your urgent medical care needs. The last day to see patients was August 10, 2016. If you have not already done so, please be sure to make arrangements to find another care provider.
To assist you in receiving the care that you need, I will be happy to transfer your records to your new provider. Please sign and return a medical release of records authorization form. Please send all requests for medical records to the following:
Fidalgo Island Walk-In Clinic
Medical Records
PO Box 926
Anacortes, WA 98221
I regret that I will not be able to continue to serve you. My years here have been filled with many rewarding experiences and memorable patients.
Best wishes for your health and happiness.
Catherine Mizen, MSN, ARNP
Medical Director


text:
Allspeeds Ltd, designers and manufacturers of the Webtool™ range of products, have nominated the Webtool™ HP690 intensifier panel for the Subsea UK Innovation for Safety Award.
Safety concerns were being expressed from those working offshore in deep water with regards to the use of high pressure hydraulics and traditional ROV hydraulic intensifier panels.
Allspeeds identified that the main safety issue was that standard pressure intensifiers contain a check valve. This check valve requires a deliberate reversal of pressure in order to relieve the high pressure circuit after the intensifier has completed its task. Failure to reverse this pressure manually or in the event of an HPU or ROV breakdown causing the inability to reverse the pressure, will result in a high pressure circuit at approximately 700Bar (10,000psi) this will remain energised whilst the ROV resurfaces.
Allspeeds Ltd
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text:
Sonic Machine Factory Ships Class A Compact Series Guitar Combos
June 18, 2004
The Sonic Machine Factory announced its all-tube, all-Class A Compact 15 Watt and Compact 35 Watt. Mil-spec and hand assembled in the USA, the 2-channel reverb Compact 1x12" Celestion combos feature a reduced size cabinet, only 19" High x 10 3/4" Deep and a quieter tube buffered reverb section.
The new Compacts include several circuitry updates that have also been added to the company's original Watter series models. The considerably smaller Compact combos have a vertically mounted chassis with knobs facing up at the rear of the amp's top panel.
Says co-designer Rick Hamel, "Mark Sampson and I originally thought to mimick the response of a point-to-point amp using class A tube design only and a very thick military grade circuit board with through-hole pads and extra-wide tracings."
- Compact 15 Watt: $1629
- Compact 35 Watt: $2079
SMF COMPACT COMBOS: 15W and 35W MSRP: $1629, $2079
For more information, visit their web site at www.smfamps.com


text:
3 year old, good vocabulary, prefers men, cage with play top and toys included.$2,000
UPDATED 7/18/17 Weaned and ready for their new home. Very sweet babies! Hand fed and weaned onto pellets and fresh fruit & veggies. 2 cinnamon turquoise…$350
It breaks my heart, but I am needing to rehome my 1 year old Senegal Parrot. I am moving (unforseen) and the new landlord will not allow any pets. "Stewart…$500
Very friendly and cuddly. Loves music and talks amazingly. We can't keep him but love him dearly$450
2 Young Male Red Golden Pheasants $35.00 each.... Ready for breeding,not fully colored out but will be by end of year.Bird photo is parent bird and the…$20
These gorgeous babies are just weaned and ready for their forever homes. These babies are super friendly and sweet. The love snuggling and playing.$600
This adorable baby is available. Please Message me if interested.$125
This gorgeous English budgie is available. Please message me if interested.$175
This adorable baby is available. A sweet, playful and affectionate baby. LOVES being held! Absolutely stunning coloring. Please message me If interested…$400
Hyacinth Macaw babies currently being hand fed$13,000


text:
JUNIOR MISSES' AND MISSES' CAMISOLE TOP: Shoulder straps are optional on the back-buttoned camisole. Boning is used when straps are omitted. In Style 1, the tiny peplum and fold at the upper edge are outlined with embroidered edging. In Style 2, embroidered edging finishes the top and in Style 3, wide embroidered edging is used. Style 4 leaves a bare midriff and has a fold to finish the top.
Links to reviews/blog posts Edit
Sources/Vendors Edit
Gallery Edit
[insert your photos of this pattern made up]
Wishlist Edit
[insert your username, and make sure your preferences allow for people to contact you via e-mail. Do not list your email address here!]


