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1 REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO THE EVENTS IN SOUTHERN KYRGYZSTAN IN JUNE 2010 i
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3 Executive Summary The Independent International Commission of Inquiry into the Events in southern Kyrgyzstan was established after. The KIC notes that ethnic Kyrgyz also suffered very significant losses, in terms of life, health and property. ii
4 mahallas ii
5 mahallas iii
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8 Table of Contents Executive Summary...ii Table of Contents...vi Words and Abbreviations...viii Concise Chronology of main events...x Map of Kyrgyzstan...xii Map of Osh...xiii INTRODUCTION...14 A B C D E F G H Establishment of the KIC...14 Terms of reference...14 Composition of the KIC...2 Interpretation of the Mandate...3 Working Methods...4 Activities of the Commissioners of the KIC...5 Cooperation with Authorities of Kyrgyzstan, of Uzbekistan and Other Groups...6 Reporting...7 I HISTORICAL BACKGROUND and POLITICAL CONTEXT...8 A B C Historical Background...8 Political Context...17 Conclusion...24 II FACTS AND CIRCUMSTANCES RELEVANT TO EVENTS OF JUNE 2010 IN OSH AND SURROUNDING PROVINCES...25 Introduction...25 A B C Narrative Chronology...26 Some Particular Issues...41 Impact of the Events...44 vi
9 III LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF ACTS OF VIOLENCE UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW...47 A B Crimes under international law...47 Continuing human rights violations...55 IV A B C D RESPONSIBILITY...62 Legal framework...62 Role of security forces and armed non state actors...67 Individual criminal responsibility...71 Institutional Responsibility...76 V A B C D RECOMMENDATIONS...83 Recommendations on conflict prevention and reconciliation...83 Recommendations on accountability...86 Recommendations to fight impunity...88 Recommendations on international follow-up...88 vii
10 Words and Abbreviations Adolat Azan Jogorku Kenesh Mahalla Manas Koomo Microregion Kenesh Kurultay Oblast Philarmonia Sart Justice, an Uzbek political movement of the late 1980s and early 1990s Call to prayer Literally Supreme Council, but in common use, is the Parliament Traditional Uzbek neighbourhood Manas People s Unity Association Administrative subdivision of urban area City council People s assembly Region Concert hall A name for the settled inhabitants of Central Asia that has acquired a derogative meaning to describe Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan AKM APC CAT CCKR CMI GSNB ICC Kalashnikov submachine gun Armoured Personnel Carrier (may also refer to infantry fighting vehicles) Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Criminal Code of Kyrgyzstan Republic Crisis Management Initiative State Service of National Security International Criminal Court viii
11 ICCPR ICTR ICTY KIC OSCE PPS SVD SOBR UNCC UNHCR UNOSAT International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia Independent International Commission of Inquiry into the Events in Southern Kyrgyzstan in June 2010 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe Sentry Patrol Duty Dragunov sniper rifle Special Rapid Response Unit Uzbek National Cultural Centre United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Operational Satellite Applications Program ix
12 Concise Chronology of main events 7 April 2010 The President Kurmanbek Bakiyev is overthrown after popular demonstrations. A Provisional Government headed by Roza Otunbayeva assumes power. 13 May 2010 Bakiyev s supporters seize administrative buildings in Batken, Osh and Jalalabad. 14 May 2010 Supporters of the Provisional Government re-capture the administration building in Jalalabad. A crowd of Kyrgyz and Uzbek marches to Bakiyevs home village of Teyit. Houses belonging to Bakiyevs are set on fire. 10 June 2010 At 10pm, a clash near the casino sparks rioting around the dormitory, Philarmonia and various parts of the city. The authorities are unable to contain the crowds. Unfounded rumour of rape at the dormitory mobilizes rural Kyrgyz at extraordinary speed. 11 June 2010 At 2am, the Provisional Government establishes a state of emergency and introduces a curfew. At 4am, the burning and looting commence near the Frunze market in central Osh. A delegation from the Provisional Government arrives in Osh. Uzbek villagers in Nariman block the central road, which connects Osh to both the airport and Bishkek. Mass Kyrgyz mobilization from villages to the west and east of Osh begins. At noon, automatic weapons are distributed amongst civilian and military Kyrgyz in Furkhat. The Uzbek barricade is brought down and extensive burning and killing ensue. At 1.30pm, an APC, followed by armed men, penetrates the Cheremushki mahalla. Many Uzbeks are beaten or shot, women raped and houses burnt. Near midday, an APC followed by a Kyrgyz crowd enters the mahalla [near the Al-Hakim hospital] near the clothing market. Houses are burned and many are killed. Tension rises in Jalalabad. Uzbeks begin to barricade their mahallas x
13 and Kyrgyz rally at the Hippodrome. 12 June 2010 The rumour spreads that the Uzbekistan military will intervene. Kyrgyz start to withdraw from the mahallas in Osh. At 7am, 2 APCs break through the Uzbek barricade into Majrimtal mahalla. Houses are looted and burned. The looting and house burning continue in Cheremushki and Furkhat. Violence spreads to Onadyr, a neighboring part of Furkhat. A Kyrgyz crowd attacks Navoi Street. Wholesale looting, murder and arson take place. An APC breaks into the Teshik-Tash mahalla. The attack continues to the mahalla near the Shait Tebe mosque. Violence erupts in Jalalabad. Uzbeks establish a barricade in Suzak and shot at Kyrgyz cars. The Kyrgyz-Uzbek University of People s Friendship is looted and set on fire. 13 June 2010 Scale and intensity of violence decreases in Osh, although attacks against mahallas continue. Hostage taking is particularly active. During the morning, Kyrgyz crowds seize weapons and ammunition from several police and military locations in Jalalabad Province. Uzbeks establish a roadblock at the Sanpa crossing. They burn cars and shoot Kyrgyz. At 1.30pm, Kyrgyz crowd moves from the Hippodrome to Jalalabad city. The Tash Bulak mahalla, then Suzak, are attacked. Buildings and houses are burnt. At 4pm, the police chief of Karasuu district and his driver, both Kyrgyz, are murdered in Nariman. During the afternoon, the provisional government declares state of emergency across the Jalalabad Province and establishes a curfew. 14 June 2010 Situation stabilizes in Osh. Sporadic incidents of violence, including looting, sexual violence and hostage taking, will continue in the next days. Clashes continue in Jalalabad during the day and looting throughout the night. The situation stabilizes early the next morning. xi
