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Beer Style: Witbier (16A)
Recipe Type: extract
Yield: 5 US gallons
Clean finish, crisp, refreshing taste, pleasant citrus and orange notes, good color and strong carbonation.
Original Gravity: 1.560
Final Gravity: 1.120
Alcohol by Vol: 5.8%
Color SRM: 4.31 Color Sample
Bitterness IBU: 0.0
Recipe Type: extract
Yield: 5.00 US Gallons
1. Add 2.5 gallons distilled water to brew pot.
2. Add 7 lb sorghum extract to pot. Bring to a boil. Stir to prevent scorching.
3. Place bitter hops in large tea ball (don't compress). Add to brew pot when mix boils. Boil for 45 minutes.
4. Add lemon juice with 30 minutes remaining. Stir every 5 minutes.
5. Remove brew pot from heat. Add in honey and stir. Return to a boil. Boil for 15 minutes.
6. At 10 minutes, add the orange peel
7. At 5 minutes, add the finishing hops.
Source: Anonymous


text:
Princess Victoria (Victoria Ingrid Alice Désirée) of Sweden, was born 14 July 1977 in Stockholm. She is the oldest child of King Charles XIII Gustavus and Queen Silvia, née Sommerlath, and second in line to the Swedish throne, after her brother, Crown Prince Charles Philip.
She married 19 June 2010 to a commoner, the gym owner Daniel Westling, who was created Count Westling upon marrying her.
The couple is running Count Westling's gym and have a daughter, Countess Estelle Westling, who was born 23 February 2012. They reside in Solna, Stockholm County.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Great Basin
Death Valley
Continental Divide
Great Plains
The Interior Plains
Atlantic Coastal Plain
The St. Lawrence River
The Great Lakes
4th Grade Making Our Way Through the U.S.A.
Landforms Ahead
The Rocky Mountains
The Interior Plains are the flat farmland of Illinois.
The Great Basin is West of the Rocky Mountians.
Death Valley is the lowest and often the hottest place in the U.S.
The Five Great Lakes are the world's largest freshwater lakes.
The St. Lawrence River connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes.
The Gulf of Mexico
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- An essential component of your video project just got easier. Use the Clip Notes feature in Adobe® Premiere Pro 2.0, and your teammates can mark your rough cuts using Adobe Reader®. Watch the movie for an overview, and follow the companion Adobe PDF tutorial for step-by-step instruction.
Note: If you have never visited the Adobe Design Center site with cookies enabled then you will not be able to use the direct tutorial link.
Note also: Because Adobe often moves Web pages around, some tutorial links load a search for the tutorial which is usually the first hit in the search results.


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Product Actions
Additional Information
Product Description
Kitty flats are now available for men. These velvet Tom Cat smoking slippers are the sign of a true Charlotte Olympia aficionado! A classic design that transcends throughout the seasons.
Flats. Slip on. Signature gold Charlotte Olympia spider web logo on the sole. Upper: velvet/patent. Sole and lining: leather. Made in Italy. Heel measures approximately 15mm/ 0.5 inches.
Style code: M001175VEL0001
This is Charlotte Olympia's version of a gentleman's smoking slipper, as typically worn in a bygone era. The embroidered cat's face and Charlotte's Web make a typically classic design a little bit more cheeky.
Delivery & Returns
Deliveries are made Monday to Friday between 9am and 6pm and will require a signature to ensure safe and secure delivery.
We offer free shipping for all UK orders and the first return is free. All returns and exchanges must be within 14 days of receipt of the goods. For further information please click here. Please contact customer care on firstname.lastname@example.com to arrange your return or exchange.


text:
ORONO, Maine University CU is planning to build a new, 16,000-square-foot Greek Revival-style structure that will serve as its administrative offices here.
The project will consist of two wings and include drive-through lanes, a parking area and an urban plaza. The plaza which will have seating, a sculpture and other amenities will serve as a community gathering spot, the credit union said.
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text:
Delivery Options Available:
- Delivered by a separate courier within 5 working days FREE
At a Glance
The WeeRide Safe Front is a a unique centre mounted bike seat for children which has all the benefits of the WeeRide Classic
The centre mounted seat puts all the weight centrally and your child is safely wrapped in your arms. It allows the rider to communicate with their child and provides an interesting view for the child, not just your back.
The patented bar puts weight in centre of bike and not on front like other front seats. With a head rest so your child can sleep and footrests and security straps to prevent your little one's legs from dangling.
The seat can be fitted easily within 20 minutes and can be removed in seconds for solo riding.
Recommended for children from 12 months and above, although the seat an be used as soon as your child's neck muscles are strong enough.
Fits all bikes including oversized head tubes and full suspension of 16"+ (except drop handle bars). Comes with its own bar to fit to both ladies' and mens' bikes.
Extra bars available separately for multi bike use.
Product Specifications
|3.6 kg
|50 cm
|38 cm
|28.5 cm
Website Exclusive - FREE on orders over £40, otherwise £3.95
This product will be delivered directly from our supplier to mainland UK addresses only within the lead time displayed above. This item may take longer to be delivered than our normal delivery service and may not be available for our premium delivery services.
uk returnsELC are happy to refund or exchange any unused merchandise returned within 30 days of purchase upon production of your receipt, as long as they are returned in an unused condition and in their original packaging. Please see Terms and Conditions for details. This does not affect your rights if the product is faulty or mis-described.
How does this help my child ?
Physical DevelopmentPhysical Development
This toy helps your child develop coordination, balance and strength.


text: To get from Lecco to Lancenigo-Villorba by train you can catch one of the 11 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Lancenigo-Villorba leaves from Lecco at 06:52 and the last train departs at 17:12. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 04:48 hours. For your trip from Lecco to Lancenigo-Villorba by train you can choose to leave from one of Lecco main stations: Lecco On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Lancenigo-Villorba and book the best itinerary starting from Lecco.