text:
Author Tags: Environment, Fiction, Outdoors
"Parks have always been my passion," says George Mercer, "and after a long career and being blessed with good health I plan to make my series a success. Eventually I hope to make my little company Write Nature "count" by helping people, especially kids, reconnect with nature. It's never been about the money. I just want people to read my writing and hopefully get something out of it."
E. George Mercer of North Saanich was born on May 1, 1957 at Gander, Newfoundland. For more than three decades he worked as a national park warden in Canada, including work in six national parks on both east and west coasts, the North and the Rocky Mountains. His passionate interest in parks and protected areas fuels his writing. He has a website for non-fiction writing and another for fiction. He came to B.C. in 2004.
Mercer's first self-published novel, Dyed in the Green (2014), is part of a planned five-book series about Canadian national park wardens and their exploits with poachers, developers and bureaucrats. Initially set in Cape Breton Highlands National Park, this "Dyed In The Green" series will follow a main character across Canada.
The sequel, Wood Buffalo, is set in Wood Buffalo National Park (northern Alberta and the NWT). The third and fourth books will alternate between Jasper National Park and an African national park. He envisions his series will conclude in British Columbia's Southern Gulf Islands.
Dyed in the Green (2014) $19.99 978-0-9879754-0-9
Wood Buffalo, $19.99 9780987975423 / ebook $9.99 9780987975430
Dyed In the Green
Review (2015)
by Gerry Lister
I received a "sponsored ad" on my Facebook for a book titled Dyed In The Green which was published in early 2015. It is a novel written by a retired Canadian National Park Warden who worked in national parks all over Canada. The information provided said that the book would be the first in a series of books inspired by the men and women of Canada's national parks. The synopsis for the book states: "National Park Warden Ben Matthews expected challenges with his new posting at Cape Breton Highlands. But he got more than he bargained for. Facing a notorious poacher with a reputation for letting nothing get in his way, and the local communities who viewed poaching as part of their way of life, Ben and the park wardens are drawn into an intricate game of cat and mouse that takes a turn no one could have imagined.
Set along the world-famous Cabot Trail, Dyed In The Green is a powerful story of egos, greed and corruption, pulling readers along on an emotional rollercoaster that weaves bitter rivalries into a gripping story about protecting one of Canada's iconic, special places."
Well I was sold. If the book measured up to this synopsis, it should be a decent read. I was particularly intrigued with the fact that it was a novel about park wardens set in my home country. My fear was that it would just be a Canadianized version of the Nevada Barr novels, which, for the most part, are just murder mysteries with the US National Parks as the backdrop. I don't mind a good murder mystery, but because I prefer to read "warden books", I always hope that the next novel I read doesn't veer too far that way. I contacted George and obtained a copy for review.
The first chapter of Dyed In The Green didn't let on where this book would go, but as the chapters began to unfold, it was clear that this was primarily a book about some of the hurdles faced by parks wardens of a decade or more ago. Although no specific time period is ever stated, one can assume that the author is drawing upon his own experiences in the Cape Breton Highlands, and the story is taking place in the 1980's or 1990's. That is further borne out by the author's very good depiction of the working conditions of the wardens, and the fact that the wardens are generalists, and go about their duties without the benefit of cellphones or sidearms. Anyone with any knowledge of the current Warden Service knows that they are now a small, armed and strictly law enforcement focused agency. That was not the case for nearly 100 years, and the challenges of not only being unarmed, but of not being autonomous from the individual park's Superintendent, and of having only semi-functional equipment are key elements of this story.
Author George Mercer has created his own unique, but historically accurate genre with Dyed In The Green. While drugs, murder and other crimes are prevalent in this book, they are not the main substance of the story. We are all aware that many hardcore poachers also have a propensity for other crimes, so it is not a stretch to have the two worlds overlap as they do in this novel. The way that the author then takes certain elements of the criminal world and the wildlife poaching world, and drapes them with the fabric of the Cape Breton culture to create his storyline, is really quite creative and imaginative, yet completely plausible and believable.
I really enjoyed Dyed In The Green. It was full of interesting regional characters, outsiders trying to fit in but do their job, suspense, action, drama and sorrow. I was drawn into the story and found it very compelling and captivating. Not only was it a book that I found hard to put down, but it was one that left me wanting more when it was done. I have to say that the official synopsis for this book was pretty accurate in all respects.
I'm happy to know that more novels are planned in this series, and I am definitely looking forward to the next one, Wood Buffalo, for which there is a teaser at the end of this book.
Dyed In The Green (ISBN 978-0-9879754-0-9) is 350 pages (not including the Wood Buffalo teaser) and is available in both a soft-cover trade paperback, and also in eBook format. The book is for sale at close to 80 bookstores across Canada with a suggested retail price of $19.99. It can also be ordered directly from George by following this link - http://georgemercer.com/purchasing/. The shipping process quoted there is only for shipping within Canada, but you can contact him directly at email@example.com for "international" shipping rates. If you are eBook inclined, electronic versions of the book can be purchased online from Amazon.com ($7.89 USD, $9.99 CDN) and Kobobooks.com ($9.99 USD).
-- International Game Warden Magazine, provided by Gerry Lister, 2015


text:
Villanova, PA – Torrid shooting from 3-point range put Villanova up early against Maine, allowing the Wildcats to ease into Round 2.
Villanova (20-13) made seven 3's in the first half and had a 23-point advantage at one point; Alex Louin had five 3-pointers and closed with 17 points, while Lauren Burford was 5-for-5 from long range to finish with 15 points. Sigi Koizar scored 22 points for the Black Bears (23-9), and Mikaela Gustafsson added 17 points.
Villanova will host Old Dominion in Round Two on Sunday, March 22 at 2 p.m. ET.


