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Better than Rational: Evolutionary Psychology and the Invisible Hand
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1 Better than Rational: Evolutionary Psychology and the Invisible Hand Leda Cosmides; John The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May, 1994), Stable URL: %2984%3A2%3C327%3ABTREPA%3E2.O.CO%3B2-9 The American Economic Review is currently published by American Economic Association. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at stor.org/journals/aea.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact Fri Sep 10 17:38:
2 Better than Rational: Evolutionary Psychology and the Invisible Hand Several years ago, we attended an interdisciplinary seminar on what were purported to be "biases" in negotiation behavior. The economists, psychologists, and biologists present were mulling over the data when, suddenly, a prominent economist lit up. "Ah, I see,'" he said, "behavior is either rational or it's psychological." This formulation stuck in our minds, because it seemed to succinctly give voice to a tacit assumption held by many economists -one that we think works to the detriment of economics, by isolating it from the relevant parts of biology, psychology, and the rest of the natural sciences. This assumption is that rational behavior is the state of nature, requiring no explanation. Explanations that invoke the cognitive processes that actually generate human choices are required only when behavior deviates from this state of nature. In this view, economics is grounded in assumptions of rational behavior, is theoretically constructed out of what logically follows from assuming rational behavior, and gains specificity by plugging in a variety of variables that are kept exogenous to economics, such as preferences. Merchants of the ad hoc and exogenous, psychologists are called in only to provide second-order corrections to economic theory, usually by furnishing a catalog of oddities and quirks in human reasoning (e.g., "biases" and "fallacies"-many of which are turning out to be experimental artifacts or misinterpretations; see G. *Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, and Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, respectively. For enlightening discussions, we warmly thank Gerd Gigerenzer, Robert Nozick, and Paul Romer. For financial support, we are grateful to the McDonell Foundation and NSF Grant No. BNS to Tooby. 32 Gigerenzer, 1991). And for the many behavioral domains where standards of rationality are unclear or undefined, economics is presently mute. From a broader scientific perspective, this formulation is decidedly odd. Rational behavior is not, in any sense, the state of nature. Not behaving at all is the state of nature in a universe that includes lifeless planets, prebiotic soup, mountains, trees, and tables. All departures from this state of inaction require explanation. Moreover, the behavioral repertoires of various animals differ profoundly from one another, and this must be explained as well: bats cannot speak, and we cannot navigate through echolocation. Humans and other animals reason, decide, and behave by virtue of computational devices embodied in neural tissue. Therefore, a complete causal explanation of any behavior-rational or other- wise-necessarily invokes theories about the architecture of these computational devices. The rationality of a behavior is irrelevant to its cause or explanation. Every economic model entails theories about these computational devices, but they are usually left implicit, buried in the assumptions of the model. At the moment, most economists rely on the implicit (and somewhat vague) theory that these computational devices somehow embody "rational" decision rules. But developing a more accurate, useful, and well-defined substitute for this black box is now a realistic goal. Results from the newly emerging field of evolutionary psychology suggest that (i) explicit, well-specified models of the human mind can significantly enhance the scope and specificity of economic theory, and (ii) explicit theories of the structure of the human mind can be made endogenous to economic models in a way that preserves and expands their elegance, parsimony, and explanatory power. 7
3 328 AEA PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS MAY 1994 At present, economics hovers, scientifically unsupported and isolated in mid-air, theoretically levitating on the assumption of rationality. But this is unnecessary and limiting. There are tight causal and analytic connections between economics, psychology, and evolutionary biology (Tooby and Cosmides, 1992a): 1. Natural selection-an invisible-hand process-is the only component of the evolutionary process that produces complex functional machinery in organisms, such as the vertebrate eye (Richard Dawkins, 1986). 2. Natural selection built the decision-making machinery in human minds. 3. This set of cognitive devices generates all economic behavior. 