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Hey My Names Tom!
View Single Post
New Member
Join Date: Aug 2010
Location: El Centro, CA
Posts: 3
Hey My Names Tom!
Hey my names Tom. Call me Raziel, Raz, or Thomas any of these is good. I am fairly new to polyamory my wife is not. She introduced me to the lifestyle not too long ago and I love it. Our dynamic works best as a triad and we hope to find someone with whom to share our lives with.
My wife is Beth. We have three awesome cats Naruto, Link, and Ganon (If you get these references yes I am a nerd). When we can we also foster cats. We are both very well educated and well read people. I do some independent film work when I can. Mostly writing, directing and special FX. I am also a graphic artist.
I love to cook it's one of my passions. All of my friends and family love my signature dishes. I hope to one day further my love of cooking into a career.
What else can I say. I'm a very open person and I love to meet new people. I am hoping to make some new friends here. Drop me a line.
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text:
Free Delivery on all orders!
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Pukka Organic Three Ginger Herbal Tea 20 Teabags
Ginger - some say the king of spices. And this tea will show you why. Rich, spicy and stimulating - it is indeed a regal blend. Made using three delicious roots from the ginger family to create the fullest flavour, it will help settle digestion whilst warming and uplifting your spirit.
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Pukka Organic Three Ginger Herbal Tea 20 Teabags


text:
- Fixed modified drop point with false edge
- Full tang construction
- Finger grooved handle and pommel
- Blade-Tech polymer sheath
Browning's Black Label tactical blades combine custom grade workmanship, exquisite materials and cutting edge design to produce the most efficient and exotic tactical blades. The massive and imposing Shadowfax features a hefty drop point blade crafted of polished 154CM stainless steel with a sloping front guard and flared pommel. The finger grooved handle is of textured matte tan G-10 laminate with recessed fasteners. The matte black Blade-Tech molded polymer sheath allows you to position the Shadowfax at virtually any angle and mounts securely to your belt, web gear or tactical vest. Ready to deploy on your next mission, the no-nonsense Shadowfax is made with pride in the USA.
Technical Information
Folding or Fixed Blade: Fixed
Blade Steel: 154CM
Handle Material: G-10
Blade Shape: Drop Point
Serrated: No
Carry Options: Polymer Sheath
Blade Finish: Silver
Rockwell Hardness: 58 - 59 HRC
Blade Length: 4.675"
Overall Length: 9"


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As if you needed another reason to get short Capital One Financial (NYSE:COF). For purposes of this discussion, I am going to ignore the Credit Card portfolio and its accelerating delinquencies and charge offs. I am going to ignore the HELOCs. I am going to ignore the exposure to the collapsing UK housing market. I am going to ignore the Auto Finance portfolio, which is more than likely the next "shoe to drop", to borrow CNBC's overused phrase. I hate to pile it on, but this should not be a $40 stock.
A quick history lesson for anyone not familiar with the history of Capital One, The Bank. Just before Katrina hit New Orleans in 2005, COF announced the agreement to purchase Hibernia Bank, a midsize commercial bank from Louisiana and Texas. I think COF's timing on the Hibernia deal is a good metaphor for their excursion into retail banking. In early 2006, COF announced the purchase of North Fork Bank (NFB), of Melville NY. NFB was the leading bank on Long Island in market share and was rapidly growing in the New York City market. NFB focused on growing deposits through its network of Private Bankers, many of whom focused on the NYC real estate market. NFB also owned Greenpoint Mortgage, a top-10 national mortgage lender based in California that specialized in Alt-A. Needless to say, Greenpoint was closed in late 2007.
Back to those Private Bankers... And the NYC real estate market... For a non-Money Center Bank, NFB was very successful with gathering deposits from Property Managers and Property Owners. The Private Bankers and Commercial Lenders were the driver behind that growth. Now, COF is losing these Relationship Managers to other local banks in a big way. Seven Private Banking teams left COF for Signature Bank (OTCPK:SPLY) alone in the last year. (see SBNY Q1 conference call transcript, pg 2 last sentennce and PR Newswire for more recent defections)
Now, looking at the last quarter's numbers, deposits grew 4.7B. On the surface, that is a pretty damn good number considering the conversion of the NFB branches to the Capital One Bank name recently. But, a big part of this 4.7B in deposit growth was hot money brought in by insanely high rates on CDs through the online direct bank. (5.35% as of today, Countrywide doesn't even have to pay that much). Unfortunately, Capital One Bank doesn't break out deposit or loans regionally on their 10Q. (I am not saying there is anything suspicious on the Q, it just makes our job a lot harder) Lower cost local banking deposits grew less than 1B. If you look at the northern franchise deposits (NFB) vs. the southern franchise deposits (Hibernia), I would bet that that the net 900M growth in deposits came from the commodity-rich Louisiana and Texas market, rather than the northern franchise with its headwinds in losing key relationship managers and a merger-related name change.
So, we have a bank that is:
- Losing relationship managers in NY. This is very bad.
- Geographically exposed to a recessionary NY economy.
- Geographically exposed to a commodity boom. (sounds good, but I don't think it is)
- Faces additional merger integration risk.
Going forward, Capital One Bank is stuck between a rock and a hard place. They are going to have to stem the tide of RM's leaving. That is going to be expensive. They are going to have to replace the RM's who left. That is going to be expensive. They have a NY economy that is suffering, partially due to the layoffs in the financial industry. The probability of a commodity bust is exponentially high, directly affecting the southern franchise. That could KILL credit metrics for the local banking segment and accelerate losses. The CEO sold a ton of stock in late May.
For these reasons, along with those in my first paragraph, I own a few put spreads on COF. Apparently I am in good company, someone went out and piled into the September and October puts, trading 6x open interest on Thursday according to Pete Najarian on Fast Money. I have no position in SBNY because of their exposure to CDOs, but if they get that cleaned up this quarter, SBNY could be a screaming buy.
Disclosure: Author holds a short position in COF and no position (currently) in SBNY.


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1) 'Vegetable Literacy' by Deborah Madison
Our favourite guide to vegetables, written by America's leading authority on vegetarian cooking. It's essentially an encyclopedia of edible plants, flowers and herbs as good companions: in fact, she offers tips for perfect pairings between the same botanical families with surprisingly great results. We also love her Kitchen Wisdom (prep tips) and most importantly, her delicious recipes! With up to five recipes per vegetables, the possibilities are endless. When we say it's groundbreaking, we really mean it. Grab a copy here.
2) 'Grain Brain: The Surprising Truth about Wheat, Carbs and Sugar' - Your Brain's Silent Killers by David Pelmutter
By now, everyone has heard someone else talk about going gluten-free. Usually, they blame the sluggish effect grains and gluten can have on digestion or even mental performance (with the post-sandwich, mid-afternoon slump being a prime example). Renowned neurologist Dr. Perlmutter delves into this connection further, as he looks at the little-known relations between grain and brain. If you often find yourself with a 'foggy' brain, the reason may be more insidious than you think. This will be a thoroughly compelling and informative read for some, and a real wake up call for others. Available here.
3) Chickpea Magazine, Winter 2013
What started out as a blog, has now become a full blown phenomenon and cult read for vegan and health-conscious foodies. We've already explained why this magazine is awesome here, so we'd urge you to follow our lead and grab a copy. It will inspire you to get off the sofa and get cooking all-natural, vegan and deliciously nutritious meal! Have a go at the recipes or discover more about the movers and shakers of the vegan food community. Available exclusively for the UK in our store and online.
If you're on the lookout for more inspired reading, check out our Green Beauty Books selection on our website.