14 Map of Kyrgyzstan xii
15 Map of Osh xiii
16 INTRODUCTION A Establishment of the KIC 1. Following the violent events in June 2010 in southern Kyrgyzstan, numerous calls were made for an international investigation. An initiative by the Nordic countries was accepted by the President of the Kyrgyz Republic, H.E. Ms. Roza Otunbayeva. On 6 July 2010, the President asked Dr. Kimmo Kiljunen, Special Representative for Central Asia, OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, to coordinate the preparation process for the International Independent Commission for Inquiry into tragic events that have taken place in the South of the Region of the Kyrgyz Republic (KIC) 1. In a letter from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs addressed to the United Nations (UN) on 21 July 2010, the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic requested the UN Secretary General to support the International Independent Commission of Inquiry headed by K. Kiljunen. There was broad consultation with numerous international organizations and entities including the UN, the OSCE, the EU and the CIS. Finally, after discussion with the office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights as to the appropriate terms of reference for such an exercise, the Government officially informed UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon in its letter of 29 September 2010 that it had endorsed the proposed terms of reference which include a mandate calling upon the KIC to investigate the facts and circumstances of these events [the outbreak of violence in June 2010] 2. B Terms of reference 2. The terms of reference establish the mandate of the KIC as follows: The KIC shall be mandated to: Investigate the facts and circumstances of the events of June 2010 in Osh and its surrounding provinces in the Kyrgyz Republic including the causes and course of events as well as actions taken in the aftermath; Qualify the violations and the crimes under international law; Determine responsibilities and, where possible, identify those responsible; and Make recommendations, including, in particular on accountability measures, so as to ensure non-repetition of the violations and to contribute towards peace, stability and reconciliation. 1 Signed letter of Muktar Djumaliev, Deputy Head of the Secretariat of the President of the Kyrgyz Republic, dated 6 July 2010, on file with KIC. 2 Letter submitted to the UN Secretary-General by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ruslan Kazakbaev in the name of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic dated 29 September 2010, on file with KIC. xiv
17 It is understood however that in determining responsibilities the Commission will not conduct a criminal investigation; the conduct of such an investigation will remain the responsibility of the authorities of the Kyrgyz Republic. 3. The Terms of Reference (TOR) make clear that, [i]n the conduct of its inquiry, the Commission shall enjoy the full cooperation of the Government and the National Commission for Inquiry. The Government, (including all relevant Departments) shall assist to the requests of the Commission for collection of the required information and testimony. In accordance with the laws of the Kyrgyz Republic, it shall, in particular, guarantee to the Commission: Freedom of movement throughout the territory of Kyrgyzstan; Free access to all places and establishments relevant to the work of the Commission; Freedom of access to all sources of information, including documentary material and physical evidence. Freedom to interview representatives of governmental, as well as community leaders and representatives of civil society and other institutions and, in principle, any individual whose testimony is considered necessary for the fulfilment of its mandate; Appropriate security arrangements for the personnel, documents, premises and other property of the Commission; Protection for all those who appear before or provide information to the Commission in connection with the inquiry; no such person shall, as a result of such appearance or information, suffer harassment, threats of intimidation, ill-treatment, reprisals, or any other prejudicial treatment; Similar privileges and immunities necessary for the independent conduct of the inquiry as are enjoyed by UN experts on mission under article VI of the 1946 Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations and to officials under articles V and VII of the Convention. C Composition of the KIC 4. The TOR of the KIC stipulate that [t]he International Independent Commission for Inquiry will be composed of a panel of eminent personalities as well as a group of experts. The Panel shall be chaired by Dr. Kimmo Kiljunen, Special Representative for Central Asia of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly. In the overall composition of the panel and experts, there will be the requisite expertise in human rights, conflict analysis, international humanitarian law and international criminal law; and knowledge of the country and language skills. The need for gender and geographical diversity amongst members of the Commission will also be taken into account. 5. The panel is composed of the following 7 members (Commissioners): Kimmo Kiljunen, Chairperson of the Commission, a Member of Parliament and a Special Representative of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly for Central Asia (Finland). 2