4. Therefore, theories of economic behavior necessarily include theories about the structure of the cognitive mechanisms that generate that behavior. Moreover, the design features of these devices define and constitute the human universal principles that guide economic decisionmaking. In other words, natural selection's invisible hand created the structure of the human mind, and the interaction of these minds is what generates the invisible hand of economics (e.g., Tooby and Cosmides, 1992a): one invisible hand created the other. I. Evolutionary Psychology The brain is a complex computational device, a system that takes sensory information as input, transforms it in various ways, stores it, analyzes it, integrates it, applies decision rules to it, and then translates the output of those rules into the muscular contractions that we call "behavior." For the most part, humans have no more conscious access to the structure of these programs and the decision rules they embody than to the processes through which the kidneys select what to excrete. Nevertheless, the structure of these information-processing programs can be mapped in much the same way that a programmer, by studying the web of relationships that link inputs to outputs, can deduce the structure of a computer program. Hence cognitive scientists can ask: do our brains embody procedures that carry out the rules of logical inference? or calculate Bayesian probabilities? or cause us to avoid incest? or allow us to echolocate? Of course, the information-processing structure of the mind is fantastically complex, so conducting experiments blindly, without knowing what to look for, has not been an efficient research strategy. This is where the integration of evolutionary biology and cognitive science has proved so useful. The applicability of evolutionary biology is based on a simple but powerful idea. Form follows function: the properties of an evolved mechanism reflect the structure of the task it evolved to solve. This approach has teeth because there is only one class of problems that evolution produces mechanisms for solving: adaptive problems. These are problems that recurred across many generations during a species' evolutionary history, and whose solution statistically promoted reproduction in ancestral environments. By identifying and modeling the adaptive problems humans faced during their evolution, researchers can make educated guesses about the designs of the complex computational devices the human brain embodies, and about many of the specific design features they required to be able to solve these problems. Armed with these models, researchers can then design experiments that can detect and map the features of these complex devices-features that no one would otherwise have thought to test for. 11. A New View of the Mind The application of these methods is leading to a fundamentally new view of the architecture of the human mind. Previously, the mind was thought to resemble a general-purpose computer: initially free of any content that had not originated in the senses and the social world (the tabula rasa assumption), and equipped only with a small number of content-independent rules of inference (e.g., rules drawn from logic, mathe-
4 VOL. 84 NO. 2 INVISIBLE-H AND THEORIES 329 matics, and probability theory, or associative rules). Converging lines of evidence from an array of disciplines are replacing this view with a model in which the human cognitive architecture resembles a large and heterogeneous network of functionally specialized computational devices. Because biological evolution is a slow process, and the modern world has emerged within an evolutionary eye-blink, these devices are inherited from the past and remain functionally specialized to solve the particular distribution of problems that were characteristic of humans' hunter-gatherer past, rather than those of the modern world (e.g., habitat selection; foraging; social exchange; competition from small armed groups; parental care; language acquisition; contagion avoidance; sexual rivalry) (for discussion, see Tooby and Cosmides [1992aI). The fact that these devices are (a) specialized rather than general-purpose and (b) specialized to solve seemingly exotic ancestral problems rather than all problems, or modern problems, leads to markedly different sets of predictions about human behavior and decisionmaking. In addition, this view implies that cultural differences are vastly overstated, because beneath existing surface variability all humans share the same of set of preference-generating and decision-making devices. Finally, the tabula rasa assumption is being discarded: human mental content does not simply originate in the external world. Specialized mental mechanisms inject recurrent content into human thought across cultures (through privileged hypotheses and conceptual primitives, specialized representational formats, privileged preference generators, et~.). One point is particularly important for economists to appreciate: it can be demonstrated that "rational" decision-making methods (i.e., the usual methods drawn from logic, mathematics, and probability theory) are computationally very weak: incapable of solving the natural adaptive problems our ancestors had to solve reliably in order to reproduce (e.g., Cosmides and Tooby, 1987; Tooby and Cosmides, 1992a; Steven Pinker, 1994). This poor performance on most natu- ral problems is the primary reason why problem-solving specializations were favored by natural selection over general-purpose problem-solvers. Despite widespread claims to the contrary, the human mind is not worse than rational (e.g., because of processing constraints)-but may often be better than rational. On evolutionarily recurrent computational