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When: Sat., July 30, 12-6 p.m. 2011
A fundraiser for the victims of the house fires at 245 and 247 Rutledge Ave., taking place at the corner of Rutledge and Bogard. Food will be available for purchase, and there will be entertainment from Bogard Beatz, a DJ competition, a swimsuit competition, and more.
Price: $10/advance, $15/door
Showing 1-1 of 1


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With a market cap of has a large market cap size. O'Reilly Automotive Inc. (NASDAQ: ORLY) has been on the stock market since its IPO date on the 4/23/1993. O'Reilly Automotive Inc. is in the Auto Parts Stores industry and Services sector. Average volume for O'Reilly Automotive Inc., is 700.32, and so far today it has a volume of 0. Performance year to date since the 4/23/1993 is 9.00%.
To help you determine whether O'Reilly Automotive Inc. is undervalued the following values will help you decide. P/E is 28.45 and forward P/E is 22.56. PEG perhaps more useful shows that O'Reilly Automotive Inc. has a value for PEG of 1.84. P/S ratio is 3.2 and the P/B ratio is 13.83. The P/Cash and P/Free cash flow is 36.5 and 27.9 respectively.
At the current price O'Reilly Automotive Inc. is trading at, 276.22 (0.00% today), O'Reilly Automotive Inc. has a dividend yield of *TBA, and this is covered by a payout ratio of 0.00%. Earnings per share (EPS) is 9.71, and this is looking to grow in the next year to 14.17% after growing 25.00% this past year. EPS growth quarter over quarter is 25.70%, and 10.20% for sales growth quarter over quarter.
The number of shares outstanding is 94.62, and the number of shares float is 94.06. The senior management bring insider ownership to 0.90%, and institutional ownership is at 91.30%. The float short is 6.39%, with the short ratio at a value of 8.58. Management has seen a return on assets of 14.10%, and also a return on investment of 29.40%.
The ability for O'Reilly Automotive Inc., to deal with debt, means it current ratio is 1.1, and quick ratio is 0.3. Long term debt/equity is 0.97 and total debt/equity is 0. In terms of margins, O'Reilly Automotive Inc. has a gross margin of 52.40%, with its operating margin at 19.40%, and O'Reilly Automotive Inc. has a profit margin of 11.90%.
The 52 week high is -1.93%, with 22.70% being its 52 week low. The 20 day simple moving average is 4.27% and the 200 day simple moving average is 5.83%.
Disclaimer: Remember there is a risk to your investment, this is not a recommendation, nor personal advice, never invest more than you are able too loose.


text:
If an item you ordered from TextbookRush does not meet your expectations due to an error on our part, simply fill out a return request and then return it by mail within 30 days of ordering it for a full refund of item cost.
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Description: For nearly twenty years, Aaron David Miller has played a central role in U.S. efforts to broker Arab-Israeli peace. His position as an advisor to presidents, secretaries of state, and national security advisors has given him a unique perspective on a problem that American leaders have wrestled with for more than half a century. Why has the world's greatest superpower failed to broker, or impose, a solution in the Middle East? If a solution is possible, what would it take? And why after so many years of struggle and failure, with the entire region even more unsettled than ever, should Americans even care? Is Israel/Palestine really the "much too promised land"? As a historian, analyst, and negotiator, perhaps no one is more qualified to answer these questions than Aaron David Miller. Without partisanship or finger-pointing, Miller lucidly and honestly records what went right, what went wrong, and how we got where we are today. Here is an insider's view of the peace process from a place at the negotiating table, filled with unforgettable stories and colorful behind-the-scenes anecdotes. Here, too, are new interviews with all the key players, including Presidents Carter, Ford, Bush forty-one, all nine U.S. secretaries of state, as well Arab and Israeli leaders, who disclose the inner thoughts and strategies that motivated them. The result is a book that shatters all preconceived notions to tackle the complicated issues of culture, religion, domestic politics, and national security that have definedand often deraileda half century of diplomacy. Honest, critical, and certain to be controversial, this insightful first-person account offers a brilliant new analysis of the problem of Arab-Israeli peace and how, against all odds, it still might be solved. From the Hardcover edition.
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List price: $17.00Copyright year: 2009Publisher: Random House Publishing GroupPublication date: 12/30/2008Binding: PaperbackPages: 416Size: 5.25" wide x 8.25" long x 1.00" tall Weight: 0.638Language: English
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text:
As Jack attempts to resuscitate Sayid, did anyone notice anything peculiar about the way he did it?
He checks his pulse, and then there is a few seconds inbetween checking his pulse and the CPR, where he appears to sort of "hold" Sayid, in a calming, healing manner. Then as Jack proceeds with the CPR, he closes his eyes, in a deep, thoughtful, hopeful manner.
What am I suggesting? Well, I propose that Jack has some form of "healing hands" that he is currently not totally aware of. This healing doesn't work all the time, and relies on one importnat factor. "Belief", or "Hope". Jack must actually have believe and hope that he can fix this person, against all odds. If Jack has the belief and hope, then he can do it.
Look at the evidence. Against all odds, he healed Sarah, simply because he believed he could fix her. Against all odds he revived Charlie after he was hung, because he believed he could do it. Admittedly Sayids revival was slightly different, but look, Jack had that moment of deep thought and belief. If just for a moment Jack has the belief whilst making contact with his subject, then that is enough to revive them.
This all relates to Jack's conversation with Chritian about having "hope", in the episode 'Man of Science, Man of Faith.'
CHRISTIAN SHEPHARD: You might want to try handing out some hope every once in awhile. Even if there's a 99 percent probability that they're utterly, hopelessly screwed, folks are much more inclined to hear that 1 percent chance that things are going to be okay.
JACK: Her spine's crushed. I tell her that everything's going to be okay -- that's false hope, dad.
CHRISTIAN SHEPHARD: Maybe. Maybe, but it's still hope.
Could it be that these wise words from Christian were the catalyst for Jacks healing ability? If Jack follows these words of advice, and has hope and belief that he can heal, then he can heal, against all odds? Perhaps these words from Christian were the catalyst for Jacks hope, but I believe something else is going on too. Remember when Jacob visited Jack? I think that when Jacob touched our main characters at some point in their lives, he was somehow giving them all a part of himself. Jacob knew he was going to die in 2007, so he set events in motion, but he also helped leave part of his abilities behind.
Jacob gave Jack the ability to heal. However, Jacks ability to heal had to evolve over time, and had to coincide with his belief in healing. So it stands to reason that when Jack doesn't really believe he can heal, then he fails. He failed with Boone, and with Gabriellas father, perhaps because deep down he didn't truly believe those people could be fixed. Yet when Jack has hope, he can miraculously heal.