18 Philip Alston, Sidley Austin Visiting Professor at Harvard University and former UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions (Australia). Yakin Ertürk, Professor of Sociology at the Middle East Technical University, Member of the European Committee on the Prevention of Torture, and former UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences (Turkey). Brigitte Horbette, Judge at the Paris Court of Appeals, Chair of a division in the National Court of Asylum (France). Rein Müllerson, President of the Academy of Law at Tallinn University and former UN Regional Adviser for Central Asia (Estonia). Valery Tishkov, Director of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences and former Minister for Nationalities of the Russian Federation (Russia). Ralph Zacklin, Former United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Legal Affairs (United Kingdom). 6. As provided by the TOR, the Secretariat was established by the Crisis Management Initiative (CMI), a Finnish non-governmental organisation based in Helsinki. The main office of the KIC Secretariat was located in Osh, in southern Kyrgyzstan. The Secretariat consisted of experts in political science, ethnic relations, human rights, international law and gender based violence as well as military and media issues 3. The social research component of the mandate was headed by Dr. Anna Matveeva. The human rights fact-finding component was conducted under the direction of Luc Côté, who was also the coordinator of the preparation of the final report. The field operation commenced on 21 October 2010 in Osh and concluded on 31 January D Interpretation of the Mandate 7. The Commissioners agreed that the first component of the mandate - to investigate the facts and circumstances of the events of June 2010 in Osh and its surrounding provinces in the Kyrgyz Republic including the causes and course of events as well as actions taken in the aftermath - meant that the KIC was required to act as a fact-finding body. The KIC was obliged to examine events prior to June 2010 in order to set out the background and identify some of the causes of the violence, to establish a clear narrative of the courses of events of June 2010, as well as consider the actions taken in the aftermath. 8. The second component of the mandate required the KIC to qualify the violations and the crimes under international law. The KIC considers that the expression international law refers to international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law. Therefore the KIC must establish whether the actions constituted violations of international human rights as well as international crimes and, if so, under what categories of 3 Experts came from Armenia, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Russia, United Kingdom and United States of America. The local assistants and support staff were from different ethnic backgrounds: Kyrgyz 8, Uzbek 4, Russian 4, Kazakh 1, Korean 1 and Tatar 1. 3
19 crimes they fall. Although the KIC was in express terms not to conduct a criminal investigation, which is the responsibility of the authorities of the Kyrgyz Republic, it nevertheless considers that its mandate required it to also qualify generally the crimes committed under Kyrgyz law in order to make appropriate recommendations on accountability measures. 9. The third component of the mandate called for the KIC to [d]etermine responsibilities and, where possible, identify those responsible. The KIC believes that the concept of responsibilities involves both individual and institutional/political responsibility for the events. Given that KIC has not conducted a criminal investigation and is not endowed with the capacity of a court or a prosecutor, its powers are limited to the identification of those responsible and recommendation that these individuals be subject to a full criminal investigation that may lead to prosecution under domestic criminal law and/or accountability under any existing institutional mechanisms of a disciplinary nature. 10. Finally, the KIC was requested to make recommendations, including, in particular on accountability measures, so as to ensure non-repetition of the violations and to contribute towards peace, stability and reconciliation. In order to fulfill this component of the mandate as well as that which requested it investigate actions taken in the aftermath of the June events, the KIC considered it necessary to analyze the response of the domestic justice system of Kyrgyzstan to those events. E Working Methods 11. The KIC first concentrated in gathering and assessing the information contained in the various reports and documents made by other organizations and government bodies in relation to the June events. Other background materials were also collected and analysed. Altogether, the KIC collected an excess of 700 documents 4, nearly 5,000 photos and 1,000 video extracts. 12. In order to assess the veracity of the information collected and to establish the facts and circumstances of the events of June 2010, the KIC conducted in excess of 750 interviews. The majority was with victims and witnesses, but extended to officials and other persons occupying positions of authority, as well as persons in police custody or detained in prison. Of the victims and witnesses interviewed, 45% were Uzbek, 40% were Kyrgyz and 15% were of other or unknown ethnicity. Field visits were conducted in places where crimes were allegedly perpetrated or other incidents took place. Interviews were conducted in many different locations both in Kyrgyzstan and in other countries Apart from the interviews conducted by the KIC experts, a group of 7 researchers were trained by the research Secretariat in October 2010 to conduct 4 There were 170 reports, 250 records (death certificates, hospital records, loss of property records) and more than 300 victim statements and complaints addressed to the KIC. 5 Including Uzbekistan, Russia, France and the United Kingdom. 4