tasks, such as object recognition, grammar acquisition, or speech comprehension, the human mind greatly outperforms the best artificial problem-solving systems that decades of research have produced, and it solves large classes of problems that even now no humanengineered system can solve at all. How can this be? General-purpose systems are constrained to apply the same problem-solving methods to every problem and can make no special assumptions about the problem to be solved. Specialized problem-solvers are not handicapped by these limitations. Many facts and relationships relevant to particular types of adaptive problems were stably true of the world during human evolution (e.g., incestuous matings produced a high proportion of birth defects; human grammars were limited to a restricted set of patterns). Natural selection could equip humans' cognitive specializations with design features and problem-solving strategies that exploited the presence of these problem-specific regularities to solve particular classes of recurrent problems in efficient ways appropriate only to that class. Triggered by cues that a particular problem type has been encountered, a network of dedicated computers can selectively deploy from its large repertoire those specialized procedures that are well designed for solving that particular problem. For the problem domains they are designed to operate on, specialized problem-solving methods perform in a manner that is better than rational; that is, they can arrive at successful outcomes that canonical general-purpose rational methods can at best not arrive at as efficiently, and more commonly cannot arrive at all. Such evolutionary considerations suggest that traditional normative and descriptive approaches to rationality need to be reexamined (Tooby and Cosmides, 1992a, b;
5 330 AEA PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS MAY 1994 Robert Nozick, 1994). (Unfortunately, because decision theorists and philosophers have almost equated rational methods with general-purpose analytic tools, the analysis and development of domain-specific methods has been relatively neglected.) 111. Reasoning Instincts From this perspective, the human mind is powerful and intelligent not because it contains general-purpose rational methods (although it may include some), but primarily because it comes equipped with a large array of what one might call "reasoning instincts." Although - instincts are often thought of as the polar opposite of reasoning, a growing body of evidence indicates that humans have many reasoning, learning, and preference circuits that (i) are complexly specialized for solving the specific adaptive problems our hominid ancestors regularly encountered; (ii) reliably develop in all normal human beings; (iii) develop without any conscious effort: (iv) develop without any formal instruction; (v) are applied without any awareness of their underlying logic; and (vi) are distinct from more general abilities to process information or behave intelliaentlv. - - In other words. these reasoning, learning, and preference circuits have all the hallmarks of what people usually think of as "instincts" (Pinker, 1994). They make certain kinds of inferences just as easy, effortless, and "natural" to humans as spinning a web is to a spider or building a dam is to a beaver. It is important to identify and map these specialized computational devices, because they powerfully shape economic processes (e.g., by making some social interactions easy for the participants to understand and engage in, and others more difficult to understand or to successfully navigate). For example, humans do not seem to have available on-line circuits that perform many logic operations (e.g., modus tollens). However, experimental evidence indicates that humans do have evolved circuits dedicated to a more specialized task of equal (or greater) complexity: detecting cheaters in situations of exchange. Needless to say, a specialized social exchange logic and associated circuits allows gains in trade to be identified by individuals, trades to be arranged, cheaters to be excluded, and hence markets to emerge spontaneously (Cosmides and Tooby, 1992). Equally important, experimental evidence suggests that humans have specialized circuits for understanding threats, as well as recognizing bluffs and double-crosses. The ability of humans to understand and properly interpret each other's threats also allows and structures the emergence of social predators, coercive coalitions, governments, and other extortive social arrangements. Moreover, models of bounded rationality and heuristics do not seem to capture accurately the distinctive organization of human reasoning. Such models were based on plausible notions of limited processing capacity (e.g., Herbert Simon, 1956; D. Kahneman et al., 1982) and seemed to make sense of, for example, the experimentally arrived at consensus that humans lacked the ability to do Bayesian reasoning. Recent results from behavioral ecology, however, show that bumblebees engage in probabilistic induction that the human brain is considered "too limited" in capacity to perform (see e.g., Leslie Real, 1991). This suggested that the artificial nature of the experiments usually conducted might not be triggering latent competences. As it turns out, although it is true that people are bad at calculating the probability of a single event, when probabilities are expressed as frequencies, the standard "fallacies" and "biases" seem to disappear, and statistically naive subjects behave like good Bayesians (Gigerenzer, 1991; Cosmides and Tooby, 1994). From an evolutionary perspective, this is not surprising. Our hunter-gatherer ancestors were awash in statistical information in the form of the encountered frequencies of real events; in contrast, the probability of a single event was inherently unobservable to them (a single event either happens or it does not). Natural selection can only be expected to have built mechanisms to exploit information in the form that was