text:
What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
Adicionar campo editável no relatório.Asked by adfertmanutencao on August 23, 2016 at 09:29 AM
Olá, queria adicionar um campo que dê pra eu editar no relatório, de forma que o usuário que submeteu veja a "resposta" via o Grid.
JotForm Support
As I can understand your want to add an editable field on your report, so far is only possible to show the edit link in the report so if someone needs to edit the submitted info he/she can simply click on the link and they will be redirected to the form with the submitted info.
If you add fields to your form, then you need to add them on your report as well, if you want to remove fields, simply, un-check the wanted field in the report settings:


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Awards season has taken its final bow with last Sunday's Oscars, and what a weepy, stroppy, funny season it's been. Kanye West was furious when the music struck up less than a minute into his Best Rap Album Grammy speech. He was dedicating his award to his dead mother, Donda. Show some respect, guys!
Actress Tilda Swinton was funny and humble at the Baftas. Her speech for Best Supporting Actress focused not on thank yous for a bunch of people we couldn't give a stuff about but on her outfit: 'Proof that I'm astonished [to win] - I would have never have worn this skirt.'
Amy Winehouse learnt of her four Grammy wins via satellite link-up due to visa problems, but she still provided the comedy moment of the night. The 'acerbic lyrical skills' she'd showcased on Back to Black escaped her when she heard she'd won Record of the Year for the album. She dedicated it to 'my Blake incarcerated'. Nice touch, Wino.
And what Oscars ceremony would be complete without a weepy actress? This year Marion Cotillard stepped up to the plate with a teary 'I'm speechless now. I ... I ... well, I ... thank you, life; thank you, love - and it is true, there is some angels in this city.'
If you're bored to tears of looking at all those red-carpet pictures, log on to YouTube and listen to the stars instead. You'll find it far more entertaining.