text:
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text:
Home History Accomplishments Future Goals Endorsements Media Event Support
Re-Elect Council Member
David R. Gutierrez
To Our City Council
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
Experience History Vision
Dedicated and Committed to the City of San Gabriel
"It is hard to believe that it has been eight years since I was first elected. These past eight years have afforded me many opportunities as a member of the City Council to make our city a better place to live and work. As a lifelong resident and third generation family member to live in our city, I have always enjoyed giving back to the city that has been a home to my family since 1913.
I am proud of many things I have been able to accomplish; especially the results of the effort I have made to improve emergency services. I feel a true sense of accomplishment in seeing a huge upgrade with regard to our frontline equipment, in addition training and additional personnel. This in part, is as a result of many trips to Sacramento and Washington D.C. where I lobbied for funding for our city. My message to those who make the decisions about where the money should go was clear … San Gabriel may be small, but we want our fair share of the pie. I know there is much more to do, and am enthusiastic about the many projects in the works, especially the construction of a new police facility that will provide accommodations for state of the art technology and equipment in addition to much needed space for our police personnel. I consider it an honor to be a member of the City Council, and I respectfully ask for your vote on March 3rd."


text:
Quick Look
Property brokered by
Get more listing details on brokerage site
Property DetailsFor sale is a very well maintained, detached house. It was built in 1981 in Bad Sooden-Allendorf OT Ellershausen. Furthermore, the house is a large hall garage with 4 car parking spaces, a balcony, a sauna, and a soapstone stove and a fireplace.a spacious 4-room apartment is located above the ground floor. In the large living-dining room with access to large balcony. There is an open fireplace and a soapstone stove, which provide comfortable warmth. Subsequent spacious kitchen is equipped with a fitted kitchen.The bedroom has access to a further room which is currently used as an office. Alternatively, one can imagine this space as a walk-in closet. Another room is for their children or guests. In the spacious bathroom has a shower with glass shower, a bathtub, a toilet, bidet and double washbasin.The stairs to the ground floor and the top floor are made of marble.On the ground floor, which also include the storerooms and the heating, there are also two barrier-free living and sleeping rooms, a utility room and a sauna with shower and toilet.Find your new home to live and work.The spacious hall with up to 6 parking spaces can also be used as a workshop.The attic can be expanded into a sep. Apartment. Connections for sewage, hot and cold water and heating.is heated with an oil-fired central heating from 2001. Upstairs is a heated floor, the ground floor heaters are installed.The house has no residue renovation.
Area Detailed Information
Area Weather
Area Cost Index
Area Property Prices
Additional Property InformationThis single family listing located in Bad Sooden-allendorf / Ellershausen boasts four bedrooms and one bathroom. The property is currently offered at Price Upon Request.
This property is listed by VON POLL IMMOBILIEN located in Germany.


text:
Offering a range of health and leisure facilities, this boutique hotel provides beautiful views of its gardens. Guests are welcomed in a lobby with 24-hour reception and check-out service. The air-conditioned property offers 59 guests rooms, a themed bar, vitamin bar, disco and restaurant. Younger guests can enjoy the playground. A hotel safe, currency exchange facilities, a games room, TV lounge, Internet access and a garage are also available. For additional fees, guests may take advantage of the laundry service and bicycle hire.
The centre of the spectacular Hierapolis-Pamukkale is 1.5 km away from the hotel.
The rooms feature a direct dial telephone, en suite bathroom with shower, bath and WC, a hairdryer, a fire alarm, wake-up service, a balcony, satellite/cable TV, central heating and split air conditioning. They are furnished with double beds. Internet access, a minibar and tea and coffee making facilities also come as standard.
This hotel allows clients to pamper themselves with its outdoor swimming pool with children's section, a thermal pool, sauna, hot tub and massage therapies. Guests may also make use of the professional football field and grab refreshments from the poolside snack bar.
A selection of Turkish and vegetarian cuisine is available, served either outside or in the restaurant. A breakfast buffet is served each morning.
MasterCard and VISA are accepted as methods of payment.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Satellite cable TV
Internet access
Tea Coffee
Double bed


text:
A Levels: English Language & Literature
Why study English Language & Literature?
As its name suggests, this course is an opportunity to study both spoken and written English. Discussing fiction, non-fiction, prose and poetry will hone your critical and analytical skills. You'll also have plenty of scope to develop your own writing – all incredibly useful preparation for Higher Education, making this the ideal arts course to complement your other subjects. This course is accepted by universities for a wide range of courses, including speech and language therapy, education and English and teacher training. It's also an excellent choice if you have ambitions to go into publishing, journalism or produce the next great English novel!
What will I study?
You will study for two examined modules.
The first, "Voices in Speech and Writing" includes the study of an anthology of 20th and 21st century voices, ranging from newspaper reportage to transcripts of interviews. You will also study a modern play.
The second, "Varieties in Language and Literature" will involve the study of different texts around a shared theme such as "Society and the Individual"; this will include a novel, poetry, and a range of non-fiction extracts. Coursework will involve the independent study of texts from a selection with a common focus, such as the First World War; you will then learn how to write your own fiction and non-fiction based on these texts, and how to reflect upon and explain your creative process.
How will I be assessed?
This is a linear A Level, with all assessments at the end of your Second Year. You will take two exams, one for each of the modules above. Your coursework portfolio will make up 20% of your total grade. There will be internal assessments throughout the course to monitor and develop your progress.
What are the entry requirements?
The entry requirements to an A Level programme is five GCSEs at grade 4 or above, including English Language and Mathematics.
What Havant adds to this
You'll have the opportunity to attend talks by visiting speakers and travel to university lectures and study conferences. You'll also get to see professional theatre productions.
Your destinations with this course