6 VOL. 84 NO. 2 INVISIBLE-HAND THEORIES 331 regularly available to our ancestors. Such observations have implications about how humans process the various forms of information available to them about their economic environments and supports the view that, instead of bounded rationality, humans have certain nonconscious natural competences that are far better than is presently appreciated. IV. Universal Preferences and "Rules of the Game" The most straightforward application of evolutionary psychology to economics involves the likelihood that the two communities collaboratively might be able to create a science of preferences (e.g., the session on "Preferences" at the 1994 Allied Social Science Association meeting featuring papers by Gary Becker and Casey Mulligan, Robert Frank, and Paul Romer). A psychological architecture that simply acquired an arbitrary set of preferences, provided they were present in the social environment, could not have been plausibly produced by the evolutionary process (Tooby and Cosmides, 1992a). Instead, evolutionary psychology should be able to supply a list of human universal preferences, and of the procedures by which additional preferences are acquired or reordered. Models of such mechanisms should be able to address long-standing problems in economics by widening the scope of preferences beyond the usual notion of goods and services (e.g., preferences for participation in coalitions [Tooby and Cosmides, 19881, for risks as a function of sex and age, and even for certain "rules of the game" [Cosmides and Tooby, 19921). Indeed, it is frequently assumed that the rules of economic interaction are the outcome of historical processes, created by "society" or by the action of "visible hands" -explicit, conscious, human intentions. However, humans' evolved computational devices may also tacitly supply much of the structure of these "games." Indeed, our evolved psychology may have alternative modes of operation that prompt humans everywhere to find alternative sets of rules to be reasonable, depending on how closely their particular economic environment mimics various Pleistocene ecological conditions. For example, humans evolved in small bands who lived by hunting animals and gathering plant foods. Hunting (in many environments) is a high-variance activity, in which luck plays a major role and individuals run a significant chance of coming back empty-handed for several days running. Optimality analyses from evolutionary ecology indicate that under circumstances of high variance for individual foragers, band-wide food-sharing is individually beneficial, a form of risk-pooling that smoothes out what would otherwise be a feast-or-famine cycle for individuals and families. Because foraging and sharing decisions are complex adaptive problems that humans faced for millions of years, humans should have evolved cognitive programs specialized for solving them; and recent evidence from the study of modern hunter-gatherers suggests that they have. These mechanisms monitor local information about factors such as resource variance, using it as a "switch" to turn various alternative sharing programs on or off. These mechanisms should make sharing rules appealing in conditions of high variance, and unappealing when resource accrual is a matter of effort rather than of luck (Cosmides and Tooby, 1992). In other words, different "rules of the game" can be triggered in a lawful way by specific kinds of ecological variables. Knowing that such computational devices exist could, for example, serve as the basis for deeper and more scientifically satisfying theories of the conditions under which certain ideas and ideologies arise and are maintained (Cosmides and Tooby, 1992). For example, in the modern world, the operation of Pleistocene-forged variance-sensitive sharing programs would probably make cost-sharing for medical care more psychologically appealing than for many other goods, because illness is seen to have a large random component. Less obviously, knowing the structure of such cognitive
