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1 NCAT Report No WATER DAMAGE TO ASPHALT OVERLAYS: CASE HSTORES by Prithvi S. Kandhal Carl W. Lubold, Jr. Freddy L. Roberts Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists in Nashville, Tennessee, February 20-22, 1989.
2 WATER DAMAGE TO ASPHALT OVERLAYS: CASE HSTORES by Prithvi S. Kandhal Carl W. Lubold, Jr. Freddy L. Roberts National Center for Asphalt Technology NCAT Report No The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors who are solely responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views and policies of the National Center for Asphalt Technology of Auburn University. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
3 WATER DAMAGE TO ASPHALT OVERLAYS:CASE HSTORES Prithvi S. Kandhal, 1 Carl W. Lubold2 and Freddy L. Roberts3 ABSTRACT Numerous papers have been published on the phenomenon of stripping especially on the possible causes of stripping, methods for predicting stripping potential of asphalt paving mixtures, and use of additives to minimize or prevent stripping. However, very few papers have evaluated this phenomenon considering the subsurface drainage in the total highway pavement system. Three case histories of water damage to asphalt overlays over portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements during the last ten years in Pennsylvania have been presented. Field observations have been documented in detail. Pavement layer samples were obtained using a jack hammer (rather than a core drill), thus avoiding the use of water, so that in-situ observations of water damage, actual moisture content determination in each layer, and study of subsurface water and/or water vapor migration in the pavement system could be accomplished. Cores from one project were also analyzed for tensile strength to assess the moisture induced damage. These case histories indicate that in many cases the stripping of asphalt pavements may not be a general phenomenon occurring on the entire project but rather a localized phenomenon in areas of the project which are oversaturated with water and/or water vapor due to inadequate subsurface drainage conditions. Recommendations have been made to improve the existing subsurface drainage lassistant Director, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, AL 2 Executive Director, Pennsylvania Asphalt Pavement Association, Harrisburg, PA i
4 3 Director, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn, AL system of the PCC pavements prior to placing the asphalt overlays so that persistent problems of stripping and/or potholing do not occur. Recommendations include the use of Asphalt Treated Permeable Material (ATPM), increased depth of longitudinal underdrains in cut sections, and lateral intercepting drains on grades. ii
5 WATER DAMAGE TO ASPHALT OVERLAYS:CASE HSTORES NTRODUC ON n recent years the problems of water damage to asphalt pavements has drawn attention toward the phenomenon called stripping. This term is applied to asphalt paving mixtures that exhibit separation of asphalt films from aggregate surfaces due primarily to the action of water. Numerous papers have been published on the possible causes of stripping, methods for predicting stripping potential of paving mixtures, and use of additives to minimize or prevent stripping. However, very few papers are available in the literature to identify and evaluate this phenomenon considering the subsurface drainage in the total highway pavement system. This paper presents three case histories of water damage to asphalt overlays over portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements during the last ten years in Pennsylvania. The most recent case of water damage was observed in the summer of 1986 on nterstate 80. Since similar damage had been observed (and documented) on Pennsylvania Turnpike (both East-West and North-East Sections) in the summer of 1978 it was considered prudent to include those unreported ten year old case histories in this paper as well. Data on existing moisture contents in the wearing, binder and levelling courses which is generally not found in the literature, has also been presented. t should be noted that stripping has not been identified as a major problem in Pennsylvania. t has occurred in very few cases such as, these three case histories where excessive water and/or moisture vapor was apparently present in the pavement system. Unfortunately, the subgrade or subbase underneath the PCC pavements constructed in the past are generally highly impermeable to water. These pavements when overlaid with asphalt overlays present a persistent 1
6 problem due to entrapped water and/or moisture vapor. PROBLEM AND OBSERVATONS East-West Pennsylvania Turnpike (1977) The East-West Pennsylvania Turnpike (Mile Post 218 to 226) was overlaid in The existing pavement consisted of RCC pavement which had received several overlays consisting of 2 limestone binder course (1962), 1 slag wearing course (1962), and 1 gravel wearing course (1973). The 1977 overlay consisted of 1 limestone levelling course, 2 limestone binder course and 1 wearing course, totalling 4 inches. The work also included the installation of new pipe drain and paving of the median as shown in Figure l(a); and paving and surface treating the shoulders as shown in Figure 2(a). Therefore, the total width of asphalt paving (including four lanes, median and shoulders) ranged from 72 to 78 feet. During the summer of 1978 small potholes started to develop mainly in the inside wheel track of the slow traffic lanes. Both slow (PL) had wet spots scattered throughout the project. lane (SL) and passing lane Usually at these wet spots water oozed out during hot afternoons. Some of the wet spots contained fines suspended in the water which were tracked on the pavement by the traffic. At some wet spots, free water could be squeezed out easily when pressed by shoes. Most of the wet spots containing suspended material developed into potholes. Figures 3 and 4 show typical potholes in the inside wheel track of the slow lane. The fatty areas (resulting from asphalt stripping and migrating to the surface) seen in the pictures usually preceded the formation of potholes. Small blisters or asphalt bubbles were also observed similar to one shown in Figure 5 (framed by the jaw of an adjustable wrench). A big blister (about 9 inches in diameter) was seen in the eastbound slow lane. When it was burst a thick slurry 2
7 was observed at the bottom of the wearing course (Figure 6). Chemical analysis of this slurry confirmed that the suspended fines came from the coarse aggregate in the wearing course and apparently resulted from the grinding of stripped aggregate under traffic. Figures 7 through 10 show the general pattern of the potholes which have been patched over the years. These pictures were taken in June Figure 10 shows three adjacent patches placed at different times. t should be noted that most of the pothole patching was done during the first two years (1978 and 1979). t was decided in August 1978 to determine the source of water oozing out from the pavement surface and also observe the condition of all underlying pavement layers. Use of a jack hammer was preferred to cut holes (usually 24 x 18 ) in the pavement, thus avoiding the use of water. This way the actual moisture (water) content in each layer could be determined. Each pavement layer sample was examined visually for moisture and stripping, and then put in a sealed can for moisture determination in the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) Asphalt Laboratory. Figure 11 shows the outline around a pothole before jack hammering, Figure 12 shows the rectangular trench after the new wearing course was removed, and Figure 13 shows the trench after the entire new overlay (wearing, binder and levelling) was removed. Figure 14 clearly shows the wetness in pavement layers especially the new binder course. Figure 15 shows the removed slabs of binder and wearing courses which exhibited severe stripping. Tables 1 and 2 describe the visual assessment of the moisture and stripping, and include the actual moisture contents of the pavement layers determined in the laboratory. t was surprising to find significant amount of free moisture in the pavement 3