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Price, Rays blank Red SoxAug 18, 2011 - 4:07 AM
B.J. Upton and Evan Longoria hit solo home runs for the Rays, who won the last two games of this three-game series after capturing the nightcap of doubleheader on Tuesday.
Stifled by good starting pitching, the Red Sox had three hits or fewer in each of the three games.
"Leaving this place today, our guys know we can beat the Red Sox, know they can beat the Yankees and vice versa," Rays manager Joe Maddon said. "It's up to us to go out there and prove we belong in the playoffs again this year."
Price (11-10) was the latest to stifle baseball's highest-scoring offense entering the game, allowing three walks and striking out six to earn just his third win since June 22.
Kyle Farnsworth pitched a perfect ninth inning to finish off the shutout -- the first Rays reliever used in the series -- sending the Red Sox to their fourth loss in five games, but keeping them a half-game behind the New York Yankees for first place in the AL East.
The Yankees lost in Kansas City later Wednesday.
"We didn't swing the bats real good the whole series," said Red Sox manager Terry Francona. "They pitched very well. We didn't have a whole lot to show for it."
John Lackey (11-9) suffered his first loss since July 4 after giving up four runs -- three earned -- on six hits in 6 2/3 innings. The right-hander, who struck out seven and walked three, had won each of his last six decisions.
The Rays opened a 1-0 lead in the first inning and never lost control of the game. It was a sloppy start for the scuffling Red Sox.
Johnny Damon hit a one-out single and went to second base when right fielder Darnell McDonald misplayed the ball. Damon made it to third on Lackey's wild pitch before scoring on Ben Zobrist's ground out.
Upton yanked Lackey's 0-1 changeup over the Green Monster in left leading off the fourth inning, while Longoria drove his 3-0 fastball over the wall with two outs in the fifth to make it 3-0.
Tampa Bay took aim at the left field wall again in the seventh, when Zobrist poked a double off it to score Kelly Shoppach and knock Lackey out of the game after 125 pitches. Alfredo Aceves came in with runners on second and third and got Casey Kotchman on a ground out to keep the Rays lead at 4-0.
Hoping to build on the complete games of James Shields and Jeff Niemann in the doubleheader, Price entered the game just 2-4 in his previous nine starts, including 1-3 in his last five.
But he threw 76 of his 116 pitches for strikes and didn't allow a run for the first time since pitching seven shutout innings against Cleveland on May 27.
His last pitch was a 96 mph fastball to strike out Adrian Gonzalez swinging to end the eighth inning.
"Price is pretty good. A lot of velocity, movement, changeup. A lot to not like if you're in our uniform," said Francona.
The Rays, meanwhile, improved to 7-2 in their last nine games, including 3-2 in their past five against the Yankees and Red Sox.
The Red Sox stranded six runners on base, including two in the first inning when Kevin Youkilis grounded into a double play with teammates on first and second.
Jacoby Ellsbury walked in the third inning and was stranded in scoring position after stealing second base. He tripled leading off the sixth but was caught in a rundown between third and home after Gonzalez hit a ball back to the mound.
Game Notes
The Red Sox played their third straight game without injured designated hitter David Ortiz, who said he hopes to miss "no more than a week" while recovering from bursitis...Boston is headed on an eight-game road trip against Kansas City and Texas beginning Thursday, while the Rays will return home for a seven-game stretch that starts Friday against Seattle...Upton hit his 17th homer of the season and Longoria his 19th.
Aug 17 4:36 PM
- Ben Zobrist doubled to left scoring Kelly Shoppach with two out. On the play, Evan Longoria advances to third. Runners on second and third and Casey Kotchman due up.
Rays 4, Red Sox 0 Top 7, 2 OutsAug 17 3:44 PM
- Evan Longoria two-out, solo Home Run (19) to left. Ben Zobrist due up.
Rays 3, Red Sox 0 Top 5, 2 OutsAug 17 3:44 PM
- 44
rootsRUWTbot Added 10 roots
Rays 2, Red Sox 0 End 4Aug 17 3:44 PM
- B.J. Upton lead-off Home Run (17) to left. Matt Joyce due up.
Rays 2, Red Sox 0 Top 4, 0 OutsAug 17 3:44 PM
- 34
rootsRUWTbot Added 10 roots
Rays 1, Red Sox 0 Bot 3, 2 OutsAug 17 3:44 PM
- Ben Zobrist grounded out second to first scoring Johnny Damon with two out. On the play, Evan Longoria advances to second. Runner on second and Casey Kotchman due up.
Rays 1, Red Sox 0 Top 1, 2 OutsAug 17 1:46 PM
Top 1, 0 Outs
Aug 17 1:36 PM
- 24
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Rays vs. Red SoxAug 17 8:53 AM
- 14
rootsRUWTbot Added 14 roots
Rays vs. Red SoxMar 31 2:29 PM
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- Ventura: Relievers, media pose threats to Bradley's streak May 23
- Baseball Capsules May 22
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text:
Monkey Cookie
Baking By sammie192 Updated 13 Aug 2008 , 12:42pm by SweetDreamsAT
I am going to make a cookie bouquet the main cookie is a monkey. I have plam trees ,what else well go? she don't like bananas. It is a birthday bouquet. thanks sammie
No bananas?! That's a tough one. How about doing some party hat shaped cookies since its for a birthday?
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text:
Comorbid Psychiatric Factors Contributing to Adolescent Alcohol and Other Drug Use. Deborah Deas, M.D., M.P.H., and Suzanne Thomas, Ph.D.
- Virgil Potter
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1 Comorbid Psychiatric Factors Contributing to Adolescent Alcohol and Other Drug Use Deborah Deas, M.D., M.P.H., and Suzanne Thomas, Ph.D. Alcohol and other drug (AOD) use is common among adolescents, and its consequences pose important public health problems. Consequently, it is essential to understand the numerous factors that place adolescents at risk for AOD use. These factors include psychological and psychiatric influences (e.g., comorbid psychiatric disorders) as well as peer, environmental, and family factors. The impact of these factors may be moderated by other influences, such as the adolescents previous AOD use experience and gender. A thorough understanding of the factors that influence adolescent AOD use, and how their effects may change as adolescents age, is critical for the development of effective prevention and treatment efforts. KEY WORDS: comorbidity; adolescent; AODU (alcohol and other drug use); behavioral and mental disorder; psychological AODU disorder theory; peer relations; environmental factors; family AODU history; risk factors; emotional depression; anxiety; conduct disorder; attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity; genetic linkage; literature review Alcohol and other drug (AOD) use among adolescents is a major public health problem and has been linked to such adverse consequences as car crashes, suicide, delinquency, criminal behaviors, and psychological difficulties. Furthermore, the presence of AOD use problems during adolescence is the single most predictive factor for adult AOD dependence (Swadi 1999). Therefore, an understanding of the factors that place adolescents at risk for AOD use and abuse is critical for the development of effective prevention efforts. Many variables influence adolescents risk of AOD use, including psychological factors; psychiatric factors, such as coexisting psychiatric disorders; and peer, environmental, and family variables. Some of these influences are more powerful than others; furthermore, their relative impact may change over the course of adolescence. This article discusses the various risk factors and the roles they play in shaping adolescents AOD use throughout adolescence, focusing specifically on psychiatric risk factors. For an in-depth discussion of risk factors in general, see Hawkins and colleagues (1992). Psychological Factors In general, the term psychological factors refers to patterns of thought and behavior that exist along a continuum in the general population including, for example, personality traits, self-esteem, and coping skills. It is a somewhat allinclusive term that is used here to refer to all nonpathological factors related to thought patterns and behaviors that may impact an adolescent s risk of developing AOD use problems. Several studies have identified one psychological factor that is consistently related to an increased risk of AOD use problems in both adolescents and adults a personality pattern of high novelty seeking, low harm avoidance, and high reward dependence. This DEBORAH DEAS, M.D., M.P.H., is an associate professor and SUZANNE THOMAS, PH.D., is an assistant professor in the Institute of Psychiatry s Center for Drug and Alcohol Programs at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, South Carolina. Support for this work was provided in part by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism grant AA Alcohol Research & Health
2 Comorbid Psychiatric Factors and Adolescent AOD Use constellation of traits was first implicated in alcoholism risk in adults, but has also been shown to apply to adolescents at risk for AOD use (for a review see Swadi 1999). Another psychological factor that has been shown to be predictive of both the initiation and continuation of AOD use is high aggressivity (Swadi 1999). For example, Reinherz and colleagues (2000) found that both teacher-rated and self-rated aggressivity at age 9 was predictive of AOD use disorders at age 21. Low self-esteem also has been implicated in many disorders in adolescents; however, surprisingly little evidence suggests that it is a risk factor for adolescent AOD abuse (Swadi 1999). Thus, although adolescents with AOD use disorders may experience low self-esteem, it is unlikely that this low self-esteem was a causal factor for the development of the disorder. Stressful or traumatic life events also increase adolescents risk for developing use problems. For example, Kilpatrick and colleagues (2000) found that adolescents who witnessed or experienced physical and/or sexual assault were at greater risk for developing AOD use disorders than were adolescents without such experiences. Similarly, in an analysis of factors related to initiation and increase of AOD use, Wills and colleagues (2001) showed that the number of stressful life events experienced by adolescents was related to both the initiation and continuation of AOD use. Psychiatric Factors Psychiatric factors differ from psychological factors in that they represent emotional and behavioral conditions of a severity that warrant classification as mental disorders, which meet specific diagnostic criteria as stipulated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual on Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM IV) (American Psychiatric Association 1994). These psychiatric disorders can co-occur with AOD use disorders, and the presence of psychiatric disorders can serve as a risk factor for the development of AOD use disorders in both adolescents and adults. Although the term comorbidity in general refers to the co-occurrence of two psychiatric disorders, in the AOD abuse field it typically refers to the co-occurrence of an affective or anxiety disorder with an AOD use disorder. In discussing comorbidity as a risk factor for AOD use disorders, it is important to note the order of onset of the two disorders (i.e., whether they start simultaneously or whether one predates the other). Obviously, for a psychiatric It is important to note the order of onset of the two disorders (i.e., whether they start simultaneously or whether one predates the other). disorder to be a risk factor for an AOD use disorder, its onset must precede that of the AOD use problem. 