7 332 AEA PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS MY 1994 devices could help economists understand why certain economies grow so slowly. The savings and investment necessary for economic growth may be difficult to achieveeven when average per capita income is increasing-if there is a substantial amount of effort-independent variance in economic welfare (caused, e.g., by political unrest or frequent natural disasters). In such conditions, an ethic of widespread sharing could be triggered, and resources that might otherwise be saved and invested might instead be consumed. Lastly, cognitive specializations determine what inferences will be triggered by a situation and what kinds of information will be attention-grabbing, memorable, learnable, communicable. Their structure therefore determines which ideas can be easily replicated from mind to mind, and which cannot (Dan Sperber, 1990). Explicit models of these mechanisms will eventually allow economists to develop well-grounded theories about the Hayekian distribution of knowledge. In sum, economic theory can increasingly be grounded in the theoretically and empirically derived models of human decisionmaking machinery that are presently being constructed within evolutionary psychology. REFERENCES Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. "From Evolution to Behavior: Evolutionary Psychology as the Missing Link," in J. Dupre, ed., The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987, pp "Cognitive Adaptations for Social Change," in J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, eds., The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp "Are Humans Good Intuitive Statisticians After All?" Cognition, 1994 (forthcoming). Dawkins, Richard. The blind watchmaker. New York: Norton, Gigerenzer, G. "How to Make Cognitive Illusions Disappear: Beyond Heuristics and Biases," in Wolfgang Stroebe and Miles Hewstone, eds., European review of social psychology, Vol. 2. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley, 1991, pp Kahneman, D.; Slovic, P. and Tversky, A. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Nozick, Robert. "Invisible-Hand Explanations." American Economic Review, May 1994 (Papers and Proceedings), 84(2), pp Pinker, Steven. The language instinct. New York: Morrow, Real, Leslie. "Animal Choice Behavior and the Evolution of Cognitive Architecture." Science, 30 August 1991, 253, pp Simon, Herbert. "Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment." Psychological Review, March 1956, 63(2), pp Sperber, Dan. "The Epidemiology of Beliefs," in Colin Fraser and George Gaskell, eds., The social psychological study of widespread beliefs. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990, pp Tooby, J. and Cosmides, L. "The Evolution of War and Its Cognitive Foundations." Technical report, Institute for Evolutionary Studies, Palo Alto, CA, "The Psychological Foundations of Culture," in J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, eds., The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992a, pp "Ecological Rationality and the Multimodular Mind: Grounding Normative Theories in Adaptive Problems." Technical Report 92-1, Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California-Santa Barbara, 1992b.
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I like this rear bike light. Sometimes I ride nearly every day for a week straight, and the batteries last for a week. It can use standard AAA or rechargeable Nimhs. I especially like the 3 modes. Stepping through they ON,... Read more
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UK Dating
Hi Team just to say a big thank-you as I think you have found me the special person that is why I no longer need... more..
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Jared Leto spotted with rumoured girlfriendPosted on: July 20, 2011 14:07:04
Lonely hearts looking for a new romance using online dating websites could be interested in recent reports regarding Jared Leto.
The handsome rocker was spotted taking a romantic stroll along the French Riviera with stunning model and actress Katharina Damm yesterday (July 19th).
Reports of the relationship were fuelled as the pair walked arm-in-arm and hugged on several occasions throughout their relaxing date.
Taking some time out from his latest 30 Seconds to Mars tour, Leto looked effortlessly cool in a pair of harem trousers and cut-off T-shirt.
He has previously been romantically linked to a series of glamorous celebrities including Lindsay Lohan, Cameron Diaz and Ashley Olsen.
The American Psycho star's good looks helped him seal a deal with Hugo Boss earlier this year, replacing troubled British actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers.
Damm, who dazzled in a chic black ensemble, was reportedly dating handsome Pearl Harbor actor Josh Harnett in 2010.
Tired of trying to find men? Try USA dating!
Related Online Dating News
Hong Kong Phil boss "dreams of working with Jackie Chan"Posted on: April 17, 2014 16:26:26
The musical director of one of Asia rsquo s most well-known orchestras dreams of bringing in some unorthodox talent to perform with his musicians Speaking to the South China Morning...
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Lee Ryan and Casey Batchelor steam up the CBB housePosted on: January 6, 2014 17:25:01
They may have been shackled together when they entered the house but Lee Ryan and Casey Batchelor have done anything but drift apart since they were set free In fact...
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The online dating racePosted on: January 6, 2014 16:22:05
New research has revealed how likely single people are to get a message from an online dating site throughout According to MailOnline age matters more to men than women as...
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Sweethearts get engaged after failures on reality TVPosted on: January 3, 2014 19:02:42
When Danielle Cornwall-Nash appeared on ITV s prime time dating show Take Me Out last year she hoped that she would find a new partner and maybe even a new...