text:
July 22, 2017 Disclaimer: Please read.
Statements and opinions expressed in articles are those of the authors, not Truthdig. Truthdig takes no responsibility for such statements or opinions.
Beyond Colbert: Why We Need Progressive People of Color on TV
Posted on Apr 17, 2014
(Page 2)
On issue after issue, communities of color tend toward more progressive politics in general, and for this reason at least progressives should not just aspire to see a more diverse media landscape but demand it. As this conservative analysis fears, a more diverse America will mean less conservatism in the future. And this is a good thing.
Today's media landscape faces multiple challenges including the coming flood of electoral advertising revenue as a result of the recent Supreme Court ruling on McCutcheon v. FEC, and an imminent merger between two giant telecommunications companies, Comcast and Time Warner. With the spaces for a free press narrowing each day and the unfettered dominance of moneyed interests in our electoral politics, an independent, diverse, representative media is absolutely crucial to our democracy now more than ever.
Right now my own community radio station, KPFK Pacifica, is attempting to break into the tightly controlled television market. Pacifica Network, one of the oldest and most venerable broadcast institutions in the country, has partnered with Free Speech TV, one of the very few television outlets showcasing progressive politics, in the hopes of bringing a greater diversity of voices to television. Without corporate backers to underwrite the project, we have turned to the public in the hopes that a hunger for more diverse news programming will drive ordinary people to crowdfund a campaign to televise the show that I host, "Uprising." Written and produced by two women of color, our program is by no means representative of the entirety of racial, ethnic, immigrant and native communities of color in the U.S., but it is a good start to the conversation that progressives must have even as they celebrate Colbert's move into a coveted network TV slot.
Television is where the majority of Americans obtain news and information. If democracy depends on informed decision making by the public, how information is presented, by whom and with what political bent, naturally shapes policies that affect us all. It is past time that personalities behind the microphones are people we all can relate to.
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text: The premises are located on the southern outskirts of Oswestry, just off Maesbury Road and within easy access of the A5 and the A483. Radfords Field Industrial Estate forms part of the principal established industrial estate for the town of Oswestry, with Maesbury Road being the main spine road linking the A483 with the town centre. Description The estate comprises 15 workspace units ranging from 748 to 2,971 sq ft, arranged in three terraces. Each unit contains office, production area and w.c. accommodation and can be accessed via a goods loading door to the production area or separate personnel doors. Each unit has production area heaters and 3-phase electricity supply. There are designated parking spaces, communal car park and landscaped areas. (All measurements are approximate only) Unit 7 228.7 sq m (2,462 sq ft) Unit 7a 161.8 as m (1,742 sq ft) Unit 11 94.3 sq m (1,015 sq ft) Unit 12 93 sq m (1,001 sq ft)The units are available on new tenants internal repairing and insuring leases on flexible terms to be agreed. In addition to the rent, the leases will be subject to service charge provisions and further details are available from the agents upon request.Interested parties should make their own enquiries to the Local Authority. We have made non-verbal enquiries to Shropshire Council and can confirm the following: Unit Rateable Value Rates Payable 7 £10,000 £4,800 7a £7,200 £709.90 11 £4,750 £0 12 £4,750 £0 Please note: business rates payable reflect the govenrments current policy on small business rates relief. We cannot guarantee that this relief will continue indefinitely.


text:
THis is a very small motel, less than 1 mile from the Historic Area of Williamsburg. An easy walk. It's also a 10 minute drive to Busch Gardens. Although the room was outdated, including the pink bathroom, this motel was clean and affordable, it you just want a place to sleep. We had a fridge and a microwave, so we took our own Breakfast foods and had a place to stash some beer and wine for after the long day at the attractions. While we were there, there was a mechanical problem with the hot water. There was plumbers on site and it was fixed by the time we got back from touring. The front desk apologized for any inconvenience. There is a small convenience store a short walk away, as well as a Harris Teeter (grocery store) about a mile away. There was a steak and seafood house a block away and also a pancake house a short walk away. We did not go to any of those, so we don't know how they are. Overall a good place to stay if you don't want to spend a fortune.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Bassett motel is currently located among Virginia's most desirable attractions. History, theme parks (Busch gardens & Water country USA), College of William and Mary, Prime outlet mall and golf course are all only minute away from your first choice of motels. This motel is ideally located just one block (walking distance) from historical colonial Williamsburg and 1.5 miles from Busch gardens & Water country USA. ... more less
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Booking.com, Expedia, Hotels.com, Orbitz, Travelocity, Hotwire and Cheap Tickets so you can book your Bassett Motel reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Bassett Hotel Williamsburg