8 layers and the damage due to stripping. The new wearing course (1977) was usually damp and had started to strip from the bottom upwards. The new binder course was usually wet to very wet and had stripped badly in less than a year. n some excavated holes, water started to ooze out from the side of this binder course. The new levelling course was dense and appeared moist only with no significant stripping. The old gravel wearing course (1973) was moist to wet, stripped and friable. The old slag wearing course (1962) was moist without any stripping. The old stone binder course was wet and partly stripped. Cement concrete was damp and sometimes deteriorated. n all excavations, three damp layers (new binder course, old gravel wearing course, and old binder course) were very distinct when viewed from the sides. The moisture contents reported in the tables include the free moisture in the mix and the moisture absorbed by the stripped aggregate. Due to this, the moisture content in the mix containing highly absorptive slag aggregate is high. So, it is not possible to make any comparisons between layers containing different aggregates. However, the moisture contents in general appear very high compared to median moisture contents of 0.34% for surface courses and 0.35% for binder courses indicated in a limited nationwide study of satisfactory pavements (1). The average void content in the new wearing course was 3.0 percent and it contained 1.8 percent moisture by weight of the mix. This means the voids in this course were over-saturated (253 %) with water. Similarly, the average void content in the new binder course was 3.8 percent and it contained 1.8 percent moisture by weight which amounts to 197% over-saturation. Apparently, some water had been absorbed by the stripped aggregate and also additional voids were created by the loss of asphalt due to stripping caused by pore water pressure under heavy traffic. Grease ring tests performed in the passing lane indicated that the road surface 4
9 was practically impermeable to surface water. A 1/8-1/4 layer of water within a 9-inch diameter grease ring did not soak through the surface for 45 minutes. Actually, the wheel tracks in the slow lanes were on the verge of flushing. Visual observations (Tables 1 and 2) indicate that the pavement layers were getting water and water vapor from the subbase in the median (Figure la) and from the cracks and joints in the deteriorated concrete. This mechanism will be discussed in detail later. Asphalt stripping from the aggregates in the pavement layers was attributed to the presence of water and water vapor in the mix. This mechanism will also be discussed later. However, it should be mentioned here that the severe stripping which occurred in the inside (left) wheel track of the slow lane is believed to be due to: 1. Close proximity to the longitudinal center line joint of the PCC pavement where ingress of water from the subgrade is usually high, 2. increased distance from the pavement base drain at the edge compared to the outside (right) wheel track, and 3. more and heavier traffic in the slow (driving) lane compared to the passing lane. Since different types of aggregates are involved in these layers constructed during different periods, it is hard to believe that all aggregates have stripping tendencies. Moreover, the Perry Rock sandstone aggregate (used in the new wearing course) was evaluated using the immersion-stability test and compared favorably with other aggregates used successfully in the past as shown by the following results:
10 Stability after Stability after 40 min. immersion 3 days immersion % Retained 140 F Stability Perry Rock (Sandstone) Adonizio Aggregate (Limestone) Summit Station (Siltstone) North-East Pennsylvania Turnpike ( ) The North-East extension of Pennsylvania Turnpike (Mile Post A-57 to A-67) consisted of 10 PCC pavement which was overlaid for the first time in 1977 and The new asphalt overlay consisted of 1 levelling course, 2 binder course and 1 wearing course. This section of turnpike had 4 feet wide raised concrete median divider unlike the East-West Turnpike which had a paved depressed median about 10 feet wide. The work also included providing a 6 U-Drain in the cut sections. The shoulders were paved with a 4 binder course to which a bituminous surface treatment was applied for waterproofing. The typical cut section is shown in Figure 16. AU pavement lanes (slow and passing lanes) started to exhibit white spots on the surface during the summer of These white spots were occurring in clusters interspersed with scattered white spots (Figure 17). Apparently these white spots had developed from the oozing water containing some salt. Wet spots with clear water were also common and usually appeared in the afternoon on a hot day. Although no potholes had developed in this section there was a concern that a distress pattern similar to that experienced on the East-West Turnpike would develop. Therefore, similar investigations were also conducted on this section in August/September of Tables 3 and 4 give the visual assessment of moisture and stripping, and laboratory determined moisture contents of the pavement layers. From the 6
11 appearance of the surface marked with clusters of white spots and no potholes, it did not seem likely that the pavement layers were saturated with water. However, when holes were made by jack hammering, all layers (consisting of 1 wearing course, 2 binder course and 1 levelling courses) were found to be wet. The wearing course had started to strip from the bottom upwards, and severe stripping of the binder course was observed. The concrete was wet and deteriorated at places. The pavement layers were found to be wetter near the concrete median (Figure 18) compared to the area near the center line (Figure 19) in cut areas. Evidently, the new U-drain installed at the toe of the cut slope (Figure 16a) was not deep enough to substantially lower the water table in the vicinity of the median. This section has a 4 ft. wide concrete median and it appears that the stripping has been caused by the presence of subsurface water coming through the joints, cracks and disintegrated portions of the underlying PCC pavement. Although the pavement surface was almost impermeable to surface water, its surface texture was not as dense as that observed on the East-West Turnpike. This probably facilitated the uniform escape of trapped moisture all over the pavement surface and, thus, the presence of scattered white spots. The binder course and subbase in the shoulder areas were found to be drier in the fill area than in the cut area. Also, the new binder course in the shoulder was stripped in the cut area, and no stripping was observed in the fill area. Typical cross section (Figure 16a) shows that the shoulder subbase is sandwiched between two impermeable layers with no outlet in cut areas. This would keep the subbase saturated at all times and would provide water for stripping of the new binder course.