20 interviews in Russia of representatives of Kyrgyz and Uzbek diasporas who moved there after the June violence 6. A total of 90 witness interviews were taken by these researchers. They were sent to the KIC and analysed. 14. Following a visit of three Commissioners and some experts of the secretariat to Tashkent, Uzbekistan, the Uzbek authorities agreed to hand over numerous documents and statements. In particular, the KIC analysed 132 statements from the files of the Prosecutor s Office. These statements were taken mainly from Uzbek people who had fled Osh and Jalalabad to seek refuge in Uzbekistan during the June events. The information contained in these statements was, in very large measure, corroborated by evidence gathered directly by the KIC. The KIC considers this material as being truthful and reliable. 15. The KIC established 2 public offices, one in Osh and the other in Jalalabad, to which members of the public could and did voluntarily attend and talk about their stories of the events, and also submit their information, documentation, complaints and appeals. The information given by these individuals or families was classified and later used as appropriate, while maintaining the confidentiality of the people concerned. In excess of 212 complaints were received by the KIC in this manner. The two offices (Osh, Jalalabad) had the following number of visitors: 137 Kyrgyz (65%), 73 Uzbek (35%), one Russian and one foreigner. 16. The KIC notes that throughout this report the terms Uzbek and Kyrgyz are used to connote two major ethnic communities among the residents of Kyrgyzstan. 17. The standard of evidence applied by the KIC in its investigations was that of reasonable suspicion. The standard necessitates a reliable body of material consistent with other verified circumstances tending to show that an incident or event did happen 7 or that a person may be reasonably suspected of being involved in it. All factual findings in this report have been made applying this reasonable suspicion standard. All facts that are not corroborated by other evidence have been excluded from the Report. 18. The KIC conducted its work in an impartial and independent manner in accordance with international standards. These principles have governed the working methods of the KIC in its interaction with Governments, international organizations, NGOs and individuals. F Activities of the Commissioners of the KIC 19. The Commissioners held meetings in Helsinki, Finland, on 2 occasions prior to the field deployment of the experts in order to discuss the mandate and the work 6 Interviews were conducted in eight locations in various cities to where people from southern Kyrgyzstan had fled or moved. These were Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tyumen, Nijny Novgorod, Saratov, Yekaterinburg and Krasnoyarsk. 7 Another formulation would be reliable and consistent indications tending to show that the incident did happen. 5
21 to be accomplished 8. Other meetings of the Commissioners were held during their January 2011 group visit to Kyrgyzstan. Conference calls were regularly convened by the Chair to inform the other Commissioners of the progress of the work and to facilitate decision making on different issues as they arose. The Commissioners held their last meeting in Helsinki from 17 to 21 February 2011 to prepare and adopt the Final Report of the KIC. 20. The Chair of the KIC, Kimmo Kiljunen, travelled to Kyrgyzstan on 10 occasions 9 and had meetings with the Kyrgyz authorities in both Bishkek and Osh, the National Commission of Inquiry, UN representatives, OSCE representatives and numerous NGOs. During these visits he also met with diplomats from the EU, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey, United States and Uzbekistan. The Chair also made numerous visits to different countries in preparation for and during the work of the Commission. 10 One of the main purposes of these visits was the consultation with various governments for political and financial support. On one visit (1-3 November), the Chair was accompanied by Commissioner Rein Müllerson in Bishkek, Osh and Jalalabad. 21. Between 3 and 6 November, the Chair was accompanied by Commissioner Rein Müllerson and Commissioner Brigitte Horbette on a visit to Uzbekistan including Andijan province and Tashkent. 22. Between 23 and 28 January, all of the Commissioners undertook a mission to Kyrgyzstan. In Bishkek, meetings were held with the President, the Chairs of the National Commission and the Parliamentary Commission, the Attorney General, the Minister of Defence, the Governor of Osh Province and the Mayor of Osh city. Two roundtables were held with representatives of civil society and human rights organizations and the Diplomatic Corps. On 26 January, the Commissioners travelled to Osh in southern Kyrgyzstan to visit places where the incidents took place. G Cooperation with Authorities of Kyrgyzstan, of Uzbekistan and Other Groups 23. The KIC acknowledges the excellent cooperation of the authorities of Kyrgyzstan, both civilian and military, the authorities of Uzbekistan, the diplomatic community in Bishkek, the UN, OHCHR, the OSCE, the EU Delegation, and NGOs. The KIC received numerous documents requested from the authorities of Kyrgyzstan and state institutions, namely the State Security Committee, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Health, State Statistics Committee, Office of Mayor of Osh, Osh provincial police and city police, Jalalabad provincial police and city police, Alay district hospital and others. 8 Commissioners meetings were held in Helsinki on October and November First visit on June, 2010; second visit on 1-4 July 2010; third visit on July 2010; fourth visit on August 2010; fifth visit on September, 2010; sixth visit on 7-11 October, 2010; seventh visit on October, 2010; eighth visit on 1-3 November 2010; ninth visit on 1-5 December 2010 and tenth visit with all Commissioners on January Cities visited by Dr. Kimmo Kiljunen were Vienna, Moscow, Geneva, New York, Washington, Astana, Paris, Brussels, Oslo, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Minsk and Vilnius. 6
22 24. The KIC had access to most individuals they wanted to interview and to all places it required. Finally, the KIC extends its gratitude to all individuals from Kyrgyzstan and abroad who agreed to be interviewed by its members or to provide documents. 25. The KIC was financially supported by the EU, the United States, Finland, Norway, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Turkey, Estonia and France. H Reporting 26. The TOR of the KIC stipulate that [t]he Commission will submit its report by the end of On 28 September 2010 a new deadline of 31 January 2011 was agreed upon between the Chair of the KIC and the President of the Kyrgyz Republic. The results of the inquiry will be presented to the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic giving it opportunity, within reasonable time, but not exceeding one month, to present comments to the findings and recommendations of the Commission. The Commission will make the report, with the comments of the Government, public by presenting it to the United Nations (UN), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the European Union (EU) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Factual errors pointed in the Government s comments have been taken into consideration by the KIC and relevant changes were made. The said comments are included as an Annex to the present report. 7