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Student Enterprise & Employability Development
Student Enterprise Support
One-to-one Coaching
Start-Up Mentors
Grants - Try-it (up to £500) & Do-it (up to £3000):
Santander Commercial awards or
Unltd Social Entreprenuership awards
Tier 1 Graduate Entrepreneur Visa
Young Enterprise Start Up Programme
Promoting external activities, opportunities and support from local, regional and national providers
Enterprising Fun with UUEAS
Enactus society
Pop Up markets
Global Entrepreneurship Week 17th - 23rd Nov
Paper Clip Challenge - Entrepreneurs Society
Santander University Awards
nPower Future Leaders Challenge
UKTI Entrepreneurs Festival
Embedding Enterprise & Employability
Working with
Careers Advisers
Employability Leads for Faculties & Schools
Associate Deans (Learning & Teaching)
Exploring and experimenting with:
Active learning projects from the commercial, public and third sectors
NESTA's "Visualise, Plan, Test, Build & Launch Your Creative Business" tool kit
Challenges and competitions: I Teams, Hackathons, Biotech Yes
Enterprise Centre
State of the art building opening November 2014
Significant further commitment to enterprise
Creative space for peer-to-peer support, inspiration, networking, collaboration
Teaching space alongside business incubator
Opportunity for students interface with other start ups and growing business
Why do we need to encourage enterprising behaviour and mindsets?
The changing landscape if graduate employment - creating their own futures
Further developing a culture of creativity and innovation
Responding to the demands of employers
Promoting the value of those skills whether working for yourself or others
Strong evidence for economic impacts including
starting a business
increasing employability and earnings
contributing to the growth of business
Enterprise activity 2013/14
Incorporating best practice from elsewhere
Identifying what the needs are of our student entrepreneurs
Identifying what messages engage different customer segments
Identifying evidence of outcomes, outputs and impacts
Engaging academics and ensuring they have appropriate skills, systems and resources
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Polished Chrome Effect Knob, Pack of 2
Great for interior use, these polished chrome effect knobs add an attractive finishing touch to your home.
- Next Day Delivery . Order by 7pm (2pm Sunday) for next day delivery. (note that this will be subject to different terms and conditions)
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- HubPages»
- Food and Cooking»
- Dessert Recipes
Use a Texture Sheet for Fondant to Create Amazing Cake Decorating Designs
Texture Sheet and Impression Mat Decorative Effects
Use a texture sheet to create a castle cake with stone walls and a cobblestone path leading to it, or a house cake with proper brick walls - right down to seeing the mortar lines between the bricks.
Sometimes the flawless silky smooth finish of a fondant covered cake is exactly what you want, but often the addition of a bit of texture can take that cake and lift it to the next level ~ and this is where fondant impression mats come in.
Normally made from flexible plastic type sheets these can be pressed onto fondant to provide texture and interest on the fondant.
Ranging in size from 20" mats used to imprint a large design such as the Wilton Graceful Vines designs, down to small 3 x 6" mats such as the cobblestones these texture sheets are great fun to play around with.
Large Texture Sheets
The 20" impression mats by Wilton, and the large 21" x 23" in mats by Autumn Carpenter Designs will, in one go, imprint a design into a piece of fondant large enough to cover a 12" cake.
This means you can achieve a seamless design with no need to try and line up joins as if you were fitting wallpaper.
From floral designs to brickwork the effects of these mats turn what were very good cakes into creative masterpieces.
No cake kitchen should be without one.
Small Impression Mats
Sometimes if you're only working with a small amount of fondant a much smaller impression mat is easier to use.
The effects are just as good and they are also good for getting into those hard to reach areas when putting the finishing touches to a cake.
Cookie Cutter and Impression Mat Sets
These are great for decorating cookies for special events such as weddings as the impression mats designed with the cookie in mind.
The only other way to get such intricate detail onto the cookies would be to spend hours with modelling tools, and even then it's hard to believe the results could be any better than those achieved by a few seconds with an impression mat.
With designs ranging from wedding cakes and wedding dresses to ball games and butterflies these sets provide elegant and easy decoration options for even the most inexperienced cake decorator.
It surely is a wonder how creatively designed cakes were made. More wonderful is knowing what tools are used by the chef for his or her cake creations.
This article is a real eye opener for British cake decorators who have to put up with such limited choice of this kind of product. Unfortunately for individuals, shipping costs from the USA are very costly making it virtually impossible to order on line directy from suppliers like Wilton. Amazon costs are also pretty extreme. Thank you for showing the beautiful products, I can only look on with envey.