12 East-West Turnike Pavements (1971, 1975 and 1976) After observing stripping in the East-West and North-East pavements overlaid in 1977 and 1978, the question was asked: Why did the pavements overlaid prior to 1977 not exhibit such surface distresses? Did excessive precipitation occur in 1978, which the subsurface drainage could not handle? Monthly precipitation records from years 1971 to 1978 for the South Central Mountain (East-West Turnpike) and East Central Mountain Divisions (North-East Extension) were obtained from the U.S. Weather Bureau and tabulated in Tables 5 and 6 respectively. The data indicates that the precipitation in 1977 had not been very unusual. Except for the year 1974 (in case of South Central Division only) all years had precipitation more than the normal. The total rainfall for this region during May, June and July of 1978 was about 4 inches more than the normal for this period. t was decided to examine 3 sections of the older East-West Turnpike pavements which were overlaid in a similar manner during the years 1971, 1975 and The condition of pavement layers are given in Tables 7, 8 and 9. Although the pavement layers in general did not show any visible moisture, the stripping, particularly in the top wearing and binder courses, was found to be severe. Most of the moisture is probably contained in the absorptive stripped aggregates and thus not visible to the eye. Also, it appeared that the pavement had stripped to such an extent that the moisture in the pavement layers could evaporate easily throughout the surface. t was hard to believe that the badly stripped gravel wearing course was still holding, although some potholes had begun to develop near Mile Post (Table 7). The underlying PCC pavement in these sections was damp to wet and disintegrated at places. The old binder course over PCC pavement was found damp 8
13 and stripped. The observations indicated that the water in the overlaid layers was coming from the joints, cracks and deteriorated portions of the old PCC pavements. This was very evident at M.P on the West bound slow lane (Table 7) where the maintenance crew had exposed the PCC pavement in large areas for patch repairs. The concrete was wet, badly disintegrated, and water was coming out. The water and/or water vapor was probably getting into the overlaid layers from the median subbase also as observed in 1977 East-West Turnpike section. t was also noted that the new binder course in the shoulder stripped in the cut area, whereas, no stripping was observed in the fill area (Table 9), this same observation was noted on the North-East Extension (Table 4). The shoulder subbase in the cut area is sandwiched between two almost impermeable layers with no outlet. t was concluded from the observations of these older overlay projects on East-West Turnpike that the same problem existed in an advanced stage, although not apparent on the surface. These observations lead one to conclude that completely paving the roadway from one shoulder edge to another without improving the existing subsurface drainage system has been detrimental to the pavement structural system in general. These detrimental effects will be discussed later. nterstate 80- Monroe County ( 1985) Westbound lanes of nterstate 80 in Monroe County (Station 495 to 743) were rehabilitated and resurfaced in October/November The resurfacing in this 4.7 mile long section consisted of a levelling course, 2 sandstone binder course and 1-1/2 sandstone wearing course after some distressed concrete slabs of the original 10 reinforced cement concrete (PCC) pavement were removed and replaced. Pavement base drain was also installed at the edge of the pavement toward the 10 9
14 foot shoulder. The development of potholes was observed project was inspected in August 1986 to investigate in the summer of The the cause of premature distress. t was observed that a series of potholes (about 24) had developed mostly in the left (inside) wheel track of the slow lane as was observed on East-West Turnpike in A majority of potholes existed between station 530 to 605 (about 1.4 mile). Although it had not rained for two days prior to the day of inspection, free water was observed in some potholes. t was also determined from observations of the District personnel who frequently drive on this road that first water stains would appear on the road surface, then localized flushing of the surface occurred, and finally a pothole developed. These observations indicated that the potholing was probabaly occurring as a result of stripping of asphalt from the aggregate. t is hypothesized that the bituminous mix is saturated with water, the pore pressure from stresses induced by traffic can cause the asphalt-aggregate bond to fail. The stripped asphalt migrates to the surface causing flushing, followed by potholing due to the loss of binder in the underlying mix. t was decided to test the roadway to investigate and establish the possible cause(s) of premature distress. Twenty (20) 6 diameter cores were obtained. Ten cores were taken from potholed areas and 10 from areas which did not have any potholes at that time-hereinafter called good areas. Twelve (12) loose mix samples of wearing and binder course were also obtained by using a jack hammer rather than a core drill so that the actual moisture content existing in the pavement layers could be determined. These were obtained at three locations each in potholed and good areas. All cores were taken in the inside (left) wheel track of the slow lane. Cores in the potholed areas were taken about a foot away from an existing pothole. 10
15 Average core and mix test data is given in Table 10. Good and potholed areas have comparable void contents in the binder contents (2.7%) in the wearing course. The average void course are considered to be high (7.9% in good areas and 6.5% in potholed areas) especially after one year service. At high void content levels (from 6 or 7% up), the voids are interconnected and get saturated with water readily. The cores were tested for tensile strength at 77 2 /min. The tensile strength of the pavement usually decreases from moisture induced damage (stripping). The tensile strength of both wearing and binder courses in potholed and good areas given in Table 10 are quite comparable. This was confirmed by the visual observation of the mix which showed no significant stripping in the potholed area. t should be noted that the cores were taken about one foot away from the potholes. Apparently, excessive stripping had occurred in small localized spots resulting in potholes, whereas the adjacent areas had not been affected significantly. The potholed The binder mix in areas had about 1/2% higher moisture than did the good areas. the potholed area has an average void content of 6.5% and its moisture content is 1.23% by wt. of mix which means that about 44% of the voids were filled with moisture on the day the pavement was sampled. Similarly, the voids in the wearing course were over-saturated (118%) with water, apparently some water had been absorbed by the aggregate. The preceding discussion of test data indicates that the potholes were primarily caused by localized water action. t was also observed that most potholed areas were located on steep grades and were in the transition between cut and fill areas. Usually the water table in the cut areas is closer to the pavement structure. This subsurface water in the cut area tends to flow longitudinally down 11