1 To determine the order of onset of two disorders, researchers ideally use prospective, longitudinal studies, in which healthy subjects are followed over long periods of time and monitored for the development of the disorders under investigation. Although this approach is preferable to retrospective studies in which subjects with the disorders estimate the age at which they began experiencing a particular problem, prospective studies are difficult and costly to conduct and therefore used less commonly. Instead, retrospective studies and cross-sectional studies (which include participants of different ages to estimate the probable order of onset) are the most common study designs and provide most of the information in the field of comorbidity research. Even if the onset of an affective or anxiety disorder predates the AOD use disorder, it is possible that a third factor predisposes a person to both disorders. In these cases, the AOD use may not necessarily be in response to the preceding psychiatric disorder; rather, both disorders develop independently in response to the predisposing factor. In short, onset of a psychiatric disorder prior to an AOD use disorder is a necessary but not sufficient condition to conclude that the psychiatric disorder is a risk factor for the AOD use disorder. Although the self-medication hypothesis which proposes that a person begins to use AODs to alleviate the symptoms of a psychiatric disorder makes intuitive sense, it is not necessarily an accurate depiction of the situation. The following sections discuss the co-occurrence of some psychiatric disorders with AOD use disorders and their potential role as risk factors for the development of AOD use disorders. In reviewing the issue of comorbidity, it is important to note the population on which each study is based. That is, comorbidity rates vary with the study population (e.g., general population versus treatment sample), and results based on one type of sample may not generalize to other samples. Depression The seriousness of depression in adolescents and the necessity of its assessment are well recognized by clinicians and researchers. Depression during adolescence is closely linked to suicidal thoughts and behaviors, especially in the adolescents who also use AODs. For example, Wagner and colleagues (1996) found that depression and AOD use commonly coexisted among juniors and seniors in high school who attempted suicide. Several studies have reported an association between depression and AOD use in adolescents. In a study of inpatient adolescents, 73 percent of adolescents who used AODs met diagnostic criteria for depression. Furthermore, in 80 percent of those cases, the depressive symptoms predated the 1 Theoretically, there could be exceptions to this rule where a latent psychiatric disorder may contribute to AOD use, which, in turn, results in the psychiatric disorder s full manifestation and diagnosis. Vol. 26, No. 2,
3 AOD use (Deas-Nesmith et al. 1998a). This temporal relationship also has been observed by other investigators (Burke et al. 1994; Rohde et al. 1991), although other studies have not confirmed it (Hovens et al. 1994). Nevertheless, these observations suggest that depression may be a risk factor for AOD use and AOD use disorders in adolescents. Anxiety Disorders Similar to depression, anxiety disorders have also been found to predate AOD use, and adolescents with anxiety disorders may self-medicate their symptoms by using AODs. Female adolescents may be especially prone to self-medication of anxiety symptoms. For example, Rohde and colleagues (1996) reported that alcohol use among female high school students was associated with anxiety disorders that preceded the alcohol problems. Although few studies have examined the association between AOD use and specific anxiety disorders in adolescents, the existing literature suggests that two anxiety disorders in particular social anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be related to the risk of AOD use disorders in adolescents. Social anxiety disorder, which refers to an intense fear and avoidance of social scrutiny, has been particularly associated with AOD abuse, and especially alcohol use, in adults (Kushner et al. 1990). Deas-Nesmith and colleagues (1998b) explored the prevalence of comorbid psychiatric disorders and AOD use disorders among adolescents who were seeking treatment for AOD use problems. The investigators found that social anxiety disorder was the most common co-occurring psychiatric disorder among adolescents with an AOD use disorder 60 percent of the AOD-abusing adolescents met the criteria for social anxiety disorder. The investigators also found that when an anxiety disorder coexisted with AOD use, the anxiety symptoms generally predated AOD use by about two years, suggesting that the anxiety disorder could be a risk factor for AOD use. Because the sample studied consisted solely of adolescents seeking treatment for AOD use disorders, however, these results may not apply to non-treatmentseeking or community samples. The relationship of PTSD to AOD use also has been studied mostly in adult samples, although Kilpatrick and colleagues (2000) recently explored PTSD as a risk factor for AOD use problems in adolescents. These investigators found that PTSD increased the risk of abuse of several illicit drugs. One theory regarding the role of PTSD and traumatic life events as risk factors for AOD use disorders in adolescents posits that the affected adolescents often use AODs to cope with the traumatic experiences. This theory is supported by a study exploring the traumatic histories of adolescents with alcohol use disorders (Clark et al. 1997a). This study found that the alcohol-abusing adolescents were 6 to 12 times more likely to have a history of physical abuse and 18 to 21 times more likely to have a history of sexual abuse compared with control adolescents. Furthermore, the study suggested that the relationship of PTSD to AOD abuse in adolescents may be gender specific because the association of PTSD and alcohol dependence was stronger in females than in males (Clark et al. 1997b). Conduct Disorder Conduct disorder, commonly referred to as childhood antisocial behavior, has been shown to be particularly strongly associated with the onset as well as continuation of AOD use. For example, the presence of conduct disorder and related disorders predicts early initiation of regular alcohol use in early adolescence, onset of alcohol-related problems in adolescence, and development of alcohol use disorders. The relationship of conduct disorder to AOD use is fully described by Clark and colleagues, pp , of this journal issue. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is characterized by the constellation of impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention, commonly coexists with AOD use among adults and adolescents. There has been much discussion and debate whether people with ADHD are more likely to abuse AODs than people without the disorder. Studies suggest that the relationship between ADHD and AOD use in adolescents is moderated by other factors. For example, Biederman and colleagues (1997) prospectively followed adolescents with and without ADHD for four years and found no differences in the rates of AOD use between the two groups. Instead, the presence of conduct disorder and bipolar disorder was a more valid predictor of AOD use than ADHD status. Other studies conducted on adults and adolescents indicate that a person s level of cognitive functioning moderates the relationship between ADHD and AOD use. That is, people with lower cognitive functioning are more likely to use AODs in response to their hyperactivity than are people with higher cognitive functioning, possibly because the latter employ more effective coping techniques (Span and Earleywine 1999; Dawes et al. 2000). Other Risk Factors for Adolescent AOD Use and Abuse In addition to psychological factors and psychiatric comorbidity, numerous other factors can influence adolescents AOD use behaviors and can increase the risk of initiating and escalating AOD use. These influences include peer factors, environmental factors, and family factors. Peer Factors One of the changes that characterize adolescence is the development of an increasing independence. Part of this process involves looking outside the family for role models. Consequently, although parental guidance and approval remain important influences on adolescent behavior, peer guidance and approval become increasingly powerful and valued. These shifts in influences shape numerous aspects of adolescent behavior, including AOD use. 118 Alcohol Research & Health
4 Comorbid Psychiatric Factors and Adolescent AOD Use A large body of literature has addressed specific aspects of these shifting influences as they relate to AOD use (for a review, see Swadi 1999). These studies consistently demonstrate that the single most important factor related to an adolescent s AOD use is whether his or her friends use AODs. For example, in a study of 1,700 adolescents assessed yearly from the 7th to the 9th grade, good correlations (as indicated by correlation coefficients of ) existed between the level of AOD use in the respondent and the number of peers who used AODs (Wills et al. 2001). In fact, the relationship between these two variables was stronger than with any other factor measured (e.g., number of negative life events and coping style indices). It is also important to note that the association between peer use and adolescent self-use is typically strongest in young adolescents (i.e., less than 16 years of age). Moreover, peer use is most strongly related to variables related to the initiation of AOD use rather than to variables related to continuation of use (Swadi 1999). Environmental Factors In the literature regarding environmental risk factors for adolescent AOD use, the term environmental is typically used in one of two ways. In one usage, environmental refers to the physical environment and broader social conditions that surround the adolescent (e.g., socioeconomic status [SES] and living in a crime-ridden area). In this usage, environmental factors typically means influences that are separate from family factors or peer influences. In the other, more general usage, the term environmental refers to any influence that is not genetically determined and therefore includes peer factors or nongenetic family factors. Studies analyzing environmental factors according to the first definition of the term report varying results. Nevertheless, these studies identified the following factors as particularly important: Homelessness. In a study involving a large sample of homeless youth, 71 percent of the respondents had an AOD use disorder (Kipke et al. 1997). The study did not determine, however, whether AOD use problems resulted in homelessness or stemmed from it. Low SES. A low SES may also be a risk factor for adolescent AOD use. However, it probably acts through indirect mechanisms, such as a greater incidence of stressful life events and limited access to a college education and the opportunity to mature out of AOD use habits (Reinherz et al. 2000; Dawes et al. 2000; Schulenberg et al. 1996). Living in an urban environment. A study conducted in Finland (which may not generalize to other populations) found that living in an urban environment was related to a decrease in the likelihood of abstinence in adolescents, as probably AODs are more easily available in urban areas than in rural areas (Rose 1998). However, no evidence suggests that urban-dwelling adolescents are inherently at greater risk to develop an AOD use problem than are ruraldwelling adolescents. Several studies have investigated the role of environmental factors according to the second, more general definition of the term. These studies have yielded consistent results regarding the relative strength of environmental (i.e., nongenetic) influences on adolescent AOD use. The data show that the strength of environmental influences decreases from mid- to late adolescence (i.e., between 16 and 18 years of age), whereas the strength of genetic influences increases (Rose 1998). Although these studies were not intended to investigate the reason for this effect, it is tempting to speculate about underlying causes. One hypothesis is that the motives for AOD use, or at least alcohol use, change dramatically during adolescence. For example, an adolescent s initial motives for drinking may be to fit in socially or to satisfy a curiosity. Once the young person starts drinking, however, his or her continued alcohol use may be driven by the physical and psychological effects of alcohol consumption. Substantial research has shown that a person s response to alcohol is genetically influenced (these genetic influences are discussed in more detail in the following section). Therefore, as a person s motives for drinking change and the response to alcohol becomes increasingly important in determining drinking levels, it is likely that environmental influences lose their impact and genetic predisposition becomes more important. Family Factors Although the quest for independence drives adolescents to look outside the family for guidance regarding AOD use, as evidenced by the increasing importance of peer influences, family factors continue to influence adolescent AOD use. Family variables continue to exert a strong influence not only because most adolescents still value their family members as models of behavior, but also because these factors encompass such a wide range of influences. For example, family factors include the following: Family structure (i.e., the size of the family and whether the child lives with the mother, father, or both parents) Family dynamics (i.e., parenting style and sibling relationships) AOD use by the parents and/or siblings Genetic influences (i.e., the presence or absence of a family history of AOD use). Family factors can protect against adolescent AOD use and abuse (for a review, see Vakalahi 2001), or they can place an individual at risk. Regarding the latter, several studies report that adolescents whose parents or siblings have past or current AOD use problems are themselves at an increased risk of developing AOD use disorders (Reinherz et al. 2000; Kilpatrick et al. 2000). This association could be related either to a shared genetic predisposition or to Vol. 26, No. 2,