Oh well, after having had a good old moan about not being able to buy the Wilton imprint mat I've managed to get two on ebay at a reasonable cost. The problem now is how to use it. Today, I had a practise run only to find extricating fondant from it could be likened to removing tar from a favourite silk frock! The mats duly arrived with precious little instructions, so am I supposed to temper it with grease? or perhaphs am I applying too much pressure? Since I'm not known for my patience, I appeal to anyone out there PLEASE HELP! I have a dreadful feeling these rubbery works of art are going to be confined to my large dungeon which has been especially excavated for the abandanment of tricky bakeware. No doubt I shall be having nightmares tonight!!
Thank you ce8tive for your advice on the use of the Wilton imprint mat. I'll definitely give it a go sometime today and post back, wish me luck! Must go, dog walking beckons on this cold and windy day.


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Admit it. You needed the bye week as much as the Buccaneers did. Did you enjoy that Vikings-Packers game on Sunday? Or that Saints-Falcons game on Monday night? Nice to see some good football for a change.
I may have to go buy a Brett Favre Vikings jersey. Like Jeff Fisher, I just want to be part of a winner.
I was surprised to read that, from the Bucs' departure for London until they returned to work on Tuesday that they had practiced just 2 ½ hours. Really? That's going to get you prepared for the Packers next Sunday? Head coach Raheem Morris said they set the practice schedule well in advance. Guess he just couldn't stand to look at this team a minute longer during the bye. Maybe the mental break will do everyone some good.
Of course, 14 players had the flu when they got back from London. What, Virgin Airways doesn't give out surgical masks?
Against my advice, rookie Josh Freeman will start on Sunday against Green Bay. I've made it clear several times that I'm against playing Freeman as a starter this season. I realize the season is lost, but the worst thing you can do is damage Freeman's confidence right now. The one thing he had going for himself at the moment is that his attitude is not tainted by all of this losing. As long as he stays on the sideline, he's still full of promise. Toss him into the fray and he becomes just another struggling young quarterback with a lot to work on. Or have you been watching Matthew Stafford in Detroit this season? And he was the No. 1 pick.
Two things will happen to Freeman this season: He'll throw more interceptions that touchdowns and he'll miss at least one game due to injury. Bank on it.
Remember when I said that the Bucs will start 0-11? Here's further evidence to back up my claim. Of the Bucs' final nine games, six of their opponents have winning records. Four of those games are against undefeated New Orleans and NFC South rival Atlanta, who at 4-3 are still in the playoff race. Combined, the Bucs' final nine opponents are 36-22.
And don't forget – the Bucs still have to go to Seattle, where I'm almost positive they've never won. No. 1 overall pick here they come!
So I caught the tail end of that Saints-Falcons game on Monday night. Anyone who doesn't believe that Drew Brees is leading candidate going away for MVP needs to share whatever mind-altering drugs they're currently on. He's put on a clinic for the past three weeks of the impact that a quarterback can have on a game, especially his two gutsy rushing touchdowns against Miami. The Saints won't go undefeated, but they'll be the No. 1 overall seed and they'll destroy half the teams they'll play from here on out.
The funny thing is, though, that the most important addition to that team is defensive coordinator Gregg Williams. The Saints just needed their defense to stop being a liability, as it had been the past two years. They are no longer a problem, though the run defense is a bit soft. But S Darren Sharper has given the pass defense a real boost.
If you're planning ahead for next year, think about the makeup of the Bucs in 2010. I was considering it the other day. The Bucs are likely to get a Top 3 pick at this point. There is labor discord in the air. There is potential that 2010 could be an uncapped year, which means teams can spend, spend, spend. Now, the financial climate isn't that great, but you know the big-market teams will stock up on players, giving them high-dollar 1-year deals that won't be an issue if the salary cap comes back in 2011.
Then consider that the Bucs have spent the least on player costs in the last five years in the NFL, and that there are rumors that the Glazer family might even sell the team (which they have strongly denied).
Now consider which Bucs will be free agents in 2010: Carnell Williams, Antonio Bryant, Maurice Stovall, Donald Penn, Jeremy Trueblood, Jermaine Phillips, Barrett Ruud and Will Allen.
Finally, think about a 1-15 season. If you're Williams, Ruud, or Phillips, would you really want to come back to this mess?