16 the steep grade towards the fill area rather than transversely towards the pavement edge drains. Unless transverse drains are installed to intercept this water flow, it emerges at the surface in the cut/fill transition as observed on this project. The existing special subgrade under the original 10 PCC pavement does not have the draining capability for the areas subject to excessive subsurface water. Pumping of concrete slabs was observed even in high fill sections of nterstate 80 which had not received the asphalt overlay. Due to reasons mentioned in the discussion of East-West Turnpike this inadequate drainage allowed a supply of water to induce localized severe stripping mostly in the inside wheel track of the slow lane. DSCUSSON Stripping Phenomenon The presence of moisture and/or water in the pavement structural system of these overlaid projects has been established by the extensive visual observations and the laboratory determinations reported earlier. So, the stripping phenomenon will be discussed within that context. Jimenez (2) has stated that all stripping failures have been associated with the presence of water. The stresses that cause failure of the asphalt film are assumed to be water pressure and erosion caused by traffic or thermal cycles or both on wet pavements. Lottman et al. (3) have reported that it is possible to have a disintegrated pavement layer that is caused by moisture damage without pavement performance criteria being affected significantly. However, the pavement will have to be repaired by using overlays. This applies to the North-East Turnpike and three older East-West Turnpike sections overlaid in 1971, 1975 and 12
17 1976. Excessive pore pressure buildup has also been reported (4) as the cause of stripping in some mixtures. The pressure buildup is caused by traffic and results in the water being in frequent motion. t is hypothesized that considerable pore pressure may be built up which results in stripping and subsequent failure of the road mixture. Extensive research has been conducted on the mechanism of asphalt stripping at the University of daho (5,6). t has been reported that air voids in asphalt concrete may become saturated with water even from vapor condensation due to water in the subgrade or subbase. A temperature rise after this saturation can cause expansion of the water trapped in the mixture voids resulting in significant void pressure when the voids are saturated. t was found that void water pressure may develop to 20 psi under differential thermal expansion of the compacted asphalt mixture and could exceed the adhesive strength at the binder-aggregate surface. f asphalt concrete is permeable, water could flow out of the void spaces under the pressure developed by the temperature rise and, in time, relieve the pressure developed. f not, then the tensile stress resulting from the pressure may break adhesion bonds and the water could flow around the aggregates causing stripping. The stripping damage due to void water pressure and external cyclic stress (by traffic) mechanisms is internal in the specimens, the exterior sides of the specimens do not show stripping damage unless opened up for visual examination. Observations on the Pennsylvania turnpike appear to support the action of the above mechanism. Oozing out of water was seen in the hot afternoons. Hallberg (7) has reported that the required internal water pressure causing an asphaltic mixture to have adhesive or interracial tension failure (stripping) is inversely proportional to the diameter of the pores. He stated that densely graded 13
18 . aggregates will help to eliminate these failures. Observations on the turnpike indicate that the binder course mixtures have generally stripped more than the wearing course mixtures, possibly due to larger diameter pores in the binder course. Majidzadeh and Brovald (8) have also stated that the pore pressure from stresses induced by traffic cause the failure of the binder-aggregate bond. nitially, the traffic stresses may further compact the mixture and trap or greatly reduce the internal water drainage. Therefore, the internal water is in frequent motion (cyclic) and considerable pore pressure is built up under the traffic action. Mack (9) has described the pumping action by which tires cause movement of water in a wet pavement. He stated that these forces are far greater than thermodynamic ones, and gave primary importance to the resulting loosening and perhaps emulsification of the binder. t was suspected that the deicing salts might have interacted to accelerate stripping on the turnpike. However, Schulze and Geipel (10) have reported no deleterious effects of salt on the asphalt mixtures they tested. McKesson(11) has made some interesting observations. He observed that ground water and water entering the roadbed from the shoulders, ditches and other surface sources, is carried upward by capillarity under a pavement. Above the capillary fringe water moves as a vapor and, if unimpeded at the surface, it passes to the atmosphere. This method of reduction of moisture has been termed Drainage by Evaporation, and it is the considered opinion of this writer that Drainage by Evaporation is usually as important as drainage downward by gravitation. f the pavement or seal coat constitutes a vapor seal or a vapor barrier, the moisture during cool nights and in cool weather condenses beneath the surface. When the pavement absorbs solar heat, the water is again vaporized and, if not free to escape, substantial vapor pressure results because water as vapor has more than a 14
19 thousand times the volume of water in liquid form. Vapor pressure forces the moisture up into the pavement and through the surface. Blistering in bituminous pavements is a well known example of the effect of entrapped moisture and moisture vapor. Observations on the turnpike seem to confirm McKesson s experience. t appeared that water vapor and/or water was escaping from the pavement surface on North-East Extension rather easily and uniformly due to somewhat open texture, whereas, the wheel tracks in the slow lanes of East-West Turnpike (overlaid in 1977) were too impervious to allow moisture to escape. This resulted into severe stripping of the new wearing course due to entrapped water and/or water vapor, and development of potholes in the wheel track of the slow lanes. As mentioned earlier, one big blister was also observed in the slow lane of East Bound Turnpike. Wet spots were observed in all lanes due to escape of water vapor and/or water both on East-West Turnpike and North-East Extension overlaid in 1977 and t is hypothesized that the older East-West Turnpike pavement overlays ( ) were either open or had opened up due to progressive stripping sufficiently to allow the moisture in the pavement layers to be continuously lost by evaporation and avoid moisture accumulation. Subsurface Drainage t should be mentioned at the outset that before being overlaid, the PCC pavement structural system was probably losing moisture by evaporation from the joints, cracks, disintegrated portions of PCC pavement, uncovered depressed median and possibly treated shoulder areas. After the new overlay design of completely paved feet wide roadway (paving a typical pavement cross section including the depressed median from toe of slope to toe of slope in cut areas, and from 15