text:
Opened in 2008, this is the first global brand-name hotel located within the immediate vicinity of Singapore Changi Airport. With direct access to the airport's new Terminal 3, it is less an airport hotel and more a superbly comfortable and stylish hotel in an extremely convenient location. The 320-room hotel is hi-tech with sleek, modern lines and features rooms with private patios and poolside sundecks; creative oval-shaped meeting rooms; plus 'secret gardens' that will surprise and delight guests. Fully air-conditioned, the hotel features a lobby with 24-hour reception service, hotel safe, currency exchange facilities and lift access. Additional services include a business centre, gift shop, airport meet-&-greet service, concierge service, laundry and dry cleaning service (fees apply) and disability-friendly facilities. Dining options include a caf�, bar and restaurant, and conference facilities and Internet access are available (the latter for a fee). Room service is provided for a fee, and guests arriving by car can leave their vehicles in the nearby car park (fees apply).The hotel includes 209 36 m� deluxe rooms. Displaying aspects of both a city hotel and a resort hotel, they are at the same time high-tech and warm - plugged-in yet chilled-out - and thus give a pleasant and rejuvenating experience to weary travellers. The hotel offers a selection of room types with king-size, queen-size or twin beds, private patios and poolside sundecks. Each room features a desk, high-speed Internet access, cable/satellite TV, in-room safe, individually regulated air conditioning and a minibar/mini fridge. Further facilities include hairdryer, direct dial telephone, radio, tea and coffee making facilities and an ironing set. Each bathroom comes with a freestanding over-sized bathtub and a separate shower. Disability-friendly and both smoking and non-smoking rooms are available.
The hotel is conveniently linked to Terminal 3 of Changi International Airport via a covered walkway. Guests arriving into Singapore at terminals 1 and 2 can also reach the hotel via the Airport's new automated People Mover System - the Sky Train - which comprises ten trains. The Skytrain operates from 0500hrs to 0230hrs daily. The service is free and it takes approximately 1-4 minutes to travel between terminals. The average waiting time for the skytrain is between 1 to 3 minutes.


text:
Snugpak Special Forces Military Surplus 2 Sleeping Bag
Item # WX2-128486
Snugpak Special Forces Military Surplus 2 Sleeping Bag
Item # WX2-128486
You May Also Like
Guide Gear Digi Camo Mummy Sleeping Bag, 10 DegreesBuyer's Club $19.79 Non-Member $21.99
American Trails Pendleton Rectangular Sleeping Bag, 5 lbs. FillBuyer's Club $40.49 Non-Member $44.99
Exxel Outdoors Summit Rectangular Sleeping Bag, 35 DegreeBuyer's Club $19.79 Non-Member $21.99
- Details & Specs
SnugpakTM Special Forces Sleeping Bags Military tough for all your outdoor adventures!
NATO-issue military surplus Sleeping Bags pack light and small! Tested by troops to make the grade in the toughest conditions. Take your pick between the Special Forces 1, tested to 32°F, or the Special Forces 2, tested to 14°F for your winter camping missions.
(Please note: Comfort temperature figures stated assume you will be sleeping lightly clothed (thermal base layer or pajamas) within a tent on a good quality sleep mat.) Made to meet military specifications... and YOUR tough, long-term use!Special Forces Military surplus Bag 2 features:
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HQ ISSUE 48" x 72" Mosquito Nets, 6 PackBuyer's Club $17.99 Non-Member $19.99
Kamp - Rite® Lightweight Economy CotBuyer's Club $26.99 Non-Member $29.99


text:
- God's acre
- noun Date: 1617 churchyard
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
New Collegiate Dictionary. 2001.
God's Acre — is the traditional name given to the graveyards of Congregations of the Moravian Church. The first was at Herrnhut Saxony in Germany, the Moravian Mother Congregation. The name comes from the symbolic gesture of the bodies of the Moravian dead… … Wikipedia
God's acre — God God (g[o^]d), n. [AS. god; akin to OS. & D. god, OHG. got, G. gott, Icel. gu[eth], go[eth], Sw. & Dan. gud, Goth. gup, prob. orig. a p. p. from a root appearing in Skr. h[=u], p. p. h[=u]ta, to call upon, invoke, implore. [root]30. Cf.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
God's acre — Acre A cre, n. [OE. aker, AS. [ae]cer; akin to OS. accar, OHG. achar, Ger. acker, Icel. akr, Sw. [*a]ker, Dan. ager, Goth. akrs, L. ager, Gr. ?, Skr. ajra. [root]2, 206.] 1. Any field of arable or pasture land. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] 2. A piece of … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
God's acre — n. a burial ground, esp. one in a churchyard … English World dictionary
God's acre — n. a cemetery. □ When I end up in God's acre, I want everything to go on without me. □ They're planting somebody new in God's acre … Dictionary of American slang and colloquial expressions
God's acre — God s′ a′cre n. a churchyard • Etymology: 1610–20; trans. of G Gottesacker … From formal English to slang
God's acre — archaic a churchyard. → God … English new terms dictionary
God's acre — a cemetery, esp. one adjacent to a church; churchyard. [1610 20; trans. of G Gottesacker] * * * … Universalium
God's acre — noun A Christian place of burial; a churchyard … Wiktionary
god's acre — graveyard of a church, cemetery … English contemporary dictionary