5 nongenetic factors, such as impaired parenting skills, greater availability of AODs, and/or greater perceived parental acceptance of AOD use. Interestingly, a study found that even if a father is abusing AODs, his presence in the home may provide greater protection against the development of adolescent AOD use problems than his absence (Tarter et al. 2001). In other words, adolescents who live only with their mothers are more likely to develop AOD use problems than adolescents living with both parents, even if the father abuses AODs. Larger family size has also been shown to increase the risk of adolescent AOD use disorders (Reinherz et al. 2000). In addition, these investigators found that for males only, being born to younger parents (i.e., less than 21 years old at the time of the child s birth) increased the risk of AOD use problems nearly sixfold. Finally, the parental influence against AOD use is tempered by whether the adolescent is involved in a peer group that supports AOD use (Gerrard et al. 1999). The study of genetic influences on AOD use in adolescence is still in its infancy, but it appears certain that genetic factors increase in strength as an adolescent ages (Rose 1998). As suggested earlier, this finding may be related to the adolescent s experience with AOD use. This experience typically increases with age, and as it increases, the adolescent s reasons for continued use may change, and the level of response to the drug, which is possibly inherited, may determine whether AOD use continues. This hypothesis has been especially well studied regarding the physiological response to alcohol. Several investigators have shown that college-age sons of alcoholics show a lower subjective response to the sedative effects of alcohol (delivered in a controlled setting) compared with college students without a family history of alcoholism (for a review, see Pollock 1992). This effect has also been shown in daughters of alcoholics (Schuckit et al. 2000). Other investigators have shown that people with a family history of alcoholism are more sensitive to the stimulating effects of alcohol (Newlin and Thomson 1990). The literature suggests that peer influences and environmental influences are especially important in early adolescence and in the initiation of AOD use. ple who drink to feel alcohol s effects (e.g., alcohol-experienced, older adolescents) rather than to people who drink to fit in or experiment with alcohol (e.g., alcohol-inexperienced, younger adolescents) and may help explain why genetic influences gain strength and environmental influences lose strength as an adolescent ages. Indirect support for this hypothesis also comes from the results of the first genetic study on drug use conducted exclusively on adolescents. In that study which did not address alcohol use McGue and colleagues (2000) found that a significant genetic influence existed on the use and abuse of nicotine but not on the use and abuse of illicit substances (i.e., marijuana, opiates, PCP, cocaine, sedatives, inhalants, and amphetamines). This finding supports the notion that genetic factors play a role in the continued use of a drug. Nicotine often is the first drug used by adolescents, and therefore is the drug with which most adolescents have experience. Whether a nicotine-experienced adolescent continues to smoke therefore may be influenced by the effects he or she obtains from nicotine, which could be genetically influenced. In contrast, with illicit drugs, adolescents typically are inexperienced in their use, so use of these drugs may more likely be driven by social and/or environmental factors rather than genetic factors. Conclusions Whether people experience less sedation or more stimulation with alcohol, both scenarios suggest that an inherited differential response to alcohol may make alcohol more reinforcing for people with a genetic predisposition to alcoholism. This theory may apply especially to peo- Most people will experiment with AODs for the first time during adolescence, and some people will continue to use AODs throughout adolescence and into adulthood. Researchers and clinicians now have a better understanding of the factors that increase the risk of AOD use in adolescence and contribute to its continuation and escalation. Adolescence is a dynamic period characterized by changes in many realms (e.g., physical, emotional, hormonal, and psychological), including AOD use experience. Therefore, it is important of that Athis period be viewed not as a single snapshot of development, but rather as a period when risk factors for AOD use can and will change in their relative impact over time. For example, the literature suggests that peer influences and environmental influences are especially important in early adolescence and in the initiation of AOD use. Genetic influences become more powerful for the continuation of AOD use as the adolescent enters adulthood; family, psychiatric, and psychological influences appear to be stable, constant influences. These shifts in the relevance of various risk factors must be considered in the development of appropriate prevention and intervention measures targeted at adolescents. References American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: APA, BIEDERMAN, J.; WILENS, T.; MICK, E.; ET AL.Is ADHD a risk factor for psychoactive substance use disorders? Findings from a 4-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36(1):21 29, BURKE, J.D.; BURKE, K.C.; AND RAE, D.S. Increased rates of drug abuse and dependence after onset of mood or anxiety disorders in adolescence. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45(5): , Alcohol Research & Health
6 Comorbid Psychiatric Factors and Adolescent AOD Use CLARK, D.B.; LESNICK, L.; AND HEGEDUS, A.M. Traumas and other adverse life events in adolescents with alcohol abuse and dependence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36(12): , 1997a. CLARK, D.; POLLOCK, N.; BUKSTEIN, O.G.; ET AL. Gender and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents with alcohol dependence. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36(9): , 1997b. DAWES, M.A.; ANTELMAN, S.M.; VANYUKOV, M.M.; ET AL. Developmental sources of variation in liability to adolescent substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 61:3 14, DEAS-NESMITH, D.; CAMPBELL, S.; AND BRADY, K. Substance use disorders in an adolescent inpatient psychiatric population. Journal of the National Medical Association 90: , 1998a. DEAS-NESMITH, D.; BRADY, K.; AND CAMPBELL, S. Comorbid substance use and anxiety disorders in adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 20(2): , 1998b. GERRARD, M.; GIBBONS, F.X.; ZHAO, L.; ET AL.The effect of peers alcohol consumption on parental influence: A cognitive mediational model. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 13(Suppl.):32 44, HAWKINS, J.D.; CATALANO, R.F.; AND MILLER, J.Y. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin 112:64 105, HOVENS, J.G.; CANTWELL, D.P.; AND KIRIAKOS, R. Psychiatric comorbidity in hospitalized adolescent substance misusers. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 33(4): , KILPATRICK, D.G.; ACIERNO, R.; SAUNDERS, B.; ET AL. Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68:19 30, KIPKE, M.D.; MONTGOMERY, S.B.; SIMON, T.R.; AND IVERSON, E.F. Substance abuse disorders among runaway and homeless youth. Substance Use & Misuse 32: , KUSHNER, M.G.; HER, K.L.; AND BEITMAN, B.D. The relation between alcohol problems and anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 147: , MCGUE, M.; ELKINS, I.; AND IACONO, W.G. Genetic and environmental influences on adolescent substance use and abuse. American Journal of Medical Genetics 96: , NEWLIN, D.B., AND THOMSON, J.B. Alcohol challenge with sons of alcoholics: A critical review and analysis. Psychological Bulletin 108: , POLLOCK, V.E. Meta-analysis of subjective sensitivity to alcohol in sons of alcoholics. American Journal of Psychiatry 149: , REINHERZ, H.Z.; GIACONIA, R.M.; HAUF, A.M.; ET AL. General and specific childhood risk factors for depression and drug disorders by early adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 39: , ROHDE, P.; LEWINSOHN, P.M.; AND SEELEY, J.R. Comorbidity of unipolar depression: II. Comorbidity with other mental disorders in adolescents and adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100(2): , ROHDE, P.; LEWINSOHN, P.M.; AND SEELEY, J.R. Psychiatric comorbidity with problematic alcohol use in high school students. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 35(1): , ROSE, R.J. A developmental behavioral-genetic perspective on alcoholism risk. Alcohol Health & Research World 22: , SCHUCKIT, M.A.; SMITH, T.L.; KALMIJN, J.; ET AL. Response to alcohol in daughters of alcoholics: A pilot study and a comparison with sons of alcoholics. Alcohol and Alcoholism 35: , SCHULENBERG, J.; O MALLEY, P.M.; BACHMAN, J.G.; ET AL. Getting drunk and growing up: Trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57: , SPAN, S.A., AND EARLEYWINE, M. Cognitive functioning moderates the relation between hyperactivity and drinking habits. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 23: , SWADI, H. Individual risk factors for adolescent substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 55: , TARTER, R.E.; SCHULTZ, K.; KIRISCI, L.; AND DUNN, M. Does living with a substance abusing father increase substance abuse risk in male offspring? Impact on individual, family, school, and peer vulnerability factors. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 10:59 70, VAKALAHI, H.F. Adolescent substance use and family-based risk and protective factors: A literature review. Journal of Drug Education 31:29 46, WAGNER, B.M.; COLE, R.E.; AND SCHWARTZMAN, P. Comorbidity of symptoms among junior and senior high school suicide attempters. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 26(3): , WILLS, T.A.; SANDY, J.M.; YAEGER, A.M.; ET AL. Coping dimensions, life stress, and adolescent substance use: A latent growth analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110:309 23, Vol. 26, No. 2,
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8 Free Printable Adult Coloring Pages
Remember how stressful it was coloring as a child? Conflicted by what colors to use, how dark or light to color, and let's not get started on coloring inside the lines. Well now that we're adults, it looks like we're revisiting one of our favorite childhood pastimes as a way to unwind. The adult coloring book trend hasn't slowed down and we think we know why. With all our technology and stressful work/life environments, sometimes it's necessary to work with our hands and let our minds wander. Coloring is a great therapeutic activity that let's you explore your creative side mindlessly. Want to get into the hype? Print out these coloring pages and give it a go.
via Trail of Colors
via In The Playroom
via Buzzle
via In The Playroom
via Nerdy Mamma