20 shoulder edge to shoulder edge in fill areas), all moisture and water in the pavement system had to be removed by the subsurface drainage system. t appears that the existing subsurface drainage was not effective in draining the excessive amounts of water or preventing water vapor build-up in the pavement system. This problem has been rightly stated by Cedergren and Lovering (12) as follows: As the highway system requires the construction of multilane highways to greater widths, gentler slopes and milder curves in all kinds of terrain, the physical problems of developing stable roads have multiplied. This is equally true of subsurface drainage. Doubling the road width for example, makes drainage about four times as difficult as before. Consequently, practices that worked when roads were only two narrow lanes do not work for four and six lanes. Greater amounts of ground water and seepage enter wider roadbeds constructed in deeper cuts, and must be conducted greater distances for removal from places where it could cause damage or failure. The East-West Turnpike consisted of 2 two-lane highways separated by an unpaved median and flanked by two treated shoulders. After the complete full width bituminous concrete paving of feet, it is equivalent to a six-lane highway without any increase in the subsurface drainage capability. Barber and Sawyer(13) have studied the subject of highway subdrainage in great detail. They have reported that even after drainage a dense-graded material (such as, the subbase under PCC pavements) will hold considerable water by capillarity if protected from evaporation. Water may also move through a soil as a vapor and considerable amount may be transferred by convection. f water evaporates continuously from the surface, the soil will dry out enough to establish a tension gradient sufficient to maintain the flow required for continuous operation (of evaporation). f evaporation stops (due to covering the surface) the moisture increases toward the value for static equilibrium. Rates of flow due to capillarity 16
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text:
"TSA is going to extend its outreach into other modes of transportation. We think this is a very good approach to test our tools and quickly deploy resources in the event of a situation or a threat. It shows we could be at any of these places."
Related quotes
"We can never judge the lives of others, because each person knows only their own pain and renunciation. It's one thing to feel that you are on the right path, but it's another to think that yours is the only path."
"Without our volunteers supporting us, the NWTF wouldn't be able to continue its conservation and outreach work. We honor our chapters for their efforts through the L.A. Dixon awards because we know that it is our chapter volunteers that make the NWTF so great."
"I used to do a lot of outreach because no one liked having a waste management site like ours near them."

subset: commoncrawl


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Osborne Samuel has an important sculpture inventory and exhibition programme. The gallery has been closely associated with Lynn Chadwick for over 30 years. After our own very successful retrospective in 2012, we co-curated the highly acclaimed Chadwick retrospective at Abbott Hall Art Gallery and Blackwell in Cumbria. (Lynn Chadwick: Evolution in Sculpture at Abbot Hall & Blackwell: 28 March – 15 June 2013.
See the virtual catalogue.
In this the centenary year of Lynn Chadwick's birth, we will hold a retrospective and launch the major new monograph written by Michael Bird.
Lynn Chadwick was born in London in 1914. He trained as a draughtsman and in 1937 joined an architectural practice, designing exhibition stands for trade fairs.
During the war, Chadwick served as a pilot in the Fleet Air Arm. Afterwards he moved to Stroud, Gloucestershire and began constructing mobiles out of wire and balsa wood. He had his first one-man show in 1950 and in 1952 contributed sculptures to the British entry at the XXVI Venice Biennale. This was the exhibition that prompted the art critic Herbert Read to coin the phrase 'the geometry of fear' to describe the work of Chadwick and his fellow British contributors.
In the early 1950s, Chadwick began to concentrate on solid, free-standing sculptures. In 1956, to the outrage of the artist establishment, Chadwick won the prestigious International Sculpture Prize at the XXVIII Venice Biennale, pushing Giacometti an elder statesman in comparison into second place. The prize secured his international reputation. Tate Britain held a major Chadwick exhibition in 2003, the year of his death.


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My Dream Date13 14
It all started back in June 2009, I went on a Work and Travel Program to the States, and I ended up working as a game host in an amusement park called Cedar Point, located at Sandusky, Ohio. One day, my friend and I were done from work and were walking out of the office, we saw the manager showing a group of new employees around the games department. From afar, my friend and I noticed there is this cute Asian girl with long black hair among the group of new employees, smiling and nodding to the manager. Deep inside my heart I was like "Hell yeah, finally a cute chick in the department!" But the thing is we have four working areas and the chances of working together with her is only ¼! Since my friend and I both work at different areas, we were betting against each other where this girl will eventually end up at. After a week passed, both my friend and I didn't get to see her at all during work. We were very disappointed. But who knew that the following day luck is on my side, she just appeared right in front of me! You will never know how happy I was at that moment. It seems that we just didn't have the same shift for the past 1 week
250 Euros equals to around 10000 New Taiwan Dollar(NTD). The 2-way air ticket from Malaysia to Taiwan will cost roughly 200 Euros=8000 NTD. Then, I would like to ask her out for a candlelight dinner at a local Greek themed Restaurant which serves nice food and has great atmosphere. (recommended by people on the internet) My girlfriend's biggest dream is to be able to go to Greece and look at the Aegean Sea. I don't have that much money for now but I can still at least afford a dinner at a Greek themed Restaurant. I have checked and 35 Euros =1400 NTD is enough to pay for this meal. Next, we will spend the remaining 15 Euros=600 NTD in a lovely coffee shop. She just loves coffee so much! By the time we are done it will already be quite late and there wouldn't be much traffic on the road anymore. This is the best time to go out for a ride! I will bring her on the back of her bicycle and we will ride around the city. Empty roads, cold wind, laughter and my love at the back seat holding on to me, this moment is priceless. When we are done, we will cycle back to my girlfriend's place and rest up for the day. So this will be my dream date.