23 I HISTORICAL BACKGROUND and POLITICAL CONTEXT A Historical Background Introduction 27. Kyrgyzstan is a small, beautiful mountainous country located in the heart of Central Asia. Its neighbours are China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The capital Bishkek is located in the Chui Valley in the north. In 2010 the population just exceeded 5.5 million. Historically, the population has been of multiethnic composition. It is a poor country with the 2009 per capita income at US$2,200. This figure masks considerable inequality in the distribution of wealth. Labour migration to Russia, Kazakhstan and other countries is a common phenomenon, resulting in about one third of the economically active population working abroad and a high dependence on remittances. 28. The north-south divide in Kyrgyzstan is not only a geographical reality but also a political and social one. The capital has been in the north in Bishkek (formerly Frunze) since the 1920s. The institutions of government are in Bishkek and it serves as the fulcrum of political and economic power. Osh in the south is the other principal city. According to national statistics, the ethnic mix is 69.2% Kyrgyz, 14.7% Uzbek, 8.3% Russian, 1.2% Dungan and 1% Uighur and other smaller groups 11. Nearly all Uzbeks live in the south, while the north is predominately populated by Kyrgyz. 29. Southern Kyrgyzstan is essentially defined by the fact that it lies in the eastern reaches of the Fergana Valley. Here the mountains of Kyrgyzstan give way to the irrigable and more fertile lower lands of an area which has been settled, farmed and urbanised since time immemorial. The valley is surrounded by harsher landscapes of mountains, steppe and desert. Accordingly, it is an area par excellence where the pastoralist of the mountains and steppe has interacted with the sedentary farmer and urbanised trader. 30. The Fergana Valley is on the silk route linking Central Asia with both the Middle East and China. Throughout history it has been incorporated into various empires, including the ancient Persian and Hellenic empires. Later it was conquered by the Arabs, by Genghis Khan s Chagatai Khanate and Timur s Mongol-Turkic empire. It became predominantly Muslim in religion. The last transformation of the Fergana Valley (as well as greater Central Asia) commenced in the latter half of the 19 th century when the area was first conquered by Tsarist Russia. It then underwent Soviet transformation in the 1920s when the valley was delineated by the Soviets tasked to institutionalize ethno-territorial federalism by creating borders for republics within the Soviet Union. This endeavour resulted in a division that was both ethnically and 11 Source: National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2009 data, 8
24 geographically incongruent, but was of little consequence while it remained under the Soviet Union. The multiethnic makeup of Kyrgyzstan acquired a new character when, upon independence, the divisional boundaries became State borders and the basis of national identity. 31. In 1990, prior to the dissolution of the USSR, the Soviet-era legislature elected Askar Akayev to the newly created post of President of Kyrgyzstan. He became the President of the new State in 1991 and remained so until spring 2005, when he fell in the Tulip Revolution. The presidential election in July 2005 was won by the former Prime Minister Kurmanbek Bakiyev. Bakiyev remained as President until he was ousted in April Since then Kyrgyzstan had a provisional government led by the then Transitional President Roza Otunbayeva, a constitutional referendum on 27 June 2010 and parliamentary elections on 10 October The new government was established in December The End of the Soviet Regime and the June 1990 Clashes 33. The evolution of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan from inter-related, centrally coordinated Soviet Socialist Republics within the Soviet Union to separate sovereign nation states was complex. It gave rise to ethnic differentiation, its institutionalisation and territorial aspiration. 34. The population of the Fergana Valley that falls within Kyrgyzstan had traditionally consisted of a significant number of Uzbeks. From the 1960s towns and centres like Osh began to industrialise. The Kyrgyz were encouraged to move from the Kyrgyz populated countryside to the cities to work in industrial jobs and public administration. Social stresses emerged between the two groups. 35. The situation was complicated by the preponderance of Kyrgyz holding positions of authority in government. This resulted in a skewed patronage system which, together with informal, often criminal commercial organisations, existed to mutual advantage. Additionally, clan structures existed amongst all ethnic groups. These structures, based on kinship ties and locality rather than merit, sought to protect and expand their economic, social or power interests. 36. Towards the end of the 1980s there were a number of conflicts amongst various ethnic groups in the Fergana Valley. They arose in part from the terminal decline of the Soviet state, the weakening of Moscow s central power over regions in Central Asia and the introduction of Gorbachev s reforms. One of the most serious incidents erupted in 1989 in Fergana City between Meskhetian Turks (who had been deported from Georgia by Stalin) and Uzbeks. Several hundreds were thought to have died, and many more injured. Turks were evacuated by Soviet troops and resettled in Russia. At the same time there were localised incidents between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in the Fergana Valley, including in southern Kyrgyzstan and between border communities in Tajikistan. 9
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Ingredient DetailsView All Ingredients
Some people may be allergic to the oxidation products of D-Limonene. It is Plant derived, biodegradable and suitable for greywater and septic tanks.