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Human survivability with supply chain disruptions and its effect on populations
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Refugees that organize for good and for ill
Many people could be sojourners in these towns, especially if a dollar collapse happened in Winter. Imagine someone walking 20 miles in Winter. Not too many people have a lick of sense nowadays and dress properly. They assume that they won't need a cap and gloves, or a thick coat, or proper shoes...for they're just running a quick errand. The alternative is sleeping in an unheated vehicle and stranded. Even if they got a fire going outside, if it's the open, the wind would cut through them like a knife. Then they would be choosing between a hurried 20 mile walk in the cold or snow, versus all night in cold vehicle. No fun and mostly likely getting sick or frostbite in some cases.
The air is very dry in Winter due to low humidity. Most people wouldn't have any idea how to source water. They'd be entirely at the mercy of a local offering them water. And food? They're definitely not foraging in Winter and finding any amounts that would offset the calories burned.
Most likely this means organizing in a collapse. Some refugees would realize it was better to pool their resources by siphoning from their gas tank and into a reliable vehicle and taking a route that drops people off if returning to their home towns. Of course this means good social skills, networking, and communications. Many more people will be looking for public assistance.
Some good Samaritans are out there. There's always altruistic folks, often spiritual of one kind or another, often from a history of being poor and helping out someone in the same boat. A lot are patriots, or simply kind, and a few will give people lifts. With so much chaos, it's doubtful that anyone will chose to take the road as it's very uncertain what lies in store for them.
Others will take on a gang mentality. The most vocal will organize people to become a group and try to persuade local officials for water, bathrooms, shelter, food, etc. This is liable to cause great conflict. If officials don't help them, it will get out of hand. If they help them, they'll be stuck helping them. It's a no-win situation.
I really expect livestock to be slaughtered by folks who are packing weapons, and perhaps bugging out, for there's not really prime hunting in Winter. Animals have instinct and burrow underground in warm nests with food and water. They seldom are active unless they too are very hungry. Mostly this is a few rodents, and without a rifle or practice trapping, their best option is culling the herd of an animal or two. Taking someone's livestock in a collapse will probably result in severe violence to the perpetrator. See One Second After by Forstchen:
link to www.onesecondafter.com
There's strength in numbers, and many refugees will attempt to stay together in order to have some measure of safety. The flip-side is that once out of sight of other refugees, you may get robbed of what meager supplies you have. If a refugee party passes through a town, unless a specific group member has major skills in law enforcement, a soldier, a trapper, a doctor/nurse, an engineer, a farmer, etc then probably the locals will want you to keep moving. If one person in the party steals, then the whole group will get blamed for theft. Do you really want to be walking with them?
Bugging out is almost always a bad idea.
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4184 Ranchero Drive, Dorr 49323
See more homes for sale in Dorr, MI
This property has been Sold!
06/30/2016 at $148,500
Very well maintained Cape Code Home! Original Owners! 4 Bedrooms, 2 full baths, additional family room with fireplace, enclosed sun room/patio with a work shop off the back. New siding (the home was completely tyvek wrapped when new siding was installed),New roof (radiant heat insulation in roof). New windows, new hot water heater. Large Lot with extensive landscaping, fenced in yard with underground water to the garden area.Storage Shed
Property Information
- Status
- Sold
- Address
- 4184 Ranchero Drive
- City
- Dorr
- Zip
- 49323
- County
- Allegan
- Township
- Dorr Twp
- Possession
- Zoning
- Res
- Total Finished SqFt
- 1,828
- Above Grade SqFt
- 1,828
- Garage Desc.
- 2, Attached
- Water
- Well
- Sewer
- Septic System
- Year Built
- 1970
- Taxes
- $1,500
Rooms and Land
- MasterBedroom
- 1st Floor
- Bedroom2
- 1st Floor
- Bedroom3
- 2nd Floor
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- Acreage
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Listing Video for 4184 Ranchero Drive, Dorr MI 49323
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Listing Courtesy of Five Star Real Estate (grandv)
Office Address 4249 Parkway Place
Listing Agent Patricia A Senneker
Listings last updated: . Some properties that appear for sale on this web site may subsequently have been sold and may no longer be available.
Our Michigan real estate agents can answer all of your questions about 4184 Ranchero Drive, Dorr MI 49323. Real Estate One, Max Broock Realtors, and J&J Realtors are part of the Real Estate One Family of Companies and dominate the Dorr, Michigan real estate market. To sell or buy a home in Dorr, Michigan, contact our real estate agents as we know the Dorr, Michigan real estate market better than anyone with over 100 years of experience in Dorr, Michigan real estate for sale.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site appears in part from the IDX programs of our Multiple Listing Services. Real Estate listings held by brokerage firms other than Real Estate One includes the name and address of the listing broker where available.
IDX information is provided exclusively for consumers personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for any purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested in purchasing.
All information deemed materially reliable but not guaranteed. Interested parties are encouraged to verify all information. Copyright© 2017 MichRIC LLC, All rights reserved.


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Download [email protected] apk 1.2 free for Android smartphone
Posted by Captive Health Limited in Health & Fitness | Aug. 20, 2014 | 0 Comments
Apk file size: 5.2 MB
This is a pilot App. Please be aware that the content is for test purposes and may not be fully reliable.
App description:
Do you use NHS community services in Barnet, Hammersmith & Fulham, Kensington & Chelsea or Westminster?
This App is provided by Central London Community Healthcare (CLCH) and helps users of our services to:
- Find your way to our many clinics, sites and locations
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- Get service-specific health literature
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This App includes lots of handy links and resources for patients, including:
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You will also be able to rate the app and provide feedback as we develop it further in future. Planned developments will enable you to give feedback on the services you use and get news and updates tailored to your preferences.
Whats new
Some requested fix.
Captive Health Limited part of our Health & Fitness and have average installs from 100 to 500. Last Update Aug. 20, 2014. Google play rating is 100.0. Current verison is 1.2. Actual size 5.2 MB.