I really do hope that you can give me the opportunity to make my dream date come true. Thank you.
written by larrywzh on 2011-08-02


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What are these pockets of fat and how do I get rid of them? (photo)
Doctor Answers 5
Perioral Mounds
Those are classic perioral mounds and are one of the best illustrations of them that I have seen. There are reduced by small cannula liposuction.
Learn more: http://www.eppleyplasticsurgery.com
Correction of perioral fat deposits
Based on very limited information these photos provide, it seems that these may be localised fat deposits. A simple reduction using a small liposuction cannula would be my first thought.
You should seek a consultation with an experienced board certified plastic surgeon for clinical evaluation and discuss your options. Good luck.
And the answer is: Perioral Mounds
Fillers in this area work very well if placed meticulously. I like using cannulas to limit complications. Sometimes you need implants, buccal fat removal or even thread lifting to help. See an expert in facial contouring for a formal evaluation. Best, Dr. Emer.
Learn more: https://jasonemermd.com/
You might also like...
What are these pockets of fat and how do I get rid of them?
Discrete fat pockets in the lower cheek are commonly called jowls. They can be lifted with Ulthera® laser or tightened with radiofrequency laser.
What are these pockets of fat and how do I get rid of them?
Hi, from the photos these appear to be "pseudo jowls" which are a result of a very weak chin. This makes sense as having true "jowls" would not be expected in a 22 year old face. The lack of chin support allows these tissues to sag. I have performed many Chin Augmentations using chin implants for over 30 years. When the chin is weak, this creates an imbalance making the nose appear larger, the mid face top heavy and the lower face look short that de-emphasizes the lips and allows early formation of a double chin. Chin augmentation using a chin implant will add projection to the chin creating harmony and balance to the lower face.
I have found that placement of a silastic chin implant, through a small curved incision under the chin (also allows excess skin removal) to be very safe, quick, highly effective and far less invasive than a sliding genioplasty. I perform chin implant surgery in 30 minutes or less, often using a local anesthetic alone. In my opinion, you are a good candidate for chin implant surgery.
Hope this helps.
Learn more: http://www.beverlyhills-plasticsurgery.com/chin-implants/
These answers are for educational purposes and should not be relied upon as a substitute for medical advice you may receive from your physician. If you have a medical emergency, please call 911. These answers do not constitute or initiate a patient/doctor relationship.


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When TIA members enroll in the TIA Shipping Program, they'll have a chance to win up to $10,000, or more than 100 other prizes, in the FedEx Advantage $25,000 Get Ready Sweepstakes. With the TIA Shipping Program, TIA members can save up to 29% on select FedEx services. The program is free to join and there are no minimum shipping requirements.
POP Tennis Continues to Create New Excitement
POP Tennis, which is played on 60-foot tennis courts with lower pressure Green-Dot balls and shorter POP tennis (paddle) racquets, continues to gain followers in the U.S. and is poised to spread internationally, says Ken Lindner, the president of the U.S. POP Tennis Association.
Top Global, U.S. Execs To Present at TIA Tennis Forum, Aug. 29
The top officials from the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and U.S. Tennis Association (USTA) will speak to hundreds of industry executives at the ninth annual TIA Tennis Forum, which will be held Monday, Aug. 29, from 8:30 to 10 a.m. at the Grand Hyatt New York City, right before play begins at the 2016 US Open.
Tennis Pioneers Eugene Scott & Eve Kraft To Join Tennis Industry Hall of Fame
Tennis journalist and player Eugene Scott and community tennis pioneer Eve Kraft will be the 2016 inductees into the Tennis Industry Hall of Fame. Both will be inducted posthumously at a ceremony in New York, during the TIA Tennis Forum on Aug. 29. To attend, visit TennisIndustry.org/forum.
Top Tennis Execs to Present Latest Plans, Research at TIA Tennis Forum, Aug. 29
Top tennis executives will present the latest research and share plans for growing this industry at the ninth annual TIA Tennis Forum, which will be Monday, Aug. 29, from 8:30 to 10 a.m. at the Grand Hyatt New York City. The Tennis Forum is free to attend, but space is limited so attendees should register at TennisIndustry.org/forum.
9th Annual TIA Tennis Forum Set for Aug. 29 in New York City
The ninth annual TIA Tennis Forum will be held on Monday, Aug. 29, at the Grand Hyatt New York City, right before play begins at the 2016 US Open. In addition to presenting the latest news and research about the tennis industry, the Forum will include a ceremony honoring the two 2016 inductees into the Tennis Industry Hall of Fame: Eve Kraft and Eugene Scott. Attendees should register at TennisIndustry.org/forum.
Sign Up for a Cardio Tennis Training Course
Tennis and fitness coaches, expand your business by attending a Cardio Tennis Training Course. Visit CardioTennis.com for more information and to sign up for a course near you.
NYC Meetings to Highlight Issues in Tennis Marketplace
The ninth annual TIA Tennis Forum—with a focus on addressing the current marketplace, outlining industry efforts under way, and presenting the latest news and trends—will be held on Monday, Aug. 29, at the Grand Hyatt New York City, starting at 8:30 a.m. Please register for the Forum here. The Forum will be followed on Tuesday by a roundtable working session to examine ways to better engage consumers in an age of disruption that is impacting industry businesses, manufacturers and retailers.
TIA Educational Webinar Series Continues to Grow
Through July, nearly 1,500 people had registered for a webinar in the TIA's series of educational webinars offered through August. The PTR and USPTA are offering continuing education credits for those who attend the webinars. For more information and the most up to date schedule, and to register for a webinar, visit TennisIndustry.org/webinars.
POP Tennis Rolled Out to Support Adult Play
The industry is working together with the U.S. Paddle Tennis Association, which has rebranded its organization to "POP Tennis," mirroring rules and court sizes adopted by the USTA and ITF.