The D-isomer of a naturally occuring chemical compund called a terpene, which is found in lemon and orange fruits. Although this molecule is found in nature, it can still have a negative effect on some people who may be sensitive to its oxidised products, which can be irritating to the skin. We use D-limonene as an antibacterial agent in our multipurpose spray and concentrate at less than 1%.
|INCI Name
|Ingredient Origins
|Lemon, Sweet Orange Peel
|EWG Rating
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subset: commoncrawl


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The Indiana Pacers are currently the best team in the Eastern Conference and an argument could be made to put them as the best squad in the entire NBA.
The Pacers currently have an up-and-coming superstar in Paul George, a defensive stud in Roy Hibbert and several complementary pieces in George Hill, David West and Danny Granger that form one of the best rotations in the league.
They will prove how much damage they can make against top opposition in a tough back-to-back against Western Conference teams.
The Pacers already suffered a loss against the Portland Trail Blazers – arguably the biggest surprise after the first month of the regular season – and they will have even tougher opposition against the San Antonio Spurs on Saturday and one day after they will visit the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Both teams will be a tough challenge for the Pacers. The Spurs are arguably one of the best teams in the NBA and were one step away from winning the title last season. The Thunder, on the other hand, have two superstars in Russell Westbrook and Kevin Durant, and Indiana will have their hands full going against two of the league's most prolific scorers.
There won't be any issue if the Pacers lose these two games as they probably won't mean anything in the playoff standings. Because given how weak the Eastern Conference has been this year, the Pacers can be considered a lock to reach the postseason. However, this will be a good test for Frank Vogel's boys as they will see how prepared they are to take on some of the best teams in the NBA.
Juan Pablo Aravena is a sports writer for RantSports.com. Follow him on Twitter @jparavenarant or add him to your network on Google


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What is JotForm?
JotForm is a free online form builder which helps you create online forms without writing a single line of code. No sign-up required.
At JotForm, we want to make sure that you're getting the online form builder help that you need. Our friendly customer support team is available 24/7.
We believe that if one user has a question, there could be more users who may have the same question. This is why many of our support forum threads are public and available to be searched and viewed. If you'd like help immediately, feel free to search for a similar question, or submit your question or concern.
How to use Gift Registry widget with PaypalAsked by PensacolaMESSHall on December 11, 2014 at 03:10 PMLooks great, though I am also wondering if it can interface with PayPal
payments or they have to choose the program in the "gift registry" and
again in Paypal.
Please check this demo form: http://form.jotformpro.com/form/43446251392959 and let us know if this is what you're looking for.
I used conditional logic to set a price for each item in the gift registry widget and insert it into hidden text fields.
Which I used to calculate the total amount using a calculation widget.
And finally passed this amount to the Paypal payment tool.
If it works for you, feel free to clone the form into your account.
Oh so close! Any way to work it with Quantity Gift Registry? Folks can sign up for multiple of the same class, so I was liking the quantity gift registry. I tried to see if I could figure out a way but failed.
Thanks for all of your help.
Unfortunately, I don't think this could be accomplished with the Quantity Gift Registry widget using only the form editor, since there's no way to retrieve the selected quantity.
In this case, you'll need to use the full source code of your form and create a custom script to pick the quantities entered in the widget to make the calculations based on the quantity and the selected item.
Let us know if you have further questions.
Thank you.
Can I apply a coupon (discount for members) to the amount? It seems that as a donation it won't let me, but I don't think I can switch to the Products category it doesn't say "Get amount from "Total""
JotForm Support
Can I apply a coupon (discount for members) to the amount?
You can achieve this by providing an additional input textbox in your form that will function as the coupon.
So, if the user provided a correct coupon/code, you can add a discount calculation base on it.
Depending on your setup, my suggestion in theory will be like this
Total Payment = Total Amount - Discount Amount(base on calculated discount coupon)
The original Total computation before you pass it the Paypal Amount should be calculated already with a discount.
The final total payment amount in Paypal should be discounted already.
Hope this help. Let us know if you need further assistance doing this.