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Doctor insights on:
Pain And Tingling In Foot
Dizzy/blurred vision temporarily, headache/forehead/eye pressure fast rhr and right leg pain and tingling in foot mostly some in leg as well.
A scan is needed: I would see the doctor as this can be a brain issue or a nerve issue. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Tingling (Definition)
Tingling is a pins and needle like sensation anywhere on the body. May also be termed paresthesia. Can experience when elbow is bumped (funny bone), or even from frostbite. On its own, unlikely significant but may be part of nerve pathology from ...Read more
Pain in lower back above butt-right side. Standing causes pain in knee, tingling in foot/toes, numbness. History of tissue damage + curve of spine?
Needs evaluation: You are describing symptoms that suggest possibly some nerves are being pinched. Would suggest getting evaluated to determine the cause of your symptoms. ...Read more
Neck pain with arm and hand pain and tingling in left foot...What coul it be?
Pinched nerve: This sounds a lot like a pinched nerve in the neck. The left foot tingling is unusual for a pinched nerve in the neck so it would suggest a different diagnosis or 2 separate unrelated diagnoses. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
Twisted ankle 3weeks ago & still in pain. past few days tingling in foot.What would cause tingling/should I go to urgent care or wait 3days to see dr ?
Difficult to say: If there is significant swelling, you can be developing compartment syndrome which represents a potentially devastating condition that needs emergent treatment. If there is no significant weakness nor swelling, you can probably wait the 3 days. ...Read more
Hi I am having an issue with my right hips sharp pain buttock shooting pain side of leg and tingling in foot. The pain is awful been taking tylenol (acetaminophen) and motrin not helping at all.
Sounds like: a DISC problem in your Lumbar Spine !!!!! See an Orthopedist/Spine Specialist!!! The pain is "referred pain" called" Radiculopathy" Hope this helps! Dr Z ...Read more
Muscle weakness,spasms/twitching,pain,numbness& tingling,foot drop,vision&hearing issues,skin burning sensation,all only r. side of body head to toe. ?
See neurologist: Your neurologic symptoms are concerning, You should see a neurologist to evaluate for multiple sclerosis or other neurologic condition. ...Read more
Headaches, back pain, neck pain, tingling in right foot and pain in leg, weak, tired, not eating or drinking. Blood work, ecg, holter, echo, stress test-normal?
Cervical. Spondylosi: Need to rule out cervical spondylosis.Get a more detailed answer ›
Experiencing pain and tingling in left leg/foot. MRI shows herniated disc L4 L5 with L5 nerve impingement but EMG was normal. Get a 2nd EMG?
Physical therapy: In a case where there are symptoms of nerve impingement, and some tests show it (MRI) and others don't (EMG), this may reflect the positional and postural nature of the way our spinal cord and nerve roots move in our body. Rather than get more testing, consider physical therapy. If several weeks of PT had no benefit, then follow-up in person with a neurologist, physiatrist, or neurosurgeon. ...Read more
What could be the cause of my back pain and foot tingling?
Pinched nerve: An injury to spinal disk or a nerve in the back can create both of the problems you mentioned. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer
I have been running recently, and now when I bend/flex my big toe I get a tingling pain in my foot. What's wrong?
Local nerve: trauma? Dear ErikD, I wonder if your sneaker is rubbing your toe in the area where the nerve run. sometimes, tight shoes can cause this or frequent small traumas to the area when running. You might want to change sneakers or protect the area better. Dr. C ...Read more
- Talk to a doctor live online for free
- Hip pain and tingling in foot
- Foot pain and tingling in toes
- Sharp tingling pain in foot
- Ask a doctor a question free online
- Knee pain tingling foot
- Knee pain and foot tingling
- Knee pain and tingling in foot
- Pain in calf and tingling in foot
- Talk to a neurologist online


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Wonderful refreshed and renovated home on the Dogwood Trail in Beautiful North Knoxville. Check out the renovated new kitchen with granite counter tops and modern stove exhaust fan. Be a part of this great community with refinished hardwood floors, fresh paint, new HVAC, recent landscaping, and much more! 4BR, 2Ba, wood-burning fire place, new vinyl siding, stone front, new windows in a quiet community! Sellers are motivated and ready to sell! Bring all offers! You will not want to miss out on this great find!
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5505 NE Dogwood Rd, Knoxville, TN, 37918 is a Single Family Home for sale at $189,750 with 2,178 sqft. 5505 NE Dogwood Rd has 4 bedrooms, 2.0 baths, and was built in 1945. The property's zip code is 37918 which is in Knoxville, TN
Based on 20.00 % down and a 4.13 % financing rate
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Each Weichert® Franchised Office Is Independently Owned and Operated
Information deemed reliable but not guaranteed.
The data relating to real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the IDX Program of the Knoxville Area Association
of REALTORS® Multiple Listing Service.
© Copyright 2017. All Rights Reserved.
Financial calculator disclaimer:
Default based on a 30-year fixed rate of 4.125% with 20% down. The estimated payment is offered for convenience and is not an offer of credit. Due to market fluctuations, interest rates are subject to change at any time and without notice. Your individual rate may vary. Rates may differ for FHA, VA or jumbo loans.