The fact is that the Bucs could have an even larger dearth of talent on the field in 2010 than they do this year. Ugly. Think about that when you're considering renewing your season tickets.
Remember that the Bucs will wear their Florida Orange jerseys this weekend vs. the Packers. It will be a sight for the eyes, that's for sure.
A little fantasy advice for you. If you have a back that faces the Bucs this season, he's a must start. The Bucs are 30th in the NFL in rushing yards allowed with 162.4 per game. So, If you have Ryan Grant, you better get him in your lineup.
I still think it's worth talking about Raheem Morris' job security if the Bucs are winless entering December. There's potential that Titans head coach Jeff Fisher could join Mike Holmgren, Mike Shanahan and Bill Cowher on the coaching sidelines after the season. And, of course, there's Tony Dungy.
I am undefeated this season in my picks. The Bucs get the Packers this week and I see no reason to give the Bucs a chance in this game, though the Packers have been inconsistent this season. If QB Aaron Rodgers is banged up more than they're saying, that could factor into this game. But with the Bucs' run defense so awful, all the Pack has to do is hand it to Ryan Grant to win this game. Packers 27, Bucs 13.


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Lemony Hummus with Warm Zucchini and Mint
Zucchini and mint make this lemony hummus so perky and bright. Make sure to use a large, wide sauté pan with lots of surface area to get a nice sear on the zucchini. The sear gives texture that will make this vegetable topping more delicious than if you piled them high in a smaller pan.
- Total Time:
- Servings: 4
- One 15-ounce can chickpeas, (about 1 1/2 cups), rinsed and drained
- 3 tablespoons tahini
- 2 small garlic cloves
- 1/4 cup extra-virgin olive oil, plus more for drizzling
- 1/4 cup freshly squeezed lemon juice
- 1/2 teaspoon ground cumin
- 1/4 teaspoon ground cayenne pepper
- 1/4 teaspoon kosher salt
- Freshly ground black pepper
- 3 tablespoons water
- 2 large zucchini, cut into 1/2-inch dice
- Kosher salt
- 1/4 cup fresh mint leaves
How to make this recipe
In the bowl of a food processor, combine the chickpeas, tahini, 1 clove of garlic, 3 tablespoons of olive oil, lemon juice, cumin, cayenne, salt and pepper, and process until smooth. Adjust the consistency of the hummus with 3 tablespoons of water and scrape down the sides of the bowl. Pulse a few more times until incorporated and smooth. Taste to adjust for seasoning and set aside.
In a skillet over medium-high heat, add the remaining olive oil to the pan. Once the oil is shimmering, add the garlic clove and zucchini and season with salt. Cook until browned at the edges and tender, tossing occasionally, about 5 minutes. Spoon the hummus into a serving dish and top with the sautéed zucchini, discarding the clove of garlic. Garnish with fresh mint, drizzle lightly with olive oil, and serve alongside warm pita bread or toast.
Make Ahead
The hummus can be refrigerated for up to 1 week. Bring to room temperature to serve.


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Discussion in 'Resource and Add-on Requests' started by TruthElixirX, Jan 12, 2014.
Is there an addon to let users set a default color/font/etc for their posts?
I too have been looking for this. I cannot find anything in search results. Is anyone working on an add on by chance? I'd like people to be able to insert a hex code and have it affect all their posts (which used default coloring).
Bumping for this too
Looking for this too. We had one when we used vBulletin that was very popular with our members. http://www.vbulletin.org/forum/showthread.php?t=231923
Does anyone know if this is available now? We just switched from vB and users are requesting it.
its very possible using custom fields and some template mods.
Separate names with a comma.


text: London (ANI): Hollywood actress Emma Watson has revealed that she doesnt like skinny celebrities, as she finds their shape ugly. The Harry Potter actress stated that she is naturally slim, and does not intend to diet to become skinnier.I dont think its very pretty to be really, really, skinny, Its not inspirational at all for me. Im lucky and Im this size naturally, the Sun quoted Emma, as saying. I dont diet and I dont aspire to be super skinny. I just dont think its very pretty, Emma added.Emma also revealed that she is a foodie and loves cooking, thus, she would never be able to diet, even if she wanted to acquire a skinny frame.


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