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Latest Articles in Meetings & Events
September 15, 2011A quick look at window and door industry offerings in AtlantaIn additon to the following highlights, Window & Door's coverage also includes: A report overviewing the event A Video Gallery with demonstrations of some of the products and equipment in Atlanta In-depth continuing coverage of new introductions in components, equipment, systems and services targeted at the window and door industry All photos by Robb D. Cohen Photography Vinyl... more »
September 15, 2011
January 15, 2011
January 5, 2011Weak market still likely to weigh on NAHB eventComing off two years in Las Vegas, perhaps a change of scenery will do some good for the International Builders' Show. The annual trade show hosted by the National Association of Home Builders returns this year to Florida, where it's set to run next week at the Orange County Convention Center. Last year's IBS was more compact, but also seemed busier and more upbeat than the 2009... more »
December 1, 2010
December 1, 2010
November 9, 2010With healthy Canadian market, CWDMA expects a busy trade show in NovemberWith more than 150 exhibitors signed up, Win-Door North America is once again expected to be busy when it opens its doors next week. Set for the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, November 16-18, the annual Canadian Window & Door Manufacturers Association event will serve as a major showcase for Canadian and U.S. industry suppliers. Canadian extruders like P.H. Tech traditionally... more »
September 27, 2010Door and millwork industry event set for CharlotteLooking to build on increased enthusiasm among attendees and exhibitors alike at last year's event, the Association of Millwork Distributors is heading to Charlotte, N.C., for its 46th annual convention and exhibition. Set for October 9-13, this year's gathering has been refined to feature one day focused on education, followed by two days of the trade show. Last year's AMD... more »
September 20, 2010
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TJ is the COOL CAT of the shelter. He has a strong, curious personality. TJ loves to meet new people, especially when they sit down; TJ will hop right in your lap and fall asleep. He also loves to have his belly rubbed! When TJ is let out of his pen, he loves to chase toys and check up on the other cats. Once it's time for him to go back to his pen, all you have to do is open the door and call his name. This smart boy walks right back in and plops on a bed! TJ is just under 3 years old. To meet him, please call 516-378-4340 or email firstname.lastname@example.com
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For an immediate response, please fill out our application from www.bobbiandthestrays.org and email it to email@example.com as well.
We rescue stray dogs and cats from harmful situations ranging from abuse and neglect to imminent euthanasia. All animals are examined and treated by a veterinarian and updated with vaccinations, spayed/neutered, and will undergo healthcare or rehabilitation as necessary. We then find permanent, loving homes for these animals who may never have known kindness. We also provide educational programs to schools and the community, educating children and adults on responsible pet ownership. We also have Spay-Neuter/Release programs, organizing monthly spay/neuter services around the community with the ASPCA van.
We have dedicated volunteers who help rescue, foster, and care for the animals, as well as helping out at adoption days.
Donations are always needed to continue our work, and we rely on the support of those who share our vision of a world where animals are treated humanely, given loving homes, and where organizations such as ours are a thing of the past. We believe in our dream.
Freeport Location
12 Rider Place
Freeport, NY 11520 (516) 378-4340
Our adoption events are held in various locations throughout NYC and Long Island. We are also part of the Mayor's Alliance for NYC's Animals and participate in their Adoption Days held throughout the year. Check our website or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
We also require that adopters keep us updated on the well being of their pets and, if for any reason they are no longer able to keep the animal, they MUST call us to return the animal to us. We will pick up if necessary.
Thank You!
Your message has been sent to Bobbi and the Strays.
You'll receive a copy, too, at to help you keep track of which pets you've inquired about, and which shelters and rescues you've emailed.
NOTE: Some shelters have physical locations you can visit; some of these shelters may only have pets for a limited time, so please do not wait for a reply—just go visit the shelter! Other organizations are rescue groups run by busy volunteers who may take a while to reply. You can find information about the shelter or rescue group caring for this pet, and their adoption procedures, on the pet's details page on Adopt-a-Pet.com.


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Montvale, New Jersey – (The Hosting News) – April 28, 2006 – Centric CRM will be one of the sponsors of the SOA Enterprise Open Source Conference to take place June 5-6, 2006, at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City.
David Richards, CEO of Centric CRM, will deliver one of the general sessions at the conference. Since 1989, Mr. Richards has worked with a combination of mature and growth companies. He began his career as President of AutoNet in 1989 and served in that capacity for two years; this early stage company established one of the earliest electronic marketplaces of used-vehicles in the United States. After AutoNet, Mr. Richards joined the Greensboro (NC) News and Record, a subsidiary of Landmark Communications. In his role of vice president of sales and marketing he was responsible for all of the company's revenue departments: advertising, circulation, promotions, marketing and specialty publications.
After serving with the News and Record Mr. Richards moved into the position of vice president of corporate development at Landmark. He reported to the CEO and worked with the Senior Executive team making investments in new media. In 1995 Mr. Richards was appointed President and CEO of InfiNet, Inc.
InfiNet was a three-way joint venture of Landmark, Gannett and Knight-Ridder, the former being the founding company, the latter two follow-along investors. InfiNet is now wholly owned by Gannett. Mr. Richards returned to Landmark in 1997 to become corporate vice president. In this position he was responsible for two, wholly owned subsidiaries: Landmark Community Interests and CareerWeb.
In April 1998, Mr. Richards was named Chairman and CEO of Physicians' Online, a company backed by venture capitalists including AT and T Ventures, Invesco Funds, and Advent International. At that time Physicians' Online was the largest authenticated community of on-line physicians in the world (+ 200,000 MD members). POL was a turnaround that Mr. Richards successfully sold after 18 months for $180 million prior to his departure in December 1999. Mr. Richards founded Centric CRM in January 2000.