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|30 May 2011
EventViewer Log Question - Event1904 HHCTRL
I was browsing my event Viewer recently and come across several tens of items whose source is listed as Event1904 HHCTRL, under the Windows Logs > Application area. This is the information from the log:
Information 4/04/2011 9:57:28 PM HHCTRL 1904 None "The description for Event ID 1904 from source HHCTRL cannot be found. Either the component that raises this event is not installed on your local computer or the installation is corrupted. You can install or repair the component on the local computer. If the event originated on another computer, the display information had to be saved with the event. The following information was included with the event: Computer Storage - JB Hi-Fi MS05-026: A vulnerability in HTML Help could allow remote code execution
MS05-026: A vulnerability in HTML Help could allow remote code execution
MS05-026: A vulnerability in HTML Help could allow remote code execution
I'm reasonably confident my system is safe:
- NAT router
- Windows Firewall
- Windows 7 always up-to-date
- MSE resident & updated (quick scans daily, full scans weekly)
- MBAM resident & updated hourly (quick scan every boot-up, full scan weekly)
- WoT used during web browsing
- IE8 Protected Mode = ON
I suspect this is an innocent? cookie lurking in my system from my browsing, or is there anything I need to be concerned about?
|My System Specs
|30 May 2011
Windows 7 Ultimate 32bit SP1
This is a fairly old article about the event ID MS05-026: A vulnerability in HTML Help could allow remote code execution
Also http://www.pcreview.co.uk/forums/eve...-t2358037.html
|My System Specs
|30 May 2011
Mmm thanks Jacee. I'm no wiser though........it seems like an innocous issue. Do you agree?
|My System Specs
|30 May 2011
Windows 10 Pro x64
The error simply states that the web page in question likely hosts the HTML help control object, and has been blocked from performing certain functions due to the HTML help lockdown as per MS05-026. Technically, it's innocuous, but it does mean that site may be attempting to leverage functionality in that control that Microsoft disabled 6 years ago...
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Desktop Icon Disappear Issue W7, Tried most posted fix's. EventViewer?
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SSD boot time slowed, Error ID 109 in EventViewer. Please Help?
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EventViewer :: Get Registry Value Taskman Failed
Hi, I am running windows 7 embedded and running shell instead of explorer.exe. Everything is working fine except when i go into evertviewer i can see an error message saying : Get Registry Value Taskman Failed Then in Detail Friendly view:
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Logitech 5.1 surround question and soundcard question IDT and Realtek
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Farmington, Farmington Hills
Club cultivates gardens, learning
By Sherri Kolade
Posted December 4, 2013
FARMINGTON/FARMINGTON HILLS — Although the winter months are upon us and many gardens have closed up shop, North Farmington Garden Club members are just as busy as they have been with the gardens they've nurtured during the rest of the year.
"We do a lot of workshops. We do centerpieces, have speakers come in at our meetings — every meeting every month has a different theme," Garden Club Co-second Vice President Diane Hague said. "There are a lot of educational things that really make you feel good to do something for the community."
Founded in 1977, the North Farmington Garden Club, a nonprofit organization that tends gardens in the Farmington community and a portion of West Bloomfield, has promoted better horticulture practices, encouraged all forms of conservation, fostered the love of gardening and more.
The roughly 20-member club has also maintained garden beds at O.E. Dunckel Middle School, 32800 W. 12 Mile Road, in Farmington Hills since 1979.
Club Co-president Florence Smith said the club was formed because there was a waiting list to get into another garden club.
"It was suggested to us that we form another garden club, and that is how we formed the North Farmington Garden Club," she said. "We've done some wonderful things over the 36 years."
The club is part of Michigan Garden Clubs and also National Garden Clubs, which has 200,000 members.
Since its inception, the club has received a yearly award from the Farmington Hills Beautification Commission and Park and the Recreation Commission for its continual efforts at Dunckel and past efforts at the city's YMCA.
The club has also received numerous awards from other organizations.
"I joined the club because my children were older and going off to college, and I needed an outlet," Garden Club Parliamentarian Jeannette Tiberio said. "The thing I love about the Garden Club is the flowers: the flower shows and arranging flowers, learning how to do all these things. I fell into it, and it helped me with my church work."
Smith said the club offers many educational opportunities, including attending flower design school, landscape design school, garden study school and more.
"It is a wonderful exposure. If you really get into it, you can really learn a lot," Smith said. "I think it is a wonderful organization that is really, really good for all of us to help our community and be useful to the public."
The North Farmington Garden Club meets at noon during the second Tuesday of every month at the Farmington Community Library's main branch, 32737 W. 12 Mile Road.
For more information, go to https://www.facebook.com/groups/ 54038978702/m or email Hague at email@example.com.
About the author
Staff Writer Sherri Kolade covers Farmington, Farmington Hills, Farmington Public Schools, and Oakland Community College for the Press. Sherri Kolade has worked for C & G Newspapers since 2013 and graduated from Central Michigan University.
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2017 Spring / Summer CSA
If you prefer to pay by check, please click here to download form.
(If you are planning to pay half now and half later, please pay by check.)
About the CSA
We will continue to offer our CSA in 2017, as we have for the past 7 years, providing a weekly bounty of naturally grown veggies, eggs and fruit weekly for 12 weeks, from late May to mid August. This program will be called 'CSA Plus,' and will be the sole CSA membership option we will offer this year. Each week members will receive a seasonal variety of HRF-grown produce and eggs as well as a locally sourced product such as cheese, jam, honey and/or fruit.
Share boxes will be picked up at the farm between 5:00 and 7:00 pm on Thursday evenings or at Whole Foods in Winston Salem after 11:00 am on Thursdays. We will continue to use 3/4 bushel waxed share boxes and will exchange boxes each week as we have done in the past. During the program if you are away on vacation and miss a week we will permit you to double up another week or provide you with a market credit. Membership in CSA Plus will be limited to 45 members to ensure maximum quality and service. Cost is $675 for the 12 week membership – please pay by check, sign up via check or credit card at the market or signup online here.