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National Occupational Injury Research Symposium (NOIRS)
NOTE: This page is archived for historical purposes and is no longer being maintained or updated.
Steve Spata
Steve Spata, Technical Services Manager with the National Truck Equipment Association (NTEA), has served as an engineer in the automotive industry for eighteen years. Since 1994, he has worked with industry and government to further the safety and quality of commercial vehicles. Mr. Spata also manages several industry groups of specialized vehicle manufacturers within the Association such as the Ambulance Manufacturers Division (AMD), Mid-Size Bus Manufacturers Association (MSBMA) and the Articulating Crane Council of North America (ACCNA). Through his Association work, he has authored many articles and developed tools and publications to assist the NTEA's membership with their responsibilities related to the vehicles and equipment they produce and the regulations promulgated by the NHTSA, FMCSA, OSHA and other Federal agencies.
- Page last reviewed: May 11, 2009 (archived document)
- Content source:
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Division of Safety Research


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Fedora 13 beta goes live
"Goddard" takes flight
Today the Fedora Project announced the launch of Fedora 13 beta, codenamed Goddard, after the rocket scientist of the same name.
"Rather than spend our time inefficiently trying to depart from the collaborative model, we embrace it. That means that our distribution serves as a force to better integrate technology from upstream -- not hack around it," said Paul Frields, Fedora Project Leader.
With Goddard comes a number of updates and new features for end users and developers alike. For the first time in Fedora history it's possible to install a Python 3 stack in parallel to the current Python 2.6, allowing developers to better optimize and increase the compatibility of their work.
Another treat for developers is an improved GNU debugger that allows unified information for C/C++ libraries and Python, all in the same running process.
Sys admins can now roll back entire file system states thanks to improvements to the btrfs file system.
In addition to plenty of improvements for developers and sys admins, The new release includes some new features for end users. Zarafa replaces Exchange as the included email client and PackageKit, an entirely new application, detects a user's actions and offers to install software assistants.
These automated features help to make Fedora more accessible, something Frields and his team strive for with each release of the OS. "I'm very excited about the improvements we've made to how the hardware 'just works' in Fedora."
Included in the beta are open source drivers for most NVidia, ATI and Intel video cards, automatic print driver support, automatic codec installation, and automatic content syncing for music devices –– yes, even for the iPhone and iPod line. The Fedora 13 beta runs the Gnome 2.30 desktop as its default UI.
The beta, documentation, and wiki can be found here. Frields says the beta period will last through May 4 and recommends that people interested in the beta create a live USB key. Instructions on how to do that can be found here.
"The feedback we get from community testers is a vital part of open source development. We can't fix bugs we don't know about," he said.
Re: ErrorsThanks for catching the 2.3 typo, but Zarafa, which is being packaged with Fedora for the first time, is a drop-in replacement for Microsoft's Exchange Server messaging and groupware. http://press.redhat.com/201...ra-13-goddard-beta-blasts-off/
A clarification would help, but it's not an outright error.
How's this: Included for the first time in Fedora's history Zarafa. Zarafa can serve as a drop-in groupware replacement for Exchange and features the standard email, calendar and other collaboration tools we've come to expect from an email client.
Few mistakes in articleJust some quick nots.
First, Zarafa is email server, competition to MS Exchange.
It cannot replace Exchange in Fedora as Exchange is proprietary windows-only software.
Gnome in F13 is 2.30 not 2.3
Issue 201/2017
Buy this issue as a PDF
Kolab Now Integrates Collabora Online
Kolab Now subscribers now have access to Collabora Online.
Endless OS, a Distribution Without Internet
A new version of Endless OS has been released.
GitHub Announces Open Source Friday Program
They encourage people to take time out and work on open source projects on Friday.
System76 Announces Their Own Distro, Pop!_OS
Pop!_OS is based on Ubuntu and uses the Gnome stack.
Linus Torvalds Talks About His Motivation
He never tires of working on the Linux kernel.
Debian 9 Stretches Its Wings
The new release of Debian has a very strong focus on security.
Trojan Turns Raspberry Pi into a Cryptocurrency Mining Device
Two trojans in the wild are targeting Linux machines.
Fedora 26 Beta Comes with New Features
The workstation comes with the latest Gnome desktop environment and support for many application build systems.
Raspberry Pi Foundation Merges with CoderDojo Foundation
The two foundations join forces to expand their efforts to reach young people.
Samba Security Hole Patched but Risk is Bigger
Millions of devices that use Samba Server are vulnerable to attacks.


text:
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Fastest 50 mm macro lens for the 24 x 36 full frame. Very high image quality over the entire focusing range from infinity to the close-focus limit at half life-size. Optical system with floating element and longlife full metal precision mechanics.
|Focal Length
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