"Putting the "Enterprise" into Enterprise Open Source Software" will feature the following:
CRM (Customer Relationship Management) is a business strategy, rather than a technology. Every organization employs some method of CRM whether it be a deck of index cards, a spreadsheet, or an expensive proprietary computer system. Until recently, sophisticated CRM systems were reserved exclusively for very large enterprises. Fortunately, that is no longer the case. One of the most exciting developments in CRM technology is the emergence of true enterprise-class open source CRM applications. By their very nature, open source applications are less expensive to acquire, deploy and support than proprietary solutions. When correctly designed and implemented, an Enterprise Open Source system like Centric CRM 4.0 will provide true enterprise-class security, scalability, and features at a price and in a form accessible to everyone.
Mr. Richards' presentation will focus on several key points of concern to IT decision-makers looking to support critical corporate business objectives with Enterprise Open Source solutions. Among them, Mr. Richards will explore:
An appropriate definition of "Customer Relationship Management," and what it means for the enterprise
-An examination of the expanding definition of "Open Source," including the emerging notion of "Enterprise Open Source"
-The inescapable reality of today's complex IT environments – mixed operating systems, mixed licenses, multiple vendors, and budget pressures – and how Centric CRM 4.0 is designed to integrate into those environments
-Architectural considerations for true Enterprise Open Source solutions including security, scalability, flexibility, ease of deployment and maintenance, and development discipline
Attendees should leave this presentation with a general understanding of some of the larger trends and issues within the overall Enterprise Open Source application space, and a particular understanding of how Centric CRM is designed from the ground up with those issues in mind.
This year's conference will feature more than 100 distinguished faculty members who are the world's top celebrity experts in their fields, presenting more than 96 sessions and power panels in three distinct themes: SOA Web Services, Enterprise Open Source, and Real-World AJAX. The conference offers seven simultaneous tracks in two days.
The conference on-site delegate registrations are limited to 500 attendees, and is expected to sell out. In addition to the live audience, more than 20,000 simulcast viewers are expected to tune into keynotes and general sessions live.
SOA Web Services Conference, co-located with the Enterprise Open Source Conference, will be sponsored by a total of eight leading SOA and Enterprise Open Source technology vendors. The conference will offer exhibit opportunities to other vendors in addition to main event sponsors. Additional information on sponsorship and exhibit opportunities can be obtained by email at events sys-con.com or by phone at 201 802-3021.
To learn more about the conference, please visit: www.sys-con.tv.
For more information about SYS-CON, please visit: www.sys-con.com.


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This weekend was our reveal to the kids about a new sibling in the making. Being the scrapbooker that I am I had to capture it. I had contacted Amy Tan a while back to make some shirts for the kids to let them know what was happening. Also it explained why Mama had slowed down and wasn't feeling 100%
As you can see the reactions of the two youngest was happiness the oldest (as I guessed) was SHOCK lol he's OK now but his reaction was surely priceless.
I hope this explains my absence here on the blog as well. Hopefully now I'll be able to get back into my grove as I hope I'll be catching my "second wind". To celebrate this weekend I'll have a fun giveaway to share especially perfect for those cute Spring pictures you might capture. I hope to get a cute Easter picture so I can do the same.
So what about you? Anything fun happening w/you I'd love for you to share!
Weekend Reveal
Monday, March 11, 2013
Posted by Ellie Augustin at Monday, March 11, 2013
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Brian R. Shiro
Ewa Beach, Hawaii - USA
No approved endorsements
About Brian R. Shiro
I currently work as a geophysicist at the NOAA Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. I'm also a part-time distance student pursuing a masters in Space Studies at the University of North Dakota (expected 2009) and previously earned a certificate in Space Studies from the International Space University (2005). Prior to that, I earned bachelors degrees in Integrated Science, Geology, and Physics from Northwestern University (2000) and a masters in Earth & Planetary Sciences from Washington University (2002). I plan to eventually earn a Ph.D. in a space-related field. Originally from Arkansas, I now hail from Hawaii, where I live with my wife and newborn son. I love traveling the world and have worked in the US, Canada, Alaska, Fiji, Tonga, Antarctica, and Northern Mariana Islands.
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Movies: 21, Alice, Never Back Down, The Illusionist, The american Pie series, The avengers series, the Harry Potter series, and many more. I love all movies and have a huge collection I would chose movies over music.
Shows: I watch maybe 8 hours of TV a month but I do like the Big Bang theory that is the only show that I watch and that is only because I have the dvds.
Books: I do not read much but when I do good luck getting me to put it down! When I do read I normally like series, what I have read is. Harry Potter, Eragon, Hunger Games, Percy Jackson, and Twilight. Yes I am a guy that has read twilight and liked it but not obsessed.
Food: Italian, Chinese, Mexican, American, junk food, and pretty much anything in-between. The only thing I will not eat is Pickles, Cucumbers, or Celery.
- Frisbee
- Adventures
- Good food
- Car
- Phone
- Want a real relationship and not just a fling.
- If you know what you want in life and working to get there.