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August 3, 2014 Total Views: 6873 Today: 2 ★★★
SW Hotel San Francisco, This San Francisco hotel is located in between Chinatown and Northbeach, 2 blocks from the Cable Car System. The hotel offers a daily continental breakfast, free Wi-Fi and a 24-hour front desk. SW Hotel features free coffee and tea service every morning. Concierge services are also available. Many restaurants and cafes are within walking distance of the hotel. Guest rooms at the SW feature custom Ming designed furniture and are equipped with a cable TV and air conditioning. Work desks and hairdryers are also included in each room. The city's North Beach area is a 10-minute walk from the SW in San Francisco. Coit Tower is a 10-minute walk from the property. (SW Hotel San Francisco hotels booking).


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FAST & EFFICIENT: These workout videos are 20 minutes or shorter in duration and target the entire body.
ROUTINES FOR EACH TRIMESTER: The routines change as your pregnancy progresses. Exercises for the first trimester differ in intensity from the second and third trimesters.
DO THESE ANYWHERE: No special equipment or outfits are needed to do these workouts.
Discover the physical and mental benefits of prenatal yoga during pregnancy, which yoga poses are safe when you're pregnant, and how to do yoga safely.
Learn how to achieve a healthy body doing Yoga during pregnancy. If you want to start with prenatal Yoga, or lean relaxation exercises, you can start with this app. Get the benefits of Yoga Exercises when you are pregnant. Relaxation is good for you and the baby. Just follow our Prenatal Yoga Lessons and exercises, dedicated specially for pregnant women.