Weekly pick-up options
Members may choose between one of four delivery options:
1.) Claim your box at Whole Foods Market, Winston Salem, 41 Miller St., 27104, after 11 am on Thursdays.
2.) Claim your box at the farm! 3835 Bowens Rd., Tobaccoville, NC, 27050 between 5 and 7 PM Thursdays, big barn behind white brick house.
About the Buying Club
We will also continue to offer the Buying Club memberships we initiated last Fall. This program provides the flexibility to shop when you like, purchase as much or as little each week and choose from a range of produce and proteins. The 'punch card' you receive upon purchase is presented at checkout and allows an easy way to shop at the market. The card has no expiration and is good on all of our products other than bulk meat purchases, as they are already significantly discounted.
Buying Club memberships will be offered at two levels, BASIC: a $270 payment providing $300 credit (a 10% discount) and GOLD: a $500 payment providing $600 in credit (a 17% discount).
Buying Club cards may be used by you or anyone you choose to designate. You may purchase as many cards as you like, and membership in both the CSA and buying club is welcome. Buying Club cards can be used for purchases at the Cobblestone Farmers Market or at our on farm Saturdaymornings. We will have a continuous supply of beef, pork, duck, eggs, veggies, and fruit as the seasons allow for you to choose from.


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Style 4701; ©1974; Young Junior/Teens' Dress: Dress with high-line bodice has panelled skirt, back zipper and sleeves gathered into armholes. View 1 and 2 have long sleeves with elastic thru wrist casings. View 1 has stand collar. View 2 and 3 have lowered neckline. View 3 has short sleeves with inset.
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Without electricity, almost everything you do is dictated by the daily cycle of the sun. You have to perform all economic activity (manually tend your farm and animals, etc.), fetch water for irrigation and personal use, run errands and so on before the sun sets. Your children have to complete their study and homework before it gets dark.
Your family has no choice but to use collected firewood, crop waste or animal dung to cook meals over open fires, in the process inhaling particulates and toxins that have a severe impact on human health. And once the darkness descends, life comes to a near standstill, with people retreating to their homes because they cannot see what's lurking outdoors that might pose a danger.
Schneider Electric is helping to change this harsh reality for the better. As a global specialist in energy management, we view access to energy as a basic human right.
"In communities with nil or low electrification, access to energy improves health, enhances educational opportunities, creates economic opportunities, improves access to water and promotes environmental sustainability. In short, it improves the standard of living," said Gilles Vermot Desroches, Schneider Electric's Senior-Vice President, Sustainability.
To help alleviate energy poverty worldwide, the company launched its Access to Energy Program in 2009. The program has three core areas:
- Offer: design and deliver electrical distribution solutions for disadvantaged people
- Investment: manage an investment fund for business development in the electricity sector
- Training: train young adults looking to enter the electricity sector
"The solar systems we have put in place at the schools have certainly improved school life for the students, teaching staff and school administrators. The teaching environment and learning experience will soon be boosted by Web access and the roll-out of a government program to distribute PCs and laptops to schools," said Kamal Gupta, head of Schneider Electric's renewable energy/solar business in Kenya.
Going forward, Schneider Electric and the Rural Electrification Authority will be rolling out the school electrification program to more rural primary schools in Kenya. Furthermore, the program will likely be extended to secondary schools in remote areas in the future.


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Unlocking the Kingdom(2012)
(The second book in the Kingdom series)
A novel by Jeff Dixon
Uncanny knowledge about Walt Disney and the worlds he created has granted Grayson Hawkes the key to the kingdom. His meteoric rise to the top of the most innovative company on the planet has thrust him into the spotlight-and his future holds unlimited possibilities. In this sequel to The Key to the Kingdom (Deep River Books 2010), author Jeff Dixon intertwines mystery and history. This time, Hawkes must protect the kingdom he has been given from those who desire to have it as their own-because, even in Walt Disney World, there are those who want to take what is not theirs. Navigating tourists, an intriguing reporter, and the spotlight of media attention, Hawkes will uncover more secrets, recall more fascinating Disney trivia, and remember that the art of telling a great story is sometimes found in the details. The stakes are high and the risks are real as Hawkes races against the clock to keep the kingdom safe. It's a heart-stopping, breathtaking adventure as he unravels the mystery of the man, the myths, and the worlds of Walt Disney. If you are a Disney fan, then bonus for you! But don't let the Disney fool you-this fictional, pulse-racing adventure will have you flipping pages and trying to unravel the clues, as Grayson Hawkes discovers how Walt Disney created every detail of Disney World for such a time as this. Jeff Dixon has done it again with this thrilling sequel based on what some refer to as the Most Magical Place on Earth. Magical doesn't even begin to explain it...
Similar Books by other authors...
Legacy of Secrets
(Kingdom Keepers: The Return, book 2)
Ridley Pearson
Disney At Last
(Kingdom Keepers: The Return, book 3)
Ridley Pearson
The Syndrome
(Kingdom Keepers)
Ridley Pearson
Used availability for Jeff Dixon's Unlocking the Kingdom
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
November 2012 : USA Paperback
|Title: Unlocking the Kingdom (Dixon on disney)
Author(s): Jeff Dixon
ISBN: 1-937756-51-3 / 978-1-937756-51-2 (USA edition)
Publisher: Deep River Books LLC
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
Kindle Editions
November 2012 : Canada, UK Kindle edition
|Title: Unlocking the Kingdom (Dixon on Disney series Book 2)
Author(s): Jeff Dixon
Publisher: Deep River Books
Availability: Amazon UK Amazon CA
Genre Pages


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Kamal Amrohi
When successful lawyer Hari Shankar (Ashok Kumar) inherits an abandoned mansion, he's apparently become heir to the tragic history of the house, too. On a tour of the creepy estate, the housekeeper tells him a tale involving two doomed lovers, and soon after, Shankar is haunted by visions of a ghostly woman. Obsessed with the apparition, he ignores his friends' warnings to leave the manor and finds himself drawn deeper into the house's dark past.